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]^EW El^GtAND FARMER,

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

CONTAINING

ESSAYS, ORIGINAL AND SELECl^ED,

RELATING TO

AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY;

WITH

AND THE

rRICES OF COVJTTR^ PROJfUCE.

BY THOMAS G. FESSENDEN.

VOL. X.— NEW SERIES, VOL. I.

BOSTON:

PUBLISHED BY JOHN B. RUSSELL, NOS. 51 AND 53, NORTH MARKET STREET.

1833.

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INDEX

To the Tenth Volume of the New England Farmer.

A. his reniaike on the Buffaloe borry, &c, G9— on Cherry
trees, 194.

A.B. on the injury received by fruit trees from the severity
of the season, 278 — on the culture of parsnips, 331 — on
planting and removing flowers in wicker baskets, 362—
on the cultivation of silk, 39G, 404.

Abernethy, Dr., anecdotes of, 100, 139.

Acacia, three thorned, quere respecting its use for hedges,
109. ■

Acclimating plants, the principles of, 116.

Accounts, farmer's how kept, 1 10.

Acorns, different varieties of, sent to N. E. Farmer office
lor seed, 138, 163— how packed for transportation, 23S.

Adams, Josiah, on a remedy for diseased fruit trees, 330.

Address, delivered before the Hartford County Agricul-
tural Society, by Charles Robinson, Esq., 76, 84.

delivered before the Jefferson County Agricul-
tural Society, by Major Edmund Kirby, 164.

before the Worcester Agr. Soc. by 0. Fiske,

Esq. 188, 196, 204.

• before the Mass. Hor. Soc. by Dr. Malthus

A. Ward, 234, 242, 251, 262, 260.

■ before the Society of the Middlesex Husband-

men and Manulaclurers, by John M. Cheney, 333, 340.

before the Essex Agr. Soc. by Henry Colman,

356, 364.

Ao-ricola, on the destruction of fruit trees last winteij318.

Agricultural Societies, exhibitions of, Sfc.

Butler County, State of Ohio, 5.

for Massacliusetts, their premium hst for 1831,

33 — officers of, 342 — reports of Committee of, viz. on
the best cultivated farms, 372, 380, 385 — on experi-
ments, discoveries. Sfc. 401, 409.

for the County of Essex, notice of their annual

agricultural exhibition, 94 — officers of, 9
'■ of Pawtuxet, Rhode Island— their Fair, 98—

their premium list, Stc. 316.

of Bristol County, 99, 114, 124, 132, 322.

of Middlesex County, 109, 114.

of Montreal, 109— of Merrimack, N. H. 115,

134.
of Worcester, 118, 126, 140, 147, 148— Officers

-ofPlymouth County, 149, 189— at Northampton,
- of New York, officers of, 263 — circular letter

149.

relative to its objects, 281.

in Gahvay, N. York, 214.

by the Legislature of Maine, 358.

at Northampton, 414.

Agricultural interest, money applied to promote, in Maine,
190.

Agricultural memoranda, 394.

Agricultural preniiums, remarks on. by H. C. 177.

Agricultural State Convention, in New Yoi-k, 254.

Agriculture, occupation of, recommended, 13 — at Hof-
wyl, notices of, by W. C. Woodbridge, 73 — its pros-
perity necessary to the prosperity of all classes in the
community, 187 — in England, notices of, 194, 297 —
remarks on, by Dr Johnson, 235 — remarks on, by Mr
Clig^ett, 265 — on the pleasures of, 370.

Alcohol, use of, diminishes strength, 13.

Aldrich, notice of his profitable onion bed, 234.

Allen, Jonathan, report on his farm, 393.

Alleu, Rev. Morrell, his prize dissertation on the mixture
of soils, 249, 257 — notices of his farm, 380.

Alternate Husbandry, remarks on, by J. B. 3S1.

Alpine farmers oblige women to perform their labors,
280.

American Farrier, notice of, 406.

Animals, dead, how disposed of, 994— cleanliness and
comfort necessary to llieir thriving, 294.

Anniversaries, f-iults of, 368.

Anthi-acite, stove for, newly invented, notice of 118 — used
in burning bricks, 141.

Ants, ho\y extirpated from fruii trees, 11 — red, remedy
for, 27 — essay on, by the Editor, 281 — re;cipes for de-
stroying, 377.

Aphis Lanigera, remedies against, 402.

Apples, how preserved for winter's use, 94, 254, — large,
raised in Maine, 132— in Genesee, 157.

Apples, Sopsavine, exhibited to Mass. Hor. Soc. by E.
Vose, 27 — several varieties of, exhibited at M.iss. Hor.
Soc. 54, 59— by Henry Corse, Esq. 67— by S. Williams,
Esq. and others, 62— by E Bartlett, 74— by Mr Joy,
74— by Robert Manning and Ward Pool, 82— by Robert

Manning, half russett, half green, 91 — by Gen. Dear-
born and others, 91 — by John Prince, Esq. and others,
103 — from S. G. Perkins and others, 107 — by James E.
Mifflin, Esq. 182 — delicate, received by Mr Winship
horn Mr Brimmer, 334.

Apricots, exhibited to Mass. Hor. Soc., by Mr Vose, 27.

Aquatic, American, notices of, 29.

A. R. on the culture of the sweet potato in New Hamp-
shire, 97 — on American Stock, 193.

Architecture, domestic, remarks on, 292.

Arracacha, on attempting to cultivate in this climate, 58,
CI.

Artichoke, Jerusalem, remarks on its culture, 325.

Ashes from pit coal, remarks on, as manure, 57, 386 — of
Schuylkill coal, how burned the second time, 203 —
mixed wilir a small portion of salt recommended for
sheep, 294 — fire and loss of life caused by, 326.

Aspar-agus, early, received from Mr Toohey, 239 — on its
cultivation, 404.

Atmosphere, never dai-k on a windy night, 104.

Audubon, John James, his notices of Florida, 376.

B. his remarks on sheep, 245 — on a productive pumpkin
vine, 253— on manure, &c. 268, 289, 398.

B. A. his inquiries concerning sheet lead for covering

houses, 41.
Bacon, on the preservation of, 346.
Bailey, Lewis, his inquiry relative to disease in poultry,

382.
Balbec temple, enormous stones used in building, 368.
Ballou, Adin, his tjueries i-elative to stone buildings, 270.
Barberry bushes, inquiry respecting their being hurtful

to wheat and rye, by H. C. 185.
Barley, should be cut not when too green, but before it

is fully ripe, 69 — directions for its cultivation, 324 —

pearl as a substitute for I'ice, 410.
Barn, built by Shakers, in Hancock, description of, 12 —

in Harvard, description of, 54.
Bathing, rules for, 413,
Beans, Lima, exhibited for premium, by Richard Ward,

54 — on their cultivation, by J. Buel, 241.
Beans, white, a soil proper for, 65 — 1009 raised from one

planted, 70 — 810 raised from one, 134 — new kinds of,

78 — how harvested, 94, 115 — Canada, recommended by

Dr. Fiske 122.
Bedsteads, directions for cleansing, 40.
Beehouse or apiary of Mr Putnam, 10 — posts of, planted

in water, 117.
Bee moth, destroyed by using dry comb as a trap to

catch them with, 70.
Beer, receipts for making, 37, 261, 363 — pea pods good in,

402.
Bees swarming, notice of given by machinery, 5 — driven

by water from an old into a new hive, 9 — how manag-
ed, by Jacob Shepard, 117 — anecdote respecting their

sagacity, 216 — inquiry concei-ning, by Observator, 226

— curious fact in economy of, 349 — observations on

397.
Beet, large, 37 — on the cultivation and uses of, 370.
Bene plant, a specific against the summer complaint, 11,

325.
Bennock, John, his letter, accompanying new varieties

of potatoes, 145.
Birds, theii; utility in destroying insects, 174 — remarks

on their wanton destruction, 312, 333, 352, 369, 392—

destroyed by the sevei-ity of the season, 366; how

scared from cherries, 403.
Blackberry tea, a cure for dysentery, 64.
Blinht in pear trees, Judge Buel's remarks on, 121 —

Robert Camell's remarks on, 283.
Blood horse, superior qualities of 317.
Bog meadow, unproductive, how reclaimed, 325.
Boiling apparatus, by Mr Perkins, notice of, 349.
Bone dust, as manure for grain, 412.
Bones for manure, 402.

Bono Publico, on the manufacture of silk, 121, 122.
Boots and shoes, a recipe for making water proof, 175.
Bostonians, remarks on their enterprise, industry, &c.

53.
Bots in horses, Harden's new theory of, 178 — remarks on,

by Mr Capen, 186— by Dr R. Green, 273.
Boxwood reconimeirded as a substitute for hops, 2S3.
Bradley, Dan, on the destruction of thistles, .326
Bread from pumpkins, directions for ni.iking, 189 — saline

and other materials used in making, 272 — newly baked,

injurious to health, 378.
Bremen geese, notices of, 358.

Bridgman, T., his directions for making pumpkin bread,
189.

Bronzing with metal, a recipe for, 301.

Broom corn, extensive cultivation of, 70, 407.

Bronson, Russel,his remarks on madder, fruit trees, &c.
382.

Brother Jonathan's advice to his son, 330.

Browne, D. J. notices of his proposed work, to be called
New England Sylva, 89, 342.

Buckthorn for live fences, remarks on, 358. — See further
fences live.

Budding, a query concerning, 35 — on its effects on the
stocks of fruit trees, 57, 67.

Buel, Jesse, his remarks on the diseases of fruit trees in
America, 9 — on the okra, tomato, and egg plants, 44 —
on irrigation, 45 — on under draining, 51 — on preserving
potatoes, 94— on three thorned acacia, for live fences,
121 — on using a boiler instead of a steamer in preparing
food for swine, 121 — on the Chinese mulberry's being
killed by the winter, 121 — on the blight in pear trees,
and a remedy for, in chloride of lime, 121 — on the culture
of fruit trees in the Southern States, 170— on new sorts
of fruits, 193 — his tabular description of select pears,
209 — on the culture and use of ruta baga, 220 — on
Lindley's remarks on fruit trees, 228— on making
and preserving butter, 241 — on the culture and use of
horseradish, 241 — on the Lima bean, 241 — on the Love
apple, 242 — on dwarfing fruit trees, 265 — on manures,
265— on cutting corn stalks, &c. 313— on an evening
spent at his house, 320 — on raising mulberry trees, 338
— on alternate hubandry, 381.

Bughee, Charles, his great crop of Indian corn, 186. I

Buildings of stone, queries on, 270— answers to 298.

Butler, Benjamin, his great crops of Indian corn, 1!53.

Butter and cheese, preiuiums offered for, by Mass. Agr.
Soc, 24— exhibition of, 166, 182.

Butter, mode of'packing and preserving, 65 — quantity of,
consumed annually in London, 139 — deficiency in
weight of, in Boston markets, 142— on making good,
201,^202— remarks on in a letter to R. Sullivan, Esq. 202
— on using Liverpool salt for preserving, 211,286 —
mode of impi-oving, 294— how made at Judge Buel's,
320— bad in Illinois, 397.

Buttons of John Hancock, 176.

B. W. his remarks on leaves of the wild cherry, fcc. 177.

C. his remarks and queries relative to ice houses, 113 —
on destroying weeds with lime and sulphur, ibO, 194 —
on the snapping of wood, while burning, 261.

Cabbages, Mr Townsend's mode of pi-eserving through
the winter, 281 — modes of culture, Uc. by the Editor,
353.

Calcutta Botanic Garden, notices of. 125.

Camellias, new kinds of. notices of, 51.

Canada beans, recommended by Dr O. Fiske, 122.

Canada thistle, how to prevent the spread of, 2.

Canker, in fruit trees, on the cause and cure of, 181.

Canker worm, notices of its ascent in autumn, 133 — how
destroyed by smoke, 366.

Canter, the pleasures of, 117.

Cape of Good Hope, customs in, loO

Capen, Lemuel, his remarks on the utility of green corn
stalks for feeding milch cows, 89 — on bots in horses,
186.

Carr, Robert, his catalogue of acorns, sent to the London
Horticultural Society, 163.

Carrots, may be raised on fen or mossy land, &c. 242.

Castor oil, prepared for burning in lamps, 101 — presented
to Middlesex Agr. Soc. and raised in Boxborough, 132.

Cat, the domeslic,~anei'(lotes of, 131, 334.

Catamount killed in Wallingford, 392.

Caterpillars, best destroyed in the egg, the summer or
fall, preceding their appearance, 52 — notices of their
ravages, 7-5 — how destroyed by smoke, 360 — great pre-
valence of, 381— on the neglect of, 394 — destroyed by
law in the Netherlands, 410.

Cattle, directions for feeding, 4, 222, 370— fall feeding of
remarks on, 138— sale of at Harlaem, 147 — sale of,
belongino; to John Hare Powel, Esq. remarks on, 154
— on their being fattened on Connect'cut river, 181 —
sale of short horned, in England, 214 — remarks on
different breeds of, by C. Robinson, 225 — notice of
prize cattle in England, 302 — should not be let out in
a white frost, 333 — imported, recommended, by Mr
Welles, 349.

Cattle show, at Worcester, arrangements for, 19, 22 — see
further Agricultural Society.

INDEX.

Cedar hedges, remarks on, 325.

Cemetery of Mass. Hor. Soc., proceedings concerning,
30 — notices of, 3S — report concerning its consecration,
&c. by Hon. J, Story, 66 — consecration of, 82, — report
of a committee on laying out tlie grounds of, 90 — sale
of lots in, 15S.

Census, American, notices of, 70, 117.

Charcoal, frauds in the admeasurement of, 7 — itsefficacy
about the roots of fruit trees doubted, 25— useful in
fattening swine, 126 — danger of burning in sleeping
apartments, 158.

Chaumont, James Le Ray de, sketches of his character,
2113.

Cheese, poisonous, notices of, 30, 70 — on making, from
potatoes, 5S — Stilton, how made, 339 — directions for
making, 369, 378.

Cheney, Mr notice of his address, 110— his address, 332,
340.

Cherries, remarks on the drying of, 8cc. 6 — notices of
different sorts of, from Pr. Cat. 123, 229,

Cherry, yellow Spanish, notices of, by William Prince,
73, 21U.

Cherry tree bark, a cure for St. Vitus's dance, 6 — leaves
of, poisonous, and cures for cattle poisoned by, 93, 169,
177, 218.

Chesnut and walnut, raised by Mr Daniel Stevens,
Maine, 101.

Chess, said not to be the production of wheat, 157.

Chinese bride, notices of, 208.

Chloride of lime, inquiry concerning its use to cleanse
barrels intended for cider, 138 — disinfecting power of,
proved in France, 158.

Chocolate, remarks on, as an article of diet, 291.

Cholera Morbus, remarks on, 256, 301 — disease resem-
bling, formerly existed in New England, 301 — hints
respecting and directions to be followed, 301, 391 — spe-
cifics for and antidotes against, 397, 400.

Chrysanthemums, presented for premium, by Mr Hag-
gerston, 142.

Cider, remarks on, 5 — contained in lead pipes causes
colic, 11 — directions for making, 19.

Claggelt, William, on grafting grape vines, 260— on agri-
culture and harvesting corn, &c. 265 — on grafting
trees, 277.

Clarke, William, Jun. on the damage resulting from cut-
ting corn stalks loo soon, 298.

Cleanliness of insects, ISO.

Cleveland, Professor, on the construction of an ice house,
134, 139.

Climate, its influence on the fruitfulness of plants, 17,
244.

Coal, Lackawana, cheaper than any other species of fuel,
93.

Coal ashes, :\s manure, remaiks on, 57.

Cobbet's courtship, 147 — his challenge to Yankees, rela-
tive to raising corn, 170 — his advice to young men, 20^

Cobb's .Manual on silk, notice of, 142— his letter to Wil-
liam R. Prince, Esq. 253 — his remarks on the culture
of silk, 277.

Cockle among wheat, remarks on, by David Thomas, 157.

Cockroaches, how destroyed, 3.

Coffee, diminishing the duty on increased the piice, 179
— plant, how introduced into the West Indies, 195.

Coffin, Sir l.'iaac, notice of his present of plants to Jonathan
Winship, Esq. 350.

Coke, the great English farmer, notices of, 43.

Colman, Henry, his address to the Esse.x Agr. Society,
356, 364.

Comets, remarks on, 416.

Compost, new for flower pots, 21.

Confectionary, poisonous, notice of, 174.

Cooking food for cattle, advantages of, &c. 389.

Cook, Zebedee, Jr. his report to Mass. Hor. Soc. 284 —
his letter to H. R. Frost, Esq. 355.

Cork tree, (Quercus Suber) description and cuts of, 201.

Corn, for seed, how selecte 1, 94, 134 — 16 ears of, gathered
from one hill of 6 stalks, 134 — on its culture, hyya
Western Farmer, 203 — remarks on its planting, 227.

Corn brooms, large manufacture of, 195.

Corn meal, kiln-dried, now manufactured, 218

Corn stalks, on their utility for feeding milch cows, 81,
89, 129, — on the damage resulting from cutting too
soon, 297 — remarks on cutting, by J. Buel, 313.

Corse, Henry, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, respeclin
fruits, seeds, scions, &c. 66 — new scions, sent by, 294.

Cotton, a wild sort, growing in Canada, 131— from Peru,
importetl to Boston, 167.

Cough, a recipe for, 176.

Coulter, Thomas, his mode of cultivating peach trees, 362.

Cow cabbage, remarkable specimen of, 405.

Cowin-. notice of gi-apes preseated by, to Mass. Hor.
Soc. -J, " "

Cows, profitable, 74, 75,.174— notices of some sold among
the stock of J. Hare Powel, Esq. 154.

Cranberry, day of gathering at Barnstable, 107 — remarks
on, by the naturalist, 348 — on its cultivation, 405.

Crops, notices of in Massachusetts, 6 — on the continent
of Europe, 140 — seedling, &c. remarks on thinning,
406.

Crowded rooms injurious to health, 181.

Cucullus Indicator, or honey Cuckoo, notices of, 184.

Cucumbers, $500 worth of, raised from one acre of, 6 —
said by Mr Kenrick not to be unwholesome, 54 — on the
culture of, 412.

Cultivation, high, recommended, 13 — productive notices
of, by L. W. B.

Cultivator, his remarks on horticultural premiums, 250.

Curculio, lighted lamps supposed to destroy, 6S — remarks
on 405, 411.

Currant wine, on the virtues of, and mode of making, 277.

Curtis, Edward, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, describing
varieties of fruits, 66.

Cyphering slates, notices of a manufactory of, 167.

Cypress tree, magnificent, notice of, 285.

Dairy, remarks on, from celebrated English writers,396.

Damps in wells, remedy for, 28.

Dandelions, medical virtues of, 310.

Davy, Sir Humphrey, anecdotes of, 40.

Dean, Calvin, on wild cherry leaves being poisonous to
cattle, 218.

Deans, Dr Samuel, his mode of cultivating the sweet
potato, 110.

Dearborn, Gen. H. A. S. his communication on preserv-
ing tomatoes 34 — his notice of Dr Van Mons' letters,
presents, &c, 49— his notices of experiments made by
M. Odart, relative to ringing fruit trees, and budding
from the circumcised branch, 51 — his remarks on the
morus multicaulls, 51 — his remarks on Female Indus-
try 57 — his translation of a tract on making cheese
from potatoes 5S — his letter to S. Downer, Esq. descrip-
tive of a new sort of pear 59 — his .seedling pear charac-
terised by the Committee on fruits 66 — ^letters to from
Henry Corse and Edward Curtis 66 — his notices of let-
ters sent and received relating to the Mass. Hor. Soc.
102, 106, 150.

Delavan, Henry W. his mode of underdraining 97.

Derby, E. Hersy, his remarks on live Fences 137.

D. H. his directions for the culture of the strawberry, 323.

Dibble, notice of its use at Judge Buel's 320.

Dietetic maxims, ISO.

Dlnsmore, Robert, on the season in Maine, 322.

Disease, remarks on the causes of 180 — on the prevention
of 328.

Disinfecting and purifying agents, 347.

Dogs, anecdotes of 155, 184, 197.

Doolittle, M. on the cultivation of wheat 45.

Dorchester, his remarks on planting the seeds of fruit trees,
154.

Draining, mode of adopted by Henry W. Delavan 97.

Drill barrow, notice of 320.

D. T. on grapes being preserved from mildew by lying
on the ground, 75 — on cheator che.ss among wheat, 78.

Dwarf trees inquiry concerning by a subscriber 245 —
remarks on by J. Buel 265 — by S. Preston 281.

Dysentery, recipe for 30 — blackberry tea, said to be a
cure for 64 — salt, vinegar, and water for, 62.

E. A. E. his remarks on planting peach stones, and on
White Flint Wheat 166.

Eaton, Professor, on the education of farmers' sons and

daughters, 226.
E. B. his inquiries respecting Chloride of Lime to preserve

cider and candied raisins I3S.
E. B. G. on a machine to grind and express the juice from

Apples, 234.

E. C. his notices of a valuable cow, 174.

Economy, recommends planting trees on Salem Turnpike

&c, 91.
Editorial difficulties, 216.

Edwards, Dr E. on winter killed fruit trees, 289.
Egg plant, notices of by J. Buel 44.
Elephant, belonging to Pickering Dodge, Esq. 232.
Ellsworth, J. recommends coal tar to destroy worms in

peach trees, 322 — recommends soaking seed corn in

copperas water, 331.
Elwyn, J. L. on the Yellow Oak &c, 150 — on the culture

of riita baga, 252.
Endicot, Wm. P. his mode of managing fruit trees, 25.
Espalier rails without walls, advantages of 62.
Essex, on the management of bee-', 9.
Everett, Hon. Edward, extracts from an address delivered

by, before the Arm-rican Institute, 130.
Evergreens, on their n-e as a protection against cold 137.

F. on the preservation of ice, 139.

Factories at Troy, Fall River, Ms.l07; Paterson,N. J..107.

Family scenete 88.

Farm, experimental, how cultivated by E. Watson, 11—
not necessary that it should be extensive 381.

Farmer, A, on farmers' daughters going out to service 18,65
— on hay making 45— on destroying caterpillars in the
egg 52— capital necessary for 381.

Fanner, a Middlesex,, description of his ice house, 139 — i
a Western, on the culture of Indian corn 203.

Farmer, an old, on the cause of smut in wheat 10.

Farmer, the shiftless description of, 357.

Farmers, hinis for 139, 379.

Farmer's daughters, remarks on their going out to service,
1, 18, 27, 4(3.

Farmer's work for July 6— for July and August 14— for
August, 38— for September 62— for October 94— for No-
vember 134— for December 166— for March 270— for
April 302— for May 342.

Farming, dilforent modes of in different parts of the coun-
try 93 — on the choice of suitable land for 214 ; in New-
England, 288.

Farmers' Evenings, employment for 110 ; accounts, how-
kept 110.

Farmers' Sons and Daughters, remarks onlheir education
by Professor Eaton, 226.

Farms, mortgaged in New England, remarks on 1, 18,
27, 68; report of Com. of Bristol Agr. Soc. on best cul-
tivated, 114 ; report on by Com. of Middlesex Agr. Soc.
114; and farmers in Vermont, remarks on by Henry
Stevens, 154; reports of Mass. Agr. Soc. on 372, 380,
385, 393.

Feathers, elasticity of how restored, 291.

Females, modesty of dress in recommended, 141 ; arrival
of from iMaine to supply iiictories 141.

Female Society in Persia, slate of 50; importance and
influence of, 408.

Fences, on seasonable repairs of in spring 270, 339.

Fences, live, J. Buel's remarks on the use of three thorn-
ed Acacia fir 121 ; not needed for arable land 124 ; re-
marks on by E. H. Derby 137,221 ; by Mr Lowell 339 ;
cedar recommended for 325.

Fever prevented by cold water and lemon juice as a bev-
erage 100.

Figs, ripened by the application of sweet oil 62.

Fire «-oo<l, remarks on the snapping of, 261, 310.

Fish, difl'erent kinds of, how cooked 220.

Fish ponds, might be made valuable property 174.

Fishes, small, skeletons of how obtained 133.

Fiske, Oliver, on the decay of peach trees 81 ; his letter
with a donation of Chamberlain Pe.irs to Mass. Hor.
Soc. 86; his remarks on the best kinds of beans, 122 ;
his letter to Z. Cook Jun. Esq. with a specimen of a
new native pear, 1.S4 ; on planting fruit trees 166, 363;
his address to the Worcester Agr. Soc. 188, 190, 204.

Fitz William, Earl of, anecdote of, 160,

Florida, excursion in, 376.

Flowers, deceptions in, practiced by travelling florists,
45; exhibited at Mass. Hor. Soc. 54,67, 182, &c ;
thoughts on, 326 ; how removed from one pot to anoth-
er, 334; remarks on from the Journal of Health 362;
how planted in wicker baskets, 362.

Forests, remarks on by Obscrvalor, 139.

Forest trees, report on by Com. of Middlesex Agr. Soc.
114 ; by W. R. Prince 226, see Trees.

Fosdick, D. his remarks on horticulture, 322, 330.

Foster, Adams, his notice of a new pear 82.

French, Jona. on curing hydrophoMa by lobelia 2.

Fruit trees, remarks on diseases which attack them in
America 9— remedy for when the bark has been eaten
by mice &c, 330, 338, 347 — how to preserve varieties
of 10 — on washing with diluted soap Sic, 2.5 — on proper
stocks, for 34— seeds of, how planlecl, 145, 154, 166,
190, 363 — on their culture in the Southern States 170 —
on the utility of watering with soap suds, 178 — new
kinds of, nienlioned by Mr Buel 193 — remarks on plant-
ing and cullivating &c, 213 — on the moans of inducing
fertility to from Lindley's Guide to the Orchardist &c,
with remarks by J, Buel, 228 — remarks on grafting of
&.c,byW. Claggett277 — on the d mage received by
the severity of the winter, hv Mr Lowell 278, 361— by
A. B. 278- by E. Edwards 2.S8— by B. Wheeler 290—
W. R. Prince, 298— in Worcester 299— in Concord
301— by David Thomas 302— by Agricola, 318— by S.
Reynolds 321— by A. Tyler 321, by J Herrick 329, by
T. Ware 301— in Illinois 373 -on preserving the buds
of, lor inoculation, 306 — made more fiultlul by cutting
ofl^ the outer bark 278 — how made to become dwarfs
281.

Fruits, new kinds of, from Wm. Prince and Sons 25, 41 —
best moles of preserving 75, 84— On the nomenclature
of, by W. R. Prince, 194— nd fruit trees, remarks on
from a review of Lindley's Guide to Ihc Orchard &c,
198, 202— criminality of .stf-allng 2)9- on the impoi-

INDEX.

tance of cultivating the best kinds of 246— new sorts
of sent by Mr Knight to Mr Lowell 321 — ripened
by black walls 361.
Fuel, economical, 285.
Fuseli — Anecdotes of 40.

G. on fall feeding cattle 138— on a plant labelled, Tours
Celery 139.

Garden, advantages and pleasures of 64 — large product
of, 294.

Gardener's Works, 294, 414.

Gardner, Henry, Esq. reports on his farm by Com. of
Bristol Agr. Soc.'ll4.

Gardens of Paris and its vicinity 36, 100— should not be
spaded up loo soon 325.

Gardening at sea 387.

Gas lights, obtained from water 125.

G. D. on preventing moles from injuring fruit trees 329.

Gerilis, Madame de, anecdotes of her residence in Berlin,
16.

Girard, anecdote of 264.

G. L. his notices of neglected caterpillars, 394.

Glanders in Horses, cure for, 355.

Godolphin, on the superior qualities of the blood horse,
267.

Gooseberry, on the cultivation of 116, 117.

Gourds, on a disease in 6 — notice of a large one 131.
■Grain, effects of reaping before it is ripe 10.

Grape, Cliicken, Mr Adams's notices of 158.

Grapes, varieties of exhibited at Mass. Hor. Soc. 54, 67,
74, 82, 91, 103, 107 — gi-owing in the open air without
mildew 62 — preserved fi-om mildew by lying on the
ground 75— injured by picking off the leaves, 130 —
seedling from Dr Shurtlefi', 54, 103— on their culture
274, 322, 330.

Grapevine, a remarkable at Hampton Court, Eng. 2 —
uses of its leaves 192 — remai-ks on grafting 200 — Isa-
bella, fine crops of raised by Mr Bates, 94 — remarks
<m its culture bv S. Vose, 185- by the Genesee farmer
300— by Wm. R. Prince, 300.

Grass land, clover sowing, &c, 2'J — on the management
of 230.

Green, Dr R. his notices of the podophyllum pellatum,
a singular plant 122 — on an epidemic disease in horses
217 — on the new theory of bots in horses 273 — on ma-
king black cun-ant wine 277 — on the past winter 290.

Greenwood, Ethan A. on transplanting sugar maple trees
310.

H. on raising the Soy bean plant, 145 — on the Taurs
Celeryl45 — on cough in horses, 234 — on securing trees
against splitting, 405.

Harvest, remarks on 411.

Hawthorn, leaves of a substitute for tea 285.

H. C. on agricultural premiums, 177 — on the utility of
exactness in detailing Agricultural experiments, 177 —
on supposed injury lo wheat and rye by the vicinity of
Barberry bushes, 185 — on feeding stock vpith boiled po-
tatoes, 185.

Hail Storm in Weston, notices of 14.

Hams, receipt lor curing 56 — roasted, a common dish in
Spain 155 — how pickled 1-53, 196 —how cured and cook-
ed 267.

Harden, R. R. his new theory of bots in horses 178.

Harrows, defect in, 20.

Hay, grass mown for, should be careful'y turned every
day, wet or dry, 6 — how managed when stacked tO'
wet or too green 14 — -grass for, should not be cut to
early 45 — how made in Russia 84 — on making froi ■
clover 402.

Hayes, A. A, on the preservation of the sweet potato 5?

Health, hints for preserving 16 — general maxims for 21>.

Hedging, remarks on, 221 — see farther, fences 221 — holly
reconiitiended for 313 ; cedar for 325.

Hedge roses, remarks on by W. R. Prince 314.

Hemp, remarks on the culture of by .1. Sawyer 74; cul-
tivated in Alabama 100 ; company formed in Maine for
its manufacture 219.

Herrick, Jedh. on injured Fruit Trees 329.

Hessian fly, remedy against 5 ; taken alive from a straw
bed 11.

Heywoml, Abiel, notice of his neat farm 75.

H. G. S. on the medical uses of the tomato 179.

Hildrelh, Dr, notices of large pears raised by, 213 : his
observations on tfie seasons, productions &c, of the
state of Ohio, 337.

Hindoo shop keeping, notices of 360.

Hints for farmers 139.

Hogs, on feeding, 73 — see swine.

Holly for hedges and other purposes recommended 313 —
leaves of, cure for fever 323.

Hop tops, may he a substitute for asparagus 413.

Horse, remarks on the treatment of 236 — blood superior
quali'ie; of 267 ; on shaving one 256.

Horse and ox, comparative merits of, as laborers &c, 4.

Hoi'se and viper, anecdotes of, 248.

Horseradish, remarks on its culture, by J Buel 241.

Horses, new and alarming disease in 70, 77, 108, 217, |
250 — slobbering cause and cure of, 78, 101 — on one
killed by a quack doctor 93 — remarks on ringbone in
145, 225, a newly invented shoe for 149 — boiled corn,
and the water in which it is boiled, a good di-ink for,
150— on bots in 178, 186, 273— notices of' sales of, 190—
cure for cough in 334, 253.

Horticultural journal, by T. Sedgwick, Esq. 305, 314—
kept at the garden of the proprietor of the N. E. Far-
mer, 395, 407, 415.

Horticultural premiums, a list of 174; to whom awarded
222, 270— rcmai-ks on by Rusticus 232, 261, 282— by
cultivator 250 ; ofFered for the year 1832, 362.

Horticultural Society, Mass. notices of their proceedings
26, 35, 43, 49, 64, 58,66, 74,82, 90, 102, 106, 118, 126,
134, 142, 156, 182, 2S4, 354, 370, 375, 391, 394, 406,
414 — Catalogue of books in their library 26 — account
of their festival, 85 ; officer's of 90 ; pear scions pre-
sented to by Dr Van Mons 49.

Horticultural Society of Albany, officers of 78 ; notice
of their celebration 8G.

Horticultural Society for the County of Hampden, Mass.
formation and officers of, 279.

Horticulturist, a practical, on premiums, culture of plants
&.C. 245, 274.

Hoi-ticulture, remarks on by Mr Alexander Walsh, 292;
by .Mr David Fosdick, 322, 330 ; too much neglected,
331.

Hot bed, making and uses of 324.

Hot houses, on healing with hot %valer 41 ; CoI.T. H.
Perkins' letter respecting 156 ; remarks on by Samuel
G.Perkins, Esq. 161; remarks on by the Eilitor 162;
remarks on by Roxburiensis 169; further remarks on
by Col. T. H. Perkins, 213 ; remarks on by the Editor,
276 ; the Earl of Egremont's 377.

Hougliton, A. Jun. his success in cultivating sweet pota-,
toes 02.

House keeping, economy of, 176.

Houses, tiles recommended as a covering for 65.

Humming bird, description and cut of 212.

Hui'on country, notices of 16.

Husbandry alternate, remarks on by J. B. 381.

Hyacinths, on their cultivation 110.

Hydrangea hortensis, mode of giving color to the flowers
of 389.

Hydrophobia, said to be cur-ed by lobeUa, 2, 30.

Ice houses, dii'ections and remarks concerning 113, 129,
134, 139.

Indian corn, fungus on 3 ; how selected for seed 94, 134 —
great crop of raised by Benjamin Butler 153 — great
crop by Charles Bugbee 186 — remarks on its planting
and culture 227 — seed of should not be taken tVom the
crib, 309 ; notices of different kinds of 331 ; soaking in
copperas water 331 ; on the application of manure to in
the hill 350 ; on the native country of, 3S7 ; on its cul •
tuie, 390.

Industry, instance of 101.

Inertia, in mechanics, renrarkson 3.

Ink, good, importance of and recipe for making 408.

inquir-er, an, his quere relative to a soil proper for white
beans 65.

Insects, new kinds on grape vines 35 — found in the hu-
man stomach 37 — odoril'er-ous subjects offensive to 43 ;
of the caterpillar kind, best desti-oyed in the egg the
summer or autumn before they make their appearance
52 — Judge Buel's mode of protecting plants against
320— different modes of destroying 342,346— hot water
for destroying, 346.

Intemperance, Deacon Grant's statement concerning 100 ;
simple cure for 176 — remarks on, from Sullivan's Moral
Class Book, 236— effects of in the array 242 ; extracts
fi'om Mr Sullivan's address orr 392.

Inventions, American, notice of 125.

IroB pipe, how to bend without Tracking 325.

Irrigation, not essential to good husbandry in northern
latitudes 45.

Irish peasant, notices of his condition 413.

Isabella gi'apes, a fine crop of raised by MrBates,94 —
should not be gathered till fully I'ipe 94 — notices of
by Wm. R. Prince, 390 — how preserved by Mr James
Huncwoll302.

Items in Rural Economy 9, original and selected by the
Editor 377, 401,410.

Jenkins, L. states that grapes are injured by pulling the
leaves from the vine, 130 — recommends the cocoa nut
squash 190.

J. M. on the culture of Ruta Saga, 233.

Johonnot. Martha, her letter on being made a member of
Mass. Hor. Soc. 284.

J. M. G. on tiles as a covering for houses 65 — on stone

buildings, 298.

J. P. on sheep being poisoned by eating wild cherry leaves
106.

J. T. his I'eceipt for making hop beer 261.

Julia, on the wanton destruction of birds, 352.

Keniick, J. asserts that the moderate use of cucumbers
is not unwholesome 54 — his queries relative to habits
of hard working, and of indolence 66.

Kirby, Major Edmund, his address to the Jefferson Coun-
ty Agr. Soc. 104.

Kirdand, J. P. on preserving sweet potato slips 153.

Knight, T. A. notices of his new peais 41, 105 — his mode
of obtaining very early crops of green peas 238 — his
letter to Mr Lowell on new varieties of fruits 321 — re-
marks on his garden, 346.

Knowledge for the People, 104, 112, 120, 144, 152, 163,
174, 384.

Labor, on the value of 280.

Labor saving machines, remarks on 27.

Lace school in Newport, 286.

Ladies in town and country compared 184.

Lambs, directions concerning, 246.

Lambs and Geese, protected from foxes by rubbing tar on
their necks 70.

Lamp Oil, prepared from Castor Oil 124 — means of de-
tecting that which is spurious, 379.

Lead, cast in sheets for the roofs of houses 373.

Leather, manufacture of in Canada 199— receipt for ren-
dering impervious to water, 214.

Leaves for manui'C, remarks on 94.

Lemist, Mr, notice of his garden, grapes and green house
14.

Leonai'd, James, his communication on peach, pear, and
mulberry trees &c, 377.

Lightning rods, Dr King's theory concerning 75 — how to
escape from the effects of, 411.

Lime and green crops used for manure 116 ; on its use as
manure 345, 398 ; for destroying insects 346 ; its appli-
cation to Indian corn 350 ; further remarks on 412.

Lime water, for destroying worms, 285.

Linring lands, benefits from 195, .398.

Lincoln, Gov. notice of his stock, and of a large ox, ori-
ginally owned by 278.

Liiulsey, his guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden,
notices of, 156.

Liquid manure, soot &c, 402.

Litigation, beauties of, 280.

Liverpool salt, 24(,&c, .see salt.

L. M. his remedy for an ox or a cow, when choked by
a potato, 25.

Locust tree, on the culture and value of, 266, 397.

Longevity of 165 years, notice of 7 ; instances of, 16.

Lotteries, remarks on the evils of, 21.

Love, remedy for 24.

Lowell, J. Esq. his remarks on the season in Great Eiitaiit
41 ; on heating hot houses with hot water 41 ; on sev-
eral sorts of pears 41 ; his letter to Gen. Dearborn on
the culture of arracacha 58 ; on ripenirig figs by the
application of Sweet Oil 62 ; his letter to Gen. Dear-
born, with a specimen of Knight's Tillington pear 91 ;
his remarks on the PinusPinea, 106, 150; on the Passe
Colmar pear, 106 ; on his impioved apparatus for heat-
ing hot houses &c, by hot water, 276 ; on the destruc-
tive effects of the winter on fruit trees 278 ; letter to,
on preserving buds of fruit trees, 306 ; letter lo, from
T. A. Knight, relative to new fruits, 321 ; on the buck-
thorn for hedges 3.39.

Lucerne grass, sample of, presented Alass. Hor, Soc.
with oiiservations on its culture, by J. Swett, Esq. 59;
on its use for feeding milch cows 62; notices of its
culture by Mr Swett, 70; by Sir John Sinclair, 230.

M. his queries respecting slocks for fruit trees, and re-
marks on a new kind of insect, 35 — on planting seeds,
of fruit trees, and ring bone in horses, 145 — on the in-
fluence of climate on the fruitfulness of plants, 244.

Machine for making crackers, 7.

Machinery and capital, employed in Crawshay's iron-
works, in England, 131.

Madder, remarks on the culture of, 397.

Madeira Island, notices of, 16.

Magnoli.i, exhibition of, 3.

Maine, remarks on its resources, 304.

Mangel wurtzel and sugar beet, on their cultivation, 303,

Mann, Joseph, his notices of attempts to obtain oil from
sunflower seed, 129.

IManulactures at Methuen, notices of, 1G7.

Manure, how to make additions to, 3 — swamp mud recom-
mended for, 12 — loaves, how used for, 94 — on the use of
lime and green crops for, 11^ — for grass ground, how
and when applied, 150 — remarks on, by J. Buel, 265 —
remarks on, by B. and by the Editor, 268— further te»

INDEX.

marks on by B., 278 — by the Editor, 342 — for grasses
and asp,tragos,3t)3 — dry weeds burnt for, 394 — liquid
soot used for, i&c. 402 — bones for, 402 — yest used for,
402 — how made in a cheap and efficacious manner,
410.

Maple sugar, improvement in making, 333.

March, farmer's work for, 270.

Marvin, Elihu, Esq. his notices of new varieties of wheat,
105.

Mechanics and workmen, hints to, 2S6.

Medicus, hi-i remarks on a disease in horses, 259.

Melons, sorts of, and directions for cullivatiiig, 20 — win-
ter, which keep sound during the whole winter, OT.

Mice, immense number and great destruction of, 932 —
their ravages in meadows, 301 — how destroyed in
orchards by hogs, 3S7.

MifHin, James E. Esq., his letter to Mass. Hor. ?oc. with a
present of apples of the kind called Winter Sweet Para-
dise, 182.

Mildew, a recipe for, 326.

Milk, supposed to become poisonous by cows eating poke
weed, 70 — preserved sweet by horseradish, 358.

Milk, sickness in cows remedy for, 159.

Miseducation, the art of, 184.

Moles, how to prevent their injuring ftuit trees, &c. 329
— method of destroying, in meadows and gardens, 410.

Monkey, anccilotes of, 8.

Moore, Sheldon, Esq, his notices of new kindsof fruits, 25.

Morris, Benjamin, on preserving wheat against the weevil,
10.

Moras muUicaulis, Mrs Parmentier's notice of, 142.

Mossy lands, how aiiielioraled, 349-

Moubray on poultry, &c. e.xtracts from 339, 411.

Mount .\uburn Cemetery, &c. notices of, 387.

Mowing, great day's work of, 30 — how best performed,
403.

Mcywing ground, how to be managed after h lying, 14.

Mud, uses of, application as manure, 2S.

Mulberry, moras multicaulis, best cultivated in hedtres
with low stocks, 51 — notices ot", 61 — propagated by Mrs
Parjnentier. 77, 142 — Killed by the winter in J. Buel's
nursery, 121.

Mulberry, white, report on by a committee of Bristol Agr.
Soc. 124 — on planting, 232 — directions concerning, 338.

Murders committed in the U. S. 2SS.

Mushrooms, on the use and choice of, 92, 355.

Mosquitoes, mode of destroying, 21.

Napoleon and the Voltaic Battery, 56

Nasou, B. his mode of cu tivating peach trees, 101.

Nasturtium, biossoins of, emit electric sparks, 280.

Newell, J. R. his note to Gen. Dearborn, accompanying
some plum stones, &c. 103.

New England Association of Farmers, Mechanics, and
other working men, remarks on, 284.

New England tilass Bottle Company, 75.

Newhall, J. on the best lime of cutting trees for sprout-
inz, 9.

New Hampshire, on use of cvcr-Jreen to protect against
the cold, 1-37.

Newspapeis, English and Attierican, cost of advertising
in, 139— how used in schools, 36S.

Norris, B. Esq. notices of his productive cultivation, 129.

Nova Scotia, old settlers in, 224.

Nuttall's Or lithology, quotations from, 212.

0. on the contrast between the planter of the Southern
States, anil the Farn^er of New England, 289.

Oak tree, a remarkably large, 101 — remarks on the black,
yellow, &c. 206— on the use of the bark of, in coloring,
206.

Oats, on raising, 260, 270.

Observator, his remarks on forest trees, 139 — his inquiry
concerning bees, 226 — his directions for raising winter
squashes, 269.

Odart, Professor, notice of his experiments in the circum-
cision of fruit trees, 51.

O. E. on the season, 350.

O. G. on transplanting trees, 302.

Ohio canal, notices of its openiPii, &c. 133.

Okra, notices of, by .1. Buel, 45 — recipe for making a
soup of, 09— Mr Spalding's culture of, lOG.

Ombrosi, U. S. Consul at Florence, his letters to Gen.
Dearborn, 102,355.

Onions, notice of large, 83, 101— sre.rt crops of, raised by
Mr EHjah Byrim, 100— profitable bed of, by Mr Al-
drich, 234 — how pre\'eQted from sprouting, 343 — ^raised
on the same ground from time immemorial, 412.

Optical deception in travellint; on a rail road, 7.

Orchard grass, how prepared for sowing, &c. 63.

Orchards, remarks on, by committee of Middlesex Aer.
Soc. 114. ^

Ornithology, Nuttall's, quotations from, 212, 228.

Oregon Territory, emigration to, condemned, 286.

Ox, a great, weighing3286 pounds, owned by Dr William
Elmer, 251 — of the Durham short horn breed, owned
by T. Farnsworlh, and from Gov. Lincoln's stock, 278
—very large, from New Hampshire, 342.

O.ven, working, how managed in spring, 302— on train-
ing, 388.

Palestine, notices of its present aspect, 192.

Palmer, J. S. on the best time for cutting timber trees,
&c. 1.

Palmer worm, notices of, 403.

Panther, ferocity of, 16.

Paper, a new kind of, made in France, 197.

Parsnips, remarks on their culture and uses, 122, 331,
394.

Pasture land, how to destroy moss in, &c. 2.30.

Peach orchard, a large, in New Jersey, 69.

Peaches, exhibited at Mass. Hor. Soc. 67, 74, 82— kinds
of. described in Prince's catalogue. 92 — method of dry-
ing, 189.

Peach stones, on planting, 190— see fruit trees.

Peach trees flourish best in pastures and uncultivated
lands, 13 — fruit of, enlarged by ringing or circumcision,
51 — remarks on, introducing the yellows by budding
from diseased trees, 54 — how to destroy grubs in, 75,
322— are best raised in a warm light soil, 101 — preven-
tion of mildew on, 291— common salt reconiiuended for,
325 — tan bark recommended for, 333 — how cultivated
by Thomas Coulter, 362 — preserved from the borer,
by placing cinders from a forge about their roots, 373 —
remarks on, by J. Leonard, 377 — notices of a singular
one, 413— remedy for the borer in, 413.

Pears, ripe, gathered in July,7 — several varieties exhibited
to Mass. Hor. Soc. by Mr Manning, 27, 35— by Gen.
Dearborn, 35, 54, 66— from Z. Cook, Jr. 35— from S.
G. Perkins, 35— from E M. Richards, 35— from Mr
Stearns, 35 — should be picked from the tree before they
become mellow, 3.5 — notices of several sorts cultivated
in Roxbury, by J. Lowell, 41, 105— scions of, sent
Mass. Hor Soc. by Dr Van Mons, 49— by others, 59—
exhibited at Mass. Hor. Soc. 67, 71, 74,82— by Adams
Foster, 82— by E. Crafts and others, 103— by Dr Jack-
son and others, 107— by John Prince, Esq. and others,
lis — native specimen of, from Dr Fi.ske, 134— by
Messrs Landreth and others, 142 — tabular description
of, by Judge Buel, 209— large, by Dr Hildrelh, 213.

Pear trees, J. Buel's remark on blight in, ? 21— cured by
chloride of lime, 121,238.

Peas, an early crop, how raised, 118 — good summer food
for store hogs, Src. 325 — a new method of raising, 401
— bugs in, 405.

Peck, Dr Gardner M. on an epidemic disease in horses,
217.

Pedagogue, a, on the climate, &.c. of Tennessee, 296.

Perkins, S. G. Esq. his letter to Mass. Hor. Soc. on the
fruits of several years attached to the same vine, 86 —
his method of heating hot houses by hot water, 161,
213.

Perkin-i, Col. T. H. his letter on his mode of heating hot
houses by hot water, 156 — his letter to Z. Cook, Jr,
Esq , with seeds received from Canton, 355.

Pcrrv, M. C. his letter to Gen. Dearborn, with articles to
Mass. Hor. Soc. 370.

Perry, how made from pears, SI. «

Pettee, O. his offer of buds of valuable fruits. 62.

Phinney. Elias, his notices of a new disease in horses, 70,

Pickle, Knickerbocker, a corrected recipe for, 158, 194.

Pickles, how made from cucumbers, 78.

Piddingtcn, Henry, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, 102.

Pigeon roost in a forest, notices of, 4S.

Pitts, advantages of keeping clean, 5; large, killed by
Capt. Mackay, 174; extraordinary gain of in fatting, 234.

Finns Cembra, notices of, 3G9.

Pioneer, recommends planting trees by road sides, &c.
1.53; on the utility of toads, 331.

Planter and Farmer contrasted, 289.

Plants, influence of climate on, 17 ; pasture for, 27 ;»re-
vived by camphorated water, 326; best acclimated
against north walls, 350 ; equivocal production of, 410.

Plough, history of, 3; improvement of, by Barnabas
Thatcher, 5 ; of iron, notice of. 320.

Ploughins, proper season for, 126 ; advantages of, in the
fall, 1.34.

Plum, supposed to be protected from curculio by lighted
lamps, 68.

Poacher, parody of, 200.

Podophyllum peltatuin, a singular plant, notices of, by
Dr Green, 122.

Poetess, the home of, 400.

Poetry. The Little Foot, 8 ; the Stranger, 24 ; the
Mower. 32; Epigram, 32; on a Dandy, 32; the

Vaudois Teacher, 40; the Poor Debtor, 80; Hymn,
sung at the consecration of the Cemetery at Mount
.■Vuburn, written by Rev. Mr Pierpont, 82 ; the Feast
of Fruits and Flowers, by T. G. Fessenden, 88 ; the
Michigan Emigrant's Song, 176 ; the Carrier's Address,
200; Hymn, by the Rev. J. Pierpont, written for the
dedication of a house for public worship, at Plymouth,
Mass.,208; on Matrimony, 208; the Moon was a waning,
210 ; the Prairie, 224 ; Prayer in the Wilderness, 248 ;
on Ih". adoption of the Federal Constiiution, 264; to
the Memory of the Grandson of Sic Walter Scott, 272 ;
Ode to an Indian Gold Coin, 304 ; Hymn by the Lord'
Chancellor, 336 ; the Comet,360 ; Woman, 368 ; Ode by
the Rev. Mr Pierpont, 3S4; Parody, 392; the Farmer's
song, 400; Midsummer ,408 ; the Columbian Cultivator,
416.

Poisonous roots, fatal accident from, 358.

Poiteau, Professor, his remarks on increasing the size of
fruits, 51.

Pomological manual, Mr Prince's notices of, 379.

Post masters, their duty, 80.

Potash, 10.

Potatoes, on the best mode of preserving, 94, 97 ; notice
of, large, 114 ; great quantities of, made into starch in
N. Hampshire, 141 ; on making sugar from, 195, 259,
.387; on raising, by Jonathan Townshcnd, 260; best
planted whole, 285; on the drill methodof planting, 302;
best varieties of, should be chosen for planting, 339;
hook for digging, notice of, 320 ; most valuable kinds of,
339; remarks on the culture of from the Gardener's
Journal, 366 ; on the culture of, 390 ; how to boil, 397.

Potatoes, sweet, raised by Rev. Mr Perry, 124. See sweet
potato. ,

Poultry, on the diseases of, 291, 382 ; remarks on, by W.
299 ; gapes in, 382.

Premium list of the Mass. Agr. Soc. 33.

Premiums of Mass. Agr. Soc to whom awarded, 254; of
the M.iss. Hor. Soc. See Horticultural.

Prcstnn. Samuel, on preserving sweet potatoes, 137; on
dwarf fruit trees, 281 ; his notice of the season, 354 ;
Prince, John, Esq. his remarks on Liverpool salt, sheep,
&c. 268; on trees with the bark eaten by mice, &c.
338.

Prince, William and Sons, new sorts of fruits received
from, 25, 41 ; on the elfects of budding, 67; peaches
described in his catalogue, 92 ; on the difierent sorts
of cherries, 123; on the nomenclature of fruits, 194;
remarks on forest trees, 226.

Prince, William R. his letter to J. H. Cobb, Esq. on the
cultivation of silk, &c. 233; his remarks on the Isabella
grape, 300 ; on the Cherokee rose for hedges, 314.

Prizes vs. blanks in lottery tickets, 392.

Puddings, several recipes for, 205.

Pump, rotary, by Messrs Hale, Crane & Co. notice of, 126.

Pumpkins, great produce of, from a single seed, 253.

Quinces, 'exhibited at Mass. Hor Soc. 107, 118.

Quince trees injured by insects, 195, 213.

Quinoa, or Peruvian rice, on its culture, 61.

R. on deception in the sale of flowers, 4.5.

Rabbits, may be fed on weeds from a garden, 77.

Radishes, remarkably large, 114 : hov.' to raise good and
early, 3'23 ; in Van Dieman's land, 387.

Rail roads, notices of, 6, 76; of Boston and Worcester, 15;
Hudson and Mohawk, 43, 67, 69, 75.

from Schenectady to Utica," proposed, 76; far-

ther notices of, 107, 131, 167, 221, 254, 2S0, 301. 363.

Rainwater Doctor, anecdotes of, l.'i6.

Rats, recipes for destroying, 3S4 ; said to be driven away
by chloride of lime, 363.

Rattle snakes swim across rivers, &c. 248 ; adventure
concerning, 264.

Reader, a constant, recommends stone bridges, 25; on
watering trees with soap suds, 178.

Recipe for destroying cockroaches, 3 ; to preserve cucum-
ber plants from bugs and flies, 3; to destroy caterpil-
lars, 5; foi* St. Vitus's dance, 6 ; bene plant for sum-
mer complaint, 11 ; for destroying inusquitoes, 21 ; lor
destroying red ants, 97 ; for damps in wells, 28 ; for
<lestroying the red spider, 28 : for curing dysentery,
30 ; for ague anri fever, 32 ; for preserving tomatoes,
35; for making white washing, 37 ; for summer beer,
37, 261, 363 ; for a sprain, 37 ; for ringworm, 56 : to
cure hams, 56; for making cheese from potatoes, 58;
blackberry tea for dysentery, 64; salt, vinegar and
water, for dysentery, 64 ; for artificial port wine, 64;
for making potato pudding, 64; for rhubarb pie, 64 ;
for French cake, 64 ; for making pickles of cucumbers,
78 ; for cattle poisoned by cherry tree leaves, 93, 1G9 ;
for making domestic wine, 117; several in domestic
affairs. 125 ; how to clean tortoise shell and horn combs,
185 ; how to keep a barrel of meal cool, 125 ; how to

INDEX.

prevent lamps from having a disagreeable smell, 125 ;
New England rum for hair, 125 ; how to wash woollens,
to keep suet, 125; preserve mutton, 125; make a
nankin color, 125; bake beans, 125; to make cider
cake, 125; rice bread, 125; Knickerbocker pickle,
144, 158 ; for ring bone in horses, 145 ; remedy for
milk sickness in cows, 159 ; to prevent boots from
taking water, 175 ; for a rout, 181 ; for the bite of a
snake, lUO ; for making sauer kraut, 198 ; several for
different kinds of puddings, 2U5 ; for making leather
impervious to water, 214 ; for cooking several sorts

of tish, 220; for cough in horses, 234; Ur Ashly I SInirtleff, Dr S. A. on his seedlin,.
Cooper's, for chilblain ointment, 243 ; for an ox or > Sick, injudicious treatment ol, 3CiU

cow, when choked by a potiito, 251; for making Silk, American, approved of in France, 139, on its cul-
potato bread, 256 ; for making black currant wine, ime. 267, 396, 404.

277; for making tomato sauce, 285, tor making a Silk, cocoons of, lose weio-ht by keepino-, 25- raised in
substitute for tea from hawthorn leaves, 285 ; for pre- Mansfield, Con. 38 ; said to be a protection arrainst con-
rvuig strawberries, 320; for curing lever by holly | tagion, 216; assdciations proposed for the culture of

261,277.
Silk manufacture, essays on, from the Lowell Journal, 53,

Sheep and wool, remarks on, symptoms and progress of
rot in, 13, 133 ; how marked without injury to the wool,
15; on their being poisoned by the leaves ol the wild
cherry tree, 91, lOfi ; number of, in the U. States, 190 ;
fed on pea straw, 230 ; deteriorated by introducing the
Saxony bjeed, 230 ; half njerino and half native,
thought to be the most hardy, 245; ashes and pine
houghs recommended for, 294; on the best mode of
keeping, &c. 333 ; clay recommended for as a preserv-
ative against disease in, 347 ; on shearing of, 374, 382.

Sheet-lead, for Ihe roofs of houses, inquiry concerning, 41.
grape, 54.

leaves, 323; for setting a fine edge to a razor, 325 ; lor
mildew, 326; for a blue color fjom buck wheat, 326 ; to
make pjpei- from wood ,326; to make boots and shoes water

; proof, 328 ; several for destroying rats, 334 ; for the pre-
servation of bacon, 346 ; for preserving the sweetness of
milk, 358 ; for destroying cankerworms and caterpillars
hy smoke, 36G; for destroying ants, wood lice, slugs,
flies, &,c. 377 ; to make the bark grow over wounds and
diseased places, on forest trees or fruit trees, &c. 377;
solvent for putty, 379; for the gapes in poultry, 382
recipes for cholera, 397, 400; lor destroying the icd;
spider, 4(12 ; against the aphis lanigera. 402 ; for good
ink, 408 ; for preserving iron from rust, 408 ; for des-
troying moles in meadows and gardens, 410; for keep-
ing stacks clear of rats and mice, 412.

Republicans, too proud and exclusive in their feelings,

' 101.

Retaliation, an anecdote, 230.

Reynolds, S. on the destruction of fruit trees in the state
of New York, 321.

Richardson, Luther, his remedy for trees having the bark
eaten by mice, 338.

Ringbone in horses, remedy for, 145, 225.

Ring worm, recipe for, 56.

Roberts, Daniel, his notice of a horse killed by a quack, 93.

Robinson, Charles, Esq. his address to the Hartlord Coiln-
ty Agr. Soc. 76 ; his remarks on breeds of cattle, swine,
&c. 225.

Roots, directions for preserving, 94.

Rot in sheep, remarks on, 13.

Rousseau on Botany, 40G.

Rout, a recipe for, ISl.

Roxburiensis, his remarks on heating hot houses by hot
water, 171.

Rural life in England, 144.

Rusticus, on hoi'ticultural premiums, 233, 261, 282.

Kuta Baga, i-emarks on its culture, use,&c. 220, 2.33, 252

Rye, less cultivated in Britain ihanfoi-rnerly,37; winter,
cultivated, 38,

hov

R. M. \V. on the culture and value of the locust, 266.

Sage, recommended by Sir J. Sinclair for medical pur-
poses, 216.

Sago of commerce, how obtained, 159.

Salads, on washing, 401.

Salt, Liverpool, said not to keep butter sweet, 241, 254,
286; remarks on, and analysis of, 268; manulacturerl
at Syracuse, recommended, 320; its uses in agricul-
ture, 410. ' °

Salts springs at Onondaga, salt made at, 301.

Sauer kraut, remarks on, and recipe for making, 198.

Sawyer, Joseph, his remarks on the culture of hemp, 74.

Sawmill, the first, notice of, 93.

School-master, examination of, 280.

Sealing wax, Irow made, 160.

Seasonin Great Britain, notices of, 41 ; in New Hamp-
shire and Vermont, 77; in Mass. by Dr Green, 290 ■
in Johnston. N. Y. 299 ; in the stale of Ohio, .337 ; in
JMaine, 322; in Pennsylvania, 354; in Brattleborough,
37; Quebec, .§rc. 363 ; remarks on, by the Editor, 374,
382 ; in Nova Scotia, 375 ; in New Brunswick, 383.

S. C. his remarks on quince trees, injured by insects, 213.

Sedgwick, Theodore, Esq. his Horticultural Journal, 305,

Seeds, should be selected 'from the most forward and
vrgor-ous plants, &c. 14 ; sowing of shallow recommend-
ed, 20 ; of fruit trees, ^c. how planted, 145 ; how to
restore the germinating power of, 302 ; pr-eserved in
gum Arabic, 35; packed in charcoal, 402; on their
vitality, 403.

Seeding gr-asses, &c. remarks on, 318,

Seed corn, advantages of soaking in copperas water, 331.

shaler, William, Esq. his letter on being elected Corres-
pondmg member of Mass. Hor. Soc. 284.

60,68,77, 82, 100; of P. S. Du Ponceau, Esq. 60
how conducted in Jalapa, Mexico, 60 ; on making floss
silk, (^c. 83; its manufacture, by Mr Boynton, 121 ;
quantity of, used in England, 123 ; on its cultivation in
Rlancfield, Con. 187, 198; specimen of, mairufactured
in Plynrouth, 206.
Silk filattrre, Mr Cobb's remarks on, 13.
Silk worms, may be fed on dried mulberry leaves, 35;
at the seat of Nathaniel Dorr, Ksq. 60 , notices of, 77 ;
mistatetrrent concerning their food, corrected, 373.
Skinner-, John S. his comnrunication to Mass. Hor. Soc.

on the nut bearing pine tree, 35.
Silva Americana, by D. J. Browne, notices of, 342.
Smrrt in wheat, carrse of, 10.

Smyth, J. Rogers, his letter on the black haulbois straw-
berry, &c. 102.
Snake fight, between a black snake, and rattle snake, 231.
Snake's bites, remedies, for, 190, 403.
Soap-suds, u.ilily of, as a manure, 397.
Soiling, r-emarks on, 14, 230.

Soils, dissertation on the 'mixture of, hy Rev. Morrell
Allen, 249, 257 ; light arable may be too much pulver-
ized, 285.
Soup, how made of cabbage, 159.
Sora, or water hen, natural history of, 240.
Sowing seeds^shallow, recommended, 20 ; importance of

sowirig early, 25.
?oy bean plant, notice of, 145.
Spider, red, how destroyed, 28.
Spooner, Alden, notice of his wine sent to Mass. Hort

Soc. 414
Sprague, Horatio, his letter to Gen. Dearborn, 26.
Spicer, John, his mode of destroying field mice, 337; on

hugs in peas, 405.
Spider, red, recipe for destroying, 402
Sprain, cure lor, 37.
Squa.«h, mammoth, weighing S61bs. do. weight 122lbsi

139 ; cocoa nut squash recommended, 190.
Squashes, of the sor-t called sweet potato squash, notice
of 94 ; Valparaiso, notice of, 158 ; winter, how raised,
2C9.
Squash vine, reraaikably productive, 114.
Stables, should be well ventilated, &c. 4.
Stafford, George, his mode of supporting timber trees, 345.
Steam carriages, notices of, 125, 400.
SteAr, very large, from New Hampshire, 342.
Stocking factory, at Portsmouth, 405.
Stone bridges, remarks on their utility, 25.
Story, Hon. Joseph, his r-eport on Auburn Cemetery, 66.
Stout, Z. Barton, on iho deterioration of sheep, 230.
Stoutenburgh, T. A. on the severity of the winter, in John-
ston, N. Y. 299.
Straw, how prepared for cattle food, 230.
Strawberries, proper time to plant out the vines of, 35 ;
new Alpine, presented by Mes?rs Winship to IWass.
Hor. Soc. 142; Mr Buel's recipe for preserving, 320;
directions for cirltivating, by D. H. 322.
Strirgis, Josiah, his letter to Z. Cook, relative to new sorts

of pumpkins, 66.
St. Thomas, Island of, notices of its productions, 96.
Starling, or skylark, American, notices of, 228.
Straw, on its value for manure, 410.
Stirdy, remarks on, from Locke, 312.
Subscriber, a, his inquir-y concerning dwarf trees, 245 ;

his remarks on the watilon destruction of birds, 369.
Sugar trees, directions for transplanting, 310.
Sunflower, the seeded part, a foot in diameter, 104 ; an-
other 41 iirches circumference 113 ; notices relative to
obtaining oil from, 129, 146, 170.
Swamp mud, use of, reccramended, 12.
Sweet potato, on the preservation of, 52; A. Houghton,

Jr.'s success in cultivating, 62; exhibited at the Mass.
Hor Soc. 67; on its culture in New Hampshire, 97 ;
Dr Dean's mode of cultivating, 110 ; how to preserve
during winter, 137, 153 ; great crop raised by Mr Henry
Dagget, 158 ; on the cultivation of, by R. M. Williams,
290 ; by U. T. 293 ; directions for cultivating, 335.
Swett, J. notice of his sample ol lucerne grass, atrd di-
rections for its culture, 59.
Swine, on feeding, &c. 78,355; notice of Mr iMackay'a
breed of, 110; J. fiuel on fattening, 121 ; shoirld have
access to charcoal, 126; reraaiks on fattening, 158 ; re-
marks on,, by C. Robinson, 225; further remarks on,
291; pasture foi', recomnrerrded, 302; remarks on,
from Moubr'ay on poultry, 411.
Sylva, the New England, proposals to publish, by D. J.

Browne, 89; renrark on, 342.
Tabitlia, cousin, her recipe for making sauer kraut, 198.
Tanning, alibi-ds cheap luel, &c. 246.
Tariff, beneficial effects of, 165 ; as connected with the

pursuits of pedlars, 197.
Tea-plant raised in Wales, 232.

Temperance in Sheffield, Eng. 141 ; remar-kson, by Jno.
Townsend, 258; observations on, 286; a veteran in
the causfe of, 283; savings ol, .333 ; addr-ess on, by Rev.
Henry Ware, Jr. 344 ; progress of, among the U. S.
seamen, 360.
Temperance Societies, established in every County in

Pennsylvania, 28 ; statistics of 80, 100.
Temperate drinkers, remarks on, 8.
Temperate habits of the quakers, 264.
Tennesee school master, letter from, 296.
Thacher, Dr. his notice of an epidemic disease among

horses, lOS.
Thacher, Peler, notices of his premium farm, 365.
Thisilcs, fern, and coltsfoot said to be destroyed by roll-
ing a field with a cast iron roller, 181 ; on the des-
frrrction of, 320.
'•"udiiipson, Dr Arad, on an epidemic among horses, 168.
riiuirras, David, his remarks on hedging, 221.
l horrrpson, J. Jr', on destroying ants, 11.
i'liorbrirn, G. & Sons, their letter acconjpanying a bust

of LinnsBUs, presented Mass. Hor. Soc. 59.
Trie*, recoiirnrended as a covering for houses, 05.
'llrriher trees, the best tinre arrd mode of cutting for repro-
ducliorr, 1, 9; a good method of supporting, when
newly planted, .345.
Toads, on their utility in destroying insects, 20, 331 ; in

desti'oying ants, 346.
Toast and water recommended, 78.
Tobacco, on the deleterious effects of, 272.
Tomatoes, a recipe for presei-ving, 35, 222; to make cat-
sup of, 101 ; their use in a medicinal view as an article
of diet, 179; Mr Buel's remarks on, 242; receipt for
making sauce of, 285.
Top dressing for grass lands, 302.
Tours Celery, remarks on, 145.

Towirsend, Jno. on temperance, 258 ; on raising oats and
potatoes, 260 ; on training cattle, 260 ; on preservino-
cabbages through the winter. 2S3.
Transplanting, how performed at Judge Buel's, 320.
Trees, on proper shape of, and pruning, 1 ; planting on
Salem turnpike i-ecommended, 91 ; on planting by road
side3,l.j3; remarks on forest trees, by W. R. Prince, 226 ;
see forest trees, on the proper time to cut for timber,
237; remarks on pruning, by B. Wheeler. Esq. 269;
by the Editor, 270 ; on the dwarfing of, 265 ; facts re-
lative to ti-arrsplanting, 302; sugar maple, directions
fortran.splanlit)g, 310; loss of at Judge Buel's, 320; on
pinning dowir lire roots of, 345 ; how to promote the
growth of, 3.33 ; how secured against spUitrng, 405.
Tully, Samuel L. on an antidote to the poison of cherry

Ir'ee leaves, 169.
Turnip.'i, oii their cultivation, 6; Dale's new hybrid, 22;
notice of large ones, 142; how preserved in pits, 327.
Turtle catchers, on the coast of Darien, 197.
Tyler, A. on the destruction ol fruit ti-ees in Maine, 330.
Underdiaining, remarks on, by J. Buel, 51.
V. his essays on silk manufacture, 53, 60, 68, 77, 82, 100.
Van Mens, Dr. his letters to Gen. Dearborn, accom-
panying pear scions presented to Mass. Hor. Soc. 49 ;
notice ol these .scions failiirg to vegetate, 103.
Van Zant, J. R. his letter to Gen. Dearborn, sent together
with a prc-ent to Mass. Hor. Soc. of seeds and new
kind-i of coin, potatoes, ^c. 156; catalogue of his seeds,
presented to Mass. Hor. Soc. 182.
Vegetable life, remarks on, by Professor Hitchcock, 12.
Vegetables, how preserved from degenerating, 350.
Vegetation, operations for accelerating, 238.
Vines, well cultivated, 14 ; a fruitful, 14 : uses of Ihe
leaves of, 192; blight in the fruit of, how prevented
410 ; on raising in pot", 413 ; on clelt grafting, 413.

INDEX

Vose, S. his remarks on the culture of the grape vine, iS5.

W. his reniarlis on poultry, 299.

Walsh, Alexander, his remarks on Horticulture, 292.

Walnut tree, advanta£;es of raising, 159.

Ward, Dr Maltlius A. his address before the Mass. Hort.
Soc. 234, 242, 251, 262, 266.

Ware, Rev. Henry, extracts from his address on temper-
ance, 344.

Ware, P. on the destruction of fruit trees, 301.

Washington, the last moments of, 72 ; notices of his fam-
ily, 125 ; anecdote of, 312.

Water, as an universal beverage, testimonies in favor of,
?5, 100 ; how drawn by Tartars from a great depth,
136 ; how converted into solid food by boiling with
farinacious substances, 389.

Water melons, large crop of, on Mrs Dudley's farm, 77 :
a large, notice of, 118.

Water-with, a plant in Jamaica, notice of, 159.

Watson, E. his mode of cultivating an experimental farm,
12.

Waves, on the deceptive motion of, 416.

Weeds should not be permitted to ripen their seed, 14 ;
on burning for manure, 394.
^ Weevil, how to preserve wheat from, 10, 19 ; salt a pre-

/ servative against, 350.

Wells, persons stifle ned by damps in, how revived, 28.

Welles, Hon. John, his remarks on imported slock, .349.

Wheat, crop of, injured by wet weather in Peun. 6 ; in
New York, 6; on the cause of smut in, 10; how to
preserve against the weevil, 10; quantity raised in
Monroe County, N. Y. 25 ; great quantities of, raised
in Columbia, 29 ; with a sohd stem, imported troni Asia
Minor, 37 ; on its cultivation, by M. Doolittic, 44 ;
cheat or chcs.-j among, is not produced from degenerated
wheat, 7S, 157 ; Mr Marvin's notices of new varieties
of, 105 ; remarks on the white flint kind of, 166 ; on the
advantages of selecting seed of from the best heads, 309.

Wheeler, B. Esq. his remarks ou pruning trees, 2G9 ; on
injury done to fruit trees by the last winter, 290.

White weed, how destroyed, 402.

White washing, skimmed milk and now slacked lime
recommended for, 37.

Wife, the eulogy on, 416.

Williams, R. M. on the cultivation of the sweet potato.
290; on hot beds, Jerusalem artichoke, &c. 324,325,
on destroying rats, 348 ; on curing mossy lands, 349 ;
on leached ashes as a manure, 386.

WilUams, R. P. on manufacturing sugar from potatoes, 259.

Wingate, Joshua, Jun., his letter to Gen Dearborn rela-
tive to a new kind of pears 106,

Winship, Messrs J. &. F., their letter to Gen. Dearborn
relative to their cultivation of fruit trees presented to
the Mass. Hor. Soc, 54.

Wiue, made in Georgia, notices of, 2 ; domestic, how

made Iiy " a Groveland Farmer," 117.
v^^ire worm, crops of white mustard destructive to 283
'W . L. his success in fattening pigs, 234. ' "

Wood, proper time to cut for timber, 237 ; wood, snapping
on th« fire, remedy for, 261 ; how preserved from de-
cay, 350.

Woodbridge, Wra. C., his notices of the agriculture of
Hofwyl, 73.

Woodpecker, the works ol, 222.

Woodward, E. F., on green corn stalks as food for milch
cows, 81,128; on the ditferent kinds of Indian corn 331

Wool, great sales of in Cauandaigua, 6; quantity of im-
ported into Boston, 167. '

Wool growers, interesting information for 123.

W. W. on making good butter, 201.

Y are, Thomas R., his remarks on the treatment of the
horse, 236.

Yest, an excellent manure 402.

Zinc, notices of, 197 ; dangerous to health when employ-
ed for culinary and domestic purposes, 34S; answerSi
well for roofs of buildings, 350,

PUBLISHEO BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Acriculturai. Workhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 20, 1631.

whirl aiid ecMy about witU aurh force, as oftei
to do groat damage ; ill all siu-li cases lliey sliould
be allowed to send oni limbs lower down, in reg-
ular or^er, with a straight centre, and handsome
shape.

When peach trees get larn^e and over-;:rovvn,

CUTTING TIMBER TREES.

TolheErtikir of llic Now Enslmd Farnipr.

Dear Sir — I have read a communication in
your paper of Juno 29, 1S31, from Mr J. Alden,
2d, relating to some experiments which he has
made in cutting timber trees to cause the stumps to
produce sprouts or suckers. I observe in his com-
munication that his trees were cut in winler,
I have observed that most of our forest trees do

not produce sprouts or suckers from stumps or roots I or wljen they are apparently going backward
if cut ill winter ; — but if cut when the sap is flow- ! fiom aje, they ran again bo renewed by cut-
ing, very few fail to send up a great supply of ting otf the whole top, at the collar uo.Kt the
shoots either from the stumps or roots, or both ; — roots, or at the first branching lii.iib?, when a
and I have often heard farmers speak of chopping ; great quantity of shoots will put out and form
timber, for clearing off lands for farming purposes j liandsome clumps, and bear well ; indeed it is
in winter, to prevent the stumps and roots from | the Pennsylvania method of serving trees for
sprouting. I suggest these few hints for your own j the first bearing, which for seedling kinds do
consideration, and you may, by examining tlie well ; cfiltivated ikinds should be cut'above the
subject, be able to communicate something to your j graft. Prune all trees at the opening of the bud,
readers that will be of great use to such as want [ and if you wish to be nice about it, cover the

NO. 1.

Treesjin town ganlens, which are situated be- j sent our/rom our manufactories, has superseded
tween high houses and barns, are peculiarly liable the laboue of the loom and the distaff. Soinnin"
to misfortune by wind, which is caused to whifflle, j and Ui.iitting are obsolete toils. And the 'labors

to use timber, and at the same time desire to secure
a growth of young trees.

Yours respectfully, J. S. Palmer,

Pcterhoro\ JVcw York, Jul;/ 12, 1S31.

cut with grafter's wax, tar or oil paint.

THE MORTGAGED FARMS OF NEW ENG-
LAND.

The hst Chrislian Examiner contains an excel-
— pent article entitled, 'Tbe Morality of our Political

ON SHAPE OF TREES AND PRUNING. | Situation,' from which the following extract is
Very few persons seem to be aware of the im- | niade. It ' contains truths too notorious to be
porlance of giving proper form to the young tree, denied, and too solemn to be trifled with.'
or mending or improving its shape, at a later pe- 'Here is a conniiiiuity, we are accustomed to
riod. In the peach it is ruinous, sooner or later, 'say, free, flourishing and prosperous, beyond ex-
to encourage two or more leading and priiicippJ j i«il>'R ; there never was a country in which all
branches, mim the main stem : let them grow "len from the highest to the lov/est, from the rich-
ever so straight and upright, they constantly re- '"st to the poorest, could be more independent,
cede by the pressure of repellant branches, and And yet, if we were to travel over this same
by the weight of fruit ; until, after having nurs- '''v''^d land, and were to inquire into its real con-
ed them to maturity, on the first windy day, you M't'on ; if, not satisfied with fine landscapes, and
have the mortification to find it S|)lit at the crotch, flourishing fields, ami goodly dwellings, and the
and one or both branrbrs ruined, perhaps at the appearanceof well clad citizens, we were to inquire

of only one or two can contribute anything to
the support of the family. At tiie same time, this
non-producing i-< by no means a non-consuming
class, — as the bills of the merchant show, to say
nothing of that grosser part of the account, which
the granary and the cellar leave to render.

' It is perfectly evident that farmers, with moder-
ate means, must go down under this burden.
They do go down by thousands. And what is
infinitely the most to be regretted, they go down
ill property. Tliry lose heart and courage. The
mortgage that lies heavily upon their eslate.s, lies
heavely, as an incubus, upon their minds. They
often sink under it, to indolence, vice and ruin.'

rronitlie llamiishiro Gazette.

moment of the ripening of the fruit

The peach is peculiarly liable to this misfor-
tune, as the seam at the crotch adheres with les.s
tenacity than any other tree cultivated.

The same doctrine hohls good with the plum

into the state of property, and the degree of real
independence and comfort that prevail, wo should
be astonished at the apfialliug amount and distress-
ing burden of pecuniary obligation. We should
find an almost incredible proportion of the coni-

and nectarine, but with less force, and in fact, mi'nity laboring under this load and pressure,
there is but one shape that is to be tolerated, with P'-''^'. universal debt, would meet us wherever we
trees that are allowed their full growth, and not ■ i"'""°J our eyes. The farmer owes the trader,
restrained, or trained in any way; and that form ^"' '"c^hanic owes for the raw material ; the trader
is a straight centre stem, from the root to the ter- iwes the importer. In many districts, the country
minate bud, with branches alternat<dy projecting Iraders will testify that a considerable ])roportion
at judicious distances, both around the circum- Pf 'he debts contracted for what arc considered
ference, and the whole line of ascent, allowing no ['"e necessaries of life, lie unpaid for two or three
one to gain the advantage of another in excess, pars, — yes, and they lie, in the shape of mortgages
but by proper retarding or encouragement, so to Ipon real estate. We have been in some oi the
manage, as they shall present a cone, beautiful in post beautiful townships in New England, and
shape, and i^trong to resist the wind, rains, and 'ave been amazed, on inquiry, to find that half of
heavy weights of foliage and fruit. j'le farms in them were under mortgage !

Quince trees, by proper aitention, may be made ; I ' Now, tliere are several causes to be assigned,
to have straight handsome bodies, and fine expand- wul'tless, for this extraordinary state of things ;
ing regular tops, instead of the crooked, craggy, ["' one distinct and prominent cuu.se unquestiona-
sprawling bushes, so generally cultivated. lU '^ to be found in that stale of political

It is also a great mistake to trim the stems of ^'''''''y "''''-'' ^^^ arc considering. It creates
young trees too high, causing them to shoot up 'j 'arge unproductive class, in the female me in-
to premature heights, become top-heavy, and liable Jlf'^ of innumerable families in the country,
to be blown over, or bailly leaned from their per- M'^ daughters of our substantial farmers, (as
peiidicular and true position ; which causes them ^^y are called) cannot go out to service; it

to need staking, and tying, whereby they ai-e apt |^''
to become chafed, and frequently ruined.

» 111, . •' — -.«...... ^i i,ic ^^uul ui v^asiiie. in tue itith cen

fltanwh.le the clK;apness ol the fabrics that are I tury, when Cardinal Ximencs was the Spanish min

uld be a degradation, as they would deem it

SHEEP AND WOOL.
The 'Bulletin dej Sciences Agricoles' for
July, 1S27, contains a review of a German work
on Sheep and Wool, by J. C. Ribbe, published at
Prague, Bohemia; from which we have translated
the following, save what is inclosed in brackets.

Tlie author adopts the opinion of Linntcus that
all the different kinds of slieep wliich e.^ist are
derived from a common stock, the Oais Argalis,
[or the wild sheep which inhabits the lockv
mountains of Asia and Greece.] The largest
species of sh.=ep ii> Europe is the breed of Flan-
ders, which the Dutch imported from India, about'
two centuries ago. The smallest race is that of
Scotland. [M. Ribbe refers to the Ilebridean
sheep — a small breed, which weighs from 4 to 5
pounds per quarter when fat, and yielS about one
pound of wool of various colors. These small,
animals frequently carry 4 or 5 horns. This breed'
was imported into Scotland fi-om Denmark at a very
early period. There is now a race in Denmark-
which have four horns.] Tlie national sheep of
Hungary have, in both sexes, straight horns, from
12 to 15 inclies long. The wool is 5 or 6 inches
in length, and so coarse that it is fit for nothing
but blankets.

Iceland has two sorts of gheep one larg-e, the oth-
er small. Their wool is brown, and the inhabitants
do not shear it, but pull it off— a most cruel opera-
tion.— The Icelanders make great use of sheep's
milk. These animals live all the year exposed to
the severity of the weather, and their principal
food in winter is the moss, called Iceland moss
which they obtain under the snow. The small
species live among the steep rocks on the moun-
tains, and sometimes a flock is carried over a
precipice into a gulph by an avalanche, whore
they remain until the warmth of their bodies melt*
the snow which covers them and announces to
their owners, by the steam which ascends, the
place into which they have been carried.

About the year 1350, Peter, king of Castile,
having been informed that there was a race of
sheep in Barhary, which had preeious flsec sent to
several persons into Morocco to buy a great number
of bucks. From this epoch commenced the rej)-
utatioii of the wool of Castile. In the 16tli cen-

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 20, 1S31.

ister, coniplaiiits were made to liim that tlie sliee|>
of Castile liail deteiioiated. To remedy the evil,
this minister detenniiied to import a great miiiiher
from Barbary ; but as lie cordd not obiain tliein by
means of negoiiation, he kindled a war, and invad-
ed Morocco. The Spanish soliliers had orders to
bring away as many sheep as they conid ; they
pillaged the country, and returned to Spain with
the precious plunder.

The princi|ial breeds of Spain are iliose which
the monks of the Escurial possess ; those of the
convent of Gua/laloupe, an<l of Paular ; those of
the duke d'Infanlado, and of the counts of Ne-
grelti and Monlaro. The sheep of the Escurial
have the most beainiful wool ; those of Gatnlaloupe
are celebrated for their form and fleece ; those of
Panlar have their head covered with wool, and
their neck full of wriidiles ; those of InfantaJo are
born with coarse wool, which afterwards becomes
very fine, and those of Negretti have a strong and
robust body, with fine wool. All these races are
called merinos, and were formerly the travelling
flocks of Spain ; since the late wars, they have be-
come stationary. All the fine races of sheep now
in Europe were derived from the merino of
Spain.

In the Crimea, and soine countries near the
Caspian seas, they have sheep that bear when young
short curled hair of a blue, brown, or black color,
which is an object of commerce. That the wool
may remain in small curls, the Tartars cover the
lambs with a linen cloth sowed close around them,
which is not taken ofi" until the animal is killed. —
[These himhskins are celebrated, being damasked,
as it were, by clothing the little animal.] In some
of the vast forests of Russia, there are sheep which
live in a wild slate ; these animals arc so much af-
fected by the sounds nf drums and triimpets, that
they be^iu to leap and dance, as soon as they hear
them ; and they continue these motions until over-
come by excitement and fatigue, they are no longer
able to flee from their enemies.

[The largest breed of sheep in the world is the
fat-tailed variety ; it is raised in central Asia,Chi-
na, Persia, Africa,' &c. The tail is a mass of
fat, and often weighs 30 pounds. Another variety
of Asia is the long-tailed breed, with coarse wool ;
its tail sometimes drags on the ground.

Europe did not possess any fine woolled sheep
un'il the twelfth century. The Roman writers
mention that fine wools and stuffs were imported
from Spain, but this only proves that the Spanish
sheep were better than those of the rest of Europe.
In the twelfth century some African merchants
sent to Cadiz a few sheep, the wool of which was
remarkable for its fineness and whiteness. They
were purchased by a Cadiz merchant, and placed
on his country estate, where they succeeded, but
he found no imitators.

Foim the Portsnioulli Journal,

CURE FOR HYDROPHOBIA.

The following article was written at our re-
quest— as we conceive it to be the duty of every
one who has in his possession a valuable secret, to
let the world have the benefit of it in some way or
other.

Nortli Hampton, July 14, 1631,

Agreeably to your request, I have looked for
the minutes I took several years ago of informa-
tion given me by Dr Benaiah Sanborn, an aged
and respectable physician, cf Sanbornton, in this

State respecting his treatment of Ilydrophobiaj they had tasted, .that all were agreeably surprised
and his success, . | a^j delighted.

The principal remedy was a strong decoction ofj
Lobelia, given in frequent doses, til

as an emetic, and continued, but less frequently,
afterward.

When first called to the patient, he administer-
ed immediately, while the lobelia was preparing,
a powder composed, for an adult, of one grain of
camphor, 1 of opium, 2 of digitalis, finely pulver-
ized, and given in molasses. Half that quantity
he would give to the smallest child.

In a case in which the disease was consiiierably
advanced, he gave the powder once in thirty
minutes, three times, and afterward, once in four
hours.

If I recollect rightly, Dr Sanborn made tiie ex-
periment with lobelia, first on swine. The
swine of four families, in the borders of San-
borton and Meredith, were bitten by a mad dog.
Tlie lobelia was given soon to the swine of three
of the families, and not of the other. The ani-
mals to whom it was given all lived, and the oth-
ers all died of hydrophobia,

Dr Sanborn was called to visit a son of Esq,
Mooney, of Canterbury, about nine years old, who
had been bitten by a mad dog. It was the elev-
enth day of his disease. He had become very
wild, and could not drink. It was necessary to
confine him, and, if I remember correctly, to pry
open his mouth, in order to give the medicine. —
What was first forced into his mouth was thrown
out at bis inoutli and nose. Continual eftbiis were
made with success. In about three hours he was
able to sit at the table, and take tea with the family
comfortably.

Dr Sanborn was called to visit Mr Noah New-
ell, of Reading, Mass, who was cured of hydrct,
phobia, by the same method of treatment.

It is perhaps generally known, that lobelia is
the plant which causes horses to slaver so freely
in the summer and autumn. It is very common
in our pastures, and often found by the sides of
our roads.

Yours, respectfully,

JONA. FRENCH.

We cannot too highly commend examples like
it operated ! these of a patriotic desire to improve the natural re-

sources and wealth of the State;and the present oire
evincesina striking degree, the great advantages to
be derived from the culture of the Vine. Many
have been discouraged by the belief that a first
rate article could not be produced here — a belief
proved by Col. Williams' Madeira, to be altogether
erroneous, A great moral inducement to the cul-
tmc of the Vine, is the fict that in all wine-mnking
countries, where wine is the connnoii drink, tho
]>eople are uniformly temperate, as generally,
healthy ; and with the knowledge of these facts,
the advocates of temperance may well wish success
to the culture of the Vine as an excellent aid to
the temperance Societies, — .lugmta Courier,

Canada Thistle. — We caution our good far-
mers against treating this noxious weed with neg-
lect. Attention to it during the months of July
and August, will prevent their spreading at least,
and will do much towards eradicating them where
the ground is not under tillage. We have no-
ticed several instances where they have sprung up
in the highway, which have proved of serious
consequence to the neighborhood in a few years
after. In consequence of the highway's being
considered every body'.s jn-operty, and not under
the immciliate superintendence of any one, only
as regards the road, they have in such cases been
allowed to spread themselves into tho neighbor-
ing fields, to the great annoyance of the occupant,
when II little time spent in cutting them cacli
season would have prevented their increase ;
therefore, let every farmer make it his rule to see
all the Canada thistles in his neighborhood cut
at least three times in each season, whether they
are in his fields or in the highway. You woidd
not hesitate to shoot a wolf on your neighbor's
premises ; then do not to cut a thistle, for be assu-
red that thistles do more injury to agriculture in
this state than panthers, wolves and wild-cats to-
gether.— Ge)i«ee Farmer.

HAMPTON COURT VINE.
(jEORGI.'V wine. There is at present growing in the Garden at

At the (lolite invitation of Col. Zachariah Wil- Hampton Comt, a grape vine of very large size,
liams, of Columbia county, we attended at the sii[)posed to be nearly two hundred years old, and
Globe Hotel, last evening, with some fifteen or produces nearly one ton of grapes yearly. It is
twenty of his friends, of this and other counties of| one of the largest in England, and is of that va-
the State, to take some domestic wine, made by; riety called the Black Hamburgh, and the branch-
hiniself It was of two kinds — made from tbCj es extend about 75 feet. It is inclosed in a grape
Madeira Grape and the Warren Grape — and with house, as these grapes seldom ripen well in that
it, on the table was a bottle of wine, made from the climate, — Pi.

Burgundy Grape, by Mr Adhim, of Georgetown, D,

C. n gentleman distinguished for many able essays, Preservation of Cabbages. — The London Month-
laid before the public, on the culture of the Vine— ly Magazine gives the following method by which
and another of imported old Madeira, furnished the Portuguese preserve cabbages on board their
by one of the first judges anil importers in the ships. The cabbage is cut so as to leave about
city, and recommended as a first rate article. The two inches or more of the stem attached to it ;
general opinion of the company, who were nearly after which the pith is scooped out to about the
alt good judges, was that the domestic wine made depth of an inch, care being taken not wound or
by Col. Williams, w.as very far superior to any bruise the rind by this operation. The cabbages
domestic wine they had ever drank — either Mi, then are suspended by means of a cord, tied round
Aldum's or Mr M'Call's of this State, which seve , that portion of the "stem next the cabbage, and
ral of them had drank, or any other — the Madeir fastened at regular intervals to a rope across the
particular, which was considered with suitable al | decks. That portion of the stem from which the
lowance for the difference of age, it being of la; pith is taken, being uppermost, is regularly filled
year's vintage, nearly equal, in body, flavor an | with water during very long voyages. The same
color, to the iinported, and by several, quite si i method might be advantageously adopted in private
Indeed, it was so far superior to any domestic win i houses.

Vol. X.— No.l.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

THE PLOUGH.

This itistrumnnt has held the first place among
the implenieiits of agiicultuie in all age-o. Noah
ciiltivatoil the vine and Mia<le wine inunediately
Hfter the flood, hut it is siipposed that grain was
first cultivated on the banks of the Nile, in Egypt.
The invention of the |)longh must have been
nearly coeval with the raising of grain. 'The
first plough,' says Jahn, in his Biblical Archaeolo-
gy, ' was nothing more than a stout limb of a tree
from which projected another shortened and
|)ointed limb. The further end of the longer
branch was fastened to the yoke and a handle
was added by which the plough might be guided.'
Mr Loudon says the plough originally use<l was
of the pick kind, and he gives a figure of one on
an ancient medal dug up at Syracuse, which re-
sembles a pick-axe. The letter A (alpha) is sup-
posed to have its shape from the jilough in the
most ancient form of the Greek A, one branch
(the beam) is twice as long as the other 'the share.)
Another ancient plough figured by Mr. Loudon
is in the fi)rm of a sharp-toed boot ; the holder
(a female) has one hand on the top of the boot,
and a beam is inserted a little above the instep.
The instrument now useil for plonghijig by the
nations of the East, is similar to those of the an-
cients.

Mr Loudon remarks, that the state of ag-
riculture and other arts, and of machinery, in
the eastern countries, was not materially differ-
ent in the times of Moses, 3400 years ago, from
what it is in the same countries at the |)resent
day. In Persia, the lower part of the plough is
a long wedge-shaped thing, and the beam and
handle are inserted to the top of this block ; in
some districts the driver stands on the wedge or
shares. In Hindostan the i>loughs are of the
thick shape and are but little better than pointed^
sticks. The figures of some of them resemble
the brush scythe of the American farmer, the
blade being used for a share and the handje for
a beam: — they are guided by a piece of wood
attached to the beam near the share. The Hin-
doo ploughs merely scratch the earih, and to ac-
complish, tl^c work of pulverization, the plough-
man repeats the operation from five to fifteen
times. The Chinese ploughs are simple and some
of them are drawn by women.

The cnch-nt Greek plough, described by Hesiod,
consisted of three parts — a long block sharpened
at the point ; a draught-pole attarhed obliquely
to the upper part of the block, and extending to
the yoke, and plough tail to direct the implement,
fastened in like manner and extending back. A
jdougli of a similar construction is now used ini
Sicily. The plough of the modern Greeks has
a crooked share shaped like the claw of an an-
chor ; it is only a continuation of the sloping han.
die, which is large and strong. The most an-
cient plough used by the Romans was of ihej
simplest form. In the days of Virgil, this im-
plement had become more complicated and efti-j
cient. They had ploughs with and withontj
mould-boards ; with and without coulters ; withl
and without wheels ; with broad and narrow
pointed shares. The beam was fastened to the
yoke, like our cart-pole. The Romans did not
plough their lands in beds or ridges, as we do,
but the cattle always return in the same furrow.
The plough commonly used had no mould-hoard,
and this may be remarked of the ploughs of most
ancient, and some modern nations. — Hamp. Gaz.

From Lorain's UusbauJry.
SMUT, OR FWNGOS ON EARS OF INDIAN CORN.

If this plant be wounded by injudicious cultiva-
tion, or in any other way, the sap commonly ex-
udes from the wound, and it very often happens
that a fungus is formed in and grows out of the
part afTccted, and becomes very large.

The size of the wound increases with the growth
of the fungus, and the stalk is corroded as far as
the fungus becomes attached to it. I have often
removed them, both before and after thry had be-
come very large. In some instances this has
prevented the injury that is too commonly done by
them. But, in general they quickly grow out
again, and eventually injure or destroy the fruitful-
ness of the plant. However, I have never known
extensive injury done by the fungus to a crop of
maize ; and but little of it would a|)pear, if the
plants Were not wounded by an inconsiderate cul-
tivation.

MANURE.

Farmers might make a valuable addition to
their farm yard manure, by digging a hole at a
convenient distance from their kitchen, about
three or four feet deep, and sufficiently wide to
form a common receptacle for the various matters
originating in, and about the house, extending a
paved gutter from the kitchen to it, to conduct
soap suds and other useless slops into it. When
it becomes offensive, the offending matter shouhl
be covered with earth. That which was thrown
up in digging the hole may be applied so long as
it lasts. Care should be taken to prevent the
water from without from rimning into it. The
receptacle may be hid from sight, by planting an
evergreen hedge around it, leaving an opening
at the back for putting in and taking out the
contents. '

From the Boston Gazette.
COCKROACHES.

An alarm has been sounded in various news-
papers frotn different parts of the coimtry, summon-
ing the liege citizens of New England to unite
their efforts for the suppression of Cockroaches.
The locust plague of Egypt, it is supposed, would
not be more terrible than the unchecked inroads of
these creatures, which are said to be more numer-
ous during the present season, than at any previous
point of time. We are happy to be able to an-
nounce the discovery of a method of destroying
these intruders, at once simple and effective. It
is as follows: — Procure from the apothecary or
herb woman, a moderate quantity of that odorife-
rous vegetable calleil Poke Root,and boil it in water
until the juices are extracted, and mingle the
liquid with good West India molasses, or if the
spirit of patriotism be extravagant, with molasses
from New Orleans; spread the liquid in large
platters or soup plate.s,in the kitchen, pantry closet,
or wash house, or whatever apartment may have
been the subject of invasion, and the enemy will
be foun<l slain in heaps, lying by huntlreds and
fifties, before the following morning.

A gentleman to whom we are indebted for this
information, states that he slaughtered 575 cock-
roaches in a single night, by means of the Poie
Root and Molasses, and that the root which had
been boiled being thrown into a closet, thickly
infested by the enemy, the place was quitted en-
tirely in a few day.*, great numbers being left dead
upon the field.

EffMs of Inertia. — The following practical and fa-
miliar illustrations of the general law of inertia are
from the excellent treatise on Mechanics, by Doctor
Lardner and Captain Haler, recently re-publishod.

'If a carriage, a horse, or a boat, moving with
speed, be suddenly retarded or stopped, by any cause
which does not at the same time affect passengers,
riders, or any loose bodies which are carried, they
will be precipitated in the direction of the motion ;—
because, by reason of their inertia they persevere in
the motion which they shared in comraon with that
which transported them, and are not deprived of
motion from the same cause.

If a passenger leap from a carriage in rapid mo-
tion, he will fall in the direction in which the carriage
is moving at the moment his feet meet the ground ;
because his body, on quitting the vehicle, retains by
its inertia, the motion which it had i;i common with
it. When he reaches the ground, this motion is de-
stroyed by the resistance of the ground to his feet,
but is retained in the upper and heavier part of the
body, so that the same effect is produced as if the
feet had been tripped.

When a carriage is once put in motion with a de-
terminate speed on a level road, the only force ne-
cessary to sustain the motion is that which is sufii-
cicnt to overcome the friction of the road ; but at
starting, a greater expenditure of force is necessary
inasmuch as not only the friction is to be overcome,
but the force which the vehicle is intended to move
must be communicated to if. Hence we see that
horses make a much greater exertion at starting than
subsequently, when the carriage is in motion ; and
we may also infer the inexpediency of attempting to
start at full speed, especially with heavy carriages.

Coursing owes all its interest to the instinctive
consciousness of the nature of inertia which seems
to govern the motions of the hare. The greyhound
is a comparatively heavy body moving at the same or
greater speed of pursuit. The hare doubles, that is,
suddenly changes the direction of her course, and
turns back at an oblique angle with the direction in
whicli slie had been running. The gieyhound, una-
ble to resist the tendency of itc body to persevere in
the rapid mutioi: it had acquired, is urged forward
many yards before it is able to check its speed, and
return to the pursuit. Meanwhile the hare is gaining
ground in the other direction, so that the animals are
at a very considerable distance asunder wlien the
pursuit is recommenced. In this way a hare, though
much less fleet than a greyhound, will often escape
it.

In racing, the horses shoot far beyond the winning
post before their course can bo arrested.

The Magnolia. — A covered wagon richly load-
ed with branches of the Magnolia Glauca, or Beaver
tree, as it is sometimes called, made its appearance
in State street, Sid inst. The driver took a
stand opposite an Insurance Ofiice, and in a few
minutes was surrounded with purchasers who bought
liberally at the moderate price of 0^ cents for each
flower. They were brought from Gloucester, Cape
Ann, at a sheltered swampin which place they grow
abundantly. Speculations of this nature are very
rare, and wo are happy to learn that the enterpris-
ing man who brought them to the city was well paid
for his labor.

The Magnolia Glauca is the only species of this
superb genus that has ever been found in our cli-
mate. It attains (says Bigelow) the height of a doz-
en feet, but is sometimes killed down to the roots in
severe winters. The bark is highly aromatic, and.
possesses meilicinal qualities. The flowers shed a
strong but fragrant perfume. — BoslonTranscript.

To prestrre Cucumber plants from bugs and flies. —
Break offthe stalks of onions which have been set
out in the spring and stick ici\-jn five or sVx of them
in each hill of cucumbers and the bug will immedi-
ately leave them. It would be well after a few days
to renew them, but one application has frequently
been found to be effectual. The common chives
or sivcs, will have the same effect with the ouioa..

ON THE HORSE AND OX.

Hy rrpsid. m Madison.

I cannot Init coiisidei- it as an cnor in our hns-
bandry, tliat o\cn are too littlt) used in place of
horses.

Every fiir compari.soji of t!ie ex|)ense of the
two animals, ("avors a iircfcrencn of the ox. Bnt,
the circnmstance parliciilaily recomincnuing him,
is that he can hi; snpporteil wlien at work, by
grass and liay : while the Iiorse requires grain, and
iniich of it, and the grain generally given him is
Indian corn, the crop which rocpiires mort labor,
and greatly exhan?ts the land.

From the best estimate 1 have been enabled to
form, more than one half of the corji crop is con-
sumed by horses, including the ungrown ones ;
and not le.ss than ono half, by other than pleasure
horses. By getting free from ,lhis consumption,
one halfof tNe labor and of the wear of the land
woiikl be saved, or rather more than one half. For
on most farms, one halfof the cmp of corn grows
on not more than two filths, and sometimes a small-
er ])roportion of the cultivated fields ; and the
more fertile fielils would of course be retained for
cultivation. Every one can figure to hiniself the
case and conveniency of a revolution, which
would so much reduce the e.\tent of his corn-
fields : and substitute for the labor bestowed on
them, the more easy task of providing pasturage
and hay.

Cut will not the ox himself, when kept at labor,
require grain food as well as the Iiorse ? Certainly
much less, if any. Judging from my own obser-
vation I shoald say, that aj)lenty of good grass
or good hay, will suffice without grain, where the
labor is neither constant nor severe. liut I feel
entire confidenco in saiing, that a double set of
oxen altornately at jt^U, and therefore half the
time at rest, might be Uejit in good plight with-
out other food than a plenty of good grass or good
hay. And as this .double set vinuM double the
supply of beef, tallow and leatlier, a set off is f )mid
in that consideration for a double consumi)tion of
that kinil of food.

The objections generally made to the ox, are,
viz: 1. That he is less tradable than the horse.
2. That he does not bear heat as well. 3. That
he does not answer fur the single plough used in
our cornfields. 4. That ho is slower in his move-
ments. 5. That lie is less fit for carrying the
produce of the farm to market.

The first objection is ccrtaiidy founded in mis-
take. Of the two animals, the ox is the most
docile. In all countries where the ox is the or
dinary draught animal, his docility is jirover-
bial. His intractability, where it exists, has arisen
from an occasional use of iiitu only wiih long and
irregular intervals ; during wbirli, the habit ofdis-
cijiline being broken, a new one is to be formed.
The second objection has but as little founda-
tion. The constitution of the ox accommodates
itself, as readily as that of the horse, to difl^erent
climates. — Not only in ancient Greece and Italy,
but throughout Asia, as presented to us in ancient
history, the ox and the iilongh are associated. .-\t
this day, in the warm (larts of India and China,
the ox, not the horse, is in the draught service. In
every part of India, the ox always apjicared, even
in the train of her armies. And in the hottest
parts of the West Indies, the ox is employed in
hauling the weighty produce to the sea ports.
The mistake here, as in the former case, has arisen
from the effects of occasional employment only,

NEW E_NGLAND FARMER,

will] no other than green food. The fermentation
of this in the animal heated by the weather, and
fretted by discipline, will readily account fi>r his
sinking under his exertion ; when green food even,
nuich less dry, with a sober habit of labor, would
have no such tendency.

The third objection also, is not a solid one. The
ox can, by a proper harness, be used singly as
\s the horse, between the rows of Indian
corn : and equally so used for other purposes.
Experience may he safely appealed to on this point.
In the fourth place, it is alleged that he is slow-
er in his movements. This is true ; but in a less
degree than is often taken for granted. Oxen
that are well chosen for their form, are not work-
ed after the age of about eight years, (the age at
which tli,ey are best fitted for beef,) are not work-
ed too many together, and are suitably matched,
may be kept to nearly as quick a step as the horse.
May I not say, a step quicker tliau that of many
horses we see at work, who, on account of their
age or the leanness occasioned by the costliness
of the food they require, lose the advantage where
they might have once had it !

The last objection has most weight. The ox
not so well adapted ah the Iiorse to the road
service, especially for long trips. In common
roads, which are often soft, and sometiiiu's sud-
denly become so, the form of bis foot and the
shortness of his les, are disadvantages ; and on
roads frozen or tnruplkcd, the roui;hnei<s of the
surface in t!io former case, aiul its harshness in
Iioth cases, are inconvenient to bis cloven hoof.
But where the ilistance to market is not great,
where the varying ptate of the roads and of the
weather, can be consulted ; and where the road
service is in less proportion to the fiirin service,
the objection is almost deprived of its weight. In
cases whi.'re it most applies, its weight is dimin-
ished by the consideration, that a much greater
proportion of service on the farm may be done by
o.xen, than is now commonly done ; and that the
expense of shoeing ihinn, is little different from
that of keeping horses shod. It is observable,
that when oxen are worked on a farm, over rough
frozen ground, they suffer so much from ihe want
ofshoes, however well fed they may be, that it is
a proper subject for calculation, whether true econ-
omy does not require for them that acommoda-
tion, even or. the farm, as well as for the horse.

A more important calculation is — whether in
many situations, the gener.al saving by substitu-
ting the ox for the horse would not balance the
expense of hiring the carriage of the produce to
market. In the same scale with the hire, is to be
put the vahn of the grass and hay consumed by
the oxen ; and in the other scale, the value of the
corn, amounting to one half of the crop, and of
the grass and hay consumed by the horses. Whore
the nnirket is not distant, the value of the corn
wouhl certainly p.ay for the carriage of the market
poition of the crop, and balance moreover, any
difference between the value of the grass and
hay consumed by oxen, and the value of the oxen
when slaughtered for beef. In all these calcula-
tions, it is doubtless pro|icr not to lose sight of the
rule, that farmers ought to avoid paying others foi
doing what they can do for themselves. But the
rule has its exceptions : and the error, if it bi
committed, will lie not in departing from the rule,
but in not selectuig aright the cases which call fo-
the departure. It may be remarked, that tin
rule ought to be more or less general, as there ma^

July 20, 1831.

be, or may not be at baud, a market by which
every produce of labor is convertilde into money.
In the old countries, this is much more the case
than in new ; and in new, much more the case
near towns, than at a distance from them. In
this as in most other i)arts of our country, a chano'e
of circumstances is taking place, which renders
everything raised on a farm more coiwertilile into
money than formerly ; and as the change pro-
ceeds, it will be more and more a point for con-
sideration, how far the labor in doing what might
be bought, could earn more in another way, thuii
the amount of the |iurcliase. Still it will always
be priuhut, for reasons which every experienced
farmer will umiersland, to lean to the side of doin;j
rather than hiring or buying what may be wanted.
The mule seems to lie in ])oint of tconomy, be-
tween the ox and the horse, preferable to the, latter,
ami inferior to the former ; but so well adapted to
particular services, that he may find a proper
place on many farms. He is liable to the objec-
tion which weighs itiost against the ox. Ho is
less fitted than the horse for road service.

Fecdins; Callle. — ' In young growing animals the
powers of digestion are so great, that they require
food which is less rich, than such as are of mature
age. Tlicy also require more exercise. If rich food
is supplied in liberal quantities, ami exercise with-
held, diseases are generated, the first of which may
be excessive fatness : growth is impeded by very rich
food, for experience shows, that the coarsest fed ani-
mals have the largest bones. Common sense will
suggest the projiriety of preferring a medium
course between very rich and very poor nutriment.'
— Loudon.

Regularity of feeding cattle is of prime impor-
tance. Three times u day, precisely at a certain
hour, cattle, according to I\lr Lawrence, shoidd be
furnished with their Ibod. Mr Deaiie ol)served,
that neat cattle and horses should not have so much
laid beforo them at once as will quite serve to fill
them. The hay they have breaihed on much they
will not eat up dean, unless they are very hungry.
It is best, therefore, to fodder them twice at night,
and twice in the morning. Let neat cattle as well
as horses have both light and fresh air let in upon
their liidder when the weather is not too cold and
siurmy to allow the windows to be open. Wha:
Olio sort of cattle have should be thrown to another
sort. Those that chew the cuil will eat the leav-
ings of those that do luit, and vice versu.

Sialics. — Young horses generally are accustom-
ed to live and breathe in a pure and open air till
they c<unc of age, and are fit for labor ; it is then
found convenient to house them; this produces a
considerable change in their, bodies, and makes
iliem liable to be greatly affected by the tempera-
ture of the air which surrounds them, and in which
they breathe.

That stables are generally kept too close and
hot, requires no demonstration, as every one who
goes into tliom, even when the v/caiher is pretty
cool, must have discovered this from their own
feelinjrs ; and in the summer season the heat
within them is increased to a very great degree.
What renders it still worse, it frequently hajipeiiFs
that from the situation and structure of many sta-
bles, no opening can be made to allow a suSicient
quantity of fresh air, so as to enable horses confin- '
ed in them to breathe with any tolerable degree
of freedom. The door is the entrance for air, and
that can only happen occasionally when it js open.

Vol. X. — Nn. i.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

It is true tlie intercourse that must unavoidably take
place tliroiigli tlie day in going ont and in renders
such stal)lcs toleralily fresh aired ; yet in the inorn-
jng when the door has been slint for some hours
throngli Iho night, and especially in the summer,
the heat is intolerable, and the air so foul that a
man can hardly breathe in it, whilst at the same
time the shar[)ness of the suits, arising from the
horse's mine, &c, attacks his nose and eyes, and
occasions a copious discharge of tears.

CATERPILLARS.

Mr Editor — Among the many remedies ap-
plied to fruit trees for protecting them from llie
ravages of the caterDlllar and other insects, I have
never tried any with more success than strong
soap suds, which has been frequently recommend-
ed, particularly in your paper. Early last spring
I observed an uncommon indication of insects,
more particularly on apjile trees ; the first wliich
made their appearance were small green lice ac-
companied by ths black 'ant, which completely
covered the buds of appletrees as they were put-
ting out buds for blossotns and leaves. They
were soon followed by the caterpiHar, whose
combined efturts 1 liad great reason to c:;pect
would at least destroy all the fruit, if not the
trees. I immediately on discovery applied a
very strong snap suds with an old broom to the
bodies and limbs of the choicest trees, likewise
sprinkled it into the tops of the tree, as faithfully
as. practicable. A few days after I examined
them, and indeed found no insects ; but the buds
had the appearance of having been singed by fire.
They however shoilly came forward, and assum-
ed an uncommonly healthy appearance, and have
ever since been entirely free from any insect
whatever.

I think it more nc('essary to notice the effect of
soap on insects, as its being made more generally
known, and within immediate reach of every far-
mer and horticulturist, it would not likely bo neg-
lected at the proper season. I would suggest that
it be applied to the liodies and branches of trees,
early in the spring, before the eggs fastened to the
bark are hatched by the heat of the sun. I have
no doubt but it would, if used several times during
the warm season on the bodies and about the
roots of ]ieach, cherry and plum trees, protect
them from the effect of the borer and other
worms which injure them.

I have applied soap su<ls this summer to my
liills of cucumbers and melons, and have not been
at all troubled with worms, and very little by the
striped bug, while my neinhbors complain bitter-
ly of their ravages.

I am respectfully yours.

Almond Stephens.

JVarsaw, Gtn. Co. June 13, 18S1.

HESSIAN FLY.
This insect has made its appearance this season,
in this section, but to what extent they have dam-
aged the wheat wo have not yet learned. As the
Jiabits of this insect are well known, farjiiers
should guard against their ravages. They ma}' be
ibund, at the time the wliiat is in blossom, be-
tween the stalks and lower leaves, in the chrysalis
state, somewhat resembling a flax-seed. During
the time the kernel is in the milk, they hatch out
and become moths, and deposit their eggs upon
»be kernel, which is too small to be visible to the

naked eye. When such wheat is sown, sliould
the autumn be warm, they hatch, and the larvte
ascend the young stalks, and locate themselves
among the leaves, as far down lis possible. In
this situation they may be fouml before and after
they are transformed to the chrysalis state, having
fed upon the juices of the young stalk, which
they materially injure. As the insect itself is not
a great traveller, it is easy to destroy the egg be-
fore sowing the wheat. For this purpose, [)lace
the wheat, intended to be sowji, in a basket over
a tub, and pour over it strong caustic ley, scalding
hot, after which the wheat may be sown, and
the increased vigor with which wheat so managed
will shoot, will compensate for the trouble, sep-
arate from the destruction of the egg of the hes-
siau fly. We recommend it to farmers to examine
their fields, and if any signs of the fly are to be
foiuid, to scald their wheat the coming season, be-
fore sowing, whicli will prevent them in the next
crop. — Genesee Farmer.

Jf'atching the Swarming of Bees. — The hive is
placed upon a weighing beam, about three feet
eight inches long, with a board on the other end,
on whicli are put stones, of the weight of the
hive.

When the bees begin to cast, (an ordinary top
swarm is between 4 lbs. and 5 lbs. weight,) and
when the first pound's weight of bees have left
the hive, the beam will turn back a little, the same
way ,13 a merchant's scale docs on the counter :
but before the scale rests it forces out a trigger
like the pin of a mole trap, which lets off a sni.ill
iron wire to a bell in the house, that gives suffi-
cient waining to the bee-mother, to go and take
care of the swarm. The above method has been
practised several years by Mr Duncan, gardener
near Ayr Glasgow Chronicle.

Cider. — It is a matter of wonder, why, with the
exception of some part of New Jersey, and Duch-
ess and Orange counties in New York, no part of
tlie northern and middle states should have the rep-
utation of making good cider. By good cider we
mean that which will not become so sour as to be
unfit to drink in two or three months after it is
made. New England throughout, possesses a soil
which produces every variety of apples in the
greatest abundance, and yet we suspect that it will
be found that veryliTlle cider, comparatively, finds
its way from thence, either to the city of New
York, or other places still farther south. At any
rate, we hear of none from that quarter which is
held in repute, like that from New-Jersey. The
public tables in New York are not supplied with
good cider except at a cl^arge of 2.5 to 50 cents a
bottle. As cider forms a very considerable article
of export from our country, we take this opportuni-
ty to suggest, that establishments in the interior
might, wc doubt not, be made profitable by sending
Older to the city, either bottled, or fit to be bottled,
as an article of merchandize. — JV. K Slalesman.

in ten or twelve hours they will be sufiiciently
dry for packing away. It will be said this is a
tedious process, but we go upon the principle that
it is best to save everything from the farm, that
will turn to cash ; therefore, instead of throwing
away the stones as useless, dry them also, and
they will always cormnaiid about half as much as
the cherries were worth before they were taken
out, which . will abundantly conijiensate for the
trouble, besides having the dried fruit altogether
more valuable. Those w!io save the stones for
planting, shoulil select the mazards, where they
can be had, as ihey make the most healthy and
vigorous stocks for grafting or budding upon, but
any of those kinds usually called English cherries,
will answer, but the common red or Kentish will
not ilo well, as ihey are of very slow growth from
the seed, but are equally as good as the others
fur making Noyeaus. — Genesee Farmer.

Dried Cherries. — Few people know how to puze
dried cherries, and fewer still ever take the trouble
to dry them. As this is the proper season for
drying them, let those who have them attend to
it. It is customary to dry them without taking
out the stone. This is an expeditious way of se-
curing them, but is not the most profitable one.
Let the cherries be picked as soon as ripe, nnd the
stone taken out, and the fleshy parts spread upon
nlatos, and [lut in n moderately warm oven, and

A meeting of Butler [Ohio,] County Agricultural
Society was yesterday held in the Court House
in Hamilton. A respectable number of farmers and
citizens attended the meeting. — A. I. Chittenden,
Esq. president of the Society, took the chair and
called the meeting to order, and the constitution
read by Dr Corey, one of the Secretaries, and
several aniendnients thereto proposed and adopt»
ed. A few remarks, were made by several mem-
bers, an<l an essay on the Weevil was read by
Taylor Webster Esq. After which the following
Resolution was offered by Mr J. Milikin, Esq.
and passed.

Resolved, That the President shall appoint a
committee to report to this society at its next reg-
ular meeting rules and regulations for the annuaj
exhibitions of the society, and also to propose the
several animals, implements of husbandry and
other articles for which premiums shall be offered
with the anioutvt of ilie premiums to be given.

We were pleased to see many of the substan-
cial farmers from different parts of the country
in attendance.. The next meeting of the society
will beheld on the first Wednesday of July at the
Court House in Hamilton. — Hamilton Int.

Improved Plough. — Mr Barnabas Thatcher, an
ingenious mechanic of Barnstable, has invented a
plough in some respects superior to those in com-
mon use. — The improvement consists of a move-
able beam, to which a periiendicular motion can
bo given by means of two nuts on the end of the
coulter, (one above and tlie otiier below the beam,)
and the depth of the fm'row thereby regulated.
To the end of the beam inserted in the handle,
an iron, bent at right angles, is affixed. Tlie bent
part of whicli passes through the hanille, and has
a nut on each si<le, by which a horrizontal movt-
ment can be given to the beam, and the furrow cut
of any desirable width Barnstable Journal.

management of pigs.
The following experiment was made by a gen-
tleman of Norfolk. Six pigs of the Norfolk breed,
and of nearly equal weight were put to ki^eping at
the same time, and treated the same as to food and
litter for about seven weeks. Three of them v/ore
left to shift for themselves as to cleanliness ; the
other three were kept as clean as possible by a man
employed for the purpose, with a curry-comb and
brush. The last consumed in seven weeks fewer
peas by Tire bushels, than the other three ; yet they
weighed more when killed by two stone and four
pounds [thirlysix pounds] upon an average, or six
stone .twelve pounds upon the whole. — Land. pap.

6

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 2n, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 00, 1831.

FARMER'S WORK FOR JULY.

English Turnips. — The time generally lecom-
niended for sowing English turnip seed is the lat-
ter part of July. Dr Deane, howe ver, ohserved,
' I have sowed them in drills the first week in
August, and had a good crop. One great advan-
tage in sowing so late is that the turnips will escape
insects. And if the crop should not happen to
be quite so large as if the sowing had been earlier,
the roots will not fail of being better for the
table.

' One pound of seed is the common allowance
for an acre of land. But to guard against the fly
the quantity may be a little increased.

' The seed, sown broad cast must be harrowed
in with a short tined harrow, and then rolled
with a wooden roller, to break the clods, and level
the surface."

It is not yet too late to break up mowing or pas-
ture ground, an<l raise a crop of turnips without
the expense and trouble of yarding cattle or sheep
on the ground, according to the customary mode
of preparing for a turnip crop. Sowing broad cast
will do well ; but sowing in drills will do better.
In either case the crop will be the better ibr hoe-
ing and thinning out the sujierfluous plants. If
the soil is not very poor a good crop may be ob-
tained, even without manure, but a nmch better
with manure. Wood ashes, soot and lime are
said to be preferable, as manure for turnips to that
which is obtained from the farm yard.

Turnips may also be raised to great ailvantage
in corn fields. Fur this purpose sow a sufficient
quantity of seed at the last dressing of the corn,
and either hoc or rake it in.

Ellis, an old and judicious writer on husbandry,
recommends soot as an antidote against the fly in
turnips ; and says 'Turnips soo'ted about 24 hours
after they are up, will be entirely secured from
the fly. Some advise, and it may be well, if not
too much trouble, to leach soot, and sprinkle the
young turnips with the liquor. It is recommended
in hoeing turnips to thin them so as to leave the
plants from seven to twelve inches apart every
way, regulating the distance at which they are
left standing accoiding to the tiuje of sowing, the
strength of the soil, and probable size of the full
grown plant.

The time of the first hoeing is when the leaves,
as they lie spread on the ground are about the size
of the palm of the hand. But if the weeds are
numerous and grow rapidly they should be cut or
pulled out before the turnip plants arrive to that
size, lest they should be drawn up slender and
acquire a feeble and sickly habit. W second and
tliiril lioeings are given in the course of culture
the crop and the benefit to the soil will more than
coni()ensate for the extra trouble and e.vpense.

Louilon says that dusting rows of turnip plants,
when they are in the seed leaf, is effectual in
preventing the depredations of the fly. 'A bush-
el o( quick lime,' be says, ' is sufiicient to dust
over an acre of drilled turnips, and a boy may be
Eoon taught to lay it on almost as fast as he can
walk along the drills. If the seminal leaves are
powdered in the slightest degree it is sufiicient ;
but should rain wash the lime off", before the tur-
nips are in the rough leaf, it may be necessary to
repeat the operation if the fly begins to make its
ai>pearance.'

niSEASE IN gourds:
Our correspondent S. complains that his gourds
become mouldy and decay on the vines, and re-
quests information relative to some remedy for the
evil. As we have never witnessed nor before
heard of the disease we cannot prescribe for its
cure ; but if the case was ours we would apply
sulphur and lime water, mixed in the proportions
of about two quarts of sulphur, and three to five
pounds of quick lime to a barrel of water, first in-
coporating them with a pailful of boiling water.
This liquid, applied with a syringe or watering
pot as recommended by ' Circumnavigator,' page
37S of our current volume vtay prove efficacious.
If not we nmst refer the case to some of our hor-
ticultural friends, who are best qualified in the dis-
eases of vegetables.

Cucumbers. — We have authority to state that the
sale of cucumbers, at stall No. 8-1, Faneuil Hall
Market, Boston, raised on one acre of ground this
season, previous to the Itith of July, amounted
to upwards of .§500.

The weather has been for a length of time, wet
and sultry ; it is feared that much grain is injured.
We firmly believe, we are not guilty of exaggeration
when we say, that half of the wheat and rye crop
of this county is mined, and the well earned pros-
pects of the farmer, just at the point of consumma-
tion, are destroyed. We seriously do not believe,
that there will be enough of grain in th(! country
to seed it next fall. That which is cut, lias grown
iu the shock, and that which was left standing, has
sprouted in that i)o.<itioii. This loss is, in a greai
measure, attributed to culpable negligence, in
declining to cnp tlie shocks as they are set up.
The crop every where, was a most abundant one.
The corn '.ooks well. — Lancaster Penu.pap.

Crops in the Interior. — The Worcester .^gis
trives the following facts in relation to the crops
in that vicinity. Hay is abundant. Rye is said
not to be as good as usuid, being somewhat shrunk
iu the kernel. Corn never, perhaps, looked bet-
ter than it now does. There will be but few ap-
ples this year, and we are informed that ciiler has
been contracted for already at jirices varying from
$1,50 to $2 per barrel. I'cacbes are scarce -jthe
late frost last spring, while the trees were in blos-
som, it is supposed materially affected the crop. —
Cherries are very scarce ; and there will be but
few plums. Our early potatoes came in very fair.
The season, as it respects the quality and quantity
of the more essential crops, may be considered
upon the whole as favorable for the farmer.

To Farmers. — A writer in the Norwich
Courier says — ' If grass when mown, is carefully
turned every day it will injure very little. The
great cause of injury is its laying on the ground
through a long spell of rainy weather. If it lay
more than one day, it becomes mouldy, and turns
black. If carefully turned daily, "rain or shine," it
will not lose color. This is the result of many
years' experience.'

The Canandaigua Repository states that the
quantity of wool purchased by the m(!ichauts in
that place, this season, exceeds 100,0(10 lbs. for
which high pii(!es have been paid. A single load
brought in by a farmer, weighed 2,979 lbs. for
which he received $2,175.

From llie Boston Travbller.

BLACK CHERRY TREE BARK.

IMii Editor — Having seen in a late Traveller,
a statement fnun a medical corres|)ondent of the '
Cooperstown WatchloWer, that black cherry tree
bark was poisonous, I felt it my duty to state for ,
the information of the public, that in the latter
part of the year 1825, I was afflicted with a ner-
vous complaint, called by physicians, St Vitus'
Dance, and that at the recommendation of a
fixnd, I drank two glasses a day of a tea made by
sleeping the bark of the wild black cherry tree in
water, mixing it, however, with spirit sufficient tt>
prevent it from moulding. The bark to which the
Cooperstown doctor alludes, may have been taken
from the garden cherry tree. At any rate I should
like to have the thing fully tested ; for in my opin-
ion, the bark of the wild black cherry tree is a
sovereign remedy against a disorder, which may
justly be said to be the most humiliating that ever
atllicted the family of man. It cured me, and if I was
again attacked, should not hesitate a moment to
drink it again. B.

The ff'heat Crop. — We have taken considerable
pains to inquire with respect to the prospects of
the wheat harvest in this part of the country, and
from all we can gather upon the subject, we are led
to believe that the crops of wheat will be light here-
abouts at least. Our information on the subject
does not allow us. to speak in regard to a very
wide extent of territory, but so far as we have
been enabled to collect intelligence, we learn, that
a fly is making great depredations upon the wheat,
and besides, it is pretty certain, that some fields
arc overrun with chess, and the same is the ease
with all, more or less. — What will be the effect of
the present wet weather is uncertain. We hope
for tlio best. — Vienna J^. Y. Repuhlican.

At the rooms of the Albany llorticnltural So-
ciety, on the 28tli nit., two winter squashes of
last year's growth, very large and in fine preserva-
tion, were exhibited ; one of them measured 37
inches in length, and weighed 19 pouuds.

Trot and Vermont Raii. Road. — Stock in
this rail road was subscribed for in the following
places.

New York, 3530 shares, $100 each, $353,000
Troy, 1098 " » 109,800

Bennington, 346 " " 34,600

Adams, 35 " " 3,500

$500,900
The capital stock necessary to be paid in is
■5450,000.— jTroT/ Budget.

The Amboy and Camden Rail Road is vapidly
progressing, and is expected to be completed the
present season, as will also be the Hudson and
Mohawk Rail Road.

The following is an extract of a letter from a
gentleman in Liverpool, to a correspondent in
Troy : — ' Our rail road surprises more and more
every day. — The trains go regularly from Liverpool
to Manchester in an hour and aquaiter. On Fri-
day 2050 passengers were booked for that place.
One thousand bales of New Orleans cotton arrived
here one day by noon on the next the whole was
delivered in Manchester. These are facts that
prove more every day the superiority of rail road
communication.'

Vol. X.— No. 1.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Wool. .Mioiit one hundred and thirty thousand

pounds of Wool Iiave boeri puichased in this vil-
lage, the i)icseiu season, for which the farmers of
our comury have beeji paid about $80,000, mostly
in cash. — Ontario Messenger.

Anaildilion;il seciiuu of the Baltimore and Ohio
Rail Road has been completed, so that 26 miles
are now in operation.

A new factory is to be erected at South Berwick.
A building to contain four thousand spindles, is to
be put up immediately.

Ripe pears of the Jargonelle kind have been
gathered from a tree of D. Shattuck, Esq. of Con-
cord

Complaint is made in the New Haven Herald
•of charcoal tiien : and one, with hardly any ex-
ertion, compressed four bushels into a common
'flour barrel ; and an old gentleman who bought
eight bushels measured in a two bushel basket
found, on rc-measuremeut in a half bushel meas-
ure, that it held out hut six. In this quarter, large
brands sometimes adhere strongly to the bottom of
the basket, and travel to and from the cart sever-
al titnes.

Optical Deception. — Ic is stated by a traveller
and observer, on the Liverpool and INlanchester
Rail Road, that while travelling at the rate of 12
or 15 miles jier hour, ohjecis from the carriage
window, appear as they do from a stage aoach, to
recede, or move in an opposite direction to that of
the carriage, but when the speed increases to 24
and 30 miles in the hour, they no longer appear
to recede, but to move in the direction of the car-
riage. This is explained on philosophical ])rin-
ciples. It is worthy the thoughts of the curious
and ingenious.

Messrs Dunott and Fairlamb, of Wilmington, Bel.
have lately invented a machine, by which (says the
Delaware Journal) they are enabled to expedite the
production of biscuit or crackers, to almost any ex-
tent. It is added that, in the present incipient state
of the machine, it will make sixty thousand hand-
somely finished crackers in an hour! The macliino
is said to be a neat piece of workmanship, occupy-
ing little more space than a common spinning wheel.
The inventors have obtained a patent for this not-
abli; cracker-spinner, and propose sending a model
to England.

Lynn .Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten miles from" Boston, Six from Salom, nnil Fivo fiom Nahant.

The subscriber most respectfully begs leave, to inloim
his friends ami the public that he continues to keep that
delightful Summer retreat, ihe Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his object lo render a genteel
and pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &e.

The salubrious qualilies cf the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring — the beautiful lake, on Ihe borders of which
the establishment is situated, abounding with fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendid Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— Bathing ruoms on the margin ol the lake, where the
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken— Ihe de-
lightful situation of Ihe House, wiUi its comfortable and
well furnished apartments, with the fruit and flower Gar-
dens adjoining, are attractions for those in pursuit of
health or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberally bestowed.

July 20. JAMES \V. BARTON.

30 Dollars Reward.

The above reward will be paid by the Subscriber for
Ihe detection and conviction of the vile wretch or
wretclies who have been base enough to break down a
large number of young rock maple Trees, set out on the
road adjoining his P'arm, leading from Dedhain turn-
pike 10 Brushhill turnpike, for the purpose of shade and
ornament. As Ihe vile wretch who could be guilty of
...^h a crime is dangerous lo the community, it is hoped
that the citizens of Koxbury and Dorchester will be vigi-
lant in endeavoring to detect him. In order that he may
he brought to public justice. JEREMIAH HILL.

Boston, July, 1831. J"'y 20.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sa.Ie, In his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted ;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price
of a single right $5.

Also for sale, 2U0 swarms of bees in the old tashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare ol hive deducted.

The above will be delivered wilhin fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) by Ihe first day of March. 1832.

All letters must be sent in before Ihe first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, lo the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass. so as to have time lo transpoit them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

' The oldest man. — In April,! S'JS.there died at Ples-
kow, in the government of Novogorod (Russia) a
farmer named Michofsky, who had attained the won-
derfuly age of 1G5 years. He led a very sober life,
though occasionally he partook of ardent spirits.
IIo never ate meat more than twice a week. At
12U lie still labored in the field, and only desisted
on account of a sprain in his foot. He left 4
chihlren, 3ll grand children, and IG great-grand
children. His motlier lived to the age of 117, and
lone of his sisters to 112, but his father died at 52.

Medical School in Boston.
The Medical Lectures of Harvard University deliver-
ed in Boston will be commenced in llie Autumn, at the
usual period, viz. on the third Wednesday in October.
They will be continued four months.

This extension in the term of Ihe Lectures has been
thought necessary to afford lime for such a course of in-
struction and demonslraliDn, as is deemed by the Faculty
to be requisite, under the advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to Ihe School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor lo our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy within this Commonwealth. The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will be sufBcieutly obvious. It will be the aim ot
the Prcfessors to carry into elTect the intentions of the
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at Ihe same
lime their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of Ihe healing art.

The opportunities for pi-actical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The coiirse of Lectures will be —
On Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
'* Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia Medica, by Dr Bigelow.
" Obstetrics and Medical Juiisprudence, by DrChan-

ning.
" Theory and Pracice of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr Jackson.

WALTER CHANNING,
Dean of ihe Faculiy of Medicine.
Boston, June 13, 1831. 6t* julylC

Lightning Points.

Just received, a further supply of Treble Gilt Light-
ning Points, and Glass Blocks, which are for sale at Ihe
Agricultural Warehouse, 52, North Market street.

Cultivators and Ploughs. For sale al the Agricultural
Warehouse, Expanding Cultivators, Howard's improved
Cround Mould Board Ploughs, different sizes. July 20.

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash for Cocoons, from 25 lo
50 cents, according to quality. J. H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15th, 1831. 8t July 20.

Bones Wanted.
Shin and Leg Bones constantly purchased by GEO.
H.GRAY If CO. No. 68 Kilby street.
April 20. 2mo3

Wroitghi-lron Ploughs.— Bar -Iron, S,'C.
Wrjughl-Iron Ploughs, of all sizes.— .4/so, A Complete
assortment of American, English, Swedes and Russia Uar
Iron— American Braziers' Rods— Spike and Nail Rods,
Shoe-Shapes— Hoop and Band Iron— Steel of all kinds—
Pipe-box and Mould-board plates, &c. constantly for sale
by GAY <S- BIRD,

Slis. No. 44, India Street, Boston.

PRICES OF COUXTRY PRODUCE.

AI'FLF,S,russeiruig3,
ASHES, pot, lirsl son,

I'carl, first sort,
BEANS, while,
BEEF, iTiess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. 2,
BUTTEK, inspected, No. 1, new, -
CHEESE, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUK, ISaliimore,Howard-slrcel, -

Genesee,

Alexandria,

Ballimore, wliarf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rve,

Barley,
Oals,
HAY,

HOG'.S LARD, first sort, new,
HUPS, 1st quality,
LIME,

I'LAlSTEll PARIS retails at
I'OKK, clear.

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top f northern J

Rod Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, three fourths washed,

Merino, half blood, -.

Merino, quarler,

Native, washed,.

Pulled superfine,

Isi Lamb's,

2d,

3.1,

Isl Spinning,

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Ircsli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, Ucg and tub.,
Lump, bcst„
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retai.l,
POTATOES,
C'DER, (accorilingto quality]

FROM

TO

none

105 00

108 CO

120 00

122 50

bushel.

90

1 00

8 60

9 00

7 2.^

7 75

11

r. 25

6 50

pound.

Ij

18

C

8

ic

3

4

1 12

1 50

5 25

5 50

5 37

5 62

It

4 G2

5 00

u

4 75

4 75

G8

70

63

65

ti

75

78

it

60

67

It

36

40

cwt.

60

, '"'

10 00

10 25

y on

10 00

cask.

1 on

1 25

ton.

3 OOi 3 23

barrel.

17 CO 18 00

13 00 14 00

"

13 hO\ It 00

bushel.

1 75! 2 00

"

50

62

pound.

. '0

12

cwi.

a 0(1

8 50

pound.

70

is,

'*

75

80

'1

60

Ij3

"

66

58

"

45

50

"

45

50

"

63

65

"

58

bo

*'

45

4T

*'

30
50

32
33

.nounil.

3

•'

6

'•

s«

"

6

It

4

It

8

It

12

it

18

dozen.

12

bushel.

82

It

82

tt

30

barrel.

1 00

2 W

Wanted,
A young woman from the country, from 18 to 30 years
of age, who is neat and faithful, may hear of an excel-
lent situation to do the ordinary work in a sm jll family,
(who reside in the country during the summer,) where
she will receive good treatment and the highest wages.
Also wanted in the same family, a young girl from 14 to
16 years o( age, to take care of children. Apply at Ihe
Farmer office, 50^ North Market street, July 30.

Boston Fanecii. Hall Market is now abun-
dantly supplied with all the vegetables of the season, at
the foUovvng prices: New Potatoes $1 per bushel. —
Early Pears :i to $3 per bushel New Corn for boiling,
12i els. per dozen ears. Early York Cabbages, 37^ lo 50
ctsl per dozen. Early Squashes, 12^ cts. per dozen. —
Turnips and Carrots, 64 cts. per bunch. Beels 18 cents
per doz. Marrowfat Peas and String Beans, $1 per bush-
el. Cucumbers 12i cts. per dozen. Mr Rand, at stall
No. 84, has received upwards of $500 for Cucumbert
the present season.

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER.

July 20, iSSl

MISCELLANY

THE LITTLE FOOT.

My boy, as gently on my breast.

From iofant sport Ihou sink's! to vest.

And on my hand I feel thee put,

In playful dreams thy little foot,

The thrilling touch sets every string

Of my full heart a quivering ;

For ah ! I think, what chart can show.

The ways through which this foot may go ?

Its print will be, in childhood's hours
Traced in the garden, round the flowers ;
But youth will bid it le;ip the rills-
Bathe in the dews of distant hills —
Koani o'er the vales, and venture out,
When liper years would pause and doubt;
Nor brave the pass, nor try the brink,
Where youth's unguarded foot may sink.

But what when manhood tints thy cheek,
Will he Ihe ways this foot may seek ?
Is it to lightly pace the deck ?
To helpless, slip from off the wreck .'
Or wander o'er a foreign shore,
Returning to thy home no more,
Until the bosom, now thy pillow.
Is low and cold beneath the willoH ?

Or is it for the battle's plain.
Beside the slayer and the slain !
Till there its final step be taken —
There sleeps thine eye no more to waken
Is it to glory or to shame —
To sully or to gild thy name —
Is it to happiness or wo.
This little foot is made tOago ?
But whcresoe'er its lines may fajl.
Whether in cottacre or in hall,
0, may it ever shun the ground
Where'er His foot had not been found.
Who on his path below has shed
A living light that all may tread
Upon his earthly step ; and none
E'er dash the fool against a stone !

Yet if thy way is marked by fate,

As guilty, dark aild desolate —

If thou must float by vice and crime,

A wreck upon the stream of time .-

Oh ! rather than behold that day,

I'd know this loot, in lightsome play,

Would bound, with guiltless, infint glee,

Upon the sod that shelters me. H. F. G.

TEMPERATE DRINKERS,
Listen to a statement of what yon are iloin",
made by mi enlightened and benevolent physi-
cian.— Dr James Moultrie, Jr, of C'liarleston, S.'c,
in a letter to a Committee of the Columbia Teni-
peranoe Society, says :

' I know of no enemy to domestic bliss, compara-
ble to this. Its most dangerous feature is its ap-
jiareiit innocence, at first. I consider tlie [leace
of no family to be secure so long as the use of
distilled spirits is the popular drJnU of acommuni-
ty. All arc interested in its exclusion, if not for
themselves, at least for those whom perhaps they
do not know as well ns themselves. But where
is tlie individual, at all given to its use, who can
venture to jiredict bis entire immunity from its
danger ! Who that lias ever been subdued by it,
can Irom his sad experience, recall the moment
^vheu he became its slave? Who that is now

wretched in his capacity, is half conscious of his
chains and his misery .' Who Iiiiows wiiere to stop .'
where, in his own case, the line of demarcation is
drawn ? or is willing to accept the opinion of anoth-
er .' or sure that it will be given in time, even where
duty of friendship uigns to its deliverance ? Were it
not that the moderate use of it by the temperate
is tolerated in society, the vice of intemperance
w old be unknown. The evil therefore lies with
.nem. They are the corrupters of the morals, and
the destroyers of the piosperily of ll e community.
The ' proximate cause' of drunkenness is lempcr-
anct. The instigators to intemperance are sober,
who, for the gratification of a minute, pay a iioinuy
to the vice. The tempters to the sin, are those
who use it in moderation. Its subsists upon the
temperate. Its victims are among them. They
cause it — they support it — they propagate it — they
subseribeto it privately, publicly, by compact and
by personal contribuiion. The remedy must there-
fore be applied le :he source of evil. — The efforts
your society, it appears to me ought to be aimed
at them. And lie shall truly deserve to wear the
civic wreath, who shall be so fiirtiiiiate as to point
out the means, by which the temperate in the land,
can be brought to a final, if not a consentaneous
determination to relinquish the use of it.' — Jour-
nal of Humanh;/.

From Uie -Salurdiiy Evenhig Tusl.

ANECDOTES OF A MONKEY.

Many pranks have been recorded as being the work
of that most inimitable imitator, the monkey- It has
been my desire to add a few anecdotes to those upon re-
cord. The following were related to me by a gentleman
from St Domingo, who was the owner of the animal of
which I am about to speak.

Jl few of tlie fcuts of Jacho—a favorite Monkey.

The cook was one day very busy picking chickens and
preparing them for roasting. Jacko, seated on the win-
dow of the kitchen, paid particular attention to all of
these operations. No further notice was taken of him
till ne.\t morning, when he was found diligently rolling
in the ashes four small ducks, which he had picked and
skewered, secundum artem.

His principal amusement was to sot dogs to fightin<'.
Sometimes, whilst walking on the roof of the house, he
would perceive a strange dog on the plantation. He
would immediately give a shrill cry, with which the doirs
of the house were so well acquainted, as immediately to
flock around him. The whole gong, with Jacko at tiieir
head, then sallied out to encounter and drive away the
intruder. So soon as the combat was engaged, Jacko
would run to some small hillock, some fence, or some low
tree, and there testify his joy by a laughter and chat-
tering, interrupted only from time to time, to hiss the
doirs on.

Having once, while accompanying his master on a visit,
seen a gentleman's son take his lesson in writing, Jacko,
the moment ho reached his home, flew to the ink-pot,
daubed his paws well with the liquid it contained, and
proceeded to draw his pot-hooks and ladles on a white
bed quilt, which unfortunately was near him.

He was often seen in the garden, digging up plants,
and again burying them root upwards.

.Some masons were busy repairing the ceiling of the ',
apartment in which Jacko with his mistress usually pas-
sed the night. Jacko eyed their work with signs of great
pleasure, and immediately running to the milk house, he
paddled up the butter and cream cheeso together, and
then plastered the wall with this mixture, for several
feet. ^ j

The exploit in which he showed the mrst instinct was
in fishing. He w^as several times seen occupied in this
employment — his method was this:— He placed a small
basket in the water near the edge of the brook. After
making it fast by piling stones behind it, he would go
about ten yards above the basket ; there getting into the
water and agitating it very violently, he would suddenly
leave this occupation ; then running to the basket would
smartly throw it upon the grass to a distance from the
water. In this manner he never failed to obtain numbers
of the small fry which were driven into the basket by his
agitation of the water. C. G.

I Valuable and Cheap Land — for Sale.
I The subscriber oilers for sjle, 1-1,000 acres of choice
j Land, situated in the town of Pinckney, county of Lewi*
and slate of New York. Some of the land is improved
and under cultivation. The country is remarkably heal- '
thy, being entirely free from the fever and ague and from
the common bilious fevers which often afliicl the towns
upon Lake Ontario, this town being 13 miles east of tho '
lake. The soil is principally a sandy loam, much of it
coveiei: with rich black mould. The timber is chiefly
Sugar Maple, Black Ash, Butternut, Beech, Elm, &c.
The land yields first rate crops of Grass, Rye, Oats, Bar-
ley, Potatoes and Flax ; and on some lots, good Wheal
and Corn may be grown. To those wishing to obtain su-
perior grazing farms, a fine opportunity now offers itself.
The produce of pasturage and hay from an acre of this
l.uid, is very large, fully equalling if not surpassing that
tVoni the same quantity of land in any other of the Black
River townships. The land is admirably well watered,
there being out few lots which have not dui able running
streams upon them. The land is well adapted to Orchard-
ing— the Apple tree thriving very well in this county.
Stock of all kinds may be disposed of with the least possi-
ble trouble, and lo the greatest advantage, the drovers
purchasing at the very doors of the farmers, and paying
the highest cash prices for their cattle, which will readily
find purchasers at all seasons of the year. Several far-
mers at present residing on this town, were originally
from the New England States, and some of thein from
Massachusetts, who are in thriving circumstances. The
above described land is offered for sale at the very low
price of from two dollars and a half to three dollars per
acre, lor the uncleared land, and from three dollars and a
half to five dollars and a half for the improved lots. The
hind will be sold in lots lo suit purchasers, and from two
to five years' credit for payment, in annual instalments,
will be given. As a further convenience to parcliascrs,
Ihe subscriber will receive in payment. Cattle, Sheep,
Perk, Grain or Grass Seed, lor which products ho will
allow the highest cash prices. The title lo the land M
indisputable, and good Warranty Deeds will be given to
purchasers. Pei-sons desirous of purchasing will please
to apply to the subscriber, at Henderson Harbor, county
of Jeiferson.Stateof New York, or to D.win C.i.N field,
Esq. on the lowu. JAMES H. HENDERSON.
March !). cplGt

Ammui'ition ^J^

Of the iest quality ai.d n/»^fs( ^n'ces, for sporting — .
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 ; Broad Street.

N. B. If Ihe quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbn refnuded. tf Jan.

Hickory.

Tills astonishing fleet horse was raised in Montreal, is
from an English blood mare, (sire unknown,) is not io-
ferior lo any in the U. Stales for speed, action and beau-
ty. He is a fine sorrel, well built, good size, and pro-
nounced by (good) judges in every respect a first rale
horse; trots a 3 minute gait, last walker, and has paced
around the trotting course. Long Island, in 2 minutes, 34
seconds, and was offered publicly to match against any
horse that could be produced. It is considered unneces-
sary lo say more, as his qualifications are too well known
to he doubled.

He will stand at Abbott's Inn, Holdcn, during the
season. Terms $8, the season. 61^ JIayll.

Published every Wednesday livening, at g3 per annun*
payable at the end of ihe year — but those who pay within
si,xty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a d«--
duction offifly cents. >

Oj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th«
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. It.
RussKLL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 02 Morth
Market Street. • agknts.

Nno I'or/t— 'U.Thorbukn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Albarnj—W'u. Tiiorbubn, 3 17 M.irket-sireel.
Pliiladelphia—M. &, C LANnnKTH.OS Cliesluul-slreet.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Eililor of ihe American Farmer,
Clncimmli—S. C. Paukhubst,23 Lower Markat-slreel.
F/iislnug, N. K.Wm.1'rikck&. Sons, Prop. Lia.Bol. Garden
Middlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Htxriford — GoonwiN &. Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebenkzkr Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.J. W. Fostkr, Bookseller.
Portland, M-.—SxtiWe-i. Colman, Bookseller.
Muir-usta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OlTico.
Mo/itreaJ.L, C. — A. Bowman, Bookseller

R.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. S2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE^, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTO.V, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 27, 1831.

NO. a^

cscaio;iai2r£r:nsii.sa©ErS9

CUT'I'ING TliKES.

Mr Fesse.nue.v — !ii the last iiiiinber of the
New Eiiglaiul Faririor, pag-e 1, your coirespoii-
Oeiit Mr J. S. Pahiier oC Petrrhoro', New York,
tlh'ccls that trees shoulil be cut when the
sa|) is up, if it is desirable that the stumps slioiiUI
;prout, and observes ' that most of our forest trees
do not produce sprouts or suckers from the

imps or roots if cut in winter.'

This, Sir, is directly opposed to all my observa-
tions aud experience on the subject. Having
woodland IVoni which 1 have cut annually, for
several years past, from twenty, to filty cords of
wood, it has been my practice to have it cut at
the time, and in the manner that would best insiu-e
a strong and vigorous growth of sprouts. To
effect this i)urpose I never allow a tree to be cut
till after the autumnal frosts have caused the
leaves to fall, and tho sa]) to descend to the roots,
nor later in the venial season than the middle of
April. The manner of cutting is to leave the
stumps nearly on a level with the surface of the
ground, from which, the suckers are much more
strong and vigorous, and less liable to be injnreil
by high winds, than a growth from stumjis cut
twelve or fifteen inches Idgh, as is the practice of
some.

Pursuing this course I have never been dis-
ap|)ointed, and have now on land, from which
trees were cut in the midst of winter, a growth
of sprouts of the most vigorous and promising
ajipearance.

Respecting large trees, the growth of eenturics,
cut them at whatsoever season you please, there
is scarcely one stump in a thousand that will pro-
duce suckers.

In a community where fuel is an expensive
article, every proprietor of woodland should
manage it in such a way, as not only to be profit-
able to himself, but, as shall preserve the growth
for the generation to come.

I am. Sir, respectfully',

Your obedient servant,

Lynnjield, July 23, 1831. J, Newhall.

BEKS.

Mr Fessf.nden — Any experiments made in
the manageuiont of Bees if succe-sful, ought to
be made public, fur the benefit of those who have
old honey or full hives. .

I purchased in the fill of 1829 a small swarm
of Bees ; they worked well through the simmier
following, but did not swarm. In the spring ol
1830 1 had a tight house made agreably to Doct
Thachcr's method, and an empty hive put by the
Bide of the old 'oi>^ and opened a couunnnicatinn
throngh.jlic new' hi^e ; the Bi^es made some honey
in the hive aud considerable in the house ; in July
I turned the old hive upside down and put a new
one on top and the Bi:es went to work in the new
hive, continuing the •comb upwards from the (dd
to the fop oftlio new hive. About 10 days since,
I determined to drive the bees from the'old hive
into a new one ; I separated the top from the old
hive hy cutting with a large knife the comb across
the bottom, and took off the top hive and set it on

the stanil and llien replaced the old hive on its
bottom and in a few days found I had got two
separate colonies of Bees. Monday morning, the
11th, 1 drove the bees with water from the old
hive into a new one without losing a hundred
bees, and obtained 30 lbs. of honey and cond>. I
used a new apparatus invented by a gentleman for
his own convenience, who 1 hope will get a patent
for it and make it as public as possible. We put
two pieces of comb containing some of the young
brood and fastened them in the top of the hive
previousto letting the bees in. This day, Saturday
lOtti, the bees are to work in both hives, busily
eni|doyed in increasing their stock for the winter.
If you think tho above will be of any use to the
keeper of bees, you are at liberty to publish it.
jYewburyport, July 16. Essex.

From the Gardener's Mag:iziiie.

ON THE DISEASES OF FRUIT TREES IN
AMERICA.

Sir — Our fruit trees are subject to some diseases,
which do not seem to trouble the European gar-
dener and orchardist. I shall notice a few of
them, in the hope that you, or some or your cor-
respondents, may aid us in discovering the cause
and cure.

The plum and morello cheiry trees are disfig
iired and destroyed by a sjiecies of gangrene
The limbs of these trees, and the trunks, when
small, swell, crack, and exhibit irregular tumors,
of a spongy appearance, which are first green, but
cliange to a black color. The branch soon dies ;
the sap seems to become vitiated, and, if the dis-
eased parts are not amputated, the entire tree gen-
erally fails in one or two seasons. An insect, in
its larva state, is generally found in the recent tu-
mors, which Professor Peck has denominated the
Khyncha;'nus cerasi ; the same, he thinks, which
occasions the fall of peaches, apricots, and iilums
(a formidadle evil liere), by the larva eating into
the kernel of those fruits long ere they have attain-
ed their growth ; or another species of the same
genus. The first conclusion is probably not cor-
rect; for the fruit, in many localities, is destroy-
ed, where the trees have continued healthy. The
only efficient remedy that I am advised of, is to
cut off and burn the affected parts. All of our
stone and many of our seed fruits are grievously
injured by insects, which prey upon them in the
early stage of their growth, and cause them to
drop. Although we can identify the enemy, we
are without tho means of repelling his attacks.

We have lost many of our pear trees by what
is here termed the blight. The disease is gener-
ally first discovered upon the smaller branches, of-
ten at a distance from their extremities, by the
leaves and bark, at a particular point, becoming
black anil dead. The foliage and wood above ai>-
pear fresh and green for some days. Ait other
times, the bark upon the trunk, or at the junction
i)f the main branches, becoiues dead in irregular
bliitclie.=;, contracts, and ultimately separates from
the wood. In three instances, this season, I have
found a circle of bark upon the trunk wholly deail
while all above apjieared healthy and vigorous
The seat of the disease seems to be in the cam-
bium, or elaborated sap, which becojiies a medi.

um for its extension. The progress of the disease
is rapid, in proportion to the vigor of growth in
the tiee ; rich soils and wet seasons being most
prejudicial. The evil is confined to no soil or sit-
uation, though it is less prevalent in stiff grounds
and grass lands. The apple and quince appear
to be generally though less seriously affected.
Some [iretend .to trai-e the evil to an insect, the
Scolytus pyif; yet my observatious have tended
rather to multiply than to dissipate the doubts
which I have bad as to the cause of the malady.
The gooseberry and the grape, particularly the
foreign varieties of tlie latter, are very liable to
be destroyed by mildew, when partially grown ;
and three fillhs of these crops are thus usually
lost.

A subscription is circulat'iig among us to raise
2000 dollars, to be awarded as a premium for the
discovery of a preventive of the depredations of
insects upon our stone fruit. Any thing you can
offer, therefore, upon the subject of the preceding
remarks, will be particularly interesting to your
American readers, of whom there are many, and
the number is likely to increase as we advance in
horticultural ini|)rovement. Your publications are
much sought after, and highly valued. The So-
ciety of this place, of which I am president, sub-
scribes to your Magazine. We have in this state six
horitcultural societies. The subjects of educatioiv
and rural improvement are the popular topics of
tho day. We have a respectable Lyceum in thi.*
city, which has published a volume of Transac-
tions, consisting of original papers in rclalioii to the
natural sciences. The volume will be sent to you
if you desire it. gi^.v as disappointed in not finding
a descripticft c^alo§Tie of fruits in your Encyclo-
pcedia of plants. 1 think you promised one. Can-
not you send me such a catalogue ?

In a former letter I took the liberty of request-
ing your good offices in establishing a correspon-
dence with some respectable nurseryman of your
country ; and 1 believe Iliave occasionally sent you
some cuttings of fruit, and pamphlets that I
thought woidd be interesting. I have made like-
communications to the Horticultural Society. I
have not yet had the satisfaction of learning, from
you or from Mr Sabine, whether iny cuttings or
my requests have ever reached their designed des-
tination. We have pVobably the best location for
a nursery in tho Union, and the demands upon it
exceed our means of supply. We are anxious to
give it a character equal to its advantages of Icca-
tioii, an<l to enrich it with all the finer fruits of Eu-
rope. It is the importance of obtaining a corref-
potident on whom we can rely, that induces me
to renew my importunities for your aid in this
matter. Mr Saul of Lancaster has encouraged us
to hope tiuit we shall receive some grafts from you,
through him in the spring. Such a favor would
be particularly acceptable. We have commission-
ed Mr Gordon, a correspcmdcnt of your Magazine,
who proposes to visit New York, to bring us sev-
eral articles, particularly for the green-bouse ; and,
.TS he will probal'ly see you, you may commit to.
his charge any communication you liave to make.
Comtnand nie freely whenever I can render yon
service. I am, Sir, &c.

Mbany, Dec. 20, 1830. Jesse BtJEt.

10

NEW ENGLAND PARMER,

July 2T, 1831.

From the New York Fanner.

SMUT IN WHEAT.

Sir 111 reply to your cnrreppondent, N. W. T.

of Newai Ic, New Jersey, in your last inonlli's Farm-
er, I lieg leave to state a lew pailiculars on the
subject of Ills itiquirie?, relative to ' (he H'eevil and
Smut in ffheal.'

Your correP|ionilcnt states ' that two persons
bought seed wheat of me, in which there had been
some Binut. In the crop of one, there was a
great deal of stnut, that of the other was free
from it. Was this difference owing to tho
soil ? An answer to these inquiries would be ac-
ceptable.

To t!ie latter inquiry, ^ was this difference otving
to the soiir I lieg leave to inform him, and your
reader.s, that I have never known it the case in a
single instance, and from many years of practical
experience I am enabled to assert, that when seed
wheat is perfectly free from disease, and prepared
in a proper manner, previously to its being sown
or drilled, that the soil, of whatever nature, or how-
ever great the distance, will not produce smutty
wheat. The following narrative may serve to il-
lustrate the fact.

A neighbor of mine, having purchased some
very excellent seed wheat, the same was delivered
in the farmer's bags of whom he had bought the
wheat, with a jnoniise that he, the purchaser,
would return the bags immediately afier the grain
was sown or deposited by the drill. Jly neighbor
complied with this request, and having drilled about
half the quantity from those bags in which he had
received the wheat, he took opportunlly on the
following day, which liad been very tret and xtn-
favorahh, for drilling the remainder, 'o empty those
bags, in order that tliey might be returned, agree-
ably to the proposed bargain. Thus, was this ex-
ceUent,clean, and till then, unadulteiated seed wheat,
put into bis (the purchaser's) own bags, which
before had contained some \CTy foul and diseased
smutty wheat, as he, together with his farm ser-
vants acknowledged the fact. On the third day
the remainder of the wheat was drilled on the
same soil, and in the same field, but not from the
clean bags of the seller of the seed wheat.

Now, sir, marlt the result at harvest : the clean
seed wheat which had been euiptied into the far-
mers own filthy, smutty bags, produced about one
twentieth part of smutty ears ; whereas fi o'u the
former day's ilrilling, not a single ear of smutty
wheat could be found !

Hence the infectious disease, not only in the
Animal, but also in the Vegetable world.

Should you consider the foregoing deserving a
corner in your interesting and truly useful publica-
tion, I may be induced to continue my corresjxin-
dence on the subject of destroying the insect called
ibe Weevil. Yours, respectfully,

A.N Old Farmer.

State o/.V. Y. May, 1S3I.

From Ihc Oil III Sun.

WEEVIL IN WHEAT.

Mr Editor — Perhaps yourself and some of
your readers may consider me as stepping out of
my proper department, in offering any observations
on the subject of farming, having never been my-
self a practical farmer.

The amount lost yearly by the weevil is so great
ri>at it almost exceeds the power of thought or cal-
culation, and that the use of weevil eaten wheat

may occasion disease, cannot be denied. — Our
food by various processes and modifications, prin-
cipally liy the process of assimilation, forms a
part of our texture and organization and that
healthy fluids and solids should spring from or be
formed of bad n:alerials, is contrary to all the es-
tablished laws of nature.

During si.\ or seven years past, I have examined
many publications in relation to this interesting
subject. — Nimierous plans have been proposed to
save wheat from the destructive enemy, and the
method which lo me appears best, may be found
in Mackenzie's Universal receipt book, page 529 ;
the whole secret consists in cutting wheat about
eight days before it is ripe. It is stated that wheat
reaped in this way is fuller and finer and never
devoured by weevil, which was proved by cutling
one half of a field in the green state and leaving
the other half till the usual time. The early reap-
ed portion gave a greater number to the acre and
more bread by weight from the same (luaiitily of
flour. The weevil attacked that portion whicli
was reaped late, but not the early reaped wheat.

It is stated that it is always necessary to dis-
criminate between the ripeness of the straw and
the ripeness of Ihe grain — that straw in some
seasons dies from the ground upwards, which may
mislead, if the ripeness of the grain is judged from
the appearance of the straw, but the true and
proper time for reaping is, when grain presseil
between the fingers has a doughy appearance,
like bread hot from the oven pressed in the same
way.

Wheat ought never to be stacked until the straw
and porlion of weeds and grass that may be mixed
with it is entirely dry, otherwise it will heat in the
stack. Under existing circumstances the field
may be considered the best stack-yard until the
farmer is ready to thrtsli out the whole crop — in
this way the cio|( is sometimes saved from de-
struction.

Millers and manufaclurers of flour generally
agree, that early reaped wheat makes the best
flour, and that nothing is gained by the late reap-
ing, except more bran, and that of a darker cohir,
which, after grinding and bolting, gives a dark
color to the flour.

II' one or both of the publishers of Newspapers
in B.iiavia consider this ciimnuinication worthy of
publication, it is at their service.

Bethel, June 10, 1S31. Be.njami.n Morris.

REAPING GRAIN.

The French claim the merit of a new discovery
of great importance to agriculture in the advanta-
ges, which, according to them, result from tin-
practice of reaping grain before it is perfectly
ripe. This theory, which has just been promul-
gated by M. Cadetle de Vaux,,originatcd with M.
de Salle.", of the Agricultural Society of Beziera.
The fi)Ilowing are the particulars: Grain reaped
eight days before the usual time, is, in the first
place, secured from the dangers whicli threaten it
at that time — this is only accidental ; but a posi-
tive advantage is, that the grain is fuller, larger,
finer, and that it is never attacked by the weevil

The truth of these statements has been proved
by the most conclusive comparative e.xperiments
upon a piece of grain, one half of which was reap-
ed before the usual time, and tlie other half at the
degree of maturity fixed by the ordinary pr.actice.
The first porlion gave a hectolitre of grain more
for half a hectar of land. Afterwards, an equal

quantity of flour from the wheal of each portion
was made into bread ; that of the grain reaiied*
green gave seven pounds of bread more than the
other si.x decalitres. Lastly, the weevil attacked
the grain which was cut ripe, the other was ex-
empt from it. The proper time for reaping is,
that when the grain, on being jiressed between
the fingers, has a <lougby appearance, like the
crumb of !)read just hot from t he oven, vi hen
pressed in the same manner.

BEES.

It has been found by observation, that Bees
will not colonize while Ihey have space to in-
crease and woik at home. We were recently
called to examine a Bee house, or Ajiiarv con-
structed on this principle by Mr Munch of Put-
nam. It is closely covered and lin.-d by nnplan-
ed, though jointed boards, to defend its inhabi-
tants from the extremes of heat and cold, and di-
vided by partitions into five chambers suj)porled
by [losts aI>out 2i feet from the ground and about
4 feet square, and as many in hei:;ht. Those
have doors on the backside of sufficient size, to
introduce a common hive, which is placed in front
of the chamber, and raised by a small block at
each corner, about half an inch from the floor j
and the cap is, at the same lime removed. The
Bees soon adjust themselves to their new habita-
tion which seems very agreeable to them, and be-
gin to raise their work from tho top of the hivo
in beautiful and sparkling conical pillars, whicli
they attach to snndl bars passing at right angles
across the chaudier at distances of about G inches
in a perpendicular direction, and 8 to 10 inches iu
a horiziinlal one.

As their number increases, new orifices should
be made at different heights for entrance and
egress, and furnished benea^h with an alighting
board and a weatherboard above for turning the
water. The access of insects is prevented by
something like a moulding, around and near the
fiiot of each post, so made as to hold tar, or a
mixture of tar with oil.

The great ailvanlago of a house so made, is
supposed to be in the greater quantity of hiving
in |>roportion to the number of bees ; since none
of their lime is lost, for want of room to deposit
their store.

V/c hope this plan of Mr Munch, for which he
intends to take a patent, and his mode of manag
iiig the bee will prove useful to the public, and bo
gratifying to the Muskingum Agricidtural Society,
of which he is a member. — Zanesville Gazette.

HOW TO PRESERVE VARIETIES OF
FRUIT.

It often happens, that gentlemen who have a>
taste for choice fniit.<=, are disappointed, after hav-
ing sent their orders to a distance for trees, paicl
their bills, and planted out their yjfBBog trees with*
all the care possible, when aOflf*'"watohmg them
from ilay to day, and from week to weak, they
find that some favorite tree will not even show a
a leaf, and they have the mortification lo watch
it, until it becomes a dry sapless fagot, fit only
for the fire. Now all Ibis is extremely trying to
the feelings of the lover of good fruit, not taking
into consideration the expense attending it. Th*
kinds ordered from a distance, are of course such
as cannot be obtained in the neighborhood, and
the loss of a variety consequently puts the horti-

Vol. X.— Nn. 2

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

11

culuirist l):u-l< one year, if ililoes nut wliolly ilis-
Couragi; liiiii (Voiti repeatiiif; his orcter. Now sucli
losses ami ilisii|i|ioiHlmeut5, are easily prevented.
When your tree arrives, let some of the best
shoots be taUi'ii off ami set in Ihegrotind for scions,
and at a proper season, let tlicni he grafted into
some thrifty stocks, and yon render yonr eflbrt to
obtain the variety a certainty, for we hoUl there is
not a greater chance of failure in setting scions of
npple.-;, pears and plums, on good slocks, than
there is in transplanting trees within the same gar-
den when they are taken up, but as p.-^aches and
nectarines are more (lifficuk to graft, we will de-
scribe a iiiclhod, which we have practised this
season, which seein.s well calculated to insure
the object of the introduction of valioties from a
distance. JMy friend L. having procured some
choice varieties of Peaches from Long Island
this spring, was lamenting the loss of some valu-
able kinds, which did not give any indications
of life. lie suggested that we should make an
experiment by taking some of the buds from the
dying limbs, and putting them into growing
trees, by the process of scallop budding. I took
one or two buds and fitted them in, and covered
them with a piece of muslin, which had been
dipped in giafiing-wax, and have now the sat-
isfaction of seeing a fine shoot growing from
one of them six inches iti length. — I have within
the past week, put in hnds from one or two oth-
er trees, which are likely to fail, not having
leaved, which now have the appearance of doing
well.

We therefore recommend it to our readers, as
well worth the experiment, that when any choice
variety is procured from a distance, to graft or
bnd from it, as it increase.s the chances of pre-
serving it, according to the number of buds or
scions set.

Hitherto, the sending abroad for fruit, has been
attended with circumstances, calcidated to dis-
courage the farmers and gardeners of Old Gene-
see : that is — a very great proportion of trees so
obtained have failed, although packed with the
greatest care. The very idea of losing has pre-
vented many from sending, who would gladly
have done it, Avere they certain of being able to
secure, by that expense, the variety they wished.
It has formerly been a practice with mirserymen not
to sell scions from their choice varieties ; hut we
believe that custom is now considered too trans-
alantic to be adhered to by our best horticulturists,
and scions of any kind may be obtained from
them at fair prices, so that there is nothing now
to prevent a rapid distribution of fine fruits; and
any one that will, now may procure it. The con-
nexion of our Horticultural Societies with those
of Europe, has brought every kind of valuable
fruit known either in Europe or America, within
the reach of our firmers; and the direction for
cultivating it is daily almost forced upon them.

Bcr.e Plant. — \Vc have bean informed that the
Bene Plant, which is to be found in some of our
private gardens, is an infallible cure for the suinmer
complaint — the lives of many thousand children
have been saved by this valuable remedy. A single
leaf of this plant put into a half pint tumbler nfpure
water and stirred round, the water imnn;diately
becomes mpy, but not discolored ; it is perfectly
innocent — the taste not disagreeable — it has been
administered with perfect safety to children, and
in some instances to infants only a few days old.
— Mcr. Mv.

From tlie Garde

, Magn

OX THE INJUIIIOUS EFFECTS OF ANT.S
On early forced Peach Trees, wilh the Means adopted

hy which they were exlirpaled, and the Crop of

Peaches saved.

SiK — In more than forty years' practice of my
father, this is ;lie first instance in which he has
known ants to injure the bloom of peach trees. I
he;: to offer you a statement of the case, in hopes
that it may be useful, and become a satisfactory
answer M the various (pieries made on the subject
of ants from the first to the sixth volume of your
Magazine.

The earliest peach-bouse was shut up, and small
fires applied on alternate evenings, after the 2.5th
November ; the tree roots in the outside border had
been excited for some days previous. The fires
were increased, and humid air applied, after the
6th of December. On the 10th, some few ants
were observed traversing the trellis in quest of their
natural food produced by the aphis. But as great
attention had been paid to washing every shooi
with a hard brush an<l cold water when the trees
were pruned and tied, no aphis eggs nor aphis cap-
sides remained on them.* This probably caused
the ants to injure the peach blossoms, which was
not discovered until the opening of the petals of
two or three of the very earliol blooms, when the
filaments, anthers, and pistillum were observed to
fall outof tho corola. On closer examination, we
found that many of the earliest blossoms had the
unexpanded petals perforated, the filament-s eaten
out, and the ants lodged in the nectaries feeding
upon the honey. This was on the evening of the
13th of December, and we immediately commen-
ced killing them by hand, dislodging them from
the blossoms with slender wires ; this was contin-
ued by candlelight until most of the ants then on
the trees were destroyed. We were going to ap-
ply the ant-trap of Mr Boyce (Vol. v. p. 730.) ; but
it was suggested that recently cooked hones of
roast or boiled meat or fish were used for ant-
trajis on the Continent ; and we adopted them with
good success. They prevented any more ants
from ascending the trees, until the colony discov-
ered itself under the fire-flue at its entrance into
the peach-house. They were immediately sup-
plied with the preparation as below, and two days
after not one ant remained, nor have any appeared
since ; but it is necessary to watcli the spot for
some weeks after a sinnlar destruction, lest any
eggs should produce a new colony : —

Take thin slices of wheaten bread (say ^ oz.
weight), dry it slowly, but well, that it may easily
pulverise in a mortar ; take s. oz. of fine loaf sugar,
pidverise it also ; add to the two former ingredients
.i oz. oxide of arsenic, commonly called levigated
mercury ; triturate the whole well in the mortar,
then put it into a clean dry glass bottle ;of course
the bottle should be labelled with the word ' Poi-
son.' Ver^small portions of this poison may be
applied on fragments of glass or the flat side of an
oyster shell. The smell of recent oyster shells is
also an excellent decoy for ants. Small bell glass-
es, such as are used to strike cuttings under or
small garden flnwer-pots^may be put over the de-
posit of poison, to prevent moisture from rendering
it pastv, as well as to hiixlcr any domestic animals
from taking it. If small portions are laid down

at intervals of fom- or .six hours it will not become
glutinous, in which case the ants cannot separate
it. If hell glasses are used to cover the poison,
any curious s|)eclator may see the avidity with
which the ants cany off the poison to feed their
young. This preparation is equally eflicacious for
crickets.

(jlentlemen and gardeners should be aware that
this mercurial poison is c<iually fatal to vegetable
as animal life. Slio'dd it be laid on the surface
of the soil, round the stem of an orange tree or
other plant, it will coriode the bark and alburnum,
to the certain destruction of the plant. This I know
from experience.

Yours, &,c,

Jf'elbcck, Feb. 1831. J. Thompson, Jr.v.

* In San)Oull>''s Compendium of British Insects, at
p. 62., it is stated that the Aphides have the natural
power to procreate, and that viviparously, to the ninth
geueration, witlajut sexual iniercourse.

From tlie B031011 Modical and Surgical Journal.

Troublesome Bcdfelloios. — We were shown yes-
terday a bevy of (Hessian) Hies, taken alive from a
straw-hed. Many people suppose that they have
been bitten by this kind of fly, which has caused
the very troublesome humors so prevalent at this
time. Several other persons have opened their
beds and found myriads of this fly. The straw is
of our last year's growth. In the town of Lex-
ington we learn that every straw bed in the place
was recently burnt, being found to contain the
above fly. But we do believe, however, that the
humor which so disfigures the faces of men has
some other origin, yet unknown to physician.s. and
for which scarcely a single cure has been found.
Though this scourge is so extensive we liave seea
no mention of it in the papers.

The above is from the Gloucester Telegraph,
and refers to tlic eriii)tion which has been so pre-
valent of late in this city and vicinity, and, in facS,
through the whole country north of the Potomac.
We can assure the Editor of that paper that the
picture he has drawn is far too gloomy. ^Ve ap-
prehend that his idea has arisen in consequence of
the fact that eruptions are generally submitted to
popular remedies and the prescriptions of elderly
women, instead of the skill of the faculty. Where
people have placed themselves under the care of
their regular physicians, we have known — a few to
be sure — hut very few cases in which the disease
has not been speedily and throughly cured.

Cider in the Morning. — We understand that
several persons in this city were, a shoit time since,
severely affected with colic, in consequence of
drinking cider in the morning which had rested
through the night in the leaden pipe and pump
of Mr Philpot. In passing through Danversa year
or two ago, we stopped at a public house, an(r,
with our companion de voyage, regaled ourself wilii
a tumbler of soda water from a similar fountain.
The landlord had probably not made a fortune
that day by the sale of his wholesome beverage, and
the severe vomiting it produced in both of us was
doubtless owing to the water having remained too
long iu contact with the leaden Jiipe. — lb.

The last number of the Library of Entertaining KnowN
cdge treats of Insect Transformations, and contains ma^
ny curious and entertaining facts.

If all our agriculturists (who are in fact the very sin-
ews of the country) would make use of their facilities for
studying into the iaslinct'^ and Iiabits of the swarming
tribes around them, how much fierce excitement in pol-
itics and religion would 1 e done away, and how much
more abiding and satisfactory would be the benefit deiv-
ved.

12

NEW ENGl.AND FARMER,

July il, 1831.

the Kecsviiie Herald. AH the exjiciisis 1 liave incurred siiici; 1826 repay all ilie expense of ilitc.liijicr. Many. seem.

To the Editors In conformity to your riMjucst, | a,.e fully met liy llie profits of the crops. It there- lo t'lilert.-iiii llie idea, that nothing is worth carting

tlie followin" is the result of my experiment on 51 \fgyg results, that with the exception of the fences or spreading as manure, nnluss it has been collect-
acres plain hmd, situate on the high road, half a L,„i $6,50 for salt and lime, the extra, chargeahle ; cd in the ham yard, or is the excrement of ani-
mile west of I'm't Kent. E. WATSON. on the soil for tlie first year is .$74. It is useless ; mals.

Port Kent, June I'!, \S31. to add, the puhlic will judge for themselves. Ij AH vegetable matter undergoing decompositoii
I have brought the subject fairly before them, and furnishes food for growing phiut-^, and may be ap-

This experimental lollies within the race course, I earnestly i^nvite experiments, and less attention to plied as manures. In short, anything, whether
on the north side, in the midst of pine woods. The lumber, the b.me of agriculture,
land is of a good quality for that species of soil,

nnd so pronounced by Capt. Lindsey, of Sarato
county, wlio constructed the road from Port Kent
to Keesville, In 1824. He stated to me it was
iiiuch superior to the same species of land in that
county; and that he, with others, bad for several
years cultivated it with great success and profit.
From his information, 1 was induced to commence
the experiment in 1826. In May of that year,
I paid for clearing the 15 acres for the plough, §29
September following, for ploughing, at $3
per acre, with two yoke of oxen,

45

IS manures. In short
vegetable or animal substance, which on being
mixed with a soil under cultivation, and which in-
1 ilie JiiJdieion Sentinel. incre.iscs the growth of plants cultivated in such

si)il, is termed manure. Different soils rctpiire dif-
SHAKER BARN. j fyient substances to be applieil, in order to facilitate

Mr Starr — 1 band you for the amusement ,1,^ j,,.„^y,|, of |,]an,s . ^1,1,^ |ij,|,t gaudy soils which
and information of the iiractical farmer, a des- | j„.g j,-,^ i^^gy ,q im.,,,, „,Qigm|.g _.,|.e g,.eytly l,enefit-
cripiion which I have verbally received from a ' j i,y j||g npp]i^„t„j„ gfclay ; and such earths as
friend of mine, living in that vicinity, of a large .^^.^ comparatively too retentive of moisture, are
barn built the last season, in the town ff H"U- ! greatly altered for the better, by mixing with them
cock, Berkshire county, Mass. by the family of a portion of sand, so that whatever be the soil which

§74

In 1827, it lay in that hopeless state, and yet I
pronounced it an 'experimental lot' which e.xcit-
ed the general sneer of ridicule.

In 1828, it was again ploughed, cross ploughed
and harrowed, and the greatest proportion of
bushes and roots taken off, at an expense of $35
On 3 acres, 1 put on 3 bbls. damaged salt, at

$1 50, -I'OS

Also, 30 bush, damaged lime, 2,00

In September, sowed the 15 acres, jdastered,

with rye, after soaking it 12 hours in beef pickle,

containing saltpetre.

1S29. In March, sowed 3 acres with red
clover, on the last end, and plastered the wh de
at the rata of one bushel to the acre in May ;
received a good crop of rye ; ploughed, cross
ploughed and harrowed for a fresh crop and clear-
ed off most of the roots.

1831. In March, seeded down the 12 acres
with red clover, at the rate of 6 bushels of seed
to the acre ; early in July, ploughed in the 3 acres
of clover on the east end of the lot ; and in
September, sowed 2 acres of it with rye and one
acre of it with wheat, prepared as bef(U-e ; seeded
it down to clover in March, and plastered the whole
15 acres in May.

1831, June 15th. The rye 5 1-2 feet high, and
wheat in vigorous growth, although considerably
injured by the past winter; the clover of uncom-
mon growth for the season. Sent samples of both
to Keesville and Plattsburgh for the inspection of
ihe public, who appeared to be much astonished
at my sucessful experiment. But ihey say I have
incurred an expense which common fanners can-
not sustain to arrive at a result so unexiiecled, so
favorable and new in this country; although it is
well known that farmers in Duchess, Colutnhia and
Saratoga counties have greatly enriched themselves
for thirty years past by the culture of these pine
plains; more productive by a judicious manage-
ment of clover and plaster than tlie Genesee Flats,
taking into view the comparative facility of cultiva-
tion.

In answer to the expense I have incurred, I can
safely apeal to the above statement, with an assu-
rance that no manure has been \ml ou the land,
nor no other course adopted but as above stated.
The experiment of lime and salt, it vviil be observ-
ed, was on 0 acres only ; its eflects will be ascertain-
ed by the clover of this year.

Shakers located in that town. It is i)o.ssible, that
in some points, the dimensions may be inaccu-
rate ; but you may rely that they are materially
correct. Both the size and form are probably
unfit for common purposes— very few farmers
woidd wish to collect so much forage and ma-
nure, or have so much stock in one place ; but all
who have any experience in the busines-', will
agree that there is much ingenuity and conve-
nience in the design, for a large establishment.

The barn is built on ground inclining south-
wardly, in a perfect circle, and is ninety feet in
diameter, across it from side to side. The walls
are stone, 22 feet in height, of suitable thickness,
and laid in lime or well pointed on each side.
Round the barn, on the inner side, are stables
forming a circle ; the manger within and suitable
I)laces over it to throw or feed down the hay ; the
stable and manger occupy about twelve feet, and
are eight feet high ; the stables open too and from
several diflerent barn yards, in order to make as
many and such divisions of their stock as they
have thought proper. Th

bles from the barn floor, which also extend round
the barn. There is but one large door way for
entrance with teams and loads ; this is from the
northern side, from an offset or causeway, 8 feet
above the base, and of course fourteen feet be-
low the eaves. The cart or wagon that enters,
with a load, makes the whole circuit of the floc.r
and after unloading comes out at the sainc door;
thus eight or ten teams with their loads can occu-
py the floor at one time, in unloading, and not
hinder each other. Within this circle of stables and
barn floor is an area or hay, as it is usually called
which is filled with hay, &c, which must be over
sixty feet diameter. This is pitched in and on
from any side or place most convenient, or where
wanted.

The roof comes to a poyit at the centre, and
sheds off the rain all round, something similar to
an umbrella. It is supported from the inner
cle of the barn floor

requires ilitching, the earth removed may be cart-
ed to u difliereut snil, and be applied as a manure.
There are on some farms s-nall swamps or depres-
sions, in which vegetable matter collects, and which
cannot without consideral)le expense be drained ;
these frequently become dry during summer, when
large quantities of manure might be taken out of
them. Good farmers will look carefully to those
things, but some that are new in the profegsion,
may not be aware of the importance of sucli de-
posits, and a hint from us may not be considered
amiss. — Genvsee Farmer.

VEGETABLE LIFE.
The first point that should engage the attention
of the eidightened agriculturist, is to ascertain the
nature and situation of those minute vessels by
which plants absorb water from the soil and the
atmosphere, and by which these principles are
modified and circulated to every part of the vege-
table, and are converted into the plant itself. So
minute arc these vessels, that even microscopic ob-
covering of the sta- 1 servation bag not been able to detect all their in-
tricacies. But their general structure and arrange-
ment have beep ascertained. — And it is found that
they bear a most striking analogy to those vessels
of animals by which nutriment is conveyed, it)
ceaseless circulation to every part of the system.
In every plant we find one set of small vessels,
running from the roots to the extremities, llirough
which the sap ascends, while in its progress it is
undergoing those changes that will fit it for becom-
ing a part of the vegetable. — These vessels resem-
ble the arteries in the animal system. When the
sap is thus conveyed to the leaves and other ex-
tremities of the plant, it there comes in contact
with the atmosphere, gives off its redundancies,and
absorbs water, and perhaps other principles essen-
tial to the plant. The leaves of plants, therefore.
l)erform nearly the same functions as the lungs of
animals. A second set of vessels, exterior to the
first and mostly confined to the bark, now conveys
The roof boards are laid up | the food of the plant, thus prei)ared, to every pa

and down, which by a transverse sawing of the
log were all brought to a point, and then sliui-
L'led round in the usual mode. M-

Swamp .lliifZ.— Were farmers to pay more atten-
tion to draining their low lands, they would find it
much to their interest. Separate from the advan-
tage of rendering their low lands dry and produc-
tive, much manure of the first quality might be
taken from the ditche.s, and when spread upon fal-
lows and other uplands under tillage, would well I Hitclicoc!;'.i Mdrcss.

that nee. Is nourishment ; even to the very roots
from which it proceeded. These vessels corres-
pond to the veins. Other vessels are found in
plants, corresponding, probably, to those similarly
situated in the animal system ; yet too complicaleil
forexplanation on this occasion. Suflice it to men-
tion, that in vegetable, as well as in animal economy
we find the principle of life— itself inscrutable-
modifying and controling every operation and keep-
ing the w'onderful machinery in ceaseless piny, —

Vol. X— Nn. 2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

13

SYiMPTOMS AND rilOGRESS OF THE ROT
IN SHEEP.

In the first sta?e of tlio rot, tlie sheep is in
the frequent h.iliit of nibliins tlie upper lip against
the folil, or ils own fure legs, or any hard suh-
stance ; iilso of drinkiiii; a greater quantity of water
when at the sheepfold tlian those that are sound,
and sliowing a disposition rather to liclj oH" tlie
moisture from, than to crop the grass. In the
second stage, the lips, nostrils and throat hecome
swollen -, the animal is feverish, insaiiahly thirsty,
nnd almost incesasntly visited by a sort of dry
coifh. In the third and last stage, the eyes be-
come sunken ; the eycveins, small, discolored and
nearly liloodless, the eye-balls, livid and dim, with
whites exceeding pale, the burrs of the cars swollen,
and free from wax ; the liver, lights, and throat
ulcerated ; and the passage of respiration being
stopped, the ainmal is suffocatecL ' I was led to
this experience," says the writer, ' when very
young in business, by an old shepherd who hail
been more than forty years upon the farm. Point-
ing to a sheep rubbing its lip against the fold, and
actin" otherwise in the manner above described.
That sheep, master, said he is touched with the
rot. The best thing I can recommend you to do
with him is, to take him home before he is too far
"one, give him some ground oats, and make him
lidydish meat and kill him.' I did so, as sheep
will thrive upon oats for some time after they are
first affected ; and when the sheep was opened, I
discovered that the liver was full of things resem-
bling plaice, and its lights just beginning to become
ulcerated. The next sheep I foiuid in the first
stage as above mentioned, I suffered, by way of
experiment, to take its cliaiice, and it died, by
suffocation in the third stage, as above stated,
which was the residt of at least a dozen exjieri-
mcnts.' — jV. IT Memoirs.

chrysales of the cocoon — the moth having eaten
out,deposited her eggs and the eggs having hatched,
the worms are now eating the leaves, and the
whole has been done in the short space of throe
weeks. Mr C. obtained this variety of the insect
from Baltimore. — Dcdham Politician.

SILK FIL'^TIJRE.
We have been gratified with seeing the progress
of the silk culture in this neighborhood. Mr
Cobb has the silk reeled with great evenness in
liis own family ; and several families in the neigh-
borhood have been engaged in rearing silk worms
for him this season, and as he reels all that comes,
to advantage, it is probable that this useful branch
of industry will be rapidly extended. We under-
stand that when Mr C. buys the cocoons he pays
from 25 to 50 cts. per pound — and that the silk as
it comes from the reel fetches from 4 to 6s. per
pound. Mr C, has in press a mainial on the cul-
ture of silk which is to be distributed to each of
the towns in the Conmionwealth, at the public
expense. This manual is calculated to give plain
practical directions on the subject so that a person
who never saw a silk worm may take it up and
with proper attention may proceed in the business
with advantage. He has lately introduced to his
garden from New York the morns multicaidis — a
kind of mulberry tree bearing leaves one foot in
length, and which is said to bo superior to nil others
for the nursing of the silk-worm, and wliich he
recommends to general cultivation in the State of
Massachuselts. We saw at Mr C.'s house five
varieties of the cocoon. It is said that the large
wliite cocoon, o( the French insect is the most
rich and ought to be preferred by the cultivator,
on account of its being best for wiiite silk ; of tlie
small Chinese worm, from four to five crops can

HIGH CULTIVATION.
It is not an uncommon complaint among farmers
'that the times are hard. ' Is it wonderful that
with some they are so ? They are ' bard ' because
their crops are small, because they fail to bestow
the proper cultivation upon them. Concentrated
action is efficient action ; and it is this only which
gives large agricultural results. But to this an ob-
stacle presents itself nearly insurmountable. Onr
farms are in general too extensive, ami the labor of
the farmer is spread over too extended a surface.
And yet, instead of selling a single acre, most of
our farmers covet many more. If farmers how-
ever, would thrive, they must change their policy;
thev must concentrate their labor; they must give
to- few acres the care, now usually bestowed on
many ; and if necessary to this, they must diminish
their fiirms. Many an acre of corn, and many of
rye now yield only 10 or 12 bushels and even less.
Many an acre is mowed, whose burden — if it may
be called a burden — amounts to scarcely half a ton.
How much wiser — how much more grateful, to
give to these acres a proper cultivation and gather
bushels for pecks, and nearer tons for hundreds !
This, I conceive, is, at present, the great error of
our farmers generally. They adopt a dift'usive,
desultory mode of operation, which keeps their
lands poor, and themselves poor also. The only
method by which the benefits of a thrifty, produc-
tive husbandry can be enjoyed, is to change the
present system for one more compressed and more
vigorous. It should be written on every fartn
house, and in the centre of every lot, .as a memento
to its occu[)ier — ' Till hut little, and till thorough-
ly.'— Rev. Mr Goodrich.

ed will rest the defence of those privileges civil
and religions, which we now Bo eminently enjoy
—on their honesty, intelligence and firmness we
nay always rely to perpetuate the enjoyment of
these privileges. — Host. Pat.

It has been justly said of the Farmer's occupa
tion, that it involves as much skill, as much inter
est, and as much honor, as any object within the
range of the attention, or the action of man.
It was certainly man's first em)doymcnt, and with-
out doubt, the happiest in which he can be en-
gaged. True he labors hard, and by the- sweat
of his brow earns his bread ; and this is common
to most avocations into whicli manual labor en-
ters. But then he has his season of enjoyment,
and is at all times relieved from the responsibility,
anxiety, and the risk of the merchant, or the in-
tense a|)plication and fearful solicitude of the pro-
fessional man. The occujiation of agriculture
being more steady and less liable to the fluctua-
tions exi)erieucecl in almost eveiy other voca-
tion, more especially to those immediately depen-
dent on commerce, tends to a more regular, sim-
ple, and consequently, to a more moral life. It
is this favorable tendency of their habits and
mode of living, which has entitled the yeomanry
to that polititical importance, which attaches to
them in almost every other, but more particularly
in this country — our government being founded
on equality of riglit, and our institutions recognis-
ing equity as the rule of conduct. The yeoman-
ry were the instruments by wliich our Indcpcn-
lieir bosoms the re-

PEACH TREES.

The observation in your 40th member, that
peach trees in a pasture not tilled, are in a healthy
and sound state, while those in the gardens and
cuhivat(^d fields have decayed, appears to be con-
firmed by the following facts. In a door yard
which has been uncultivated for eighteen years
past (well covered with blue or shear grass, trod-
den hard) are six peach trees that were planted
in 1809, in a healthy sound state, that have always
produced remarkably well. About 20 rods from
this yard, there is an orchard of peach trees that
was planted the same season, has been well tilled,
and every possible care taken to preserve the trees
from worms, notwithstanding which, the present
trees are the third generation, the first two being
entirely gone. On the margin of this orchard, in
the wot-ni of the fence, are two jieacli trees of the
first planting, in fine condition are now full of fruit.
The ground about the roots is well sodded and has
been so ever since they were |)lanted. On a pas-
ture lot with a different exposure, there are eight
trees of the same age in good health. The ground
has not been ploughed for twenty years. What
is still more remarkable, the trees in grass ground
have produced fruit in several seasons that those
on tilled ground were killed by the frost. You
will perhaps be siniirised to learn, that I have
nursed the trees in the orchard with great care,
pursuing the different methods recommended to
protect them from injury, witboi^t profiling by a
daily view of these circumstances ; yet such is the
fact, in it is a striking proof of our inaptitude to
appreciaie the operation of nature. I shall not
pretend to theorize on these phenomena, but the
infeience appears natural that we may have over-
doctoreil the trees, as is sometimes the case with a
learned (irofession in curing diseases incident to
human nature. It is not improbable that the reme-
ly has been worse than the disease — Western Tiller

deuce was achieveil — from
be raised in a season. Mr C. has himself these pnblican spirit was transfused into our jiolitical
worms now which three weeks since were in the I institutions — and with thcin by whomever assail-

Strength diminished by Jllcohol—Tlio acquisi-
liou of strength is found to be only temporary;
dulness, both of the passions and intellect suc-
ceeds, together with a diminution of the muscular
power ; a tendency to sleep ensues : ami it is seen
that the subsequent exhaustion is in reality propor-
tionate to the previous excitement ; in short, that
the drinker, instead of increasing, has only used up
his vital powers, and is now weaker than before. —
Hence it is that, althougii spiritous liquors create
a temporary energy, which may, under some cir-
cumstances, possibly enable him who drinks them
to accomplish more than at another period, yet the
reverse is the case in the long run ; and, both as
regards a consecutive series of daily labor, and
the jirolongation of life, alcoholic drinks are a real
disadvantage. The experience of all those who
haveeniiiloyed numerous workmen, and who have
made coluparative trials, is decidedly confirmatory
of what we here allege. In mechanical strength,
in thecapability of enduring hardships and fatigue,
in the force and clearne.ss of the intellectual pow-
ers, the intemperate can stand no comparison with
individuals endowed with the same natural advan-
tages, who abstain totally from the use of ardent
^epkUi'.— Philadelphia Med. Society Report.

14

sri3w sssrta-aiis?® sinasfiiiiia.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 27, 1331.

FARMER'S WORK FOR JULY AND
AUGUST.

Mowing ground. — There are but few objects
connected with the iiianageincnt of a ("ariii of
more importance than that of obtaining good
crops of rouen, after math, or second crops of
grass. If your mowing land is in sucli good con-
dition that you can hope to obtain a second crop,
be careful to keep it from tlve intrusion of cattle,
sheep and horses, for rouen in the winter and
spring is very valuable for ewes, young lambs,
cows and calves &c.

A writer in Hunters'' Georgical Essays, recom-
mends manuring mowing ground immediately after
haying, and especially if a second crop is expect-
ed. In such case, some part of the fertilizing
qualities of rhe manure will he lost l)y its being ex-
posed to a burning sun, but the manure, when first
applied, will protect the roots of the grass, and as
soon as the grass has grown a little its lops will
protect the manure : so that on the whole this appli-
cation may not be unprofitable. Composts com-
posed in part of loam or rich earth, are suppos.
ed to be better for manuring grass land than un-
mixed stable or barn yard manure ; because
such composts are less liable to be deprived of
their fertilizing qualities by the sun, air and vio-
lent rains. Whenever manura of ajiy kind is
applied to grass land it should be spread as evenly
as possible and a bush harmw should be drawn
ovor the surface, which will break the sirall lumps
remaining in the manure, and bring it closer
to the roots of the grass. Or as Or Deane direct-
ed, ' wlion the land becomes bound or mossy, so as
to diminish the growth of the grass, if it !)e not
convenient for the farmer to break it up, it should
be cut or scarified by a spiked roller ; or if the
farmer does not possess this, by a heavy loaded
barrow, when the ground is softened by rains, or
by the coming out of the frost. Then dressed
with some short rotten manure, suited to the soil •
bushed, and a roller passed over it. There is no
danger of destroying the roots of the grass by
this operation. Though they are broken they
will be s|)eedily renewed, new offsets will be
more plentifully formed, and the crops will rise
with renewed vigor.'

Huy. — It is to be apprehended that much hay,
the present season has been placed in stacks or
mows without being thoroughly dried. The follow-
ing extract frotn Young's Caltndnr may afford a
useful hint in sin-h cases. ' Mr Duikei's method
of trying the heat of his bay slaiks well deserves
noting. He thrusts a scaffold bolt, or other stout
and long iron bolt into a hay stuck [or mow] to
give an easy admission to a gun rod, with a
strong worm at the eml of it^ with which he
screws out a sample, and discovers not only the
heat, hut state of the bay ; if the stack [or mow""
wants air, be makes many of these holes, which
give vent to the heat, and answer the pin-jiose of
a chim;'ey.'

Jfeeds. — Be careful riot to permit any weeds to
ripen their seed.<5 on your lands. If you have
not leisure to dig them up by the mots you may
cut them off with a scythe or n sickle before their
seeds are sufficiently grown to vegetate. If the
seeds of perniciouB plants are never suffered to
become ripe you will bo sure eventually to destroy

NEW E^t^I.A^D FARMER,

tliem. Even the Canada thistle, \vlii(-h is very
hard to subdue, will eventually disappear if you
cut it down ofren enough to prevent iis seeds
from coming to maturity for several years in suc-
cession.

Seeds. — Select the ripest and best seeds frimi
such plants as are most forward ami vigorous,
and you will improve your breed of vegetables,
in a manner similar to tliat by which the breeds
of animids are improved by the celebrated Euro,
pean l)reeders of cattle. New and improveil
kinds of wheat, peas, beans Sic, &c, have been
introduced by observing among growing crops
some individual stalks, pods, ears. &c, which
were distinguishable from the rest by a greater
degree of health, luxuriance, productivencs.s,
earliness, or some other peculiarity ; gathering
and preserving them exclusively for seed till
sufficiently multiplied for propagation on a large
scale.

Soiling. — This is a term applied to the practice
of feeding domestic animals on new mown grass,
or other green crops, in racks, yards, stables &c.
Lorain says of this mode of farm management
that ' The farm yard manure acquired by soiling,
and that introduced by the roots of the grasses,
create in the course of a single round of crops,
such an immense improvement in the soil, that
after the hay harvest commences, (which is great
in consequence of the grass saved by this practice,)
an almost perpetual harvest ensues until the corn
is cribbed.

' Each crop is heavy in proportion to the ground
occupied by it. The labor greatly exceeds what
would readily be imagined by those who have not
observed the practice ; still it may or ought to be
partially introduced ; especially by wealthy farmers,
who have many workers in their own families. Also
by those who have but little land in proportion to
the labor they can readily obtain from their child-
ren, &c.

'It should, however, be reinenibered, that suc-
cess is not to be expected, unless a full supply of
green grasses, proper for this purpose, have been
provided. Also, the very great trouble and perplex-
ity occasioned by red clover, in consequence of the
cattle and horses being salivated by the second and
third crops of this grass.

' Every farmer should soil his working cattle
and horses, whether he may or may not enter into
the general practice of soiling. A ver/ small ex-
tent of ground will be sufficient for this purpose.
This may lie so near to his barn, that the trouble
will be little more, if as much, as going to the
pastures after them. The grass and rich dung
saved by this practice will be very valuable to him.
'Notwithstanding the great advantages that may
be derived from soiling, it would seem that it can-
not be generally practised even in the populous
parts of this country. The quantity of cleared
sround is more than double as much as the popu-
lation is capable of cultivating properly, without,
introducing the additional labor which would be
required if soiling were generally practised.'

July 27, lb3L

eminence, from which we have a fine view of
Boston, the barbor, anil the adjacent countrv. The
premises \vere ornamented with flowers of many
hues, and species, young fruit trees, and many
rare ami curious plants, both natives and e.xotics.

We were particularly pleased with the f.rcing *
house for grapes, which though of recent con- '
struciion is already teeming with the abundant ;
and delicious products of judicious cultivation.
The structure, we shoidd suppose, was about 60
feet long, and from 12 to 15 feet wide, with a
sloping glass roof facing to the southeast. Tha
vines were planted in a trench, oulside of the
souihern wall, through which llu-y were introJu-
ceil into the inclosure, and supportcil under tlio
roof. The grapes surpassed anything we havo
ever seen of the kind, both in quantity and appa-
rent quality. The clusters, when ripn, it i.s
supposed will weigh from U lo 34- lbs. each, and
that the whole product wiU not be less than 800
lbs. on less than 700 square feet. A p.irtofthe
roof, however, is lined with branches of the vines
not yet arrive<l at a bearing state. The vines are
of different sorts, of the best quality and, we believe,
all of European origin. The garden, green-
house, hothouse, forcing-hou.se, &c, are cultivated
by Mr Russell, an Englisbman, nml we think tliat
the product of bis skill will give abundant proof
that be is a master of his profession.

VINES WELL CULTIVATED.

We were induced by report, which spoke
very liigldy of a Garden and Greenhouse owned by
Mr Lemist, of Roxbuiy, to spend an hour in
visiiin;; the establishment ; and found our expec-
tations more than realized.

The grounds are beautifully situated, forming
natural terraces, rising one above another, to an

A Fruitful Vine.—\ gentleman informs us that
there is growing in the vicinity of Boston a wild
vine 21 inches in circumference, 47 paces or 141
feet in length. That its common annual produce
has been about 7 bushels of a fine white "rape ■
but tliis year it has produced but about 92 lbs. itt
consequence of having been cut away in order to
obtain scions for grafting &c.

Tlie Viewing Committee on Farm.s, of the Hills-
borough Co. (N. H.) Agricultural Society, offer the
following premiums :

If'heat— For the best field on old ground, not
less than <me acre, $3 — next best $2 — next $1.

Corn — For the best field, not less than one acre,
.$1 — next best $3 — next $2 — next $1.

Oats — Best, not less than one acre, $3 — next
$2 — next 1,50 — next §1.

Potatoes — Best, not less than Jtli acre, $3 next

$2 — next $1,.50— next $1.

Kye — Best field on old ground, not less than one
acre, §2 — next $1.

Jf'hlte Beans— Best field not less than half an
acre, 1^1,25 — next 75 cts.

Farms — For the farm most profitably cultivated
without regard to size, §4 — next §3 — next $2.

HAIL STORM.

Mr Fessende:^ — -In haste I give yon a few
particulars relative to a hail storm, which occurred
at this place on Saturday last.

In the morning of the 16th inst. our farmers
could behold their promising fields of corn, vines,
&c, with much pleasure, anticipating a rich bar-
vest, but at noon the scene was reversed, and
their hopes in a great measure bla.stcd, in conse-
quence of the meeting of two clouds nearly over
this town accompanied with severe thunder and
lightning and torrents of rain and hail. Some of
the hail was nearly of the size of a small pullet's
egg, and much of it of the size of walnuts. Strip-
ping the leaves of our Indian corn in strings, arsd
causing the leaves of our vines to resemble net

Vol. X.— No. 2.

AND IIOllTICLLTUIUL JOURNAL.

15

work. I'lunpldiis and ytJiin;; sqiiaslies wee iniicli
bruised, and other vegetables greatly injured.
Tlie ll^'htiiiii^' siriick llie Methodist Chapel and
Bet it on (ire on the hidfry ; Iml ihrnu^li the great
exertions of Mr Amos Wheeler, and Mr Benj.
Dudley, the fire was put out, though the house
was much damaged, particularly the heHVy. No
wind accompanied (his shower : the hail fell |)er-
pendicularly, therefore no side glass was hroken.
I am informed that a l)arn in Groton was struck liy
lightning and consumed.

Yours, &o, J. Warren.

mston, Ms. July 22, 1831.

Boston and JForcester Rait Road. — A meeting of
the suhsf-rihers to the Boston and Worcester Rail
Road was held in this city on Wednesday last,
for the purpose of orgainzing the company. It
appeared that the whole number of shares, 10,000,
were suhscrihed, and that the suhscrihers present
voted to accept the act of incorporation and to es-
tablish hye-laws for the government of tlie compa-
ny. The following gentlemen were unanimously
chosen Directors, viz : George Bond, David Hen-
shaw, Thomas Motley, Henry Williams, Daniel
Dennoy, Joshua Clapp, and Nathan Hale.

BOOKS NOT INFALLIBLE.

Sir H. Davy's Lectures on Agrictdtural Chem-
istry is a valuable hook ; and every farmer, who
reads ought to have it. But he should not follow
it, or any other hook, farther than the author
follows nature and reason. It may lie laid down
jis a maxim in farming that no practice can he
good that is opposed to either. We may all see
that fivorite systems have such a j)owerful influ-
ence over the mind of man, that they too often
cloud his understauiling, and reason imperceptibly
bends and becomes subservient to them.

Mode of marking Sheep without injury to the
wool. — An English writer gives the following.
Mark on eitlier side of the nose of the sheep, the
initials of the owner's name, aiul on the opposite
side any number by which he may chouse to de-
signate the particular sheep, by means of a small
iron letter or figure about an inch long ; which
being flipped in common oil colors, mixed with
turpentine to dry them more readily, if placed on
the part described, will continue until the next
shearing season. The process is easy, and will
give the animal no pain ; the marks cannot be
readily obliterated, which is not the case with tat-
tooing or cauterizing.

Patent Zinc Milk Pans.

This article which has been introduced into general
u»c amonp the Pennsylvania and Jersey farmers, and
which is found upon trial to be superior to any other
pan for the purpose inteudctl, is now otfered for sale at
the Agricultural Warehouse, 52, North Market street.
From actual experiment it is found that milk deposited
)n these kind of pans will produce an eig;hth part more
cream, and keep much cooler than in any other way.

July 27.

30 Dollars Reward.

The above rewara will be paid by the Subscriber for
the detection and conviction of the vile wretch or
wretches who have been base enoueh to break down a
large number of young rock maple Trees, set out on the
road adjoinins; his Farm, leading from Dedbacn turn-
pike to Brushliill turnpike, for the purpose of shade and
ornament. As the vile wretch who could be guilty of
such a crime is dangerous lo the community, it is hoped
that the ciuzens of Koxbury and Dorchester will be vigi-
lant in endeavoring to detect him. In order that he may
bebrought to public justice. JEREMIAH HILL.

Boston, July, 1831. July 20.

Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten tnileg from Boston, Six from Salem, and Five fiom Naliant.

The subscriber most respecllully begs leave lo inlorm
his friends and ihe public that he continues to keep that
delightful Summer retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his object to render a genteel
and pleasant resort for lioardsis. Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &c.

The salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring — the beautiful lake, on the boiders of which
the establishmeiU is situated, aboundina; with fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with Ihe most wild
and romantic scenery — ?plendid Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— liatbing rooms on the margin ol the lake, where Ihe
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken — the de-
lightful situation of the House, with its cumfortabie and
well furnished apartments, with the fruit and flower Gar-
dens adjoining, are atlractions for thosa in pursuit of
health or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberally bestowed.

July 20. JAMES W. BARTON

Ammunition ^_£J)

01 the best quality ai.d luwest prices, for sporting—
constajitly for saleatCOPELANU'S POWDERSTORE,
6 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbo relunded tl Jan.

Lightning Points.

Just received, a further supply of Treble Gilt Light-
ning Points, and Glass Blocks, which are for sale at the
Agricultural Warehouse, 52, North Market street.

Cultivators and Ploughs. For sale at the Agricultural
Warehouse, Expanding Cultivators, Howard's improved
Ground Mould Board Ploughs, different sizes. July 20.

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted ;
the price of the Patent hives is ^2 a piece, and the price
of a single right $5.

ANo for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare of hive deducteil.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) by the first day of March. 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Bcigblon,
Ma-s. so as lo have time to transpoit them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

Medical School in Boston.
The Medical Lectures of Harvard University deliver-
ed in Boston will be commenced in the Autumn, at the
usual period, viz. on the third Wednesday in October.
They will be continued four months.

This extension in the term of Ihe Lectures has been
thought necessary to afford lime for such a course of in-
struction and demonstratlDn.a.- is deemed by the Faculty
to be requisite, under the advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to the School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor to our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy within this Commonwealth. The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will be sufficiently obvious. It will be the aim of
the Professors to carry into elTect the intentions of the
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at the same
time their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportunities lor practical instruction at Ihe Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The course of Lectures will be —
On Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia Medica, bv Dr Bigelow.
" Obstetrics and Medica! Jurisprudence, by DrChsn-

ning.
" Theory and Pracice of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr Jackson.

WALTER CHANNING.

Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.
Boston, June 15, 1831. 6l* julylG

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash f:r Cocoons, fiom 25 to
50 cents, according to qual ly. J. H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15th, 1831. 8t July 20.

Wanted,
A young-woman from the country, from IS to 31 years
of age. who is neat and faithful, may hear of an excel-
lent eitualion to do the ordinary work in a small family,
(who reside in the country during the summer,) where
she will receive good treatment and the highest wages.
Also wanted in the same family, a young girl from 14 to
16 years of age, lo take care of children. Apply at the
Farmer office, 50i North Market street. July 20.

APPLF.S.russeltings,
first sort,
l,lirstsorl,
l5EANS,while,
BEF^F, mess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. 2,
liU'l'TEIt, inspected. No. I, new, -
CliEESL, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.

FLOUK, Uallimore, Howard-street, -
("leiiesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Noriiiern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rvc,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

IIOC.'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Isl quality,
LIME,

Pl-AlSfER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herd'. Grass,

Red Top (northern)
Rod Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, iried,

WOOL, Meriun, full Wood, waslied, -
Merino, miied with Saxony,
Merino, three fourths washed.
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter,
Native, washed,
Pulled superfine,
Isl Lamb's,
2d,

3d, "
Isl Spinning,

PROVISION MARKET

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, hesli. best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, ke^ and tub.
Lump, best,
EGGS, - dozen

MEaL, Rye, retail . bushel

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
(^II)F.R, (according to quality]

FROK

barrel

none

ton.

105 00

*'

120 OO

bushel.

90

barrel.

8 50

"

7 2.')

"

6 25

pound.

15

'*

6

u

3

1 12

barrel.

5 25

"

5 37

''

4 02

"

4 75

bushel.

68

"

63

"

76

it

GO

"

3G

cwt.

60

10 00

• '

9 00

cask.

1 on

ton.

3 00

barrel.

17 00

'

13 00

*t

13 .60

bushel.

1 75

^'

50

pound.

. '0

cwl.

8 00

pound.

70

'*

75

''

60

"

66

**

45

"

45

"

63

"

68

"

45

„

30

To

108 00
122 50
1 00
9 00
7 75
6 50
IS

1 50

5 50

5 62

5 00

4 75

70

65

78

67

40

70

10 25

10 00

1 25
3 25

18 00
14 00
HOO

2 00
62

o '2
8 50
76
80
63
58
SO
SO
65
60
4T
32
6S

1 00

200

Brighton BIarket — Monday, July 25.

f Reported for Ihe Chronicle and Patriot. J

At Market this day 377 Beef Cattle ; 16 Cows and
Calves, 1784 Sheep. 55 Beef Cattle remained unsel
at the close of the market.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Cattle went off rather slow
and at reduced prices, particularly on thin cattle; we
quote from $4 25 to 5 50,

Coics and Calves. — We noticed the following saks
only : $20, .$21, $23, $25.

Sheep and Lambs — Sales quick at about last week's
prices. We noticed lots at J 874, at 2 00, at 2 12i, ot
2 25, at 2 33, and at 2 60. A few old sheep were taken
at about 3 50.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

July 27, 1S3J,

MISCELLANY

ami although there be no coaling of perpetual snow,
I believe ice may be found, at all seasons, in the
D in?ATTu crevices which surround the well known CaUleira,
HINTS FOR HEALIH. cauldron or crater, near the summit. Be this as it may.
Pel-sous in health should never under any circum-. [ am sure that by going up the hill or coming down
stances take medicine. The custom wliicli pre- it, a range of many degrees of the thermometer may
vails in some families of administering physic in be commanded. So that, if the taste of an infirm
tl„- m.riu" and fall to prevent the attacks of riis- person, or tlje peculiarities of his complaint, require
ease is p.- posterous in the extreme. The only a heat of 60^ or 70-, he may live as ong as he pleas-
ease, IS p. L| =i „„,;„„ .,,,. cs in a climate thnt is best suited to his recovery.
sure safeguards are temperance in e.iting and .^^, gentlemen resident on the spot, rep-
tile clothiDi' ti. I _ . 6

drinking, and carefully adapting me ciouiiu^- "' I rebate in strong terms the inutility, not to say cru-
the changes of the atmosphere. Persons in the '](y^ pj-gjj,^jjjjg p^^ p^tigntg in tl,e advanced stages
vicinity of contagious disorders, must carefully at- gC consumption. ' Generally speaking-,' observes
tend to these i)rescriptions,and by proper exercise, Dr Renton of Madeira, as quoted by Dr Clark, 'the
cheerful recreation and strict regard to cleanliness, poor patient himself has nothing to do with the Br-
and rangements ; and it is principally m obedience to

medical advice that he undertakes a voyage product- south points can be ascertained

preserve the mind in a state of cheerfulne
activity. It is absolutely necessary for those vis-
itin" warm climates to abstain entirely from the
use°of spirituous liquors. The great cause of the
mortality among our seamen visiting. the West In-
dia Ports, may be traced to the prevailing use of
liquors, which heat the blood and induce levers in
those warm climates. One sick person only should
occupy the same apartment. The bed should he a
matrass, in casu of fever, in preference to feathers.
The room should be v/ell ventilated, the light ex-
cluded, and it should be kept in a state of
perfect cleanliness. The introduction of visi-
ters, in a sick chamber should always he avoided as
the air becomes vitiated and unfit for respiration,
and their presence and conversation, are apt to
disturb the patient. The room of the sick should
always be kept quiet and free as possible from all
noise am! talking. — Catechism of Health.

opal and quartz and are as pure as crystal. They aro
cool enough for drinking in the hottest day in August.
The great lead-mines are in the southern parts of
this district. They have been wrought but three years,
by comparatively few persons, and under every pos-
sible disadvantage; yet nearly thirty million pounds
of lead have been made there. Only about a mile
square of surface has yet been opened, and from this
thirty million pounds more might be e.xtracted with-
out opening a new mine. The whole of the lead dis-
trict occupies a surface one hundred miles square
including, however, a district of copper ore about
twenty miles long, and four or five broad. The cli-
mate is fine and pure, and the soil of the prairies is
admirable for grain. Among the curios, ties is a sort
o{ vegetable compass, the ' rosin weed,' from the posi-
tions of whose leaves it is said that the north and

From Uasil Hall's Voyages and Travels.

From what I saw of Madeira during many visits
at different seasons of the year, I had long been of
opinion, that this delightful island formed one of the
best, if not the very best places in which a consump-
tive patient might hope to find a cure — or rather, to
which a person having a consumptive tendency
might resort in hopes of preventing the fatal access
of "a disease which, at certain stages is but too well
known to bo beyond tlie reach either of climate or
medical skill. I was not aware, however, till lately,
how completely this idea of the superior advantages
of Madeira was borne out by the opinion of the best
qualified professional men, especially by Dr James
Clark, whose very iuteresting work, on the Influ-
ence of Climate in the Prevention and Cure of
Chronic Diseases, may be consulted with great ad
vantage on this subject.

One poor passenger's case was precisely one of
those which, had this work been published twenty
years sooner, would never have been referred to Ma-

ive of nothing but mischief and disappointment. So
uniform is the result of this practice, that the an-
nual importation of invalids from England is thought
a fit subject for ridicule, amongst the boatmen, on
landing these unfortunates on their island. ' La vai
mais hum Inglez u Laranjeira'—' there goes another
Englishman to the Orange tree,'— such being the
nan'o of the burying ground of the Protestants.'

Dr Clark gives a table, from which it appears,
that of 47 cases ot confirmed consumption, no fewer
than 33 died within six months after their arrival at
Madeira ; while out of 35 cases of incipient consump-
tion, or of those wherein there was merely reason
lo dread this disease, ':2l) were cured, or, at all events
they left the island much improved.

The same authority, Dr Kenton, long a resident
at the island in question, further remarks, that' when
consumption has proceeded to any considerable ex-
tent, he should consider it the duty of a medical
attendant not only not to advise the adoption of such
a measure, but most earnestly to dissuade from it
those who, from hearsay evidence of the recovery
of persons in circumstances similar to their own, may
feel disposed to fly to it as a last resourco.

Madame de Genlis relates the following anecdote
of her residence in Berlin:

' My saloon had two doors : one opening into my
chamber, and the other conducting to a private stair-
case descending to the court; on the platform of
this staircase was a door opposite to mine, belong-
ing to the apartments of an emigrant. This man
was of a savage disposition, and never saw anv one
in his house. Some one had given me two pots of
beautiful hyacinths ; at night I placed them on this
platform between my neighbor's door and my own.
In the morning I went to take them again, and had
the disagreeable surprise to see my beautiful hya-
cinths cut into pieces, and scattered around the pots
which held them ; I easily guessed that my neigh-
bor was the author of the deed, who had been e.v

Ferocity of the Panther.— An instance of unparal-
leled ferocity in this frightful animal, occurred a short
time past in the upper part of the country. The
circumstances, as we learn them are these: — A gen-
tleman, with three negro men and several large dogs
happening to be in the woods, discovered the carcass
of a deer, concluded to take a part ofit in order to
feed the dogs. Having done so, and being on their
way home, they were surprised at the approach and
ferocious attack of a panther. Being unarmad,the com-
bat liked to have been fatal to some of the negroes ;
but at length victory declared in favor of the gen-
tleman and his valiant army, and they left the common
enemy on the field of battle supposed to be dead. The
next morning they ieturned,with a view of depriving
their fallen enemy of his skin, and exhibi'.ing it as a
trophy of their victory ; but to their astonishment the
panther was absent. — The dogs soon after took his
track, and in a short time overtook him, when the
wily foe, regardless of his less noble pursuers,
immediately "attacked the men ; but they being
armed, succeeded, after a desperate engagement, in
conquering him a second time ag*" lest he might again
resuscitate, they took the precaution of depriving him
of his hide. — Benton Mississippian.

cited to it, doubtless, notwithstanding his French
deirafor a cure. Of comforts, indeed, she had no | politeness, by the libels, which were published

want ; for she was received into the house of one of
those splendid persons, the great English Madeira
merchants, who, with a sort of oriental hospitality
and luxury, in character with their liappy climate,
used to fling their doors wide open to receive stran-
gers coming to the island. In those days, there
was great difficulty in procuring good lodgings.; but
I am told that accommodations for tamilies or for sin-
gle persons, may now be hired by those who have
not the advantage of such introductions, or who ore
unwilling to encumber these most hospitable of men
with the anxious companionship of invalids.

Most, if not all the merchants liiive two houses —
one, of course, in the city, where their business is
transacted — another lying beyond the noise and
bustle of the Port. Many of these gentlemen reside
occasionally at their country, seats, the side of
the mountain which takes its rise from the beach
at the town of Funchal, and rises with a steep
face to the height of many thousands of feet
above the sea. The upper parts of all are so lofty,
that no vegetation finds root upon them ; —

...ainst me. Not wishing the afiair to be known, I
dfd not ask more flowers of the persons who had
given me these ; but directed a servant to buy me
some. Having placed these in the pots, I attached
to them a slip of paper, on which I wrote these
words—' Destroy my works if you will, but respect the
works of God.' ' At night I placed them on the plat-
form—in the morning 1 went with eagerness to see
what had been their fate, I saw with great pleasure
that some one had been content with simply water-
ing them; I carried them immediately into the sa-
loon, and placing them on the table, perceived that
there were attached to them two sdk strings, each | ll'lt,
having a chnrming cornelian ring. The emigrant,
apparcntlv knew,'that I was then making a collec-
tion of bhijouterie, and wished to repair his wrong
in this manner. I was much touched with this pro-
ceeding, which divested me of all rancor.'

iMUgevity. — Belsham's Chronology informs us that
21 persons who had attained the age of 130, and
upwards, died between the years 17U0, and 182G ; of
these, one was aged 1G6. In the same period 8G had
attained the age of 120, and not 130. The number
who attained the age of 110, and not 120, was 29 in
the same space. And those who died after the age
of 100 and not 110, was 24 within the period. Of
till whole number recorded, 64 were natives of Eng-
land, 2:! of Ireland, and 12 of Russia!— Doubtless,
many more have died after the age of 100, but no
more have had their names reco ded.

True prudence is to see from the commence-
ment of an affair what will be the end of it.

J] Fairy land or new El Dorado.— The streams in
the Huron country, says the Rochester Advertiser //(,/,7u.r, in. H.— i'. J. hollasd. ti
glide over pebbles of cornelian, topaz, jasper, agate, ' J/o«(re«^. L. C— Hkkry millock

Published t> ry Weilunday Ki luing, nt ;«J per annum,
payable at the end of ilie year— but those who pay withiu
sixty days from the lime of Eubscribing, are entitled to a d»-
.luctiouoftifty cents.

[)j= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bfin" made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Prijiting can bo executed to meet the
wi.vhes of customers. Orders for printing received liy J. n.
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Market Street. agents.

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F/uililn", N. Y. \Vm Prince & SoNs.l'rop. Lin. liol.C.ardeii

MiMlebunj. 17.— Wight Chjpman.

llaii/hnl—GooliwlH & Co. Booksellers.

Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.

Nemburyport, Ebenezeb Stedma.-j, Bookseller.

Portsmoiitli, N. H. J. W. Foster, Hookseiler.

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Halifax, N. S.— P. J. HoLLASD. E^q. Recorder Olficc.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aokicultural Wakehouse.)— T. G. FEtJSENDE.N, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 3, 1831.

NO. 3,

ii © a a-^ w a a w uj :39

nal of Geology mid Kalu-
)

INFLUENCE OF CLIM.\TE ON THE FRUIT-
FULNESS OF PLANTS.
Tlie ciilt'u'utcd plants yield the greatest products
near the northerniiiost limit in which they will
grow.

I have been forcibly impressed with this fact,
from oliserviiij); the productions nf the various
plants, which are cultivated for food and clothing
in the United States. The following instances
will go far to establish the principle, viz.

The cotton, which is a tropical plant, yields the
best stajile, and surest product, in the temperate
latitudes. The southern parts of the United States
liave taken the cotton market from the East and
West Indies, both as regards quantity and quality.
This is jiartly owing to tiie prevalence of insects
within tlie tropics, but principally to the forcing na-
ture of a vertical sun. Such a degree of heat de-
velopes the plant too rapidly — runs it into wood and
foliage, which becomes injuriously lu.xuriant ; the
consequence is, tiicre are but few seed pods, and
these covered with a iliin harsh coat of wool. Tho
cotton wool, like the fur of animals, is, perhaps de-
signed for protection : and will be thick ajul fine in
proportion as the climate is warm or cold. Anoth-
er reason is to be foimd in the providence of the
deity, who aims to preserve races rather than indi-
viduals, and multiplies the seeds and eyes of (ilants
exactly as there is danger of their being ilesiroyed
by the severity ot the climate, or otiier causes.
When, therefore, tho cares and labors of man
couutcract the destructive tendency of the cHniate
and guaranty their preservation, they are, of
course, more available and abundant.

The lint plants, lla.x, hemp, &c, are culavated
through a great extent of latitude ; but their bark,
in the southern climates, is harsh and brittle. A
warm climate forces these plants so rajiidly into
maturity, that the lint does not acquire either con-
sistency or tenacity. We must go far nortli in
Europe, even to the Baltic, to find these (ilants in
perfection, and their products very mercliantable. I
Ireland is rather an exception as to latitude; but
the influence of the sun is so eft'ectually counter-
acted there by moisture and exposure to the sea '
air, that it is ahvays cool : hence the flax and potato I
arji\S at such perfection in that region.

It holds equally true in the farinaceous plants, j
Rice is a tropical plant ; yet Carolina and Georgia |
grow the finest in the world, heavier grained, bet- i
ter filled, and more merchantable, than any import- ,
ed into Europe from the Indies. The inhabitants,
of the East Indies derive their subsistence almost j
exclusively from rice: they must bo supposed,
therefore, to cultivate it with all skill and care, and
the best contrivance for irrigation. Such is, liow- !
ever, tho forcing nature of their climate, that the;
lilant grows too rapidly, and dries away before the ,
grain be properly filled. Indian corn, or maize, if
not a tropical |ilant, was originally found near the
tropics ; and although it now occupies a wide range, '
it produces the heaviest crops near the northern !
limit of its range. In the West Indies it rises 30.
feot in height ; but with all that gigantic size, it ,

produces only a few grains on the bottom of a
spongy cob, and is counted on only as rough pro-
vender. In the southern part of the United States,
it reaches a height of 15 feet, and will jiroduce 30
bushels to the acre ; in the rich lands of Kentucky
and the middle states it produces 50 or 60 bushels
to the acre, but in New York and New England,
agricultural societies have actually awardeil premi-
ums for 150 to the acre, collected from stalks only
seven feet high. The heats of a southern sun de-
veldpe the juices of this plant too quickly. They
run into culm and blade, to the neglect of the seed,
and dry away before fructification becomes com-
plete.

Wheat is a more certain crop in New York, the
northern part of Pennsylvania and Ohio, and in the
Baltic regions of Europe, than in the south either
of Europe, or America. In the north, snows
accumulate, and not only luotect it from the winter
colds, but from the weevil, Hessian fly, and other
insects that invade it; and in the spring it is not
forced too rapidly into head without time to mature
fully, and concoct its farina.

A cold climate also aids the maufacturing of flour,
preserving it from acidity, and enables us to keep
it long, either for a good miirket, or to meet scar-
cities and emergencies. Oats grow in almost every
country, but it is in northern regions only, or very
moist or elevated tracts, that they fill with farina
suitable for human sustenance. Rye, barley, buck-
wheat, millet, and oilier culmiferous plants, might
be adduced to illustrate the above principle ; fir all
their habits reijuire a more northern latitude than is
necessary to their mere growth.

The grasses are proverbially in |)erfection only
in northern and cool regions, alihough they wjjl
grow evei'y where. It is in the north alone that we
raise animals from meadows ; and are enabled to
keep them fat, and in good condition, from hay and
grass alone, without grain. It is there the grasses
acquire a succulence, and consistency enough
not only to mature animals, but to make tho richest
butter and cheese, that contribute so much to tho
tables of the luxurious. The grasses which do,
often, in the south, grow large enough, are without
richness and nutriment ; in hay, they have no sub-
stance ; and when green, are too washy to fatten
animals ; the consequence is, most animals in those
latitudes brojvse from necessity, and are poor, and
without size or beauty. It is the same hot sun
which forces them to a rapid fructification, before
they have had time to concoct their juices. The
sugar cane jiroduces, perhaps, better where it never
seeds, than in the tropics; for the juices will never
ripenso as to grannlale,until checked by frost or
fructification. In the tropics, the cane grows,
twenty months before the juices ripen, and then
the culm has contracted a' woody, fibrous quality,
to such a degree as .to resist the pressure of the
mills, and yield but little juice, and that to an
increased effort. In Louisiana we succeed well
with the sugar culture ; because, while the culm
is succulent and tender, a white frost checks tho
growth, ripens the juices, and in five months gives
us a culm, tender, full of juice, easy to press, and
yielding much grain of sugar. When Louisiana,
therefore, acquires all the necessary skill, she will

most probably grow this article cheaper than the
West Iiiilies.

Tobacco is a southern plant, but there it is
always liglit and chafty ; and allhongh ollen well
flavored, it tiever gains that strong narcotic quality
(which is its only peculiar property,) unless you
grow it as far north as Virginia. In the south, the
heat unfolds its bud or germ too soon, forces into
full expansion the leaf, and drives it to seed before
the narcotic quality can be |iioperly elaborated.
We may assert a general rule applicable to all
annual plants, that neither the root, nor the leaf, ac-
quires any further size or substance alter fructifi-
cation.

The tuberose, bulbous, and other roots, culti-
vated for human and animal subsistence, are sim-
ilarly affected by climate, and manifest habits in
corroboration of the above principle. The Irish
potato, although from or near the tropics, will not
come to perfection but in northern or cool countries,
or in moist, insular situations, as Ireland. It is in
such climates alone, that its roots acquire a far-
inaceous consistence, and have size, flavor, and
nutriment enough to supjiort, in the eminent way
in which they are susceptible, animal life. In the
south, a forcing sun brings the potato to fructifica-
tion before the roots have had time to attain their
pro|ier size, or ripen into the proper qualities for
nourishment. In Ireland the plant "grows slow,
through a long and cool season, giving lime for its
juices to be elaborated, and properly digested ;
hence that fine fiirina and flavor which charac-
terize them. The sweet potato produces larger,
better flavored, and more numerous roots in Caroli-
na, where it never flowers, than in the West Indies.
In the latter place this plant runs wild, covers tho
whole facej.of the earth with its vines ; and is so
taken up iji»»,-*J\ing foliage, that the roots become
neglected, anil is^ittall and woody. In order to
have the onion in perfection, it must grow through
two years, swelling all the time its bulbs. In the
south, however, it seeds in 8ne year, and before it
has made much bulb. Beets, carrots, parsnips,
turnips, radishes and other roots, are equally affect
ed by a hot sun, and scarcely worth cultivating far
to the south. They all fructify before they have
formed perfect roots and make foliage at the ex-
pense of their bulbs ; hence they will idways be
articles of commerce; the south will have to de-
pend upon the nnnh for them.

The salad plants are in like manner affected by
the climate, and give further proofs of our assump-
tion. Calviages, lettuces, endive, celery, spinage,
plants whose leaves are only eaten, to protect their
germs froii) cold, (through a kind of instinct,) wrap
them up in leaves, which form heads, and render
many of llicir other parts tender and crisp for use.
These leaves, thus protected, are not only tender,
but more nutritious, because their growth has been
slow, and their juices well digested. In tho south,
a relaxing' sun lays open the very buds of such
plants, gires a toughness and thinness to the leaves,
and they are too unsubstantial for animal support,
because of such quick and rapid develo|)ment.

The diilicious and pulpy fruits are, in a still more
striking way, illustrative of our principle. The
peach, nectarine, plum, apple, cherry, currant,
gooseberry, apricot, and many other such faiuihes,.

II

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. S, 1S3I'

nie not in perfection in th'; sonth. It is in Penn-
sylvania, Virginia, Mavjland, Jei'sey, and in the
north of Europe, that we enjoy them, although,
originally, they came from places near tiie tropics.
The peach of the Carolinas is full of larvse, gum,
and knots, and too stringy and forced to liu juicy
and flavored. The apple of the south is too acerb
to be either eaten or preservoii. The pUnns, apri-
cots, cherries, currants, gooseberries, &o, will not
even mature until we go far north. All the trees
which bear these delicious fruits will grow luxu-
riantly in the soutli, maUe much foliage and wood,
with but little pulp, and that imsavory. The ker-
nel in one seeded fruit, seems to be the first object
of natiu'e in southern climes : that becomes strong,
oily, and enlarged ; and one of the peach family
lias so entirely neglected the |)ulp, that it has only
a husky matter around the kernel, as tlie almond.
The changeablencss of the weather in the south, in
the spring season tlnows plants oflf their guard ; the
frosts attendant on those changes, destroy the yotnig
fruit ; and it is oidy once in three years that the
crop liiis at all. The dessiccated or dried statcof
these fruits enables us to enjoy them through tlie
year; but in the south, their acidity carries them
into fermentation or decomposiiiou before they can
be divested of tlieir aqu'^oiis parts. The climate
of the soutli is equally against converting them
into cider, or any other fermented liquor, because
the heat forces their compressed juice so rapidly
into an active fermentation, that it cannot easily
be checked until it passes into vinegar. For the
same reason distillation goes on badly in hot cli.
mates, and cannot be checked long enough at the
proper point to give mni-li alcohol ; and whether
ive aim to enjoy the delicious freshness of these
fruits themselves, sip the nectarine of their juices,
refresh ourselves with their fermented beverage,
stimulate our hearts with their brandies and cordials,
or feast through the winter upon the dried or pre-
served stores of their fi uits, we are continually baulk-
ed by the severity of a southern climate, and fur
such enjoyment must look to the north.

The melons are always affected by too great
n, degree of heat, even ihougli their vines flom-ish
so much in southern latitudes. The forcino- sun
liurrics them on to nialiu-ity before they have at-
tained much size, or acquired that rich saccharine
and aromatic flavor for which they are so much
esteemed. The cantelopc melon will rot, or have
its sides baked by a hot sun, before it is fully form-
ed ;^and the watermelon is always wood" dry, and
devoid of its peculiar sweetness and richness in
the south. Vines have been known to rnn 100
feel, and bear no melon. It is in Philadelphia and
its neighborhood, and in similar latitudes, that the

and excellence of the fruit. They have found out | has for the preservation of her animals anil plants
that gradual and uniform heat is the desideratum ; {agahist the devastation of the ehmieuls; he sees
countervailing the cold, rather than imparting ' an occasional apfiarcnt neglect of individuals, but a
much heat. Fruit thus produced, is pronounced { constant parental care of races. In everything he
better than any grown in tiie natural way, however sees the wisdom and benevolence of Uod. \V.
Jierfect the climate.

The juices of the grape are best matured for
wine near the northern limit of their growth. On

the Rhine in Ilimgary, the sides of the Alps, and FARMERS AND FARMERS' DAUGHTERS,
in otlnu- elevated or northern situations, the wine '*'" Fessenden — I observed in a late number
is strongest, richest and most esteemed. The o*" }'""' N. E. Farmer, an extract from the
French wines rank before the Spanish and Italian ; Christian Examiiiei-, on the ' morigaged farms of
and in no southern country of Europe or .\frica, ^''^'^' I^ugland.' I have long been perfectly aware
except Madeira, where elevation makes the dif- '>'" t'l's 'liHiculty that our farmers and mechanics

fOK THE NEW EXGI-ANU FAKMER.

fereiice, is the vine in much repute. The grapes
of France are more delicious for the table than
those of Spain or Madeira. In the southern part
of the United States, the excess of heat anil mois.
ture blights the grapes to such an extent, that nil
attempts have failed in its cultivation. The grape
vine, however, whether wild or cultivated, grows
there very luxuriantly. The vinous ferinentation
can also be best conducted in a climate compara-
tively cool ; and all the pressing, fermenting, and
distillation of the juice of this delicate fruit, can be
safer and more profitably managed in a mild
region.

The olive, and other oleaginous plants, yield
more fruit, of a richer flavor, and can be better
pressed, and the oil preserved, in a mild climate.
In France the tree is healthier, and the fruit and oil
better than in Spain or Italy; and the Barbary
states arc known to import their oil from France
and Italy.

Many other plants might be named, whose
habits would equally support our position. It is
presumed, however, ilmt enough has been cited to
call the attention of philosophy to this curious
subject, and enable us to a;ivo proper attention to it,
in all the practical operations of agricultural pursuit.
Much time and expense might be saved, and pro-
fits realized, if this were more generally under-
stood.

We have already observ(!d, that the heat of the
sun ill southern climes forces plants to a false ma-
turity, runs them on too rapidly to fructification,
and renders dry and woody the culms, stalks, and
leaves of the plants, where these parts are used.
Hence the chatTiuess of the leaf, the dryness of the
culm, the lightness of the grain, and the unsavory
spongy quality of the pulp of the plants in those
hititiides. Hence the diflicnlty of ffirmsnting thtir
juices, distilling their essences, and preserving for
use the fruit, juice, or blades ofsuch plants. The
prevalence of insects is another bar to the produc
tiveness of southern plants ; swarms of them invade

markets are loaded wtth dehcous melons of all and .strip the leaves, bore the fruit, .and lead to
sons, whose flavor .so much rerreshes and delights blight and decomposition ; and just in proportion
ns It IS there, near their muthern limit, that we as the labors of man have rendere.l plants suceu-
cultivate them with .such uniform success. lent, and their fruits and seeds sweet and

The orange, strictly a tropical plant, is more pleasant, do these in.seets multiply on them, de-
pncy,large,auddehc,ons,atStAugustinc,(Florida,)|vour their crops, and defeat the objects of lu.s-
than at Havana ; and fruiterers, in order to recom- ! bandry

mend an orange, will say that it is from some place 1 The labor of man too is more conservative in
out of the tropics. In the West Indies, the pulp| northern climates, because his arm is better nerv-
of t he orange ,s s^.ongy, badly filled w ib juice, k-d for exercise, his health and spi

r^LT'"^ r^^^^^r ! , °"' "'"' ''""' "'"M''"«'"P«™'«'-"'"""=stli»t.nancanbetnostfamilia,
now the productions of the hot houses of London, with nature ; it is there he has the best opportuni-
ran,, i.r, astonish and delight us with the quantity ties of observing the guarantees which nature

are laboring under, — ' an appalling amount of pe-
cuniary oliligatiops ;' — and that 'debt, univer-
sal debt, will meet us, wherever we turn our eyes.'
After noting this ealainity, the Examiner goes on
to say — ' Now, there aro several causes to be
assigned doubtless, for this extraordinary state
of things ; but one distinct and prominent cause
unquestionably is to be found in that state of
political equnlity which we aro considering. It
creates a large unproductive class, in the female
members of innumerable families in the country.
The daughters of our substantial farmers, (as they
are ca.'led) cannot go out to service ; it would be
a degradation, as they would deem it. Meanwhile,
the cheapness of the fabrics sent out from our
manufactories puts an end to the labors of the
loom and the distaff. Sjiinning and knitting are
absolute toils. And the labors of only one or two
can contribute anything to the support of the fam-
ily,' &c, &c.

The delineation of the evil is correct, and it is
an evil that we should all understand ; hut let us
be permitted to hope that the causes of this grow-
ing calamity are not so well understood by the el-
oquent writer, as its character and extent. As re-
publicans, and in a professedly republican commu-
nity, the only causes that are suggested, if admit-
ted to be at the root of the evil, lead us to alarm-
ing reflections. They are, as noted by the writer,|
the state of 'political equalittj' whieli pervades
this coinmimity, cieating a large unproductive
I'hiss in the ycmu/e members of innumerable fam-
ilies in the country ; — and, as a consequence of this
political equality, tlie circumstance that ' tiie daugh-
ters of our substantial farmers (aa ihey are called)
cantiot go out to service.'

It is true that even in our favored land, political
equality is talked about,- as we would discourse of
the milleniiim, and accounted rather n subject of
hope than of present fruition, — yet so far from
avoiding it, we are most grievously at fault, if the
grand aim of the founders of our governineni,
was not the nearest practicable approach to polit-
ical equality, or if it dues not continue at this day,
to be the dttarest object of pursuit to every sincere
frienil of his country, or of the human race.

The proportion of onr community who are pre-
pared to receive the daughtGrs of our substantial
farmers into their kitchens, is probably not consid-
erable enough to save us, should the young ladies
conclude that it is their duty to 'go out to serviced
The number of families in New England, who by j
successful industry, by good luck, or possibly by
fraud, are in a situation to make hewers of wood
and drawers of water of their less fortunate sisters
and brethren, is undoubtedly much larger than
any man who loves lii9 country, and understands.'!
Is true interests, coukl wish, — yet it is scarcely
one to fidy ; — and the suggestion of saving th«

Vol. X.— No. 3.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

19

laiul fiuiii ill! evil of such \vidoly-s|)ic!iil iiiid in
creasing magnitude, bysubjectnig a lew individuals
from anion?; the most intoresting portion of our
„cotnnmnity to a degrading servitude, where their
spirits must he broken, and their morals depraved,
reducing' iheni frequently to sueh a degree of
wretchedness that ihcir best friends Kave reason
to thank God when the grave closes over them, —
must hitve origiiKited ii) a very limited view of the
Biibjecr, — to say notliif^ of that reckless barbar-
ity which leads even good men antl good women
to embrai'e any means of relieving theiriselves from
the salut:;ry lal>or of performing their own domes-
tic offices, without reflecting upon the consequeji-
ces to a depressed and degraded fellow-creature.

We say, not one in fifty, but it is surely short
of the mark to say that not one in ten, of tlie far-
mers' daughters in New England coiild find em-
ployment, if so dis])0sed, in a rich man's kitchen,
— yet it is frequently thrown in the unfortunate
yeoman's teeth, that trouble has fallen u])on him
becauso his daughters were too proud to go out to
service. '

But upon those who are not in the habit of con-
sidering that all God's creatures arc made of the
same clay, — who are unwilling to wait U[)on them-
selves, anil are therefore under the goad of neces-
sity, so far as it relates to what is called good help,
no eeneral reasoiiiiin; will operate, they require an
argumenliiin ad hominem^ that I have no disposition
at this time to apply.

Being iH the same situation with thousands of
my fellow-citizpiW, it is natural that I should con-
sider their intere^st as my own. I feel as deeply
ns any man can feel for the farmers of New Eng-
land, for their exemplary wives, and lovely daugh-
ters, and with the blessing of God, my small abili-
ty sh ali never be vvimting to save tiieni from the
sorry employment of gathering crumbs from the
rich man's table.

I have daughters that I am endeavoring to bring
up in industrious habits. — It is my intention that
they shall earn a subsistence by such suitable em-
ployment for females, as may be found upon a
farm and about a farm house. To speak plainly,
I mean that they shall taork for their living, be-
lieving that it is tlie duty and happiness of every
member of this republic to do so. I love my chil-
dren ; I am happy, yes, I am proud to see them
earn their bread by honest labor ; yet if I know my
own heart, I would sooner, infinitely sooner, follow
my daughters to the grave than see them ' ^o out
to service.'' There are indeed many excellent fe-
males who are ilriven to this necessity, who go
through the fiery trial with credit, and maintain a
character of unblemislied integrity ; yet who will
venture to describe the distress, the anxiety, the
sickness of lieart, the anguish ofa wounded spirit,
that the most favored of them are constrained to
endure.

From the view that we have taken of the sub-
ject, it must be evident that that if no other employ-
ment for farmers' daughters could be found, that
becoming menials would be as a drop to the ocean
towards relieving the universal embarrassment that
has been deseribed. But I challenge contradiction
when 1 assert, tliat our farmers' daughters who
remain under tlieir parents' roofs, do more for
themselves and more for their parents, as well as
more for the prosperity and happiness of society,
than any equal number of females who are em-
ployed, whether from choice or necessity, in a ser-
vile capacity abroa*!.

A little sensibility upon this subject may |)erhaps
' be excused in .a father ; but I trust that 1 have not
otiered a sentiment to which the heart of every
industrious firmer in New England will not re-
S[ioiid. We arc willing to work, our wives are wil-
ling to work, our daughters are willing to work, —
but spare us, if it may be permitted, spare us the hu-
miliation of performing the servile offices, and liv-
ing in the kitchens of our more fortunate neigh-
bors.

Uelative to that oidy legitimate ai;d fruitfid parent
of our ruinous debts and mortgages,the excessive nc-
cumvlalion of properly in the hands ofa limited num.
berufindividuals,('acii\iics for which are daily multi-
plying, and against which nothing but the feeble
voice of the afflicted has hitherto been opposed, 1
have much to say, aiul shall endeavor hereafter to
awaken my brethren throughout the country to the

necessity of devising some efficient remedy In

the meanwhile permit me to recommend to their
perusal the excellent address of Mr Allen, to the
farmers of Kraid<lin, Hampshire, and Hampden, an
extract from which your readers have been al-
ready favored with. It is to him, — to our vener-
able and highly respected friend the ' Roxbury Far-
mer,'and to men like them, — of sound discretion,
clear heads, pine hearts, and benevolent intentions,
that the people may look with safely for good coun-
sel, under every emergency. I have thus been
reluctantly drawn to comment on some of the evils
that afflict us as a people, and they must not be
glossed over nor forgotten, — yet we should indeed
possess unthankful hearts, could we look round
upon all the blessings which have been showered
upon our coimtry, without gratefidly acknowledo--
ing that we have, on the whole, been favored be'
yond every other (leoplo, and every other latid.
A FARMER.

animals oflered f .r the Exhibition, and the im-
I)roved appearance of their Show, there will be
found to have been no niiMake in this calcula-
''""• JouN W. Lincoln, Chairman.

The Trustees of the Worcester Agricultural So-
ciety h.-Vve made all the preliminary arrangements
for their\ Annual Cattle Show, which is to take
place on Thursday, the 20th day of October next.
An efficient Committee of Arrangements has been
selected, the Judges of Stock, &c, appointed, and
a gentleman who lias on one occasion by invita-
tion of this Society, and on several other public
occasions, amused and instructed highly gratified
audiences by the productions of his talented and
well cultivated mind, has consented again to favor
the Agricultural Society with an Address on their
next anniversary.

This Society is in a very prosperous situation
having funds at interest to the amount of more
than six thousand dollars ; and has enrolled among
its members, a large proportion of the Bone and
Sinew of the County. But there are many Far-
mers and Mechanics and other good citizens, w,ho
have not yet obtained diplomas of mendiership,
although it cannot be doubted, that they wish for
the prosperity of the Institution. The Trustees
have frequent meetings for the admission of mem-
bers, and any person wishing to join the Society
is requested to send his name to the Recording
Secretary, and he will be proposed at the next
succeeding meeting. It is earnestly desired that
W\ who have not yet become members, will soon
avail themselves of the opportunity of connecting
theiriselves with the Society. — Mass. Spy.

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.

The Committee of Arrangements for the ap-
proaching Cattle Show and^ Exhibition of Man-
ufactures by the Worcester County Agricultural
Society, would respectfully solicit the attention of
the farmers of the County to the list of the pre-
miums offi^red for that occasion. The Trustees
of the Society, for the purpose of exciting a great-
er degree of emulation, have added to the number
of the premiums for stock, in the hope that the
owners of choice animals will be disposed to of-
fer them at the Exhiliition. It will be found, by
reference to the printed hills, that two additional
premiums have been offered for bulls — four])remi-
ums, ill addition to those of last year, are now pro-
posed 10 be given for heifers — three premiums
have been adrled for steers — one additional preiiii-
um is offered for merino ewes, and one for weaned
pigs. For fat cattle, the amount of the premiums
has been increased and an additional premium of-
fered. The Trustees have not been unmindful of
the claims of the dairy to public attention, and
they now propose to give four premiums for iuHec
and fom- for cheese, instead of two as in former
years.

In consequewee of the omission .of the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Society to have a Show
the present year, it has been the intention of the
Trustees of the Society of this County to make
their exhibition as interesting as is possible and
they have appropriated a large proportion of the
disposable funds of the Society, to the benefit of

CIDER.

The orchards are bending under the weight of
apples and the time of making cider is near at
hand. The general process is understood, but
attention to two or three particulars, may greatly
increase the value of the liquor. Why does Bur-
lington cider bring, in market, double the price of
that made elsewhere .'

Use water freely in making everything sweet
and clean before you begin — but very sparingly
afterwards.

Put your apples after being gathered for a few
days in a dry place, exposed to the sun.
Let your casks be perfectly sweets
See that the straw used be clean and bright.
Throw all the rotten, or rotting a[iples to your
pigs. Keep the several sorts of apples separate ;
if ground togetlier the cider will not be so good.
When the liquor has un<lergone sufficient fer-
mentation to throw oflT the impure matter in it, and
while it is yet sweet, lake a clean ca.?k, put into it
a bucket of cider, set fire to a clean rag that has
been dipfied in brimstone — let it burn inside the
cask so as to fill it with the fumes of the brim-
stone— shake the cask well and then fill and bung
it tight.

This mode is highly recommended to preserve
the cider sweet, while it will yet be pure. The
crab apple should be moie extensively cultivated
for cider. Liquor, as delicous as wine may be
made from it.

To prevent the Depredations of Weevil. — Who-

e%'er will take the trouble to gather Elder stalks

and leaves, and put plenty of il among their wheat

the growers of stock, the Committee confidently while mowing it away, will find it in a state cf

j expect, that from the increased number of the preservation at threshing time Western Tiller..

20

NEW ENGLAND JPARMeU,

August 3, 1S31.

MELONS.
There are but lew iieople who are not fond of
good Melons, and yet many neglect to raise them.
ehT finer sorts of Muskinelons, such as the Mi-
norca, Citron, Pine-Apple, and Green Nntnieg,
aro wholly unknown to most of onr farmers, and
even many of our j;'ardeners say that tht-y cannot
be raised in this latitude in perfection, without the
aid of artificial heat. Now this is altogether a
mistake. We have seen them as fine in size and
flavor, raised in tliis neighliorhood, as in any part
Of the world. There are many reasons why peo-
ple have the impression, that good melons cannot
be raised in this section. First — very few have ta-
ken the trouble to obtain good seed, and when
they have, a smaller number are acquainted with
the best method of training them, and tlie conse-
quence has been, that the melons did not ripen
until late in the season, when the weather liad be-
come cool, and there was not tliat relish for them,
that would have been, had they ripened during the
warmer part of the season ; for we can can readily
conceive that a watermelon at Christmas, would
be very much out of place. To ripen melons,
early in the season as possible is desirable. For
this purpose, those who have it in their power,
can hasten their maturation one month, by plant-
ing them in a hot bed ; but as this is not always
convenient for farmers, we will speak of their
treatment in open ground. In the first place, be
careful in the selection of seed. Those with
green flesh, are of the finest flavor, but do not
ripen as soon by a couple of weeks, as some of the
coarser kinds, with yellow flesh. The green Nut-
meg and Citron, perhaps, are in as great repute
for flavor as any, though they are very small, but
their exquisite flavor compensates for their want
of size. — Most of our vines, as the Pumpkin, Cu-
cumber and Melon, thrive best in new strong soils,
but the watermelon, on coarse ',sand, made rich,
as heat is indispensably necessary to their per-
fection, and such soils become much hotter
than those that contain large portions of vegetable
matter. Uy the term new, we mean g'ounds that
have lain in grass, and, not that from which the
timber has been lately removed. All have notic-
ed how much better Pumpkins thrive in con, fields,
the first year after breaking up the sward: there-
fore, in planting melons in gardens, if a wheel-
barrow load of such soil is placed for each hill,
mixed with a suitable quantity of manure from
the hog pen, it well repays the exjiense, as in that

case, thev are not liable to be destroyed by insects I f"" r • i . .i c • r • .1

,'■'', . • ,. , I- ■ 1 lest part of an mch to three or four melics .'u the

in the roots. The ripenmg of tl-.e fruit may be ^

As it is an object to insure the first setting of
the fruit, both on account of ripening early, and
its being near the roots of the vine, it is well to
go over them, and dust the fruit blossoms artifi-
cially. In'doing this, always prefer a male blos-
som from the same vine, if you wish to keep your
varieties distinct. Having selected a mah? flower
that is in perfection, touch the anther carefully to
the stigma of the female flower, which is on Hie
end of the fruit, by which means the siig-ma will
be covered with the |iollen from the male plant ;
or it may be apidied by jarring the male flower
directly over the female flower, by which a quan-
tity of the pollen will be detached and fall upon
the stigina, by which the fecundation will be ac-
complished. Although these little manoeuvres
may seem tedious to those who have not made
the experiment, they are easier performed than
described and are well worth the attention of
every lover of good melons. A vine should not
be allowed to ripen more than two or three mel-
ons as by increasing the number, the size and
flavor of the fruit is materially injured. Water-
melons, and cucumbers, are not so regular ill the
setting of their fruit, and of course trimming is
not so iinportant, but it is well in gardens where
tlie vines are exposed to the winds, to give a
proper direction to leading Cucumber vines, and
fasten them by sticking small hooks over the
branches, to confine them to their places, and when
the branches become to thick, they should be cut
off as for fruit trees.— GeiiMee Farmer.

Ftom llio New York Farmer.

SHALLOW SOWING— DEFECT IN HAR-
ROWS.

In nature there is scarcely any other provision
made for sowing seed, than by scattering them on
the 5«j/acf of the ground principally by the aid of
winds. One leading fact may be inferred from
this circumstance — that although many seeds
sown do not germinate, yet the depth to which
those become covered that do grow, must be very
inconsiderable. This fact is in accordance with
the observation and experiments of agriculturists.
They have found that plants which are planted
deep come up more slowly and sickly, and jmo-
duce less abundantly than those that arc planted
at a proper depth. For most kinds of seeds one
inch is a sufncient depth ; and in moist favorable
j weather half an inch. But the greater part of
rain sown in this country varies from the smal-

most without exception, that all the strongly grow-
ing plants were covered with very little earth, and
that the seeds of all the weak plants were from one
and a half to three inches from the surface. Each
had shot out many little roots, and at the same time
with the opening of the seed-leaves the coronal
knol had formeil itself immediately above the soil ;
roots and small shoots richly and strongly, niul
quite contemporaneously, and in nearly like pro-
portion, sprouted out ; even on the same side
where a crown (main ?) root penetrated into the
earth arose a new shoot. The broad fresh leaves
promised to afibrd much nourishment to the plants
from the atmosphere, and ibcr^jby to occasion a.
vigorous growth. IIow was it with regard to the
more deeply sown seed ? The little roots were
few ill number, and' weakly ; from the seed a
small whitish pipe, from one to two inches in
length, had sprung to the surface : the coronal knot
formed itself on the surface, but with only a few
meagre leaves, and one solitary ear alone expanded
thereon.'

From the above, it can be readily seen, that
harrows in common use do not cover the seed to

I uniform depth, but on the contrary vary it from
the slightest possible covering to that of three or
four inches. If the healtli, vigor, and productive-
ness of the plant depend so much on the proper
depth, wc should suppose it of primary conse-

pience that no expense be spared in constructing
suitable harrows, and bringing the soil to a proper
degfree of pulverization and evenness.

advanced nearly two weeks, by nipping in the
leading vines. Rluskmelons produce their fruit,
at the axiles of the first leaf of the lateral branch-
es. These branches, if the leading liranches are
allowed to grow, do not shoot out, until the lead-
ers have made growths of considerable length.
The leaders are the centre shoots, and one or two
of the first branches above the seed leaves; these
it will be found upon examination, do not show

same field. The consequence must be a very
great difference in the time of coming up, and in
the vigor of the plant. Ou this subject, F. Von
Voght, a German writer, thus speaks.

' I remarked also, that not only in the peasants'
fields, but also in mine, the corn always sprang
up unequally, and this not only as regarded the
length or shortness of the time in which it became
visible, but also with respect to the strength and
fulness of the [ilant. Hitherto I had ascribed this
to inequality in thegerminating power of the seeds,
nco seeds sown close together, and under prc-

fruit at the first leaf. All these leaders should be

pinched off at the points, as !^oon as they have

produced about three leaves, which will cause the; ... . 1 ■ u 1 , <• .,1

I , , . , , ' ,-.1.1 .! cisely the same circumstances, hao brought forth

lateral or bearing branches, to put tortli at least J _ . . _.--..

one vveek sooner than they otherwise would. When

the bearing branches have put out two loaves be-
yond the fruit, they sliould also be nipped off.
When the fruit is in flower, they should be exam-
ined, as by this method, there will sometimes be
n scarcity of male blossoms, and the fruit will drop
for want of pollen.

cry weak and powerful plants. I thoAight also
that some disease had hindered the C(^Fn in its
unfolding, or that it might have suffered from
worms. Turning my attention to the point, in
consequence of what Burger said about it, I took
up out of many fields plants of the rye and bar-
ley, which showed this difl'erence, and found, al-

TOAD.S.
There are few parts of the animal creation that
are looked upon with more contempt than toads;
and yet they are capable of ministering to the com-
fort aii<l convenience of man. One reason why
we look upon them with so much contempt is,
that we form our opinions of them, as we are too
apt to do with our own species, allogciher by out-
ward appearances, without inquiring into their
good or bad qualities. We confess that there is
nothing very inviting in the outward appearance
of one of these animals; imt when we make our-
selves more acquainted with their habits, our dis-
like of them ccasi's, fur in this it is as in politics —
we lauil that man who is working for us, whom
wo would treat with contempt in another situation.
Toads, during the summer months feed almost
entirely upon insects, and in the ordinary course of
their feeding the number destroyed is quite con-
siderable. Mr Bradley, in his Treatise on Husband-
ry and Gardening, .«tates that, a pair of sparrows, du-
ring the time they have their young, destroy 3,360
caterpillars each week, or 240 for each bird dailj'.
Now if we make coin[iararison between the size of
a toad and a sparrow, and allow that a given
weight of either requires a given quantity of food
for a certain period, we must supjiose that the
number of insects devoured by toads is very great.
We have frequently seen it recommended to put
toads in gardens to preserve young cucumber
plants from the striped bug. They are not effect-
ual for that iinrpose, as the bug does most damage
during the heat of the day; at which time the
toad either burrows himself in the ground, or seeks
some other retreat from the rays of the sun.

They are, however, very useful at the same
time for other purposes. The brown worms
which destroy the cabbage plants, do their mis-
chief in the night, at which time the toads are on

Vol. X — No. 3.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

21

the alert ; and ifasiifBci'iiit number of tliem are
put ill a garden, tliey will protect the cabbage. —
But it is during the inonihs of July and August
that these aniuiai.s will be found of the greatest
use to the gardener. Although the melon, cu-
cumber and squash vines during these months,
are of that size that the yellow bugs cannot en-
tirely destroy tliem, yet they continue to feed and
multiply i>pon iliem in a compound ratio, and in
this neighborhood the large black brown bugs, of-
ten become .so numerous upon squashes as entire-
ly to cherk the growth of the vine. Where gar-
dens are fenced with boards and tight, a few toads
put in will entirely destroy those bugs, which if
left would be sure to appear in an abundance the
following spring.

It has been recommended to place small pieces of
boards about one inch from the ground supported
upon small stones, in that quarter of the garden
where the labors of these animals are war.tcil, as
they will take shelter from the sun, under them ;
but after cabbage leaves have attained their size,
thej' afford them sufficient covering.

It is of as much importance and benefit to the
succeeding crop that insects should be destroyed
ns weeds, for although insects are furnished with
wings, there is reason to believe that they deposit
their eggs near the place where they feed, as we
frequently observe that fielils which have been a
few ye^ii's in grass, when ploughed and planted
with vines, that they are not eaten with bugs al-
though contiguous to gardens or old fields where
they are very injurious.

NEW COMPOST FOR FLOWER POTS.

I have from my childhood been passionately
fond of horticultural pursuit,— have devoted much
time to ornamental gardening ; and in my travels
I have gleaned all the information in my power
on the subject of fertilizing the soil. Tn the sum-
mer of 1821 I was in Albany, and visited Judge
Buel's plantation, which was in the highest state
of cultivation, and which as every one knows, is
indebted to art alone for its fertility, — having been
cut and made from an entire swamp. I walked the
Avhole ground over with the judge and his lady
and treasured up many curious facts relative to
gardening, which I have since practised upon in
in a small away, with great success. Since that
time I have also visited the most celebrated gar-
dens in anil near Boston, Hartford, New York,
and Philadelphia ; but in those places they have
the advantage of naturally good soil, and do not
require so much artificial aid to produce large,
growtli of either esculent or ornamental plants
which is necessary, in order to procure the same
growth from the less fertile soil, in and around
Baltimore.

Last winter, soon after my arrival in Baltimore,
a friend presented me with an Oleander, which
had spun up to an unwieldy height, but the leaves
were very dwarfish ; and yet small as they were,
the stalk was so slender, as scarcely to be able to
support the scraggy top. It looked so little like
the broad leafed Oleanders I had seen at the
north, that I almost doubted its being the same
species of plant. About this tUno I saw in
JFassrs Calvert and Ducatel's (laper directions fiir
obtaining largo growth of cabbages, and I re-
solved to try the experiment on my dwarf-leafeJ
Oleander. Accordingly, as soon as the spring
opened, I procured some common red earth,

which was of a very tenacious clayey consistence
— spread it upon a vviile board — overlaid it with
a strata of lime, which I slaked — not with sea-
water according to the directions, because I could
not procure it — but with rain water into which
I had previously put sufficient common salt to
make it about like seawnter to the taste. I then
laid another strata of earth, and then again of
lime, making two of each, and the whole made
moist with salt water. I then added four quarts
of river sand as an improvement of my own ;
for, although the receipt did not name it, I took
the liberty to judge that so much clay as the earth
contained would adhere again in a mass without
the aid of sand or something to se|)arate its par-
ticles. The whole measured about two thirds of
a bushel, one third of which was lime and sand.
A servant .stirred it regularly for ine every day
until the ingredients were well incorporated, and
in three or four weeks it had entirely lost its red-
dish color and had become quite black. About the
miihlle of April I cut off the top of the Oleander,
down within tivo feet of the roots and trimmed
otT all the ground shoots and some of the branch-
es. 1 did not transplant it, as it grew in a large
tub, but removed all the earth from the top and
sides of the roots — at least half a bushel of it,
and filled up the tub with the new preparation.
It was then placed in the yard in a southern ex-
posme where it has ever since reinained subject
to the sun and rain, and copious waterings,
from the pump as often as the earth became dry,
— and such a rapid and luxuriant growth 1 never
witnessed. My friends told me at first that I had
killed my Oleander — and I confess I had some
misgivings as to the success of the experiment ;
but in less than two weeks after the application
of the new earth, new leaves began to put forth
surprisingly, and their enonnous size and bright
green lustre have been the subject of much com-
ment among its numerous admirers. It is now
in blossom, and on measuring the new growth
which is easily ascertained by the increased size
and brilliancy of the leaves, I find it to be, now
the first week in July, just 16 inches. The main
stalk and limbs have also increased in the same
ratio.

LOTTERIES.

We wish our readers first to understand, that
lotteries can never add one centto the wealth of
the country. They do not even profess to do it.
They Only transfer money from one nu\u to anoth-
er. If all who are engaged in the traffic were to
quit it and go to raising potatoes, the amount of val-
uable propety in the country would be increased.
Lotteries deprive the country of all that they
would otherwise earn.

Consider next, the influence of lottery gam-
bling on a man's habits. His object is, to get
rich suddenly and easily — more suddeidy and
more easily than he can by industry and economy.
Keeping a man's mind agitated with hopes of be-
coming suddenly rich without labor, nuist make
him more and more dissatisfied with the sure and
steady gains which are the reward of industry —
must render bis ordinary business insipid and tire-
some, and lead him so to neglect it, as to become a
baniu-upt. This is the history of most of those
who are imluccd to speculate in lotteries.

Consider, again, what sort of men lottery deal-
ers expect to prevail with. You may learn this
by considering the argmnenls they use. If it were

in our power we would here insert some of the
cuts, with which lottery advertisements arc deco-
rated. You may see them, however, in other
papers. Look at them. Look at the whole pa-
rade of dancing goddesses, and missha|)en, grin-
ning dwarfs, with money bags as bio- as them-
selves. What powerful arguments these I How
well adapted to persuade reasonable men ! The
tichet seller hopes that you are silly enough to be
induced to buy a ticket, by looking at the su-
premely silly giggle on that face in the newspaper.
If you are not silly enough for that, he has no
hopes of you. He does not atteiupt, for he does
not think it possible, to gain custom from any but
tlic silliest part of the community. In this, he
doubtless judges correctly.

Look at the published schemes of lotteries.
You will find — so many prizes, amounting to so
much — a very splended parade of temptation ; but
will not find how many blanks. The dealers
know, that if they should tell you that, you would
not buy their ticket.

Do not suppose that all the money which is
paid in for tickets is paid out again in prizes. No
such thing. Fifteen per cent on the prizes goes
at once to bear the expenses of the lottery, i. e.
into the ])Ockets of the mawagers, — where it stays,
till a little of it is screwed out ol them for some
public object, by a legal examination, which they
know very well how to evade. And then the
price of tickets is just what the dealers can get.
A writer in the Vermont Watchman shows, that
on the sixteenth class of the N. Y. consolidated
lottery, there is left to the managers and dealers,
the nice little smn of $131,641 GO. One such
lottery in sis weeks would amount to S"87,113 60
in six luonths, and 84,722,681 GO in three
years. Besides all this, Mr Canfield, formerly a
manager and extensive lottery dealer, has shown
that the business may be so managed, that the
tickets which remain unsold in the hands of the
managers and ilealers shall have the best chance
to draw high prizes; and observing luen have no-
ticed, that high prizes are seldom draw-n by any
but those who are concerned in managing and
selling.

Besides, if you should draw a prize, how do
you know that you shall ever get yoiu- money?
One dealer somewhere on the Hudson, a few
years since, sold nineteen quarters of one ticket.
It drew a jirize, and he ran away. If it had been
a blank, the fraud never would have been known.
How do you know, when you buy a *cket, thgt
the same number is not sold to twenty others, and
that, if it draws a prize, some of them will not
receive it instead of you ? Indeed, how do you
know that the fact will not be concealed from the
public altogether ? — Verily if there is such a
thing as legalized swindling in the world, this
lottery business is the thing. And we are aston'-
ished to see how many printers, for the paltry
consider.iiion of five or ten dollars, will help lot-
tery dealers to swindle the public, by inserting
their advertisements. How such printers must
love the ' dear people ! !' — If'indsor VI. Chronicle.

To destroy Musquetoes. — Take a few hot coals
in a shovel or chaffing dish, and burn some brown
sugar in your bedrooms and parlors, and you ef-
fectually destroy the musquetoe for the night.
The experiment has been tried by several of our
citizens, and found to produce the desired effect —
.Yeiv York Evening Post.

22

NEW ENCLAIND FARMER,

Aug. 3, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 3, 1831.

following spring, the plant loses its niitntivi! pro-
ptrties by pushing out a flower-stem : hence the
Swedish is well adapted and chiefly employed for
spring feeding. The Swedish Turnip possesses
the greatest nutritive jiowers, and ihe hirgest of
this variety yields more nourishment in proportion
than the m'iddle-sized ones; while the Globe,
which attains the greatest hulk, contains the least
Iter, and the lar^'er kinds less propor^

V/ORC ESTER CATTLE SHOW.
By the kindness of William D. Wheeler, Esq.
Secretary of the Worcester County Aijricultural
Society, wc Imve received a large and elegant

SSrS^i^r^zrii:::::;::^; pioS: ;i;;;ii;-th;n .h; middih^g-sized ones of ti. sau. .......0,

SUCCEKD THE

Red N'orfolk,
Green NorlolW,
White Noifolk,
Green Globe,
Reil T.inkar<l,
Yellow Globe, J
Bullock's rieart, J

TO FO

Purple-lop Yellow
Bullock,

1 The hybrid is superior in size, in
.' lcxlure,ancl in shape, to all ol lliese.

^LOtV THESE,

iug Match, which the Trustees of the Society
propose at Worcester, on the 20lh ilay of October
next, at 9 o'clock A. M. Mr Wheeler stales that
every exertion is making to have a better Show
this year at Worcester, then has ever been exiiibi-
ted at that place. ' Our Premiums are increased
in number and amount on Stock and the products
of the Dairy. The Trustees have invited an ex-
perienced Agriculturist, (Hon. Oliver Fiske,) \yho
has accepted the invitation to address the Society
on that occasion ; and as the Yeomanry of Mas-
sachusetts are proud of their stock, and liave stock
to be proud of, I think we may safely invite our
Agricultural friends in all parts of the State to at-
tend our Show on the 20th of October ne.\t, with-
out fear of their disappointment.'

We are happy to perceive that our Worcester
friends are determined this year, to outdo what
they have always so well done ; and have no doubt
their exhibition will be a perfect mirror of the
enterprise, industry, intelligonce and skill of the
Head of AgrkuUure, as well as the ' Heart of llic
Commomcealth.'

variety.

New varieties or hybrids of turnips are o.)tained
by cross-impregnation. Thus, when two varie-
ties are planted allernately or promiscuously in a
plot of ground, when they come into flower, the
pollen is wafted by the wind indiscriminately over
the whole, or carried from one plant to another
by insects, when they are in quest of the sweets
of the nectary, and applied to the stigmata. But
though the means of iiro.lucing new varieties are
simple and easily accomplished, little improvement
in this respect has been made in the varieties now
generally used in field culture.

In all case-i of turnip seeds going through my
hands in the course of a season, I keep specimens,
which arc sown at the proper ])eriod in drills in
my nursery. This is rione for the purpose of ex-
amining the progress of the plants and the devel-
opment of their roots during the season ; it also
enables nie to ascertain the correctness of the dif-
ferent stocks of seeds, and to judge of the superior-
ity of one variety over another. Two years ago,
my attention, was particularly iittracted to the pro-
duce of the sample of a hybrid or doubly-impreg-
naled sort, the seed of which I received from
Mr Robert Dale, a very intelligent farmer at Lib-
berton West Mains, near Edinburgh. It altracted
my attention, first, on account of its early growth
and nialuraiiou ; secondly, its fine shape, as may
be seen in the figure ; thirdly, by the great si/e to
which it attained, in comparison with any sort
under similar trealment ; and, lastly, by its stand

The hybrid is supcrioi in size,
and, in so so lar as it has been
tried, it stands Ihe winter as well.

FOR LATE USE.

_ , c ,• i_ ) The hvbrid is superior in size.

Purple-top Swe<lish, C ,,,„ ^^^^^^ ,„ ,5„,^^,. g^,,,jg^ j^

Green-top Swedish, ^ ^^^.^^^^ ^„j ;, ^^^ ,^ ,,^^jy

This hybrid, or doubly-impregnated turnip,
therefore, appears to possess properties in general
superior to those varieties which have been enu-
merated above. It is equal to, or surpasses the
yellow and the other sorts above it, and is only
excelled by the Swedish, in the latter being more
hardy, and later in spring in running to a flower-
stem. It is now generally known by the name of
Dale's Turnip or Dale's Ilybri.l.

The facts which 1 have staled will, I trust, be
considered in this respect interesting, that they
show an easy method by which intelligcut agrieul-
turists may increase or improve the varieties of
the plants which they cultivate.

Charles Lawson.

A very few small packages of the genuine seed
of this new variety of turnip have been received
at Mr Russell's Seed Store, Boston ; — it was ob-
tained by the Messrs Thorhurn, directly from
Adam Ferguson, Esq. of Woodhill, Scotland.

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

Pears — K beautiful specimen of the Petit Blan-
quette, and also of the Satnal, were presented by
Mr P.obert Manning, of Salem.

Apricots — A handsome specimen for the season,

. of a variety supposed to be the While Apricot, was

ing the winter equally well with any other lurnii) [ prfscnted by the Hon. John Welles, with some buds

DALE'S NEW HYBRID TURNIP.

The following Accniinl of this new Turnip, by Mr Chnilea Law-
son, is Iroin Ihe Edinburgh Quartmly Journal of Agriculture,
No. 10, for 1831.

There are many varieties of the turnip in cul-
tivation, which arc more or less held in esteem,
according to their supposed qualities, the nature
of the soil in which they are to be grown, and
othei" circumstances; but those in most general
use are, the While Globe, the Red-Top Yellow
Bullock, the Green-Top Yellow BuUock, and ,i,e , """ynow^ possess,
Swedish or Ruta Baga. The White Globe grows

except the Swedish.

And conceiving that the great desideratum in
the selection of a proper variety of the turnip, is
to obtain the greatest possible weight on a given
space and at a given expense of manure, this va-
riety seems to be more adapted to this end than
any other sort hitherto introduced.

The manner in which it was obtained by
Mr Dale, was the following : In the year 1822 or
1823, he got a few ounces of seed ofa new hybrid
turnip fr6m James Shireff", Esq. of Bastleridge in
Berwickshire. This, Mr Dale sowed, and he
found the produce to resemble the Swedish in
shape, but it had too few of the superior proper-
ties of that variety. lie, therefore, picked out
such as had most of the yellow appearance, and
planted them along with some of the best Swedish
which he could find. This he continued doing
for four successive years; and, since that period,
he has'selected the best roots of the doubly im-
pregnated kind which he could find for raising
seed, till they have attained the quality which

The following comparison will show in what

0 the largest size, arrives soonest at maturity, and respect this hybrid is superior to or diSers from
lecays eariiest in the season ; the Y'ellows are in- the turnips at present in cuUitation :— -

termediate between the Globe and the Swedish
in their pioperties ; and the Swedish is smallest in
size, is latest in arriving at maturity, and often

FOR EARLY USE,

While Globe,
White Tankard,
Pomeranian Globe

The hybrid is equal in size to ;
of these, is closer in the texture, ;

of the same for distribution.

Apples — Some Early Bough, of ' Coxe,' were pie-
senled by Mr Manning.

These were presented the 23d, and omitteil,
a specimen of the Sugarlop Peas, from Mr Heed —
and some handsome RIoor-Park Apricots, from Mr
E. Dyer. Also, fine Citron de Cannes Pears, from
Mr R. Manning. S. DOWNER, Chairman.

The Society was presented with a variety of seeds
of ornamental plants, by Mr S. C. Parkhurst, of Cin-
cinnati, Ohio, collected by Mr T. Adamson for the
Society, in the Western Slates.

Leaves of the Sweet Scented Grape for Arbors;
and also of the Native Mulberry of the Western
States, were also presented by Mr Parkhurst.

Aeiii Trtalise on Silk. — Carter, Hendee and
Babcock have in press a new treatise on the cul-
ture of the White Mulberry tree and the raising of
silk worms, by Jonathan H. Cobb, Esq. — prepar-
ed under the direction of His Excellency Gov.
Lincoln, agreeably to a resolve of the Massachu-
setts Legislature passed last Kcbruary — the treatise
to be distributed through the several towns of), the]
Commonweallh. •

, " .' ' roiueranian ijioue \ . ^rlv

does not decay, till, in the advanced state of the Hungarian Globe, J '^ ^'

In Newark, Pa. as a man was riding home on a
load of grain, without binding, a part of the sheaves
slid off, throwing him to the ground. Before he could
recover himself, one of the wheels passed over his

[head, mangling it in a shocking manner, and terinin-

'ating life in a few minutes.

Vol. X.— No. 8.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

23

Black Currant IVini:.

Jii5t received at J. B. Ra^ell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 Sf
52 Noitli M.uliet Street, Boston—

A I'lirther supply of superior old Black Cunatit Wine,
made under llie inspection of John Prince, E>q. Roxlui-
ry ; an ;iccounl of its astringent and detergent proper-
lies in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol 5, pa^e 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and tlie late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is Iiighly salu-
tary iji many su'inner cumplaints. Doct. Coffin states :
• Its use has been attended with remarUable success in
tlie early stages of cholera morbus, and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these disease-:, after the
symptoms of inllainmation or febrile excitement had
ceased. It has been strikingly remedial in tlie lowstates
of typhoid and bilious fever. The late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Batavia trade, and
who had alw.iys sullered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human Hie in that climate,
used to say tliat after he had this wine with him, and
look two glassas of it every morning, lie escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his mate, h ho bad not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate m.iny other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for n.any years
been considered almost a specific remedy.— Price 75 cts.
per bottle. Aug. 3.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EliENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 3. coptf

Tulip Roots.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

A splendid collection of Tulip Roots, now in fine order
for transplanting, comprising some of the rnost beautiful
varieties now cultivated in this vicinity, viz :

Marbled or mottled, dark stamens.

White and Purple, ditto.

Yellow and Purple, ditto.

Double Yellow Rose.

Double pale yellow flamed, (Passe non plus ultra.)

Crimson, yellow centre and yellow stamens.

"White, shaded with red, dark centre and stamens.

Fine large yellow, with yellow stamens.

Double white, with red shades, (beautiful.)

Double orange brown, (very large.)

Double jiKonyiose.

Double colTce color.

Parrot tulips, of several colors.

Fine bililoems, (sttiped on white ground.')

Fine bizarres, (striped on yellow ground.)

Fine Rosy, on white, &C; &c. Price 12^ ctj. each —
$1 per doz.

The above are of large size, and are raised from su-
perior imported roots, some of which cost $1 each.

Also, common tulip roots, of all colors, and of good
size, price .$o per hu;idred, suitable for those commenc-
ing a large tulip bed.

Also, Double White and Yellow sweet scented Nar-
cissus— 12^ cts. each — $1 per doz.

Mixed Crocus roots — 50 cts. per dozen. Aug 3.

Seeds for Fall Solving.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

Garden and Field Seeds, suitable fur fall sowing,
among which are —

White Portug.^l Onion.

Prickly Spinach, (for early greens.)

Black Spanish or VVinter Radish.

Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden
seeds.

Also — Timothy or Herds Grass — Orchar»
Grass — Red Top, Red and White Clover, Slc fie,

Aug. 3.

Fresh While Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
D2 North .Market Street—

A small supply of fiesh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s.tason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mans6eld, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
»eed. ' Aug. 3.

Zinc Milk Pans.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse — Weslfield's
patent Zinc Milk Pans. A particular account of this
gr^i.it iniprovement in dairying will be found in the New
England Farmer for July 6, 1831, page 405, and many
o'her journals. Milk in these pans will keep sweet
longer than in those of other materials, and thus conse-
quently afford a longer lime for the cream to rise, and
pioduce one sixth more butter, as has been proved,
of the sweetest quality. The pans aie very durable, and
not likely to rust.

Notice.

The undersigned being owner of the Letters patent for
the manufactory of the above article, hereby cautions
the Public from trespassing on his patent right, as they
would avoid the penally of the law ; and also gives no-
tice that he has appointed J. R. Newell,, proprietor of
the ,\gricultural Warehouse in the city of Boston, his
Agent for vending the above articles.

Auff. 3. CHARLES BISHOP.

30 Dollars Rciuard.

The above reward will be paid by the Subscriber for
the detection and conviction of the vile wretch or
wretches who have been base enough to break down a
large number of young rock maple Trees, set out on the
road adjoining his Farm, leading from Dcdiiam turn-
pike to Brushhill turnpike, for the purpose of shade and
ornament. As the vile wretch who could be guilty of
such a crime is dangerous to the community, it is hoped
that the citizens of Roxbury and Dorchester will be vigi-
lant in endeavoring to detect him, in oider that he may
be brought to public justice. JEREMIAH HILL

Boston, July, 1831. July 20

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 tc 52
North .Market Street—

.\ lew packages of seed of this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in this week's N. E. Farmer. — Price 124 cts. each pa-
per. Aug. 3.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at the

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Medical School in Boston.
The Medical Lectures of Harvard University deliver-
ed in Boston will be commenced in the Autumn, at the
usual period, viz. on the third Wednesday in October.
They will be continued four months.

This extension in the term of the Lectures has been
thought necessary to afford time for such a course of in-
struction and demonstration, as is deemed by ihe Faculty
to be requisite, under the advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to the School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor to our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy within this Commonwealth. The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will be sufficiently obvious. It will be the aim of
the Professors to carry into effect the intentions of the
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at the same
time their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportunities for practical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The course of Lectures will be —
On Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" .Materia Medica, by Dr Bigelow.
" Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence, by DrChan-

ning.
" Theory and Practce of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr Jackson.

WALTER CHANNING,
Dean nf the Faculcy of Medicine.
Boston, June 15, 1831. 6t* julylC

Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten miles from' Boston, Si.x from Salem, ami Five fiom Nahant.

The subscriber most respectfully begs leave to inform
his friends and the public that he continues to keep that
delightful Summer retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his object to render a genteel
and pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitor.", &c.

The salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring— the beautiful lake, on the borders of which
the establishment is situated, abounding with fish of va-
rious descriptioBs, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendid Boats for sailing or fish-^
ing — Bathing rooms on the margin of the lake, where the
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken— the de-
lightful situation of the House, with its cnmfortabie and
well furnished apartments, with the fruit and Hower Gar-
dens adjoining, are attractions for those in pursuit of
health or pleasure, rarely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberally bestowed.

July 20, JAMES W. BARTON.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in liis
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price
of a single right $5,

Also for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare of hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) by the first day of March, 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass, so as to have time to transport them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash f?r Cocoons, from 25 to
50 cents, according to quality. J, H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15th, 1831. 8t July 20,

Wanted,
A young woman from the country, from 18 to 30 yeari
of age, who is neat and faithful, may hear of an excel-
lent situation to do the ordinary work in a small family,
(who reside in the country during the summer,) where
she will receive good treatment and the highest wages.
Also wanted in the same family, a young girl from 14 to
16 years of age, to take care of children. Apply at the
Farmer office, 50i North Market street. July 20.

Ammunition dJi

Of the T>eat quality ai.d ii/i/'csf ;jrifcs, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 ■ Broad Street,

N. B, IX, the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willb» refunded, tf Jan.

Brighton Markkt — Monday, Aug. 1.

ritcported for the Chronicle and Paliiot.J

At Market this day 407 Beef Cattle ; 23 Store, 18
Cows and Calves, 3094 Sheep, and 260 Swine. 40 Beef
Cattle remained unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Last week's prices were not
supported ; we shall quote from $4 00 to 5 25.

Cotes and Calves. — Sales were effected at §16, 18, 21,
23, 27, 28 and 30.

Sheep and Lambs — A large proportion of those at
market were of an ordinary quality. We noticed lots
taken at $1 624, 1 67, 1 75, 1 88, 2 00, 2 12, 2 25, and
2 50; one lot of wethers at $3 00, and one at 3 50.

Swine — A few only were taken in lots; small pigs
weighing from 30 to 60 lbs. were retailed at 5c. for sows
and 6c, for barrows.

J^r.w York Cattle .Market, .hihj 25,— At market 800 a
900 Beef Cattle, 2000 Sheep and Lambs, 18 Milch Cows,
and 60 Swine. About 200 Beef Cattle, and a consider-
able number of Sheep were left unsold.

Prices— Beet', extra, $6 50, good 5 75 » 6 00 and 6 25,
fair 5 00 a 5 25, and ordinary 4 50 a 4 75. per cwt. Sheep,
extra, 5, good 3 OT) a 3 50, fair 2 25 a 2 50, onWnary 1 30
a 1 75, each. Lambs 1 25 a 2 73, Milch Cows very
dull, extra $25 a 30, ordinary IS a 20 each. The Swino
were all sold at from 4 a 44c,

[CTln Ihe New York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow aie
weighed as well as the quarters.

24

NEW ENGLAxND FARMER.

Auifiist 3, lS3i.

M

ISCELtANY

From Ihe Hmtrord Review.

THE STRANGER.

I saw him, Lucy, only once-as Hown the lighted hall

We nmve.l to music playfully— a stiangier to u. aU—

A stiansci- with a pale white brow, and dark and inean-

Whichflaslfed' nUe lightning on my own whene'er he

passed me by.
That soul like eye ! it haunts me still '.-so passionately
Like those which sometimes beam on us in visions of our

So sad ^5 i'f some shadowing grief had o'er his spirit

gone, , .

Yet brightening strangely as it caught the answer ol my

own !
I kneiT him not— yet eyen when I turned me from the

dance
I saw his dark eye follow me— it could not be by

chance—
I knew him not— and yet his tones were breathed upon

my ear
So sweetly low and musical, I could not choose but hear.

He spoke of sunny Italy— of Venice and her isles—
Of dark mustachioed cavaliers and fair Signora's smiles. —
Of music melting on the sea— of moonlight upon bowers,
Of fair hands wreathing silken curls with gay and pleas-
ant flowers !

And when lie spoke of lovely ones— or praised a soul

like eye,
His deep full glance was fixed on mine, as if it sought

reply,
The flush was deepened on mychee'u — my voice grew

faint and low,
I trembled at his earnest gaze — 'twas foolishness, 1 know.

We parted at my father's door — the moonlight sweetly

shone.
And I was standing at his side — my arm was on his own ;
He sighed, dear Lucy, how he sighed I my eyesgrcw

strangely dim.
It pained my heart to hear his sigh — I could have wept

for him I

He spoke of disappointed hope — of dreams that faded

soon.
The dew drops of life's joyous

its noon —
He spoke of loneliness of heart — of weariness and pain-
And murmured that a life like his was desolate and vain

ous bleedinf, it may often be cured. The Prince of I The Baltimore and Susquehanna Rail Road still con-
Conde at tlfe height cf his attachment to a lady of,tinue3to be thronged with passengers-Tlie seats in
great merit, was obliged to join the armv ; but re- ! tl>« -^.^^ "P frequently taken more than an hour before
membrance and constant correspondence kept the "'" '""'' " sUirtinc^

sentiment alive. A dangerous malady reduced'him
to the last extremity ; tlie remedies wliich effected
his cure, carried off also his love, and he arose a
smie man.

Tlie Olden Time. — The following fourth of July
oration was delivered by Mr Timothy Dexter, in N.
Hampshire in 1793:
Ladies and Gentlemen :

This day, the eighteenth year of our glorious in-
dependence commences. Justice, order, commerce,
agriculture, the sciences, and tianquillity reign tri-
umphant, in these United and happy States : — Ame-
rica is an asylum for the afflicted, persecuted, and
tormented sons and daughters of Europe — our pro-
gress towards the glorious object of our revolution,
is unparalleled in t!ie annals of mankind.

What is Aiustockact? — In ri'|)ly to the ques-
tion of nn iiltrii, uliat is aristocracy ? Gen. Foy,
a distinguished orator in the French Clinmbere,
gave the following definition: — I can tell you
what it is,' said he, 'aristocracy of the 19lh cen-
tury, is the coalition, the league of those who
would consume without working ; know everything
without learning anything; carry away all the
honors without deserving them ; and occupy all tlje
places of government without being capable of fill-
ing them.'

Sailor's Veracity. — A son of Neptune Siiid the

other day to n brother tar. Jack, you never caught

nie in a lie in your life. Very true, replied Jac!;,

Permit me then, my friends and fellow citizens, to j bm^ i,iast yon", I have chased" you from ono lie to

congratulate you on this joyful occasion. Let our | m,y(ijer „|i d^y^

deportment be suitable to the joyful purpose for
which we are assembled. Let good nature, good
breeding, concord, benevolence, piety and gratitude,
understanding, wit and vivacity — grace, bless, adorn,
and erown us henceforth and forever.

rn, which vanish ere

He said his father's castle frowned upon a foreign

shore —
(A castle, Lucy, think of that — he is a Count or more') — ■
Thatsolitude was in its halls — chill, prison-like and lone,
Ungladdened by the smile ot love or woman's kindly tone.

And then dear Lucy, blame me not, we wept with one

another.
You would yourself have pitied him and loved him as a

brother.
So handsome and so sorrowful — so haughty yet so kind,
O dear — I cannot keep his look one moment from ray

mind.

He pressed my hand at_ parting, and tonight he will be
here,

While Pa is at his game of chess, ami Ma is nowhere,
near ;

Excuse me, dearest Lucy, now — indeed 1 cannot write.

Tomorrow I will tell you more— lie will be here to-
night.

Why is the life of an Editor like the Book of
Revelations? Because it is full of ' types and
shadows,' and ' a mighty voice, like the sound of
many waters, ever saying unto him — Jl'rite.'

Consolation. — An old huly once being very
sorely afflicted with a disorder usually denomi-
nated hysteric.", imagined she cotild not breathe,
and a])pealed to her liusbanil on the occasion,

witli ' Mr , I can't breathe.' ' Well, my dear,'

returned the affectionate luislmnd, ' I would not
try, for nobody wants you should.'

A GocRMAND at an ordinary had eaten so
enormously, that the company were nstonisheil
and disgusted with his gluttony. The gentleman
at the head of the table ironically pressed hira
to take another plateful, observing he had actu-
ally eaten nothing. Tlie gourmand ileclined taking
any more, observing t!iat his stoniatji was quite
gone. Upon which an Irish gentleman ojiposite
e.vclaiined, ' Is it your stomach that's gone, my
QpACKERY. TTie ScriUunulury Case. — A lady on | honey ? you mean the bottom part of it.'

Long Island, N. Y. conskierably advanced in age, '

having been for some time afflicted with an affection i ^'"''"^ Eloquence.— The following is extracted from
of the nerves, and the neighboring physicians havin<r a late speech before the Governor and Assembly of Penn-
<• 1 It „ir .11 1 11 .-. .■ svlvania, by the Chief ol the Menomonies. It has all

faded to effectually repair her broken constitution, ^,_^ f UL energy of Indian Eloquence:
hearing ol one of the quack order.slie had bim call- , . Brother-Wc see your Council House. It is largo
ed. Alter he had for some time examined her pulse „„(] beautilul. But the Council House of (ho Red Man
slie inquired, ' Doctor, do you understand my com- is much larger. The earth is the floor— the clear sky is
plaint.' He answered, ' xMain, it is a scrutunulury ' the roof— a blazing fire is the chair of the Chief Orator,
case.' ' Pray, Doctor,' inquired the lady, 'what is and the green grass the scuts of our Chiefs. You speak
that.'' 'It is a dropping of the nerves, mam, the by papers, and record your words in books ; but we speak
nerves having fallen into the pizarimtum, and the ftom our heart, and memory records our words in tha
head goes tizarizen, tizarizen !' 'Ah! Doctor,' e.\- hearts of our people.'

The worst of all. — A zealous, and in his way a ve-
ry eminent preacher, happened to miss a constant
auditor from his congregation. Schism had already
made some depredations on the fold, which was not
so large, but toapractised eye the reduction of even
one was perceptible. ' What keeps our friend, far-
mer B. away from us ?' was the anxious question
proposed by our vigilant minister to his clerk; 'I
have not seen him among us these three weeks ; I
hope it is not Socinianism that keeps hiin away.' —
' No, your honor,' replied the clerk, ' it is something
worse than Socinianism !' 'God forbid it should be
Deism.' ' No, your honor, it is something worse
than that.' ' VVorse than Deism ! Good heavens! I
trust it is not .'llheisni.' ' No, your honor, it is some-
thing worse than that.' '\Vorse than Atheism ! im-
posible : nething can be worse than Atheism.' ' Yes
it is, your honor — it is Rheumatism.^

claimed the lady, you have described my feelings
e.\actly.'

P. S.-

pUy 1

Incident at the Siege of Ancona. — A woman of An-
cona,heart-broken by the exhaustion of her two sons
and hopeless of other relief, opened a vein in her
left arm ; and having prepared and disguised the
blood which flowed from it with spices and condi-
ments (for these luxuries still r.boiinded,as if to mock
the cravings of that hunger, which had slight need
I really think I'm ' °^ ^"y further stimulant than its own necessity) pre-
sented them with the beverage — thus prolonging tlie
eyes are red with , existence of her children, like the bird of which sim-
j ilar tenderness is fabled, even at the price of that
tide of life by which her own was supported.

iiketches of Venetian History.

—Oh, dearest Lucy

dying—

My heart is like a heart of lead —

crying.—

But yesterday the Bank was robbed, and of a lartre

amount, "

My father tried the robber, and oh God \—it was my

Count.

A Frenchman, wishing to take stage for Buffalo,

#-„„„ T • . 1 , ^ ■ . was asked by the driver if he had any extra baa:-

hodn;";:.! T 1 r ""c '^^ ^ ["/"'?' ^ffef ""' b"t •>■ gage ' Extra baggage ! what you call dat ? I ha^e

Siea n,/nt I ''f " ^^ 'f^^'a'^ *°i"'"'°- "° ^'SS'^S^ !>"' ""^ ^^^e trunks, five dogs, and von
dical treatment, such as strong sudorifica and copi- black girlt' ' s i

Published every \VediK.-,day Kveiiing, nt g3 per annum
payable at the end of ihe year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction oftifly cents.

(0= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bein;,' made in advance.

Printed for J. li. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be c^iecuted to meet thft
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 r^orlli
Market Street. agents.

AVio York— (.i .Thurbvrh &. .Sons. G7 Liberty-slrcel
Alba/iu—Wit. TiionEUKN.Sn Maikct-sirect.
Philadelphia- I). &. C. Landketii. !i5 Cheslnut-slreel.
liaUimore — G. H. Smith, Editor of ihe Amnicnn Farmer.
CincinnaliS. C. PAliKHUnsT, 23 Lower Markel-slrcel.
Flushing, N. 1'. Wm.Pkince &. Sons, Prop. Lia.Bol.GardcB
MidJlebanj: Yt. — Wi-jht Chapman.
//iirt/brrf— GooiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newhunjport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colhan, Bookseller.
Jlurrusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Haiifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Oflico.
ilonlreaJ.L. C. — Hinrx Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AoRicuLTURiL Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEiN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST lO, 1831.

NO. 4.

MANAGEMENT OF FRUIT TREES.
Mr Pesse.nuen — Seeing in a late number of your
valuable paper, an extract from the 'Genesee
Farmer,' on the efficacy of the application of soap in
preventing the ravages of catorpilUirsand .'Uher in-
sects on fruit trees, I am induced to mention the
metliod which for four years past, I liave pursued,
with regard to my peach, and other fruit trees on
my farm.

Tlie peach trees, 1 have anmialbj topped down, say
two tliirds of the previous year's growth, and liave
found that this operation, invariably, had given in-
creased strength to tlie stock, vigor to tlie lateral
and bearing branches, and protects the trees, in a
great measure, from the violence of the wind. At
every time of trimming, I have given them a wash
of soap diluted to the consistency of common paint
(and this has been repeated twice during the sum-
mer months) throughout the trunk and branches,
the branches from the manner of pruning, being
within reach of a short brusli.

There has been in my neighborhood, this sea-
son, great complaints of a blight on the peach trees,
with a shedding of the fruit. On all of mine
(thus treated) no /)/i'£:?i( has appeared, and on those of
them which blossomed, there is now a fair quanti
ty of fruit. I can account for this difference in
ro other way, than by the manner of pruning and
frequent application of the soap ivash.

Tlie tender shoots of some of my old, headed
down peach trees, were soon after their a]ipearance
attacked by green lice, and pismires; I made
the same application, which effectually remoied
them.

The same has been done to my apple orqnaid
(with the exception of topping,) and I am fiily
convinced, that nothing can be applied, wbch
gives the bark so healthy an appearance, and so
smooth a surface as the above treatment ; the attsk
of llie smallest insects in summer is prevented by
the alkali contained in the soap, and the smoch-
nes3 of the bark prevents the deposit of tieir
eggs.

I have likewise applied a strong decoction of
tobacco leaves which may be as effectual aganst
vermin, but not so beneficial to the health of the tee.
Your obt. servt.
DanverSj.iug. 3, 1831. Wm. P. Endicott

winttr apple for farmers that we have. We have
scve-al of the celebrated kinds, as R. I. Greenings,
Spilzenburgh, Pearmain, &c. Last year was the I
heaing year, which is the reason I send no speci-
meis of the fruit. The scions marked Steele Sweet
are of a kind said, and I presume truly, to have
orifinated in this town, as they bear the name of
a fanily by whom they are su])|)osed to have been
firs raised. They keep much better than winter
apiles generally and are much cultivated here.
Tli;y are not so large and fair generally as the sam-
ple but we consider them for our use superior to
tht kinds that I mentioned we have.

'he scions labelled Hart's Early Sweety are of a
kinl supposed to be a native of this part of the
cointry though I am not certain that such is the
fad It is not the earliest ajiple, but ripens how-
eve several weeks before fall apples generallv,
and is remarkably fair, large and fine flavored ;
thee is no uniform name fcr it, bnt I have added
thename of the man who I believe firat laised
it a an adjoining town. The tree grows with a
siiiUish bushy top and bears not very abundantly
tlicigh tolerahly so ; but I think it well worthy of
cuivation. I have put them down in the order I
slmld esteem them, and also of the proof of their
bong peculiar to this part of the country. Of the
firt I am positively certain that it is a new sort.
Tie second, there is not much doubt about, but of
thi third there is more. The two last more dis-
seninated and may have become know^ in otiier
pjrts of the country by different names. With my
bet wishes for success in the important objects in
M^ch you are engaged.

Respectfully yours, &c.

JVoie — The scions were ingrafted on thirty stocks,
six feet from the ground and have grown vigorous-
ly. Wm Prince and Sons.

Lin. Bot. Garden, )
July 29, 1831. j

NEW FRUITS.

Copynf a iPtter Trom Sheldon Moore, Esq. of Connecticut to Vm.
rinceanitSonsofllie Lin. Dot. Garden, dated ^Stii March, 331.

Gentlemen — Herewith you will receive scbns
of three sorts of apples together with a specitien
of the fruit of one of the kinds, viz. the Stele
Sweet. The scions marked .1/oorc's Greening are
from a seedling tree, the only bearing tree nov in
being; many scions have been taken from it \ith-
in a few years. It is a young flourishing tree the
only very valuable kind from an orchard of per-
haps 75 trees or more. It is uniformly a reat
bearer each alternate year. The fi uit is of fair
size, pleasant, though not of the highest fivor,
very fair, and keeps remarkably well : it is alittle
apt to be defective at the core (not to rot) Ut on
the whole we consider it rather superior t' any

STONE BRIDGES.

Mr Fessenden — I wish to say a few words on a
subject of some importance which I have not seen
discussed in the New England Farmer; and in
this day of improvement I have thought it strange
that all have been silent on the subject. I allude
to the great importance of good and permanetit
Stone Bridges. It is well known that in travell
over our country roads we are constantly passing
streams of water, even the smallest of which re-
quires a bridge for passing; we shall find most of
them built with wood, an article more costly now
than fifty years ago : we also frequently know of
damages and accidents caused by bad bridges, and
sometimes a large fine for the town to pay. Now
I would recommend to ail the towns in the Com-
monwealth to build from year to year as they be-
come able, good Stone Bridges. All our towns
have rocks and stone in abundance and have
men that are able to e.xecuto the work ; the small
bridges may be covered on the top with flat or
split rocks — and over the ne.xt larger streams the
bridge should be built with an arch the dimensions
to correspond to the quantity of water in the
spring of the year. Streams like Charles or Con-
cord River, would require two or three arches. —
Our well informed farmers are well satisfied that

rocks make the best and cheapest /cncVs' qn our
farms, and if that is the case, .S<onc Briilges will
be found to be the cheapest in the end. — No doubt
P good stone bridge well covered with gravel will
last a thousand years. I think upon reflection
this will be found to be an important suhject and
well worthy of more attention than it has hitherto
received. A Constant Reader.

IMPORTANCE OF EARLY SOWING.

Mr Fessfndf.n — Ilaviiffi noticed for a number
of years past that late sowing or planting seldom
answered as well as early, my belief has been
more strengthened of late by the following facts.

On the 15th July, 1S30, I sowed on a piece of
round of about one and an half acres, si.x pecks
of buckwheat, and the same quantity of rye, mixed
and sowed together; I also at the same lime
sowed clover seed in the chaff on the same piece,
and harrowed the whole in. The clover took and
grew well ; tlie buckwheat was harvi;sted at the
usual time, but owing to the severe drought it pro-
duced but an indifferent crop ; the rye grew large
and branched out full, some of the stalks, were
more than eight feet long, a number of the stools
produced sixty, eighty, ninety, and one, one hun-
dred and ten .stalks with one hundred good ears or
heads. One stool was taken up on the 2d instant,
and shelled on '.he 9th, and counted liy two re-
spectable witnesses, and the number of grains was
seven thousand ,wo hundred and eighty five, and
measured about half a pint from a single grain.

If you think thj above worth publishing you can
give it a placeie the New England Farmer.
• ^ -.JX.o^\^.. Setii CorcH.

Kingston, Ulster co. JV. Y. July 20, 1831.

Mr Fessenden — I have noticed in the New
England Farmer, vol. ix. jiage 38S, that to put
charcoal about the roots of Peach Trees wotdd be
a preventive against insects, worms, &c. I have
thought it proper to state that my trees are all
planted on newly cleared and well burnt land, and
I find most of them are more or less affected with
worms at the root, so that I fear charcoal may not
prove infallible, though my case is not decisive.

.iugust, 1S31.

It is intetesling for farmers who raise Silk
Worms, to know, that Cocoons, by being kept
lose considerably of their weight. A person who
made fifteen pounds this season, after keeping
them a Cuw weeks, found them reduced to twelve.
This is occasioned by the dissolution of the dead
chrysalis, which at last is reduced to jiowder. It
is therefore the interest of those who have cocoons
on hand, to dispose of them as soon ns possible,
otherwise they will suffer loss. Cocoons do not,
like wine, improve by age ; on the contrary, the
longer they are kept, the harder they are to reel.
— .3mec. Daily Adv.

The Rochester Republican states that 50,120
acres of wheat were cut in Monroe county, New
York. This, it may be observed, was the product
of one county, and if taken at 20 bushels to the
acre, and the average price one dollar j)er bushel,
thereturn for wheat alone must e.xceed $1,000,0001.
So much for canals.

26

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. 10ri831.

Horticulture

Proceedins:s of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society at a meetins:, held in the Hall of the
Insiituiion, on the 6th of August, 1831.
The following report was read. The Committee
on the Library ask leave to report, that a Catalogue
of the Books, belonging to the society, has been
prepareJ, and is hereunto annexed. ,

It appears, on a thorough examination, that sev-
eral books have not been returned, in conformity to„
a resolution, wliich was passed several months since,
and published in the New England Farmer ; and
many of the numbers of Loudon's Gardener's Mag-
azine, the Pomological Magazine, the Transactions
of the London Horticultural Society, tlio Annales
de la Societe d'llorticulture de Paris, the Annales
de L'Institut Horticolc de Fremont, and of the
Floral Magazine are still in the possession of
some of the members, who should be requested,
by public notice in the N. E. Farmer, to send
them to the Librarian, as it is necessary that the
numbers of the periodical publications should be
collected, and bound into volumes, before they are
again allowed to be taken from the Library.

The works on Fruits and Flowers, which are
embellished with engravings, the Librarian has been
directed to retain, as they are required by the
Committees on Fruits and Flowers, to enable the.m
to identify the names and characters of such sam-
ples, as may be presented for e>diibition, or pre-
mium, during the season the Hall is opened for
those purposes.

Respectfully submitted by the direction of the
committee. H. A. S. Dearbor.v,

Chairmen Library Com.

Horticultural Han, )
August tilll, 1831. {

Cully on Live Stock. Svo.

Cruickshank on Forest Trees. Svo.

Davy, Sir Humphrey, Elements of Agriiiilturar

Chemistry, Svo. two copies. |

Deane's New England Farmer. Svo. '

Delpierre, Deocade, Traite de Culture Rirale.

2 vols. l-2m.o.
, Boiset Forest '24mo. \

CATALOGUE OF BOO.KS
L I 1? R A R Y

MASS.VCHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.

Abercrombie, J. Practical Gardener, 12mo.

, Gardener's Pocket .Tour. 2 Imo.

Adium, John A memoir on the cultivation of

the Vine, I'imo.

Alton, On Live Stock.

Anderson, on Gardening.

Annales de la Societe D'llorticulture de Paris
6 vols. Svo. — two copies.

Annales de L'Institut Royal Horticole de Fre-
mont, Svo. two copies.

Boutcher on Forest Trees, 4to.

Biffelow, Jacob, American Medical Botany, 3 vols.
Svo.

Bigelow, Jacob, Plants of Boston audits environs,
Svo.

Blake, Stephen, English Garden, 12mo.

Bliss, G. Fruit Grower's Instructor, 12mo.

Bradley, on Gardening, 12ino.

Bryant, G. Flora Dietetica, or History of Escu-
lent Plants, Svo.

Cours de Agriculture, 16 vols. Svo.
Chaptal, M. Le Comte, Chimie Appliquie D'Ag-
riculture 2 vols. Svo.

, Culture de la Vigne, 2 vols. Svo.

Cobbett, William, Gardener, 12mo.

Cook's Tables for Farmers and Graziers. Svo.

Curtis on British Grasses. Svo.

Cox, William, Cultivation of Fruit Trees. Svo.

Drummond's First Steps to Botany, 12mo.
Darwin's Phytologia, Svo. \

Duhaniel, Plantations des Arbres, 4to.

, Physique Des Arbres 2 vols. 4to.

■ ■- — , Trait Des Arbres Fruitiers, 7 Wis.

folio.
Evelyn, John, Silva, or Discourse of Forest Tries,

2 vols. 4to.

, Complete Gardener.

Forsyth, William, A Treatise on the Culture ind
management of Fruit Trees, Svo. j

Fessenden, Thomas G. New American Gardeier,
12mo.

Farmers' Tables.

Griffith, Mrs Mary, Our Neighborhood or Leters
on Horticulture, 12mo.

Hints on American Husbandry, by the Direcjors

of the Pennsylvania Agr. Society Svo.
Hayward, Joseph, Horticultural Science, Svo,
Horticidtural Kssay. i

Ilaynes, on the Strawberry, Raspberry, Goosebe^y

and Currant,Svo.
Holland's General View of the Agriculture p f

Cheshire, Svo.
Hosack and Francis' Medical and Phijosophial

Register, 4 vols. Svo.
Hosack's Medical Essays, 2 vol.<!. Svo.
Hosack's Memoir of De Witt Clinton.
Hiliburn, John, .\merican Gardener, 12mo.
Holton, M. Manual de L'Eleagucur, 12mo.
Hooker, William, Pomona Londinensis, 4to
Horticultural Tracts, 1 vol. Svo.

Lawrence on Gardening, 12mo.

Linncetis, Carohis, System of Nature ; translated

by William Turton, 7 vols. Svo.
Loudon, J. G. Encyclopajdia of Plants. Svo.

, Laying out Landscape Farms, fol.

, Hot Houses, folio.

, Country Residences, 2 vols 4to.

, Encyclopnedia of Agriculture, Svo.

J EncyclopEEdia of Gardening, Svo.

Gardener's Magazine, 3 vols. Svo.

Noisette, L. Manuel de Jardinicr, 4 vols. Svo.

Pomologioal Magazine, 2 vols. Svo.
Pantey, W. Forest Prnner, Svo.

, Profitable Planter, Svo.

Rural Improver, 4to and a vol. of

Plates, 4to.
Phillips, Henry, History of Cultivated Vegetables,

2 vols. Svo.
, Sylva Florifera. Shrubbery, Orna-

menta Planting and Picturesque Scenery, 2 vols.

Svo.

Pomorium Britanicum, Svo.

Prince on Horticulture, 12mo.

Prince's Treatise on the Vine, Svo.

Philippar, Fr. Voyage Agronomique en Angle-

terre, Syo.
Port folio of colored engravings of Fruit.
Quintainye on Gardening, fol.

Repfon's Letters on Landscape Gardening, Svo.

, Sketches and Hints on Landscape Gar-

dcning, Svo.

, Designs of the Pavillion at Brighton,

Lemoine, L. Arbres a Fruits, 24mo.

Mc Mahon's American Gardener, Svo.
Marshall on Gardening, 2 vols, two copies.

, Planting and Rural Ornament, 2 vols

Svo.

Maddock, James, Florists' Dictionary, Svo.
Michaux's North American Sylva, 3 vols. Svo.
Michaux, A. Flora Borcali Americana, 2 vols. Svo,
Martin, Phillip G.ardeners' Dictionary, 4 vols, folio.
Mowe, T. Gardeners' Kalendar, 12mo.
Merault, A. J. L'Art Du Jardinier, 12mo.
Mear, J. Gardeners' Companion, 24mo.
New England Farmer, 9 vols. 4to.
Nuttall's Travels in Arkansas, Svo.
, Introduction to Botany, Svo.

Naturalist. A periodical publication.

Nicol, Walter, Gardener's Kalendar, Svo;

, Planters' Kalendar, Svo.

, Practical Planter, Svo.

, Villa Garden Directory, 12ni

Svo.

Speechly on tlie Vine and Pine Apple, Svo.
Say's American Insects, 3 vols. Svo.
Sinclair's System of Husbandry, 2 vols. Svo.
Southern Agriculturist.
Silk Culture, by Felix Pascalis, John D'Homer-

gue and Stephen Du Ponceau, Svo.
Sweet, Robt. Florist's Guide, Svo.

Thouin, A. Cours De Culture, 3 vols. Svo. and

an Atlas,
Thouin, Gabriel, Plans Raisonnes de Toutes les

es pecies de Jardnis, folio.
Transactions of the London Horticultural Society,

6 vols. 4to. and nos. 1, 2 and 3 of vol. 7.
Thacher's Orchardist, 12mo.
Thacher's Treatise on Bees, 12mo.

Weston, R. Gardeners and Planters' Calendar,

12 mo.
VVilson, Alexander, American Ornitliology, 3 vols.

pvo. and 1 vol. of Plates.
Wioatly Qn Gardening, Svo.
V\t>rlidgc on Cider, 12mo.

Yi^ng, A. Farmers' Calender.

— ' , General View of the County of Nor-

jblk, Svo.
Viitenat, B. P. Nouvelle Plantes, 4to.

the following letter was read by the President.

Gibrallor, June 7, 1831.

piB, — By your communication of the Gth of
D«ceniber last, I was made acquainted with tl)e
hoior conferred upon me, by the Mass. Hort. Soc.
in^electing me as Corresponding Member, and at
thi same time I received its Diploma.

Though domiciliated on this sterile rock, for •
sone twenty years, without an opportunity to spee-
ulie on the subject of Horticulture, yet such are
myearly impressions, imbibed in my native coun«
try connected with rural economy, that I cannot
bulfeel highly gratified, by the attention shown
me, and excited to use every endeavor in my
po\«r to meet the views of an association, the
basi of which, is the public good.

I nay at times be enabled to afford something",
the jrowth of this neighborhood, worthy a place
in aBotanical Garden, and shall be happy to ■
learn that such a useful establishment has been
founed, in the vicinity of Boston. Such gardens

Vol. X.— No. 4.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

27

are general througliout Europe, and their bcneficral
influence universally admitted. They are accessi-
ble to all, and thousands are thus excited to ex-
plore the vcfietable kin^'doni, who are continually
making collections of valuable plants, or extend-
inf the boimds of horticultural science.

I have the honor to be with profound lespect,
your obedient servant. Horatio SpuAGnr..

H. A. S. DraRBORN, Esq. Pres. Jlass. Hort. Soc]

A package of seeds was presented by Mrs Doct.
Cliannin;;, uliich she collected in the West Indies.

Rcsolveif, That the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to Mrs Doct. Channing, for the valuable
collection of seeds, which she has kindly bestowed
upon this institution.

Resolved, That the above named seeds be placed
in the hands of the Curator of the Botanical
Garden in Cambridge, and that he be requested to
report the result of his experiment, in cultivating
them.

Horticulturalllall, )
Saturday, August 6, 1831. j

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

Apples.— A remarkably fine specimen of the
Sopsavine, (Shropshirevino .') from Mr E. Vose.

Pears.— Early Catharine, (of Bloodgood's cata-
logue,) Grosse Cuisse Madame, Summer Bergamot,
(Coxe, No. 5,) English Red Cheek, (generally known
as the English Catharine,) and Windsor Pears, from
Mr Manning.

Apricots.— Early, (of Coxe,) from Mr E. Vose,
and several boxes, (supposed to be the Roman,) from
Dr Rollins. S. DOWNER, Chairman.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Fessenden — In your paper of Aug. 3, I ob-
served some remarks upon an extract from the Chris-
tian Examiner on the 'Mortgaged farms of N. Eng-
land.' Although some ideas there expressed may

is disgraceful, but all are honorable. The lowest
calling upon earth, if performed from right feelings,
will ever command respect and esteem, even from
those whom Providence has raised to the highest
stations of wealth and power. JMany who em|j|uy
' help' in their families are overbearing and disposed
to trample upon those in their power ; yet is this a
good reason why a daughter of a ' substantial farmer,'
or any other person's daughter, should consider as a
' degrading servitude,' or as ' the sorry employment
of gathering crumbs from the rich man's table,' the
situation of domestic in a family .' We are deceiv-
ed ; it is our own fault if we are not respected.

Let us look into the history of independent and
flourishing families, and we shall see the father
whose industry has been blessed with plenteous suc-
cess, and the wife who graces the board that is load-
ed with hospitable cheer, were one or both servants
in their youth to such as they now are.

The great end in the education of every female
should be to fit them to become good wives and pru-
dent housekeepers, and if a young woman is so situ-
ate! as to be under the necessity of learning in
another house than her father's, certainly it can be
no disgrace to her, but an honor if she performs her
duties with fidelity and cheerfulness.

There is one consideration which I have never
hoard advanced in favor of young women's becom-
ing domestics who are obliged to earn their daily
breiJ, which is a very important one. In this situ-
atiai they are every day better qualified for good
wivjs, and of course increasing the opportunities of
bediming so.

A sensible man is not generally attracted by her
vvh3 is ignorant or out of the performance of domes-
tic duties; for to one who has congenial qualities
ani is happy and at home in household affairs, he
wi 1 look for happiness. I wish not to be personal,
buil think the sentiment 'I would sooner, infinitely
so-iner, follow my daughters to the grave than see
th;ni go out to service,' cannot originate in a good
sprit or sound principles, and that pride is at the
root of it.
In regard to domestics, much might be said, and I

be tounded in truth, yet I tinnk the spirit m which . ,^, ',^ ,„„;,ations ,mon the suhiect. with nn endn..

of your cogitations upon the subject, with an endea-
vor to devise some method of placing it in its true
light, and of helping those who are in want of help.
OLIVER.

the article was penned was bad, and the principles
there laid down are unsound, and will have a very
injurious tendency wherever they are received. ' A
Farmer' says, I ' think all those who reflect candidly,
unbiassed by prejudice, and from a desire to come at
the truth of the matter in regard to political equalit)',
will perceive that all the reed equalitii that any go/-
ernment can give a people is the privilege of gaitmg
access to the highest honors and emoluments Ihroufh
merit, or to leave each individual of a nation in perfect
freedom to pursue the path which best suits him, >.o
wealth and distinction, so far as he injures no one
else. Any other scheme cannot but be productive
of bad results, and prove in the highest degree inji-
rious to the community.'!

I do not imagine that the ' suggestion of saving
the land from an evil of such widely spread and in-
creasing magtitude,' by a willingness on the part of
those alluded to, to perform the duty of domestics,
is correct, but yet I do believe, and every one who
will take the trouble to look around him will per-
ceive that most of our troubles and perplexities in
business, occ, are brought upon us by an unwillini,'-
ness to appear for what we really are, from a false
pride whicli prevents us from performing the duties

of the situation in which Divine Providence has , . , , , , .., .

placed us, and conformino- to the circumstances jf ^hese nuts, cracked, and they will quit everythi:
our condition. We wish to make the world to b3- ! ^'se, to cluster upon it. Wlien the dish is w

REMEDY FOR RED ANTS.
Mr Fesse.nden — As there is great complaint
in the papers respecting the little nauseous red uni
that infests the closets and dairy rooms of farmers, I
beg leave to ask you to republish from the New
England Farmer of Sept. 10, 1830, page 64, a
complete remedy that you then copied from Mrs
Child's invaluable ' Frugal Housewife.' I have tried
it in a closet, and in a large cheese room, and find
the ants will leave everything for the walnuts.

PASTURE OF PLANT.S.
Every plant requires a given quantity of earth
to nourish it, into which its roots extend for that
purpose ; and the quantity thus requireil is called
the requisite pasture of the [ilant. Some require
more earth, and some less. Some require a
greater superficial extent with less depth ; while
others require a greater depth with less superficial
extent.

For instance, a plant of Indian corn requires a
superficial extent of, say, three feet in circumfer-
ence, and a depth of six inches; while a root of
the licet, carrot, or parsnip kind, requires a super-
ficial extent of, perhaps, only twelve inches in cir-
cumference, but a depth of, say, fifteen inches. A
plant of flax, on the contrary, will not require
more than six inches in circumference, and five
inches in depth.

It will probably be found, that the'greater depth
is given to all plants, the less circumference they
will require ; that the roots will, in that case, shoot
furtherdovvnwards; and, therefore, the deeper you
plough, the thicker you may sow. This is a mat-
ter of nice calculation, and well worth the attciuion
of the ingenious Farmer.

In order to elucidate this, the proper method is,
to try various plants in beds of the same soil, cul-
ture, and dimensions, but dug of different depths,
and the plants set at different distances, and then
the results will lead to the truth.

Thus, for instance, make four beds of carrots,
which shall be dug equally well eight inches
deep ; let the roots in the first bed stand at the
distance of four inches from each other; those of
the second, at the distance of six ; those of the
thini, at the distance of eight ; and those of the
fourth, at the distance of twelve inches; and then
let it be ascertained whieh bed has the greatest
weight of carrots.

In the meantime,' have four other beds dug
twelve inches deep ; and four more dug eighteen
inches deep ; and plant one of each of tfiem at the
respective distances above mentioned, and ascer-
tain what is the result of each. The same experi-
ments can be tried with equal exactness on most
other plants, and the results equally well ascer-
tained.

Labor Saving. — It is stated that 20,000 copies

of the London Atlas were struck in a few hours.

A computation has been made that the printed

surface was equal to about 20 acres, and that

it contained suflicient matter for 14,230 octavo

volumes of the ordinary thickness. Divided into

'It is unnecessary to tell any who have had ex- I columns, placed end to end, the length would eh-

perience of the evil, that redants are like the compass Middlesex,and the seven surroundingcoun-

plagues of Egypt. The following method of de- ties. The whole of this labor was performed by

stmying them seems to be too simple to be very ef-
fective ; but I have known it succeed, when a house
had been infested with them for years.

' These insects are extravagantly fond of shag-
bai-ks,or American walnuts : fill a large dish with

three boys with a I'our horse steam engine. There
are men, who manifest some understaniling on
other subjects, and yet, who propose to dispense
with labor saving machines, in order to give em-
ployment to workmen. This is a mistaken notion,
and if applied in extenso, would carry us back to the

early imperfection of machinery. One stepback-

lieve that we can live as well, dress as well, and pra- j covered, remove it carefully, and brush them all in- 1 wards involves an entire retrograde. Which of the

early, imperfect presses eouM be fixed upon — or

would they dispense with printing presses altogeth-

To maintain consistency, they ought to dis-

cure the same luxuries as our more wealthy neigli- , to the fire ; at the same time have a little corrosive
bors. We run before we ought to creep, therefire sublimate in a cup, to sweep in such as happen to
W wonder we come to the ground ; but this is not gtrgy fro,n ,i,e ji^ij . a„j (ou^i, .^^ tijg cracks and
d:^m.t!i, we are blinded if we think so. True dignty ^^.^^. ^,.^,^^ ,^,_;^,, ,,^^.^ ^^^^^ j,^^_,^ ^^,^^

intuences us to perform to the very best of the alili- .,, ' ,,.,., . ,

ty vith which we have been endowed, our dailn end '"'^^ " ^'="""=''' '^'^1"^'^ '" the same poison. In one
appareri duti/, not to disgrace the situation we are ' '^«^ek li this be repeated they will all be gone. By
in, but to elevate it; there is no situation in ife, ' no means leave the cup, or poisoned feather about
while viitue and innocence are our companions, ;hat for an instant,'

pense with types also. It really would seem that
some of these free-trade anti-Ameri«an system phil-
osophers would take from us all we have, with
the exception of our ' teeth and nails.' — Detroit

Courier.

28

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. 10, 1831.

MUD. ' thfiii riiiy other, is taken from <loeks, and from the

Mud, a black or dark colored sediment, found sides of wharves in populous towns. For it has
at the bottom of ponds, rivers, creeks, ditches, anil been greatly enriclied liy the scouring of foul
wet sunken phices. It is mostly composed of a ! streets, and from common sewers ; as well as from
fine vegetable mould, mixed with the substance of I an unknown quantity of animal and vegetable sub-
perished vegetables, &c, and therefore it contains stances, accidentElly fallen, or designedly thrown

into such places.

Sea mud may be taken up at any season, when-
ever the fjirnier has most leisure. It is a good
method to dravv it up on sleds from the flats in
March, when the border is covered with firm ice.
I have thus obtained mud from flats, with great
expedition and little expense.

Mud that is newly taken up, may be laid upon
grass land. But if it is to be ploughed into the
soil, it should first lie exposed to the frost of one
winter. The frost will destroy its tenacity, find
reduce it to a fine powder ; after which it may be
spread like ashes. But if it be (doughed into iho
soil, before it has been mellowed, it will remain
in lumps for several years, and be of less advan-
tage.

A layer of mud will be no bad ingredient in a
heap of compost. But it should be contiguous to
a stratum of lime, if that can be obtained. But
where this is wanting, new horse dung is the best
substitute, to excite a strong fermentation. ,

The best method of managing all sorts of mid,
were it not for increasing the labor, would be to
lav it 'U farm yards, and let it be thoroughly raijcd
with the dung and stale of animals. When il is
so managed, the compost is excellent, and fit 'or
almost any soil, though best for light ones. I'tr-
haps the advantage of it is so great as to pay ior
the increaseil expense of twice carting. For it
will absorb the stale of cattle, and retain it bettei
than straw, and other light substances.

much of the natural food of plants

In ponds and rivers, this sediment is made up
of fine dust, together with a' rich variety of other
substances, which have been wafted in the
air, and have fallen into the water; together with
the subtilest particles of the nsigliboring soils
washed down into them by rains. That is sup-
posed to be the richest mud, which is near to the
borders, and which has been alternately flooded
and fermented ; as it will ferment when it lies
bare, in some degree.

In rivers, and in long ditches that have currents,
there is a greater proportion of soil in the mud.
It has been brought down from soft, mellow lands,
through which the rivers pass ; and some of it
doiditless from beds of inarle, which are often
found in the banks of rivers, and which readily
dissolve in the water.

Some ponds are totally dried up in a hot and
dry sutnmer ; and all ponds and rivers are so di-
minished by a copious evaporation, as to leave
part, and the richest part, of their beds uncovered.
And these beds, where there has been no rapid
current, are always found to contain rich mud.
In some places it reaches to a considerable depth.
This mud, though taken from fresh waters, has
been found to be a valuable manure; more espe-
cially for dry, sandy and gravelly soils. I have
known it to have as good etfect as barn dung, in
the culture of Indian corn, U|)On such soils. The
advantage of it is not found to be only for one
season ; it meliorates the land for several years. It
restores to a high piece of ground what vegeta-
ble mould the rains, in a long course of years,
have been washing away from it.

It is happy for the farmer that Providence has
prepared for him these magazines of manure in
all parts of the country. None but the stupid
will let Iheni lie unnoticed, or luiremoved. When
a dry autumn happens, the prudent formers will
be very industrious in carting mud up fiom evapo-
rated ponds, and other sunken places in their
farms, and laying it upon their light soils, espe-
cially upon high gravelly knolls ;or into their barn
yards, if the distance be not too great.

But with respect to using mud as a manure,
the maritime farmers have the advantage above
all others. For the sea ooze, which appears on
the flats, and in creeks and harbors, along the
shores of the sea, has all the virtues of fresh water
mud, that of sea salt superadded, Vi'hich is one ol
the most important ingredients in the composi-
tion of the best manures. I might add, that it
abounds, more than any other mud, with putre-
fied animal substances. Much of these are con-
tained in the sea itself : And innumerable are the
fowls and fish that have perished upon flats since
time began ; and the component parts of their
bodies have been inclosed by the supervenient
slime.

Mud taken from fiats where there are shell fish
or even where they have formerly lived, is better
for manure, than that which appears to be more
unmixed. The shells among it are a valuable
part of its composition. If it abound much with
shells, it becomes a general manure, fit to be laid
upon almost every kind of soil.

That mud, however, which is a richer manure

ately caught breath, and rising on his feet, he
seized the breathless and apparently lifeless body
of his son, and with it in his arms, succeeded in
etting into the bucket or tub, iji which situation
they were raised to the top of the well by tlw
women. Water was immediately applied to the
yoiuig man, which in a short time produced symp-
toms of returning life. Mr Vial in a few hours
attained his usual health and strength, and the
young man, by medical aid, had so far recover-
ed as to be able to walk about on the succeedim?
lay.

The experiment of letting down a candle was
then tried, which went out at the depth of si.x
feet from the top of the well — a live chicken was
also let down, and at the depth of six feet anima-
tion became suspended, but by pouring down wa-
ter on it, aniuuition was immediately restored.
From these experiments it appears that on inhal-
ing this gas, life is not immediately extinguish-
ed, but suspended only, and that the application of
water will restore it — whether by conveying at-
mos|)heric air, contained in the water, to the
sufterer, or from some other cause we are not suf-
ficiently scientific to determine.

Numerous valuable lives have been lost within
the circle of our acquaintance by exposure to
these damps, ami we hope the preventive now
suggested will bo fairly tested, and if foimd to be
a general restorer of sus|)cnded animation in cases
of this kind, that a knowledge of its eflicacy will
be widely diffused.

From the Ravenna (Ohio) Courier.

VALUABLE DISCOVERY.

By a communication received from a respecta-
ble and scientific Physician in Medina cotnty,
we learn that a remedy has at length been founi'
for restoring animation suspended by the efl^LH-ts
of carbonic acid gas, or damps, as it is usually

.i Mode of destroying the Red Spider on
plants. — Sir — As you are very desirous that all
gardeners should not only be reading but wri-
ting gardeners, I, for the first time (being very
yomig), venture to take up my pen to write a few
lines, and shall be very happy should you tliink
them worthy of insertion. The subject on which
1 now write is the red spider, which is very com-
mon on certain stove, green-house, and, in dry
seasons, certain hardy plants. I have heard and
read many receipts fur the destruction of this in-
sect, but I never found a more powerful remedy
than Clearwater. I have under my care a few
ilove plants, which are in general in a very healthy

humane to discover a re
lien it is suspended by in

termed, in wells. The frequent occurrence of

death, caused by persons descending into wells in L^t^ " j syringe them every morning wkh clear
which this gas, or damps exists, has long inade it a | ^^ter on both sides of the leaf, and the plants are

not in the least afl'ected by this destructive insect.
I had, for instance, a species of Plumbago that
was much infested by the red spider ; but after I
had syringed it well for a few mornings, there was j
tint an insect to be found on the plant. I verily
believe that clear water, applied as before observ-
ed, will eflectually destroy the red spider ; and, if
constantly used, it will preserve any plant from
this destructive insect. I think that if stoves or
green-bouses devoted to the culture of exotics
were steamed well every night (water being ap-
plied in tlie form ofsteam), the plants would never
1)6 attacked by the red spider. — Gardencr^s j\lag.

Temperance Societies — are established in erery
county in Pennsylvania, and are so well organ-
ized, as to ]iroduce the happiest results. Their
influence is perceptible everywhere. The work,
of reformation among the laboring classes of so.
ciety, is most conspicuous — a drunken man i^,
lodted upon in many parts of the state, as an out-
cast from society ; deserted by his former associ-
ates, he is compelled to quaff the bowl in solitude,

desideratum with the

storative to animation

haling the gas. Accident has at length done

what science and study had failed to effect ; and

if we cannot at all times avoid the gas, we can,

by timely aid, prevent the fatal consequences of

its effects.

On the 17th of June last, three individuals,
a Mr Vial, his son, and another person, were
engaged digging a well in the Township of
Copley, Sledina County, and having been absmt
about one hour, on returning, the young man wont
into the well, and after descending a short tis-
tance, fell apparently lifeless to the bottom. His
father immediately descended to his relief, and
having arrived at the region of the damps, also
fell to the bottom in a similar condition. On see-
ing them apparently lifeless, the third person, start-
ed in great haste for the physician, (our informant)
who resided at some distance from the place.
During his absence, several ladies tvho were as-
sembled at the place, determined to make an ef-
fort to raise the bodies from the well. One of
them threw a pailful of water down — most of

and suffer himself to be pointed at by llje finger
which fell on the face of Mr Vial, who iramedi- 'of scorn, or to reform ! — Paulson.

Vol. X.— No. 4.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

29

tFtOi.i a New York paper.

VVHE'VT AN EXTRACT.

'While restinsT on my hammock [in the open
air] I could discern the progress of cultivation,
which was more contiguous than in the position
from which the fields were first descried ; and,
upon particular inquiry, I found that every process
of agriculture was in operation, at the same time:
at the east extremity, the mules were bearing off
Vte hrtrvcst. to the depots behind the dwelling;
staclcs were on the patch of ten or twenty acres,
next adjoining ; another patch displayed the rows
of sheaves ; in another, the reapers were at work,
and the young people tying them ; farther on the
golden harvest tempted the reaper ; and still farther
■west tlie waving grain had yet its tinge of pale
^reeii; and farther still, the tint was more deep, it
was the grain in the blade ; another patch appeared
to show like green thread upon a cake of choco-
late ; and next appeared the paisano, scattering the
grain, followed by a range of mules abreast, with
that harrow which instinctive reason provides, in
the thorny brambles of the thicket : last patch of all,
the iiloughman with \ihrude formed plough, though
then too distant to be particularly described : this
■was the rotation of crops ; and upon a soil which
never had ariy other manure than the rains and dews
of Heaven and its otvn natural composition ; the pro-
gression unceasing and iininterrupted, unless the
hand of man forgot or neglected to do its duty.
But the want of roads to transport those rich har-
vests renderoil iheir mercantile value small ; wheat
could be had here for about a real and a half, or
ffleen cents the bushel ; barley for ten ; pease,
vetches and beans for a few cents.' Col. Duane's
Visit to Colombia, pp. 325-6.

I ask every advocate of the free trade system,
who shall read the foregoing extract, and fully un-
derstand the extraordinary faculty of raising
wheat, &c above described — where it may be
sown on any and every day of the year, and reap-
ed also oil any and every day — and that even on
tlie same extensive plantation — whether he would
be willing to admit wheat, &c, into our ports free
of duty from Colombia, when the time shall have
arrived, that they, by good roads, canals, and other
facilities of transportation, shall l.» enabled to
bring it to us, with only a small enhancement be-
yond the cost of this commodity on the soil that
produces it ? Could our agriculturists meet such a
competition and afford flour at the low price at
which it would then necessarily come .' Or is it
pretended, that wo must raise no wheat, when
such an event arrives ? Is it to be a part of our na-
tional policy to buy our own bread stuff.'

So also I might ask if cotton is to be admitted
free of duty, from countries which produce it,
with facilities as much superior to those which our
cotton planters possess, as is shown in the case
of wheat above mentioned by Col. Duane. In
Colombia, cotton is jiroduced by a tree, like an ap-
ple-tree in size, — without planting or cidlivalion —
whereas, the cotton of our southern states, grows
on a plant oC annua! growth, and requiring cultiva-
tion. When the new governments of South Amer-
ica, shall have advanced in such improvements in
the arts and government as shall enable them to
send their cotton to the markets of the world, at a
low rate— do our southern cotton planters think
they could compete with producers having not
only the advantages just mentioned, but another
and most extraordinary advantage, one eternal

and uninterrupted season, adapted to their agricul-
tural operations ? Or are we to buy all our raw
cotton and raise none ?

Need more be said to show that our soil and ad-
vantages, national and artificial, are inferior to
those of other nations. Nevertheless, we must
take them as tvefind them, and at the expense of
restriction, draw from them our subsistence, com-
fort and happiness ; that any other policy would
lead to the breaking down of every pursuit or oc-
cupation, which by climate or any other natural or
factitious disadvantage, shall appear to have less
favorable facilities for its prosecution, than may
be fduiid in some one foreign country or another.
Ill fact, the proverb that he who wants things as
cheap as they are in China, must go to China, for
them, and then he may find them and use thei;n,
seems to have a forcible ap[)lic;.ition here. If the
cotton planter, should desire to eat the wheat of
Colombia, at 15 cts. per bushel, rather than pay
to Ids countryman 80 or 100 cents, our wheat
farmer might well advise him to emigrate lo Co-
lombia, rather than to reside in one region of the
earth, and draw his bread stuffs from another.
And the wheat farmer, if he should desire to have
cotton at a lower price, than the actual facilities of
his own native country can afford, might also re-
ceive the same advice from the cotton planter.

From the Journal of Health.

THE AMERICAN AQUATIC.

Wc beg leave, before explaining the origin of
the title, and to whom it was applied, to repeat
one of the ' Hints to Mechanics and Workmen,'
which we gave in our first volume, p. 351. ' Ab-
stain from ardent spirits, cordials, and malt li-
quors— Let your drink be like that of Franklin,
when he was a printer — pure water.' This ad-
vice of ours, given with a sincere desire to benefit
those to whom it was addressed, and with a full
knowledge that its adoption would be productive
of jiractically beneficial effects, was carped at by
some who could not separate truth from error, nor
pernicious from salutary habits. Excusable by
their ignorance, we mean not now to censure
them, but to show on what foundation, and with
what propriety, we appealed to the example of the
illustrious Franklin.

In the sketch of his life written by himself, this
great man relates, among other matters respecting
his residence in London at the time in which he
was a journeyman printer, the following dietetic
particulars —

' On my entrance I worked at first as a press-
man, conceiving that I had need of bodily exer-
cise, to which I had been accustomed in America,
whore the printers worked alternately as composi-
tors and at the press. I drank nothing but water.
The other workmen, to the number of about fifty,
were great drinkers of beer. I carried occasion-
ally a large form of letters in each hand, up and
down stairs, while the rest employed both hands
to carry one. They were surprised to see, by this
and many other examples, that the American
Aquatic, as they used to call me,' was stronger than
those who drank porter. The beer-boy had suf-
ficient employment during the whole day in serv-
ing that house alone. My fellow pressman drank
every day a pint of beer before breakfast, a pint
with bread and cheese for breakfast, one between
breakfast and dinner, one at dinner, one again
i about 6 o'clock in the afternoon, and another after

he had finished his day's work. This custom ap-
peared to me abominable ; but he had need, be
said, of all this beer, in order to acquire strength
to work.

' I endeavored to convince him that the bodily
strength furnished by the beer, could only be in
porportion to the solid part of the barley dissolved
in water of which the beer was composed; that
there was a larger portion of flour in a penny
loaf, and that consequently if he ate this loaf, and
drank a pint of water with it, he would derive
more strength from it than from a piut of beer.
This reasoning, however, did not prevent him
from drinking his accustomed quantity of beer,
and paying every Saturday night a score of four
or five shillings a week for this cursed beverage,
an expense from which I was wholly exempt.
Thus do these poor fellows continue all their lives
in a state of voluntary wretchedness and poverty.

' My example prevailed with several of them to
renounce their abominable practice of bread and
cheese with beer; and they procured like me,
from a neighboring house, a good basin of warm
gruel, in which was a small slice of butter, with
t(3asted bread and nutmeg. This was a much bet-
ter breakfast, which did not cost more than a pint
of beer, natnelj', three halfpence, and at the same
time preserved the head clearer. Those who
continued to gorge themselves with beer often
lost their credit with the publican from neglecting
to pay their score. They had then recourse to
mi;, to become security for them ; their light, as
they used to call it, being out. I attended at the
pay-table every Saturday evening, to take up the
litt.'e sum which I had made myself answerable
for; and which sometimes amounted to nearly
thirty shillings a week.'

Franklin always had a cool head — he was
rcaily for every emergency ; he acquired a rep-
ute,lion as a philosopher and statesman, which haa
given his name currency over the whole civilized
world. Surely the example of such a man ic
more worthy of imitation than that of the various
classtis of boozy songsters — convivial jokers — pre-
tenders to social enjoyment at the expense of head
and heart — canters of liberality — servile imitators
of the vices of genius, and admirers of the degra-
dation of their species, which they qualify with
the specious epithets of civilization, refinement,
taste, and the like.

On Grass Lands, Clover Sowing, S,-c. — It is ad-
mitted on all hands that one of the most ditficult
parts of the farmer's duty is ' laying down' regularly
and successfully grass lands. Jolin H. Powel, an
intelligent and experienced'Farmer of Pennsylvania
says that in this country there is not usually more
than ha.lf the quantity of seed sown that should be to
insure success — that from experience he has fouud
that three halfpeeks of cloverseed mixed with two
bushels of orchard grass seed is in no instance too
iTiuch to sow on an acre of land — that by putting
in this quantity, by light harrowing and rolling of
the ground, if the weather and soil be in a proper
state, immediately after sowing, will secure its
vegetating and improve the grass. Autumnal
top dressing with long manure, may be profitable
applied to protect young clover, particularly if it
has been pastured. A double advantage is obtain-
ed by using abundant supplies of seed ; the hay is
finer, and of course more nutritious, and when the
crop is taken off, the soil is leas exhausted from
the rays of a hot sun.

30

NEW ENGLArSD FARMER,

Auff. 10, IS31.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 10, 1S31.

POISONOUS CHEESE.
We liave received complaints fVoiii several
quarters, of distressing and dangerous illness caus-
ed by eating cheese, which in sogw vv:iy or other
has hecome very deleterious, "^mong others a
"eiitleinan in Boston, lately wrote to us that ' six of
my family were yesterday vomited and remain
quite weak by eating a small particle of cheese,
which was brought to the city by a Mr — , of

Mr — on Thursday had a little of it which

sickened his father, himself and son very seriously.'
The writer then mentions several others who were
made very sick with it, and continues' for myself,
I never knew such a powerful vomit fur some

hours, which has made me very weak. This

is said to have sold poisoned cheese a number of

Cenieterv Committee' : — , M

liihl's ' Frugal Housewife' has reached the

on 'The Garden and Cemetery Committee' :— xurs v.nu., = • r .uya, .uu=... .. ,„„ .cu. .-^ ..^^
Hon. Joseph Storv, Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, \)v\st.vmlk edition. Five thousand copies o^t th,s val-
J Bi'-elow Hon.'E Everett, George W. Brim- uahle work were sold the first year of its pubhca-
n;er,°George Bond,' Hon. Charles Wells, B. A. tion. Her 'Girl's Own Book' has been highly

nier,

Gould, ami G. W. Pratt, Esqrs.

The Hon. Joseph Story, Rev. Dr Charles Lovv-,eneum.

and deservedly recommended in the London Alh-

el. Charles P. Curlis, George W. Brimmer, J. T.
Buckingham, Dr L. B. Adams, and G. W. Pratt,
Esqrs. were chosen a Committee to consider and
report at a future Meeting of the Horticultural So-
ciety, whether it is expedient to have any, and if
any, what, religious ceremonies for the purpose of
consecrating the said Cemetery.

The Bleeting was tlien adjourned to the same
time and place'witli the ne.\t annual Meeting of tlv3
Mass. Horticultural Society.

Charles P. Curtis, Sec. of the Subscribers.

MIDDLESEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Public are reminded that the Committee
;•,;:: but';";;!;;;; e;;;;;! d^notknow-'-We l on Farms. Frmt and For^t T..es^ wiU attend to
onl names as they can be of no use, and the \':'::;;:':'l'i:,'i: l""''^' '^^ " '^^" "'''^'"''
vender of the article might have been innocent of

ap|)hcation must be seasonably made either to the
Secretarv of the Society in Concord, or to one of

any intentional crime or misdemeanor. It is said
that in the same dairy, where the cheeses are all
manufactured by the same person, and in which
the same means and materials are used, some uf the
cheeses will exhibit the properties of a violent
emetic and cathartic, and others will he perfectly
palatable and wholesome.

We have, almost every year since the com-
mencement of the New England Fanner, publish-
ed notices of poisonous cheese, and its effects.
The injurious jiroperties of such cheese have been
attributed to many causes, but nothing certain on
the subject, as far as we can learn has been estab-
lished. Some conjecture that lead in some of its
combinations is used for coaling or coloring the
cheeses which have been found to be deleterious.
But any such use of lead, however compounded or
modified ought to subject the person so offending
to a punishment, similar to what justice would de-
cree against a malefactor who has poisoned a pub-
lic well or fouutaiu. Others sup|)ose that the use
* of copper and brass vessels in a dairy may have an
injurious effect on the milk of which the cheese is
made &c, &c.

The most probable theory, however, is that
which attributes the evil in question to the cows
having eaten in their pastures of the plant, called
Lobelia injlala (Indian Tobacco.) A niedical gen-
tleman, wrote an article which was published in the
J^Tew England Farmer, vol. ix. p. 51, in which were
exhibited facts tending to prove (he truth of this
supposition. An eminent physician in Boston,
who has frequently, in the course of his practice,
taken notice oftho effects of this emetic-cheese,
attributes them to Lobelia. Besides, we find no
notice in any European work on Agriculture, of

cheese ever exhibiting properties similar to cheese

of the above description ; and we believe that I"- Lommon interest at the time and place above nieii-
dian Tobacco, the supposed cause of the ^bove Lj^j^gj^ We are happy to perceive that this use-
mentioned bad (Qualities in cheese, is entirely un- j-^^ institution continues to receive the attenti

the following

rntsfces.— Francis Tiittle, .^cton. Amos Wel-
lington, Ashhj. Joseph Blanchard, Boxboro' ; John
Me'rriam, Berf/orf/. Wm. Winn, Burlington. Is-
rael Porter, Cambridge. Cyrus Ileald, Carlisle.
Kendall Bailey, CharUstown. Nathaniel Howard,
Chelmsford. Cyrus Hubbard, CoHCorrf. Joseph B.
Varnuni, Dracut. Jonathan Bennett, Dunstable.
James Draper, East Sudbiirt,. Abner Wheeler,
Framingham. John H. Loring, Groton. Elihu
CmIcv, Holliston. ArhaThayer, Hopkinton. Jon-
as Munroo, Lcringion. Charles A. Wheeler,
Lincoln. Timothy Prescott, Littleton. Samuel A.
Coburn, Lowell. "Eli Rice, Marlboro'. Nathan
Aihuus, .Mcdford. Job Brooks, .V«/ict. Wni. But-
trick, Pi;;);)erc//. Edmund Parker, Heorfing. Cal-
vin Sanger, Sherburne. James 15. Brown, Stow.
Burrage Yale, South Reading. Thomas Whitney,
jr. Shhley. Josiali H. Adam.=, Sudbury. William
Brown, Tewkslnmj. Joseph Butterficld, Tyngs-
boro'. Nahum Hardy, Waltham. Zaccheus Reed,
Westford. Ahijah Thompson, »'oiurji. John Par-
ker, Billcrica. William Cotting, West Cambridge.
The Trustees in the several towns are request-
ed to notify the Secretary of all applications made
to them fur premiums on Farms.

John Stacy, Secretary.
Concord, Aug. C, 1831.

The Middlesex Cattle Show and Plough-
ing Match, will be holden at Concord, Mass.
Oct. 5, 1831. From the appearance and contents
of the handbill announcing this e.xhibhion, and
our knowledge of the enlightened zeal and ability
of the President and Officers of ' The Society of

CURE FOR HYDROPHOBIA.

We omitted, last week,* one ingredient of the
Powder to be given prejiaratory to the Lobelia, viz,
1 grain of Sal Nitre. We now republish entire,
the treatment of the disease by Dr Sanborn, which
he adopted, io!(/i success. — Ports. Jour.

The principal remedy was a strong decoction of
Lobelia, given in frequent doses till it operated as
an emetic, and continued, but less frequently, after-
ward.

When first called to the patient, he administer-
ed, immediately, while the lobelia was preparing,
a powder, composed, for an adult, of 1 grain of
camphor, 1 of opium, 1 of sal nitre, and 2 of
digitalis, finely pulverized, and given in molasses.
Half that quantity he would give to the smallest
child.

In a case in which the disease was considerably
advanced, he gave the powder once in thirty min-
utes, three times, and afterward, once in four
hours.

•See N. E. FnrlT

, vol. X. p. 2.

Uiddlesei Husbatidmen and 'Mamfactures,'' we pg,.fgpt cure in the course of one afternoon,
have reason to anticipate a show of more than fi.je,,,) gmted that he had seen this simple anti(

known to the eastern continent.

RURAL CEMETERF.

At a meeting of the subscribers for lots in the
Cemetery of the Massachusetts Horticultural So-
ciety at Mount Auburn, held August 3, 1831, at
the Society's Rooms, pursuant to public notice,
Zeeedee " Cook, Jun, Esq. was chosen Chair-
man.

The following gentlemen were chosen to serve

and patronage of those to whose interest it is so
sulistantially subservient ; and hope that their la-
bors will receive an adequate reward in the ap-
probation of an enlightened community.

Hudson and Mohawk rail road. — We understand,
says the Albany Argus, that the locomotive,
engine performed a trip to Schenectady and return-
ed ; and that the return jiassage, was made in one
hour and five minutes.

Unprecedented Mowing. — Elijah M. Fox, at Suf-
field, Ct. mowed four measured acres of grass on
the ^Sth day of July, ult. He began at sun-riso
and finished at one hour and twenty minutes belbro
sun-set, fresh and in good spirits. There were not
less than six tons of hay. Fences were on three
sides of the lot, and a heavy fall of rain during the
forenoon, added much to the labor. One acre of
it, a swale, in which the grass was very heavy and
badly lodged, would have been a good day's work
for a vigorous mower. There are two or three

tances in which an e(/u«isHr/"«cc has been mowed
over hut for (luantity and quality of labor, this is
acknowledged by all to be the greatest feat ever
accomplished in this part of the country. — Mbany
Argus.

DrsENTERT. — To a common tiinihlcr full of cold
water add a table spoonful of wheat flour : stir it
well together, and drink the whole at a dose.
This should be repeated once in an hour or two,
until a cure is affected.

While on a visit to the eastern part of the state
(luting last autumn, I experienced a violent attack
of the dysentery, which, notwithstanding the use
of various medicines common in such cases, in-
creased to an alarming degree. After three or
fi)ur days' intense suffering, an old acquaintance
prescribed the above remedy, which cfl^ected a
- ■■ My

ote
used in a variety of cases, and that he had never
known it fail to effect a speedy cure. A remedy
so simple and efficacious should be known to every
one.— jV. H. Paper.

Silk. — The Canadian Courant is endeavoring to
stir up the jicople of that province to the raising
of silk. The editor has no doubt that the climate
is ' well calculated' for that purpose.

The contractors on the Ohio and Baltimore Rail
Road advertise for 1700 laborers at one dollar per
day.

Vol. X.— Xo. t.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

31

Roses, .DaJdias, Slrawben'ies and Cluicks.

The piopiietors of the Albany Nni'sery have printed a
classification ol 140 of their finest Rose?, according to
color, to enable purchasers to select a variety with cer-
tainty anJ economy, with characters inilicatins; the size
of the flower, habit and prices. This may bo seen at the
office of the New England Farmer.

They have imported and propagated many varieties
of the finest double Dahlias, which may be selected by
the flowers iiiilil the frosts of autumn.

They will have for sale, from this time forward, plants
of the Melhven Strawberry, at $2,50 per hundred —
J"ortyseven of these berries have weighed a pound, and
some have measured 4^ inches round. Also many other
varieties, lor which see catalogue.

They have also for sale, at $5 per thousand, 50,000
quicks of the honey locust {Gleditschia triacanlhus)
for live fences, two years old, and fit for transplanting. —
Specimens of the fence may be seen at the Nursery.

Orders for any of the above, or for trees, shrubs and
.plants, may be sent by mail, or left with J. B. Rpssell.
BUEL &. WILSON.

Albany Nursery, July 16, 1831.
Aug. 10. 3t

Zinc Milk Pans.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse — Westfield's
patent Zinc Milli Pans. A particular account of this
great improvement in dairying will be found in the New
England Farmer for July G, 1831, page 405, and many
other journals. Milk in these pans will keep sweet
longer than in those of other materials, and thus conse-
quently alliird a longer time for the cream to rise, and
produce one si.^ilh more butter, as has been proved,
of the sweetest quality. The pans ate very durable, and
Dot likely to rust.

Notice.

The undersigned being owner of the Letters patent for
the manufactory of the above article, hereby cautions
the Public from trespassing on his patent right, as they
would avoid the penally of the law ; and also gives no-
tice that he has appointed J. R. Newell, proprietor of
the Agricultural Warehouse in the city of Boston, his
Agent for vending the above articles.

Aug. 3. CHARLES BISHOP.

Black Curratit JVine.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 §•
52 North Market Street, Boston—

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu
ry ; an account of its astringent and delergent proper^
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N. E
Farmer, vol. 5, page 267, written by S, W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu
tary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin states
' Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery— and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
symptoms of inflummalion or febrile excitement had
ceased. It has been strikingly remedial in the lowstates
of typhoid and bilious fever. The late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Eatavia trade, and
who had always sutfered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human life in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two slopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate many other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for u.any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle. Aug. 3.

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street—

A few packages of seed of this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in this week's N. E. Farmer. — Price 12A cts. each pa-
p»r. Aug. 3.

30 Dollars Retuard.

The above reward will be paid by the Subscriber for
the defection and conviction of the vile wretch or
wretches who have been base enough to break down a
large number of young rock maple Trees, set out on the
road adjoining his Farm, leading from Dedhain turn-
pike to Brushhill turnpike, for the purpose of shade and
ornament. As the vile wretch who could be guilty of
such a crime is dangerous to the community, it is hoped
that the citizens of Roxbury and Dorchester will be vigi-
lant in endeavoring to detect him, in order that he may
be brought to public justice. JEREMIAH HILL.

Boston, July, 1S31. July 20.

Bees.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price
of a single right !fi5.

Also for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare of hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) by the first day of March, 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass. so as to have time to transport them from INIaine.

N. B. The weigiit of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

Amrnvniiion .J^J^

Of the lest quality ai.rt n/jresi^jriccs, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
65 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbo relunded. \i Jan.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 3. eoptf

Tulip Roots.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

A splendid collection of Tulip Roots, now in fine order
for transplanting, comprising some of the njost beautiful
varieties now cultivated in this vicinity, viz:

Marbled or mottled, dark stamens.

White and Purple, ditto.

Yellow and Puirnle, ditto.

Double Yellow Rose.

Double pale yellow flamed, (Passe non plus ultra.)

Crimson, yellow centre and yellow stamens.

White, shaded with red, dark centre and stamens.

Fine large yellow, with yellow stamens.

Double white, with red shades, (beautiful.)

Double orange brown, (very large.)

Double pa-ony rose.

Double coll'ee color.

Parrot tulips, of several colors.

Fine bibloems, (striped on white ground. ■>

Fine bizarres, (striped on yellow ground.)

Fine Rosy, on white, &c, &c. Price \2^ cts. each —
f 1 per doz.

The above are of large size, and are raised from su-
perior imported roots, some of which cost $1 each.

Also, common tulip roots, oi all colors, and of good
size, price $5 per hundred, suitable for those commenc-
ing a large tulip bed.

Also, Double White and Yellow sweet scented Nar-
cissus—12.J cts. each — $1 per doz.

Mixed Crocus roots — 50 cts. per dozen. Aug. 3.

Seeds for Fall Sowing.
For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52

North Market Street, Boston-
Garden and Field Seeds, suitable for fall sowing,

among which are —
White Portugal Onion.
Prickly Spinach, (for early greens.)
Black Spanish or VVinter Radish.
Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden
eds.
Also — Timothy or Herds Grass — Orchard

GR.4.SS — Red Top, Red and White Clover, &c, 8lc.
Aug. 3.

Fresh While Mulbermj Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Street-

A small supply of fresh and genuine While Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed. Aug. 3.

PRICES OF COU.YTRY PRODUCE.

AI'PLES,russeltiiigs,
ASHES, pot, first sort,

rcarl, first sort,
UEANS, white,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, Wn.l,
Cargo, No. 2,
liUTTEH, inspected, No. 1, new, -
CtjEESL, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FL.iXSEED,

FLOUK, Ualiiinore, Howard-street, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baliimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOGS LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, 1st quality,
LlMi:,

I'LAISTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy.mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

Red Top f northern)
Red Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,

WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -
Merino, mixed wiili Saxony,
Merino, three fourths washed.
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter,
Native, washed.
Pulled superfine,
1st Lamb's,

2d,

3d, "

Isl Spinning,

PROVISION MARKET,

liEEF best pieces,
PORK, fresii, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, kej and tub.
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according to quality]

barrel

none

1

ton.

103 00(108 CO

"

120 Ot

122 50

buslnd

90

1 00

barrel.

8 50

9 00

7 OC

1 50

"

G 25

6 SO

pound.

15

IS

"

G

8

"

3

4

1 12

1 50

barrel.

5 25

5 50

"

5 37

5 C2

"

4G2

6 CO

'<

4 7.'>

4 75

jushel.

C3

7u

u

G.T

65

"

75

78

•>

CO

67

"

,'i(.

40

cwt.

fiO

70

cwt.

10 00

10 2S

"

M 00

10 OO

cask.

1 01

1 2,5

ton.

3 00

3 2,^

)arrel

17 (in

18 GO

*

13 00

1-1 no

"

13 m

14 00

jushel.

1 If,

200

"

50

62

pound.

10

1?.

cwt.

8 00

8 5j

pound.

C5

7c,

"

75

8.

"

60

6.,

"

65

5,

"

45

5.

"

45

5

"

6^

6j

"

56

5

"

45

fl

pound.

8

"

6

"

Si

*'

6

"

4

"

8

„

13

dozen.

12

bushel.

82

"

B2

"

30

barrel.

1 00

Brighto.n Market — Monday, Aug. 8.

[Reported for the Chronicle and Patriot. I

At Market this day 417 Beef Cattle, including 40 un-
sold last week, 156 Stores, 43 Cows and Calve", 3309
Sheep and Lambs, and 75 Ssvine— the Swine the same
we reported last week. About 30 Beef Cattle remain
unsold.

Prices.— .Bef/ Cattle— 'Nu particular variation from
last week. We shall quote the same from .$4 to 5 25.
Stores. We noticed only a few sales. The remainder
have left the market and gone south.

Cows and Calves. — A large proportion were of an infe-
rior quality. We noticed sales at $12, 14, 15, 17 20, 23
and 30.

SAeep— Sales will average about the same as last week.
We noticed sales of one or two lots of ordinary quality at
$1 54. Also lots as follows, .$1 75, 1 83, 1 SS, 1 72, 2,
2 12, 2 25 and 2 50— a few Wethers at §2 50 a .3.

Swine — At retail 5c. for Sows and 6c. for Barrows.

JVejo York Cattle .Market, Aug I.— At market this day
7 to 800 Beef Cattle, 2000 to 2500 Sheep and Lambs, 100
Swine, and 25 Milch Cows. Market has varied very lit-
tie from last week ; if anything a small depression. Few
extra Beef Cattle, at $6 50, good 5 75 a 6j00 fair, 5 25 a
5 50, middling 4 50 to S.per cwt. Sheep, extra, 4 a 4 50,
(a very superior brought $5) good 3 00 a 3 50, fair 2 a
2 50, and ordinary 1 50 a 1 75, each. Milch Cows .$18 25
a 30 ; Swine market good and prices from 4 a 4.^0. —
Journal of Commerce.

|D=In the New York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow ara
weighed as well as the quarters.

23

MISCELLANY

THE MOWER.
I'm a father of ploughmen, a son of the soil,
And mylifc never tires, for my pleasure is toil —
There are worse stains to bear than the sweat on the

• brow.
And worse things to follow, my fiieud, than the plough.

What is sorrow .' I think such a matter tlicie is,
But to me it showed never its ill-looking phiz.
Wliat is want ! To be idle, to steal, and to lie,—
And sickness ? the Doctor can tell, but not I.

I suppose I must come to the scratch though at last.
For Time has a scythe that would cut down a mast,
Though now on the borders of three score and ten,
Your corners I cut, and can do it again.

If the best of you willing to try with me feels.
Let hira strip to the cotton, and look to his heels —
Through the clover and timothy look at my swath.
Like the wake of a frigate,— stand out of my path.

Sos. Cour.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Temptation. — Dr Radcliffe, attending one of his
most intimate friends in a dangerous illness, refused,
with an unusual strain of generosity, to take a fee.
The patient insisted ; but the doctor was positive. —
When the cure was performed, and the physician
about to take his leave, ' Sir,' said his friend, ' in this
purse I have put every day's fee; nor must your
goodness get the better of my gratitude.' The doc-
tor eyed the purse, counted the days in a moment,
and then stretching forth his hand, said, ' Well, I
can hold out no longer ; single, 1 could have resisted
them for a twelve-month ; but altogetlier, they are
irresistible.— ^/iiopt.

EPIGRAM.

From llie Greek Anthology (Author unknown)
A Miser saw a little mouse
Running about his empty house;
And 'iiousey !' says he, 'pretty dear.
Tell me what errand brings you here.'
Then squatting in a distant nook.
The mouse replied with merry look,
' Fear not, good sir ! to waste your hoard,
I come to lodge, and not to board.'

ON A DANDV.

A Dandy is a chap that would
Be a young lady if he could ;
But as he can't, does all he can.
To show the world he's not a man.

FOR THE NEW EKGLAND FARMER.

Who can behold the unbounded goodness of God,
in the wonderful works of nature, impressed with
a deeper sense of gratitude, than the Farmer .'
When he rises witli the lark, and looks around his
rural habitation, beholding liis fields waving in
magnificent splendor, and the bleating flocks of his
pasture, has he not the strongest proof of an all-
wise and beneficent Benefactor ? Truly, the far-
mer cannot but feel a realizing sense of his entire
dependence on tlie great Giver and Preserver of
all, when he witnesses the many rich favors and
blessings, wliich the Almighty hand is continually
showerinn' down upon him, — with what emotions of
gratitude must he feel impressed, when he beholds
all nature tuning her note to the praise of tiie great
Author of all good. M. L. G.

Sir Stamford Raffles' children had imbibed from
him those tastes it was his pleasure to cultivate ; thus
it will not be wondered at, even at their early age,
that two young tigers and a bear were for sometime
in the children's apartments, under the charge of
their attendant, without being confined in cages ; —
and it was rather a curious scene to see the children,
the bear, the tigers, a blue mountain, and a favorite
cat, all playing together — the parrot's beak being
the only object of awe to the whole party. — Ibid.

A cure for the Ague and Fever, that has never
fatted in 500 cases. l-'2 oz. of cloves, 1-2 oz.
cream tartar, 1 oz. of Peruvian bark, well pulver-
ised. Put them into a bottle of the best port wine,
and take the decoction or tincture on the well days,
as fast as the stomach will receive it. As there are
now more persons afflicted with the fever and ague
than at any other period, in the opinion of the fac-
ulty, the publication of the above recipe will entitle
you to the thanks of numbers who now labor un-
der that disorder. — Washingtoyi County Adv.

A correspondent of a Provincial paper has fa-
vored the editor with the following splendid effu-
sion in praise of his beloved, who had at her own
disposal £200 :

'The moon has got a bright round face.

And so hast thou, my love, luo :
The stars shine brightly in their place,

And sodostthou, my dove, too:
Thy eyes shine splendidly within their sockets,
Blore splendid still the shiners in thy pockets.'

Plurality of Jf'ives. — A sailor, named William
Burch, who was committed last week by the magis-
trates at the Thames Police Office for polygamy, he
having three wives living, and being on the point of
marrying the fourth — appears to have studied the
following verse, from a popular sea-song, to some
purpose:

' I have a wife at Portsmouth gates,

Another at Goree ;
A Copper color at the Straits,

And a Black at St Lucie.' Ibid.

Aug. 10. 1S31.

Medical School in Boston.
The Medical Lectures of Harvard University deliver-
ed in Boston will be commenced in the Autumn, at the
usual period, viz. on the third Wednesday in October.
Tliey will be continued four months.

This extension in the term of the Lectures has been
thought necessary to afford time ior such a course of in-
struction and demonstration, as is deemed by ihe Faculty
to be requisite, under the advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to the School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor to our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy witiiin tliis Commonwealth. The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will be sufficiently obvious. It will be tlie aim of
the Professors to carry into effect the intentions of the
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at the same
time their respect for the rights of liumanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportunities tor practical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The course of Lectures will be —
On Anatomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia Medica, by Dr Bigelow.
" Obstetrics and Medical Jurisprudence, by Dr Chan-

ning.
" Theory and Practce of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr Jackson.

WALTER CHANXING,
Dean of the Faculty of McilictTie.
Boston, Jime 15, \B3\. 6t* julylC

Good Pilotage. — Nothing is more amusing than
the alacrity of Irishmen in getting into scrapes, and
the happy naivete and blunders, with which they en-
deavor to extricate themselves.

A captain of a man of war, newly appointed to a
ship on the Irisli station, took the precaution, in ' beat-
ing out' of harbor, to apprise the pilot that he was
totally unacquainted with the coast, and therefore he
must rely entirely on the pilot's local knowledge for
the safety of his ship.

' You are perfectly sure, pilot,' said the captain,
'you are well acquainted with the coast.'

' Do I know my own name, Sir?'

' Well, mind I warn you not to approach too near
the shore.'

Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten miles from Boston, Six from Salem, and Five from Nahant.

The subscriber most respectfully begs leave to inform
his friends and the public that he continues to keep that
delightful Summer retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his object to tender a genteel
and pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &.C.

The salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring — the beautiful lake, on the borders of which
the establishment is situated, abounding with fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendid Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— Bathing rooms on the margin of the lake, where the
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken — the de-
lightful situation of the House, wi'h its cmnfortabie and
well furnished apartments, with the fruit and flower Gar-
dens adjoi»ing, are attractions for those in pursuit of
health or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberally bestowed.

July 20. JAMES W. BARTON.

Cocoons If'anted.
The Subscriber will pay cash fcr Cocoon:

' Now make yourself asy, Sir ; in troth you may i 50 cents, according to quality.

go to bed if you plase,

' Then, shall we stand on ?'

'Why, what else would we do?'

' Yes, but there mm/ be hidden dangers which you
know nothing about.'

'Dangers ? — I like to see the dangers dar hide
themselves from SIick,^Sure, don't I tell you I know
every rock on the coast ; {here the ship strikes) ' and
that's one of 'em I' — Ibid.

An English lady being asked by a German on what
account she drank the waters of the Spa, replied
in French, ' Parceque je n' ai point d' esprit.' She
meant to say because she was out o( spirits ; but, by
a mistake in her French, she said, ' Because I have
no understanding.' Doctor .Johnson used to laugh
heartily at this, and say it was the reason why most
people frequented watering-places.

Frederic II. met the Bishop of F,rmeland soon after
he had despoiled him of a large part of his revenue,
and after saying that he was his friend, notwith-
standing what liad happened, asked him if he retain-
ed sufficient good will to hide him under his bish-
op's mantle, in case St Peter should refuse to admit
his royal person into Paradise. ' Sire,' replied the
bishop, ' that will scarce be possible. Your majesty
has cut my mantle too short to admit of carrying any
cotitraband goods under it.'

Dedham, July 15th, 18.31.

from 25 to
J. H. COBB.
8t July 20.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at tt»e

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

■ Evening, at §3 per annum
T — but those who pay withia
scribing, are entitled to a de-

ithout payment

Published every We.lne-dr
payable at the end of the ye
sixty days from the time of Eu
duction oflifly cents.

[13^ No paper will be sent to a distance t
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rossei.l, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet tha
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 32 North
Market Street. aoknts.

New I'or/t— G.Thukbukn &. Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Albamj—WM. TnoRBUUN,3f7 Market-street.
Fhitaddphia—M.li. C LANnRETH.RS Chesinul-slrpet.
Ba!limoie—G. H. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
rinciimaiiS. C. Parkhurst,23 Lower Market-street.
Fws/iinf, N. y.WM.PRtNcii& Sons, Prop. Li.n.Bot. Garden
Middlchurii. Vt. — Wight Chapman.
//.ii(/c'/-f/— GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
IVewhuryport, Ebenezkr Stedman, Bookseller.
J'ortsinputli. A'. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.

.. .. " r «r c. /-.„...... i:>_..1. . -.)■..-

■tlccnd, Mv.—S\n\v¥.i. Colm
.iuiTusta, Me. Wm. Mann.
Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Eg.
JioHi/eu-'. L. C— Henry Hillock

Bookseller.

Recorder Office.

NEW ENG1.ANB FAMMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agiucultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDfiTOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 17, 1831.

NO. 5. *

Jl(|}.l5ja®Wa»aW2J Sis

PKEIttllTM LIST

MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY

FOR
PROMOTING AGRICULTURE,

18 3 1,

EUTTFR, CHEESE, VEGETABt.E AND GRAIN CROPS
THE BEST CULTIVATED FARMS, EXPERIMENTS,
DISCOVERIES, AND INVENTIONS, TREtS,
ANII LIVE HEDGES.

The Cattle Show, Exhibition of Manufactures,
&c, held for the last fourteen years at BRioHTOPi,
will be omittetl the present year, for the purpose
of giving greater encouragement, hy increased
Preiniutiis to other objects, attention to which, at
the present iiiomont, appears to the Trustees of
parainonnt importance. All the Premiums liere-
inafler specified will be awarded at the time and
on the conditions, as particularly set forth below.

BUTTER AND CHEESE.

To the proprietors of the best lots of Butter
and Cheese exhibited, without regard to the
place of manufacture.
For the best lot, in tubs, pots, or firkins,

not less than 300 lbs. $100 00

For the next best, not less than 300 lbs. 50 00
For the best, less than 300 lbs. and not

less tlian 100 lbs. 30 00

For the next best, less than 300 lbs. and

not less than 50 lbs. 20 00

For the best, less than 100 lbs. and not

less than 50 lbs. 15 00

For the next best less than 100 lbs. and

not less than 50 lbs. 10 00

For the best lot of Cheese, not less than

one year old, and not less in quantity

than 300 lbs. 100 GO

For the next best, not less than one year

old, and not less in quantity than 300

lbs. 50 00

For the best Cheese, less than one year

old, and not less in quantity than 300

lbs. 50 00

For the next best, of not less quantity 30 00

VEGETABLE AND GRAIN CROPS.

For the greatest quantity of Carrots on

an acre, not less than 600 bushels $20 00
For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Potatoes on

an acre, not less than 500 bushels 20 00
For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 250 bushels 10 00
For the greatest quantity of common

Beets on jin acre, not less than 600

bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than oOO bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Mangel

Wurtzd, or Scarcity Root, on an acre

not less than 600 bushels, 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity Sugar Beets on

an acre, not less than 600 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Parsnips on

an acre, not less than 400 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 200 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantify of Ruta Baga
on an acre, not less than 600 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of common Tur-
nips on an acre, not less than 600
bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantify of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Onions on
an acre, not less than 600 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half
an acre, not less than 300 bushels 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Cabbages on ,

an acre, not less than 25 tons weight,
free from earth when weighed 20 00

For the greatest quantity of ditto on half

an acre, not less than 13 tons 10 00

For the greatest quantity of Vegetables
(Grain, Peas, Beans, excepted) for
home consumption and not for sale —
raised for the keeping of stock, regard
being had to the size of the farm in
proportion to the crop, and to the num-
ber of the stock kept, — and also to the
respective value of the vegetables as
food, and the expense of raising the
. same 30 00

For the greatest quantity of Indian
Corn on an acre, not less than 100
bushels iO 00

For (he greatest quantity of Winter
Wheat on an acre, not less than 30
bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of Barley on

an acre, not less than 4.5 bushels 20 00

For :he greatest quantity of Rye on an

acre, not less than 30 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of Millet on an
acre, cut and cured for hay, not less
than 3 tons ; the claimant giving evi-
dence of the time of sowing, the quan-
tity of seed sown, and the quantity of
hay produced 20 00

For the greatest quantity of dry Peas on
an acre, not less than 30 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of dry Beans
on an acre, not less than 30 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of Mustard

Seed, not less than 20 bushels 20 00

For the greatest quantity of dressed Flax,
not less than 500 lbs. from on acre 20 00

For the greatest quantity and best qual-
ity of Hemp, on an acre 40 00
It is to be understood that the quantity of

Imd specified above is, in each case, to be in

one piece. And the claimant of any of the

above premiums shall, with one other person,

raake oath to the following particulars before

some .Justice of the Peace, and with a certifi-
cate of the same, shall obtain a certificate of the

measurement of the land by some sworn sur-
veyor.

The particulars are —

1. The condition of the land in the sprinir of
1831.

2. The product, and general state of culti-
vation and quality of manure used upon it the
preceding year.

3. The quantity of manure the present season.

4. The quantity of seed used, and if pota-
toes, the sort.

.5. The time and manner of sowing, weeding
and harvesting the crop, and the amount of the
product ascertained by actual measurement
after the whole produce for which a premium is
claimed, is harvested, and the entire expense of
cultivation.

6. Of Indian corn — the entire crop of the
acre offered for premium, if shelled, to be
measured between the I5th of November, and
the 1st of December. If not shelled, the
whole to be weighed within the same dates, and
75 pounds of corn and cob, is to be considered
as equivalent to one bushel of shelled corn.

7. At least 40 bushels of the vegetables, for
which a premium is claimed (except potatoes,
onions, and common turnips,) are to be weighed,
and 50 pounds, from the dirt, will be considered
as a bushel.

THE BEST CULTIVATED FARMS.

For the best cultivated Farm $100 00

For the next bes_t^ivltivati;jl f arm 75 00

The farm to consist of nolrt&s than 70 acres,
exclusive of woodland. The owner or tenant^
to entitle himself to either of the premiums,'
must state in writing the nature and quality of
the soil ; the proportions suitable for tillage,
mowing and pasturing, respectively, and espe-
cially the quantity of irrigated meadow or low
land which is never tilled or ploughed.

The number of acres planted the present
year with corn, potatoes, and other vegetables.

The number sowed with winter and spring
grains, and other vegetables, specifyino- the
several kinds, and the number of acres planted
or sown with each.

The quantity and kind of manure used for
each crop, and the times and manner of apply-
ing it.

The quantity and quality of each crop.

The number of acres mowed the present
year, specifying the proportion of irrigated
meadow, or low land, and the proportion which
had been ploughed or tilled, and the kind of
grass, and quantity of hay on each.

Manner of irrigating the lauds, and dressing
and manuring meadow or low land, and irrigated
upland, if any, and laying down tilled land to
grass.

The kinds of grass seed sown, the quantity
of each, the time of year, and whether sown
with oats, barley, or other grain, or alone.

The number of acres of pasture ; the part,
if any, that had previously been ploughed ;
when this part was laid down, and the kinds
and quantities of grass seed sown per acre.

34

NEW ENCJLAND FARMER,

Aug. 17, 1831-

The number of apple trees on the farm ; the
proportion grafted ; whether planted in orchards
or partly by the fences against the road ; the
quantity of winter apples gathered and cider
made ; treatment of trees, and manner of making
cider.

The form and dimensions of barns, sheds and
barnyard, and manner of collecting and making
manure.

The number of oxen, cows, and young stock,
horses and sheep, kept on the farm through the
year, and the quantity of butter and cheese
made, distinguishing the new milk from the
other cheese, and the breed of cows, whether
foreign, mixed, or native.

The number of swine and quantity of pork
made.

The labor employed in carrying on the farm,
and quantity of ardent spirits consumed.

As it is deemed important to ascertain the
best rotation of crops, it is expected that the
applicants for these premiums will state the kind
of crop, if not able to state the quantity, raised
on the several and respective pieces of tillage,
mowing, and pasture land described in their
statements, for two years next precednig the
present one.

The manner of feeding his stock in the win-
ter season ; whetiier he gives his milch cows
or oxen grain or roots of any kind, and the kind
and quantity.

His treatment of calves he intends to raise;
whether he lets them continue to suck, or weans
them soon after born — how soon — what food he
gives them, and how long he continues to feed
them.

His manner of making cider and cleansing
his old barrels, and the time he draws it off, if
at all.

The kind of food given to bis swine, and the
manner in which it is prepared.

The age at which he finds it most profitable
to make "beef of his working oxen and good
milch cows.

If it be a sheep farm, the manner he treats
his sheep in tiie winter ; whether they are

of extirpating the worm that attacks same, or other circumstances, may have been

the Locust tree 100 00 sent to the hall, merely for sale.

For a new, effectual, and satisfactory
mode of extirpating the Borer which
attacks the apple tree

For any newly invented Agricultural
Implement, or Machine, superior to
any designed for the same use, that
shall have heretofore gained a premi-
um, a reward not exceeding twenty
dollars, according to the importance
of the invention

TREES AND LIVE HEDGES.

For the largest plantation of the White
Mulberry tree, not less than two thous-
and plants, nor less than three years

housed or left out in the yard, the food given , For the best Apple Orchard planted

Claims for the premiums on Butter and
I Cheese, must be made in writing, addressed to
50 00 Benjamin Guild, Esq., Boston, post paid, on or
before the first day of December, 1831. And
the parcels deposited before Tuesday the 6th,
at (iuincy Hall, on which day, at 10 o'clock,
A. M. the committee will examine the lots of-
fered for premium, and none will be admitted
after that hour.
20 00 The premiums will be awarded at the Hall
on Wednesday the 7th.

Each lot must be marked with the initials of
the owner's name, and the place of manufac-
ture.

,, ; , , ■ , , ,- „ .!,„ 1^. It is particularly recommended to the com-

old,tobe claimed on or betore the 1st \ J u . ■ .i „■„„„,

of December, 1832 8.50 00 P*"" '"•■"■ ''^"^^ "'^ ''""'"" ^"^ P"' "P '" ^'"^ """^^^

For the greatest quantity of raw or un-
manufactured Silk, not less than ten
pounds, raised by the claimant, and
presented before the 1st December,
1833 20 00

For the best plantation of White Oak
trees, not less than one acre, nor fewer
? than 1000 trees per.,acre — raised from
the acorn — not less than three years
old, and which shall be in the most
thriving state on the 1st September.
1832 100 00

For the best plantation of White Ash
Larch, or Yellow Locust trees, each
of not less than one acre, nor fewer
than 1000 trees per acre, to be raised
from the seeds, and which trees not
less than three years old, shall be in
»» the most flourishing state on the 1st

September, 1832 50 00

For the best Live Hedge, made either
of white or Cockspur Thorn, planted
after 1820, not less than one hundred
rods, and which shall be in the most
thriving state in 1831 , 50 00

For the best Buckthorn Hedge, not less
than 100 rods, and which shall be in
the most thriving state, in 1831 50 00

Com.

them, and the time they generally lamb.

The whole statement to be sworn to by the
applicant. The Trustees to be at liberty, in all
cases, before they award the premium, to visit
by a committee, or such other persons as they
shall appoint, the farms of the applicants, if they
deem it expedient.

N. 15. Claims to be addressed to Benjamin Guild,
Esq. in Boston, (post paid) bel'oie Uie first day of Octo-
ber next.

50 00

EXPERIMENTS, DISCOVERIES, .\ND INVENTIONS.

For the experiment of turning in Green
Crops as a manure, on a tract, not
less than one acre, and proving its
utility, giving a particular account in
writino- under oath of the process and
the result §20 00

For the most successful use of the Drill
Plough, in the cultivation of any small
grains or seeds, on a scale of not less
than one acre

For an effectual and satisfactory mode
of destroying the Bee-moth or of pre-
venting its ravages

For an effectual and satisfactory mode

20 00

since 1822, not less than 100 trees,
and which has been managed, in all
respects, with care and skill, and shall
be in the most thriving condition in
the season of 1S31

Claims for the premiums on vegetable and
grain crops, and experiments and inventions,
together with the evidences required, are to be
n writing, and sent free of expense, to Ben-
jamin Guild, Esq., in Boston, Assistant Rc-

manncr.

Agricultural Implements of new invention,
intended for exhibition, must be sent to the Hall
on or before Tuesday the 6th December.
R. Sullivan, ")

E. H. DrRBY, [
.loHN Heard, Jr. (
GoRHAM Parsons, J
BosTov, Jan. 1S31.

^1

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMIR

STOCKS FOR FRUIT TREES, &c.
Mr Fessenden — Althoiigli your valuable pafier
has treated very extensively (and in my opinion
very properly) upon :lie suhjcct (if raisins! Fruit
Trees, yet I have cxiunined its files, nn.l likewise
several res|iectal)le vvriti^rs on Ildrlicnlrnre almost
in vain, fur practical inlbruiation on the snlijecl of
raisin;; the stocks proper for tlie diffiTf nt .ipecies
and varietii^s of fruits. The re;ison of this scarcity
of iuforinatioij probably arises in a };ieat degree
from tlie fart, that must persons procure their fruit
trees already in^'rafied or budded from the nm-se-
ries, and that the luirsery mi'U cuniinnnly acquire
their knowledge from expericnciMl livinj; cultiva-
tors. As however, there are coiisiiloralile inconven-
ienries attendin;; the procuring of trees from distant
nurseries, and a difficulty of g-etting- vi!,'(irous and
healthy trees, to say nothing of the expense of
purohasinj; a considerable niimlicr, which one
UMist do at the lu-eseiit time to be certain of ob-
tainin" the best kinds, 1 think many persons would
prefer, (if they could without difficulty obtain the
requisite iiifiirinatioii) to raise a part, at least, of
their fruit trees from the seed and attend person-
ally to the grafting or luiddiug thein. I do not
suppose it is advisable for the great body of the
conimuiiiiy tu do this, for I think that the proprie-
tors of the large nurseries are doing a very

cording Secretary, on or before the first day of I important service to the country, and deserve, and

December next, and they will be examined by
the committee, previous to the 7th day of De-
cember, on which day the premiums will be
announced at Quincy Hall.

Competitors for the Butter and Cheese pre-
miums will please to take notice, that there wid
be a public auction after the examination by
the committee. There will be no charge for
auctioneer's fees, but the government duty must
be paid by the owners of the butter and cheese.
The committee will be at liberty to withhoM
from the auction sale, any parcels, either of
20 00 } butter or cheese, which they may have reason
'to suppose, from the ordinary quality of the

will continue to receive the patronage of the pub-
lic. The Princes, Landreths, Kenricks, Wiuships,
Buel and others, are entitled to much credit for
their exertions in introducing and cultivating nevr
species and varieties of fruits and other vegetables,
and we doubtle.ss owe to those exertions in com-
mon with tlie Horticultural Societies the introduc-
tion of many new kinds, some of which may be
justly estimated of national advantage. The Messrs
Prince especially have spared no pains or expense
in the collection of the choicest and most unbound-
ed variety of the gifts of Flora and Pomona.
But to return to the subject of this conunuuicatioo.
I should be much gratified, and believe it would

Vol. X.— No. 5.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

35

be doing an es.senlial sei'vice to a jiortinn nf ilio
fruit loving coiimiunily, if some one wcli acquaint-
ed with tlie siilijfct, would conununieate lhi-oiif;li
the columns ol'the Faniicr, information concerning
the sorts of stori;s best ada|)ted for each kind of
fruit, and hkewise a minute detail of ihc liest mode,
and time of irathering, preserving and siowing tlie
different kiinls of seed for the stocks, especially of
Cherries, Pears, Plums, Aprii-ots, &,c. Apple
stocks are raised witijont difficulty, but Pears,
Cherries, Pliuns, &c, are, according to my limited
experience, somewhat difficult of growth. Peach
stocks are also raised without difficulty, but I be-
lieve it is thought by most niu-sery tnen, that Peach
stocks are of very limited value. I will however
remark, that 1 think I f:ave seen an observation of
Mr T. A. Knight, that fruit trees arc generally the
most dnruble vvlien grafted or budded on stocks of
tlie same species. If such an opinion was enter-
iained by that distinguished horticulturist, it is
certainly worthy of examination. As the time for
gathering the seeds and stones of most fruits is
approaching I hope shortly to hear from some one
on tlie subject.

I will likewise call the attention of some of your
corresimndeiits to an insect of a new kind to nie
that appeared (jn the grape vines in this neighbor-
hood in the spring. It appeared just as the vines
were pulling forth their buds, and eat into the
centre of the buil. In many cases it was appa-
rently the cause of the entu'e failure of the finit,
and a serious injury to the vines, as, when the vines
grew, instead of a single healthy shoot, several
feeble oiu^s started out, from one bud. The insect
is a small hug, about the size of the small yellow
bug that infests cucumbers, of a palish blue color.
If any means were suggested for preventing the
depredations of these Insects, it would be gratifying
to me, and perhaps to others. M.

Berlin, Ct., August 8, 1831.

FOR THE KEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Mr Fessendf.n — As Tomatos, have, at last,
become conmion in our market, I send you a re-
cipe for preserving them during the winter.

Besides the numerous moiles of preparing this
delicious vegetable for the tabic, it may be stewed,
after being pealed, with sugar, like cranberries
and gooseberries, producing a tart equal to either
of those fruits. Try the experiment and be satis-
fied. Your most obedient servant.

II. A. S. Dearborn.

Brinley Tlnre. (
Aug. IJ.IMO. j

EXTRACT NO. XXXIV.

From the Annales cle la Societe D'llorticullure de Paris.

METHOD OF PRESERVING TOMATOS.

' The boiling required for the preservation of
fruits, always changes their quality, and sometimes
entirely alters their character; and itofien happens,
when the fruits are acid, as in the Tomato, thai
they imbibe in the copper vessels, in which they
are stewed to a certain consistence, metallic )irin-
ciples, which are injurious to health. This dou-
ble consideration induces us to publish an excellent
method for preserving the tomato, which does not
alter the quality of this fruit, and does not require
the action of heat.

'A sufficient quantity of salt is dissolved in
spring or river water to make it strong enough lo
bear an egg ; select perfectly ripe to.natos, and
place them well and without pressing them in a
Stone or glazed earthen pot, which is to be filled with

the brine ; cover the pot with a deep plate in such a
manner that it presses upon the fruit, and by this
simple process tomatos may be preserved more
than a year without attention. Before cooking
I hem they should be soaked in fresh water, for se-
veral hours.'

BUDDING— QUERY.

Mr Fessendf.n — This isthe season for buddino-
fruit trees ; those who practise the art are naturally
led to reflect more on the subject generally at this
than at other seasons.

We are told bv nurserymen, and others skilled
in Botany, that trees of the same genus may be
liudded indiscriminately into each other; the bud
producing leaves of its kind will control the future
growth of the tree.

The reason assigned is that the leaf receives the
sap, and by its peculiar construction prepares and
modifies it in a suitable manner to produce Wood,
bark, ami fruit of its kind.

Suppose I have a seedling plum tree of the size
of a goose-quill : I insert a bud of the peach — re-
move the top — the Imds grow.s — and in a few years,
in consequence of the power and influence of the
leaf I have a large peach tree — Now if the above
theory be correct, the whole tree, root and branch
(except the small portion that existed at the time
of budding) ought to be |)each and produce peach
suckers — and yet it is confidently aserted that
this will not be the case, and that tlie growth below
the point where the bud was inserted will con-
tinue to be plum, the above theory to the contrary
notwithstaniling.

If you think the above worthy of notice, and if
you or any of your oorrespon dents will have the
goodness to explain the matter you will oblitre at
least one of your constant readers.

JVeioton, Aug. 15.

Horticulture.

Proceedings of the Mussnchusett;; Horticultural
Society at a vieet!?ig, held at ihc Hall of the
Institution, on Saturday the I3th of Aug. 1831.
The President read the following letter :

B.,ltininie, .AucustG, 1831.

Dear Sib — I hr.ve the pleasure of inclosing to
you, for the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
a few seeds of the nut-hearing pine tree. A more
particular description of which will be found in the
last number of the American Farmer.

Yours respectfiilly, John S. Skinner,

lion. H. A. S. Dearboen, Pies. Mass. lion. Sfic.

The seeds were distributed.

The President stated that he planted the seeds
of this species of Pine, (Piiius Pinea, or Stone Pine)
last spring, and has some fifty idants, which he
shall be happy to present in the autumn to the
members of the Society. The tree is described in
Michaxix's JVorth American Sylva. It is a native
of the northern coast of the Medilerranoan, and the
seeds are eaten as a substitute for almonds. The
cones are very large, and give an interesting ap-
pearance to the tree.

Ilorliciiltiiral Hall, 1
S.nurday, August 13, 1831. j

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

By the President, specimens of native Pears, from
a tree which was produced from the seed planted
about twelve years since, in his garden, Brinley
Place, and now just cominar into bearing ; pears
rather under medium size, and of good flavor.

From Z. Cook, Jr. Esq., well flavored Bergamot

Pears, of medium size, from a tree imported from
France C years since, name lost.

From Mr Manning, Pears— Skinless, Summer
Frankreal, of the Pomologicai Magazine, a specimen
of pears variously but erroneously called at Flushing
Juliinne, Avorat. Also, the true Julienne, of Coxe,
but not of Flushing, a fruit of medium size, but su-
perior flavor. This last fruit if we mistake not isthe
saine sometimes here miscalled Summer Doyenne —
Summer St Michael.

From S. G. Perkins, Esq., Pears.

From Mr E. M. Richards, Pears— Skinless, Early
Catharine, and English — Catharine, otherwise called
English Red Cheek.

From Mr Stearns, of Salem, very fine Jargonelle
Pears. [Cuisse Madame of the French.]

From Mr Pettee, of Newton, handsome specimens
of ripe Peaches.

From Dr Robbins, of Roxbury, handsome Sopsa-
vine Apples, and a late fall apple, of good size, and
very delicate appearance, name unknown ; and
another specimen (name lost) of a fine juicy apple,
small in size, and deeply stained outside and inside
with dark crimson ; ripe 20th July, and continues
nearly till October.

From Mr S. Pond, of Cambridge Port, for premi-
um. Cage Plums, large and fair.

From Mr Ebenezer Breed, very large Lemons,
raised in Charlestown, on trees imported from
Malta.

From Messrs Adams & Seaver, of the Faneuil
Hall Market, three large and beautiful bunches of ■
ripe Black Hamburg Grapes.

WILLIAM KENRICK.

Pears. — As this delicious fruit is beginning to
ripen, and as some varieties are of short duration
on account of their rotting at the core, we would
recomiiiend to those who have pears, which are
subject to this sudden decay, to pick them from the
tree before they become mellow, and place them ia
a cool, dry place, as in a chamber, where by spread-
ing ihem, they can be examined more particularly
than when on the tree, and those properly matur-
ed, selected for use before they become rotten at
the core, which they will not do, as soon a* when
ripened on the tree. — Genesee Farmer.

Straioberries. — We would remind those who
wish to cultivate this fine fruit in their gardens, that
the beds in which they intend to set them should be
well manured, and dug at least one month before
planting out the vines, which should be done ear-
ly in September, in order that they may take suf-
ficient root to prevent their being thrown out by
the frost ilnring the winter or spring. A situation
tliiit is rather moist than otherwise, is preferable,
and one that is half shaded is better than one expo-
sed to the full blaze of a meridian snn. Give the
ground deep and repeated spadings, previous to
setting the young plants, which should be at a dis-
tance of from twelve to eighteen inches apart.— /i.

Silk {forms.— h is stated when the leaves of.
the Mulberry tree have been nipped by frost, or
when tiic worms are hatched bel'ore the leaves put '
forth, they may be fed upon the dried leaves of the
Mulberry, gathered Itefore the frost commences in
Autumn. The leaves must be dried in the sun,
by spreading them on large cloths ; after which
they must be reduced to powder. When it is ne-
cessary lo feed the worms, moisten the powder with
water very gently, and put a thin coat of it round
the young worms, which they immediately begin to
feed upon. This is likely to prove useful to those
who are engaged in cultivating the Silk Worm, i(^
our state. — JV*. Y. Farmer.

86

NEW ENGl.AND FARMER;

Aug. 17, 1831.

NOTES AND REFLECTIONS

Made dutinc a Tour Ihrough pari of France and Germany, in the
auiunin nt ihe year 1SS8. By J. C. Loudm.

The Market Gardens of Paris (les Jardins Marais)
are numerous, generally of small extent, and cul-
tivated liy manual labor ; l)ut a few of tliem may
be designated Farm Gardens, in wliicli are used
the plough and other agricultural implements. As
vegetables enter more into the cookery of France
than they do into that of England, an immense
quantity is consumed at the hos|iitals and similar
institutions; and, in consequence of this, the more
extensive market-gardeners employ their jiroduce
chiefly in executing contracts entered into with
public bodie.s. With this exception, the |)roduce
of the Paris market-gardens is sold in the vegeta-
ble markets, as in London. There are several of
these, but none so decidedly superior to all the
others as to be compared to Covent Garden Mar-
ket. The Marclie des Innocens appeared to ns
one of (ho largest. We visited it twice, on Sep-
tember 13th, and December 20, and shall note
what we saw in it on those days, with the conclu-
sions which we drew.

La Marchi des Innocens. — Sept. 13. The area
exceeds an acre, and is surrounded by a quadran-
gular range of sheds, open on both sides, with a
walk in the centre. In the inclosed area, potatoes
and other roots are sold, as in the area of Covent
Garden Market. We shall compare the supplies
of the two markets about the same season of the
year.

The Cabbage Tribe. — An abundant supply, but the
variety not great, and the kinds coarse and not well head
ed. Very large Savoys, some red cabbapcs and fielil-
cabbages, and also some broccoli and cauliflower. On
the whole, the markets of London, Edinburgh, and Slras-
burgh, which we have seen at the same season (Edin-
burgh in 1803, andStrasburgb in 1819,) were rntber bet-
ter supplied than the Marcbc des Innocens. The deti-
ciency appeared to be in the quality of the kinds of cab-
bage and broccoli.

Legumes. — Ripe pods of kidney bean«, but none green,
and no common peas in pods. Decidedly inferior to Bri-
tish markets.

Tubers and Roots. — .Vbundanre of potatoes, but the
sorts not such as would be considered good in Britain. —
Quantities of Jerusalem artichoke, scorzonera, black rad-
ishes, Teltow turnip, solid celery, carrots, parsncps, suc-
cory roots, and others. The variety much greater than
in Britain, and the quality of every article, except the
potatoes and carrots, equal, if not superior.

The Onion Tribe. — .'i.n abundant supply of both
onions and leeks, and also a quantity of shallots aud g.n-
lic. The leeks smaller than in Britain.

Asparaginous Plants, Salads. &c. — A few artichokes,
and some balf-blanchcd celery, lettuce, endive, lamb's
lettuce, and other salads. The variety greater than in
Britain, the supply more abundant, and the quality supe-
rior.

Pot and Sweet Herbs. — Abundance of parsley of a
coarse sort, tarragon and all our other aromatic herbs,
capsicums in quantities, tomatoes, and egg-fruit. The
variety and supply both greater than in Britain.

Fungi. — Abundance of niushi'ooins, and some truffles.

Fruits for Tarts and Pickling. — Large quantities of
white cucumbers (concombres,) of pickling cucumbers
(cornichons.) gourds, and pumpkins, in great variety, ol
all sizes, but ne did not observe the vegetable marrow.
On a par with British markets.

Fruits. — Aliundance of apples, chiefly Colvilles; and
of pears, chiefly bon Chretiens and berganiots ; rock aud
Cantaloup melons, Chassekis grapes, peaches, figs, and
])luins ; pear-shaped sorbs, sold at about a sous each ;
and a great quantity of very excellent alpine strawber-
ries. The last article is the only one in which this mar-
ket excelled that of Covent Garden; in all the other
frgits it was much inferior.

Adjoining the market are shops;, in which are
sold pistachios and other dried fruits, oranges,
nuts, &c, carrots, dried pears, plums, apples,
and apricots. The onions and carrots are charred

so as to become as black as ink : this eflect is pro-
duced by baking them slowly in an oven, and ta-
king them out at intervals during several days.
Tlipy are used in cookery for coloring soups.

Sprigs of orange tree in blossom are, we were
told, to be found in this market throughout the
year. These are considered essential accompani-
ments to the dress of bridal parties ; and although
artitioial flowers, perfumed with orange-water are
sometimes employed by those who cannot aflford
the living article, yet the latter is by far the most
generally used.

On the whole, the supplies of the Paris vegeta-
ble markets are inferior in point of excellence to
those of London. The quality and variety of fruits
are greatly inferior, and also the dryness and flavor
of potatoes, and the succulency of turnips, cab-
bages, and the other common culinary vej:etahles ;
but the Paris markets approach to equality with
those of London, in nmshrooms, salad.=, and aro-
matic herbs, during suintner, aud surpass us in
those articles during winter.

December 20. Observed a great quantity of ex-
cellent cauliflowers ; endive and chiccory, blanched
In difTerent degrees : lamb's lettuce, scorzonera,
Teltow turnips, solid celery, common white turnips,
very long leeks : onions, rather small ; excellent
field cabbage, in immense quantities ; savoys, large
heaps of mushrooms, and, to the best of our
juilgment at the lime, every vegetable seen in the
London markets about the same season, with the
cxco|-,tinn of broccoli, seakale, asparagus, and forc-
ed rhubarb. The fruits were Chasselas grapes,
Colville and reinette grise apples, a few indifferent
pears, different kinds of service, cornel berries,
walnuts and filberts, and sprigs of orange-blossoms,
as in September. It is but fair to mention that we
failed ill being at the market sufficiently early in
the morning to see things in their best state. We
shall now glance at some of the market gar-
dens.

The Field Market- Garden of M. Cadet de Mars,

at .lubervilliers Oct. 4. Auhervilliers is a small

village, about a league from Paris, and M. Cadet
de Mars' grounds occupy 50 or 60 acres round it.
This gardener iiasbcen repeatedly mayor of his vil-
lage, and he is unquestionably at the bead of field
marker-gardeners in the neighborhood of Paris,
lie was, as he told us, a peasant ; but it is im-
possible to see his imposing matdy figure and open
generous countenance without feeling that he is
noble by nature. He is upwards of seventy ; and
he began the world without a penny, and without
education ;but he is now proprietor ofthe grounds
which he cultivates, besides houses and other
property. He has Ititely ceded his grotinils, with
the exception of a lew acres for his own amuse-
ment, to his children ; and lives quietly with his
wife, an excellent woman, about twenty years
younger than himself. This old man is full of
gayety and spirits, content with his past life, and
apparently happy. He has always had the greate.st
curiosity respecting other countries, and this still
breaks out every time he sees a foreigner. He
told us that he would travel ihrough England,
provided his wife wouhl accompany him. He
once went as f;ir as Havre with a friend who was
going to England, for the .sake of seeing the sea,
and he speaks with raptures of the visit. He takes I
au interest in all that is passing in the world, and
spoke much of America ; the government of which
he admires beyond that of all other countries, and
which he hopes that France will one day adopt as

a model. He spoke much of the first revolution,
of which he had witnessed many of the most in-
teresting scenes. In ptditics and morals, indeed,
he is far beyond his contemporaries ; anil is, in
short, as far as an unlettered man can be, all that
Jefferson or Lafayette could wish him to be. He
made his fortune chiefly by taking large contracts
to supply the hospitals. The largest contracts he
ever had were made with the Hospice Salpetri6re ;
for which on gounl-day, i. e. the day on which the
vegetable used in the soup served to the inmates
is the pumpkin or the gourd, he used to supply
6000 lbs. He has had a fruit of the mammoth
gotnd which weighed 195 lbs. He had also large
contracts with the manufacturers of sugar from the
beet root ; especially during the years 1S12 and
1S13, when the price of sugar in Paris was 5f.
jier lb. These companies failed, for the most part,
in 1814 and 1815, when sugar fell to 14 sous per
lb. His sons still cultivate large (|uantities of
mangold-wurtzel for feeiling cows ; ami it deserves
to be remarked, that these cultivators, and also
others in their neighborhood, who formerly used
to gather a part of the leaves to .sell as fodder
while the plants were growing, have now left oflT
the practice, from finding that it lessens the size of
the roots.

In the field-garden culture practised here, and
in other field-gardens in the neighborhood of
Paris, the soil is ploughed for the cro|> with a
two-wheeled plough ; hut all the operations of
cleaniiiff tmd gtitberiiig the crop are performed by
manual labor. Irrigation, either by manual labor
or by channels on the surface, is seldom resorted
to. There is no regidar rotation of cro|)s : but in
general, after three or four crops of vegetables, a
crop of wheat i.s taken, or the land is sown with
lucerne, under which it remains frotn two to five
years. Turnips are seldom sown in the spring
because the drought and insects destroy them ; but
in .August, after the crop of peas, wheat, or rye is
removed, they are sown with success. Onions
and leeks are sown together in February: neither
grows large. The onions are removed early in
September, and the leeks reinain to be taken up
as wanted. Small leeks are preferred in the Paris
market, as having more flavor ; and the same as
to onions and asparagus. Where the soil is deep,
soft, and inclineil to moisture, the marshmallovv is
cultivated for the apothecaries, and found to pay
well, because suitable ground fi)r this plant is rare
on secondary limestone. Asparagus is grown in
single rows along the bottom of shallow trenches,
and, instead of covering the plants during winter
as we do in England, their crov/ns or buds are
laid almost bare, so as to receive the first influence
of the sun in spring. As the plants begin to |)ush,
they are earthed up. A part of the grounds is
[ilanted with vines, in rows about 3 ft. apart, be-
tween each row of which is a row of asparagus ;
and in the rows of vines are asparagus plants,
which alternate with the vines. When the vines
are in fruit, the stalks of the asparagus are tied
together in bundles, to admit morn air to the
vines. On expressing our surprise at the practice
of laying bare the buds of asparagus during the
winter, M. Cadet de Mars acknowledged that
highly succulent varieties of asparagus, grown in-
deep richly manured .soil, such as might be seen
in some private gardens, and particularly in that of
the king at Versailles, wotild suffer from this prac-
tice ; but that field-asparagus, such as that before
us, was nearer a state of nature, and suffered no

Vol. X.— N". 5.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

37

injury, lie observed tli.nt a covering' of earth or
litter, wliile it prevented the escape of heat, iit tiie
same time prevented its entrance ; and he gave,
as an instance in favor of the practice, the well
known early flowering of bulbs planted on the
surface, as done with crocuses about Paris, in
comparison with those which are inserted some
inches deep in the soil. He is of opinion that
cold serves to force forward plants as well as heat ;
having remarked that, after a very severe winter,
provided it were short, bulbs flowered earlier, and
asparagus was ready to cut sooner. Of course,
this doctrine can only ap|dy to very hardy plants,
but, relatively to them, it appears to be one well
deserving the consideration of British gardeners.

In the grounds which M. Cadet de Mars has
retained fur his own amusement, there is a wall
covered with peach and apricot trees, very well
trained in the fan manner. Along its top there is
a projecting trellis, supported, at an angle of about
60^, by struts abiittiijg against the wall, about
2 ft. lower thai; the top ; and this trellis is covered
with vines. The upper parts of the peach and
apricot trees were evidently injured a little by the
shade of the vines ; but we were told that the latter
were of some use to the former in spring, by pro-
tecting their blossoms from perpendicidar cold.
The trellis was loaded with grapes, which, fioni
the path in front, had a very rich appearance.
There were a great many dwarf apple trees in
this garden, tndned sn goJeZff ; the sort preferred
was the reinette de Canada. Behind M. Cadet j
de Mars' house is a small walled garden, formerly,
if we are not mistaken, the burying-gromul of a
religious establishmeni, the church of which is
now one of .M. Cadet de Mars' barns, and is filled
with apples and onions. There are some very
large standard apricot trees in this garden, and a
very old vine, which bear abundantly ; and we
saw a stack of onions as large as a haystack.
The onions are stacked by alternating them with
thin layers of rye straw ; the straw at the outside
of the stack being doubled in over the onions, so
that none of them appeared to view. We have
seen carrots stacked in the same manner with
wheat stiaw in England.

book-boards, &c, is sain, on (lie authority of Lin- I Solid Stem Wheat. We had an o

nspus, to get sometimes into the stomach, and to ty a lew .lays since, says the Annaiiolis, Marvland
produce considerable disorder; but this insect is l{p,„,|,ii,--,ii of [,,h, Q „r » • i. c . '

very common in houses, and, from the rarity of such "'^l""'"" "• "' '^'X \^; "'^ " '"' "^ '"^'^^^
accidents, we are led to doubt the evidence usually "1.'°" '''« '""'i "f Dr Wilson Waters, of Rhode

INSECTS.

We copy the followinff singular account from the
,ast No. of the valuable Library of Entertaining
Knowledge :

We do not wish to create, so much as to allay, the
fears entertained by those who are unacquainted with
the habits of insects ; and nothing v/e are persuaded
will do tills more effectually than a statement of facts
well ascertained. 'Several people,' says the Abbe
de la Pluche, 'never eat fruit because they believe
that spiders and other insects scatter their eggs up-
on it at random ;' but even if this were so, as it is
not, it would be impossible for the young, should
they be hatched in the stomach, to live there for an
instant. The possible cases in which this may oc-
cur we shall now briefly notice ; they are fortunate-
ly very rare.

The meal worm, and some of the grubs which
feed on grain and other provisions, are recorded to
have been swallowed, and to have given rise to
disorders in the stomach and bowels ; but in all such
cases it is plain, that if the insects did survive the
increased temperature of the stomach, they could
only live on the food swallowed from time to time,
for, not being carnivorous, they would not attack the
stomach itself. The same remark will apply no less
forcibly to the herbivorous larva?, which might
chance to be swallowed in salad, &c. The cater-
pillar of the tabby moth [Jlglossa pinguinalis,
LiTRKiLLE,) which feeds on butter, the leather on

brought forward. ; -l^iver, Irom which, we presume, something up-

That insects are, in some rare cases, introduced wards of n bushel will he reaped — that if we mis-

into the human stomach, has been more tlian once '''ke not, will be a valuuhle acquisition : it is the

proved; though the greater number of the accounts third product of a {cvi grains of seed brou'dit,

of such facts in medical books are too inaccurate to l,„nie bv our fellow citizen Lt Mayo of the Uidt-

be trusted. But one extraordinary case has beeii ^j State.s Navy, and obtained ' by him upon the
completely authenticated, both by medical men and p, ■ ,^ r rn ■ ^■ «,. •' ,., ,' ^
'.,..._:_-...__,: _.!,: ,-!:,_,■,, t^, I ' /«"!« 0/ TV'ot/, HI Asia Miuor, wliich he spent

some time in visiting a kw years a^'o, when the

competent naturalists ; and is published in the Dub
lin Transactions, by Dr Pickells of Cork. Mary Ri-
ordan, aged 28, had been much affected by the
death of her mother, and at one of her many visits to
the grave seems to have partially lost her senses,
having been found lying there on the morning of a
winter's day, and having been exposed to heavy rain
during the night. When she was about fifteen, two
popular Catholic priests had died, and she was told
by some old women that if she would drink daily, for
a certain time, a quantity of water, mixed with clay
taken from their graves, she would be forever se-
cure from disease and sin. Following this absurd
and disgusting prescription, she took from time to
time large quantities of the draught ; some time af-
terwards, being afl'ected with a burning pain in the
stomach (Cnrdiiilgin,) she began to eat large pieces
of chalk, which she sometimes also mixed with wa-
ter and drank.

Now, whether in any or in all of these draughts
she swallowed the eggs of insects, cannot be affirm-
ed ; but for several years she continued to throw up
incredible numbers of grubs and maggots, chiefly of
the churchyard beetle (Blaps mortisaga, Fabr.) —
'Of the larva; of the beetle,' says Dr Pickells, 'lam
sure I considerably underrate, when I say that not
less than 700 have been thrown up from the stomach
at different times since the commencement of my
attendance. A great proportion were destroyed by
herself to avoid publicity ; many, too, escaped im-
mediately by running info holes in tlie floor. Up-
wards of ninety were submitted to Dr Thomson's
examination ; nearly all of which, including two of
the specimens of the meal worm [Tencbiiu moHtor,)
I saw myself, thrown up at diflx^rent times. The av-
erage size was about an inch and a half in length,
and four lines and a half in girth. The larvEe of the
dipterous insect, though voided only about seven or
eight times, according to her account, came up al-
most literally in myriads. They were alive and mov-
ing.' Altogether, Dr Pickells saw nearly 2000 grubs
of the beetle, and there were many which he did
not see. Mr Clear, an intelligent entomologist of
Cork, kept some of them alive for more than twelve
mouths. Mr S. Cooper cannot understand whence
the continued supply of the grubs was provided, see-
ing that larvae do not propagate, and that only one
pupa and one perfect insect were voided; but the
simple fact that most beetles live several years in
the state of larvs sufficiently accounts for this. —
Their existing and thriving in the stomach, too, will
appear less wonderful from the fact that it is exceed-
ingly difficult to kill this insect; for Mr Henry Ba-
ker repeatedly plunged one into spirit of wine, so fii-
tal to most insects, but it revived, even after being
immersed a whole night, and afterwards lived JJyears.

That there was no deception on the part of the
woman, is proved by the fact that she was always
anxious to conceal the circumstance ; and that it was
only by accident that the medical gentlemen, Drs
Pickells, Herriclj and Thomson, discovered it. —
Moreover, it does not aopear that, though poor, she
ever took advantage of it to extort money. It is in-
teresting to learn that by moans of turpentine, in
large doses, she v;as at length cured.

ship on board which he then served, was in the
Archipelago. The grains of this wheat are some-
what larger than those of wheat common to this
country, though perhaps not quite as large as the
wheat from the niountaiiis of Chili. The stalk is
peculiar for being nearly solid, inste.-id of hollow,
more tapering than oiher wheat, the first joints be-
ing larger, and forming a more substantial base.
The head has a thick stiff beard, not less than six
inches in length. It averages about forty grains
to each head, which we ascertained to weigh one
third more than the same number of grains of the
blue stem wheat growing along side of it, and
which also averaged forty grains to the head.
Forty grains of the former weighed thirtyone
grains — the same number of the latter weighed
but nineteen grains. This being the tiiird year
that this wheat has vegetated in our climate and up-
on our soil, aliliough but in specimen, we may fair-
ly assure that it has been tested and found to answer
well. Itissaid to be valuable more especially from
the |irotcction which the solidity of its stalk afibrds
from the depredations of the fly, so destructive to
other descriptions of wheat. It will also he much
less liable to fall, we presume, from the same
reason.

Bi/e— According to some, rye is a native of
Crete; but it is very doubtful if it be found wild
in any counlry. It has been cultivated from time
immemorial, and is considered as coming nearer in
its properties to wheat than any other grain. It
is more common than wheat on most parts of
the continent; being a more certain crop, and
one which requires less culture and manure. It
is the bread corn of Germany and Russia.

In Britain it is now very little grown; being no
longer a biead corn, and therefore of less value to
the farmer than barley, oats, or j)eas. — Ency. of
./Igri.

The big Beet heat.— The Tu.scaloosa Intelli"
gencer says. Air F. M. Hickenhurg has left at our of-
fice a Beet which grew in his garden, measuring
twentynne and a Aa?/ inches in circumference, and
twentytwo inches lung, and he says he has a bushel
that will measure 18 inches in circumference.

Vi'hile-ionshing. — One of the cheapest and best
modes of preparing the white-wash, is to use skim
milk with new slacked lime. This renders it
adhesive, and it does not fall off as quick as when
the lime is wet with water.

Recipe for Summer Beer. — Take 4 quarts of mo-
asses, half a pint of yeast, and a spoonful of pow-
dered race ginger ; put these into your vessel
and pour on them two gallons of scalding hot
water to fill up the cask. Let the liquor ferment
about twelve hours, when it will be fit for use. It
may be kept in bottles to a great age.

Jill excellent cure for a sprain. — Take two pieces
of rul flannel, soak or saturate one of them com-
pletely with beef or pork pickle, (beef is best) and
j>lace it on the wrist or ancle sprained, and wrap
the other |)iece over it, and the pain will subside
in a very short time.

38

NEW ENtU.AIND FARMER,

An?. 17, lb3I,

mmw s^^a-iiiiisr© s'insmsjsjj

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 17, 1831.

suftiL-iciit for see. I. Early sown rvo is much lie:i- I
viei- tlian tliat wliich is Kovvn laier; and fiinliir, I
it affords cxi-ellent pastures bolli in fall ami sprin;;,
nor does pnsiuring injure ihe crop ; in many Cii.scs
it is a real lienelit — partic-uiarly when eaten down
by sheep. Chivcr also succeeds much better after

FARMER'S WORK FOR AUGUST.

WINTER KVE.

Soil. — Rye is capable of being culti%'atcd on most ! rye than after wheat,
kinds of soil, but those which are light and samly, I London says that 'as rye vegetates more slowly
on which wheat will not thrive, are, commonly, I ti,a„ wheat, "it should be" sown when the soil i"s

most profitable fur this kind of grain. It is not
only a proper crop for land of this description,
but it answers a valuable |)urpose oii a soil which
is loo rich to produce wheat. In Russia, according
to a communication to the British Board of Agri-

dry ; a wet soil being apt to rot the grain before it
has germinated.'

AMERICAN SILK.

We had the pleasure a few days since of e.xainin-

ulture, the produce from boggy lauds, drained ami [„„ a fine specimen of American sewing silk froir.

sowed with rye, is upwards of forty bushels to one j Mansfield, Con. The gentleman who e.\hibited it has

bushel sowed; and they generally use a much upwards of 10.000 skein?, for which he finds a ready

smaller quantity of seed in sowing such lands, t sale at about §8.50 per ib. He informs us that about

than is necessary in sowing a soil not so rich. 1 ^'■'^ '<"'^, 'i"''^ ^^"^ '•'^''^'^ i" Manstiehl alone thissea-

,, T u • r . :„ . . ■ I • son, and the culture IS rapidly extcndin!T m Coventry

Mr L. Hoinmidieu, in a paper, contained m ... • uu • . ,-. \ >-"iij(

m ,■ /•,■ T^f V 7 /I ■ ,i ic •, and Other neighboring towns. One gentleman in

Transactions of the Mu, lor/c .qgncnltiu-al Societi/ Connecticut last year paid .$1500 for while mulberry

observed in substance, that a neighbor of his
manured twenty square rods of poor, gravelly, dry
soil with four thousand menhaden fish, and sowed
with rye, at the rate of one bushel to the .acre. In
the spring it was twice successively eaten ofT, close
to the ground, by sheep lireaking in, after it had
acquired a height, of nine inches the first time and
six inches the latter. These croppings, however,
served to maUo it grow thicker, and stiouger than
It was before ; and when harvested it produced
•sixteen bushels, or at the rate of one hundred and
twentyeight bushels to the acre ; giving to the
owner, according to the calculation of Mr Hom-
midieu, at the rale of eightyfive dollars the acre of
clear profit. Mr Hommidieu said that this account,
(wiiich seems almost beyond the hounds of possi-
bility) was attested to by many credible witnesses.
Time of solving and qnanlilij of seed. — From the
middle of August to the middle of September is
said by most agriculturists to be the best time for
sowing rye. In the ' Memoirs of the New York
Board of Agriculture, vol. i. page 82, it is said,
' Rye should be sowed the last week in Aujxust, or
the first week m September, at the rate of about
36 quarts to an acre, some say 48 (piarts. But if
it is not soweil at that time it ought to be delayed
until late in November, so that it may not come up
till spring.' A poor soil requires earlier sowing than
a rich one. If it is soweil early, and the land is
in good tilth, one bushel of seed to the acre will be
sufficient. For late fall sowin::, or spring sowing,
from a bushel and a half to two bushels will (irove
a proper quaniity. Other things equtd, the poor-
er the soil, the more seed will be required.

There are two advantages to be anticipated fioni
early sowing of this grain. First by sowius
early you may iirovide green seed for your sheep
late in the fall and early in the spring ; and second-
ly, by early sowing and seeding in the fall, the
roots of the grain lake such firm and extensive
hold of the soil that they are less liable lobe thrown
out of the ground by the frosts of autumn, winter
and spring, and the plants will be more likely tn
«scape being what is called winter killed, which,
generally speaking, means being killed by late
frosts ill autumn, or early frosts in spring.

A writer in the American Farmer says 'the
great and only secret in regard to insuring a good

trees, with which he has set out an orchard of one
hundred acres. About 1000 bushels of cocoons were
sent to Philadelphia last season, and were sold for
S'i per bushel. Competent foreigneis are now set-
ting up machinery in Mansfield for spinning and
weaving the raw article, which has made a great de-
mand for cocoons, and given a spur to the business.
By means of machinery introduced a year or two
since, the value of the raw silk has been enhanced
$1 per lb. The business is managed almost exclu-
sively by females, requiring very particular attention
for only about two weeks each year. The sales of
sewing silk in MansfieM alone this year are estima-
ted at upwards of 885,000.

CORRECTIO.V.

Owing 10 a misapprehension of the manuscript
copy of our correspondent ' Oliver's' communication
in our last paper, an important omission was made in
the first paragraph. It should read thus:

Mr Fesse.nde.n — In your paper of .^ug. 3, I ob-
served some remarks upon an extract from tlic Chris-
tian Examiner on the 'Mortgaged farms of N. Eng-
land.' Although some ideas there expressed inav
be founded in truth, yet I think the spirit in which
the article was penned was bad, and ihe principles
there laid down are unsound, and will have a very
injurious tendency wherever they are received. ' A
Farmer' says,

' It is true thnteven in our f.ivorad land, polilical equal-
ity is talked aliout as we would discourse of the milleai-
uin, am! accounted rather a subject of hope llian of pre."--
ent fruition, — yet so far from avoiiliug it, we are most
grievously at fault, if the grand aim of the founders of
our sdvcriiinent, was not the nearest practical approach
to polilical equ.dity , or if it does not continue at this dav,
tu be the dearest olijcct of pursuit to every sincere friend
ol" his country, or of the buiiian race.'

I think all those who reflect candidly, unbiassed
by prejudice, and from a desire to come at the truth
of the matter in regard to political equality, will per-
ceive that all the real equntiti/ that any government
can give a people is the privilege of gnining access to
Ihe highest honors mid emoluments through merit, or
to leave each individual of a nation in perfect free-
dom to pursue tht pith ivhich best suits him, to loealth
and distinction, so far as he injures no one else. Any
other scheme cannot but be productive of bad re-
sults, and prove in the highest degree injurious to
the community.

Deferred Articles. — We have been obliged to omit
several articles prepared for t'ds week's paper for warn
of room. Among others, notices and hints tVom ' I.oudon'.s
crop of rye is early sowing. From the middle I Gardener's Magazine,' including remarks on heating hot
of August to the middle of September, I have r"'"^''^ ""y '"''"'""='■• ''5' ""I'^'^'e and excellent correspou-

always found to be the best time for sowing rye. l7„Vtp?s°''''7I,,i,!!.':TM°" '/'".r"" '"Y^T"/
,-, .1 , 11, . , daughters. Inquiries relative to the use of lead for

i'jorn three pecks to a bushel per acre is amidy I covering buildings, &c. &c.

MOUNT AUBURN CEMKTERY.

It is graiifyiiig to the friends of this eslaldish-
mont to observe that the number of suhsi-riptions
originally contemplated to be one hundred, has
been rapidly filled up. At a meeting of the suti-
Kcribers n siiperintciiding committee has been ap-
pointed, ami it has subsequently been determiiied
to keep opim the subscription list until the number
of lots taken shall amount to two hiiiidied. This
course has been taken to acommoilalo those per-
sons who have recently ofTered their names as sub-
scribers, and those who may do so hereafter, and
likewise to provide for the more extensive enibel-
lishment and security of the place.

To correct erroneous inipressinus in regard to
the expense likely to be incurred by individuals
concerned in this undertaking, the committee have
thought it necessary to state that no necessary ex-
pense will devolve on any subscriber beyond the
price of his lot, which at present is sixty dollars.
It will be left Ojitional with proprietors to iiielose
their lots, or to letive them o|)cn, to erect costly
monimients, or simple ones, or none, — to plant
shrubs and flowers, or to leave the soil in a state of
nature. No other cotidiiions can be annexed to
the conveyances, than such as are necessary to pre-
vent defaceinent. and to secure a general protection.
To provide for single interments of poisons
whose friends may not feel able to incur the ex-
pense of a lot, it is proposed that one or more
lots shall be set apart, to be under the ssme gener-
al protection as the rest of the cemetery.

It is a part of the origiiiiil design of this establish-
ment, though not an obligatory one, that inteiments
shall bo made in single or separate graves, rather
than in tombs. The nbiiiiilaiit space afforded by
the cxtensiveness of the tract which has been pur-
chased, precludes the necessity of consiruciing
vaults for the promiscuous concentration of niiin-
hers. It is believed that the common grave affords
the most simple, natural and secure method by
which the body may return to the bosom of the
earth, to he peacefully blended with its original
dust. Whatever consolation can be derived from
liie gathering together of members of the sain»
families, is provided for by the appropriation oflots,
each sufficient for a family, while the provision
that the same spot or grave shall not be twice oc-
cupied for intertnent, secures to the buried an as-,
siirance of protection and rest, not always found
in more costly constructions.

On the same subject another consideration may
be added. It is desired that the place may become
beaiitiliil, attractive, consoling, — not gloomy and
repulsive, — that what the earth has once covered
it shall not again reveal to light, — that the resour-
ces of art shall not be wasted in vain eflxirts to
delay or modify the inevitable courses of nature.
It is hoped, therefore, that any sums which indivi-
duals may think it proper to devote to the im-
provement of the place of sepulture of themselves,
and their friends, may be exjicnded above the
surface of the earth, — not under it. A beautiful'
monument is interesting to every one. A simple
bed of roses under the broad canopy of heaven, is
a more approachable, a far more soothing object,
than the most costly charnel liouse.

We invite the attention of our readers to tha
list of liberal premiums offered by tlie Massachu-
setts Society for Promoting Agriculture, in this,
week's paper.

Vol. X.— No. 5.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

39

irNOTICE.

The citizens of Roxhuiy who are in fuvor of adopt-
ing efficient rei;ul.itiuns lor piotectin^ their fiolils, or-
charils and gai dens against tlte depredations of strollers,
pilferers and vagabonds, are requested to meet at the
Town House, on Saturday next, at 7 o'clock, P. M.
to organize an Associatinu lor that purpose.

Roxbury, August 16, 1831.

Perry.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52
North Market Street—

A lew dozen bottles of excellent Perry, of fine flavor
and sprightly, well pa"ked, and wired and sealed in
champaigiie bottles. Price $3 per dozen. Aug. 17.

Roses, Dahlias, Sirawherries and (Quicks.
The proprietors of the Albany Nursery have printed a
classilication ol 140 of their finest Rose.«, according to
color, to en.ible piiichasers to select a i^ariety with cer-
tainty ami econohjy, with characters indicating the size
of the flower, habit and prices. This may be seen at the
office of the New England Farmer.

They have imported and propagated many varieties
of the finest double Dahlias, which may be selected by
the flowers until the frost< ol autumn.

'I'hey will have lor sale, from this time forward, plants
of the Meihven Strawberry, >.t •.$2,50 per hundred. —
Fortyseven ol these berries have weighed a pound, and
some have measured 4A inches round. Also many other
varieties, lor which see catalogue.
fThey have also for sale, at $.3 per thousand, 50,000
uicks of the honey locust {Gleditschia triacanlhux)
for live fences, two years old, and fit for transplanting. —
Specimens of tlie fence may he seen at the Nursery.

Orders for any of the above, or for trees, shrubs and
plants, may be sent by mail, or left wiih J. B. Rpssell.
BUEL & WILSON.
Albany Nursery, July IG, 1831.
Aug. 10. 31

Zinc Milk Pans.

For sale at the Agricultural W.n-ehouse — Weslfiehl's
patent Zinc Milk Pans. A particular account of this
great impiovement in dairying will be found in the New
England Farmer for .luly 6, 1331, page 405, and many
other journals. Milk in these pans will keep sweet
longer than in those of other materials, and thus conse-
quently afford a longer time for the cream to rise, and
produce one sixth more butter, as has been pro\'ed,
of the sweetest quality. The pa.ns aie very durable, and
not likely to rust.

Notice.

The undersigned being owner of the Letters patent for
the manufactory of the above article, hereby cautions
the Public from trespassing an his patent right, as they
would avsid the penally of the law ; and also gives no-
tice that he has appointed J. R. Newell, prnpiietorof
the Agricultural VV^irehouse in the city of Boston, his
Agent for vending the above articles.

ug. 3. CHARLES BISHOP.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted ;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the pi ice
of a single right f 5.

Also for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare ol hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warrat.ted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) by the first day of March, 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass. so as to have time to transpoit them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

Fresh Jflnte Mulberry Seed.
Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
132 North Market Street—

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s.ason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
'(^ed. Aug. 3.

Black Currant Jf'ine,

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 ^
52 North Market Street, Boston—

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol 5, pa/e 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Ksq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer cumplainls. Doct. Coffin states ;
• Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
symptoms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
ceased It has been strikingly remedial in the low states
of typhoid and bilious fever. Tne late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Katavia trade, and
who had alw.iys sull'ered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human life in that climate,
used to say that after ho had this wine with him, and
took two glass.'^s of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his male, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate miny other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for u.any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle. Aug. 3.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st, Apothecary.
August 3. eoptf

Tulip Roots.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

A splendid collection of Tulip Roots, now in fine order
for transplanting, comprising some of the most beautiful
varieties now cultivated in ^his vicinity, viz :

Marbled or mottled, dark stamens.

White and Purple, ditto.

Yellow and Purple, ditto.

Double Yellow Rose.

Double pale yellow flamed, (Passe non plus ultra.)

Crimson, yellow centre and yellow stamens.

Wbite, shaded with red, dark centre and stamens.

Fine large yellow, with yellow stamens.

Double white, with red shades, (beautilul.)

Double orange brown, (very large.)

Double paeonyiose.

Double cofiee color.

Parrot tulips, of several colors.

Fine bibloems, (striped on white ground.)

Fine bizarres, (striped on yellow ground.)

Fine Rosy, on white, &c. &c. Price 12i cts. each—
$1 per doz.

The above are of large size, and are raised from su-
perior imported roots, some of which coit $1 each.

Also, common tulip roots, of all colors, and of good
size, price $5 per hundred, suitable for those commenc-
ing a large tulip bed.

Also, Double White and Yellow sweet scented Nar-
cissus— 124 cts. each — $1 ]ier doz.

Mixed Crocus roots— 50 cts. per dozen. Au". 3.

Seeds for Full Sowing.

For sate at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

Garden and Field Seeds, suitable for fall sowin-^,
among which aie — "

White Portugal Onion.

Prickly Spinach, (foi early greens.)

Black Spanish or Winter Radish.

Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden
seeds.

Also — Timothy or Herds Grass — Orchard
Grass — Red Top, Red and White Clover, &c &.c.
Aug. 3.

Ammunition ,_£J}
01 the best qi:alitv ai.u lowest prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6: Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo refunded, tl Jan.

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North .Market Street—

A lew packages of seed ol this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in No 3, vol.x. N. E. Farmer. — Price 124 cts, each paper.

Turnip Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston,

200 lbs White Flat Turnip Seed, the growth of the
present season, raised in this vicinity expressly for this
Establishment.

Also — Ruta Baga of the very first quality, of both
American and European growth ; Yellow Aberdeen,
Yellow Stone, White Norfolk Field, and Yellow French
Turnips ; Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, for pick-
ling, w.nranli-d genuine and fresli. july G

PRICES OF COUJVTHY PRODUCE.

A I'PLKS, russeltings,
ASHES, pot, first sort.

Pearl, lirst sort,
liEANS, while,
BEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. -2,
BUTTEK, inspected, No. l.new,
CHEESE, new milk,

.Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.
FLULIH, lialiimore,Howard-slreel,

Genesee,

Alexandria,

BiiUimnre. wharf,
GRAIN, Corn. Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,

pound

]>ound
cwi,
pound,

Rv

Barley,

Oats,
MAY,

HOG'S LAUD, first sort,new,
lllil'S, Istqualiiv,

i.iiNu;,

I'l.AlS I'Ell PARIS retails at
I'ORK, clear.

Navy mess.

C.ir-o, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red V'i]i( northern)

lied Clover, (uoiiliern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, ^lerinn. full blood, washed, -

Merino, mwfd wiih Saxony

]VImi.o,llirperom lbs washed,

Mormc), half blood.

Merino, quarter,

Native, washed,

Pnlle.l superfine,

Isi Lamb's,

2d,

3d,

Isl Spinning,

PKOVISION MARKET

IIEF.F, best pieces,
I'ORK, liTsli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, relail

Indian, retail,
I'OTATOES,
CIDER, (acrordin-

13 00 14 oo

y^ so U qI

60

> quality]

pound

8

6

'•

5?

"

6

"

4

"

8

"

12

"

13

dozen.

Vi

bushel.

C2

"

82

"

40

barrel.

1.00

Brighton Market — .Monday, Aurr. 15.

flti-pnrlcd for lira Chronicle ami Pali int. I
At Market this day 520 Beef Cattle ; 10 Cows and
Calves; 32 Stores; 2245 Sheep and Lambs, and 459
Swine. About 150 Beef Cattle remain unsold.

Pricks.— Bee/' Ca/(/f— Considerable depression from
last week, particularly on thin and grass fed Cattle, sales
were very -low and uneven. We shall quote for prime
$4 75 and 5 17, good 4 25 a 4 15, thin at 3 50 a 4.

Cows and Calves. — We noticed sales at S15,19,22 25
and 30. v > > , ,

Sheep and iomi.?- Sales were effected for Ihin leu
at 1 62 a 1 75, good at 1 88 a 2 12^, prime 2 25 a 2 50.

Stoine— At retail 5c. for Sows and 6c. lor Barrows.—
No sales of lots noticed.

40

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Auji. 17, 1832.

MISCELLANY

From ilie New England Review.

THE VAUDOIS TEACHER.

' The inannei- in which the Waklcn^es and heretics
disseminated their principles among the Catholic gentry,
was by carrying with them a box of Irinliets, or articles
ol dress. Having entered the houses of the gentry and
disposed of some of their goods, they cautiously intimated
that they had commodities far more valuable than these
— inestimable jewels, which they wouhl show if they
could be protected, from the clergy. They would then
give their purchasers a bible or testament ; and thereby
many were deluded into heresy.' — See Reinerous Sac-
cho's Book. A. D. 125S.

• Oh, lady fair, these silks of mine are beautiful and

rare —
The richest web of the Indian loom, which Beauty's self

might wear ;—
And those pearls are pure as thy own fair neck, with

whose radiant light they vie ;
I have brought them with ine a weary way, — will my

gentle lady buy ?'

And the lady smiled on the worn old man, through the

dark and clustering curls
Which veiled her brow as she bent to view his silks and

glittering pearls;
And she placed their price in the old man's hand, and

lightly turned away.
But she paused at the wanderer's earnest call — ' My

gentle lady, stay !'

' Oh, lady fair, I have yet a gem which a purer lustre

flings
Than the diamond flash of the jewelled crown on the

lofty brow of kings —
A wonderful pearl of exceeding price, whose virtue shall

not decay,
Whose light shall be as a spell to thee and a blessing on

thy way !'

The lady glanced at the mirroring steel where her form
of grace was seen.

Where her eye shone clear, and her dark locks waved
their clasping pearls between : —

'Bring forth thy pearl of exceeding worth, Ihou travel-
ler gray and old —

And name the price of thy precious gem, and my pages
shall count thy gold.'

The cloud went off from the pilgrim's brow, as a small

and meagre book,
Unchased with gold or diamond gem, from his folding

robe he took :
' Here, lady fair, is the pearl of price, may it prove as

such to thee !
Nay — keep thy gold — I ask it not, /or the word of God

is free !'

The hoary traveller went his way, but the gift he left
behind.

Hath had its pure and perfect work on that high-born
maiden's mind.

And she hath turned from the pride of sin, to the lowli-
ness of truth,

And given her human heart to God in its beautiful hour
of youth!

And she hath left the gray old halls, where an evil I'aith
had power.

The courtly knights of her father's train, and the maid-
ens of her bower ;

And she hath gone to the Vaudois vales by lordly feet
untrod,

Where the poor and needy of earth are rich, in the per-
fect love of God ! J. G. W.

While Sir II. Davy was with Mr Borlase, surpreon,
an apprentice, it was his constant custom to walk in
the evening to Marazion, to drink tea with an aunt,
to whom he was greatly attached. Upon such oc
casion.s, his iisual companion was
which he procured specimens from the rocks on the
beach. In short, it would appear that, at this pe-
riod, he paid more attention to philosophy than to
physic ; that he thoufjht more of the bowels of the
earth, than of the stomachs of his patients ; and that,
when he should have been bleeding the sick, he. was
opening veins in the granite. Instead of preparing
medicines in the surgery, he was experimenting in
Mr Tonkin's garret, which had now become the
scene of his chymical operations ; and, upon more
than one occasion, it is said, that he produced an ex-
plosion which put the doctor and all his glass bottles
in jeopardy. ' This boy, Humphry, is incorrigible !'
' Was there ever so idle a dog ?' ' He will blow us
all into the air!' Such were the constant exclama-
tions of Mr Tonkin: and then, in a jocose strain, he
would .speak of him as the ' philosopher,' and some-
times call him ' Sir Humphry,' as if prophetic of his
future renown. — Paris' Life of Sir H. Davy.

Medical School in Boston.
The Medical Lectures of Harvard University deliver-
ed in Boston will be comnienceil in the Autumn, at lite
usual period, viz. oi\ the third Wednesday in October.

a hammerrVith 1'''«y. »'"' ^'^ .<^o»t.i""e'l 'o"'' ™<inths.

i his extension in the term ol the Liectures has been
thought necessary to atford time for such a course of in-
struction and demonstration, as is deemed by the Faculty
to be requisite, uni'.er the advantages which have recent-
ly accrued to the School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which does honor to our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to the cultivation of
Anatomy within tiiis Commonwealth. The advantages
which will hence result to students resorting to this
school will be sufficiently obvious. It will be the aim ol
the Professors to carry into ellect the intentions of tha
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at the same-
time their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportunities for practical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.

The course of Lectures will be —

On .\natomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia Medica, by Dr Bigelow.
" Obstetrics and MedicalJurisprudence.by DrCh.in-

Fiiseli.—Ue was too full of feeling not to rever-
ence his Bible, and he was at all times difficult to
please with modern attempts to embody scripture. —
When Norlhcote exhibited his 'judgment of Solo-
mon,' Fuseli looked at it with a sarcastic smirk on
his face. ' How do you like ray picture ?' inquired
Northcote. ' Much,' was the answer— the action
suits the word — Solomon holds out his fingers like a
pair of open scissors at the child, and says, ' Cut it.,'
I like it much !

One day he saw a figure from which the stu-
dents were making drawings, lying broken to pieces.
' Now who the devil has done this ?' ' Mr Medland,
sir,' said an officious probationer, 'he jumped over
the rail and broke it.' He walked up to the offend-
er— all listened for the storm. He calmly said, 'Mr
Med/and, you are fond of jumping — go to Sadler's
Wells— il is the best academy in the world for im-
proving agility.'

Veneration for a Fiddle. — A German writer, of
whom I afterwards knew a little, was in some re-
spects an original worth studying, though not imita-
ting. He loved nothing so well as fiddling, and had
two violins, a best and a second best, on the first of
which, I firmly believe, he would not have allowed
his own father to draw a bow. Quitting England to
settle in South America, he tore himself from his
beloved instrument for the first time ; hut it was on-
ly to e.xport it, highly insured, in a different, and as
he thought, a safer ship, than the one he was to sail
supercargo in \ — Harmonicon.

" Theory and Practce of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr .lackson.

WALTER CHANNING,
Dean of the t^uculiy of Metlictne.
Boston, June 15, 1S31. 6t* julylG

EPIGRAM.

The Coquette Reproved.
'Tis strange that I remain a inaid.
Though filty swains have homage paid I
The reason you have tohl, says Fanny,
You had just/or/ynnie too many!

It is said, that in olden time, it was an article in
apprentices' indentures in Boston, that they should
not be compelled to eat salmon more than twice a
week.

Traveller's Direction. — A traveller relates the fol-
lowing as a literal direction given to him by an in-
habitant nf a remote New England town, in reply to

his inquiry for the direct road to meeting

house. ' Well, ah, stranger, you go right straight
ahead, till you come to a large oak tree, then you
take that are tree on your right shoulder, and go on
until you come to the brick school house — then take
the brick school house on your left shoulder, and
keep straight on till you come to Squire Wingate's ;
and then do you take the squire's house right on
your back, and you can't miss the way.' — .Ms. Jour.

A Convenient .Yap. — Two Oxford scholars slept
in the same room at College. ' Jack,' says one, ear-
ly in the morning, 'are you asleep ?' ' Why ?' re-
plied the other. ' Because, if you are not. I will bor-
row half a crown of you.' 'Is that all.' then I'm
sound asleep.'

'I have lived,' said Dr E. D. Clark, 'to know that
the great secret of human happiness is this: never
suffer your energies to stagnate. The old adage of
" too many irons in the fire," conveys an abominable
lie. You cannot have too many — pokers, tongs, and
all : — keep them going.'

Lynn Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten miles from Boston, Six from Salem, and Five fiom Nahant.

The subsci-iber most respectfully begs leave to inforr
his friends and the public that he continues to keep that
delightful Summer retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring;
Hotel, which it will be his object to render a genteel
and pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &c.

The salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring — the beautiful lake, on the borders of which
the establishment is situated, abounding with fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendid Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— Bathing rooms on the margin of the lake, where the
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken — the de-
lightful situation of the House, wiMi its cnmfortabie and
well furnished apartments, with the fruit and flower Gar-
dens adjoining, are attractions for those in pursuit of
health or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberally bestowed.

July 20. JAMES VV. BARTON.

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash fcr Cocoons, from 25 to
50 cents, according to quality. J. H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15lh, 183L 8t July 20.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half hound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at the

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every W'ediu-sday Evening, at g3 per anni
payable at the end of die year— but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

Dj" No paper wil I be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed fi.r J. B. Russell, by L R. Bi;tts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet thr
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 02 North
Market Street. agents.

New ror/t—G. Thokburn & .Sons. 67 Liberty-street
Albany— \V Hi. Thorburn, .'547 rtlarkel-streel.
I'lutadelptiitt-M.Si. C. Landketh.SS Cbcstnut-slreet.
Baltimore— G. B. .Smith, Editor ofthe American Farmer.
Cincinnati— S. C. Parkhurst,23 Lower Market-street.
F/iishing. N. K Will. Prince &SoN3,Piop.Lia.Bol. Garden
Middlebuni, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
HiirlforiJ—Guoimin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Pnrt/iind.jl/e.— Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Jiu<Tusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
Montreal, h. C— Henry Hillock.

NEW ENGL. AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEA, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 24, 1831.

NO. 6.

® (Q sa 3ia; w sr a vs ix a a © sj s ■

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARilIER.

Mr Fessenden — Will you permit ine to employ
a rainy ihiy in si'leclini; a few hints from llie la.st
number of Loudon's Gardener's Magazine wliirli
may amuse those who have not access to that
publication.

The present season (in Great Britain) has been vouiliouse.
in almost all respects the same as with us. It was bor of the Transactions.

avail ourselves of the heat left in the smoke, after ailvaiitage to others as we
It h.is passed the boiler. He proposes to have ( formeil oji this subject, I ■

as myself to be in-
to make inquiry
the cost of cover-
< .1 T J If ■ , , o • , I ,- -parisun with good shin-

of the London Horiicultural Society's J gles, and 1000 square foet of roof, and respecting

t.'ie best mode of putting it on, also the cost ol"

forward, and the prospect of fruit was fine. But
on the seventh of May the wind came round to
northeast, and became cold, and destroyed the
prospects of fruit completely. Some attempts at
computing the loss had been made ; the conduct-
or of Covent Garden market says that on the
most moderate calculation it will amount to
£100,000, 450,000 dollars. In this estimate he
says he includes ordy the district rouml London,
but in computing the losses through the kingdom
£2,000,000 or nearly nine millions of dollars have
Leen spoken of.

Some ideas of the effects of the apprehended
■scarcity may be formed by the following prices
at Covent Ganlen market. Shelled green pea.s
(May 20th, ) 19 dollars a quart!! Peaches per
dozen, 13 dollars. Cherries per poinid, 8 dollars.
Strawberries forced, per ounce,from 11 cents to
52 cents. Hot House Grapes from two to five
dollars per pound.

Great iniprovcineriTs have iiopn <nado in ii,
lUans 01 ueatuig hot houses with hot water. Tli
principal one consists in reducing the size of the
boiler. From experiments which I made in the
hot water system, the last winter, I became satis-
tied that the boilers could scarcely he made too
small. There are two objects to be effected by any
apparatus, whether smoke flues, steam pipes, or
hot water tubes. The first, to get up the heat in
shortest ])ossible time. The second to retain the
heat as long as possible with a given quantity of
fuel. The principal ailvantage proposed by the
hot water system is confined to the last, but the
learned Tredgold has suggested a mode by which
the hot water system may effect both.

Mr John Mearns, whom Mr Loudon, and Mr
Knight (in their controversy about Mr Knight's im-
provements in raising pine apples) agree is a most
lexcellent gardener, gives the following account of
some cheap hot water apparatus now in actual
operation. The inventor is a Mr Oslar of Worces-
ter. The boiler for small pits should he two gal-
lons, pipes three inches bore — feeder 7 gallons.
The boiler and pipes for a grapery are large ; the
boiler is of copper and contains5 gallons, and costs
only 13 dollars 33 cents ; pipes for this large boiler
'3 inches, the feeder 30 gallons ; it works excdhntbj.
The grapery boiler measures 28 inches by 18
.inches ; the depth is not given, but as it holds only
15 gallons it cannot be more than 3 inches deep.
This is very probable, because Weeks' patented
apparatus in use for two years past and so strongly
recommended by Loudon has only one inch of
water in depth, though the boiler is 18 feet long.
The object in both cases being to heat the water
as rapidly as possible. Mearns retains his smoke
.flue very properly, it being a useless waste not to

boil, the furnace and the boiler within the house- through your paper, re.'ipectini

IVir Tredgold's article has ap|)earcd in Vol. vii. ing roofs; with lead in comparis

pan IV. of the London Horticultural Society's gles, and 1000 square foet of r

Traisactions, and from extracts in Loudon's Mag- t!ie best mode of putting it on,

zinf, I see it is strictly scientific, and enables covering roofs with slate^n- oiher'subst"ancc« on

you to know precisely how much pipe you must 1000 feet and their durability and use as a pre-

hav« for a jgiven number of cubic feet of air in servation from wet. It will be well to have the

I have not yet received that Num- | weight of each material mentioned that the cost of

transportation may be estimated

Your obt. servant, B. A.

Mendon, Aug. 3, 1831.

We are informed that 2.} lbs of the thinnest kind
of sheet lead is the weight^of a square foot, and the
cost is about 15 cts. for that quantity. A thicker
kind may be had at 18 cts. the square foot, weight
3 lbs. We cannot tell what would be the price
of putting it on, nor how it would compare with
slate cSic. — Editor.

Tic Hardenpont de Printems pear, which the
Freich Gardeners have called Beurre Ranee has
com; into bearing this year with me. It resem-
bles exactly in shape the drawing of it in the Lon-
don Horticultural Transactions.

Tiis is another example of Mr Knight's accu-
racj. If it will keep till April, is an abundant bear-
er, ;nd asgooH in ourclirnate, as it is found to be in
Flaiders and Great Britain, it will be far the most
vahable of all new fruits sent to us.

1 have two Pears of the Duchess Angouleme,
fron a scion, given to me in 1829, by my friend
S. ii. Perkins, Esq. It is correct, perfectly so,
thoigh the Pears are smaller than they should be
ouiug to the weakness of the shoots.

1 have some fine healthy pears on a tree of Jlr
Kn ght's which I have always called the Tillington,
but the Pears seem to resemble the Urbaniste,
more than what I should have expected accordijig
to VJr Knight's description. ' Tillinston produced
between the Jargonelle and Autuinn Bergamot ; its
formhitween both.' Now I .sliould evpent from this
a pear shaped like a St Michael. But the fine
looking pears I have upon the Tillington are globu-
lar, more so than any pear known to me.

Mr Knight's Wormsley Grange, (one of his own
raising) has fruit on it. He says of it, ' It will
require to be gathered in your climate before it is
ri|ie. It is in Herefordshire a variety of first rate
excellence, rivalling the Brown Beurre in the most
perfect state of that variety.'

1 infer from this, that it is an Autumnal Pear or
he would not counsel us to gather it before it is
ripe, At present it does not bid fair to be large,
though it is a remarkable healthy vigorous variety,
a mjtter of great importance to us in the country
where Pears are very delicate productions.
Aoxbunj, August 3, 1831. J. L .

FOE THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER

SHEET LEAD FOR THE ROOFS OF HOUSES.
Wr Editor, — I understand that sheet lead is
maib use of in some of our southern states, for
covffl'ing the roofs of buildings. As it would un-
donltedly, (if well laid on) preserve the buildings
dryaslongas they lasted, and then answer for
othff uses, I think it must be far superior to
shiiigles, as they require new laying as often as
ones in about 20 years, and are somestimes sub-
jectto leak in 10 or 15 years, also to taking fire
from the chimney or other buildings and being
connimed. I think that lead may be laid on from
rolli, in long strips running |rarallel with the roof
likerows of shingles, but probably much wider,
with the edges lapped just sufficient to shed water

wel, and the top lap of the ends, (in splicing) cut

sloping to a point on the upi)er edge of the strip _ __ , „. ...„ v^., n,.:»

so as to shed water better. Thinking it may be of ' subject he expatiates with eqtmlly as much warmth.

NEW FRUITS.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq.

Dear Sir — The introduction of the most valu-
able vegetable productions of other countries
being an object of such great interest to Morticul-
tiue, it has been a primary object with us to obtain
every species and variety calculated to enrich
the gardens of our country ; in doing which we
have taken the utr>iost precaution to receive only
such as were ^V•n•■^ ■undovhtei sources. 'The ac-
quisitions during the past spring alone, nreso very
numerous, that they woulj form an extensive cat-
alogue. The acquisition of new fruits is of the
most particularinterest, and to it the most pointed
attention b.as been paid, and the course we have
adopted of obtaining the same variety from three
or foursourccs, so as to prove it by comparison, must
insure a degree of accuracy not to be otherwise
attained. The new Pears originated in Belgium
during the last fifteen years have become as famed
in the catalogues of choice fruits, as the name of
Professor Van Mons has become celebrated among
the distinguished pomologists of our day. It fs
with great pleasure therefore that we have to men-
lion him among the liberal contributors to our es-
tablishment. In February last he transmitted ta
us above 70 varieties of pear trees which he states
in his letter are 'Des plus yiouveUcs varietes, du pre-
mier rang,'' the newest varieties of the first rank.
These he accompanied by engravings and descrip-
tions of a number of the kinds, from the latter of
which we intend ere long to make translations,
as well as from liis copious letters which abound
with interesting ujatter. In one of the periodicals
received from liini there is a detailed statement
of three cases of hydrophobia where the patients
were successfully treated and perfectly cured,
which we proiiose also to translate tor publica-
tion. There is another subject beside horticulture
on which the learned Professor dwells with par-
ticular enthusiasm, and in which he appears to have
taken an active part ; that will also be highly pleas-,
i'lg to our American feelings : it is the Revolutioft
and the Independence of his Country. On this.

42

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. 24, 1831.

as on horticiiltmal objects ; and with justice an-
ticipates by the success of the former, more expen-
sive and widespread benefits from the latter.

As the list of fruits received will be interesting
to many wb anne.x it hereto. It will be perceived
that some of the varieties had previously reached
us, but the renewal of them from so undoubted a
somce is a matter of high interest.

Very respectfully, Wsi. 1'ri.nce & Sons.

List of new varieties of Pears transmitted by
Prof. Van Mons to the Messrs Prince.
Henri IV.

Arenberg,
Beurr6 bronze,

. — Curtet,

d'hyver,

i ranee,

Diel,

Bonnet beurre,

Belle alliance,

Bakpeer,

Bosc,

Bosc d'6te,

Brandes,

Bis iMarie Louise,

Bezi de Louvain,

Bonchretien d'Espagne

fondante,
Capucine Van Mons,
Clara,

Crommen boom,
Delbec,
Des veterans,
Doyenne de Mons,

gris.

Dingier,

D'Amandes double,
Dillen,
Dumortier,
Delice d'Ardompont,
De bruyn,
Du |)arrain,
Fleur de neige,
Fondante des bois,
Gros bruyn.

Henri Van Mons,

Henkel,

Innomiue,

Jubin,

Leon Le Clerc,

Louis ed Prusse,

Marie Louise,

Marie Louise nova,

Maree,

Mabille,

Napoleon,

Navez,

Nicl,

Nouvelle cire,

O'ken d'hyver,

Pastorale,

Pailean,

Poir Duval,

Passe Colmar,

Ramean,

Rousselette Sutin,

de Meester,

Van Mons,

Spoelberg,

Spenoe, '

Sabine,

Sentelet,

Serrurier,

Spreenn,

Urlianisie,

Williaum,

Wui-tcmberg

Also— No. 541— 60S, 609, 757, 887, 896
1001, 1125, 1175, 11.52, of his catalogue being
choice unnamed varieties.

FRUITS.

Mr Fessende.n, — .As this is the season for the
Green Gage to ripen, I take the liberty to call the
attention of the cultivators of this delicious fruit,
to a fact that is, I believe, not generally known,
and which has occasioned much discussion among
gentlemen who suppose themsi-lves acquainted with
this fine j)hini. Cultivators of fruits have for an
hundred years past, and ujiwards, employed much
of their time in discussing, and endeavoring to fix
correct and true names to fruits which have fallen
under their observation. The celebrated Duliam-
el du .Monccau has perhaps done more to accom-
plish this object than any other individual whatev-
er ; and ever since the publication of his great
work on Fruit Trees in 176S, he has been acknow-
ledged throughout Europe as the best, (and of
course a standard,) authority, so far as he had
published his opinions on these points.

My object in making- this communication is to
correct a common error that prevails among hor-
ticultural gentlemen here, who frequently mistake
the ' Petite Reine Claude' for the Green Gage ;

and the most effectual means perhaps of correcting
this error is to give Duhamel's description of the
two fruits — the ' Grosse' and the ' Ptlite Reine
Claude.' — Nothing can be more desirable among
cultivators of fruit then a correct nomenclature,
as it prevents the grafting of one fruit ibr an o.her,
anil of course prevents, not only a great loss of
time which necessarily elapses before the errjr is
discovered, but saves the cultivator much expetise ;
and much vexation wheji he ascertains that his
labor has been in vain. — Indeed nothing is nore
important in this branch of horlictdture, an! he
who contributes most effectually to this oliject nay
be said to have rendered the greatest service to
the Fruit Garden, and the lovers of good fruk.

The case I have cited is one out of a hunlred
where mistakes have crept into publications and
reports on the subject of the names of fruis —
but by the attention and caution of some of the
leading members of your society it is to be hqied
that the evil of misnaming fruits will in afewyiars
be corrected.

I have been informed with much pleasure that
Ge.n. Deareor\ means to make a comnninicaion
relative to the new sorts of Pears which have bien
given to the world by the persevering care and in-
dustry of the celebrated ' Van Mons'. — The pans
which General Dearborn has taken to (pen and
maintain a correspondence with some of the mjst
distinguished horticulturists of Europe, does hm
great credit, and must be highly beneficial to tie
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, of which lie
is most deservedly the Head; and if industry, in-
telligence, and urbaidty (properties which enunent-
ly belong to this gentleman) have their usual sic-
cess, he cannot fail to be, if he is not already, rlie
Soul also. — I do not mean however to detract ttom
the merits and iisefulneso -f oilier omccrs of tiiat
respectable Society, many of whom I know i-os-
sess information and diligence that are highly
honorable to themselves ami beneficial to the com-
mon cause in which they have engaged : — but I
mean to say that I ilo not think they could have
sliown their wisilom and good sense in a stronger
point of view than they have done in the choice
of Gen. Dearborn as their President.

If I am rightly informed, this gentleman has re-
ceived direct from Prof. Van Mons, a catalogue of
all his best fruits, with sketches of some of the
most distinguished sorts, accom|ianied with a;cu-
rale descripliims of each from the pen of the cul-
tivator himself — Hero then there can be no nis-
take as to names, and when, as I understant we
have a right to expect, this distinguished horticul-
turist shall have sent out scions of each sort, "vith
their name affixed to each, it will be our own iiiult
if we do not preserve them distinctly. — If a lor-
tion of each kind should be inlriisted to your ac-
tive member Mr Manning of Salem, whose in-
telligence and accuracy in this department is veil
established, it may be the most certain meani of
keeping the several species from being bletded
with other sorts, and thereby hand them dowi to
prosterity with their legitimate names.

August 22. A CCLTIVATOF.

Subjoined are a few of the distinguishing cha-
racteristics of the trees, Grosse aud Petite Riine
Claude, together with the descriptions of the fi'uit
of each tree.

Grosse Reine Claude. — This fruit is called ilso
— ' Dauphine,' ' Abricot Vert,' and ' Verte home,'
— this is the true

Green Gage.

The shoots of this tree are thick, and their
bark brown and smooth, a little reddish on the
sunny side, towards their extremities, and green
opposite.

The buds are meilium size, and near together,
but their shoulders are very large and projecting.

The fruit is large, round, a little depressed at
both ends.

The stalk medium size — is set in a pretty deep
cavity. The furrow which divides this fruit is
scarcely perceptible, the fruit being flatted on this
side. It is subject to crack if it rains much when
it is ripe — they are most esteemed in this state.

The skin adheres to the flesh — it is thin, green,
spotted with gray, lightly tinged with red on the
sunny side.

The Jlesh is a yellowish green — very fine, deli-
cate melting.

The Juice is abundant, sugared, and of an ex-
cellent flavor.

The stone adheres partially to the flesh — it is
the be^t of plums.

Petite Reine Claude.

The shoots of this tree are more slender than
those of the Grosse Reine Claude ; they are dark
red next the sun, and green opposite.

The buds are long — very much pointed, and
lie nearly flat on tlie branch — the shoulder is large-.

The leaves are smaller than those of the Grosse
Reine Claude.

Tlie/rui7 is medium size, round, flatted particu-
larly at the end next the stalk, and with a deeper
furrow than that of tiie Reine Claude.

The skin is tough — of a whitish green, covered
with a very white powder.

Tlie /Zcs/i is white, firm, rather dry — soinctimes
melting, but rather coarse.

Thejiiicc is sweet — but les,s flavored than th»
Grosse Reine Claude — sometimes a little acid.

The stone never adheres to the flesh — it is es-
teemed a good fruit although inferior to the Grosseo
Reine Claude.

MR COKE OF NORFOLK— THE GREAT
ENGLISH FARMER.

The New York Empiirer, after complaining-
that this distinguished member of the English'
commonalty should, as report says of him, accept
a peerage, adds some menioranda of his enterprise
and success as an agriculturist. The state-
ments, we jirestirne, are substantially, if not per-
fectly correct, as they correspond to what we have
learned from other sources. — Christian Ren;isler.

A good deal has l)een said lately in our papers,
about the cost of elections in England ; perhaps the
case of Mr Coke may not be generally known : as
we never see it mentioned, we suppose this to be
the case. His last contest for Norfolk cost him
£75,000, or about $350,000, and once it cost hint
£90,000, or about 8375,000, including exchange.

But how can he endure such enormous expen-
ditures— and what is the object really worth ? As
we are apt to measure worth in this country, the
object is worth just nothing at all, being productive
only of further and considerable expense, without
emolument or profit. Wealthy men, however, in
that country as in this, love power, and are wil-
ling to pay for it ; love to lay out their money on
something — no matter what — which other people
cannot aff"ord. Hence the geometrical ratio in
which diamonds are estimated ; hence the value
of a white elephant in the East, even to a moa-

Vol. X.— No.6.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

43

arch; lieiicc the extravagant price we pay for
casliiiiere shawl.-;, blond laces, &c, &c, — no one
of which would be thought half as beautiful, if
they cost but half as much. But how can Mr Coke
afford to throw away so much money ? Simply
because he is a great farmer, who has lived long
enougli to enjoy the results of experiments made
in bis youlli, — to eat of the tree that his hands
planted half a century ago.

When he came into possession of the estate he
was poor, and the estate poorer. The whole was
not worth £2,000 a year ; what it is now, he him-
self has made it. There were 11,000 acres of
land lying waste, which had been let for three
shillings an acre. When the lease expired, the
man who had it would not offer more than two
shillings an acre for a renewal. ' No,' said Mr C,
'I will keep it to breed pheasants and game — it
will be worth more than two shillings an acre to
my friends, if not to me :' The man would give no
more, and Mr Coke went forthwith to planting oak,
larch, and sweet chesnut, as they call it there to
distinguish it frojn the horse cbesnut — over the
whole of his magnificent reserve. He persisted,
year after year, until he had covered the whole;
and when he came to be married, it was valued by
com[)etent a|)praiser.s, with a view to the marriage
settlement, at 222,000?. In the county of Nor-
folk, he owns over 60,000 acres of land, either
under a high state of cultivation or well worked;
5000 acres of which he actually farms out on his
own account, — it is eleven miles round his park.
When he began to revolutionize Ilolkham, fifty
years ago, it cost him ten thousand dollars a year
for timber to keep bis fences and buildings in repair,
(apart from his own house, that being a palace, and
i3tte<l for the wear an<l tear of centuries ;) but with-
in the last eighteen years, he is not only able to
supply himself with tindier, but to sell about twen-
ty thousand dollars worth of poles every year, from
clearings which are contii\ually made, where the
smaller growths get crowded, or the larger trees
interfere with one another. For the last twenty
years, he has regidarly planted one hundred acres,
every year, with timber trees. He has five regu-
lar auctions a year, and puts up these poles in lots
of 260. The timber is in high credit, and the
sales average about !S4000 each, or $20,000 a
year. The monthly expense of his establishment
at Holkham, is about $5000 ; he keeps 70 servants,
45 being men servants. In a word, he is the
builder of his own private fortunes — a strongmind-
ed, straight forward, usefid man, — a self made
philosopher, and what is more, a practical fanner;
living under that extraordinary system of poor
laws, where men are bribed to pauperism and
precipitate marriage, he has contrived to keep the
whole country, far and wide, in a healthy state, by
the mere iuftuence of a quiet and sober example.
ffhat had such a man to do with a peerage ?

HUDSON AND MOHAWK RAIL ROAD.

We btive had the pleasure to examine personally
this road as it at present terminates at the head of
Lydius St. The Ibllowing is the appearance as it
struck us. As you approach the farm belonging
to our present mayor, you [lerceive wagons con

g vista, for miles and miles over a straight r.ail
regubir roail, on which are two rails that vanish
far away from you in the distance.

At first you exclaim, ' how simple after all is a
rail road,' but the mind seems to respond, ' how
vast and incalculable are the effects of this sim-
plicity !' The friction existing on a common
road on a level surface, or increased by gravity in
the ascent of hills, seems to destroy the native pow-
ers of man and beast. All the apparatus of wheels
and springs are hut poor remedies for the practi-
cal difficulties which have beset the traveller Man.
But the construction of rail roads gives him the
victory over these, and they dwindle down to com-
parative nothingness. Sixty miles in an hour have
been run upon the Liverpool and Manchester road,
and this may be done on the Mohawk and Schenec-
tady road. It is a very strong wind that travels
at this rate ; it is the velocity of most of the feath-
ered tribe. All these reflections occur to the mind
on visiting this interesting road. The locomotive
engine, which will open the travel upon it in a few
days, was built at the West Point foundry, upon
a plan of Mr Hall, and is very appropriately nam-
ed the De Witt Clinton.

It is about 11 feet 6 inches in length, and is
mounted on very solid and elegantly constructed
iron wheelsof four feet eight inches diameter. The
boiler contains 115 gallons of water, and will sus-
tain a i)ressure of several hundred pounds to the
inch, although it is intended to work at a pressure
of 50 pounds only. There are two cylinders, one
on each side of the engine, towards the rear of the
boiler, each of 51 inches diameter, and 16 inches
stroke. The pistons move on the inside of the
wheels, which is an improvement upon the Eng-
lish engines. The shackle barsare connected with
the axle of the front wheels, which is bent into the
sliape of a double crank. Attached to the boiler
is SI very pretty piece of work, being a glass tube,
securely cased in brass, shewing the state of the
water in the boilers. There is a safety valve on
the top under lock and key, and a self acting spi-
ral safety valve near the chimney, which allows
the steam to blow off when it reaches any propo-
sed mark upon the graduated scale attached to it.

The power of the engine is over ten horses, and
its weight is 67581 lbs. being much less in propor-
tion than that of the best English engines. As it
now stands on the rails, it can be very easily mov-
ed by a single hand ! The tender is a carriage
mounted on smaller wheels and carries a square
box with an awning upon it, in which are apart-
ments to hold an iron tank and the requisite quan-
tity of Lackawanacoalj It is dragged next the
locomotive and has a stout spring in front to keep
it at the same distance relntively from the engine. —
Behind these come the Coaches for the passengers.
These run on iron wheels constructed like the rest
with a flange or inner edge, which makes it imi)0s-
sible for them to run offtbe rails. And iiere it may
be well to remark that the rails are about six in-
ches wide, and have on the top a continued iron bar
of wrought iron, on which the wheels run. The
coaches are built like the common post coaches
peculiar to our own country, and will carry inside
and out about 20 passengers each. They are very

embarked their fortunes in the noble enterprise.
That the state will in time take the road under
the charter, we do not doid]t, ))rovided this is the
only one of the kind between Albany and Sche-
nectady.— Daily Adv.

SILK.

We had anticipated commencing upon this sub-
ject which we consider of national importance,
as soon as we bad given our readers what infor-
mation we deemed necessary respecting flax ; but
we perceive by our last New England Farmer,
that Massachusetts is on the alert, and that a forth-
coming work on this subject is announced in,
compliance with a resolution of their legislature
and we may defer the subject until we are favored
with a perusal of the work. So we go — Massa-
chusetts stands god-father for the United States ;
or rather she seems doing what the United States
bbould have done— encouraging the produce of
silk. — Genesee Farmer.

stanlly passing up with heavy loads of stone. At j comfortable and convenient. Experiments will be
the right of the road, a small temporary building is; immediately made to test the fitness of all this
erected, and on entering this, your eye involunta- varied apparatus, and soon we expect to see all
lily is arrested by a strange yet elegant piece of the travel iliverted to this road. — The income
machinery, mounted upon four iron wheels, while I will be enormous, but it will be no more than a
at the same instant it glances beyond, through a just return for the spirit and energy of those who

Odoriferous Suhstances Offensive to Insects. — It
is said that the common mint strewed among grain
as it is mowed away in the barn, will preserve it
from being injured by vermin. Camphor, when
kept among bed clothes, will keep away bed bugs
and fleas. From these circumstances, together
with the fact that we do not recollect of having
seen plants strongly odoriferous injured by insects,
we are led to conclude that farmers iriigbt be ben-
efited by turning their attention to the subject. —
JVew York Farmer.

HORTICULTURE.

Horticultural Hall, j
Satardiiy, August 20, 1831. (

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

From Mr Otis Pettee-Red and white Rareripe,
red and yellow, do., Melecoton, Admirable, Noblesse

and Peaches, of beautiful appearance and fine

quality.

From Mr R. Manning— Lady Haley's Nonsuch
Apples—Orange Musk, fine appearance, but inferior
in quality (Coxe No 14)— Washington, good flavored
and very fair ; and Pears, name unknown, from a
French tree.

From J. Prince, Esq.— Summer Pearmain Apples,
of high reputation, and Pears from a French tree.

From Mr Thomas Milton, of Roxbury— Fine red
and yellow Rareripe Peaches.

From Mr E. Bartlett— Pears from a French tree.

From Dr Robbins— A further specimen of the
Crimson Apples, exhibited last week.

From Dr B. Shurtleff— A very large sweet Ap-
ple, called by him the Hancock Sweeting.

From Benjamin Guild, Esq.— Russeting Apples of
last year's growth, put into an ice house in January,
and are now in a good state of preserv'ation.

From H. Newman, of Roxbury— Purple Fox
Grapes.

From E. Phinney, Esq.— White Native Grapes.

From Perrin May, Esq.— While sweet water
Grapes, raised in open ground, Boston.

From Mr Edw.ird Sharp, Dorchester— White
sweet water Grapes, open ground.

From John Woodbury, Esq. Boston— White sweet
water Grapes, open ground.

From Mr Moses W. Copeland, of Princeton— A
specimen of white Whortleberries, very delicate.

From Mr R. R. Sclianck, Middletown Point, N. J
—Red Juneating Apples, a very popular fruit, well
known and extensively cutlivated m this vicinity.

From Dr Green of Mansfield, A sample of the fruit
of the Lime plant (Podophyllum peliatum.)

By order of the Committee on Fruits.

EDWARD M. RICHARDS,

44

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. 24, 1831.

OKBA, TO.MATO, AND EGG PLANT.

Mr Editor — As you invite information in re-
gard to the culture of ol^ra in onr latitude, I take oc-
casion to say, that I have cultivated it six or eight
years, with general success,and that I subscribe to
your high commendation of it It is the Hibiscus
tscuhtitus of botany, of the natural order malvacetB,
a family of plants abounding in mucilage, and
showy in the flower border. I have the okra now
in blossom, and may expect pods fit for use in ten
to fourteen days. I use it principally in soups ;
though it affords a nutritious and healthy dish for
weak and debilitated stomachs when boiled plain
and seasoned to the taste. As the plant requires
warm weather to bring it forward, it should not
be sown in the open ground till late in May. The
rule for ])lanting melons, viz: when early planted
Indian corn has come up, applies to this and tnost
other tender jilants introduced frotn warmer cli-
mates. I plant in a rich loam, rather dry, and
open to the sun ; and as tlie plants are liable to be
eaten by grubs, I am not sparing of seed. I have
this year started the okra, as well ns other tender
plants, under glass, with little or no bottom heat,
and trausplanted in June.

While on the subject of rare garden produc-
tions I will mention, that I also cultivate with
success thetoniato(So/aiiuni Lucopersicum) the Egg
plant( S. melongeva) and the Bene [Scsamum
orientiah). These were started thisyear under glass
with the okra. I have the first with full grown
fruit, the second in bloom, and the third in an
advanced state. The tomato, from its anti-bilious
properties, is highly conducive to health, and be-
comes, by a little use, one of the most desirable
dishes upon the table. The egg plant, properly
prepared, has a greater affiuity, in taste, to the oyster,
than any oilier vegetable I am acquainted with.
The purple variety is principally used for culinary
])urposes. I have a new variety growing, the seeds
of which were brought from Constantinople, by
Mr Rhind. — The Bene is cultivated, by me for
medicinal uses alone ; though at the south its seeds
afford an abundance of oil, not inferior to the
finest made from the olive. It is called the oil
grain. A leaf of this jdant, immersed in a tum-
bler of water, converts it, in a few moments, into
a thin mucilage, without taste color or smell, and
is readily taken by children and infants. It is
found highly useful in infantile relax and diarrhoea,
and in allaying- inflammations, of the eye, ear, &c.

Albany, July 16. J. Buel.

NOTE BT THE EDITOR.

We consider the above communication from
Judge Bukl, a favor to oursel\'es ,ind tlic public.
Observations coming from men, who unite theory
with |)raclice, are more to be depended upon than
the opinions of men, who are acquainted with
theory only. From the above, it appears that
okra may be cultivated to advantage in this
latitude, and from its known reputation in the West
Indies, and our southern stales, as an article of
food during warm weather, we hope our garden-
ers will be induced to give it a fair trial. A very
celebrated dish, called Gombo, is prepared in those
countries where okra is grown, by mixing with
the green pods, ripe tomatos, and onions ; all chop-
ped fine, to which are added pepper and salt, and
the whole stewed.

Tomatoes are already cultivated, to considera-
ble extent in thia section, and seem almost indi-

genous to the soil, growing with little trouble; but
in order to have the benefit of them during the
heat of summer, they should be started under
glass, and transplanted, when they will ripen their
fruit early in August. We have two varieties of
them, the yellow and red, growing at tliis time,
with fruit full size, and the quantity produced by a
single stalk is surprising. We consider the yellow
as l)cst for pickles, but the red, for eating without
cooking, and for making catsup. The taste for
tomatos is rather an acquired one, arising from
the beneficial effects of eating, and most people
become fond of, after eating them a few times.

No less than three varieties of tlie egg plant
are cultivated in the gardens in this vicinity, viz.
the large round purple, the long purple, and the
round white ; the latter variety is considered the
most showy, and is more generally cultivated than
the other varieties. When started in a hot bed,
they |)roduce well. Although they are to be
found in many of our gardens, yet they are sel-
dom met with at any of our public, and very few
private tables. This is probably owing to our
northern cooks not being acquainted with the best
method of preparing this fruit, and Jiidse Buel
would confer a favor on ourselves, as well as our
readers, by giving directions for cooking, ns they
will undoubtedly continue to be raised if only for
ornament.

Frotn.lhe Northampton Courier.

CULTIVATION OF WHEAT.

Mr Atwill — With the improvements which
are going forward in various branches of industry,
it is desirable that those in agriculture may bear
a part. To obtain the full benefit of these, the
result of practical experience is necessary; and
with this New England may stand preeminent in
successful ctdtivation of her soil. It is too often
the case with our agricultural experiments, that if
the first does not succeed to our wishes the ob-
ject is abandoned, when it might easily be attained
by a little variation in the process.

The cultivation of meat has in a great meas-
ure been given up by the farmers in this vicinity,
and onr necessary sup|)lies brought to us from the
far distant south and west at no small expense.
Could our farmers be made to believe it practica-
ble to raise our own supidies of Wheat ; many
would try the experiment, could they be made to
believe it could be raised at a profit, all would
desire to engage in the cultivation. From well
attested experiments I am satisfied that a little
care in relation to the seed and a little more care
in the preparation of the soil is all that is requir-
ed to a snccessfid result in this crop, and that
from almost any of the lands in Old Hampshire
County. The ivhile flint Wheat is better suited to
(Uir soil than any other. For several years I have
cultivated this grain and have been uniformly
successful in the crop. Bluch has been said of
the/mf Wheat in our agricultural journals. I
am inclined to believe it is the same known in
Virginia by the name of the Lawler fVheat : it
took this name from the gentleman who intro-
duced it there, from Pennsylvania, when it was
known by the name of the Jones white ffTieat ; I
am aware that some have supposed that n distinct
kind of wheat from the flint Wheat so well known
and so much approved in the western counties of
N. y. ; attempts have been made to show a differ-
ence, but I have seen no evidence which satisfies
me that any substantial difference exists between

them ; some of the evidence that they are the
same arises from these facts; both are natives of
Spain, brought to the U. States about the same time
(as early as 1814,) and first cultivated in N. .ler-
sey ; both resist the Hessian fly and the variations
of the season alike, are similar in their appearance,
both in the seed and in the field. Be this as it
may, whether they arc the same or different grains,
the flmt wheat which I have cultivitteil possesses
the excellence of resisting the insect so often fa-
tal to the Wheat crop ; it is not so liable to win-
ter killing, better suited to our seasons, less liable
to gather rust or shrink, than any other wheat
within iriy knowledge, and the quantity of flour is
full equal and quality superior to other wheat.
Many things have been published of tiiis grain
which the practical farmer may not find to be cor-
rect. It has been said it did not require so strong
a soil as other wheat, that less seed was required
— that it spread on the ground much more than
other Wheat, and takes a greater growth ; these
qualities I have not discovered. It has been said
that the stalk is solid and that has been given as a
reason for its resisting tlie insect ; but the stalk is
not solid ; a solid Wheat stalk, 1 apprehend, would
be an anomaly in this part of the country ; but
that there is more substance and less cavity in
the stalk than in other wheat is true, and that it
is altogether more sure in its rewards to the cul-
tivator than any other wheat, I am fully satisfied
My practice is to soak the seed twentyfour hours,
in strong brine (before sowing) and roll it in lime ;
when this mode has been adopted in preparing
the seed, I have never found a head of smut
among- my Wheat.

The benefit in the use of lime on Wheat as a
remedy against smut has been fully shown by nu-
merous experiments which have uniformly proved
effectual, the result of which is before the public ;
the mere statement of a single one, will show
What they are; this is taken from ' yowjig-'i .4n-
Jia/.» ;' it has been copied into other publications;
'several distinct and equal portions of very smutty
Wheat were sown ; the first with no application
to it produced 377 smutty ears, the second wash-
ed in jnire water produced 325 smutty ears, the
third washed in lime water produced 43 smutty
cars, the fiitirth sleepedin lime water 4 hours pro-
duced 12 smutty ears, the fifth soaked in lime
water 12 hours, produced 6 smutty ears, and the
sixth soaked in lime water 24 /tours had no smut
among it ; see New England Farmer for .August
23. 1823, and Sept. 6, 1S2.'5, ami for August 18,
1826, and fr m memoirs of the N. York Board of
Agriculture, all proving the same effect from the
use of lime. — The application of ley from wood
ashes, and a wash of arsenic and salt mixture, has
a similar effect upon smut as the use of lime.

It has been fully proved that this disease in
Wheat arises from microscopic grains of black
dust which germinate and reproduce themselves ;
by the application of lime, as the salt mixture, the
germinating principle is destroyed. Lime is also
useful in supplying a ileficiency in om- soils for
Wheat culture; the soils of New England, gener-
ally, says Judge Duel, ' are primitive in their form-
ation, and do not contain all the elements of this
valuable grain, and tliat this defect must be reme-
died by the ap[ilication of something containing
those elements.' Great difference of opinion ex-
ists as to the quantity which should be applied,
and no doubt, diflferent soils require different
quantities ; a very little is useful ; with less than a

Vol. X.— No. 6.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

45

bushel of limo tn the acre, incluiling the j)ve]nira-
tioii of the seed, I have this year raised a good
crop, twenty bushsis to the acre or more, (judging
of what remains in the sheaf by what lias been
threshed) of excellent Wheat on old pluia land,
light loam soil, with no particular preparation ex-
cept the smidl one of lime and preparation of the
seed, as above stated ; this crop succeeded to a
crop of corn and potatoes, the latter of which I
find the best preparative for Wheal, which also
succeeds well a clover crop ; the soil should be
fine, well pulverized, ami sufficicuily fertile at
least to produce lifty bushels of corn to the acre.
The Jliiil iriieat should be sown as early as the
20tli of September, Ibougli I have known the crop
to succeed when sown as late as the 10th October.
Should this Wheat prove a safe crop against the
insect, and against injury by the severity and
changes of our climate, it will be a most valuable
accession to the crops of New England Farmers ;
an experiment with it, is well worthy their atten-
tion. M. DOOLITTLE.
Belcherlown, Jlugusl 4, 1831.

From the Genesee Farmer.

HAY MAKING.

In some of the Middle States, it is customary
to begin hay making when the grass lias scarcely
dropped its blossoms. This has been the prac-
tice of several generations ; and though unaided
by philosophy, the farmers of those districts bad
adopted the very plan which seems warranted by
the experiments instituted by the Duke of Bed-
ford, and which seem to prove that the greatest
quantity of nutritive matter is obtained from the
grasses when in flower.* Hay made from early
cut grass, moreover, has a brightness and fresh-
ness of appearance altogether superior to liay
made late in the season.

Yet notwith>tanding bntli theory and appear-
ance are in favor of early hay, my experience is
in direct op[iusitioii. My horses have always
turned from it, whenever an opportunity for such
choice was offered, to old rusty bay, cut after har-
vest when the grass appeared half dry as it stood,
and this lliey have eaten with avidity. A circum-
stance of this kind is strongly imprinted on my
memory. An old kinsman who was a strenuous
advocate for making early bay, said to me when
I once called on him in sleighing time, ' Go to the
barn, there is plenty of bay, and there is none finer
or better in the country.' This was said with a
slight reference to our former debates on the sub-
ject. I went and found hay, cut when the grass
was in flower, and which seemed to have preserv-
ed all its greenness ; yet my horses, though hun-
gry, would not eat it, but the remnants of some
from my own barn which had been trodden un-
der foot in the sleigh, was eaten with an evident
relish.

It would be gratifying to have some remarks or
explanations on this subject. It is certainly a
great saving of labor to cut our grass late in the
season. Many a ton of hay have we taken in, on
the afternoon of the same day in which the grass
was cut ; while in England, according to Sir
John Sinclair, the shortest time in which hay can
be made is 4 days, and 5 hay makers are requir-
ed to take care of the grass cut by one mower.
A Farmer.

*Is Timothy (Phleum pratense) an exception ? I
have not the account of those experiments at hand.

DECEPTION IN FLOWERS.— TRAVELLING
FLORISTS.

'The Flower markets of Paris,' says the con-
ductor of the Gardener's Magazine, 'occupies an
open area of about two acres, and the stands of
the dillerent Florists are almost always kept by the
wives or daughters of the growers. We made
several purchases here,' says he ' and were amus-
ed at the clumsy attempts made to impose upon
us by the fair dealers. We were fully prepared
for this ; and, indeed should have been surprised
had these lively and agreeable women acted other-
wise.'

Now, like Mr Loudon, I have not the least ob-
jections to a lively and agreeable French woman
getting the advantage of me occasionally : hut I
confess my feelings are different when I am
cheated by one of my own sex, of whatever na-
tion.

In the month of February or March last you
published an advertisement — and printed Cata-
logues were issued and distributed, purporting
that the Sikcr Fay et Cohp'e, Jardiniers, Floiir-
istes et P^pinleristes from Paris, and were exhibit-
ing fur sale in Fulton-street, a clioice collection of
Ornamental Shrubs &c, and would remain but
for a short period, being, as they stated, on their
way to the Island of Cuba.

I confess that the erroneous spelling of a great
niauy botanical names in a catalogue issuing
from a scientific establishment in Paris, might have
excited my suspicions of imposture : but this is a
fault from which even the New York Farmer is
not free. Then the numerous varieties continually
introduced by cultivation and discovery, made me
think it possible that Sieur Fay and Co. might pos-
S'-ss the Viburnum (Guilder Rose or Snow Ball)
producing red, yellow, rose, and variegatedjlowers.

But when I got among the Roses, I was de-
lighted.— Like my brother Florist in Bedford-
Street, 'I'm dreadful fond of Roses,' and in my
simplicity would have purchased a number of the
new varieties, had 1 not been dissuaded by a judi-
cious friend who was present. Besides the
Grande Cuisse de J\'ijmphc, the color of which is
not stated, toe had green, blue, brown and flaxen
Rose — white with black, and white with yellow
stripes — red with black stripes — red with yellow
edges — black and brown with white borders,
&r, &c. The Sieur Fay, if that be his name,
when I expressed surprise at such curious varie-
ties, assured me that every one named was true
and genuine, for all were grown by himself. But
I was particularly attracted by a Violet Moss Rose,
an engraving of which colored'from nature was ex-
hibited to me. You will say that I ought to have
known the wood of a Moss Rose at sight, this is
true, and my only excuse is, that several of my
friends who profess more botanical knowledge
than I pretend to do, purchased a number of these

Roses, NOT ONE OF WHICH HAS FLOWERED ACCORD-
ING TO ITS LAREL. IMy hopcs and fears are also
at an eml.

As when a hen in the straw sees with surprise
her first chick burst its calyx and waddle forth a
duckling — such was my disappointment a few days
ago when my first VioUt Moss, emerged from its
shell, a common Blush Rose. I blush when I look
at it, and give this notice through your Paper that
simpletons like the writer may be warned against
trading xuith these travelling nurserymen in future

After all, I wish to return good for evil : and as
your Journal will probably reach the Sieur Fay in
Havana, would hint to him not to return via
New York, lor soine who ilealt with him when
here might prove ugly customers ; after this advice,
the least he can do, is to send me a box or two of
' Dos Amigos,' cigars directed to your care, and I
promise him that all our future dealings shall be
under the Rose. R.

From the Geneiee F.irraer.

IRRIGATION.

Although I am not opposed to irrigation, when
it can be incideiittilly introduced without great ex-
pense, I do not think it at all essential to good
husbandry in our northern latitude, nor that its
benefits would in any measure compeusiile for
the heavy expenses attending it in other countries.
One would suppose that during the present sea-
son, and those which have preceded it, wc had
more occasion for ditches to carry oftj than to let
in water, upon our fields. The globe may be di-
vided into agricultural zones, each of which re-
quires a different system of husbandry. Ours is
not the zone of irrigation, but of draining and ma-
nuring ; where a judicious rotation of crops, and
clean husbandry, with the auxiliaries I have nam-
ed will generally countervail the evils ofdrought.
Grounds suffer from drought in proportion to their
poverty and bad tillage. In central Asia, the
northern part of Africa, and trojiical America,
irrigation is the great source of fertility, and the
use of manure is almost wholly dispensed with.
In countries lying between these, two zones, those
of irrigation and of draining and manuring, as in
the south of France, Italy, Spain and the southern
states, the two systems may be blended with the
best effect. The expense of irrgation, in Eng-
land, is stated by Loudon, to vary from lOs. to
40Z. sterling per acre. We are apt to forget the
difference in climate, when we recommend to our
farmers the practices of Egypt, of Persia, Peru,
Chili and Mexico. Some of these countries have
no rain during the year, while others are without
any from three to six months at a time.

Albany, July 16. J. B.

To Farmers. — A writer in the Norwich Courier
says — ' If grass when mown, is carefully turned
every day it will injure very little. The great
cause of injury is its laying on the ground through
a long spell of rainy weather. If it lay there
more than one day it becomes mouldy, and turns
black. If carefully turned daily rain or shine, it
will not lose color. This is the result of many
years' experience.'

To this we have to add a suggestion made to us
verbally by an experienced farmer, nnd we give
it nearly in his own words. 'Itis often the case
that I find it expedient to rake up my hay when not
much more than half cured to avoid an apjirooch-
ing rain. It is unfit for the stack or the mow,
and by putting it in cock it is but imperfectly pre-
served, must be sunned again,and the process is one
of much labor and delay. But I have lately learnt
on the approach of raiu, to put up Iiay but " half
made," in the common phrase, and by applying
salt, in the proportion of three pecks, or a bushel,
to a ton, it keeps well, comes out bright in the
spring and is the best h.ay for working cattle, be-
ing heartier than that cured in the ordinary man-
ner.'

46

NEW EN « LAIN D FARMER,

Aug. 24, 1831,

^mw ^Ti^ii^m^i i^iissaissa

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 24, 1831.

FARMERS AND FARMERS' DAUGHTERS
We iiave received and published several arli-
cles on tlie general eniliarrass'nent of farmers in
consequence of debt, and the propriety of their
daughters ^ going out to sernict,^ as one of the
methods of alleviating or extinguishing the evil
complained of. The subject is interesting, and
difficult to investigate or allude to without giving
offence to ' worth by poverty depressed.' Siill as
our correspondent 'Oliver' requests our sentiments
m regard to domestics, we will not hesitate to
give them.

The time has been when ' working men' and of
course working women were considered as beings
of an inferior caste, mere drudges, ordained to
minister to the wants, caprice and luxuries of the
better classes in the conmiunity. When the feu-
dal system flourished in full vigor, large portions

goes from home on official business. The President
of the United States and the Governor of Mass-
achusetts go out to work, and ' we the People' pay
them for ibcif labors. ^

Again, we will suppose the poorest man in Mas-
sachusetts receives an indictable injury from our
richest citizen. The commonwealth immediately
enters into the service of the injured jierson ; and
en)plnys certain hired men, such as the Stale's At

forming the duties iiicmnbent on Imuse keepirjg is
qualifying herself, and pulling herself in the way
to become the head of a family in her turn.

If farmers' daughters are willing to become far-
mers' wives, let tbeni not hesitate when occasion
requires, lo go into the service of other respectable
fanners or into any other good, moral, respectable
families ; and instead of suffering their spirits to bo
wounded, or feeling chagrin or mortification, let

lorney, the Sheriff, the Grand Jury, the Judges of them make themselves as cheerful, useful and

the Supreme Court &c, &c, to punish the offen
der and to redress the injury. Indeed nil the
laudable, if not all the lawful transactions of man-
kind in civilized communities cunsist of services
rendered and received ; and those persons are
most praiseworthy, who render themselves most
serviceable.

In these opinions we are not wholly at issue with
our correspondent, '.? Farmer,' who says ' I have
daughters that I am endeavoring to bring up in
industrious habits. — It is my intention that they
shall earn a subsistence by such suitable employ-

of the human race were vassals, who held real or „ient for females as may be found upon a farm and

landed property ; (the only possessions at that lime
considered of much value) by a servile tennr
thus described by IJlackstone,

about a farm house. To speak plainly 1 mean that
they shall tvork for their living, believing that it is
the duty and happiness of every member of this

Besides an oath o( fealty, or profession of faith ^public to do so.' In these sentiments we fully

to the lord, which was the parent of our oath of
allegiance, the vassal or tenant upon investiture
did usually homage to his lord ; openly and humbly
kneeling, being ungirt, uncovered, and holding
up his hands both together, between those of the
lord, who sat before him ; and there professing
that" he did become bis man from that day forth,
of life and limb, and earthly honor." And then
be received a kiss from his lord.'

At that time lords of all denominations, from
' our sovereign lord the king,' to the lordly but
beggarly |proprietor of an Irish bog, or an Iligb-
land heath looked upon every kindof Irfbor, wheth-
er manual or mental as derogatory to the dignity
of such flourishing sprigs of nobiliry. It was
thought more consonant to lb ; rules of etiquette
for the well born lo suffer privations from poverty,
which would be deemed intolerable by our day
laborers than to earn comparative comfort and
affluence by the exei-cise of any u.seful occupation.

But v/ith all the vices an 1 foibles, whirh stig-
matize the present generation of human bipeds,
there is among the rellecting |)art no disgrace at-
tached to any useful occupation. We generallv ac-
knowledge the correctness of the poet's assertion,

' Honor and shame from no condition rise

Act well your part, there all the honjr lies .'
And in all cases, where parly politics have
not misguided )uiblic opinion.

'Worth makes the man, the wact of it the fellow.'
In this country, every man not involved in debt
nor convicted of crime is his own master ; but it
is bis duty, and should be esteemed his privilege
to ren<ler all the services in his power to liis fellow
laborers in the great field of humanity. And,
every freeman is an acting partner in ihef rm of
the United States ; and has a right to and
the liabit of receiving benefits frojn the services of
its government. And the guvt-rnnient is bound
by the constitution and laws of the land to protect
every individual member of ibis Company, or As-
Bociation in the full enjoyment of the rights to life,
liberty, pro])erty, health and reputation. Andrew
Jackson and Levi Lincoln are among the heail
laborers belonging to this firm, and each of those
I iBorking men'' ' goes out to service' whenever lie

agreeable as possible. If however, they can find
any proper useful occupations at home, so be it.
Whether they keep bees, manufacture silk, or
straw bonnets, our best wishes and benedictions
attend them. But if they are aiming the arrows
of coquetry at lawyers, merchants, physicians, &c,
though we still wish them well, we consider them
as v/ithout our jurisdiction, and have nothing to say
t o their ladysbijis.

We will dismiss this subject which is far from
being a pleasant topic for discussion, with one far-
ther remark. We have often seen with regret the
daughters of farmers, not in the most flourishing
circumstances, who coidd not comlescend to per-
form the house loork of their own family. They
were too indolent and lady-like to )iave anything
to do with the dairy, the kiichen or the pantry,
and would iis soon dig in a ditch as wash a few
dishes altera family meal. Everything of this kind
must be done by hired help. Now such farmers''
daughters ought to set themselves immediately
about the theory and practice of the duties of llie
frugal housewife, or forever he deemed incompe-
tent lo form or sustain a imilrimonial alliance, with
any being except some hero of a novel, existing
only in the imagination of some half-crazed spinster
of romances.

concur with the writer. But when he says 'if I
know my own heart, I would sooner, infinitely
.sooner follow njy daughters to the grave than see
them " go out to service". There are indeed many
excellent females who are driven lo this necessity,
who go through ihe fiery trial with credit, and
maintain a character of unblemished inlegrity ; yet
who will venlure to describe the distress the anx-
iety, the sickne.ss of heart, the anguish of a wound-
ed spirit, that the most favored of them are con-
strained to endure,' we respect his feelings, but

do not altogether coincide with bis opinions. If HAMPSHIRE CATTLE SHOW.

he can find employment for bis daughters at home This annual festival of the Yeomanry of Hamp-
in which they can be more respectably, profitably shire, Hampden, and Franklin counties, will take
and pleasantly occupied than by going out of the place this year on the 26lh and 27th of October^
domestic circle, let him by all means retain them j two successive days. The variety, nun}ber and size

under the paternal roof. We conceive the obser-
vations of the writer in the Christian Examiner arc
not at all api)licable to his case. But there may
be young females, daughters of farmers with
'moderate means,' who would be more eligibly
situated as well as better employed under some
other roof than that of their parents. Suppose the
|)arents, or either of them should be addicted to,
or verging towards intemperance, or in other
ways exposing the mendiers of the household to
the contagion of bad example, it would be better to
'go out to service' than to stay at home and be ruin-
ed. In short, general rules with regard to this mat-
ter, cannot with any propriety, be prescribed, hut
every case should be governed by the circumstan-
ces, with which it is attended.

If the sentiments of ' A Farmer' on ibis subject
should become general, the consequences might be
nmre injurious than on a superficial view, would
he apparent. If Farmers' daughters are not allow-
ed to go out to service. Mechanics' daughters may
claim the same privilege ; and so on as respects
all other classes and vocations in society. Where,
then in cases of sickness or other real necessity is
female 'help' lo be procured. Suppose ' A Farm-
er's' dau<;hters should be married, and leave^hiui and
madam for another home ; where then when visited
by old age or premature infirnnty are they to pro-
cure female assistance ? A young woman by
going into a respectable family, to assist in per-

of the Premiums offered this year exceed those of
last year, and offer great inducements to the en-
terprising farmers of the three counties ; we are
glad to observe a goodly number of premiums of-
fered for Horses and Colts, adapted to the Saddle,
Harness and Farmers' use ; that this classof animals
require regeneration and improvement, there can
be no question ; they are poor and spiritless and de-
ficient in strength and symmetry in this part of the
cormiionweallh to a surprising degree, and it is full
time efforts were made to improve them. The
raising of Mulberry Tree.s and Silk Worms is en-
gaging the atteniion of the society, and liberal
premiums are offered for such plarjtations ; much
soil in the throe counties is fflted for no other pur-
pose than the growth of the Midberry Tree, and
the whole attention and culture of Silk Worms can
be performed by those whose age and sex unfit
them for fatiguing and laborious duties; we hope
the raising of Silk Worms will be considered and
valued in its proper light by our enterprising far-.'
mers. — JVorthampton Courier.

To Correspondents. — We are obliged to defer many
articles ibis week, among which are two from our abla
correspondent, Gen. Dearborn — one from Dedham, on
Budding — Prospectus of a proposed Botanical Magazine,
by Messrs D. & C. Landreth, of Philadelphia. We have
received several comnninicalioDS on the subject of Far--
raers' Daughters.

Vol. X.— No. 6.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

47

Plum and Cherry Sloncs Wanted.

A liberal prire will l)e paid by tlie siib-icriber tor one
buphel of Plum Stones ami two or tliree pecks of Cherry
Stones, to be wjiranted of tlie growth of 1831.

Aug. 24. 4t J. B. RUSSELL.

Pary.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52
North Market Street—

A few dozen bottles of excellent Perry, of fine flavor
anil sprightly, well panketl. and wireil and sealed in
champaigne bottles. Price ,f 3 per dozen. Aug. 17.

Roses, Dahlias, Strawberries and Qiiicis.

The proprietors of the Albany Nursery have printed a
cl.assiticalion ol 140 of their finest Roses, according to
color, to enable purchasers to select a variety with cer-
tainty and economy, with characters indicating the size
of the flower, habit and prices. This may be seen at the
office of the New England Farmer.

They liave imported and propagated many varieties
of the finest double Dahlias, which may be selected by
the flowers until the fi'osts of autumn.

They will have for sale, from this time forward, plants
of the Methven Strawberry, i.t $2,50 per hundred.—
Fortyseven of these berries have weighed a pound, and
some have measured 4^ inches round. Also many other
varieties, foi' which see catalogue.

They have al>o for sale, at $5 per thousand, 50,000
quicks of the honey locust {Gleditschia triacanthtts)
for live fences, two years old, and fit for transplanting. —
Specimens of the fence may be seen at the Nursery.

Ordei'S for any of the above, or for trees, shrubs and
plants, may be sent by mail, or left with J. B. Rpssell.
BUEL & WILSON.

Albany Nursery, July 10, 1831.
Aug. 10. 3t

Zmc Milk Pans.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse — Westfield's
patent Zinc Milk Pans. A pai'ticular account of this
great improvement in dairying will be found in the New
England Farmer for July 6, 1831. page 405, and many
other journals. Milk in these pans will keep sweet
longer than in those of other malerials, and thus conse-
quently arttird a longer time for the cream to rise, and
produce one sixth more butter, as has been proved,
of tlie sweetest quality. The pans aie very durable, and
Qot likely to rust.

Notice.

The undersigned being owner of the Letters patent for
the manufactory of the above article, hereby cautions
the Public from trespassing on his patent right, as they
would avoid the penalty of the law ; and also gives no-
tice that he has appointed J. R. Newell, propiieiorof
the Agricultural W.irehouse in the city of Boston, his
Agent for vending the above articles.

Aug. 3. CHARLES BISHOP.

Bees,

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale. In his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price
of a single right ,$5.

Also for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare ol hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or olher-
jvise damaged) by the first day of March, 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
iember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass. so as to have time to transport them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will he taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

Fresh Jfliite .Mulben-y Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Street—

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s.-ason, from
■one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
«eed. Aui! 3.

If'anled,
A situation for a boy 12 years of age, in the country,
as an apprentice to a farmer, or any good mechanical
trade. For further particulars inquire of T. T. ROB-
ERTS, No. 5 Union street. 2t Aug. 24.

JVathanicl Dearborn

Respectfully informs his friends and the public, that
he has removed his place of Ijusiness, from Slate street to
No. 110 Washington street, in the front lower chambers
over Messrs Hilliard, Gray & Co.'s bookstore— where
orders are solicited for engiaving in all its varieties.

Copperplate Printing neatly accomplished.

[D'Flute Tuition, by the new system of Instruction.

Perspective Drt-wings made of Machinery, Inventions,
&e. 6w Aug. 24.

Black Currant Jf'ine.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 ^
52 North Market Street, Boston-

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol. 5, pare 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer c^implaints. Doct. Coffin states :
^ Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — .ind
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
symptoms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
ceased It has been strikingly remedial in the lowstates
of typhoid and bilious fever. The late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years followed the Batavia trade, and
who had alw.iys sutTered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human life in thatclimate,
used to say that after ho had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate many other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for n any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle. Aug. 3.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constanily supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. .\ll orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

4G, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 3. eoptf

Seeds for Fall Sowing.
For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52

North Market Street, Boston-
Garden and Field Seeds, suitable fur fall sowing,

among which are —

White Portugal Onion.

Prickly Spinach, (for early jrcens.)

Black Spanish or Winter Radish.

Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden

seeds.

Also — Timothy or Herd? Grass — Orchard

Grass — Red Top, Red and White Clover, Sic &c
Aug 3.

Ammunition ,_£J}

01 the best qi;alitv ai.d i^tnest prices, for sportinf

constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6') Broad Street.

IV. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbo relunded If Jan.

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North .Market Street—

A few packages of seed of this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in No 3, vol. x. N. E. Farmer. — Price 124 d'- f ach paper.

Turnip Seed.

For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston,

200 lbs White Flat Turnip Seed, the growth nf the
present season, raised in this vicinity expressly for this
Establishment.

-Also- Ruta Baga of the very fir.st quality, of both
American and European growth ; Yellow Aberdeen,
Yellow Stone, White Norfolk Field, and Yellow French
Turnips; Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, for pick-
ling, warranted genuine and fresh. July 6

Tulip Roots.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston—

A splendid collection of Tulip Roots, now in fine order
for transplanting, comprising some of the most beautiful
varieties now cultivated in this vicinity, viz:

Marbled or mottled, dart-- stamens.

While and Purple, ditto.

Yellow and Purple, ditto.

Double Yellow Rose.

Double pale yellow flamed, (Passe non plus ultra.)

Crimson, yellow centre and yellow stamens.

While, shaded with red, dark centre and stamens.

Fine large yellow, with yellow stamens.

Double white, with red shades, (beautilul.)

Double orange brown, (very large.)

Double pasony lose.

Double cofl'ee color.

Parrot tulips, of several colors.

Fine hibloems, (striped on white ground.^

Fine bizarres, (striped on yellow ground.)

Fine Rosy, on white, &C; &c. Price 12l cts. each—
$1 per doz.

The above are of large size, and are raised from su-
perior imported roots, some of which cost $1 each.

Also, common tulip roots, ol all colors, and of good
size, price $5 per hundred, suitable for those commenc-
ing a large tulip bed.

Also, Double White and Yellow sweet scented Nar-
ci.ssus — 124 r.ts. each — $1 per doz.

Mixed Crocus roots— 50 cts. per dozen. Aug. 3.

30 Dollars Reward.

The above reward will be paid by the Subscriber for
the detection and conviction of the vile wretch or
wretches who have been base enough to break down a
large number of young rock maple Trees, set out on the
road adjoining his Farm, leading from Dedham turn-
pike to Brushhill turnpike, for the purpose of shade and
ornament. As the vile wretch who could be guilty of
such a crime is dangei'ous to the community, it is hoped
that the citizens of Roxbury and Dorchester will be vigi-
lant in endeavoring to detect him, in order that he may
be brought to public justice. JEREMIAH HILL.

Boston, July, 1831. July 20.

BniGUTON Markkt — Morulay, Aug. 22.

[Reported for the Chronicle anj Patriot.]

At Market this day 541 Beef Cattle, including about
150 unsold last week ; 485 Stores ; 20 Cows and Calves •
3227 Sheep and Lambs, and 464 Swine. About 50 Beef
Cattle remain unsold, all of which are thin Cattle.

Pricks.— Beff Cattle— The best qualities of Cattle
were rather scarce and a little better prices were obtain-
ed. We quote for prime 5 a 5 25, good 4 25 a 4 75, thin
3 50 a 4.

Stores — Few sales only were effected.

Cows and Calves. — All at market were ordinary. We
noticed sales at .$15,17,18, 20, and 23.

Sheep and Lambs — We noticed sales at .$175,184,
1 88, 1 92, 2, 2 125, 2 17, 2 25 and 2 374 ; a few wethers
were sold, price not ki;own.

Swine — Rather dull, at retail 44 for Sows and 5i for
Barrows — not much demand for lots.

Erratum— ]n our last week's report for good Cattle it
should have been 4 25 a 4 75 instead of 4 25 a 4 15 as
published.

A Gardener.
A Gardener, with good recommendations, recently
from Scotland, wants a situation. Inquire at the N. E.
Farmer Office. 4w Aug. 24.

JVcM York Cattle .Market, Aug 13.— At market 600 to
700 Beef Cattle. 2500 to 3000 Sheep and Lambs ; a large
portion weie inferior. Several small lots extra, $G 50,
a 6 75, a few favorite cattle $7; good .f 575 a6 ; fair $5 2.5
a 5 50; ordinary 4 50 a 4 75 aild $5 per cwt. Sheep —
Demand good at $ 1 25 to 4 each ; few extra $4 ; good,
2 50 to 3 ; fair 2 to 2 25 ; middling, 1 50 to 1 75. Lambs
2 75 extra, good 2 to 2 25, fair 1 50 a 1 75, and ordinary,
1 00 a 1 2o. Swine, small handsome shoats, from 4 to 44c.
Grown hogs, 3J a 3|c. Milch Cows more in demand
this week, but very liltle advance in price. Sales at $18,
$23, $25, $30, and $33. Notwithstanding the heat of
the weather has produced some little heaviness in the
Beef market, yet there is no considerable glut — for sheep
and lambs the market is open, and there is no Swine on
hand. — Journal of Commerce.

48

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Aug. 24, 1831.

MISCELLANY

J'exatious. — A short time since, some gentlemen
were enjoying tlie diversion of couising, and having
lost sight of the hare, one of the parly hastily rode
AN AMERICAN PIGEON ROOST. up {(, ^ ^,oy^ ^y|ien the following dialogue ensued :—

It was in a portion of the forest where the trees ; Boy, have you seen a hare running this way, follow-

Medicnl School in Boston.

Tlie Medical Lectures oC Haiv.inl University deliver-
ed in liuslon will be commenced in the Autumn, at thtj
usual period, viz. on the third Wednesday in October.
They will be continued (our months.

Tliis extension in the term of the Lectures has been

were of great magnitude, and where there was little ed by dogs. ^Inswer — W-w-w-w-what, doyou mean , ihouiiht necessary to afford time for such a course of Id-
underwood ; I rode through it upwards of forty miles, a 1-1-little b-b-brown thing .' — Yes.— Had it 1-l-long ' slruction and demonstration, as is deemed by the Faculty
and crossing it in difterent parts, found its average , ears? — Yes. — A 1-1-1-little white under the b-b-belly .' to be requisite, under the advantages which have'recent-
breadth to be rather more than three miles. My 1 — Yes.— Had it a s-s-s-short tail .' — Yes. — A-a-a-and , ly accrued to the School.

The Legislature of Massachusetts, with an enlighten-
ed liberality, which docs honor to our age and country,
have extended the protection of law to tiie cultivation of
Anatomy within tins Commonwealth. The advantages
which will licnce result to students resorting to this
school will be sufficiently obvious. It will be the aim ot
the Professors to carry into eltect the intentions of the
Legislature, in such a manner as to evince at the same
time their respect for the rights of humanity, and their
interest in the promotion of the healing art.

The opportunities for practical instruction at the Mas-
sachusetts General Hospital continue undiminished.
The course of Lectures will be —
On .\natomy and Surgery, by Dr Warren.
" Chemistry, by Dr Webster.
" Materia liledica, by Dr Uigelow.
" Obstetrics and McdicalJurisprudence,by DrChan-

ning. ,

" Theory and Praclce of Physic and on Clinical Me-
dicine, by Dr .lackson.

WALTER CHANNING,
Dean of the Faculty of Medicine.
Boston, June 15, 1831. 6t* jiilylG

Z.i/)!rt Mineral Spring Hotel,

Ten miles froTU Boston, Six from Salem, anil Five fiora Nahanl.

The subscriber most respectfully begs leave to inlorm
his friends and the public that he continues to keep that
deliglilCul Summer retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his object lo render a genteel
and pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &c.

Tile salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted Spring — the beautiful lake, on the borders of which
the eslablishment is situated, abounding wilh fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendid Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— Bathing rooms on the margin of the lake, where the
warm or cold bath may at any time be taken — the de-
Mghtful situation of the House, yivh its comfortabie and
well furnished apartments, with file fruit and flower Gar-
dens adjoining, are attractions for those in pursuit of
health or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of the country.

Every exertion shall he made to merit a continuance
of that patronage which has been so liberallv bestowed.

July 20. JAMES W. BARTON.

first view of it was about a fortniglit subsequent to 1-1-1-long legs? — Yes. Was it r-r-r-running as

the period when the pigeons first made choice of it, f-f-f-fast as it could ? — Yes it was. Boy — (calmly,
and I arrived there nearly tvvo hours before sunset, after a pause) No ; I have not seen it.
Few piireons were then to be seen, but a great num-j -— \ - ; ;

ber of persons, willi horses and wagons, guns and I Pla^e your honor, is a thing lost when you know
ammunition, had already established encampments ' where it is .■'' said an Irish footman to his master.—
on the borders. Two farmers from the vicinity of ' To be sure not, you booby.' 'Och! thank your
Russelsville, distant more than one hundred miles, honor for that— the devil a harm then,' said Pat,—
had driven upwards of three hundred hogs, ;o be fat- ' ^r the new copper ta-kettle's at the bottom of the

tened on the pigeons which were to be slaughtered, i well.'

Here and tliere the people employed in plucking Spelling.-The New York Evening Journal says,
and salting what had a ready beeti procured, were 1 ^^^/^ .^ a small shop not far from Grand street hi
seen sittiiio- in the midst ot large pi es ot these brds. ,, , ■. ,i • i r i ■ i ■ i i -.u

„,, , r 11 1° .1 11 that city, the windows of which are garnished with

The dunff av several inches deep,covenng the whole , ,,, . •" i c i i i . ■ .- j i .

' ? , -^ .. 1 ,i" , ,°c little bunches of herbs, and stnno-s ot dried roots,

extent ot the roosting pace, tike a bed of snow. — i, ■ i i i i i .l r n • ? <• j-

cAttiii. ui uic luuo . „ f ' bearing labels like the following : 'cure for ai^pepji/

Many trees two feet in diameter, 1 observed, were "f a-,. ,.." c r i

, , J a. . ,. r . <■ .1 11 — cure for scroffolis complaints — cure for fever and

broken oft at no great distance from the ground, and ,, ■ i i , •• , v i_.r

, L L r " I- .1 1 . 1. u . 1 1 Offer— for Hinders, and ioeoA; jmles — cure tor tn/or-

the branches of many ot the largest and tallest had ^ ,• ■ .V it j ^ " j

c .1 f . 1 I 1 . k . I malion in the eyes, &c.

ffiven way, as if the forest had been swept by a tor- I rp, ■ ■ , ■' • ' , , ., ,, „ , c

'= 1 i'^ n ■ 1. .1 . .1 I c lliisis not iiuite so bad as the orthography of a

nado. hvcrything proved to me that the number ot , , ', ■ • .i jtt . i- h \ i

, . , .• ■" , ?i ' . c .1 .• . lu ■ good man and his spouse in the West ot Lngland,

birds resorting to this part ot ti" forest must be ini- " , i . i . .i • • il i a . .i

, P y . .1 ■ 1 <• .1 ■ ; who in order to let their neighbors know that they

raense beyont conception. As the period of the r i , ,, ,ii- , j -.u " n .i •

. , ■^ 1 1 , ■ 1- 1 J . cured those afflicted with agues as we as the laun-

arrival approached, their foes anxiously prepared to ,. , - . ° u- i i i i i

. ".t c. f 1 1 -,1 • , dice, hung out a sign on which was inscribed 'i

receive them. Some were furnislicd with iron pots ' " , -i- „ j i

... 1 , ,. -.1,1 (• ; 1 . \ cures a soose una mu wife cures Ike eanders.

containino- su phur, others with torches of pine knots, " •' ■' °

many with poles, and the rest with guns. The sun
was lost to our view, yet not a pigeon had arrived.—
Every thing was ready, and all eyes were gazing up
on the clear sky, which appeared in glimpses amidst

A number of sailors were dining together *at a
boarding house in Havana, when one, an eccentric
Yankee, hastily arose from the table — and in a

on llie c ear shv, w lu upueureu ii "i iijses a uiusl ., * ; ,. a ■ i ■ i ■ i t i i i ,.

;• 1 ,1 . •'ill 1 .1 L » i- .1 1 threatening posture flourishing his knife, bawled out,

the tal trees. Isuddenly there burst forth a general ■ iiri „ ,i.,,^- .„ „„ . .u » i i u i . k „(-o>

.. , ,, ., ■' , ,n, 1 1 .u ' vVfio dares to say that fie don t love roast beef .■'

cry ot 'Here they come. ihe noise which they ,, , „ , > • i ti r i i .

■', ., , i \ , . 11 i- I 1 ' 1 dare say so,' cried an Lnglishman, w ho arose at

made, though yet distant, reminded me ot a hard j,^^ J^^ ^i,,^ ^,. ^^^ j^^j=_ . ^^^ j^^^^_

gale at sea, passing through the r.ggin^T of a close- . ^^^ ' ^„^„ j^,. ^^^ '

reefed vessel. As the birds arrived and passed over i m tt i'

nie, I felt a current of air that surprised me. Thou- ' ^

sands were soon knocked down by the pole-men. — i Sale of a Wife. — At one of tho.se disgraceful ex-
The birds continued to pour in, the fires were light- 1 hibitions— the sale of a wife by her husband — which
ed, and a magnificent, as well as .wonderful and al- j took place in Manchester some time since, the hus-
most terrifying sight presented itself. The pigeons, band ofliciated as auctioneer for disposing of his
arriving by thousands, alighted every where, one worthless rib. ' Who'll buy a wife,' said he ;' afine
above anotlier, until solid masses as large as hogs- wife, a handsome wife?' 'And say a good wife,'
heads were formed on the branches all around. Here whispered she. ' No, no,' rejoined the husband, ' I
and there the perches gave way under the weight won't cheat them.'

with a crash, and failing to tlie ground, destroyed i ;; ~~.

hundredsofthebirdsbeneath,forcingdownthedense' ^''•2/ «umor.— An Irish post boy having driven

groups with which every stick was loaded. It was « gentleman a long stage during torrents of rain, the I ^O cents, according to (|ua hty.

I scene of uproar and confusion. 1 found it quite gentleman civilly said to Paddy, ' Are you not very JJeJUam. Ju'V l^'h- »«^l-

useless to speak, or even to shout to tliose persons "et ? ' Arrah ! I don't care about being very wet,

who were nearest to me. Even the reports of the "ut plaise your honor, I'm very dry:

gun were seldom heard, and I was made aware of , ^„„^ ^^ /jT^^T-' Man is in no haste to b^ venerable

the firing only by seeing the shooters reloading. No , a, p,eseul it seems as if there were no occasion to be-

one dare venture within the line ot devastation. 1 he come so. People die as usual, but it is not the fashion to

hogs had been penned up in due time, the picking up grow old. Formerly, men subsided, and settled down

of the dead and wounded being left for the ne.xl into a respectable old age at forty, as they did into a bob-

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash fcr Cocoons, from 25 to
J. H. COBB.

8t July 20.

Binding.
Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed
that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and
lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at ttie
Farmer office. Aug. 3.

morning's employment. The pigeons were constantly
coming, and it was past midnight before I perceived
a decrease in the numbers of those arrived. The
uproar continued the whole night ; and as I was
an.xious to know to what distance the sound reached,
I sent off a man, accustomed to perambulate the for-
est, wlio returning two hours afterwards, informed
me he had heard it three miles distant from tlie spot.
Towards the approach of day the noi.se in soine
measure subsided, and long before objects were dis-
tinguisliable, the pigeons began to move off in a di-
rection quite different from that in which they had
arrived the evening before, and at sunrise, all that
were able to fly had disappeared. The bowlings of
the wolves now reached our ears, and the foxes, lynx-
es, congars, bears, raccoons, oppossums, and pole-
cats, were seen sneaking off', whilst eagles and hawks
of different species, accompanied by a crowd of vul-
tures, came to supplant them, and enjoy their share
of the spoil, — Audubon's Ornithogical Biography.

and a brown coat and waiscoat of a certain cut,-

Published every Wednesday Evening, at S^ P^r annum
ayable at the end of die year— but those who pay within
xty days from the lime of eubecribing, are entitled to a de-

The father of a family no longer pretended to pass for a ' duc'tion iiffifty cents

gay young fellow, after he had chihiren grown up; ami ! ITJ" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment i

women dwindled by ready and willing gradations, into ' heing made in advance

mothers and grandmothers, transferring their ch
and pretensions to a blooming posterity ; but these4hings
are never thought of now-a-days. A matron of sixty
flaunts it in " La B»lle Assemblee's dresses for May!"
and certainly M. Stullz never inquiiesinto the grand cli-
macteric of his customers. Dress levels all ages as well
as all ranks.'— fnii7(aA-cr's Monthly .Magazine.

Good Recruiting — A Serjeant who was recruidng in
Leicestershire, told his Captain he had got him an extra-
ordinary recruit. ' Aye !' said Ihe Captain, ' what is he ?'
' A butcher. Sir,' replies the Serjeant, ' and you'll find
him very useful, for we have enlisted two sheep-stealers
in the company, before him.'

.\ talkative barber asked his customer how he wished
his beard to be cut. — ' Without saying a word,' replied
he.

Printed for J. B. Russeli., by I. R. Butts— by whom'
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 NorlhK
Market Street. agents.

Mew I'orit— U- Thokeurn & .Sons, 67 Liherly-strcel
Albany— -Wn. TuoRBUiiN.Sn JIarket-street.
l'hi!adelphia-^). & C L*NnRETH.8S Cheslnut-slreet.
Baltimore— G. B.Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnali—S. C. Parkhurst,23 Lower Mai kei-sireel.
Flmhins, N. K. Wm. Prince &. Sons, Prop. Lia.Bot.6ard*
Middlehury, Vl.— Wight Chapman.
/yaif/ori/— GooiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards-.
Neicbiiryporl, Ebenezkr Stedman, Bookseller.
Porlsmoiitti, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me.— Skmvi.1, Colm.an, Bookseller.
Jivrrusta, Me. Wm. Mann.

Nall/a.r, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office.
ilontreat, L, C— Henry Hillock.

NEW EI^GErANB FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FKSSENUE:^, EDJTOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 31, 1831.

NO. 7.

Horticulture.

Proceedings of the Mitssachasetts Horticultural
Society at a meetinff, held al. the Hull of the
Inslitulion, on Saturday tht 27th of Jlug. 1831.
The President, H. A. S. Dcarhoni, made the fol-
lowing report.

Tlie annexed letters have been received from
Doct. J. B. Van Mons of Lovain, in Belgium, the
most suect'ssfnl and distinguished cultivalor of new
varieties of fruits, and especially Pears, in modern
times. A largo portion of his life has been devoted
to this highly interesting and useful j)ursuit, and
the gardens of Europe ami this country are em-
bellished with the magnificent products of his in-
dustry and science. He has not only announced a
novel theory for obtaining ameliorateil fruits, but has
so skilfully applied it in his own celebrated gardens
that his name has become illustrious, among the
horticulturists ofall nations. His liberality towards
this society merits our gratitude, while hi.s assuran
ces of continued favors, cannot fail of being emi-
nently beneficial to its members, individually, as
well as to the whole country.

LoYAix, F£B. 2S, 1831.

Sir — At the time (20th of Feb.) J transmitted
to you a bundle of scions, I was excluded from my
large garden, in conseqnenceof its being inundatecl.
I therefore could include in the package only such
varieties as were to be found iji my two other
gardens ; but as my principal garden is now almost
free from water, I have made up a second bundl

J I have been transferred to the faculty of modi-
cine.

r send you a few engravings of my Poraogra[)hie
Belgiijue Modcrne. This work appears in the
Revue des Revues, but as it is published in distinct
parts, you shall be furnished with a complete copy,
when it is more advanced.

I pray you, sir, to be assured of my very high
esteem. J. B. Van Mons.

HENRif A. S. Dearbohn,

Pl63.of the Mass. Hort. Soc.

LoviiN, MiBCii 20, 1831.

Sir — The bundle of scions was packed up
when I received from Mr Barnett, the consul of
your Republic n Paris, information, that he helil |
sidijpct to my order, the Diploma of Honorary
member of the Massachusetts llorticidtural Society.

I pray you to be the organ, to express my grate-
ful acknowledgments, to the illustrious Society
over which you preside, for the honorable and
distinguished manner in which it has been pleased
to notice m3, and to accept my sincere thanks for
the active part you have taken in my behalf.

I have ;he honor to be, sir, your very humble
and obedient servant and fellow mendier.

J. B. Van Mons.
Henry A. S. Dearborn,

Pres. of Uie Mass. Hnrl. Soc.

Catilogue of the Pear Scions sent to the Mass.
Hort. Society, by Doc't. Van Mons.
\ renberg,

Th

Curtet,
• d'hiver,
. ranee,
■ Diel,

Hardenpont,

composed, as was the first, of such varieties as I ' Beurre bronze,
possess, of the greaiest merit and of very recent
production. I add a variety of 1830, which, after
having been pronounced e.xquisite, by amateurs,
I have designateil with your name. The trees in
my garden li.ive run a great risk of being cut down,
to be used in the construction of barricafles. ]
should have been consoled by the motive which
induced suc:h a noble employment of them. The
hands of the ladies were armed with the a.xcs for
effecting their destruction, the men were called in-
to battle. But why should I have murmured at an
event, produced imdersiicli peculiar circumstances.
My laiiour of ihirtyeight years might have been
lost, but it would have contributeil to enable me to
die a Free Citizen. Still I should have e.xperi-
enced regret, in not having it in my power to offer
you scions, from the tree.s which would have been
destroyed.

The package may not reach you for some time,
but let not that induce you to doubt of success in
using the grafts which it contains. I shoidd remind
you, that some scions, which were sent me from
New York, by my eleve Gerard, were two years

Bonnet beurre

Belle alliance,

Eakpeer,

Eosc,

Bosc (Vi'Xk,

Brandos,

Bis Marie Louise,

Bezi de Louvain,

Bonchretien d'Espagne

fondante,
Capucine Van Mons,
Clara,

Crommen boom,
DelbRC,
Des veterans.
Doyenne de Mons,
— gris.

Dingier,
and a half on the way, still I grafteil them, by | D'Amantles double,
copulation, upon adult trees one on each branch, j Di"e'')
and not any of them failed. It wa.s in the mid- '^'"""rtier,
die of September. A scion is never too old, or Oelice d'Ardempont,
rather too dry, not to succei'd, provided it has been De bruyn,
cut from a living tree, or from one that has not D" parrain,
perished by a natural death. Artificial death, such
as that occasioned by deplantation, does not injure,
in the least, the excellence of the scion.

The,suppre.»sion of the faculty of physical scien-

es and mathematics, in our university has put an

nd to my lectures on Chemistry and Horticulture.

Henri IV.

Henri Van Mons,

Henkel,

Innomin^e,

Jubin,

Leon Le Clerc,

Louis ed Prusse,

Marie Louise,

Marie Louise nova,

Maree,

Mabille,

Napoleon,

Navez,

Niel,

Nouvelle cire,

O'ken d'hyver.

Pastorale,

Paileaii,

Poir Duval,

Passe Colinar,

Rameau,
Rousselette Sulin,

■ lie Meester,

Van Mons,

Spoelberch,

Spence,

Sabine,

Sentelet,

Serrurier,

Spreeun,

Urbaniste,

Williaum,

Wnrtemberg.

e engravings of th(; pears which were pre-
sented by Doct. Van Mons, represent the follow-
ing varieties.

Vicomte-De-S|)oelberch

Henri-Van Mons.

Innomiriee.

Bezy Vaet.

Serruiier D'Automne.

Beurre Spense.

Delices D'Hardnnpont.

Brandes (Siiint Germain)

Fredeiie-De-Wurieinburg,

Fondante-Des-Bois.

Beurre Curtet
I Beurre D'Arendierg, formerly called Colmar-
Des-Champs Beurre D es Orphelins and Beurre
D'llardeufont.

Colinar Bonnet.

Leon Liclerc.

The engravings have been put into a portfolio
and placed n the Library of the Society.

The portion of the Revue Des Revues, in whicli
arc included detached parts of Doct. Van Mons
Pomographle Belgique Modernc, furnishes the fol-
io iviiig descriptions of the four first named pears.

VicoMTE De Spoelberch.
ryJ. B. Van Mons.
spoelherchia (Vice comes) saliva, fructu magno.

Fleur de neige,
Fondante des bois,
Gros bruyn, I

Also—No. 541—608, 609, 757, 887, 896
1001, 1125, 1175, 11.52, of his catalogue being
choice unnamed varieties.

Pyr , ___ _____ ^

subroluiido, riijo«o, rufo-fusco ad solem striis purpuraceis
ahilucto parte .loli adversa, iiiaculis satuie viridibusdis-
inicto, caine butyracea, suaveolente, dulci.ssima, sapid-
issima ; brumali.

Tho branchf^pf tlie Vicomte de Spoelberch
grow erect, ailid are beti't'tovvards the stock. The
annual shoots are small without being slim, and
are wrinkled and contorted. They incline at the
end towards tho branch which bears them. They
are brown and finely speckled with dirty white.
The two years' old wood loses its wrinkles, or
ridges, and is covered with a gray epidermis ; the
freckles then become very prominent and more ap-
parent and this prominency of the dots increases
in proportion as the wood advances in age. The
tree does not bear a single thorn and l' doubt
whether it ever produced any.

The leaves are elongate, narrower at the outer
end, than touanls the petiole, irregularly indented,
smooth, thick, dark green and borne on a slender
petiole; on the annual shoots they are variously
wrinkled, or folded, the shoots are hairy, contor-.
ted and of a pale bluish green ; the flower is of
a medium size, petals firm, col•diforn^ interrupted
and hollowed like the bowl of a spoon.

The fruit varies in size according to the greater
or less quantity produced. Its form would be
spherical, if it was not swelled out and flattened
towards the eye, and contracted near the stem.
The skin is rough, of a brownish red on the side
towards the sun, spotted with purple, and on the
opposite side it is of a deep green. The spots,^
are rather blotches than dots. The eye is sinall^
and but little sunk, only sufiiciently deep to pro-
tect tho leaves of the calyx. The peduncle later-
ally inserted, is placed in a cavity, but slightly
hollowe.l. It is swelled out near the middle and
the largest diameter is from the stem to the calyx.
The seeds are five, black, plump, and closely
pressed in their cells^

50

INKW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aug. 31, \S'il.

The flesli is buttery, sarchnrine, full of agreeable connexion with the branch, is more than of a
and sprightly juice", and very high flavored. It j medium length. It is phiced in a large and deep
is decidedly a winter fruit and sometimes keeps
until spring, notwithstanding the Ihiukness and
hardness of the skin, as is generally the case with
late pears, it reailily contracts iha odour of the
place where it is kept.

The first fruit produced by the Spoelberch tree
was very large, green, elongated, smooth, and had
a form intermediate between the Beurre gris and
the Bezyde Chauinontd. Its resemblance to this
last, induced me to name it Dezy de Sjjoelbcrch.
The fruit of the second crop was tolerably changed
in form and color, assuming the charaaer under
which it has been described.

I have bestowed upon this excellcnl ])ear the
name of Vicomte ds Spoelberch, a member of the
Botanical and Agricultural Society of this city,
and one of the trustees of our University.

Henri-Van-Mons.

By J. B. Van Mons.

Pyrus monsia (Henricus) sativa,fructa ir.aximo, prope
cylindrico, glabro, flavo-viridi raaculis furfuraceis dis-
tincto, ad solem parce rubente, acidulo-dulci, in ore lique-
scente, autumnoli.

The tree of Henri-Van-Mons is, ivithout con-
tradiction, among a great number of varieties of
its species, which I possess, thatwiich in the
whole appearance of its form, preserts the most
singidar characteristics. It is very full of bran-
ches, which are circumscribed in their extent, and
shoot in all directions, without produrangconfusion

cavity. The skin is smooth, of a yellowish gree
marked with reddish brown, sprinkled with red
dots and slightly stained with red on the side next
the sun. The flesh is tender, buttery, sweet, slight-
ly mingled with acid, which renders it very agree-
able. The skin becomes yellowish as it approaches
maturity and assumes a more brilliant red. It is
an e.xcellent autuumal fruit and its true pear fla-
vor should make it iu great demand.

I have done homage to M. Henri Van Mons,
my relative and a merchant of Uruxelles, by bestow-
ing his name on this new pear.

Innominee,

By J. B. Vnn Mniu.

Pyrus innominata, sativa, fiuctu m,iximo, pyriforntii-

acuto, oblongo, glabriu'sculo, viridi, maturo flavesceate,

ore liquescenle, saccharo divite, ffist.vo-autumnali.

I describe the Innominee, from the parent tree,
which, since its birth, has been freely exposed and
left to its natural propensities.

At first the branches were oblique, but soon,
without being depressed by the weig'il of the fruit,
they bent down as if they had been broken, and
assumed a horizontal direction. The distance from
the stock where the bend commences is the same
in all the branches.

The leaf is narrow and terminates ip a point at
both extremities, it is pale green, aiul wrinkled in
grooves. The principal nerve, with its petiole of a
tnediuu\ length, describes a curved line. The fig-

or shading the centre. The annual shoots are „,-e(l leaf appertained to a bud, of which no trace

short, large, round, smooth, brownish red when

without down, and lead bronze when covered with

a bluish down. They are covered with numerous

small round whitish spots, bont at the joints and

crooked between them. There vesults from this

an irregular zig-zag which contributes not a little,

to give the tree the unusual aspect which has been
mentioned.

I do not recollect having discovered any spines
upon this tree. It appertains from its manner of
vegetating to the sub-species which has produ-
ced the .Messirt Jean and the Sanguines, (the an-
cient and those I have recently produced). But
the resemblance only exists in the wood.

The leaf of the Henri- Van-.Mons, is long, round-
ed towards the outer end and narrowed at the
other extremity, and is supported by a long and
stout petiole. The sides are often folded towards
the base : and when the centre is not arched on

ted by him ; for being unknown, at least by this
name, in France, it was under that of Bezy, [aa-
vagi, or wild,) de Saint VaasI, that it was cultivated
in Austrian Hainaut, at EMghien, Mons and else-
where. I have no information as to the age of
this variety, and it is only from one of its grafts
that I can describe ir. This graft, from design,
has never been pruned, fnim liie time of its in-
sertion.

The Vaet bears its wood erect, and its branches
are naturally disposed A quenouille,* the wood is
long, moderately stout .nud otu of proportion to
the vigor of the stalk. Upon the annual shoots
the bark is brownish-red and sprinkled with small
round dots ; upon the two years old wood, it is a
deep brown ;the spots are eidavged without chang-
ing their form. Upon more aged wood, the brown
changes to red, and the spots become mottled, as-
suming a silvery aspect.

The leaf of the Vaet is large and nninded next
to the petiole, which is long and slim, and red
when it first appears ; it is arched on the under
side, thick and deeply serrated on its borders ; its
color is an obscure green.

The fruit, from all its exterior characteristics,
seems to belong to the sub-species of Rousselets,'
varying, however, in color, the groimd being deep'
green, blotched with purple, and the stains in spots
of rusty-red. Its size and form are those of the
very welcome Colmai: The eye is only sufficient-
ly deep to receive the leaves of the calyx and is
surroimded with protuberances and wrird<les. The
peduncle is short for the size of the fruit, not very
large, ligneous, and cut, at its extremity, in the'
form of a cloven or deer's foot ; it is perpendicular-
ly inserted in the centre of a large hollow, which
is stirroumled by a large rounded ridgo.

This peduncle adheres with a half solution of
the continuity to the ligneous fruit support, and
which, if it were not for the leaves that surround
it, iiught be taken for the prolongation of the stem
of the fruit.

The fiesh is both melting and buttery, and when
the fruit is perfectly ripe it assumes a slight yello'vf
tint ; it abounds in sugar, and exhales a perfume^
which cannot be compared to the aroma of any
other fruit. The period of its maturity is Decem-
ber and January ; it can he prolonged by gather-
ing the fruit fifteen days sooner than the usual
time of harvest, which, however extraordinary
for such a late species, it bears very well.

After what has been said of the Vaet, it is su-

the underside, the bonlers are fol'l'"'' "'"'ve, the | ^.^^.j^j^l,, q-(,p ^y^^ is of a clear green, spotted
lateral nerves are very conspicuous ; it is smooth ^^^^j marbled with pale brown, and becomes yellow-

is to be discovered niul remains upon the 'jranch
from above which the fruit with its support has
been detached. The borders of the leaf arc
scarcely denticulated. The secondary nerves 'u'e
scarcely perceptible.

Flower ample and the petal round, of a remark-
able whiteness, which is strongly relieved by the
deep brown of the stamens.

The fruit is very large ; it resembles a pear
which I have received from France umler the
name of Poire de.s Jardins, which is not the Hof-
peer of this country, ami from the contraction of
the short neck, the Frederick de Wirlemherg,
which will soon be described. It has a decided y
pear form, rounded at the summit, swelled out in
the middle and terminated in an obtuse poiit,
where a jiortion of the ftesli is elevated and covers
partially, the peduncle, while on the opposite si le

it is depressed ; this peduncle is long, large and j perfluous to add, that it is worthy of being favoN-

ably received by amateurs.

and of a deep green

The new shoots are of a bluish gray, long,
contorted, and covered with a gray down.

The flower is of a medium size. The petals
are sufficiently distant from each other and folded
towards the top, without being hollowed like a
spoon. The lower endsare stained with a delicate
rose color.

The fruit is very large. The engraving was
made froin a specimen not of the largest size ; it is
contracted in proportion to its length and is swell-
ed out, about a third of its height ; but the largest
fruit often assumes a cylindrical form. The eye
is small and placed in a narrow cavity bordered
by small knobs and wrinkles, which seem to have
produced the cicatrice of an incision of the eye
and the border which surrounds it ; this character-
istic prevails in all the pears. The peduncle which
is larger next to the fruit than at the point of

ish in some parts at the time the fruit is raaturtly
ripe.

The flesh is delicate, melting, saccharine, and
improved by an agreeable perfume. Although
between a summer and autuum fruit, it has not the
least disposition to become mealy and but little to
grow soft, and having past the time of its maturity,
it dissolves into a jelly.

Bezy-Vaet.

By J. B. Van Mnns.
Pyrus Bezy — Vaastia, sativa, fructumagno, turbinato,
ad basim et apicem eompre^so, ventricoso, punctdlis
riiffiscentibus et maculis rutis abducto, sature viridi, ad
solera purpureo, subrugoso, spisse saccharine, sapido,
suaveolente, butyracuo, biumali.

The Bezy Vaet, according to tradition and from
the name which it bears, was probably obtained by
the late abbe Saint Vaast, or had been dissemina-

The following notice of the Beurre Spense and
the Serrurier-D'Automne is extracted from the
Annales D'Horticulture.

' Mr Van Mons has published with engravinggj
in the Revue des Revues, for March, 1830, two new
Pears which appear to be of an excellent quality and
to merit a distinguished place in our gardens. Oni*
is called Beurre Spense, from the name of an horff
orable memberof the Loudon Horticultural Society
and the other Serrurier D^Aulomne, dedicated to llv
Serrurier, a member of the Institute Royal de Hdf
lande and author of a Diclionaire de fructilogiL
These two pears have melting and delicious flesHJ
the first ripens the last of September and the sefr
ond, the end of October.'

The scions have been preserved and are at tl^l

* A mode of pruning which gives to the tree the fom '
of a disto^— commoa in Holland and France.

Vol. X.-

Xm) HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

51

■dispositidii of tlie Socieiy. Tin; iistoiiisliiiig expe-
dment wliich Doct. Van Moiis states lie has made,
with scions Iwn years and a half old, wairaots ii
repetition, with thos« he has mi kindly tiaMsniitle<l.
They should lie soukcti, no doiilit. In soft water, he-
fore they are engrafted. The grafting hy Copula-
iion, is oidy performed on yonng stalks or the shoots
of trees whii h are of the .'<ize of the scions, and is
a kind oS' splice. — The sci'Mi and stalk, or hranch,
heing each cut half through ahoni an inch from tin;
ends and the piece split off so that the reinaiidng
parts heing reversed occupy the spaces thus left and i
make a secure joint ; or each rtniy be cut off slop- I
ing, about an inch and united, so that the parts are
in contact to the extent of the slope. They are to
be secured hy bandages like huds. Engravings of
the mode of grafting may he seen in the 7th vol.
of the NoveaiiConrsD'Agricultiu-e, page487 and in
the Atlas of the Cours De Culture by Andre Thouin,
plate 55, letter R. ' I will trv' was the remark of
one of our gallant officers, when ordered to storm
a battery. Respectfully submitted,

H. A. S. DEARBORN,

Pies. Mas3. Hon. Soc.
Horticultural H;ill, August, 27 1831.

Resolved, that the thanks of the Society be pre-
sented to Uoct. Van Mons, of Lovain, in Belgium for
the scions and portions of his Pomographie Belgi-
xjue Moderne wliich he has been so kind as to trans-
mit.

Resolved, that the scions sent by Doct. Van Mens
lie placed in charge of Mr Manning of Salem, Messrs
Winships of Brighton, Mr Kenrick of Newton and
Mr Davenport of Milton, with a request that they
engraft them in the manner named by Doct. Van
Mons and make a report of the result to the Society.

Mr Fessenden — I send you a few extracts
from some of the recently received numbers of
the Annahs D'Horticulture.

The experiment on the peach made byMrOdart
promises most interesting results, and is well wor-
thy of repeating on all the varieties of fruit trees ;
but it is too late to attemiit it this season.

The cultivators of the silk-worm in the United
States, may find it expedient (o adopt the mode
suggested by Mr Audihert, of rearing the tnorus
multieaulis. Yours, &c,

H. A. S. Dearbork.

EXTRACT NO. XXXV.
Fiom Ihe Aimalcs ,[<• la Sotiete D'Horticuluirp de Paris.

JVoit upon the observaltons of Mr Odarl in re-
lation to ti mtthod of increasing the size of fruits
hy Professor Poiteau.

If the following experiment is confirmed, it will
singularly enlarge our physiological ideas, and be-
come a mine of prosperity to our pomologists.
M. Odart observes : Having made ten years
since, an annular incision, or in a single word, a
eircumcisioip, on the branch of a peach, the usual
result was a great precocity, and an increase of
the size, of all the fruit which it bore. 1 was induc-
ed the same year, to take a bud from this branch and
inoculate it upon an almond stock, and it having ta-
ken, I trained the tree as an espalier the following
season. This tree has constantly produced fruit, as
beautiful as that which grew upon the circumcised
brancli, and consequently superior to that which
grew naturally on the other (larts of the same tree ;
they have preserved their firmness, which is an
effect of the circumcision, and lost their bitter-
ness, which is also an effect of this operation on
.the peach.

h is iimeh to be rcgrelted that M. Odart had not
circumcised a branch of this new peach tree, in
order to obtain still larger fruit, and that he had
not taken a bud from this circumcised branch to
olitain a third tree, with still larger fruit and so in
succession, to ascertain how far nature would lend
her aid in ths gradual increase of the size of
peaches. PoiteaU.

EXTRACT NO. XXXVI.

Extract from a letter of Mr Audihert to Doct. Loi.ii-
leur Deslongchamps, member of the Committee
on economical and medicinal plants.

Oct. 17, 1830.
The Mulberry of the Philippines, or morus
multieaulis, having a more active and prolonged
veiretation has suffered a little more from the severe
cold of the last winter, than the other varieties of
the mulberry ; still we have plants fifteen feet
high, in a dry situation, whose sap was sufficiently
arrested on the arrival of the cold weather, as not
to have been the least injured. Now I think of
it, let me inform you, that they produced this year
a great abundance of long black, and sufficiently
bentitifiil fruit, which is very good to eat, not being
so insipid as the white mulberry, but having a
taste intermediate between the red and black mul-
berry. Thus the iriulberry of the Philippines pre-
sents a double advantage, as it can be cultivated
as a fruit tree, and also as very useful for the nur-
ture of silk worms ; but nevertheless for the lat-
ter ])urpose it is not expedient ill our climate, to
raise tall trees, because the large and tender leaves
present too great an obstruction to the wind, which
so lacerates and injures them, that the best mode
of cultivating the morus multieaulis, for the sup-
port of silk worms, is in hedges with low stocks.

AUDIBERT.

EXTRACT NO. XXXVII.
NEW CAMELLIAS.

The taste of enlightened amateurs for the mag-
nificent flowers of the Camellia, increases so rap-
idly that we consider it a duty to inform them,
thiit M. Noisette having formed a seminary in
1821, several of the jilants raised from the seed
bloomed this year, and that four of them deserve
a distinguishetl place among the varieties which
constitute so great an ornament of the garden,
and merit a participation in the admiration they
receive.

The following names, and principal distinctive
characteristics have been given by M. Noisette.

1. Camellia spiralis. Flowers iinmeroiis, very
double, clear red, mean size, petals considerably
rounded, concave and disposed in sjiirals, which is
a curious novelty.

2. Camellia floribunda. Flowers of a deep
rose color, very numerous, three inches in diam-
eter, having in the centre some stamens elegantly
mingled with the petals, of different forms, the
most of them striped with white longitudinal lines,

3' Camellia atrovircns. This derives its name,
from the very dark green color of the leaves ;
the flowers are semi-double, flame red, and at
least three times as large as those of the common
single camellia.

4. Camellia minima. Flowers small, and of a
deep rose color, having the petals of the centre
formed into an elongated cornet, which gives to the
flower in other respects a very beautiful and sin-
gtilai' appearance.

UNERDRAINING.

Mr Fessenden — 1 have become so deejily im-
pressed with the uiility of iinderdraining, that I
venture to trouble you with a few remarks on the
subject, in the hope that they may be useful to
some portion of your readers.

My farm is a sand loam, reposing generally upon
clay, with a gentle undulating surface. I have
several swah.'s, where in the process of time, the
upper strata has been washed away, and through
which there are running waters requiring open
drains. In the spring of the year, and in wet
summers, the surface water penetrates the soil
of the higher grounds to the clay strata, and fol-
lowing the inclinalionof this to the swales, breaks
forth in numerous places, saturates the grounds be-
low, renders them wet, cold and poachy, and un-
fits them as well for the finer nutritious grasses, as
for the purposes of tillage. Thus those parts of
my farm which were intrinsically the best soil,
were in a manner useless. To remedy the evil 1
resorted to underdraining ; and the result has great-
ly exceeded my expectations. Being wholly des-
titute of stone, the proper material for underdrain-
ing, 1 have been obliged to use saplings and brush
as a substitute. The first object is to mark out the
line on the slope of the swale, at which the water
first shows itself at the surface, which is best done
after the ground has been ploughed and harrowed
in the sjning, then cut a trench, with a sufficient
inclination to carry off the water, above Ike marked
line, from three to four feet deep. I collect green
saplings, from two to six inches in diameter at the
butt, with the tops and branches entire, fl prefer
and generally use evergreens) and cut them into
lengths somewhat exceeding the depth of the
trench. I then begin at the head of the trench to
lay them in,bnts down, and sloping towards the low
grounds; one man handsthe brush, and another fits
and treads lliem down, until the trench is literally
filled. The earth is then thrown on, taking care to
bring all the brush within the edges of the ditch, that
it may settle evenly. In a short time the whole of
the brush is found to have settled below the reach
of the plough. I estimate the duration of tills kind
of drains at from 12 to 15 years, and there is no
doubt of their proving efficient when well construct-
ed, particularly when water is conslantly passing
through them. I omitted to state that the whole of
the excavated earth is thrown back upon the brush,
forming a ridge, which in a short time settles to
near the ordinary level, and which, in grass grounds
is sown in autumn with seeds.

In the experiments I have made, the increased
value of the first, or at all events that of the two
first crops, has afforded ample remuneration for the
expense of underdraining. I am this day (Aug 21,)
bringing in my second crop of hay and a good one
from an acre of ground reclaimed by unilerdraining,
on which, beforn this process, the ]iroduct never
compensated for labor.

The expense will vary according to circumstan-
ces; but as tiie labor may all be done by the ordi.
nary vvorkinen on a farm, iind at times of most
leisure, it is matter of but secondary con.-ideration.
To give some data however, I will state, that I paid
to one man, it being his asking price, at the rate of
' 62J cents for completing 28 yards, the brush being
I furnished him on tlies|)ot. Another man now in
my employ, made 40 yards of trench in a day,
averaging 3| feet deep, and hy 9 o'clock on the
j second day, the brush being cut and handed to him
j he had the same covered and completed. EsU'

52

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Aiifr. 31, 1831.

niiitiiig ull the labor, the average expeuse to me
has been from 6 to 8 cents the yard.

The system of underdraining has nowhere in
this coimtry, to iny knowledge, been so succtssfidly
adopted as on a farm of 250 acres, belonging to H.
W. Delavan, Esq. oCBallston. This gentleman, dis-
tinguished alike for intelligence and enterprise, has
in a few years, nearly quadrupled his products, by
underdraiuing and other judicious management.
Extensive fields, that abounded in springs and
poachy ground, and which made but a sorry return
for the expense of cultivation, have been reclaimed
and ameliorated, anil rendered highly productive and
the whole farm now exhibits one of the best .speci-
mens of neat and profitable husbandry that is to be
found in our country. A detail of his farming op'e-
rations, particularly in draining, would be highly
interesting and useful ; and from the laudable am-
bition this gentleman has always manifested to be
useful to his country, I venture to say he woidd
not withhold a detail of Ids agricultural improve-
ments, if requested to furnish it for your join-nal.

Jllbamj, Aug. 22, 1831. J. Uuel.

We should be happy to receive and publish any
communicfilions relative to the improvements al-
luded to. — Editor.

PRESERVATION OF THE SWEET
POTATO.

Mr Fessenden — Tlie successful culiivaiion of
this valuable addition to our edibles, depending,
i^i some measure, on the preservation of the seed
tubers through the winter season, in a state fit
for germination, the discovery of some adequate
means fur atcairnng this object was ileemed an
interesting subject for chemical investigation. Al-
lliongli partial success only has attended the ex-
perimenls inslitnted thus far, a more correct knowl-
edge of the circunislaiices uniler which the de-
Composing changes take place, has been obtained,
and we have reason for the conclusion, that an
exact method is within the scope of careful ex-

in vegetables, or to use it, in a condit'On to absorb
or impart moisture, as its temperature is dimiidsh-
ed or ivrreased. In contact with moist vegetable
matter, if generates carbonic acid, a gas, which in
moderate quantities is not prejudicial to vegetation
and which possesses antisi'ptic jiowers, in a high
degree. With this substance the following exper-
iments were made.

Late in Nov. lSi9, a quantity of marketable
charcoal was reduced to a coarse powder and free-
ly exposed to the solar rays several hours. Some
small tubers from seed of the Virginia kind of
sweet i>otatoes, raised on the estate of John Low-
ell, Esq. after being dried were packed in a cask
with the prepared charcoal, in such a manner, that
each root was surrounded by it and the separate
layers had a distance of half an inch. The cask
was imperfectly closed and placed in a silnalii n,
where the teniperaiure for several months of cold
weather varied but little from 60 Fah. Afierafevv
weeks from the contraction of the wood, the hoops
dropped and the joints were quite open, no further
alteration was noticed. About the middleof .\pril
1830, the contents of the cask were inspected, those
roots which occupied the sides nearest the cask
were dry and liritile, those nearer the centre were
perfectly healthy and well preserved, many of them
having sprouts and put out embryo leaves; a
few had decaye<l and rendered the charcoal moist
and warm in the vicinity : oftlie whole quantity put
up, a few less than one half, were in a slate fit for
immediate cultivaliou. These were planted by Mr
Wyujan and in the usual season, the table was sup-
plied fiom this source.

From the results of this experiment, it was in-
feredthat the charcoal was too dry when first used
and that the situation was objectionable, from the
temperature beirig loo high.

Early in Nov. 1830, some charcoal which had
been laid on moist earlh, for the absorplioji of mois-
ture was reduced to a coarse [jowder and u^ed for
packing in the same way ; some of the tubers pro-
duced from 'he subjects of the former experiment,
inal source

jienmentiMg.

Having received the assistance of Mr Isaac i together with more from the o
Wyman of Roxbury, in that jiart of the cxper- ' part of these, were cut and bruised by the hoe, all
imeut relating to the cultivation of the preserved ' were fresh from the earlh. The cask containing
seed, I consiilcr, that if the experiments are of any [them, was placed in a larger one, and the space of
practical value, much of it is due to his attention. ' om-, or more inches in width all round, was filled

In a theoretical point of \iew, the attainment of, with ashes: — the experiment noted as A.
the object depends on the following circumslances. ' Another cask was filled as before, but the char-

1. In choosing a situation where the temperature | coal wasmoistene<l, the containing cask was en-

is such, as not to destroy the germinative powe of
the seed by desiccation, or to excite it to act
prematurely; so regulated, that congelation of the
juices could not take place, and so equable, that
sudden changes would not occur.

2. The absence of an excess of tnoistm-e, over
that naturally belonging to the tubers, and essen-
tial to their healthy state.

3. The presence of an atmosphere, favor:d)ie to
vegetable life and if possible, [)ossesslng antisep-
tic power.

The closest approximation to these properties
is found in a medium of loosely compacted, pow-
dered charcoal. Its feeble conducting powers
render an elevation, or rediiclion of temperature,
within the mass, from any cause without, almost
impossible, and the same property enables it to re-
tain its original temperature for a long time un-
changed. Its relations to moisture are such, that,
we are enabled to render it so dry and absofbenf.

closed iu another; the experiment noted as B.

The third cask was filled as the others, but the
charcoal was rendered sensibly wet, the cask was
not enclosed. Another situation was chosen, the
temperature of whi(h,was seldom so low as 32 Fab.
nor higher than 60 ; in this the casks were placed
until the termination of the experiments.

About the 1st of April, 1831, the casks were
opened, that of experiment A. ccmtaiidng nuich
moist charcoal ; a part of the tubers had vegetated,
])ut out leaves or shoots, and decomposed into a
soft moist matter, another portion was advancing
to the same state, some with shoots were perfectly
sou7id and healthy and ull which had been cut or
bruised were sound and just sprouting. More than
one iialf of the original quantity was fit for plan-
ting, and many of those rejected as worthless, re-
sumed, under inore favorable circumstances, their
usual jiowers.

Experiment B. served only to establish the fact.

as to prove a powerful desiccator ; so moist, as to of the prejudicial influence of too much moisture,
form a vegetating source and hasten putrefaction I a few only of the roots were preserved, the rest,

without any traces ol' vegelaiion, had decompos
in the cask containing wet chaicoal, puirefai-tion
had taken plai-c, no tracesol' organization reiiiain-
iiig. The results of experiment A. are such as
to alford grounds lor the conclusion, expressed in
the first part of this jjaper; we have only to vary-
in a degree, our mode of experitneuiing, to over-
come any diffirullies which have been observed.
The most important and fivoralde indicaiion is,
that in every instance, vegetation had preceded de-
composition, that it had arrived at a stage, in which
it required a change of simatiou, or premaiure de-
cay was induced. To check ihe disp<.siiion Jo
vegetate and still maintain the circumsiai.ces as
nearly the .same as possible, will bean object iD
future ; experiment titnl acciilent has pcdnted out
to us, one mode, in which this cfTecl may be pro-
duced. It is probable also, that if the time ill
which the subjects are exposed, ^vas shortened by
removuig them from their original situation, to one
recently pre])ared, of the same material in the
same state, complete success woold be insured.
Roxbury, ^-ithJhig. A. A. Haves.

DESTRUCTION OF INSECTS.

Mr Fessende.n — Now is the time to destroy
caterpillars. The eggs, from wdiich they are pro-
duced, are now to be found in bunches on th»
twigs ol' fruit trees. By taking off those bunches
the vermin are destroyed in the egg. The color
of the bunches is now so miu-h darker than the
bark of the twig, that they are easily found ; it
will, by degrees, become lighter, until it will be
very near the color of the bark. The eggs are
laid in July. They remain, where laid, unatfected
by change of weather, by frost or heat, until
spring, when tln'y are hatcheil by the flowing of
the sap, and vegetative jjower of the twig. Each
bunch of eggs will proiluce a swarm of tatei^-
pillars that will have a nest by themselves. The
nest is usually built on the branch that bore the
twig on whieli llie eggs were laid. .As caterpil-
lars have no disposition to leave the tree, on which
they were hatched, until the time when they leave
their nest and separate to come ('■gether no more,
it is very easy to leep small trees free from their
iiesis, by destroying the eggs.

I found, the first week in July, this year, that
miiy bunches of eggs were then laid on my peach
trees, and small apple trees. I have since taken
from those trees more than five times the number
of bunches of eggs that I have ever before seen
on such trees in one year. If in other places,
such quantities of eggs are laid as were on my
trees, and they be not destroyed before hatching,
the caterpillars, next spring, will eat all before
them, in spite of all opposition.

A few twigs, with bunches of eggs on them,
taken from a peach tree, anrl from an ajiple tree,
the 26th of July, will be sent, wiili this, lo you,
to be shewn to any person, who may wish to see
them. For that purpose will yon be pleased,
oficially, to receive and dispose of them and of
this,as the safety and beauty of fruit trees, another
year, may seem to you to require. .\ Farmer.

iff mar/i's by the Editor. — .\ little attention to the
objects recommendeil above will save much time
anil labor, and much more effectually accomplish
the destruction of caterpillars iu many instances,
than can in any other way he accomplished. Thie
twigs mentioned by our correspondent, with the
eggs of the insects attached to them may be seen
at the office of the New England Farmer.

Vol. X — N

AND HOilTICULTUIlAL JOURNAL.

53

Krciii Ihe Lowell Journal.

We ask attention to ti.e following ooininuTiica-
tion, it beiiik; the first of a series on tlie SilU Man-
ufHClure, I'lirnisliiMJ ns liy an iiitullii;eiit gentleman
of this viciiiily, ulio has ilevoieil much time to tin-
subject, and is |ire|iariiig to go largely into the cul-
tivation of f|i(! iniilherry tree. It is hoped that the
farmers in this region will follow fiis exain|de, and
capitalists will afford the means for the estahlish-
mcnt oftlie silk niatinfaclure in this town. There
can be no ilonlu, we apprehenJ, that it would be
a prolitable liinil of juanufaeture.

SILK MANUFACTURE.

NO. I.

Mr K.\owlton — If you think it will he useful
or nmnsiiig to your readers, please to publish the
following letter; and I will cominimicate other
extracts from the writings of the same gentleman,
with occasional remarks. Mr D'llomergue is now
in Philadelphia, but will retinn to France next
Spring, unless the government, or individuals,
shall give him a reasonable compensation for the
Talualile infortnation he possesses relative to the
cultiu'e and manufacture of silk. Me is the only
person, at present in the Uniteil States, who is ac
quainted with every branch of the business, not
only in the manufacture of the silk, but in the cul-
tivation of mulberry trees, raising silk worms, and
producing cocoons. If \ve omit this opportunity
of obtaining the requisite inrormation, it may be
many years before we shall bring into market this
new and valuable production, which must at
some future time, becotne a great staple of this
country.

Washington, February 23, 1831.

Sir: — The ^ bill for promoting the growth and
manufacture of silk' having been reported by the
Committee on Agricidtnre, several members of
the Congress have, in consequence, asked of me
some information as to the productiveness and
relative value of this branch of industry. I take
the liberty. Sir, to submit to you the following
facts in reply, which I respectfully pray^you to
communicate to the honorable House over which
you preside.

In one acre of land there are 43,560 square
feet, on which may be planted 3000 mulberry
trees. Th^se will yield, at the age of seven
years, 90,000 pounds of leaves, producing 7,-500
pounds of cocoons. At twenty-five cents per
pound, these cocoons would sell for $1,375.

These facts. Sir, are deemed sufficient to prove
the superior profits to be derived from the culture
of silk. — I may be allowed to add, that, in the
space of seven years, from 1S21 to 1829, France
and England imported raw silk to the amount of
§340,000,000. In proof of this enormous im-
portation, the documents are now in the Library
of Congress.

I have the honor to be, with great respect. Sir,
Your very liunible and oliedient servant,
J. D'HOMERGUE.

To the Hon. Andrew Stevenson.

Speaker of the House of Representatives.

We are gratifie<i to learn, from a gentleman who
has recently considted Mr D'Homergue, that he is
willing to come to Lowell and erect all the neces-
sary machinery for reeling the silk from the
cocoons, and preparing it for the loom, whenever
the quantity produced will justify tlie expense.
When sufficient encouragement shall be offered,
either by the Government or individuals, he will

open a schocjl for the instruction of such persons at times raised a hue and cry of

as may wish for the information in the art and
mystery of all branches of this prolitable business-
Several gentlemen in this vicinity are planting ex-
tensive mu'series of mulberry trees, and we have
reason to believe, that sufficient quantities of co-
coons will be produced, in two years, to justify the
erection of a filature at this place.

The process of raising mulberry trees is extreme-
ly simple, and instead of injuring them by
iranplanting, they are improved and will grow
infjre rapidly than such as are left in the seed bed.
Till! dwarf or biisli mulberry, which is very
productive and prolitable, will grow upon a light
sandy soil, that is not suitable for the cultivation
of other plants. On such land the seed should be
soweil in April, or early iu May, and if the groimd
could have a dressing of muck from swamps or
mi'adows, before the seed is planted, it will yield
more bountifully. One ounce of seed on five
square rods of land will be as much as can con-
veniently be cultivated ; and if they are intended to
be transplanted, when one year old, the rows may
be eighteen inches apart ; but if they are intended
to remain in the seed rows, they sliould be three
feet apart. Nothing should be planted between
the rows, for ii will be profitable to pass a light
plough, or small barrow, between them, for the
purpose of removing tlie weeds, and keeping the
ground in good order. In two years from the
time i!ie seed is planted, the leaves will be fit for
use. Several gentlemen in this vicinity will have
thirty or forty thousand young trees to sell next
spring, at a very moderate price, to any persons,
who are disposed to try expeiiments. V.

B O S T O N I A N S..

It appears that the Bostonians have it in' con-
templation to ornament their city, by forming an
experimental garden in its immeiliate vicinity, in
which are to be made such experiments in Agri-
culture and Hiirticultnre, as shall be thought use-
ful to the community at large. When we consid-
er what the pe'iple of tlia' place have already done
towards advancing the character and interests of
the Uiiite<l Stat 'S, it ought to excite more emula-
tion than we see manifested at present by the in-
habitants of other states. With a climate anrl
soil less favorable to agricultural pursuits than
many of the more southern or middle states ; more
curtailed in the facilities for manufacturing, when
we take into consideration the natural productive-
ness of the soil in the immediate vicinity of her
water privileges, anil the amount of water-power
which is at her command ; we are struck with
astonishment at her performances, and the inqui-
ry Miiturally presents itself, ' what sort of people
are these Bostonians ?' History with her records
will answer to the present, as well as to future
ages, ' they aie the people who dared to risk'
their ' lives, their fortunes, and their sacred hon-
ors,' in the cause of liberty, — they are the peo-
ple who formed the front-rank, when the despotic
and combined powers of Europe threatened us
with annihilation, and they are the peo|)le, who
with a parent's care, have unceasingly nursed and
cherished the tree of liberty by introducing man-
ufactures, and facilitating agriculture and the arts.
And they are the people, who, (notwitlistanding
the cry of nullifiers against the yankees and their
notions) remain caterers and bankers of these
United States.

The success attending their honest industry has

envy against
them from some of her sister slates, which she,
Willi true philosophy, has passed unheeded, know-
ing it to be the weakest jjassion which degrades
our natures. They have been the constant en-
couragers of commerce, and their ships are to be
found from ' India to llie Poles.' But it is in re-
gard to their iin[)rovemeiits in Agriculture .and
Horticulture, lliat we would more particularly no-
tice them at this lime. There can be named a
certain number of gentlemen, in ihe immediate vi
ciiiity of Boston, who have ilone, ;ind are still con-
tinuing to do, more for the advancement of these
sister art.s, than the same number fnnn any oiher
or all our sea port towns together. As their ves-
sels traverse every so.a, their opportunities are
great for making collections from the animal and
vegetable kingdoms ; nor are those opportunities
neglected. Nor are they collected with a miser-
like intention of being hoarded up. for the special
enjoyment of the individual, but distributed with
a liberality bespeaking the nobleness of the intent.
The cities of Europe had long been visited by
plagues, and sweeping desolations, wlien the in-
dependent genius of Bonaparte, determined on
removing the causes, (which were acknowledged
10 be accuinnlated quantities of putrefying animal
matter, collected in the burying grounds in large
cities) so far as was within his power. Accord-
ingly those in the city of Paris were removed ; the
bones were deposited in the catacombs, and the
earth replaced with soil, free from contagion. A
new biiiial ground was laid out on the east side
of ilie city, and without the walls, whicii, from
the diversified and elevated surface, as well as for
the tasle in arranging, has become one of the most
entertaining places in the vicinity of Paris if we
except the garden of |)lants.

The Bostonians have now conceived the idea of
combining all that is interesting in these two places
of notoriety, and also of adding a third, which
shall render their contemplated improvements,
equal to anything that Europe can boast of, of
the kind, viz : that of having combined a Rural
Cemetery, a Botanic garden, and an Experimental
fiirm. Should they succeed in this, Boston will bo
rendered altogether the most interesting city in Ihe
United States. Now we hope that other towns
will consider the importance of making public im-
provements, and be up and doing. There is
scarcely a large town in the United Stales, but
what has neglected two things, which are indis-
pensable for the health of the population, viz : 1st
to secure, and keep open as public property, a
siifhcient number of squares for the accommoda-
tion of families where tliej' may send their nurses
with their small children, and have them safe from
the common harm of crowded streets. 2dly.
To locale proper places for the Imrial of the dead,
at such a distance from the populous part of the
town as shall render them free from the effects of
the pestilential effluvia, ai ising from putrefactive
animal matter. We should naturally suppose that
after such a sweeping sickness as New York was
visited with, a few years since, which undoubtedly
originated at one of their cemeleries, that not one
of these depositories would be left within the pre-
cincts of a city. But such is the fact, and should
the worthily citizens of Boston persevere in their
calculations, in regard to their intended cemetery,
they will give us another example of their steady
perseverance in the march of improvement. —
Genesee Farmer.

54

NEW ENfiLArSD FARMER,

Aug. 31, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 31, 1831.

We beg leave to call the attention of our road-
eistotbe Piispeciuii of a Botanical work vvliicli
' Messrs D. & C. Laiidreth of Philadelphia are ahout
to uiideitake. This plan deserves all encour-
agement, and they possess rare materials and facil-
ities for its nccoMiplishment.

MrD. T. Browne, the industrious Kilitor of the
Naturalist, proposes to publish in this city, the
New Englanil Sylva, containing a <lescripiion of
the forest trees in New England ; with their uses
and manner of culture and propagation ; to make
a duodecimo volume of about 200 pages, ornamen-
ted with plates, price $1,00. Such a work, faith-
fully executed, we think would meet a ready sale.

By Mr S.PIiilbrick,Brookline, Capiaumonte, hand- themselvea with buds of some of the finest varieties
me but not at maturity — also, the Long green or | of fruits in the country. As far as the irees have

Edinburgh 7?ei'i>«.'.— Lilly & Wait have just re-
published the lOGth number of this able and popular
Journal, which contains elaborate diiqiiisitions on
the following subjects : Pretended Miracles ; Irving,
Scott and Erskine— Williams on the Geography of
Ancient Asia ; Geographical Distribution of Ani-
mals— Hon. Mrs Norton's Undying One— Reuvens
on the Egyptian Museum at Leyden— Universities
of England ; Oxford— Observations on the Paper
Duties; Taxes on Literature— Government of Brit-
ish India — The Dissolution and General Election,
ivilh Suggestions to the Peers — Political and Vested
Rights— Moore's Life of Lord Byron— Quarterly
List of New Publications— Inde.v— published quar-
1crly at $5,00 per annum.

CUCUMBERS.

Mil Editor — It has of late become fashionable
among a certain class of newspaper scribblers toile-
cry cucumbers, and represent ihem as unwhole-
some, and worse than useless. For upwards of 70
years 1 have been gratifieil in their animal use, and
liave no remembrance of ever experiencing any in-
jury from the moderate use of tlieni. Therefore, as
respects the most valuable and laborious part of the
community, I have no idea that this article, which
lias bsen agreeable lo all generntions before us, is
now lo be despised and avoided. 1 am ready,
liov;evcr lo admit, — tliat the idle, the sickly, and
lazy part of the cnnnmmity ought to abstain from
cucumbers, ns well as many other things made for
ihe sole comfort and pleasure of the human fam-
ily whose happiness is inliiuatcly, if not, insepara-
l)ly, connected with a laborious life.

JVtwIon, .''}iigust 28. J. Ke."(rick

llarticillturni II:iM,
.S.Uutday, Augusta?, 1J31.

T^RUITS E.KHIBITED.

MouilU Bouche.

By Mr R. P. Phipps, Andrews Pears. I

By Mr Richard Ward, a variety of Bcrgamot.

Peaches. By Mr Otis Pettee of Newton, a hand-
some collection, embracing twelve varieties, some of
vvliich were fine.

By Mr Charles Tappan, Brookline, a Seedling
handsome in appearance, and of fine quality.

By Mr E. Dyer, a handsome variety.

By Mr E. Vose, Dorchester, Yellow Rareripe,
Jaques Rareripe,and an uncommonly beautiful speci-
men of the Grosse Mignonne, the last of large size,
and excellent flavor.

Plums. By Mr R. Manning. Largs Blue Hol-
land.

By Mr E. Dyer, a handsome variety, but not in eat-
ing.

Grapes. By Mr William Gault of Concord, N. H.
A large and fair specimen of Purple ' Fox' of good
quality.

By Mr Henry D. Child, Early Black Morrillon—
of pleasant flavor.

By Mr Charles Lawrence of Salem — White Chas-
selas and Black Hamburgh, very handsome speci-
mens of open ground culture.

By Dr S. A. ShurtletF, a seedling Grape of fine
quality, somewhat resembling the Black Hamburgh,
of a Lilac color — it is proposed to be called ' Shurt-
lejfs Earbj Lilac.'' The committee have received a
particular description of this Grape from Dr Shurt-
ieff, a copy of whicn is annexed.

S. DOWNER, Chairman.

This Grape is a native, from a foreign Secrf. It
came up in my garden about si.x years since ; it was
transplanted by nie tour years since, where it now
stands; it bears only one bunch on a branch, and
that on the fifth eye from the last years' wood ; the
stem is slim, bunches well formed, and berries large,
of an oval form ; ripens in August, about the 20th

Pemherhii's Hill, )

Boston, Aug. 2G, 1831. I

FLOWERS EXHIBITED.

From N. Davenport, of Newton, a fine Plant of
Marantha zcbrina— Fine double Tuberose— Ciiina
Asters, Monthly Roses, &c.

A Cocoa Nut Tree from B. H. Norton, of Hing-
ham

China Asters, Marigolds, &c, from Wm. Worth-
ington, Dorchester, and S. Walker, Roxbury.

The following were exhibited by Mr Carter, from
the Botanic Garden, Cambridge, on Saturday, Aug.
10, and omitted :

Hibiscus paluslris viri— double and single Dahlias
— Phlo.x paniculata— Phlox pyramidalis and scabera
— Snow berry — Liatris inacrostichys and pilosa —
Euphobia corolata — Delphinium sibericum — Draco-
ccphslum do. denlatum — Sajetaria latifolia — San-
gusorbia canadensis — red and white water lily.

VEGETABLES.

Mr Richard Ward of Roxbury exhibited some ex-
traordinary fine Lima Beans, for premium. They
were raised on a deep rich soil, manure spread and
dug in late last fall, planted the 18th of May, about
one inch deep, ten to a pole, the poles four feet apurt
every way. D. CHANDLER, Chairman

.Ippks. By Mr Solomon Lyman, of Manchester,
•Conn, a specimen of a native variety of large size,
yellow, fine flavor, and worthy of cultivation.
By S. Philbrick, Virginia Amber Crab Apples.
By R. S. Phipps, York Riissett and anotlier vari-
■ety.

Pears. By Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, a Ripe Spe-
eimun of his Seedling Pear. This fruit is rather j ii a o t»

Aindcr the medium size, skin smooth and fair, light i "O^- "■•"■ S- ■'-'^^'''^°'^''>
yellow, very melting, and of fine flavor, compares i '"'■'"• ^'"='- H'irt. Socipty.

well in quality with the St Michael, and bids f^iir to Sir — I have thought it proper to advise the Mem-
1x) be a valuiible acquisition to our list of summer hers of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Pears. The Committee propose that it be called the i through you, that the trees which were so gener-
' Dearborn Pear.' | onsly presented lo them by Messrs Prince & Sons,

By R. Manning, specimen of Julienne (Coxe No. of the Linna-an Garden, New York, and which were
12) not in eating. Melon Pear received from Mr i entrusted to our care by the Society, are all (with
Carr, but appears to be the Julienne. Revelliere, the exception of a few Cherry and Apricot trees)
from a French tree, and a kind supposed lo be the growing finely on our grounds in Brighton. As this
Cassolette. The last at maturity, and of good fla- 1 is the season for budding, members are advised to
,VQr. 1 avail themselves of the opportunity of supplying

produced fruil, they prove the coriectnese of Mr
Prince's Establishment.

The scions sent from Henry Corse, Esq. of Mon-
treal,are all living, with one exception, (the Admira-
ble.)

A catalogue and description of Mr Prince's trees ,
will be found in the New England. Farmer, vol. VIL
page 38.5. A catalogue of Mr Corse's scions in the
Farmer, vol IX. page 329.

Yours respectfully,

J. & F. WINSHIP.

Brighton Nursery, Aug. 29, 1831.

BUDDING PEACH TREES.
As the season has ariiveil for budding peach
trees, we would caution those who are wishing to
improve their fiuit, against using or having used
for them any buds, unless they know thai they
were taken from healthy trees. The disease call-
ed ihe yellows has been inlrodiiced amongst us
from some of Ihe eastern nurseries, am) has al-
ready destroyed many of our peach trees, and will,
unless care is taken, destroy many more. A sin-
gle bud taken from an infected tree and set in a
hcalihy one of any size, is sufliciciil to kill the
tree within a few years, whether the bud lives or
not ; and we are persuaded that the disease may
be c()mmuni<-ated by Irimmiiig a tree vvilh a knife
that has been used to trim a disca.sed one, upon
which the least po.isible quaiility of the juice re-
mains. It llierefoie not only requires ihe great-
est care as re.^pects buds, but in pruning one tree
after another, with the same instiiiment. AS
there are a number of men traveHing the country
offering their .services for budding ami grafting
fruit tri'es, who, although ihey are capable of set-
ling buds or .scituis, are at the same time so igno-
rant of this iJisease among peach trees, as to be
miable to delect it, ihoy may do an injury to in-
dividuals who employ Ibeui, which is lieyond
their power to repair. One of the suiest indica-
tions of ihis disease is the premature ripening of
the fruit. We have examined a iree the week
past, of the lemon peach, the fruit of which had
the appearance of maturity, anil Some of them
were quite mellow, although the proper season
for this fruit to perfect itself is the la.st of August
(ir the fore part of September. Having known
the iree mentioned for several years, and having
ate the fruit from it in fine perfectiiui, in years
past, we are of opinion that ihe disease has been
communicated lo it by a saw i ■ uiher instrument
which had previously been iiseu in pruning a dis-
eased Iree. As the peach is a fruit liked by most
people and lias been of easy cultivation in this
cnuutry we entreat horticulturists to make exer.
lions lo prevent the spread of this fatal disease
which otherwise would soon destroy all the trees
in our vicinity. — Genesee Farmer.

Shakers' Bar."*. — The Shakers of Harvard are
building a barn, which, is probably larger than
any structure of the kind on this continent. The
dimensions, as we are informed, are one hundred
and Jifty feet in length, and forty fve in width. It
is four stories in height, and tlie calculation is to
drive in on the upper flours, from the hill-side,
and pitch the hay down, thus rendering much hard
labor easy. The cost of this barn, when cmnplet-

ed, is estimated at $3000 The Shakers of Can.

terhury, N. H. we are told, have a very large
barn, but it is excelled by the one at Harvard,
B. H. ,/lurora,

Vol. X.— Ivo. 7.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

55

NOTICE. Plum and Cherry Stones Wanted.

A Special Meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul- j A lil)<M-al price will be paid hy the subscriber (or one
tural Society will be held on Saturday next, at 11 bushel of Plum Stones and two or three pecks of Cherry

o'clock, at the rooui of the Society, for the purpose
of nialiing the necessary arrangements for the next
anniversary of the Society.

R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

Stones, to be warranted of the growth of 1831.

Au^. 24. 41 J. B. RUSSELL.

Botanical Prospectus.
D. 8t C. Landreth, Nursery and S-eed
design to issue enrly in the ensuing autumn, the fiist of

number of a periodical work on Ornamental Plants. Of
all branches oi'Natural Science, Botany has ever had the i
greatest number of admirers ; it lias been the study of the I
learned in all ages and in all countries ; it charms alike
the aged and the youtliliil, and always presents on either
hand, something new and interesting; whether wandering
on the mountain top, or traversing the morass, a know-
ledge of the structure and classification of plants afTords
the meansof abundant interest and employment. Unlike
the study of some departments of Natural History, no
investigations are to be made but such as are ajireeable,
and in the language of the late president of the Linnjean
Society ' all is elegance and delight ; its pleasures spring
up under our feet, and as we pursue them reward us
with health and serene satisfaction.'

The proposed worl; will be modelled somewhat afterthe
Botanical Magazine of Curtis (English)'; to Floriculture
and the delineation of plants it will be mainly directed — yet
it will afford opportunity for occasional remarks on the el-
ementary and physioloijical parts of Botany. It will be
issued monthly in a quarto fortn, each nuirher embelhsh-
ed with at least four elegantly executed lithographic
drawings, colored true to nature, by an artist of high res-
pectability.

The plants to be delineated, (as well native as exotic,)
will be selected with reference to their beauty, ease of
cultivation, and otber desirable qualities, and embrace
those of the hot-house, green-house, and open air. Each
figure will be accompanied with ah accurate botanical
description; its natural family and Linnaan class and or-
der; its history : its use, if any, in medicine and the arts,
and other remarks likely to prove interesting ; together
with minute practical instructions for its propagalion,soil,
culture, and preservation.

Unceasing are the requests made the advertisers for in-
struction as to the culture and general treatment of plants :
also, for descriptions of such new ones as their catalogue
annually announces. It is believed tbe work will not
only meet the wishes thus expressed by their numerous
patrons, but prove useful in nourishing a taste for Horti-
culture.

They are not stimulated to the undertaking solely by
the prospect of pecuniary gain. — Their collection of
plants present facilities for contributing, through this me-
dium, to the rational and intellectual enjoyments of their
fellow-citizens ; it is therefore intended to issue the pub-
lication on the lowest terms possible. The price however
must depend in a degree on the patronage extended',
though under no circumstances will it exceed eight dollars
per annum.

inr Due notice of its publication will be given.
Philadelphia, August 13, 1S31. aug 16.

J^/otice.
The subscriber wishes to procure a small quantity,
say half a pint, of acorns from each species of oak grow-
ing in New England, with the specific, or whert not
known, the connnon name. It is desirable that they
should be sent in by the 1st of November, with the con-
tributor's name, as they are to be forwarded to the Lon-
don Horticultural Society. Any reasonable expense with
regard to the above will be cheerfully paid.

4t J. U. RUSSELL.

Bees.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in his

Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weigbt of

each swarm from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deduclcil ;

n of this city ! the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price

nijle right ^5,

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

Al-o for sale, 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare of hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good order, (warranted free from moths or other-
wise damaged) hy the first day of March, 1832.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Sep-
tember, 1831, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass, so as to have lime to transpoit them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will be taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

APPLES, russetliiigs,

ASHES, pot, first sort,
Pearl, first sort

BEANS, white,

BEEK, t;icss.

Cargo, No. 1,
Cargo, No. i,

I'.UT'l'Elt, insiiecicd, N

CliEESL, new milk.

Skimmed nii

FL.4XSEED,

FLUUH, I5altimore,llo\

l^ushel.
barrel,

Ge

o. I, new,

Ik,

vard-slree!,

noae|
IDS 001108 00
120 00'122 50

JSTathaniel Dearborn
Respectfully informs his friends and the public, that | j,yj'^'j? '^.^'j^'j
: ijas removed his place of business, from Slate street to | ' jsj.jy

Balliiniire, «l,;„-f,
CHAIN, Corn, Nnnlii-rii,

Coru, Soutliern Yellow

live,

Barley,

Oats,'
MAY,

llOfi'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOI'S, 1st quality,
LlMi;,

A ISTER PARIS retails at

he

No. 110 Washington street, in the front lower cha
over Messrs Hilliard, Gray &. Co.'s bookstore — -where
orders are solicited for engraving in all its varieties.

Copperplate Printing neatly accomplished.

[p=Flute Tuition, by the new system of Instruction.

Perspective Drt-wings made of Machinery, Inventions,
&c. 6w Aug. 24.

Seeds for Fall Sowing.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

Garden and Field Seeds, suitable for fall sowing,
among which are —

White Portugal Onion.

Prickly Spinach, (for early sreens.)

Black Spanish or VVinter Radish.

Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden
seeds.

Also — Timothy or Herds Grass — Orchard
Grass — Red Top, Red and White Clover, &.c, &c,

Aug, 3. '

y mess.

C.-irgo, No, I,
SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

Red l\i}i (northern)

llcdClover, (iioriliern)
TALLOW, tried,
WOOL, Merino, Cull blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, three fourths washed,

Merino, half hl.iod,

Merino, quarter,

Native, wa-hed.

Pulled superfine,

barrel.

bushel.

pound
cwt.
pound

Isl Spinning,

PROVISION

90
8 00
7 00
6 25

lo
6

1

5 25

6 37
4 62
4 75

68
63

36

60

10 on

9 00

I 0(

3 00

17 (10

13 00

|3 00

1 7.

50

10

800

65

75

58

60

I 00
8 50
7 60
G 50
18

1 50

5 50

65
78
67
'10
70

a 00

10 00

I 23

3 25

18 00

1+ 00

13 .TO

200

75

12

8 50

70

83

C2

55

55

60

60

55

48

37

5«

I5EEF, best
I'ORK, ti-ps
wh(
VEAL,
MUTTON,
I'OHLTRY,

, best piece

Amrnvnition ^^Jl^

Of the hest quality ai.n loU^est pric
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE, '
6'. Broad Street. j p*!"^,

N, B. If the quality is not found sa'islactory, it may '*'^'^^' %*■' ''<"^''.
be returned, and the money will h(i relunde-' ■' ••■■ ' lii.tian, retail.

s, for sporting— ' BUTTER, key and tub,
Lump, best,

MARKET.

pound

<lozen
bushel

ff Ja

Pear Seed.
The subscriber will pay a liberal price for half a bush-
«1 of fresh Pear Seeds.

Aug. 31. 4t J. B. RUSSELL.

Strawberry Plants for Sale.

The following varieties of Strawberry Plants are for
sale by David Haggerslon at the Charlestown Vineyard
Keens' Seedling, 75 cents per dozen, or $5.00 per hjn-
tired; the untlernamed kinds at $1.00 per bundled,
each : Wilmot's Superb, Royal Scarlet, Roseberry, IWul-
berry and Pine Stawberry.

ItTThe above will be also for sale at Mr Russell's
Seed Store, Boston, at the same prices — no smallet lot
«han 60 will be sold of any kind, except Keens' Seedling.

Aug. 31.

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North .Market Street—

A few packages of seed of this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in No3, vol.x. N. E. Farmer. — Price 12icts. each paper.

POTATOES,
CI HER, I

dinirioquRlilyl

Turnip Seed.

Brighton Markkt — Monday, Jlug. 29.

[Reported for tfie Chronicle and Patrint.J
At Market this day 426 Beef Cattle, 713 Stores, 11
Cows and Calves, 3705 Sheep, and 370 Swine.

¥Ricv.s.—Beef Ch«/c— Cattle today were not so good
r or sale at the Seed Store connected with the New | as usual, and the best qualities were sold early in the
England Farmer, No. 52 North Market Street, Boston, '..,,., , '

200 lbs. White Flat Turnip Seed, the growth of the """'"^lE = 'he best were taken at about $5, good at 4 83
present season, raised in this vicinity expressly for this i a 4 75, and thin at 3 50 a $4.
Establishment. Scores- Nearly all were sold.

Also — Ruta Baga of the very first quality, of both <-»„.„„ „„j /-•.;..,„ x' i .- ,

, . J 1- A. V ?i "« V J ■ Lows ana Calves — No sales noticed.

American and European growth ; Yellow Aberdeen, 1

■Vellow Stone, Wliite Norfolk Field, and Yellow French
Turnips ; Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, for pick-
ling, warranted genuine and fresh. July 6

Jl Gardener.
A Gardener, with good recommendations, recently
from Scotland, wants a situation. Inquire at the N. E.
Farmer Office. 4w Aug. 24.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 3. eoptf

Jf'ani' rl,
A situation for a boy 12 years of age, in the country,
as an apprentice to a farmer, or any good mechanical
trade. For further particulars inquire of T. T. ROB-
ERTS, No. 5 Union street. 2t Aug. 24.

Sheep and iomt.s— Sales not very brisk— several lots
remain unsold : prices a little reduced. We noticed
sales at 2 50 a 2 33 for prime ; good Sheep at about $2 ;
and ordinary qualities at 1 84, 1 75, 1 71, 1 62, and 1 50

Swine — Considerable doing — we noticed lots taken at
4c. 4i, and at 4i at retail ; 44 for Sows, and 54 for Bar-
rows.

JVew York Cattle Market, Aug 26.— The market has
not been as well supplied with Beef Cattle this week u
is customary. The whole number being about 600 head,
and of course in good demand, and all sold ; we quote
Beef Cattle at $5 a 7 1-2 per hundred, and a few at 7,25.
From 3000 to 5000 Sheep and Lambs, which is an ordina-
ry supply, all eolil quick at $2 a 6 for nhecp, and $1,50 a
3 for Lainbs. Fat Hogs — still a few in marliet at $t; —
stored do. at $3,25 a 3,75. Cows and Calves «t from $15
to 45.— A". Y. Daily Adv.

NEW ENGLAND FAlliMER.

fight like ile^ils, you'll soon be in the house of bond
age.' He was answeri.-d by a real British cheer fore
and aft.

Earl FitzW:
prelly hi ilsell

BIlSCBLiLiAiVY. i turning to our hero, he said, ' Now S e, I leave

' you to speaU to the marines.' Col. S -c iinmedi-

^. J /. r. 7 ci • , ■ r. • . r » ately directed their attention lo the land beyond the

State 0/ Female Socidy tn Pema.-According to . p,.^^^,^ ^^^^_ . O^ ^^^ j,_^^ ,^_^j ^^^^^^ ,,

the doctrine incu oated by Mahomet, the women in ^^^.^^_ ,^|, ^^^ ^1,^,,^^^ , . ^.^ ,, , j^

Persia are not only excluded trom a 1 society but go ; .^^ ,|,^^,^ j,,^ ,^„j ^j. ^ ^ ' -^^^j ^^ ^ ,

about so httle, that a traveller might pass through , «,,!,, i,i.„ ,i„.,j., „„,,.ii i,„ ■„ .V., i „ „im. j

the whole country and not see a female face; as the
Persians are, perhaps, even more jealous than the
Turks. The Armenian and other Christian women
living amongst them, are obliged to conform to Ma-
hometan law in this respect, and cover their faces,
and wrap up their figures in a large sort of domino
or feradgee, in the same manner as the native wo-
men, or they would be insulted. So naturalized are
the Christians to this custom, that it was the cause
of a great disappointment to us upon one occasion.
An Italian doctor, who had lately been married to
an Armenian, was polite enough to endeavor to in-
duce his bride to uncover her face for our curiosity
and amiisomeut ; but his best efforts to persuade her
it would not be improper were in vain. The lady
even smoked a kuliaun (the Persian hookah) whilst
we were in company with her, but kept it under her
veil ; it was altogether a most ludicrous scene. In
vain we told her that it was unfair she should have
the opportunity of seeing us through tlie little holes
of her dress, and that v;e could not be permitted the
advantage of seeing her, even with her husband's
consent. She felt it would bi3 extremely indecent
to show her face, and we were obliged to satisfy
ourselves with the assurance of her husband, (hat she
teas not worth seiing, and the great probability, that
she would accidentally have dropped aside h'T veil
if she had any hopes of exciting our admiration. —
The singular st;ite of society among these people
will be illustrated, perhaps, by another trifling anec-
dote; for we were not a little amused during a
sumptuous entertainment given us by a rich Persian,
near Hamudan, having, in the course of conversa-
tion, asked our host how many children he had, to
perceive him turn round to his servant for the ne-
cessary information. — Mcock's Travels.

N'apokon and the Voltaic Batten/. — It is well
known tliat Bonaparte during his whole reign, was
in the habit of personal intercourse with the saraiis
of Paris, and that he not uufrequently attende<l the
sittings of the Institute. Upon being informed of the
decomposition of the alkalies by Davy, he asked, with
some impetuosity, how it happened that the discov-
ery had not been made in France. ' Wo have not
constructed a Voltaic battery of sufficient power,'
was the reply. 'Then,' exclaimed Bonaparte, 'let
one be immediately formed, without any regard to
the cost or labor.' The commands of the Emperor
were, of course, obeyed ; and on being informed that
it was in full action, he repaired to the laboratory to
witness its eflect. On his alluding to the taste pro-
duced by the contact of two metals, with that rapid-
ity which characterised all his motions, and before
the attendants could interpose any precaution, he
thrust the extreme wires of the battery under his
tongue, and received a shock which nearly deprived
Lim of sensation. After recovering from i\<) effects he
quitted the laboratory without making any remark,
and was never afterwards heard to refer lo the sub-
ject.— Paris' Life of Sir H. Davi/.

lliain. — The Iblluwing Utile story is so
, and so credilable to both parlies, that
wc cannot reluse it a place in our columns, Ihout h it
has appeared elsewhere. A farmer called on Eail Filz-
vvilliain, lo represent thai his crop ot wheat had been
seriously injured in a field adjoining a certain wood,
where his Lordship's bounds had, diiring the winter,
tiequenlly met lo hunt, and he estimated the damage his
crops had sufltired al 50/. The E rl immcdialely ^ave
hiiri the money. As the harvest, however, approached,
the wheal grew, and in those parts of llie field that were
most tnimpled, ihe corn was strongest and most luxuri- I
ant. The farmer went again to his Lordship — • I am
come, my Lord, r speciing Ihe field ol wheat adjoining
such a wood.' ' V ell, my IVieiul, did I not allow you
sufficient to remune le you (or your loss ?' ' Yes, my
Lord, I have lound nat I have sustained no loss at all,
and have therclore brought Ihe 51)/. back again.' ' Ah !'
exclaimed the venerable Earl, ' this is what 1 like — this
is as it ought tu be between man and man.' He then
entered into conversation with Ihe farmer, asking him
some questions aliout his family — how many children be
had, &c. His Lordship then went into another room,
and returning, presented the farmer with A check for
100/. ' Take care of this ; and when your eldest son is
of age, present it to hiin : and t.ll him Ihe occasion that
produced it.' — Eng pa.

Lrpm Mineral Spring Hulrl^

Ten miles from Boston, Six from Salem, ami Five from Nalmnt.
The suhscriber most respectiuily begs leave to inlorm
his hii-nds and ihe public that he continues to keep that
ilclightlul Suniiner retreat, the Lynn Mineral Spring
Hotel, which it will be his olijecl lo render a genteel
anil pleasant resort for Boarders, Parties of Pleasure,
transient Visitors, &c.

The salubrious qualities of the waters of this celebra-
ted .Spring — the beautiful lake, on Ihe boiders ol which
the eslahlisbment is situated, aboundinu with fish of va-
rious descriptions, and surrounded with the most wild
and romantic scenery — splendiil Boats for sailing or fish-
ing— Bathing rooms on the margin ol Ihe lake, where the
warm or cold balh may at any lime be taken — the de-
linlilliil situation of the House, with its cmnfortabie and
well fiirnisbed apartments, with the fruit and Hower Gat-
dens adjoining, are attractions for those in pursuit of
healtli or pleasure, raiely excelled if equalled in any
part of Ihe country.

Every exertion shall be made to merit a cotdinuance
of that patronage which has been so liherallv bestowed,

July 20. JAMES VV. BARTON.

Perry.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 92
Norlli Market Street—

A few dozen bottles of excellent Perry, of fine flavor
and sprightly, well paeked. and wired and sealed in
champaigne bottles. Price $3 per dozen. Aug. 17.

.Matrunoni/. — The Virgin semis prayer to God, but
carries but one soul to hiin^ but the state ol marriage
fills up the numbers of the elect, and hath in it the labor
of love, anil the delicacies of friendship, the blessing of
society, and the uruoii of hanils and heaits; it hath in it "/ "»= Melhven Strawberry, ht $2,50 per hundred.—

Roses, Dahlias, Strawberries and Quicks.

The proprietors of the Albany Nursery have printed a
classification ol 140 of their finest Roses, according to
color, to enable purchasers to select a variety with cer-
tainty and economy, with characters indicating tile size
of the flower, habit and prices. This may be seen at Iho
otiice of the New England Farmer.

Tboy have imported and propagated many varieties
of the finest double Dahlias, which may bo selected by
the flowers until the frosts oi autumn.

riiey will have for sale, from this time forward, plants

Brevity the Soul of Wit. — Colonel S e, of the

Royal Marines, was always distinguished for the
perspicuity and brevity of his speeches, of which the
following is a specimen, which was delivered when
going into the battle of the Nile : — Sir James Sau-
marez, who commanded the man-of-war to which he
belonged, had, in a lengthened speech, wound up the
feelings of the sailors to the highest pitch of ardor
for the fight, by reminding them of the duty they
owed to their king and country ; and, though last,
not least, he desired them to call to mind their fami-
lies, their parents, and sweethearts, and to fight as if
the battle solely depended on their individual exer-
tions. He was answered by looks and gestures
highly expressi\e of their determination; when,

of beauiy, but more of salely, than the single life ,
it hath more care, but less danger; it is more merry, and
more sad ; it is fuller of sorrows, and fuller of joys ; it
lies under moic burdens, but is supported by all the
strengths of love ami charity, and those burdens are
doligbifui; Marriage is Ihe mother of the world, and
preserves kingdoms, fills cities and churches, and heaven
itself. Celibacy, like the fly in the heart of an apple,
dwells in a perpetual sweetness, but sits alone, and is
confined and dies in singularily ; but marriage, like the
useful bee, builds a house and gathers sweetness from
every flower, and latiors and unites into societies and
republics, and sends out colonics, and feeds the world
with delicacies, and obeys their king and exercises
many virtues, and promotes the interest of mankind, and
is that state of good things, to which God hath designed
the present constitution of the world.' — Jeremy Taylor.'

GLUTTONY AND DRUNKENNi;.SS.

The difference between excess in eating, anil in tli
5f distilled

P'orlyseven of these berries have weighed a pound, and
some have measured 4J inches round. Also many other
varieties, lor which see catalogue.

They have also for sale, at .fS per thousand, 50,0(X>
quicks of the honey locust (Gleilit.ichia triacanlhus)
lor live fences, two years old, and fit for transplanting. —
Specimens of the fence may be seen at Ihe Nursery.

Orders for any of the above, or for trees, shrubs and
planis, may be sent by mail, or left wiih J. B. Ri'ssell.
BUEL & WILSON.

Albany Nursery, July 16, 1831.
Aug. 10. 3t

Cocoons JVnnied.
The Subscriber will pay cash for Cocoons, from 25 to
50 cents, according to quality. J. PI. COBB.

Dedham, July I5th, 1831. 8t July 20.

Binding.
drinking Subscribers to the New Englatid Farmer are informed
fermented liquors is niariied by the following Ibit they can have their volumes neatly half bound and
lines of disiNiCiion. The '•ne is die tiAiM.^(i/'a^<-(wrf I lettered, at 73 cts. per volume, by leaving them at lt»

Famer office. Aug. 3.

ot a bud thing. In III

1 lilt" latter case we swallow more

old he taken vviih moderation,

, disguised, diluted or compounded

liiiii. and III

•ase we lake too much funi
tr less poisnn. Atiinenl s
ilcohol, lioupver roixe
houldnol be taken at .i

REMEDY FOR RINGWORM.

A correspondent in the American Farmer writes as fol-
ws ; ' Aflcr I had the teller nearly Iwenlv years on my hand,
id had used dollais' worth of celebrated teller ointment,
hicli took oil' Ihe skin repeatedly wilhont cfl'ecling a cure,
friend advised me lo ohiain seme Blood-rool, (called also
ed root, Indian paint, i^-c) lo slice il in vinegar, and afier-
ards w.ish the pan ifVected with the liquid. I did so, nnd in
f*>\v days the (\ry scurf was removed, and my diseased hand
as as whole as the oilier,'

To Cure Hams. — A friend recomtnenils the
following receipt. He ate liatiis preserved in
this way, in May last, anil fiuin.l them superior to
any he had ever before enten, — Take one pound
of salt, one ounce of saltpetre, well pulverized
;ind mixed, with abnnt two ipiarts of molasses, I '/>o:isiiioiuli, N. H. J, \V. Foster, Bonki

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MEW ENCJE.A]\D FAMMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. UUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDExN, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 7, 1831.

NO. 8.

®(©sassws?'j>©iisa©s!rS'

ASHES OF ANTHRACITE COAL, AND DIS-
EASE L\ LOCUST TREES.

Ti> the Editor of llio New England Farmer,

Sir— .Mlow me tljrotigli tlie iiiciliuni of your
valuable Journal to ask llie favoi- of some of your
correspoiiileuts to inform me whether the ashes of
anthracite coal are of any advantage to the soil, or
if not, whether their use has been attended with
any injury.

A satisfactory answer to this question would be
very acceptable to those farmers, who, from their
situation near navigable waters, find it to their ad-
vantage to use the abwe named fuel instead of
wood. ■•■'

The manner in whicfi it shoidd be applied, to-
gether with the quantity per acre, &c. would also be
Jesirable.

My locust trees have this year been attacked
with a disease in their foliage, which I do not re-
collect to have noticed at any time before ; nor to
have met with any account of it, in my agricidtu-
ral reading. The leaf assumes a rusty color and
dies. Will this affection entirely destroy the trees.
Or, if not, how great will he the probable injiu-y .'
Respectfully yotu's,

A Subscriber.

Greensburgh, AT. Y. Aug. 23.

Remarks hi) the Editor. — We hope that some of
our friends, patrons, or correspondents will he so
obliginiT as to give the information solicited above.
In the mf'aiitimo we will State stich as we can at
present coimiiimicate, and should anything farther
occur should be happy to publish it.

In Arthur Young's ' Farmer's Calendar' ptib-
iished in London, 1809, it is observed that coal
ashes are bought in small quantities in the neigh-
bourhood at -Id. per bushel, and collected to tlie
land at about Id. per bushel. They are distribi-
ted on the land with a shovel, from a cart or wheel
barrow. Another, and perhaps the preferable
mode, is sowing them by band. Tlie former way
costs 12d. per wagon load, the latter ISil. Coal
ashes are qseil from 50 to 60 bushels per statute
acre for a complete dressing, which amounts to,
from 23s. to 2Gs. per statute acre : they suc-
ceed well, sown on clover in Blarch or April
on dry chalk lands ; and also do much good on
sward, applied during any part of the winter or
spring. They are never used on wheat. In very
dry seasons coal-ashes do little good, on light land
they require rain after being sown to set them
to work.

It is observed in Kirwan's Treatise on Man-
ures that ' sifteil coal ashes, those of peat and
white turf ashes, have been found useful, red
turf ashes useless and generally hurtful.'

In the Gtli volume of the New England Farmer,
page 275, we published some notices of experi-
ments on sea coal as a mantire by Thomas Ewel,
in which the writer, a physician and chemist of
Philadelphia, says in substance that the common
sea, pit or mineral coal, which is so abundant in
the United States, when finely pulverized, might
prove a useful manure ; and ' that when powdered

EFFECTS OF BUDDING.
Mr Fessenden — In answer to a query in your
last headed ' Burfrfmg-,' I would observe that the
its power in quickening the vegetation of corn and I correct theory is believed to be that the stocks are

wheat is much greater than any manure with
which we are acquainted.' This writer, however,
states nothing relative to the ashes of pit coal.

But a writer in ihn Gardener' s Magazine, quoted,
New England Farmer, vol. ix. p. 204 says that
pit coal cinders were found by him to be injurious
to flovvers in pots. That ' On directing the atten-
tioi! of a horticultural friend to the circumstance,
he related the case of a large garden in Scotland,
which had been manured or coated over with coal
ashes from a neighboring town two years in suc-
cession ; which ashes though impregnated with
tlie usual animal and vegetable matters displayed
their deleterious effect both on fruit trees and culi-
nary vegetables, not less than in the chrysanthe-
mum pots. The gardener finding his fruit trees
(lot to thrive so well as ho expected, but attributing
it'to a different cause, took up a number of them
and formed a substratum of ashes in order to lay
tiiom, as he said, dry and comfortable. The trees
got worse, and were again taken up and the ashes
removed ; but such were the deleterious effects of
the ashes already worked into the soil, that Ibis
garden which previously was, and now is one of
tlic most productive in Scotland, was two or three
years before even moderate crops could be raised.'

\n Loxain's Husbandry, page 116, it is observ-
ed, ' It has been confidently asserted that stone coal
•^ an excellent manure ; that it has succeeded both
in Eurojie and this country, therefore I am dispo-
sci' to believe under favorable circumstances that
■t 'nay be so.

' I have tried it by. top dressing, without any per-
ceptible effect, on corn, wheat, red clover and the
spear grasses, although the coal, was pounded quite
fine and sifted. This may have happened in con-
sequence of the soil being impregnated with some
of the properties of the coal as it frequently appear-
ed near the surface throughout the whole neigh
borhood ; or it might have succeeded, if it had
been ploughed under the soil. There is also a
great difference in coal ; that used by me abound-
ed in sulphur and bitumen, and burned freely.

' The ashes from stone coal have been extensive-
ly used for manure at from forty to fifty bushels to
the acre.'

Sea coal, or pit coal, either in substance or redu-
ced til ashes is not enumerated among manures by
Sir Humphry Davy. Dr Deane observed that ' ash-
es of sea coal is useful for cold and stiff land.'

This subject, hovrever, requires farther investi-
gation, and we hope will not be neglected by those
who have the means of making experiments and
the patriotism to publish such results as promise to
be useful.

With regard to the disease in Locust trees, of
which our correspondent complains, we are not
able to give any useful information. Perhaps it is
caused by the worm so destructive to those trees in
this part of the country. Information on this to-
pic would be gratefully received.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER

not influenced by the character of the buds which
may be inserted. The buds derive their riounVi-
ment from the stocks (iis the stocks do from the
earth &c.) and control the future growth of the
tree above the insertion only.
Dedham,£ug. 19.

Remarks hy the Editor — There is some difference
of opinion among horticulturists relative to the
effects of grafting or building. Miller says that
crab stocks cause apples to bo firmer, to keep lon-
ger, and to have a sharper flavor; and he is equal-
ly confident, that, if the breaking pears be grafted
on quince stocks, the fruit is rendered gritty or
stony, while the melting pears are much improved
by such stocks. Lord Bacon, however, says that
'the scion overruleth the graft quite, the stock being
passive only.' 'This last opinion' says theJErf. En-
cyclopedia, ' as a general proposition remains true;
it being evident, that the scion, bud or inarched
shoot, is endowed with the power of drawing or
forming from the stock that peculiar kind of nour-
ishment which is ada|)ted to its nature, and that
the specific characters of the engrafted plant re-
main unchanged, although its qualities may be
partially affected.'

But we never kiiew a question, except that pro-
posed by our correspondent who favored us with
the query respecting- budding, page 35, relative to
the influence of the bud on the stock. We are in-
clined, however, to believe that our friend from
Dedham is correct; and should almost as soon
think of a stream coiii:uunicating its peculiar qual-
ities to its foUJli^l»",'4gjj bud or scion having any
influence on the properties of the stock to wbicli
it was attached.

FOR THE NEW ENGI.AXD FARJIER.

Mr Fessenden, — In the sheets of the Revue
des Revues sent by Doct. Van Mons, is an inter-
esting account of a process for making a cheap
and very good kind of cheese ; and as the experi-
ment may be deemed worthy of repetition, by our
agriculturists, I send you a translation for tho
New England Farmer. It is probable the process
may be con.siderably imi)rovcd, by the use of a
press of some kind, which does not appear to
have been applied, as in the mode practised by
our dairy-women.

1 have read your remarks on female industry,
and think them generally correct. When the
daughters of farmers can be well employed at
home, that is the very best jilace for them ; but
if there is poverty, shiftlessness, vice, ami no work
to be done, within the walls of the parental
dwelling, let them seek a better situation for earn-
ing a siqiport, cultivating thwr minds and improv->
ing their morals.

You have treated this important subject of in-
qtiiry with candor, and that jiractical good sense,
which characterises whatever you publish under
the editorial bead of the New England Farmer.

In this land of freedom all must work to live,
and rerollect the apothegm of Franklin, that
God helps them, who help themselves.'

There are innumerable employments for fe-

58

NEW ENGLAND FAKMEil,

S.'l.t.7, 1831,

males in the coiiiitiv. I called at a small house to generation. Woman is, in this conntry, the is very sensible, nml not disagreeahle, ami I think
in a nei.'l.borin.' town a few .lays since, to obtain standard of excellence lor the lords of creation, this kin.l ot chetse can I.e ad- M,u„er.-ly made
a o-lass r^ wate'. I found the snug apartments, I who have assumed a h.fty position, but the power hy the fain.ers. I n,.w inu nd to mn i.^pi .:.yuig
neatlv furnished, and such an appearance of thrift, of comn.and .Iocs not always insure respect. To the cheese in the shade. I shall p„hh>l, the ren
that i was induced to investigate the cause. The 1 merit distinction, they must endeavor to propitiate suit ol this expernuent, vvhicl, appears lo me to
lale was soon told. The little tenement belonged I by kindness aud insure commendation by practi^l|be important to agncultuial ecmomj.
to a widow, who had two daughters, whose time morality ; the times have gone by when to order i

deemed a right, aud submission ranked among the

head, entrusted to my care ihree plants of the
the various inmates earn a j^^J-_---|.^^. ^i^^ i^^^,^,,^ of September, 1829, is an larracacha root, which is found so uselui in the

~ " ' " "" article on the fabrication of cheese from potatoes, countries of which it is a native, I feel bound to

of which the following is an extract, from the
correspondence of M. Fabrenburg.

There is made, in Thuringe aud in a part ot"
Saxony, cheese from potatoes, which is very much
esteemed ; this is the mode of preparii

was devoted to the manufacture of artificial flow-
ers, for the New Orleans market. I5y this plea-
sant branch of industry they earned four or five
hundred dollars per auiium, and were consequent-
ly independent, respected, comfortable and hap-
py, ill the neat cottage, vvhich was embellished
with fruit trees and flowers, by their own hands.
It is most interesting and gratifying, to call at
the houses on the road side, as we pass through
the country, where a certain appearance of rural
enjoyment strikes the eye, and asceriaiu the infln-
ite modes, in wbici

gupport. The variety of luaiiufactures which claim
the attention of the frugal mother and active
daughters, is absolutely astonishing.

To know how our people live and (nni a livinp;, I
we must visit them at their own firesides. Indus-
try, economy, and temperance, with a cheerful
heart, and moral habits, tiiumph over all the lios-
tilities of climate and soil. The rough features of
this norihern region are made to assume the de-
lightful aspect of more favored climes. Lalmr,
constant, unremitted and untiring labor, has gi\?sn
to New England the glorious appearance of uni-
versal prosperity. Freedom has pitched her tents
upon the hills, aud health and comfort reside in
every vale. Let those who are ever looking on
the dark siile of the picture of life, contrast the
condiiion of this people, with that of any other
countrv, ancient or iiioilern, and iJiey must re-
joice at the ailvancement rallier than the deca-
dence, of the human race ; they must bo proud
■of their countrymen rather tliaA disposed to hunt
up causes of complaints, and of perpetual deniiii-
cjation. Tlie good slninld be noted, when what
there is of error, calls down rebuke. The ev(u-
lastiug cry of depravity will not eradicate the lat-
ter or augment the former. Unqualified disappro-
bation, at all times, and in all places, bespeak a
cold temperameii!, and an uiler ignorance of the
character of man ; to elevate him, commendation
is better than censure.

With the advantages of schools and religious
instruction .so abundantly afforded throughout the
Kastern states, with a disposition to advance in
fortune, intellpctiial acquirements, and reputation,
the daughters of agricultural and mechanical pa-
rents become, in proper time, mothers of robust
chihlren, who are taught by precept and example
to emulate the meritorious deportment of their
progenitors.

But there is one striking fact, which may be
considered as the test of our prosperity and the
cause of otu' advancement in all the arts of civ-
ilization ; it is the preeminent virtue of the females,
of all ranks ;iiid ages. If the men were as distin-
guished for their rectitude of conduct, vice would
soon disappear from the land ; they are responsi-
ble^for whatever there is of crime and licentious-
noss. Let them take counsel from woman, and
imitate her morals and the prison and alms house
would become useless establishments. Misery
would not exist, and joy and felicity become tiie
inmates of every mansion. If woman is vicious,
ntan has made her so, and the effects of his char-
acter fall upon his descendants, from generation

obligations of woman. She has a mind and has
cultivated it ; she is capable of deciding on the
character and deeds of man and he must be ambi-
tious to obtain her good opinion.

With unfeigned esteem, your most obedient ser-
v„i,t. H. A. S. Dearborn. |

rinley Plarp, j
Sept. a, l!-31. i

EXTRACT >0. XXXVIII.
FABRtCATIO-y OF CHEESE FROM POTATOES.

In the Bulletin of the S<iciete D'Euconrage.

Horticulture

Proceedings of the Massnchusells Horticultural So-
cictij, at a special meeiiug held in the Hull of ih*
Institution, on Saturday, Htptemhir 3, 1B31.
The President read the Ibllowing letter from the

Hon. Jolin Lowell, on an experiment to cultivate

the Arracaclia.

Hon. Henry A. S. Dearborx,

Pres. i.ruie Mii>6. H..rl. Snc.

Dear Sir — As the Sori -tyjof w;hicli you are the

state my own experiments on its culture. As Mr
Floyd of N. York attributed his ill success to the
want o{ shade, I put one of my plants in the shade
aud two in an exposed situation. The soil was
admirable, my atieniion as great as possible, not a

Al'ier having selected the best kind of (lotatoes, 1 duy passed without a visit fmni me.

they are boiled ; when cooleil, they are pealed
and reduced to a pulp, eiiber by a grater, or in
a mortar : to five pounds ol* the puff, which should
be equally fine and homogeneous, is added a
|)0und of sour milk with a sufficient quantity of
salt; the whole is well^kneaded, then covered
lip and left to repose for three or four days, ac-
cording to the season of the year: at the cud of
that lime, the mixture is again, kneaded and then
put into small baskets, to divest it of the sup»r-
fliions humidity. Afterward it is placed in O''
shade to dry and then it is packed in layer." '"1 tries in which ll
large jars, or casks, where it fs left for fiflccn it^& | than ours. Th

The older this cheese grows, the better it is. ',

There are three kinds made : the first, which is
the most romftion, is prepared in the proportions
above named ; the second, with four pans of jin-
taloes and two of curd ; the third with two pounds
of potatoes aud four pounds of milk.

The potato cheese has this advantage over
common cheese, it never engenders maggots, and
it kc'ps perfectly well for several years, provided
it is placed in a <lry situation and in close vessels.

I have repeated this experiiiient with the pro-
portions of the second quality. This was the
method pursued. The potatoes were boiled, peal-
ed :ind crushed with the hands. If the fabrication
was carried on extensively, the machine used for

liicin^ the potatoes in distilleries, could be used.

Tbcir growth was rapid and vigorous, every in-
dication of health led us to hope full success, but
when the heavy rains came on early in tiiis month,
tliev all three perished in succession, wiiboirt the
slightest ap|)carance of injury from insects. What
killed them is the true qin-stion. Not defect of heat
— for iViuu the 2Stb ofALu to iliis day we have had
by day and tii:;ht at least tropical heat. Many
countries within the tropics liave not as great or
as uniform hi at. What was the cause of their
death? I hi hove too great moisture. The coun-
phint ih. iv<'s are dry, much drier
b these plants were as vigorous

as the beet aud paisuil), yet their roots were not
enlarged. One of tliein however threw out tubers
from the toj) of the roots; these i shall preserve.
1 (an by no means be satisfied that plaining the
to)s of the <ild roots is the best mode of propaga-
tion. On the wlude I am constrained to say that
I fear the arracaclia is a plant as much placed out
of the useful class of vegetables in this climate as
the pine apple is as a fruit.

I am, ilcar sir, respectfully, your humble servant,
John Lowell.

N. B. It would seem probable, that Giileon R.
Smith, F.sq. the intelligenfand active Editor of the
American Farmer, would succeed in ripening the
seeds of the arracacha. It is possible that it may
lo belter from seed and it is even probable that

The milk was heated, and curdled with vinegar, from seed raised in Baltimore more healthy plants

as no riinnet was at command. After this opera-
tion, the milk was mixed with the potatoes ; the
mass was salted, then it was passed through a
hair sieve, to pulverise it thoroughly and make the
mixture perfect; this mass, covered with salt, was
left for ten or twelve days iii an earthen pan ; at
this period it was distributed, for want of bask-
ets, on sieves, where it drained and became mould-
ed into regular forms. The sieves were lined with
a lineti cloth before the mixture was put into them.
Fifteen days after this draining operation,which had
been aided a little by pressure, the cheeses were
placed, enveloped in their cloths, between osie-
hurdles and put into the cellar. At this time
the caseous fermentation is well developed, the
cheeses are yet very soft, and ihwe is formed
on the surface a skin of mould. The cheese taste

may be grown. It is almost incredible what perse-
verance has done towards acclituating both plants
and nnimals.

Permit ine to add one further remark which I
think of the highest importance. When gentlemen
ofthe Navy and other friends to the horticulture
of the country bring us seeds and roots, it is not
only important but esseiilial that they should ac-
company them with statements ofthe soil in which
they flourish and the treatment or culture which
they receive.

in the defect of this we may be administering
to them their poison instead of their aliment. What
should we make of the rice jilant or of the Taro-
root ofthe Sandwich Islands if we denied the water
so essential to their growth ? J. Lowell.

Roxbury,Aug. 20, 1S31.

Vol. X.— No. 8.

AND HORTICLLTURAL JOUMNAL.

59

A fadiple ol' Liu-enie Grass uas prcst'iited l)y

J. Swett, Esc]. afci)iii|iaiiled li_v the subjoined coiii-

rnunicatliiii.

Henry A. S. Dearborn, Esq.

Pie-...r ilM- M..SS. H..rt. Soc.

Sir — I take ihc lilii'ity lo send to tlie Horticul-
tural Hall a small liuiicli of Liiceine Grass for ilie
inspection of tliose members that may he present.
This );ras3 is of ihr fourili crop this season, and
according; in my iicst estimate has produced at the
rate of Hhoiit.3000 Ihs. per acre each crop, when
tirled. I have raised this grass for the lliree last
years and lind that my horses and cows like it
tiiucli. ^1 prepare my land in the following man-
ner: have it plonghed twice, harrowed well, and
all the weeds and riiltiiish taken from the land,
then sow about 30 Ihs. of seed to the acre. 1 have
laid down three small pieces of land vviih this val-
uable grass and have succeeded every time to my
perfect satislaction. J. Swett.

Dorchesta; Sept. 3, 1831.

The followiiiir letter was read and the Bust of
Linna;iis placed in the Hall of the Association.

To lliB Sec. ollhe BI.ss. Hort. Society.

Sir — Onr friend Mr Russell will hand you a
bo,x containing a Hiisl of the immortal Linnoeus
wliich we imported from Paris, for the purpose of
presenting your valuable Society as an ornament
to their dinner table or flower stage on the ap-
proaching anniversary, after which place it in your
council chamber.

It is believed to be a striking likeness — was
moulded from the celebrated fine bust at Upsal.

With respect, your Iriends,

(i. Thorborn & Sons.

Mio Yor!:, Aug. 27, 1S31.

Resolved, That a general cominittee of arrange-
ment, for celebrating the approaching annual fes-
tival, bo chosen, and that the nomination be made
from the chair.

The following gentlemen were unanimously cho-
sen: Zebedee Cook, Jr, Abbott Lawrence, George
W. Pratt, Elijah Vose, Clieever Newhall, Charles
Lawrence, Salem, H. A. Breed, Lynn, E. W. Payre,
E. H. Derby of Salem, Jno. VVinship, Brighton,
Charles Tappan, Charles Senior, G. W. Brinmier,
Daniel Chandler, Lexington, David Haggerston,
Samuel Downer.

Resolved, That the thanks of the Society be
presented to Messrs G. Thorburn & Sons, for a bust
of Linnaeus presented by them to the Society.

James K. Mills of Boston, Hall J. Howe, James
Vila, Thomas Melville, Daniel Gould of Reading,
were admitted members.

Adjourned to Saturday, Sept. 10.

llorliciilturalHall, I
Saturday, Sept. 3, 1831. j

FRUITS E.XHIBITED.

tipples. — By Dr Robliiiis of Roxbiiry, sjiecimens
of the small fine Crimson apples exhibited at for-
mer meetings anil a beautiful specimen of Por-
ter Apfdes.

By Mr E. D. Dyer, large striped apples of very
handsome appi.-arauce but not in eating, name un-
known.

By Mr Geo. Brown of Beverly, a specimen of
Gloria Mundi.

By J.C. .Magoun ofjMedford, Early Sweet Apples
seven on one stem and very fair.

Pears. — By John Prince,Esq. specimens of An-
Urevvs,Capiatimont and Boston L'Ejjergne now call-
ed Harvard, all very fine and fair.

By Mr Tlios. Dmiiie of lior^ton, specimens of
the Lato Green or Spice Caiberiiiea very j)roduc-
tive fruit.

By Mr Swett of Dorchester specimen of the
Jnlieniie whic-h we characterized on a former oc-
casion.

By Mr Whitmarsh, BrooUline, specimens of a
green pear, name unknown, anil thejUog-u/ Summer
a larife pear, haod.-^ome, productive, sweet, but not
abounding in juice.

By Mr P. B. Hovey of Cambridgeport siieci
mens of Harvtird Pears.

By Mr David Duilley of Roxbury, fine specimens
of the favorite Bartlett Pear.

By Mr A. D. Williams of Roxbury a sample
of a native fruit which originated on bis farm ; size
under medium and in form pyriform, and much like
a Capiaiimont, color yellow with a blush on the
sunny side, and of exceeding fine flavor: The
Conmiitiee recommended that this fruit be called
the fVilliams Pear.

Peaches — By ?,ir. E. M. Richards samples of
excellent native Peaidies.

Grapes. — By Mr B. V. French from his gar-
den in Braintree, several large and handsome
bmiches of Sweet Water and Golden Chasselas.

By Mr J. Ames of Boston very large and fine
hunches of White Chasselas.

By Amos Perry of Sberbuine, specimens of
White Native Grapes, very sweet.

By Dr John Williams of Cambridgeport, speci-
mens of Native Grapes of good flavor.

By Col. John Wilson of Deerfield, specimens of
11 native grape called Mulher and of another na-
tive called ./l/ng-na/M, one of medium size and the
other very large and both very sweet.

The character of all our Native Grapes of New
England so far as we have seen them here exhib-
ited is iniicli the same.

Per order of the Comndttee, Wm. Kenrick.

VEGETABLES.

Mr A. Houghton, Jr. Lynn, presented a fine spe-
cimen of sweet potatoes, raised bv him,

D. Chandler.
Samuel Downer, Esq.

Cli ilniiaii of Ihi- CoinmillPe nn Fniils and Fruit Trees,

Massacliiis..iis Hiroculriiral Society, Bostcm.

My Dear Sir — In conformity to your request,
I have drawn up a succinct account of the tree
whit h produced the pears, recently submitted to
the cominittee oii Fruits, for examination.

Some twelve years since, I discovered a young
seedling pear tree, in the border of the avenue,
which divides my front yard. It came up amidst
a cluster of Syringa and Rose bushes, and when
it was about five years old, I concluded to tranfser
it to the nursery, as a stock for budding. After re-
moving the earth, for over two feet in deiilh, it was
discovered that there was but a single tap root,
which apparentely extended as much farther at
least; and being apprehensive that an attempt to
deplantit, might occasion such mutilation as to ren-
der it doubtful, whether it would survive the op-
eration, I directed the earth to be replaced, con-
cluding to let it remain, until it bore fruit.

The shrubs which suiTounded it were removed,
and the tree grew rapidly ; but as it was inclined
10 shoot up tall and slim, I headed it down so as
to leave it about eight feet high. It is now twenty
feet in height and ten inches in diatneter. It has
never been pruned except by cutting off two small
branches which projected into the avenue. It be-
ing so little filled with wood, and the form regular,

there has been no occasion to attempt imiiroving
the appearance or beneliting the tree by prnuiui'.

There can be no doubt that the plant sprang
from a seed, at^cidentally dioppeil, as there was no
pear tree in the vicinity, oi; could there have been
for many years, if ever, as upwards of twenty years
since, when my father purtdiased this seat, there
were eighteen Loinbarily Poplars growing in the
front yard, to the exclusion ot every other tree.
They were at least a foot in diameter, and after
being dug up by tjie roots, the whole area was
trenched, manured and planted with ornamental
trees, shrubs, and flowers.

The tree is of vigorous growth, tall for its age
anil the size of the trunk, branches long, rather
slender, extending liorizontally, to within eighteen
inches or two feet of the ends, which are turned up-
wards perpendicularly. The bark of the annual
shoots is brown freekleil with small grayish dots,
that of the preceding years' growth and of the
truids of a dusky green.

The leaves are ovate, short, rounded at the base
and pointed at the other extremity, finely serrated,
smooth, borders undulate, bright green, paler be-
neath, nerves conspicuous.

The fruit is of a medium size, rounded at the
blossom end, largest midway its length, and regu-
larly diminishing in a jjarabolical manner, lo the
peduncle, which is inserted in a small cavity, but
little depressed, the eye slightly sunk, loaves of
the calyx not very prominent.

Skin smooth, tliiu, green, sprinkled with russet
points, and a fawn colored blotch about half an
inch in diameter round the peduncle, which is
short and commonly bent. Within three or four
days before the maturity of the fruit, it begins to
acquire a lighter green and when fully ripe be-
comes a delicate yellow.

Last year there was a cluster of blossoms near
the end of a lower branch, which produced one
pear; this year the tree has borne thirtyfivp.

The fruit began to ripen on the 12th, and ths
last were mature on the 30tli of August.

The qualities of the fruit I have not pie^urned
to describe, that being within the especial province
of the Committee, of which you are Chairman.

Annexed is an e.\act profile of one of the pears
with its dimensions. Very respectfully, your most
obedient servant. H. A. S. Dearborn.

Leoglb Si inclies, dianeier 2 inches.

60

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 7, 1831.

!«»ilk niid !^ilk Worms.

From the Lowell Journal.

SILK I« A N U F A C T U 11 E .

NO. II.

The culture of silk, lias, from the first coloniza-
tion of this country, more or less engaged the
attention of the American people, yet nothing has
resulted from it beyond the fabrication of an infe-
rior kind of sewing silk, which ran only be ap-
plied to domestic uses. Those who have written
on the subject have in vain atlem|)ted to discover
tbe causes of this failure. It appears to me that
the whole may be referred to one single cause —
the want of knowledge of the art to transform
the produce of the American silkworm into a
saleable article. Cocoons, it is well known, can-
not be transported across the ocean ; for in 10 or
15 days they become mouldy, and are of no val-
ue. Therefore it is necessary that the silk should
be extracted from them, before it can be shipped
to those countries where it is manufactured. But
that cannot be profitably done without a perfect
knowledge of the art of reeling it, to suit she vari-
ous kinds of stuflTs to be made out of it, and that
art, simple as it may appear, re(iuircs nmcb time
and labor to acquire, in order to make the mate-
rial fit for sale. So long as the art of making
exportable silk shall not have been introduced into
the country, there will not be sufficient induce^
ment for the American farmer to attend to the
production of silk worms.

Why is the best silk employed and turned into
sewing silk, for which there is always waste or in-
ferior silk enough, and why is not the best silk
kept for the loom ? The answer is obvious — be-
cause the people do not know bow to prepare it
in any other form, so as to make it fit for sale.

We have great confidence tb»t the enterprising
and distinguished jintrons of domestic industry
and American manufactures will not omit this fa-
vorable op])ortunity for erecting the necessary ma-
cliiiiery to prepare the raw silk for foreign mar-
kets. If a Filature shall be erected at Lowell,
they may purchase and prepare for market, all
the cocoons in New England, and thereby super-
sede the erection of similar machines. The in-
dustrious farmers of Connecticut are extending
their plantations of mulberry trees to an almost
uidimited extent ; and will be compelled to erect
a filature in that vicinity ; unless there shall be
one erected in some neighboring State where they
may find a market for their cocoons. — One gen-
tleman on the banks of the Connecticut river has
planted the present year two hundred and fifty-
six ounces of white Italian mulberry seed, from
which be will grow several millions of trees, and
his neighbors are following his example. The facts
within the knowledge of the writer of this article
justify him in the opinion, that thirty millions of
trees will be produced the present year, in addi-
tion to the large stock on hand, in the small state
of Connecticut. This fact should not discourage
our farmers from commencing their plantations,
for if each state in the Union should produce one
hundred millions of trees, the demand for raw
silk could not be satisfied. V.

We have the aihlitiomd gratification of being
able to state, that the raising of sidi worms has
considerably increased throughout the United
States, an(l that the farmers of Poniisylvrtnia al
east, have satisfied themselves that it gives rise
to a profitable employment. The cocoons which
were sent to Philadelphia during the last seaFon
were purchased by Mr Du Ponceau at 40 cents
per pound. Whih^ on this subjectj to whiclfwe
hope to have occasion to retiun frequently, we

1 call the attention of our readers to an inter-
esting article on Native Mexican Silk Worms, ipr

icli we arc indebied to a highly respectable
correspondent.

NATIVE AMERICAN SILK WORMS.

an^lnlprt f.:
Iffirial (Dffi.

r Uis Clirnnicle of Ihe Tiinps, fiiiin llie Rfgistro
iai liPCisler v( Ijie Uriileil Mexican Stales,) of tlw
y, 183L]

etter has been addressed from

ng Gazette.

Esq. in Roxbuiy — and must confess that we nev-jand money— in cnuvineing our fellow citizens of
er before felt the least interest in ttiis important the importance of this new branch of industry,
branch of Natural Economy, until we saw these and providing for our country, the means of se-
bnsy bodies at work. It has led us to read and re- ctiriiig its benefits
fleet a little upon this subject.

The two following alleles are taken from the
Baltimore Chronicle of the Times, which is edited
by Professors Ducaten and Salvert, of the
University of Maryland — and ])rescnis n short,
but interesting description, of the nianageiiieiit
adopted in the establisiiment of ftl. Dipu.nceac,
of Philadelphia, and also some account of the
JVative American Silk Worms, in the following ac-
count by the editors.

We have lately taken occasion, during a visit of
a few weeks to Philadelphia, to visittbe Silk spin-
ning cstablishiiient of the venerable P. S. Du Pon-
ceau, Est]. The establisiiment is directed by Mr
D'llomergue; and though small, siifticieiitly exten-
sive to enable its founder to attain the object
which he had in view — namely, to satisfy himself
experimentally of the degree of skill required to
learn the art of silk spiiiiung.

A short description of the arrangements adopt-
ed in the establishment under D'llomergne's di-
rections, may be acce)itable to our readers. It
consists in a shed tbirtysix feet long by twenty
in breadth, running north and south, the eastern
side entirely open, the western exposure but par-
tially closed, having six largo sashes usually let
down, in order to permit the free circulation of
air so essential to the operations to be performed.
The entire apparatus and machinery of the estali-
lishnient con.-<ists often furnaces built up in ina-
onry, with grates for burning charcoal, and co|-
per basins for heating the water in w hich the co-
coons are placed, and made to connect during tl'e
pinning operation, with the reels. These are
constructed in the most simple manner. — Ev.ch
system of apparatus and machinery is attemled by
two females — the spinster, and a little girl who
turns the reel. The spinster takes lier situation
next to the furnace; she is provided with a basin
of cold water into which she dips her fingers, af-
ter every immersion of them in the hot water in
which the cocoons are placed. Her duty is to
prepare the cocoons bj' wiping them for a short
the hot water, a!id supplying them with
the number of threads to the reel. It is this op-
ration, which, although extremely simple in ap-
pearance, is attended with difficulties in jn-actice
far greater than we had any idea of. We have
satisfied ourselves by close examination, by in-
quiries from the females, who are now spinning for
the second year, and by the full and precise ex-
plnnations which were given to us by Mr D'llomer-
gue himself, that the art of spinning silk o xini-
funnly s;ood quality is a far more ditlicnlt acquire-
ment than has been sometimes stated, and is gen-
erally thought.

From these considerations, and a conviction of
the iiniiortance to our country of the raising nf
silk worms, and the manufacture of its invaluable
product, we have no hesitation in subscribing our-
selves as the decided advocates of the plan sub-
mitted by Mr Du Ponceau, to congress after their
request — namely to appropriate a sum of money
for the thorough instruction of sixty intelligent
young men in the art of spinning silk, under the
direction of Mr D'lTomergne. We have the great-
est confidence in Mr D'Homcrgue's intelligence and
abilities ; we feel the warmest gratitude for Mr Di

SILK WORMS.
We recently witnessed the operation of over
4000 SILK WORMS at the seat of Nath'l. Dorr, | Ponceau's patriotic exertions — his sacrifice of time

mill Fehun

The following
Jalapa to the Board of Directors of the National
Industry :

'The qiian'ity of wild Silk produced by the
immense foro.-its of this State, is truly astonishing.
— The worms which produce it, feed on the leaves
of the i^uayaho, an evergreen with small leaves, or
on those of the oak ; but the finest silk is that of
the worms which feed on the former.

These worms, in my opiidou, are those which a
Chinese author describes by the name of Tusen-
Ki/eii or TiynK-Aiye)), which are raised in that coun-
try, and with this silk they make the stuffs which
they call Ki/eu-Cheit, which is haandsome drug-
set, and so much esteemed ihatsomeliines it sells
as bish as the first tissues of China.

The natives of this State gather that silk in the
nionth (if IMairli; they take off the large bags
wi h which the cocoons are covered, leaving them
exposed to the air during four days, after separa-
ti ig from the tree the branches wliirh contain them,
in order to free tlieiii from impci-ce|)tible thorns,
left there by the skin nf the silk worms, and af-
ter cleaning Ihem (as will be seen by the samples
Bent here with,) they spin the silk and make girdles
therewith, (of which a sampl.i is sent,) which last
fifteen or twenty years in daily use; the strength
of these ginlles is such, that one having been tied
to the horns of a wild bull, resi.steil his efforts for
more than twentyfour hours, which was thought
a sufficient trial.

They make here no other use of this l)eautiful
silk, and no pains have been yet taken to bleach it,
before or after it is manufactured. This silk is
gathered in this state by the Mixteen Indians, who
come down in the month above mentioned, and
also cut off the honey combs from the wild bee
hives, and collect in abundance the honey and was
which they produce.

In the vicinity of this city the trees begin to be
covered with that valuable Silk, and in the dis-
iricts of Dosamalsiipan, Alvarado, and Acoyncnn,
and in short in all the finest forests in Ibis State,
in which are found the trees above mentioned, it
is produced in great abundance.

The worms have for their enemies certain birds
of the size of a tame pigeon, of a gray color, and
is known by the name of Pepe, because its whist-
ling imitates the sound of that word; they seat
themselves on the branches where the bags are

Vol. X.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

61

lianging, peck at and pierce tliem, and ilevom- tlie
useful little animals.

Tliese worms begin their work at nine o'clock
«t iiiglil ; then lliey come out of tljeir l)a^'s and
tei^iii to feed ; in tlieir passage they draw long
ffllk threads, which serve thcni as guides to return
to their cocoons ; thus they make to themselves
silken roads or bridges, the threads of which are
of an exlraordiiiary strength.

By Mr Icaza, now in this city, I shall semi yon
a coeooi] bag of the material above mentioned,
and if the Board desire it, I shall send them as
many ns they may think proper.

God and Liberty — Jalapa, Jan. 6th, 1S31.

ToMAS Illaives.

NEW CHINESE MULBERRY.
Moms MulticauHs.
This newly introduced variety of mulberry for
feeding silkworms is undoubtedly an important
acquisition, and more particularly so to this country
where silk is on the eve of becoming a staple article
of production. The Editor of the American Far-
mer has had this variety under eidtivation for two
years, and has made himself acquainted with its
peculiarities both as to quality and the manner of
cultivating it. Not having a sufficient quantity fur
a full trial of feeding silkworms with it, he has been
obliged to confine his experiments to occasional
feedings, at which times the worms promptly left
the Ilalian white mulberry leaf and devoured the
new Chinese with avidity. The leaves of the new
mulberry frequently measure a foot in length and
ten inches in width. Indeed Mrs Parmenticr, the
lady of the late Andrew Parmenlier of the Brook-
lyn nursery and garden, who has 1600 of the trees
for sale, in a letter to the Editor says, that some of
the leaves on the trees in tliat establishment mea-
sure 13 inches in length, and that the W(U-ms left
six diflerent kinds of mulberry to feed on them.
Although the number of leaves on the tree is not
so great as that of those on the white, we sboidd
judge that the weight of the leaf was nuich greater

" it is so great in fact that during a rain or after

a heavy dew, the young trees are bent almost to
the ground by the weight of their foliage. This
mulberry bears no fruit, or rather it is. "so iiunnte
and so small in quantity that the propagation of it
from seed is never practised. But like all oilier
vegetables of difficult propagation by seed, it is
remarkably easy of reproduction by other means.
By laying down the young trees, covering llieni
with earth, and leaving the ends of the branches
out, every branch will take root and become a
young tree in two or three weeks — so that every
tree one year old will by proper management pro-
duce from ten to twenty in one summer. We hiiil
do\vn a tree on Friday, 29th July, and a part of
the stock near the root containing no branches, was
left out of ground. On the Friday following two
buds were seen shooting from the naked stock, and
earth was then covered over the stock and around
the buds. The young trees from these buds now
measure 2 feet 6 inches high. This fact v/ill serve
to illustrate the great facility of propagating the
morus multicaulis by layers. As this tuulberry does
not grow high, the leaves can always be gathered
by hand from the ground without the aid ofladders
or the danger attending the climbing of large trees.
They can he planted pretty close together, and we
Bhoulil judge that an acre of ground would produce
more foliage with this than with the white mul-
berry. The morus multicaulis being as yet quite

scarce in this country, they sell high; but every
one who contemplates cultivating silk should ob-
tain a few, and by laying them down in July, niiil-
tii)lytliem. By this means ten trees obtained Ihisfall,
would, iei five years, produce one million of trees,
allowing each one to produce ten every year, which
we are convinced they will certainly do ; tliat is, in
the fall of 1S32 there would be 100 ; 1833, 1000,
in 1834,10,000 ;in 1835, 100,000 ; in 1830, 1,000,-
000 — and these we have no hesitation in saying
would produce ten times as much foliase as could he
produced with the same expense and labor in the
same time, of the white mulberry or any other kind.
We hope editors in the country will give free circu-
lation to 'hese facts, that the cultivators of silk, and
those who contemplate entering upon that business,
may avail of the advantages of this mulberry in
commencing their orchards. The morus multicaulis
can be obtained of Wm. Prince & Sons, at the Lin-
nrean Botanic garden at Flushing, New York, of
Mrs Parrnentior, at the Horticultural Botanic Gar-
den at Brooklyn, N. Y. of the Editor of the
American Farmer, and of the New England Far-
mer, Boston. They are generally sold at one dol-
lar each. — American Farmer.

A letter from Commodore Porter to Mr Skinner
ofPiallimore says — I shall try and send you a very
simple mode of cultivating the silk worm, prepar-
ing the silk, and adapted, in the most simple form,
to tlie use of families. I shall get it from a poor
plain Mahonese woman, who, for her amusement,
raises the worm, separates the silk from the cocoon,
spins and manufactures, and sells it. She showeil
me several pounds of excellent sewing silk, of the
remains of what she bad last year. I shall send
you a sample. You will he surprised at the sim-
pliciiy of all the means of obtaining silk, and of
the little trouble attending it.

The cultivation of silk is not as tmnhlesomR as
the cultivation of flax, and infinitely more certain
and profitable. The simple mode, which I hope
to be able to descriiie, will, I expect, induce our
good housewives to give some attention to the sub-
ject, and, by a gradual introduction of its culture
,imong us, save, in the end, millions of moneys
which finds it way to this side of the Atlantic.
For silk is an indispensable article, and is one of
the first necessity ; as much so as tea and sugar.
No man or woman can put on a coat, shawl, hat
glove, or dress himself, or herself, in any way,
without it.

'THE MORTGAGED FARMS IN NEW ENG-
LAND.'

We intended to accompany the article under
this head in our last, with some remarks; and
even now, they seeip necessary to satisfy the de-
mand of justice. In the first place, the evil,
though of 110 trifling magnitude, is by no means
so universal as the writer supposes, — at least, in
this region ; and we believe it is, and for .some
time has been, diminishing. Farmers are getting
out of debt. They are paying offtbeir mortgages,
cither from the produce of iheir farms, or by the
sale of them, generally, to fnrmers who will man-
age them independently. Then, too, the alleged
cause of the evil, the unprofitableness of farmers'
daughters, is overrated. We know but few fam-
ilies where they spend their lime in such idleness
as the writer supposes. Again, he is wrong when
he supposes that their ' going out to service' would
mend the matter to any great extent. A writer

in the N. E. Farmer has some very good remarks
on this subject; but he has not touched some of its
most important points. The very phrase ' going
out to service' is very unacceptable toour farmers,
and their daughters too, and we hope it always
will he ; not because there is anything so bad in
the words themselves, but because the aristocracy
of England have given them a technical meaning,
which clings to them even here, expressive of
distinction in rank, of superiority and inferiority,
in a word, of degradation in those to whom it is
applied. Many a farmer's daughter labors wiU
liiigly at moderate wages, in the kitchen too, if
need be, in families like her own, where she is re-
garded as an equal, who could not he induced, at
any price, to do house-work in a fainily where she
must be regarded as an inferior : for she will not,
for money, give up her habitual, every day con-
sciousness that ' all men,' and women too, ' are
horn free and equal,' and that neither her parents
nor herself have forfeited that birthright. And
when this spirit is gone, our republican institutions
will have become inappropriate, and ought to give
place, and soon will give place, to a form of gov-
ernment jnore in keeping with the spirit of the
people. Let our ' gentry' have as little inter-
course as they please with those by whose labor
they live, but let that intercourse be such as im-
jiliea no degradation in either party, and they will
hud no difiicuhy in purchasing the labor of intel-
ligent and virtuous young women, who will feel
solf-res[)cct enough to mind their own business.

The writer in the N. E. Fanner says that the
evil complained of arises from the accumulation of
property in a few hands. But whence does this
arise ? IIow does property get out of the hands
of the farmer or mechanic, into the hands of the
merchant, for instance ? Evidently, by the farmer's
buying more than his income can pay fiir. It is
the desire to keep u|) an ecpiality of outward show,
by running into all the expensive follies of the
foolish rich, that does more tlian all things else to
mortgage farms. Whether all the aforesaid daugh-
ters are as guiltless on this point as on the other,
we shall not attempt to decide. — Windsor, Vt.
Chronicle.

From the American Farmer.

ARACACHA AND QUINOA.

The importance of the introduction of these
new and valuable vegetables, will he deemed a
suflicient excuse for the frequent mention of their
progress, in the Farmer. Thearacacha continues
to thrive most luxuriantly, and at present is one
of the most flouishiug vegetables in the Editor's
grounds. It has withstood all the varieties and
excesses of the season without detriment, and is
not surpassed in hardiness, so far, by any other
vegetable. The root is growing and the offsets
for another year's planting are forming in great
numbers. The prospect is, that it can be cultiva-
ted with much more facility in this climate than
the sweet potato.

The (^uinoa, or Peruvian rice, is just out of
flower, and is thickly set with seed, so that unless
some unforeseen injurious effect of the remain-
der of the season should occur, the prospect \a
very fair that it will be perfectly adapted to our
climate and become an important addition to our
grains. We shall take care to advise our read-
ers of the result of this experiment, whatever, it
may be.

62

EW ^:^•^H.,AM) FAKiMKIt,

Sntit. 7, ms}.

i^mw ssroQ-aiiiErLD opiiiiisaisiiai

BOSTON, WEDN'KSDAY EVENING, SEPT. 7, 1831.

GaAPES IN THE OPEN AIR.

We vvero lately grutitiecj with tlie view of fine
prapes jri-owing on tlie f;rouiiils of Sir Chaili's Ta|)-
jjan in Brookliiie. Most of the.~e gjiipes were nearly
anil some of them were quite ripe ; were of several
different species, foreij;n as well as native ; and we
were pleased to observe that none of them were in
the least degree injured hy mildew, the greatejiemy
to that delicious fruit in our cfunate. We of course
supposed that the solutions of lime and sulphur,
pulverized sidphur, or some other of the ap|)lica-
tiona recommended as remedies for mildew had
been |u'ofusely adnnni>-tered to these spotless vines
and llieir perfect fruits. But Mr Tappan informed
us that nothing of the kind had been applied, that
neither powders nor washes had hlurn-d m- hrifjht-
ened the heauiy of his vines, nor checked nor
excited the e.\uberanceof their ferliliiy. Mr Tap-
pan attributed their exemption ficmi disease to
their location on high ground, where the air was
pure and unconfined. Indeed it is a question worth
consideration, whether we may not i^ive our vijic-
yards too much sheltei; so tha' they lose more for
want of air than they gain hy protc'ticn Irom the
dampness, fluctuations and inclemencies of the
seasons.

Espalier-rails standing in open ground, are saiil
by some horticultural writers to he hi'lter for
training fruit-trees and vines upon than wnlls, lie-
cause the foliage and fruit are more fully exposed
to light and air, when suspended from the lattice
work of rails, than when fesiijig on air tight sup-
porters. And an espalier has another advantage
over a wall tree or vine, viz. being wholly detached
the branches have liberty to form frnit spurs on bolh
sides which in the wall tree i;nii he affected only on
one side. Besides in wet seasons an exposed plant
may he benefited by shaking oft the redundant
moisture by the wind, and it is asserted by some
physiologists that the agitation of the leaves and
sterns by cnrrenis of air serves as exercise to plants
and that plants require exercise as well if not as
much as animals.

If this theory he correct, bill tops instead of
sheltered valleys are proper sites for the vine, and
our country friends [lossess advantages for raisin"
grapes which can scarcely, if at all, be found in the
gardens of Boston.

FARMERS' WORK FOR SEPTEMBER.

It is well, about this time to be particularly at-
tentive to the cattle and sheep, which you intend
to fatten for market or for domestic consurnptioii.
When an animal is nearly fattened he becomes
somewliat nice and notional about his fnod ; and
although he will not require so much in quantity
as when he was lean, what he does con<lPscend to
feed u|)on must be of the best quality. Grass will
soon decline, and it will he advisable with reganl
to your fatting cattle and milch stock lo make a
liberal use every moriung ai.d evening of cabbage
leaves, slri|ipings of mangel wnrtzel, or lucerne,
cut and supplied by hand by way of soiling. Or if
you are not provided with these articles, or some-
thing which will answer as their substitute you
.may feed them with pumpkins, green corn, boiled
or steamed potatoes, with a little Indian meal
stirred into their pottage, seasoned with a little
salt.

It is not udvisiible, wlieu it can w.-ll he avoided
to turn fatting cattle ijito mowing Inud, to eat the
rouen ; for if rouen is turnetl into in September
you cut off one of the best resiurces i<n <lieep and
lambs in the spring. It is believed that a second
crop of grass in most cases, when it is sufBcienth
luxuriant to afford as uuirh as half a ton lo sn acre
had better be cut for feeding sheep, &c, in the
prings than fed off by fatting cattle.

LUCERNE FOR SIILCH COWS.

Mr Arthur Young says, 'The d.iiry of co«s
must have plenty of grass throughout the mont..
of September or their milk will be very apt to fail.
Lucerne, mown green, and given ih'-m in a yard
is the most profitable way of feediiig : the product
is so regular, that it is an easy nnitter to propor-
tion the dairy to the plantation, and never be
under a want of food ; for lucerne mown every day
regularly, will carry them into October ; and al-
thoujli some persons have asserted that cows will
not give so much nulk thus managed, as when
they range at large, and feed how and where they
will, it is not a matter of inquiry ; because ifthev
give less, the quantity will pay more clear profit,
than tnore produce would in the other case ; there
may be some inferiority ; but the cows are kept on
so small a quantity of land, that there remains no
comparison between the methods for profit.

' Hut however doubtful this mutter might once
have been, it is so no longer ; and the experiment
of the cows kept at the ir<ial of Lewes by Mr Wil-
liarn Cramp, has decided the matter lieyond all
question ; a produce of from 501. to 701. per cow,
shotdd forever put to sili'n<'e the silly objecliojis
which have been ma<le to this practice.'

It may be observed that those observations of
Mr Yiimis are better adapted to the hiisbaiulry rf
Great Britain than that of this country, where
(lasture is, in gener.-il, more plenty aiul labor miu-e
scarce. But the cultivathm of lucerne for soiling
in the viciruty of large l^iwus, may be advisable fur
those who furnish milk to their inhabitants, and
may enable some to keep cows, who, without the
aid of that excellent grass, would be obliged to dis-
pense with the services of that most useful of dc-
tnestic animals.

SINGULAR FACT WITH REGARD TO FIGS

Mr FtssE.N'DE.N. — The following unquestionabh
fact may be inieresiing to those, who arc fond of
physioloirical inquiries, though it will be of little
practical use in New England, where the fn; is
very rarely grown. Having read in the American
Farmer, a letter from a geiuletuan in Flnri<la,
stating, that the ripening of figs coidd be surpris-
ingly hastened, by the application of sweet oil to
the flat, or as it is called, the drop end of the
fruit, I resolved to try it on a tree, in my hot
house, then covered with imripe figs. The fig like
the fruit of the vine, and peach, attain a certain
size, and then remain stationary for several weeks,
luitil it begins to color, when its volume, in three
or four days, is greatly Increased, often doubled,
and even trebled.

My figs were dark green, showing no tendency
to ripen. I took about a third of a tea s|ioonfnl of
sweet oil, and dipping my finger in it, I rubbed it
very slightly over every alternate fig, leaving the
others utitouched, as a test of the effects. At the
end of 3 days, the color of most of those touched
wuh oil began to change, and the size to iticrease,
and now on the fifth day they have nearly the

color of mature figs, and are tuice ami three times
as large, as those not touched with oil, which still
remain of a dark green color.

It has loiig been tamihar to Horticnltuiisis, that
winindiiig the fruit of the fig, by a shiir)> instru-
ment, accelerates its ripening, as other fruits are
prematurely ripened by the ilepredaiion of iu.sccts;:
but the philosophy ol it has never been .atisfac-
nu-lly explained. The fact now proved is :is diffi-
cult of explanation. No iloubt rush men will ho
fcMind, who will pretend, \hM \hf. modus operandi
is quite clear to their favored uriiuls, but for my-
sidf, I am contented with clearly settling the fact
ajid admiring the inscrutable operaiions of nature.
It is possible, that this curious lact may lead to
some other practical uses as to other fruits.

Roihuri,, Sept. 2, 1S31. John Lowell.

SWEET POTATOES.

Mr Rdsseli — I send you with this afew Sweet
Potatoes, raised from slips purchased at your seed
store last spring. I am well satisfied from three
years' successfid experience, that they can ba
raised with as much ease aiul certainty as the
comfiioti potato. I used no manure in their cul-
ture, but sand. They are not a sample of what
I expect my crop will be a month hence— I have
used them in my family, nearly every day, since
the seventeenth of August, and consider them the
best vegetable I can raise in my garden.

Your new Horticultural Pole Bean has prove,'
far siqjerior to any shell bean, I have ever seen
or cultivated, both for quality and yield. The
yield from them is imnnurse. I have given some
to my neighbors to try their quality, all of whom
fully concur with uie that they are superior to any
Bean heretofore cultivated.

Yours, &c. A. HouGuro.N, Jr.

Li/nn, Sept. 3, 1831.

CJ" Mr Houghton has our thanks for his pre-
sent—the potatoes have proved, on trial, certainly
inferior to none brought from the South.

BUDDING.

Mr Fessende.n — In the New England Fanner
of the 31st ult. 1 observed the praiseworthy invita-
tion of the Messrs Winships, to the members of
the Mass. Ilorticidtnral Society, to call on them
and receive buds of valuable fruits.

They observe that ' The Scions sent from Henry
Corse, Esq. of Montreal, are all living with on«
exception (the 'Admirable ;') here is probably a
mis-print; 'Admiral' is the name given by Mr
Corse.

I have the satisfaction to state that I received
one scion of the 'Admiral,' sent by Mr Corse,
which has made a fine growth and which is at the
service of the members of the Ma.ss. Htu-t. Society,
the Messrs Winships in particular.

I would also observe that members of the So-
ciety wishing to procure Peach buds from 'Cir-
cumcised' branches, may find a pretty good assorl-
inent in my garden.

Yours, &c. O. Pettee.

J\l'emton Upper Falls, \

Sept. 5th, 1831. ]

Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn and Thomas Nuttall.Eeq.
of Massachusetts, have been elected honorary meoj-
bers of the South Carolina Horticultural Society.

To Correspondents.— Several cominuDicatioDB are
deferred till next week.

,ol. X.— iNo. 8.

ANB ilOilTlCULTUIlAL JOURNAL.

63

.\'(W Engl<ind Fanner's .Almanac for 1832.
I ()ul,li-iiP(l by J. B. Hus^ell. at (he olSci; of the
I'.ii'iliMiil Faiiiier, 52, Mortli Market Street, and
I, Hfiiciee & Balicocli, Wa-liiiiofjon Street, the
.-.,v Eiipilan I Fanner's Almanac, lor 1832, I. y T. G.
Fkssenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astionoinieal calculaiions'by RnBi;nT T. Paine, Esq.
Sept. 7.

Jluction.
•k.UfensiU &c. To be sold at public auction
}, Oei. 4ili, at n o'clock- A. M. on llie preiai-
ill known Farm situated in West Newbury,
Carr Faun, containing about fiflyfive acres of
nio^t excclle it land, with a good two story hou-c and out
buildings, well fenced and watered ; it is about one mile
from the church'in the 1st pajish,and about the same dis-
tance Ironi Indian Hill Farm, on the roail leading from
West Newbury to Bylield, Rowley, Salein, &c,—
and five ujiles from Newburyport. On the highest part
of the land the view of the JferrimacRiver and the land-
scape view in every diieclion is very beautiful West
Newbury as a town has increa-ed remarkably within the
last ten years. Taxes are low, (it being an inland town)
and the society very good, as almost every residence is
owned by the occupant. Ti'Ie indisputable. Half the
purchase money may remain on morgage at 6 per cent
if desired.

Also, immediately after the sale ol the Farm, a valua-
ble stock of Oxen, Cows, Heifers, Swine, Biood Mares
and their Colls, I pair Horses well matched in color, &c.
1 pair Colts three years old next sp, ing. Also, 1 supe-
rior new ox cart, with p itent hubs, &c.

A great vaiiely of other articles, catalogues of which
can be obtained two weeks befere the sale, at the print-
ing offices of those newsp.ipers that publish this adver-
tisement, and also ol Mr Cary, at the inaiket house,
Newbtiry'port, and the Auctioneer.

0° Conditions (which will be liberal) made known at
the sale.

Sepl.9. JOHN E. BARTLF.TT, Auctioneer.

Plum and Chtrry Stones ll'anted.

A liberal price will be paid by the subscriber tor one
bushel of Plum Stones and two or three pecks of ' herry
Stones, to be warranted of the growth of 18.31.

Aug. 24. 41 J. B. RUSSELL.

Ptar Seed.
The subscriber will pay a liberal price for half a bush-
el of fresh Pear Seeds.

Aug. 31. 4t J.B.RUSSELL.

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

.Milk Establishment.

For sale, a Milk Esiablishmcni, comprising a stock of
20gooilcows, 2 horses, two wagons, cans, coolers, &c,
and a custom of 1()0 quarts per day — the whole will be
sold together or divided, and offers an excellent opportu-
nity for any one wishing to engage in the business. Ap-
ply immediately at No. 56, Couimercial street.

Sept, 7. epistf

J^otice.
U.: snb;criber, expecting to leave this city about the
of this month, on a tour as far as Bangor, in Maine,
even to Eastpnrt, if busine,=s will warrant it, visiting
[iiincipal towns in that Stale, and others on the wav
1 this city to RLiine, as a Collecting Agent for this
r. Pa'riot, Uail • Advertiser, Boston Courier, CoUinj-
Cenlinel and Palladium, Boston Commercial Ga
.', and others in this cily, and would be glad to trau-
any business that may be entrusted to him by pub-
is of Periodicals or others. Alter my return, I ex-
to go soulh as tar as Washington Cily, and could
;c returns there or olherwise as directed. Having
-e to refer to the editors of the above named papers,
lid lespectfiiUv solicit communications rlirecte<l to the
io! Otlice, Boston. LEMUEL TOMPKINS.

Green House Sashes.

■ 'I- sale .30 or 41) Green House Sashes, second ham!
bout glass,--each sash about 8 feet long. Apply at
New England F.irmer Ollice. 4t Sept

J^oticc.

The subscriber wishes to procure a small quantity,
say half a pint, of acorns from each species of oak gri
ing in New England, with the specific, or where not
known, the common name. Il is desirable that they
should be sent in by the 1st of November, with the con-
tributor's name, as ihey are to be forwarded to the Lon-
don Horlicultuial Society. Any re isonable expense with
: regard to the above svill be cheerfully paid.
4t J. H. RUSSELL.

European Leeches.
The subscriber lias made such arrangements abroad
IS to enable him to be conslanily supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. .All orders will receive prompt at-
M.iion. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
*ugust3. eoptf

Strawberry Plants for Sate.

The following varieties of Strawberry Plants are for
sale by David Haggerslon at the Charleslown Vineyard:
Keens' Seeilling, 75 cents per dozen, or jgS.OO per hun-
dred ; the undernamed kinds at $1.00 per hundred,
each : Wilmot's Superb. Royal Scarlet, Roseberry, Mul-
berry and Pine Stawberry.

ITT'Tfie above will be also for sale at Mr Russell's
Seed Store. Boston, at the same prices — no smaller lot
than 50 will be sold of any kind, except Keens' Seedling.

Aug. 31.

Bees.

The Subscriber has 300 swarms of Bees for sale, in his
Patent Slide Beehives, at 20 cents per pound, weight of
each swarrn from 40 to 100 lbs. tare of hive deducted;
the price of the Patent hives is $2 a piece, and the price
of a single right $5.

.\lso for sale. 200 swarms of bees in the old fashioned
hive, price 17 cents per pound, tare ot hive deducted.

The above will be delivered within fifty miles of Bos-
ton, in good Older, (warraiited free from molhs or other-
wis.- damaged) by the first day of March, 1332.

All letters must be sent in before the first day of Se|)-
tember, 1S31, post paid, to the subscriber, at Brighton,
Mass. so as lo have lime to transpoit them from Maine.

N. B. The weight of the above hives will he taken
in September. EBENEZER BEARD.

July 6 ep2m

J^athaniel Dearborn

Respectfully informs his friends and the public, that
he has rerrioved his place of business, from State stteet to
No. 110 Washington street, in the front lower chambers
over Messrs Hilliard, Gray & Co.'s bookstore — where
orders are foHcited for engraving in all its varieties.

Copperplate Printing neatly accomplished.

[nrFlute Tuition, by the new system of Instruction.

Perspective Divwings made of Machinery, Inventions,
&c. 6w Aug. 24.

Seeds for Fall Sowing.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North Market Street, Boston —

Garden and Field Seeds, suitable for fall sowing,
among which are —

White Portugal Onion.

Prickly Spinach, (for early greens.)

Black Sp.\nish or Winter Radish.

Long Dutch Parsnip, and a variety of other garden
seeds.

Also — Timothy or Herds Grass — Orchard
Gr.\ss — Red Top, Red and White Clover, &c. &c.

Aug 3.

Jimmumtion ,J^

Ot the best qualitv ai.ii lofnest jiricps, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
6- Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbo refunded If Jan.
A Gardener.

A Gardener, with good recommendations, recently
from Scotland, wants a situation. Inquire at the N. E.
Farme- Office. 4w Aug. 24.

Dale's Hybrid Turnip Seed.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 & 52
North .Market Street—

A few packages of seed of this new variety of turnip,
so highly esteemed in Scotland, and which is described
in No3.'vol.x^. N. E. Farmer. — Price 124 cts. <'^<^^ paper.

Turnip Seed.

For sale at the Sevl Store connected with the New

England Farmer, No. 52 Norih iVlarket Street. Boston,

200 lbs White Flat Turnip Seed, f'e growth of the

present season, laisedin this vicinity expressly for this

Establishment.

.\lso — Ruta Baga of the very first quality, of both
|.\merican and European growth; Yellow Aberdeen,
I Yellow Htime, While Norfolk Field, and Yellow French
I Turnips; Long Prickly and other Cucumbers, for pick-
ling, warranted gennino and fresh. July 6

A I'lM.il'iS, nisseltiiigs,
ASHES, pot. (irsi son,

Pearl, first sort,
lilOAN'S, while,
liEEF, iTiess,

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. '2,
l'.U'I"l'b:il, inspected, No. 1, new, -
CliEESL, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.

FLUUK, I'.aliimore.Howard-sircel, -
Genesee,
Alexandria,
Baltimore, wharf,
GIIAIM, Oirn. Norlhero.

Corn, Southern Yellow,
live.
Barley,
Oats,
HAY.

HOG'S LAltD, first sort, new,
IIHI'S, Istqualiiv,
I.IMK,

I'l.AISl'ER PARIS retails at
I'OKK, clear,

Navy mess.
Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

Red rni.faorlhemj
Ked Clover, (northern)
I'AT.LOW. tried.

WOOL, ^leriiin. full blood, washed, -
Mc-riiio, mixed wiib Saxony,
M-niio.ihree fourths washed.
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter.
Native, washed,
Pulled superfine,
Isi Lamb's.
2d, "
3d, "
Isl Spinning,

PROVISION MARKET.

ItERF, best pieces
PORK, liesh, besi pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub.
Lump, best,
EGGS,
iMEaL, Rve, retail

Indian, retail,
I'OTATORS.
CIDER, (acronlinglo qualitv]

f-ROK

TO

barrel

none

ton.

105 01)

108 00

't

120 00

122 30

bushel.

91'

1 00

^^arrcl.

.8 00

8 50

"

7 00

7 50

"

c 2:1

C 50

pound.

H

IC

'*

G

S

^'

3

4

1 12

1 fiO

larrel.

5 25

ban

"

5 37

5 62

'i

4 (iJ

5 0(J

"

4 7,5

4 75

lushel.

lis

70

It

G3

65

"

1h

78

"

60

07

"

31;

40

cwt.

60

70

cwi.

10 on

•UflO

■•

9 00

10 00

cask.

I or

1 25

ton.

3 00

3 25

)arrel.

17 (It)

18 on

'

13 no

i+on

•<

13 00

'a .50

jushel.

1 75

'ioo

"

50

7s

pound.

lU

L "

cwt.

8 00

a. -in

pound.

65

70

"

76

80

"

55

5R

"

62

85

"

48

5n

"

46

48

"

58

6n

"

56

6ft

"

45

48

"

30

37

"

50

52

pound.

8

•*

6

u

1

"

4

"

8

'.

20,

dozen.

I"-'

bushel.

82

"

37

barrel.

1 00

Brighton Market — .Monday, Sept. 5.

f Rnponed for the Chroniclo and Patriot. J

At Market this day 494 Beef Cattle, 706 Stores
3847 Sheep, and 580 Swine. "'

Prices.- .Bee/ Ca///c— More Cattle of the best quali-
ties were at market to day than last week, but not mucU
variation in prices ; we quote prime 4 87J a 5, good 4 50 a
4 75, thin 3 50 a 4.

Sfores- Nearly all were from Maine, (small Cattle,)
sales not so brisk as usual.

Cows and Calves— Vi'e noticed sales at 15, 15,^0 and
$25.

Sheep— Sales rather dull ; lots were taken at 1 50,
1 62i i 75, 1 88, 2, 2 25, a few prime at 2 50 : a lot of
wethers at 2 75, a lot at 3, and a small lot of prime at $4

Stiime— Trade tolerably brisk ; we noticed several lots'
of from 50 to 100 taken at 4c. for Sows, and 5 for Bar-
rows ; at retail 5c. for Sows and 6c. for Barrows.

A'ew York Cattle .Market, Sept. 2.— Market pretty
well stocked with Beef Cattle— 700 head. Sales not so
brisk as last week, and some left unsold. Beef Cattle $5
a 6,50 and some very fat,. $7. Sheep and Lambs scarce;
Sheep $2 a 6 ; Lambs have advanced to $'."5 a 3. Fat
Hogs worth $ I, '25. Store Hogs none in Market. Cows
and Calves not in demand ; sales from $15 to 35, and sev-
eral very fine at .f 45 — JV". F. Daily Jidv.

ICIn the New York market only the quarters of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being inclu-
ded without weighing. ,\t Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

64

MlSCEIiLAlVY

A GARDEN.

He who lias a garden spot, with taste and indus-
try to ciihivate it, has a good thing. iNIan, in his
primitive, perfect state of happiness, was placed
tjjere, — proof positive, we think, that the garden
was made for him, and he for the garden ; and
notwithstanding his fall and degenciaey, he can
still, there, aside from the world anil care,
suatch some brief Eden moments. Einployment
in a garden happily connects exercise with plea-
sure and interest ; and as a resort, and a relief
from careful perplexity and mental fatigue, the
earth holds not its equal.

A friend of ours, the other day, took us into
his garden ; — all the work of his own hands ; —
he gives as many hour.-:, and successfully, to liis
business and relative duties, as any man, yet what
a little paradise has he there creafd for himself!
-the hand of industry and taste isvisihle in every

part of it. There are the grape vines, the Isa

bella, the Sweet Water, the Purple Burgundy, ] mencement of the disease

stretching their long branching arms, judiciously relief— for children's ' belly achts,'' occasioned by

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER.

roiis acid, (not nitric, that has failed nie,) one ounce
of peppermint water or camphor, and forty drops
of opium. A fourth part every three or four
hours in a cupful of thin gruel. The bi'lly should
he covered with a succession of hot clothes dry ;
bottles of hot water to the feet, if they can he ob-
tained ; ons taut and small sipping of finely strain-
ed ffrue,cov sago or tapioca, no spirit, no wine, no
fermented liquors till quite restored.'

Diairhoa: and DijsenUi-y. — As the present is the
season of the year, for the pravalence of the above
diseases, we recommend trials of the following
remedy : —

Make a brine of salt and vinegar, (say a teacup
full or more) dissolving as much salt as the vine-
gar will take up — put one common table spoonful
of this brine to about a tea-cup of hot water — sup
down this diluted brine slowly, as lidt as you can
swallow it, and as many tea-cups full and as fre-
quently, as suits the stomach — this simple remedy
will generally efl'cct a cure, if used in the cotn-
It will always give

Sept. 7, I«31.

pruned, crowded with transparent juicy clusters.
The pear, the peach, the plum, of golden and pur-
ple hues, — theCamelion gage ; — the Bi-lle du Paris ;
— the Orange Peach, &c, &c, with their rich
cheeks reddening and ripening in the sun. The
gaudy flower family blooming and blushing in
variegated beauty, from he spleridiil exotic to
the wild native pasture flower springing from the
mimic crevice; — the iiiiniature rill, — the clean
gravel walks — i]ot an obsiriictin; weed dare lift
its head ; — anil in the midst of all a rural temple,
woven with umbrageous foliage ; we say, in such
a spot, we should almost forget the trifling con-
cerns of nations, and the strife of life, and consid-
er it the most fitting place, surrounded by His
beauty and bounty, to worship the giver of all
good. — Salem Observer.

Professor Hossacker, in a letter to the editor of
the Medical Gazette of Inspruck, shows, that, in
proportion as the age of the married male e.x-
ceeds that of the female, the proportion of boys
born to girls increases. In cases where the fath-
er was fioni nine to twelve years older than the
mother,' the male children wei-e to the female, as
123J:(j to 100 ; when the • father was eighteen
years or more older than the mother, the male
were to the female children as 200 to 100. Is
not this a marvellous provision of Providence ?
The object to be promoted is to supply the defi-
ciency of males, the male parent having lived with-
out propagating the species, and the result I>eing
the same as if the male had not lived, or as if there
had been fewer males.

RECIPES.
Blackberr;/ Tea a curefir Di/scntery or Diarrhoa.
— Blackberries are among the most pleasant and
speedy cures for this complaint. When the ber-
ries cannot be obtained the stems and leaves, or
roots should be boiled with a little rice, until the
latter becomes entirely dissolved, and the liquid
drank with a very little milk. — .V. Y. Farmer.

Remedy for the Cholera Morbus — Dr Hope, Sur-
geon on board II. M. Hospital Ship Canada, states
some instances of remarkable success in the Chol-
era Morbus and says :

' The remedy I gave was — One drachm of nit- oven.

eating too much fruit, &c,itisone of the best
remedies. — Pa Farmer.

Atijicial Port IVine. — The Russians make their
port wine thus: — Ciiler three quarts, French bran-
dy one quart, gum kino one drachm. And the
French restaurateurs imitate successfully old hock,
by the following mixture ; Cider three quarts,
French brandy one quart, alcoholized nitre, each
one drachm.

Potato Pudding. — Take half a pound of but-
ter, and half a pound of (lowdcred sugar, and stir
them together till very light. Have ready a pound
of boiled ])otatoes, which must be quite cold.
Grate the potatoes, and beat four eggs till very
thick. Stir the beaten eggs and the grated pota-
toes alternately, into the butter and sugar, with a
gill of cream or rich tnilk. Add a teaspoonfiil of
mixed spice, and a glass of wine, brandy and rose-
water, mixed. — Having stirred the whole very hard
put it into shells of puff paste and bake it half
an hour. This quantity of the mixture issufiicient
for two shells the size of soup plates.

Sweet |)otato |Hidding may be made in the
same manner.

Rhubarb Pie. — For one pie, take four of the
small bunches of green rhubarb stalks that are!
brought to market in the spring, or six if they are i
very small. Peel the stalks, cut them into little
pieces, and stew them till quite soft in a very little ,
water. — When done, mash the rhubarb with the j
back of a spoon, and make it very sweet witli sii- {
gar. Set it away to cool. Make a puff paste,
when the rhubarb is quite cold put it into the pie,
and which may either be a shell or with a lid.
Bake it about half an hour.

French Cahe. — Take five common-sized tum-
blers fiill of sifted flour, three tumblers of pow-
dered white sugar, half a tumbler of butter, one
tumbler of rich milk or cream, and a teaspoonful
of pearlash dissolved in as much lukewarm water
as will cover it. Mix all well together in a pan.
Beat three eggs till very light, and then add them
to the mixture. — Throw in a teaspoonful of pow.
dered cinnamon or nutmeg, and beat the whole
very hard about ten minutes, butter a deep pan
put in the mixture, and bake it in a moderate

Botanical Prospectus.

D. & C. Laiulreth, Nursery and Seedsmen of tliis city
design to i>sue early in the ensuing autimin, llie first
number of a peuiodical work on Ornamental I'iants. Of
all branches ol Natural Science, Botany has ever liaii the
grcatL'St number of admirers ; it has been the study of the
liMinud in all ages and in all countries; it ciwms alike
the aged and the youthful, arid always prf-sents on cither
h;ind, something new and inlercsling; whether wandering '
on the mountain top, or traversing the morass, a know-
ledge of tlie structure and classification of plants affords
the means of abundant interest and einploynii-tit. Uulike
the study of some departments of Natural History, no
investigations are to be made but such as are agreeable,
and in the language of the late president of the Linnsan
Society ' all is elegance and delight ; its pleasuies spring
up under our feet, and as we pursue tnem reward us
with health and serene satisfaction.'

The proposed work will be modelled somewhat after the
Botanical Magazine of Curtis (Enajlish) ; to Floriculture
and the delineation of plants it will be iiiaioly directed — yet
it will afford opportunity for occasional remarks on the el-
ementary and physiological parts of Botany. It will be
issued monthly in a quarto form, each nuirber enibellish-
ed with at least fuur elegantly executed lithographit
drawings, colored true tonature, by an artist of high res-
pectability.

The plants to be delineated, (as well native as exotic,)
will be selected with reference to their beauty, ease of
cultivation, and other desirable qualities, and embrace-
those of the liot-house, green-house, and open air. Each
figure will be accompanied with an accurate botanical
description; its natural family and Linna?an class and or-
der; its history : its use, if any, in medicine and the arts,
and other remarks likely to prove interesting ; toscther
with minute practical instructions for its propagation, soil
culture, and preservation.

Unceasing are the requests made the advertisers for in-
struction as to the culture and general treatment of plants
also, for descriptions of such new ones as their catalogue
annually announces. It is believed the work will not
only meet the wishes thus expressed by their numerous
patrons, but prove useful in nourishing a taste for Horti-
culture.

They are not stimulated to the undertaking solely by
the prospect of pecuniary gain. — Their collection of
plants present facilities for contributing, through this me-
dium, to the rational and intellectual enjoyments of their
fellow-citizens ; it is theielorc intended to issue the pub-
lication on the lowest terms possible. The price however
must depend in a degree on the patronage extended,
though undcrno circumstances will it exceed eight dollars
per uiinnm.

Uy Due notice of its publication will be given.

Philadelphia, August 13, 1331. aug 16.

Cocoons Jl'anted.
The Subscriber will pay cash for Cocoons, from 25 tc
50 cents, according lo qualty. J. H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15th, 1831. 8t July 20.

Binding.
Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed
that they can have their volumes neatly half hound ami
lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at tire
Farmer office. Aug. 3.

I Published every Wednesday Evening, at $3 per annum
I payable at the end of die year— but those who pay withia
sixty days from the lime of Eubecribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

|Jj= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
nil descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Order.s for printing received by J. B.
IJiissF-LL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New I'or/t- G.Thueburn *f. SoNs.fiVI.iberly-slrcel
Alliany—W'M. Tii0RBCRS,3i7 iMarket-sireel.
I'liUaiMphia— I). & C LANniiETH.fio Cheslnut-slreel.
Baltimore— G. B. Smith . Edilor of ihe American Farmer.
Ciiicimmli—S. C. Pahkhckst,23 Lower Markei-sireet.
F/iishins. N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin. Bot. Gardes
Mi'lilleliury, T?.— Wight Chapman.
H,„i/ord—Guonv.iN &, Co. Booksellers.
.Springfield, Ms.—K. Edwards.
Neu'buryport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me.SAMVEt. Colman, Bookseller.
AiKrusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. .S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder onice.
Montreal. L. C— Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BV J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. .02 iNOIlTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agkicultukal Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE.N EDJTOR

vol.. X.

BOSTOIV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 14, 1831.

NO. 9.

® ® Sa SI 137 ETl CS ii s a © ET 3 a

FOR THE .N-EW ENGLAND FARMEH.

Mr Fkssf.ndf.n — Since my views iipontlie sub-
ject of' /'./cnifrs a;irf i^armces' Daughters' Jippeiirlo
have iiet'ii in smnu ilc ^tci; niisajipreliendrd, ii may
not l)e iiiin^asonalili; to ask for the oppnriiiiiiiy to
say n very (cw words bv way of exi)lanation.

My general object was to show that the debts
wliich eniliurrass our farmers, conld not arise from
llio fact that theird'injfliters were un will in;; to go out
to service, since that circumstance, however it may
operate, would be inadequate to tlie effect wiiicli
it was supposed to prodii

Ibat their troubles are to find an adecpiate remedy would be of great cost, and it will crack by the
io ourgeneratioji.^ And let me assure those who heat of the sun, ev«i in the climate of old Eo"--

hmd ; on Hint account when used there for the cov-
ing of buildings, it is always in cast sheets and
not rolled. ,

With much esteem, yours. J. M. G.
H'esloii, Seplemher 6, 1S31.

stand in need of' help' that thoMutve uotliin
fear. The iron hami of ueces^|^as lost none of|
its rigor. Scores and hundreds of treiriblinjr vic-
tims are strugglinir to elude its grasp, and struggling
in vain. But I ask any father who loves his chil-
dren, whether he conld willingly expose a daughter
to sricli a hazard of moral and of physical pollution, '
and whether it should be stigmatized as uubeconi- {
pride in an American citizen, to say that

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Ma Editor — I have

It having been conceded that my opinion on this ble, more soul-harrowing, than a thousand deaths.
point might be correct, I did not feel it a duty to I am persuaded that yon would not recommend
trouble you with any remarks in answer to your such service to Farmers' Daughters, and it was
correspondent 'Oliver' and Iconld not now over- against this kind only that my "observations were
come my reluctance to say anything fmtlier, had I inieiided to be directed. It is a service that I re-

1 piece of land on my
would sooner follow his daughter to the grave than !'''"'"' "'li'''' is naturally ricli and loamy, but lias
jxpose her to an unworthy and cruel degradation, '^^'"' somewhat exhausted for lliree or four years

past by former owners, %'ho have raised several
crops without iimch mai'iuie.'. The crop this year
is tolerably good. Now, Mr Editor, I wish to

wliere her strength of mind, or of body might be
insufficient to protect her from a fate more deplora-

iiot discovered that you also had undeislood froi
my remarks more than I intended to couvey.

I would not by any means he understood as ob-
jecting to a practice quite pievalent in many parts
of the country, where one family has a rlispiopor-
tioiiate nnmlier of males and auoilier of females,
which requires an interchange of labor, oi- where
female help is required under any other circum-
stances, by brethren or neighbors, and tlie indiviil-
uals employed to render the required assistance are
placed upon the footing of equals. Service lunder-
ed in this way, and which those to whom it^^is
rendered would be willing tinder a change of cir-
cumsiances to reciprocate in kind, is quite com-
raon throtighont the country, and it was far from
my intention to advance any objection against it
when assuming this character.

The simaiion of kitchen girls in the city is in most
cases very diffei-ent, and although many excellent
females are found in this capacity, who both deservs
and receive all the kindness and attention whicli
can be rendered to them under such circumstaiice.-i,
this is far from proving that the euiploymcnt is

quire of no one, and a service that I trust a merci-

fid Heaven may never require from any of mine.

A Parmer.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PERMANENT COVERING FOR HOUSES.
Mr PESSENDEiN^Sir, I noticed lately in the
New England Farmer an inquiry from your cor-
respondent B. A. of Mendon, for some mode of
covering buildings more lasting than' shingles ; I
would offer to his consideration the article ol' tiles,
which can he manufactured wherever there is clay
suitable for the purpose ; they do not require to be
nailed, and are quickly laid (ui, the cost therefore
would not exceed that of shingles, and if well
burnt and not porous, they will never decny. It is
a matter of surprise that such an excellent cover-
ing should never have been introduced yet among
us; shingles are a great tax upon the comuiiinity,
from the shortness of their duration and tlieii- apti-
tude to catch fire.

learn of you or some of your correspondents, (who
have had more experience fhan myself) whether
the soil will probably produce a good crop of the
IVhiteBenn, vjilhoutadditioiial inanHre, as circum-
stances will not permit the purchase of slock suffi-
cient for that purpose till a period too late. Two
or three persons, who have given their opinions on
this subject, suppose that the soil i3,»lr.:ady so rich
as to lender their growth too luxuriant,- so that a
crop cannot be produced. I find that it is a very
general opinion iii this section of the c<^ntiy,
(New York State) that no soil will answer for the
White Bean but that which is very poor. Informa-
tion on this subject will greatly oblige

An IsqoiRF.R.
TVtstchesler Co., JY. Y. Sept. 1, ISST!

Remarks hi/ the £-/iVor.— The following direc-
tions f.Ftlut-ailUiie of the common field bean are
from the Farmer's Guide, and we believe are cor-
rect. They require dry land that has been tilled
tinth care so as to destroy weeds ; and of such fer-
tility as would produce a moderate crop of Indian
corn. Poor sandy soils, or gravelly loam, will pro-
duce them, provided the beans are wet and rolled
in plaister before planting. They can be planted
in hills or drills, the rows two and a half or three
feet apart, according to the strength of the soil,
and ploughed and hoed like other hocii crops.
The time of planting is the same as Indian corn.

OK THE NEW

I am infiirmeil that at New Orleans rather than
desirable. Educated as our daughters are, witli use shingles, they import tiles from France. Wish-
perhaps a few inconsiderable exceptions, they enter i ing to have a few tiles to offer occasionally for
mion this service with extreme reluctance, and feid 1 distribution, I imported about two years ago a small
that it is a degradation. Teach individuals from j quantity of them from Havre, and if B. A. wishes
any class in society that they have a character to to try to get some manufactured in his neighbor-
lose, that they are esteemed and respected by those hood, I should be happy to furnish him with a
abouttheni, and these ctmsiderations alone will en- sample of them. At Havre the price of tiles is
courage the best efforts to deserve and to sustain a thirty francs per thousand, delivered on board,
good name ; hut treat any one of us with indignity, which is about five dollars of our money. Their
take away that seif-respecl, that independent spirit dimensions are about 10 J by 6i inches, and all
wliich sustains us when moving amongst our that is needful in laying them, is to do it in such
equals and breilireii, and the best support of hu- , a manner as to cover the joints. One thousand
man frailty is gone. i tiles, therefore, will cover more square feet than

I cannot s.iy what proportion, but assuredly a one thousand shingles: the tiles reipiire only iiar-
raelanchnly one, of tenderly reared females who are row slats, nailed on the rafters, for them to rest
reduceil to servile employments for subsistence, on ; the roof need not be boarded. When we take
become humbled antl broken spirited, — are too into consideration the continued expense of shing-
ifrequently expo.sed not only to the insupportable ling, and the premature decay of buildings occa-
linsolence of a proud and unfeeling matron, hut to sioned by the leaky state of roofs, we shall readily
ithe base attempts of inconsiderate young men, — appreciate what great benefit the g'eneral use of
yes, and I blush for human nature, when I add, — of tiles would be ; and among the good wishes wiiich
old men too. . 'could be offered to our brother farmers, there are

Now I am not so Quixotic as to ' make fight' iu few which would contribute more to their advan- ,
behalf ofdistressed damsels, being unhappily desti- tage and comfort than a tight roof, safe against tion of the butter brought to market particularly
tute of sword, helmet, or Rozinante, uor do I believe fire, and safe against decay. Rolled sheet lead | for exportation, it is presumed, is taken in by tra-

PACKING OF BUTTER.
The defective manner in which butter i^ often
packed in this coiintiy is generally observed, and
is frequently the occasion of groat loss, alike to
the rtiamifactnrer, the vender, and the shipper. It
often happens tint this artiile is brought to mar-
ket in firkms made of green staves full of sap, and
pine bends ; the consequence is, that the pickle is
sure to leak out, and the bniter, impregnated with
the taste of the pine, becomes impalatahle, and
the shrinking of the staves freely admits the air,
and soon renders liie butter rancid. In Ireland
where staves to make the packages cost more than
double the price they would here, the kegs to put
butler in are made of thorougi ly seasoned white
oak, entirely clear of sap ; should the same atten-
tion be paid here, the value and consequent profit
would be greatly enhanced. The greatest proper-

66

NIAV ENGLAND FAUMER,

Sept. 14, 1831.

ders ill the country. It would probalily be to tlieir
advantage to adopt the following metliod, that
is said to have been successfully tried, of hav-
ing a cask with cool and strong pickle in the
store cellar, directly under the counter, where the
butter is weighed, and a hopper in the counter
over the cask, and empty the* butter directly from

orticultii

Monlreal, Ai1|:iibIM, 1631.

ur esleemeil favor of the first of

Proceedings of the Massachusetts Horticultiiral So-
ciety, at an adjourned stated meeliiig held at the
Hall of the Institution, on Saturday, the 10th of
Septe7nb(r, 1S31.

The followipg letters were read by the Presi-
the scales into the hopper, from which it is con-! dent,
veyed to the pickle, and every night or the next| jjj.^^ Sir-S

morning carefully sort the butte* as nearly as can j j^j^^, ^^.^^ received, hut by some uuacrouniahle de-
be with regard to color and quality, so that what , ,.^^,^ ^^^^ ^j,, ^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^i^,,,,^ of June. For the inter-
may he contained in a keg should have the same ij^ ^.^^^^ have evinced, and the mtemiou bestowed,
appearance, and the buttermilk well worked out, i ^.^j.^^^^.^ ^^ ^,^g ^^j^,,^ ,,,3^ j ^^^^^ ;,^ ,|,^ IMassachii-
and the butter carefully packed m good seasoned 1 ^^^^^ Horticultural Society, you have li.y best
white oak kegs, clear of sap. It is believed ' j,.^^,.^
that this method would not only render the butter!
of more value, but would be convenient to those
who take it in. It is generally brought to the 1

1 liave a communication to make to the Society
re ative to scions and engrailing, which shall be
do IK at some more leisure moment, and in the
meantime, 1 have the honor to be, sir, with the
greatest esteem,

Your most ohedieiit servant. IIu.nkv Corse.
Hon. Henry A. S. Dearborn,

Pies, of llle M.iss. Unit Soc.

When Societies are fortunate enough to have

en at their bead who are so solicitous for the

advancement of their best interests, it is ne.\t to

trader in boxes, and from a considerable number (if | |,„po^^ii,ig i„,t ti,.,y ,„ust prosper, and devoted

different persons in a day, and of course of vari
ous colors and qualities, which would remain in the
pickle separately iniilhe same form it was in when
it was emptied from the boxes, and leaves it in
the best situation to sort and pack, and puts it at
once out 'of the way, instead of its being left
about the store exposed to the air as has some-
times ImMMI Ihc^ CI!S1'.

Porlsinouik, .V. H. Sep!. 9.

<EW ENGLAND FARMER.

||» DEARBORN'S SFEDMNO FEAR.
This is the n.une given by the Committee on
Fruits to the i)e;ir, whose history with a figure an-
nexed is so aeciiralcly delineaied by the I'residenl
of the .^j^fiachusetls Ilorticiiliural Society in the
hist iiiiinlrer of the New England Farmer.

This fruit was ihiis characterized by the com-
mittee : — A pear rather iiiuler the medium size;
skin smooth and fair, and of a li^'ht yellow color,
very meliing anil of tin; finest flavor. Indeed in
this respect it appeared fully equal to the very an-
cient and once famous and delicious St iMicliael.
And as lliero are appearances which indicate that it
may prove a good bearer, it bids fair to become
a valuable acquisiiiou to our list of summer fruits.
And allhougli the comiiiitleo had in the first in-
stance proposed thatthis fruit be called the Dear-
born Pear, yet they were not at the monieut
aware that in thus naming a friii' they had been an-
ticijiated on the other side of the Atlantic.

The ' Deareor.n Pear' properly so called, is
quite another fruit. It is a new aiijl most superi-
or variety raised by Dr Van Mons of Lovain in
IJelgiiim and was so uaiued by him in honor of
the President: — It is not yet ia America.

0.\E OF THE Committee oy Frcits.
Sept. 12, 1831.

I am to Horticulture, nothing can he more gratifying
than the attenlion it at present commands, from
innumerable individuals of the first attainments,
in almost every quarter of the world, and ns far as
my feeble exertions call be made, in the slightest
manner, serviceable, they may be, at all times and
by any one, freidy commanded, and to Ulussachu-
seits, the place of my nativity, I shall be extremely
proud to say ' I have done tiie State some service.'
Yourfavor ought to have received nn earlier notice
and I have no very prominent excuse for not hav-
ing done it, nor do I like excuses, or the necessity
for llieiii, bi.t it so happens that 1 am under
the ahsolutc necessity of using the pen but very
seldom, and during a liusy time, when there is no
immediate .urgency, I take it with great reluctance,
and so postpone. Your letter informed me that some
scions would accompany it ; when written, it was,
1 presume, intended for private conveyaiiceaud I
may add that, the season was so lar advanced when
I scut the cuttings, I had not the ^ligllte^t expec-
tations of any favor in return ; therefore, there could
he no disappointment; but if, on aiiotber occasion,
ihe native Pears could be conveniently procured, 1
should be very glad indeed to receive ibem, having
the greatest confidence in their uliimate success ;
as our old stock of foreign varieties, of which there
was formerly a great plenty, have nearly all dis-
appeared, and there not being, as I believe, a sin-
gle seedling of merit in the emintry. 1 have a con-
siderable collection of French and Flemish Pears,
obtained from Philadelphia, NewYorkand Albany.
Mr Curtis a member of ycuir Society, who is ai
present here, informs me that he shall leave Boston,
for this place next March, and has kindly offcreil
to bring anything that it may ho desired to send.
I will also observe, although it is at the risk of ap-
pearing somewhat importunate, that having seen
occasionally in the New England Farmer, to which
I have been a subscriber fin- the two hist years,
an account of various packages of seeds that were
received by the Society, it lias occasioned no little
anxiety to be a participater in them, as I am exces-
sively fond of raising things from seeds, and couM
the society, consistently, favor me with the small-
est portion of such as it shall receive or with any
seed of indigenous plants or shrubs, they will be
gratefully acknowledged, and every exertion made

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMKR.

SERIOUS QUESTIONS.
Which of the two fillowing habits is the most
efficacious in shorleniug human life — Hard working
or Indolence ? While the former is supposed to
have destroyed thousands, is it not an K/urtaiiio;
/ac< that the latter, even without the aid of luxury
and intemperance, is secretly but insidiously un-
dermining the health, and unmercifully slaying its I to reciprocate the favor. I saw on the road side near
tens of thousands ! Boston, and at the Society's rooms, what I suppose

Again — Which of the above habits is the most to have been Perennial Lupins, blue and white,
potent in abridging, not the frivolous, hot the I should particularly like to procure seed of them
consoling and substantial pleasures of life? I and a white Azalia, that was very common, and
wait for au answer. J. K. i which I was told produced seed.

Hon. Henry A. S. Dearborn,

Pres. i.r the Mass. H..il. Snc.

With this you liave a specimeuof three kinds
of .Apples, from the garden of I J. Corse, Esq. of
Montreal, vis^ No. 1. the Nonesuch : No 2. Rein.
ette Anglaise ; No. 3. Corse's Favorite ; they are
from the trees, from wliicli scions were presented
to the Horticultural Society last spring by Mr
Corse. But you are informed (lest you maybe
disappointed with the fruit) that they were all t,t-
ken from the trees before ripe, and have been three
weeks from the trees, and also that they have not
this year attained much over half their usual size,
owing probably to the great dnmiige all apple-trees
received in fllontreal last spring fiom the cater-
pillars.

The other superior Montreal apple Fameuse,
was not ripe enough to be eatable when 1 left
Montreal. But probably they will he exhibited
to the Society next year, from scions which I pro-
cured two years since, and some of them arc doing
well at Newton and elsewhere.

Yours &c, EuwARD Curtis.

liuston, Sept. 7, 1831.

DoBIon, Sept. 5, 1631.
Zebidee Cook, Jr, Esq.

Mv dear Sir — I send herewith two punipkini
I purchased at the Cape de Verd Islaiidslast March,
and I have endeavored to retain more of them for
)our Society, in which I take great interest; but
having a long passage I have been unable to retaift
any more which I beg you to accept; and remain
in great haste.

Very respectfully youiv, Josiah Sturgis.

The following report being made by the Hon.
Joseph Story, on the Consecration of the Cemeteiy
at Mount Auburn ; it was

Voted, That the same be accepted.

The Coimnittee appointed at a meeting of the
subscribers to the Mount Auburn Cemetery to
consider and report to the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, whether it is expedient to hav^
any, and if any, what religious ceremonies for the
purpose of consecrating the said Cemetery, have
had that subject under consideration, and beg
leave respectfully to report to the said Society:

1. That in the opinion of the committee it is ex-
pedient to have the said cemetery consecrated
by religious ceremonies on Saturday the twenty-
fourth day of September instant, in the afiernoOD,
at Mount Auburn. And if that day should not be
fair, then on the next fair day, excluding Sundiy.

2. That the religious ceremonies proper W
the occasion would be

An Introductory Prayer,

An Address, and

A closing Prayer, i

with an original Hymn to be sung by the AsselB-
bly, and other appropriate music.

3. That the choice of the persons to officialti
at the religious ceremonies of consecration ssd)
all other arrangments suitable for the occasiipl

i

Vol.

.—No. 9.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

67

should he made liy a coininitt'e of Arraiij;oiin;iit
to be cliOoTii by the lloniciiltural Society, vvitli
full powers lor lb:it |im-[)Ose.

4. Tliat the cotniiiittt.'e of anaiigmetits should
have fall power to fill all vacancies occurring in
their own bod , and to appoint all suitab e officei s
!]to 'assist tlicm in tli' discharge of their duties ; ami
that they sliould give due public notice of the or-
der of their arrangnieuts when they shall have
been i-iiiii|iloi d.

All whii-li is respectnilly submit ed.

Joseph Stort,
Bii on/, 7- of the Cominil'e .

Esq., Salem, quality rather indifferent. Mr Manning
also presented, Lowry's Bernraniot, sometimes called
Prince's Sugar Pear ; this last is embraced in the
collection of trees presented by the Messrs Prince
to the Society ; the specimen was over-ripe. Also,
the September Orange, a poor fruit, and the Grise
Bonne (Co.\e No. 17.) Tliis is sometimes errone-
ously called Green Catherine ; it is a pleasant pear,
and possesses a peculiar musk flavor. A further spe-
cimen of Mr Hooper's fine pear was received from
his garden in Marblehead.

By Messrs Winships, the large Chelmsford Pears,
sometimes called Marquis.

By Mr Ebenezer Ilalhorne, Salem, a pear, said
to be a seedling, of small size and rather ordinary.

By Mr Wm. Poineroy, Brighton, the Verte longue
Committee of! or mouille houchc, and a delicate looking fruit, said
j to he called the Lady's Pear.
IT n ^y ^^^ Stephen Williams, two varieties, grown on
„■ imported trees, one a large greenish pear, the other
Joseph Story, Henry A. S. Dearborn, Charles 1 . I ^ [^^^ j^^,, ^^^1,5^ peculiar shaped russet ; neither
Curtis, Rev. Charles Lowell, Zebedee Cool<, Jr., y^^g recognised by the Committee.

Resjlvnl, That a Consecrating
nine members be chosen.

The following gentlemen were elected :

J. T. Buckingham, Geo. VV. Brimmer, George
W. Pratt, Z. B. Adams.

Resolved, That no fruit be eaten in the Hall of
the Society e.vrept by the Committee on Fruils,
and that all fruit sent for exhibition, and prenjium,
be di,<posed of by the persons who send them for
exhibition.

George W. Beale, Q,uincy, D. L. Pickman,
Salem, J. C. Lee, Salem, Joshua Clapp, Boston,
Edward Codman, Boston, were admitted members.
■ Adjourned to Saturday next, 11 o'clock.

FLOWERS EXHIBITED.

From Mr Carter of the Botanic Garden, Cam-
bridge, Amaryllis helladona,Delphinium grandiflora,
Lobelia ctelestina, a native.

A large plant cf the Mimosa sensitiva, from E.
Briggs.

Fine Asters, and other flowers, from H. A. Breed,
of Lynn.

VKGETABLES.

Sweet Potatoes of fine size and appearance were
exhibited by Mr N. Davenport, of Milton, who has
been very successful in their culture for several
years.

Cape de Verd Squashes were presented by Capt.
Sturgis, and their seeds distributed.

A. D. WILLIAMS.

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

Jlpples.—'B); Henry Corse, Esq. of Montreal, spe-
cimens of the Nonsuch, Reinctte Anglaise, and
Corse's Favorite ; these it will be recollected are
some of the varieties, the scions of which, were
kindly presented to the Society, in April last by that
"•entleman, and particularly described by him : the
Nonsuch was overripe, although this as well as the
Reinette Anglais.;, bore evident marks of fine fruit ;
Corse's Favorite possesses a high and very pleasant
flavor.

By Stephen Williams, Esq. of Northboro', four
kinds of large fair looking apples, grown on trees
imported from Hamburgh in 1800, part of which
were not at maturity, one kind which was in eating,
the red variety, was thought to be a fine fruit.

By Dr Robbins, of Roxbury, a basket of his hand-
some red apples.

Pears.— By Mr R. Manning, from the garden of
Mr J. Gardner, Salem, large size Pears, very melt-
intr and of good flavor, the scions of which are said
to have been received from Hingham about 30 years
since, name unknown. Also, the ' Cabot Pear,'
raised by Joseph S. Cabot, Esq. of Salem, from the
seed of the Brown Beurre, which it somesvhat re-
sembles, but of less size ; the specimen remained on
the tree till overripe. Also, a variety supposed to be
the 'Bezy La Molte,' (Pom. Mag. No. 143) grown on
a tree imported from England by D. L. Pickman,

By Perrin May, Esq., Brown Beurre.
By R. F. Phipps, Charlestown, a cluster contain-
ing five large size Bartlett Pears, from a graft of
1830 — Rouselette de Rheinis, and a fine specimen of
Andrews Pears.

By John Prince, Esq., Dr Hunt's Connecticut
Pear, the Grise Bonne, and a handsome specimen of
the Fulton Pear ; this last is very productive, and
said to be gaining favor, but the committee have not
as yet seen the fruit entirely ripe.

Peaches. — By Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, a beautiful
specimen of the Heath freestone.

By S. G. Perkins, Esq., a handsome cling-stone,
called the Pine Apple Peach, raised from the stone;
not at maturity.

By Perrin May, Esq., large and fine cling-stone
Peaches.

By Mr E. M. Richards, two varieties of natural
Peaches, both good, the cling-stone of remarkably
fine flavor.

By Mr Aaron Baldwin, yellow rareripe, large and
fine.

By Mr Geo. W. Bond, from the garden of Mrs
Sigourney,a very fine large size, round yellow seed-
ling Peach, grown on a tree of the second genera-
tion of the same kind — an excellent fruit. The
Committee recommend that it be called the 'Sigour-
ney Peach.'

Grapes. — By Geo. W. Pratt, Esq., beautiful clus-
ters of White Chasselas and Black Hamburgh.

By Mr Samuel Pond, a basket of fine white and
red Chasselas.

By Mr Charles Senior, four clusters of handsome
white Chasselas.

By Benj. Guild, Esq., specimens of Isabella, and
black Hamburgh.

By Perrin May. Esq., handsome clusters of white
and red Chasselas and black Hamburgh.

By Dr S. A. Shurtleft", Mr Sellers' black Grape.—
This fruit so closely resembles in appearance and
flavor the black Hamburgh, that the diSerence was
hardly to be discovered.

By .Mr Amos Perry, of Sherburne, Fo.-c Grapes, of
large size, and sweet.

All the grapes exhibited today were of open cul-
ture, and notwithstanding the foliage has suffered so
severely the present season, the fruit appears finer
and more perfectly ripened than for some time past.
In behalf of the Committee on Fruits.

E. VOSE.

Ilorticulturnniall, )
Salutilny, Sept. 10, l»;il. ]

EFFECTS OF BUDDING.
Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq.

Noticing some comments upon the effects of the
graft, or inoculation upon the stock, I have merely
time to state the following — A hud of a peach tree
having the disease usually termed the Yellows^ in-
I serted in a healthy stock imparts to it the disease.

— A bud of the Old Ncvvinglon whose natural fruit
is round, sweet, and luscious, inserted in the Bit-
ter Almond at five feet from the ground, produced
oval fruit of a bitterish flavor. The buds of the
Weeping Cherry inserted in the stock of a Maz-
ard Cherry, which latter has usually only a few
stron"' roots, causes it to have far more roots, many
of which are small and fibrous, difl'ering from those
usually appertaining to a Mazard Cherry. — These
facts my own eyes have wiuiessed, and my father
has many more in store, which he imparted about
2 years since to Jas. Mease, Esq. of Philadelphia at
the especial request of that gentleman. A society
in Europe offered two or three years since a premi-
um for the best disquisition on this subject, and my
father proposed being a candidate for the premium,
but omitted attending to it. I have no question that
lie is in possession of more facts on the subject,
than any person now living, for he has been for
above half a century a close observer. He is not
with me now or I might say more.

ARRACACHA ROOTS.

I notice some remarks also relative to the Arra-
cacha. We have continued to cultivate it since the
first period of its introduction to this country, which
I think was just about S years ago, and have never
lost it, as most others have, but have transmitted
many hundreds of the increase to France, England,
and to different parts of our own country. We
pursue the same course adopted by the Horticul-
tural Society of the Island of Jamaica and publish-
ed in their Transactions, from which it was copied
into the American Farmer 4 or 5 years since at
my suggestion.

You can readily find it there by reference, but
if not 1 can lend you a copy of the Transactions.
We have two varieties of it, that are very distinct
in appearance and in quality. I recollect sending
a number of roots about four years since to J. 1).
Legare, Esq. Editor of the Southern Agriculturist,
but have not understood how he succeeded with it.

Yours, very respectfully,

Wm. Robert Prince.

Lin. r.ol. Garden, N. V. )
S^tpl. 9, i8;n. S

Mohaiok Rail Road. — On Monday afternoon the
American locomotive De Witt Clinton, in return-
ing from Schentciaily, with a train of cars (jver-
took the coaches diawii by the horses, which
had started sometime previously, returned several
miles, overtook them again, and finally run 7 miles
and a half in 13 iijiiiuies.

Yesterday morning the engine came down with
a train of 4 cars and 68 passengers in 35 min ites,
this being the quickest tiipyet made. The sp;ed
and power of this engine are now fully tested,
and the only thing reuiainiug is to ascertain the
most convenient fuel.

The EuL'lish engine was taken up to the work
.-iliop at Schenectady yesterday. — Alhany Daily
Advertiser.

Winter Melon. — .\t a meeting of the Horticul-
tural Society of Charleston, S. C. on the 10th ult.
ftlr J. I). Legare exiiibiied the winter melon of the
South of Europe, one of the properties of which
was its keeping perfectly .sound during the whole
winter. These melons it is said are raised in large
quantities on the shores of the Mediterranean and
in the Orange Gardens of Toulon, whence tha.
markets of Pans are supplied.

68

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

St'iit. 14, 1831.

From tlio Lowell JiiuTnat.

SILK MANUFACTURE.

NO. III.

America is destined to be a rii'li, silk growing
and silk munufactiirijig couiilry. lUit lier advance
towards tliat desiralde slate of things inust lie
gfradual and systematic. Every atlem|it to do lliat
at once, wliicli can only lie eflected in a course of
years, must ultimately fail ; vvliile |iatriotism and
eiiteriirise will lie iliscouraged by the enormous
expense and fruitless labor that will be incurred.
When we take a view of the nmncrous branches
of science and art of which the i-ilk business con-
sists, from the |)laniingtlie nmlberry tree to tlie pro-
duction of those elegant and delicate stnlTs, whiili
daily issue from European looms, it is natural to
nsk ourselves by which of those branches is a na-
tion to begin 1

Tlie two great divisions of human labor, agri-
cultiu'e and manufactures, reijuire to becariied on
separately, and by diflVrent hands. A nursery of
mulberry trees and silk worms can never be profit-
ably attached to a manufacturing establishment.
To say nothing of the immense expense which this
complex business woidd occasion, it must be ev-
ident that the profits of the manufacturer shoidd
not be dependent on the success of the agricultu-
rist. Tlie risk woidd be too great; one bard win-
ter, oi;e bad crop of coi'oons would reduce to noth-
ing the earnings of the aiti.sl ; and he could not
with safety carry on his Inisjuess in such a perilous
situation. The raising of silk worms, therefore,
must be left entirely to the farmer, and llie me-
cliauic must apply himself to those branches,
which are within the proper line of his business.

Manufactures are of slow growth, and in their
beginning, particularly, require great means and
powerful support. Heceut experience in the case
of cotton anil woolliu man:ifactures has sufficient-
ly proved the irnili of tins po.sition. 1 am there-
fore of opinion, that the iiroduce of the American
silk should be eniploytnl as an article o( foreign
commerce, bel'ore it is manufactured into stuffs in
this country. Great profits are to be derived I'rom
this branch ol' business, and when it shall have
arisen to a certain degree of strength and pros-
perity, manufactures will follow in its train.

It was by this slow and gradual course of pro-
ceeding that the cotton business has risen in the Uni-
ted States 10 the degree of prosperity it has altiuned.

For more than twenty years, cotton was pre-
pared and sold as a raw material, without any at-
tempt to convert it into manufactured stuffs. Dur-
ing that period the exportation of raw cotton pro-
duced immense prolit to this country. The busi-
ness at last was overdone, the profit diminished,
and domestic manuliictures were established.

Thus instructed by experience, as well as con-
rinced by the reason of the thing, I would recom-
mend the same course to be pursued with reganl
to silk. — Nothing should be attempted at first
beyond preparing it in the form of a raw material.

Mr D'Uomergue says, ' I have observed with
astonishment that although there is not the least
encouragement for the firmer and planter to attend
to tins production, nevertheless the mulberry tree
is cultivated, and silk worms are raised in all parts
of this country, from the north to the south, and
from the east to the west. I have examined the
cocoons and extracted silk from them, which 1
have found superior in quantity and quality to any
that I have ever seen ; therefore I think this part

of the business may be left to itself. The main
object i« to find employment for the silk produced
by the American citizens, and to establish in soirie
central place a regular market for their cocoons.
Their industry stimulated by their interest «ill do
the rest. Planting . the mulberry trees, and rais-
ing silk worms, are not mechanical arts, like the
other branches of the silk business. Experience
and observation will soon make the American
farmer perfect in that business. When they find
that bad and imperfect cocooiis do not sell for so
high a price as the good ones, they will inquire
into the disparity, remedy the evil, and none but
good cocoons will be found. V.

ORCHARD GRASS. &c.
The season for seeding orchard grass, tall
meadow oat grass, &c, is fast approaching, and
we have thought that the following hints might be
acceptable to those intending to cultivate these
grasses. Many persons have failed in producing
orchard grass after much trouble in obtaining seed
and preparing their ground, and generally the fault
is attributed to the seed. This may ^ometilnes be
the case ; but we apprehend the cause of failure may
as often be attributed to the manner of putting the
seed in the ground as to the seed. It is a very
liglit chaffy seed, or rather an extremely minute
seed, closely surrounded by a large chaffy husk ;
and therefore, if buried too deep, liable to rot in
the ground ; or, if too shallow, to remain dry on
the surface. In a conversation with Mr Robert
Sinclair on this subject, he suggested that it would
be well, in sowing orchar<l grass, to adopt the
English practice in preparing the seed, which is
to spread out the seed four or five inches deep on
a floor, and sprinkle it with water, stirring it occa-
sionally for 24 hours, so as to dampen it thoroughly
before sowing it. This mokes the seed heavier,
and it consequently falls into the crevices of tlic
earth better, and is not so liable to bo blown about
by wind bel'ore it is covered by the harrow. It also
vegetates sooner and better. We also think that
the cominon harrow is too coarse an implement
for any grass seed ; it is apt to bury much of it
entirely too deep, and at the same time to leave
some on the surface not covered at all. We have
seen at the north a sapling thickly set with small
branches and twigs used instead of a harrow ;
but think that a harrow with ilouble the usual
number of teeth, but these of only half the com-
mon size, would be much the best implement.
This would require the ground to be well prepar-
ed of course, but that ought to lie done under all
circumstances. The tall meadow oat grass is
gaining rapidly in public favor, and will doubtless
be generally adopted. It is peculiar for its very
early and very late and abundant supply of pasture,
and is considered the best grass to sow with lu-
cerne, 12 to 16 pounds of the latter to a bushel of
the former being the usual quantity to an acre. —
•American Farmer,

HORTICULTURAL.
There are to be seen in the public garden kept
by Mr Smith, in this village, several plum trees of
different kinds, heavily laden with fruit, ufioii
which there does not appear any marks of the
curculio, although the plums in the neighboring
gardens have all been destroyed by them. This
garden has been kept open during the warm sea-
son, for several years past, as a place of public
resort, for eating ice cream, &c, and has been

lighted up with open mouthed glass hiiiips diirin"
the lore part o( each evening. Tlie ground, as
usual in such places, is laid out into Wiilks and plats.
The plats are planted with ornanientiil slirnbbery
and flowering plants, amongst whiih stand the
plum trees referred to, and visitors are not allow-
ed to tread upon the plat.

Query. Why these plums escaped the ravages
of these insects ?

Was it because the lamps were many of them
placed in tiie plum trees, by which the trees be-
came partially covered with oil ? or because the
smoke of the lamps ascended into the tops and
affected the foliage, couununicating to it some dis-
agreeable property, which diiive the insects from
the trees ? or was it on account of the disposition
i)f insects to fly towards the light, during the night,
by which they have approached so near the blaze
of the lamps as to be destroyed by them .' The
latter supposition appears to us tlie most reason-
able. Knowing that most insects during the
routine of transformations assume the forms of
moths or millers, many of whicli are very trou-
blesome about randies during warm evenings; it
may be well to inquire whether the ciirculios do
not, at some [inrticular season, appearin that shapo
attended with the disposition to ajiproach fire
light ? If so, may not these destructive little crea-
tures be destroyed by jilacing a few lamps in a
plum orchard, during that particular season when
they appear.

I am aware that the idea of lighting up our
fruit orchards with lamps, may disturb the gravi-
ty of some of our sidier readers, but should it be
found useful, and thereby become conimon, it
would be thought no more of, than it now is to
see the portly figure of a judge posted up in our
corn fields with presented arms.

We think this accidental discovery of a few
plum trees, with their fruit entire in the midst of
a district where the crop of plums has been en-
tirely destroyed the presey season by the curcu-
lio, promise much towards discovering an anti-
dote ; and any observations (»U|k: subject will be
thankfully received, and laitnlRfore the public.
Ge.iiesee Fanner.

OKRA.

Tfliis is one of the most excellent of our gar-
deij vegetables, and yet it is almost entirely neg-
lected in Baltimore. In Louisiana, and, indeed,
in all southern stales, a dinner is scarcely consid-
ered complete without it, in some shape or other.
Among the poor of the south it is considered one
of their greatest blessings. It is considered not
only delicious but very nutritive and wholesome.
It is tnostly used in soups, and, combined with
tomatoes and the usual condiments, in a dish called
Gombo. a recipe for making wbieli will be found
in the American Farmer, volume 12, page 39, from
the pen of our excellent housewife correspondent
'Cousin Tabitha.' We hope our citizens will
give Okra a trial — for it is equally with tomatoes
and egg iilauts worthy of their favor. We saw
t selling in our market, (or rather offered, for we
saw no one buying it,) at two cents a dozen a few
dfiys since — were it not of such easy cultivation
and so very productive, the time would soon come
when it would readily cotnmand six times the
price.

Since the above was prepared, the Southern
Agriculturist for August, has come to hand, with

Vol. X No. 9,

AWD HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

69

)lie following rucipe for niakiiii; okra soup, by Mr
Legale, the acooiii|)lislieil editor of tliat work.

OKRA SOUP.

We liave seldom met witii Uiis most excellent
soup out of tlie viciiiiiy of Charleston, and we be-
lieve a knowledge of the proper mode of cooking,
will render it a favorite wherever it can lie culti-
vated. We strongly recommend it, as being most
excellent and nutritious:

The pods are of proper size when two or three
inches long, but may be used as long as they re-
main tender, which is judged of by their brittle-
liess — if good (that is fit for use) they will snap
asunder at llic ends, but if they merely bend, they
are too old, have become woody and must be re-
jected, for a few of such pods will spoil a dish of
Boup. I will now proceed to give you directions
for making the soup. I have taken definite quan-
tities, so that the proper portions of each may be
clearly understood by you, smaller quantities may
be used, but the proportions ought to be observed,
as well as the length of time for boiling.

Take one jieck of okra pods, which must be
very tender, and of which you will judge by the
rule already given, cut them across into very thin
slices, not exceeding 1-S of an inch in thickness,
but as nmch thinner as possible, as the operation is
accelerated by their Ihinness. To this quantity
of okra add about one-third of a peck of tomatoes
which are first pealed and cut into pieces. This
quantity can be either increased or (linunislied, as
may suit the taste of those for whom it is intended.
A coarse piece of beef (the shin is generally made
use of) is placed into a digester with about two
and a half gallons of wnter,and a very sm ill quantity
of salt. It is permitted to boil for a few moments,
when the scum is taken olT and the okra and to-
matoes thrown in. These are all the ingredients
absolutely necessary and the soup made is reing-rk-
ably fine; we, however, usually add some corn,
cut ofl" from the tender roasting ears, (the grains
from three ears will be enough for the above quan-
tity)— we sometimes add about a half pint of Lima
or Saba Deans — bpth of these improve the soup,
but not so much j§^o make them indispensable,
so far from it that few add them. The most ma-
terial thing to be attended to is the boiling, and the
excellency of the soup depends almost entirely on
this being faiilifully done, for if it be not enough,
however well the ingredients may have been select-
ed, the soup will be very ijiferior and give little
idea of the delightful flavor it possesses, when
properly done. I have already directed that the
ingredients be placed in a digester. This is
decidedly the best vessel for boiling this or any
other soup in, but should there be no digester, then
an earthenware pot should be preferred, but on no
account make use of an iron one, as it would turn
the whole soup perfectly black. The proper col-
or being green, colored with the rich yellow of the
tomatoes. The time which is usually occupied in
boiling okra soup, hfve hours — we put it on at 9
A. M. and take it off about 2 P. M. during the
whole of wiiich time it is kept briskly boiling, the
cook at the same time stirring it frequently and
mashing the difi'erent ingredients. By the time
it is taken oft" it will be reduced to about one half;
but as on the operation of the boiling being well
and fiiithfully executed depends its goodness (a^
I have already remarked) T will state the criterion
by which this is judged of. The meat separates
entirely from the bone, being 'done to rags,' the
whole appears as one homogeneous mass, iti which

none of the ingredients are seen distinct — the ob-
ject of this long boiling being thus to Incorporate
them — Its consistency should be about that of thick
porridge.

.1luri;e Peach Orchard. — A Mr Jones at Shrews.
buiy, N. J. about 35 miles from New York, has
we presume the largest |)each orchard in Ameri-
ca. One is a mile and a half long, and contains
110 acres ; the other contains 40 acres : in both
there are about 22,000 trees. They were com-
menced about 9 years since, and the profits are
fast raising the enterprising owner from poverty to
W(-alth. It is said, he last year refused §7000 for
the peaches on the trees. The crop the present
year is not so abundant ; but the price in market
is sufliciently increased, to affovd him a handsome
income. About two weeks since, Mr Jones, with
some of his neighbors, sent a cargo of 400 bas-
kels to the New-York market, which readily sold
at .$2 a basket. A basket contains a little short
of a bushel. Some of his better peaches have
since sold quick at $5 a basket. The soil of these
nrcliards is worth very little for any other purpose,
and is poorer than the pine plains in this vicinity.
The trees, however, are well manured, and the
ground kept clean from weeds and grass. The
trees appeared in the best condition, and it was
difficult to find a diseased one among them.

We gathered the foregoing facts from a gentle-
man of this town, who has lately visited these
orchards. — Springjield Republican.

From the Western Ploughboy.

Mr Euitor — In your last Ploughboy, I observ-
ed an interrogatory; 'has no gentleman in St
Louis, the Buffalo Berry ?' — There is one in my
garden, aboutfour yearsold, which has not yet pro-
duced a single berry. Dr Farrar has several of
these shnibs older, and perhaps may bear this year.
If you know of any persons who wish to cultivate
the grape, such as the ' Cape,' ' Red Madeira,'
Arkansas, and a grape of good character, from El
Passo, a village, between Santa Fe and Durango,
they may have them from me, gratis, next Novem-
ber. I should have timely notice, through you.
I have been obliged to distribute most of my col-
lection. The balance on hand I wish to give those
who will make good ii,sc of them, and divide with
their neighbors. 1 wish our agriculturists should at-
tend more to many articles you have named in your
valuable paper. The gooseberry and currant make
valuable and cheap wines. The English make
more champaigne wine from their gooseberries,
than the French from their grapes, and a most el-
ei'aiit imitation. I would engage 100 slips of the
larae English gooseberry next November, on the
same terms as the grape slips, to any person who
will engage earnestly in the business. They are
the genuine kind for making champaigne wine,
ereen and delicious when ripe, and as large as
iiickory nuts. Some of the bushes have now up-
wards of half a bushel on each. They do not
ijrow PS large as the wild, or native bush, nor are
they as hardy as in England. A.

St Louis, July 1, 1831.

From the Geneaee Farmer.

BARLEY.

Never, perhaps was there a more pitiful display
of ignorance, than in the harvesting of this article
last season. Thousands of bushels were ruined for

the lack of a little knowledge, easily and cheaply
obtained. No woniler our farmers are discourag-
ed ill tiieir attempts to raise barley. Generally they
do not grow more than half a crop, and nine
chances in ten but they will suffer this to take
serious injury in harvesting. 1 do not mention
this as a reproach, but as a misfortune. To many
of our farmers, barley is a new article, and its cul-
ture not at all mxlerstood. 1 have given to the
readers of the Genesee Farmer, a few practical
directions upon the preparation of seed barley,
time of sowing, &c. I stand jiledged to give
them good and sufficient rpasons for the treatment
recommended. But my object in this treatise is
not to redeem that plelge, but as it is the season
for harvesting barley, to make a few brief remarks
upon that head.

It is true, that last year was an uncommonly
critical season for ])roducing barley, and with a
t'liw exceptions ;ho whole crop ofthe country was
more or less injured. To this the lengthened vis-
ages of our brewers will sufficiently testify. The
damage consisted chiefly in blighted barley or
what is commonly called ' black ejids ;' these
are produced either by the grain being badly lodg-
ed, so much so, as not to allow the wet to escape
from it, or from suffering it to remain too long up-
on the ground, when the least dampness will not
only discolor the whole, but will blight at least a
part of it. The latter is a very common way in
which barley receives injury ; and it does seem
truly a pity, that when the bountiful hand of
Proviilence has spread over our fields a luxurious
abundance, we should suffer that bounty to be
lost. Now the great-secret of harvesting this crop
properly, is to cut it, not when too green, hit be-
fore it is fully ripe, and your barley will come
out a blight yellow color when it is threshed. It
should be well dried before it goes into the barn
else the fermentation will be so great in the mow
as to injure the life of the grain. If there be any
patches in your field which are lodged, the grain
which comes from them will do well for your pigs;
but as you liope to obtain the first jirice in mar-
ket, do not mix it with your standing barley ; cut
and keep it separately. There is no doubt that
barley allowed to stand in the field until it gets
fully ripe (if it can be harvested,) without receiv.
ing any dampness, malls more freely than when
cut earlier; but in our climate, this is extremely
difficult, and if it does get wet the damage is so
fatal, that as a general rule, it is best to harvest it
before it be fully ripe, when a little wet weather
will not affect it, and the only precaution necessa-
ry to be taken, is to have it perfectly dried before
it goes into the barn.

Albany and Schenectady Railroad. — A gentleman
from the West, who passed on the new rail road
to Albany, informs us that the passage is made in
a few miiuue-i more than aii hour, and that com-
|)etitioii has already reduced the price from fifty to
twenlyfive cents for each passenger. Many vis-
iters to Saratoga Springs now go and return that
way ; and all speak in unqualified terms of the
ease, the celerity and the pleasure of this mode
of conveyance. The inclined plane, at the wes-
tern termination, is nearly completed } and will be
prepared for use in about two weeks. — The em-
bankment of this place is about one hundred feet
high. It commands a beautiful view of the val-
ley of the Mohawk and the city of Schenectady.
Traveller.

70

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sent. 14, 1831.

sri^Njy ssr^a-aiisriD 2?ii.i2aiai3»

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPT. H, 1831.

SUCCESSFUL CULTIVATION OF LU-
CERNE.

On the 1st iust. we had the pleasure of view-
ing a very fine plot of Lucerne, in vigorous growth,
on land in Dorchester, owned by Mr John Swett.
The present crop, whicli is nearly til to cut, is the
fourth crop tlie same ground has produced tins
season. These crops Capt. S. as.sures us will av-
erage IJ tons each to the acre, niaking llie whole
produce of the present season eqnul to six tons
per acre. The quality of this kind of grass is as
extraordinary as its quantity per acre ; rattle pre-
ferring it to any other food, and thriving upon it
ir- a reniarkahle manner, especially, when cut and
fed out green by way of soiling.

Mr Swett attributes his success in raising this
grass to the following causes. He was very care-
ful to clear tlie land of weeds, and the seeds of
uuprofiuible plants by a series of hoed crops; and
sowed the seed thicker than has been usual with
cultivators, who liave l)€en le.^s successful in rais-
ing this valuable product. The soil is a light and
sandy and gravelly loam, which one would believe
not capable of producing anything which would
render its tillage profitable.

It would be well fur every cultivator in the vi-
cinity of Jlr Swett in Dorchester to e.vamine the
])iece of lucerne near the front of his Mansion-
lioiise, and be convinced by personal observation,
that our soil and climate are not tuifavoralile
to the production of this celebrated jModuct of
uiodern husbandry.

' With these facts before ii.s, we think it is the
solemn duty, while it is for the interest, of those
who supply milk to the jrablic, as well as all who
pasture cows, to take measures effectually to des-
troy the growth of plants which put in jeopardy
the health and even lives of our citizens.'

ALARMING JJISEASE IN HORSES.

To llie Editor of the New England Farmer.

Dear Sir, — I have this moment received your
favor relative to the alarming and unexampled
mortality of the horses in this vicinity and in some
other parts of the Commonwealth. You ask my
opinion as to the disease, the probable cause and
the remedy. I will premise that I am no farrier,
having never till recently had occasion to apply
any remedies for the diseases of my own horses.
A fortnight since 1 lost a valuable horse, young
and apfiarently in fine health, of the prevailing
disorder. On returning from Church at noon, I
noticed a continual inclination of the head, to the
right, and found considerable difficulty in keeping
him in the middle of the travelled path. I ob-
served also that his movements were more heavy and
dull than usual. On reaching home, my hired man
imagined he had botts (this being the first instance
in my knowledge of the prevailing disease tliat had
occurred in this vicinity,) and gave him the usual
dose in such cases of gin and mola.sses. Tiie hor.<e
was then turned into the pasiure, where he had
run for two months previous, his head and motions
still inclining to the right. After going a few rods
he sto[)ped and commenced turning round on his
heels, (moderately) and continued this movement
a few hoiMs, when he fell, and the ne.xt day, about
twenlyfour hours after he was taken, died. Soon
after lie fell, on the day previous to his death, I
had him bled, but to no puri)ose — the disorder had
progressed too far.

On describingthis case to DrBarilett of Concord,
he observed that he had lost n horse some months
previous in the same way ; the symptoins, disease
and termination, being in every particular tis he
described them, perfectly similar to those which
I had observed in my horse. Dr Bartlett dissected
the lieail of his horse, and found the disorder to
be a dropsy of the brain, there being collections
of water in lioth ventricles of the brain.

A Mr Locke of th.is town lost (yesterday) a very
good horse, of apparently the same di.sease. Af-
ter his decease Dr Proctor of this place cxamin

Nut less than from 6 to 8 quarts should be taken
from the horse, and this when done on first per-
ceiving the symptoms, and be ore an effusion of
blood upon the brain, has, 1 am told, in some in-
stances effected a cure.

Your? lespecfully
Lexington, Sept. 13, 1831. E. PHINNEY.

Broom Corn. — The maiua for cultivating Broom
Corn in this and the neighboring towns, never
raged so universally, as at the |irescnt season ; the
limited cultivation and great consumption, by ex-
portation, of the article last year, very iiuih en-
hanced the price, and this season but liule else
appears worthy the attention of our river agricul-
turists. .\ riile a few days since through Had-
ley and Hatfielil meadows to Sunderland, con-
firmed the opinion we had heard expressed, that
Corn Brooms must fall from the immense quanti-
ties growing along the Valley ; wherever we rode,
nothing but vast fields of this beautiful crop pre-
sented themselves, extending, in some places for
nfiles on every side, with its lofty stalk and rich
tassel, aHTording ample testimony to the vegetable
richness and strength of the soil on the banks of the
Connecticut ; we saw some little pieces on the up-
lands which were dinnnutive in size and grew with
a sickly aspect, while the meadow crops rose to
twelve and fourteen feet in height and stood close
us the thickest foreet. — yorlhamplon Courier.

POISON BD CHEESE
A late number of The Republican, a newsjia-
jier, printed at Springfield, in this state, after giv-
ing tiie sub.'^tance of some remarks on poisoned
cheese, lately published in the .\"cw England Far-
mer, states that ' within the last two months sev-
eral families in this town, have inunediately after
tating milk been seized with severe sickness, with
all the symptoiTis of being poisoned. Two men,
one of whom is a physician, drank of the milk
to test its effect, and found it alike sickening and
distressing. Though the ndlk was purchased of
persons iu tlie liabit of supplying our citizens with
the art'icle, no suspicion rc^stcd that the milk was

poisoned by their nieaivs We have conversed with his head and found an effusion of bluod upon o
^ learned Bnd skilful physician, who has witnessed of the lobes of the brain. The head was very
anost of these cases; and it is his opinion that the carefully dissected and examined by Dr Proctor
poison was caused by the cows eating the Poke ami he has no doubt that the horse died of an ap.

ople.xy. In both these cases, which have been
exanuned, there is no question that the disease was
upon the brain. The instance related by Dr Bart
lett having been a serous and that of Dr Proctor
a sanguineous apoplexy. The symptoins in a
the c.ises which have occurred in this town were
similar to those which occurred in the above three
cases.

As to the cause cf this disease I know nothing.
In most instances the horses that hare been attacked
fed upon grass.

Whether it is to be attributed to the food or
the state of the atmosphere, which may have caus-
ed an unusual plethora of the vessels of the head,
I must leave to those to decide who know more
of the nature and diseases of horses than I do.
The remedy if any, is no doubt to be found in

weed, instead of the Lobelia. He examined the
pasture where the cows fed wliicli furnished the
poisoned milk, and found ideuty of the Poke weed,
but very little of the Lobelia ; and at the same
time an ajipearance that the cows had eaten the
Poke weed, and none that they had eaten "the Lo-
belia.— -The same cows when put into another
pasture, free from these plants, furnished healthy
milk. It was tlie opinion of this physician, as
well ss another we conversed with, that cows
would rarely if ever eat the Lobelia. It grows in
abundance in tliis vicinity, and if they had eaten
it, its iiijiirioos elTects must have been long since
"and more generally felt. Although, as it is heliev-
ed, the instinct of animals will generally teach
them to avoid eating poisonous vegetables, a cow
tnay eat wlrat would poison her niilkj when it
tvould not injure her.

Proledion of Lambs and Geese. — It is but little
known, but is neverllieless a f ict, says the Port
land Mirror, that a little tar nibbed on the necks
of your lambs or geese, will prevent the depreda-
tions of foxes among them, these animals having
an unconquerable aversion to the smell of tar.

Bee Moth. — A friend informs us, he lias discov-
ered by experiment that dry comb hud about hives,
forms a trap for the moth, by attracting the miller,
which deposits its eggs in the comb, where they
are easily destroyed. A piece of comb which he
placed for the purpose, was completely filled with
the moths. — Western Tiller, jk

Can you beat this ? — Mr Lemuel Ulake, of Ai-
stead, raised, the present season, from one bean,
190 pods, and 1009 beans ! This from a person
who assisted in counting. — Vermont Intellig-encer.

The American census for 1830 has been com-
ideted, and the result published. The population
of the United States which was 9,637,000 in 1820,
was last year 12,976,000, or, in round mimbers,
thirteen millions. What n prodigy is the growth
of this republic! When the Revolution commen-
ced, 1776, it had less than three millions of in-
habitant.s, and now it has thirteen ! Then it wai
on a level with Switzerland or Denmark in politi-
cal consideration ; now it is the second naval power
in the world ! We rejoice in its progress ; for its
strength and glory belong to the people, and to the
cause of truth, justice, and freedom, all over the
world. It is pleasant to observe, that the states in
which there are no slaves are advancing so much
more rapidly than the others. The fact renders
the evils of slavery more pal|iable, and holds out
the prospect of its diminishing every year in rela-
tive importance. The population of Scotland and
England, in 181], was 12,358,000, 600,000 les9
than the United States last year ; and New York
alone has very nearly as many inhabitants as Scot-

copious bleeding in tiie first stages of ijje disorder. ' Jatid had in 1821 London Ti:

Vol. X.— No. 9.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

71

HorlicuUural Celebration.

The MassachiisetlsHorticiiltural Society will celebrate
their annual lestiv^il on Wednesday the 21st of Septem-
ber by a public dinner and address.

The address will be delivered by Doc.t. M. A Ward of
Salem, Professor of Botany .tnd Vegetable Physiology at
the Lecture Room ol tbe Athena!um, precisely at 11
o'clock A. M. Tile room will be opened at 10 o'clock.

Ac exhibition of fruits and flowers, will be submitted
for the inspection of visiters, in Concert Hall, at 1 o'clock,
to close at 2 o'clock.

Tickets may be bad 'of E. W. Payne, Esq. only, ;it ye
Rooms No. 14 and 15 Joy's Buildiijgs, hy Members of
the Society and Subscribers to Mount Auburn, until
Friday, the 16th inst. at 2 o'clock. Tickets of invitation
will not be issued.

The dinner will be provided by Maj. Eaton at Concert
Hall, and the company will sit down at the tables at 4
P. M. Per order,

Z. COOK, Jr.
Clmirmnn of tlie Comniilli'c nt ArtangeiiienU.

ANN1VER.SARY

OP THE MASSACHUSETTS HORTICi;i.TURAIi SOCIETY.

The joint Committee on Fruits and Flowers respect-
fully invite all members of the Society, and others,
who are disposed to promote its objects, to furnish fjr the
approaching festival, such fruits, flowers, shrubs &c, .i-
may be worthy of tlie occasion ; especially such as may
be considered rare, or particular y flne ; as Grapes,
Peaches, Pears, Plums, Apples, Melons &.c, and such
ornamental plants, orange and lemon tiees, bouquets of
beautiful flowers, festoons and wreaths as are requisite
for the decoration of tbe dining hall. They can be sent
to Concert Hall, on Tuesday afternoon, the 20th instant,
or before 8 o'clock, on Wednesday morning, where some
of the Committee will be in readiness for their reception
and examination. Care will be taken of such plants as it
may be desirable to have returned. Gentlemen are re-
quested to label all fruits and flowers with the name of
tbe donor. Per order,

E. VOSE, Chairman.

Tall Meadow Oal and Orchard Grass Seed.

Just received by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few bushels of fine Tall Meadow Oat Grass Seed,
rai-ed expressly for us by Capt. Chandler, of Lexington.
Tills grass is gaining rapidly in public favor, and will
doubtless soon become generally adopted -it is peculiar
for its very early and very late abundant product either
for a hay crop or for grazing, and for its astonishing pro-
duce on poor soil. Col. Taylor, of Virginia, says, in a
letter to tiie Virginia Agricultural Society, ' after fifteen
' experience, I can safely pronounce it the hardiest
grass I have ever seen ; it bears drought, frost, heat, and
cold better than I have ever tried. It keeps possession
ot the ground in spite of severe grazing. It furnishes
better grazing early in the spring, late in the fall, in
drought, and in winter, than any grass known to me —
alone, and cut before tbe seed ripens, its hay is as nutri-
tive and pleasant to stock ol all kinds as any I have ever
used.' Price ,f 3 per bushel.

Also, a few bushels of Orchard Grass Seed, raised this
season, expressly for Ibis establishment by John Prince,
Esq. This grass is getting into general use, and its ex-
cellence is too well known to require comment.

Sept. 14.

PRICES OF COUXTRY PRODUCE.

Bulbous Flower Roofs.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few Double Crimson Paaony Roots — 50 cents each.
Large white Lily Roots, extra size, 12.^ cents each — $1,00
per dozen. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Iris, ^rc.

Sept. 14.

JVew England Farvier's Almanac for 1832.

Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of the
New Ensland Farmer, 52, North Market Street, and
Carter, Hendee Si Babcock, Washington Street, the
New England Farmer's Almanac, for 1832, by T. G.
Fkssenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Paine, Esq.

Sept. 7.

APPLGS,rus9ellings,
ASHES, pol, first sort,

l*carl, first sort,
lilCANS, while,
liEEF, ness.

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. Z,
liUTTEK, inspected, No. l,ncw, -
CHEESE, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUK, liallimore, Howard-street, -

Genesee,

Alexandria,

Baltimore, wliarf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,

Rye,

Barlev,
Oats/
ilAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Islqualiiy,
LIME,

PLAISTEll PARIS retails al
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Carso, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top (northern)

Rod Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, tried,
WOOL, iMerino, full blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed wiih Saxoiij",

Merino, three fnirtiis washed,

Mer. ,ij, ha .iliiod.

Merino, quai ler,

Native, washed.

Pulled superfine,

1st Lamb's,

2d, "

bushel
barrel

pound

2 001 2 iO

105 ouhos 00

120 00' 122 50

cask
I ton.
Ibarrel

yo

8 00
7 00
C 23

h|
c

3
1 12

5 75

5 75
4 &l

6 00

Sir Philip Sidney's Defence of Poesy.
seloen's table talk.
HILLIARD & BROWN, booksellers to the Univer- 1
sily, Cambridge, have just published —

Tbe Library of the Old Ent;lisb Prose Writers, Vol.
II. — Containing Sir Philip Sidney's D. fence of Poesy
and Selden's Table Talk — with some account of the au-
thors and their writings ; edited by the Rev. Alexander
Y'oung.

Extiar.t from the Eililor's Trcfiico.
' The claims of Sir Philip Sidney and John Selden lo a
place in the Library of Old English Prose Writers, it is
presumed no one will question. The Defence of Poesy
is certainly one of the purest and most brilliant gems in
the coronet of English literature ; while the Table Talk,
for its admirabie good sense, its shrewdness of remark,
and its accurate deiineation of men and manners, stands
without an equal in the class of writings lo which it
belongs.'

E.itract from the Retrospective Review.
* If ever there was a work more than most others
calculated lo delight and benefit general readers, and at
tbe same time less than most others known and apprecia-
ted by them, it is The Defence of Poesy. It is perhaps
the most beautifully written prose composition of the
Elizabethan age, impregnated with the very soul and
spirit of poetry, and abounding with the richest iidorn-
ments of fancy. Tbe excellencies of 'his admirable Es-
say are equally conspicuous, whether we regard the
purity and simplicity of its style, the strength and sound-
ness ol its reasoning, the rich fervor of its eloquence, or
the variety and aptness of its illustrations. In short noth-
ing is wanting to make The Defence of Poesy a piece of
writing that, in a similar space, is not to be paralleled in
our !ani;uage.'

Dr Johnson remarks, ' A few of the French Ana are
good ; but we tiave one book of that kind better than any
ofthem— Selden's Table Talk.'

H. &. B. have also for sale, the first volume of the
same Library, which contains Fuller's Holy and Profane
States. The third volume will compiise tbe Miscella-
neous Works of Sir Thomas Browne, including the whole
of 'The Religion of a Physician,' and the treatise on
' Urn-Burial.' Sept. 14.

.^itdioji.
Farm, Stock, Utensils &c. To be sold at public auction
on Tuesday, Oct. 4tb, at 11 o'clock A. M. on tbe premi-
ses, the well known Farm situated in West Newbury,
called tbe Carr Farm, containing about fiftyfive acres of
most excellent land, with a good two story house and out
buildings, well fenced and watered ; it is about one mile
from the church in the 1st parish, and about the same dis-
tance from Indian Hill Farm, on the road leading from
West Newbury to Byfield, Rowley, Salem, &c, —
and five miles from Newburyport. On the highest part
of the land the view of the AlerrimacRiver and the land-
siape view in every diieetion is very beautiful. West
Newbury as a town has increased remarkably within tbe
last ten years. Taxes are low, (it being an inland town)
and the society very good, as almost every residence is
owned by the occupant. Title indisputable. Half the
purchase money may remain on mor'gage at 6 per cent
if desired.

\Uo, immediately alter the sale of the Farm, a valua-
ble stock of Oxen, Cows, Heifers, Swine, Brood Mares
and their Colts, I pair Horses well matched in color, &.c.
1 pair Colls three years old next spiing. Also, 1 supe-
rior new ox cart, with p.itent hubs, &c.

A great variety of other articles, catalogues of which
can be obtained two weeks before the sale, at the print-
ing offices of those newspapers that publish this adver-
tisement, and also of Mr Cary, at the inaiket house,
Newburyport, and the Auctioneer.

lO' Conditions (which will be liberal) made known at
the sale.

Sept. 9. JOHN E. BA^TLETT, Auctioneer.

.■3d,
Isl Spi

,

13 00

"

13 00

bushel.

1 75

1 "

50

pound.

,1 '"

1 cwl.

8 00

pound

G5

*'

70

"

55

"

62

*'

48

I'

45

>'

63

tt

58

"

45

"

30

"

50

00

8 30

7 60

6 SO

16

8

4

1 50

6 00

G 00

5 00

6 50
70
65
78
73
42
70

10 50

13 Oo

1 25
3 25

16 00 18 00

14 00
13 50

2 00
75
12

8 50
70
80
58
55
5o

tl
60
48
30

36
60

10 Oi

11 00
1 0
3 00

PROVISION MARKET.

liEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresii, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTPON,
POULTRY,
l!UTTER,kegaiidtub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, laccording to qual

ily]

pound

.C

6

'•

bh

"

6

"

4

"

8

<.

20

dozen.

12

bushel.

£2

*'

22

"

37

'barrel.

1 50

Ammunition ,_£J)

Of the best quality ai.d (i/7(!fs( /j/ices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'.S POWDER STORE,
6; Broad Street.

N. B. If tbe quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and tbe money willbo refunded If Jan. .

without glas3,-each sash about 8 feet long. Apply at ^^ ^^^ ,„ ,^6 above will be cheerfully paid
the New England Farmer Office. 4t Sept. 7. | *= ^j J.B.I

Xotice.
The subscriber wishes to procure a small quantity,
say half a pint, of acorns from each species of oak grow-
ing in New England, with the specific, or where not
known, the common name. It is desirable that they
should be sent in by the 1st of November, with the con-
tributor's name, as they are to be forwarded to the I^on

Green House Sashes.
For sale 30 or 40 Green House Sashes, second hand I jon iHOTticultu^arSodetyi^Any Wa"so'nabirerpense wUh

Brighton Market — Monday, Sept. 12.
fUeporled for the Chronicle and Pattiot.J
At Market this day 460 Beef Cattle, 734 Stores,
3631 Sheep, and 756 Swine.

Prices. — Beef Callle — The best qualities were scarce,
and sales of all qualiUes were quicker than they were
the two past weeks, and a little better prices may have
been obtained, but not enough to alter our quotations
much. We quote for one or two yoke, extra, about $5
25 ; prime §5 ; good 4 50 a 4 75 ; thin 3 50 a 4 25.

Stores — Sales not so brisk.

Working Oxen — A considerable number were at mar-
ket (numbered with the Stores) and many sales were ef-
fected ; we noticed the following : 50, 53, 5S, 65, 70, and
a number at 75 and $80.

Cows and Calves — Good Cows in demand : we noticed
one ordinary at $11, and one extra at $37,50; sales also
at IS, 23, 25,20, 27 and 29.

Sheep—Siles were quite as good as last week ; we no-
ticed lots taken at 1 G2, 1 75, 1 88, 1 92, 2 00, 2 08, 2 25
and 2 ;50. A few extra cosset Wethers were sold at a
high price.

Swine — No variation from last week; selected lots of
Sows and Barrows at 4 ; one entire lot of 160 at 44 ; &
lot old Barrows at 44. At retail, 5 for Sows and 6 for
Barrows.

72

MISCELLANY

THE LAST MOMENTS OF WASHINGTON.

George Washington Bassett, Esq. of Fred-
ericksbuigh, fuiiiislied Mr Silas E. Borrows of
this city with the following iiiteiestitig itccount of
the last moments of ' the father of his country.'
Mr Bmrovvs has pdlitely haniled it to us for pub-
lication.— JV. 1^ Inquirer.

The following circumstantial account of the
lost illness and death of Gen. George Washington
was noted by Tobias Lear, on Suinhi}' following
his deaih, which happened on Satunhiy evening
December 14tli, 1799, between the hours of Km
and eleven; he was horn on the ■22d February,
1732.

'On Thursday, Dec. 12th, the General rode
out to his farms at about 10 o'clock, and did not
return home till past 3. Soon after he went out,
the weather became very bad ; rain, hail and snow
falling alternately, with a cold wind. When
he came in, I carried some letters to him to
frank, intending to send them to the Post Office.
He franked the letters, but said the weather was
too bad to send a servant to the office that evening.
I observed to him that I was afraid he had got wet ;
he said no — his great coat had kept him dry ; but
his neck appeared to be wet — the snow was hang-
ing on his hair.

He came to dinner without chaneing his dress.
In the evening he ajipeared as well as usual. A
heavy fall of snow took place on Friday, which
prevented the General from riding out as usual.
He had taken cold (undoubtedly from being so
much exposed the day before,) and cf)mplained
of having a sore throat ; he had a hoarseness, which
increa,<cd in the evening, but he made light of it,
as he would never take anything to carry off a
cold, — always observing, ' let it go as it came.' In
the evening, the |)apers having come from the
Post Office, he sat in the room, with Mrs Wash-
inglon and myself, reading them, till about nine
o'clock ; and when he met with anything which
he thought diverting or interesling, he would
read it aloud. He desired ine to read to him ihe
debates of the Virginia .Assembly, on the elec-
tion of a Senator and Governor, which I did. On
his retiring to bed, he apiieared to he in perfect
health, except the C(dd which he considered as
trifling — he had been remarkably cheerful all the
evening.

About two or three o'clock on Saturday niorn-
in", he awoke Mrs Washington, and informed
her he was very unwell, and hffd an ague. She
observeil that he could scarcely speak, an.l breath-
ed with difficulty, and she wished lo get up and
call a servant ; but the General would not permit
her, lest she should take cold. As soon as the
day appeared, the woman Caroline went into the
riom to make a fire, and the girl desired that l\Ir
llavvlins, one of the overseers, who was u

NEW ENGLAND FAIliMER.

pared, but he could not swallow a drop ; when-
ever he attempted, he was distressed, convulsed,
and almost suffocated.

Mr Rawlins came in soon after sun rise and
prepared to bleed him ; when the arm vvaa ready
the General observing Rawlins appe:ired agitated :
said with difficulty ' don't be afraid,' and afler
the incision was made he observed, the orifice
was not large enough — however the blood ran
pretty freely, Mrs Washington not knowing
whether bleeding was proper in the General's sit-
uation begged that nmch might not be taken from
iiim, and desired me to stop it. When I was
about to untie the string, the General put up bis
hand to prevent it, and soon as he couM speak
saiil ' more.'

Mrs Washington still uneasy lest too much blood
should be t.aken, it WuS stopped after about half
a pint had been taken. Finding that no relief
was obtained from bleeding, and that nothing
conid be swallowed, I proposed bathing the
throat externally with sal volatile, which was done ;
a |)iece of flannel was then put round his neck.
His feet were also soaked in warm water, but
gave no relief. By Mrs Washington's request I
despatched a messenger for Doctor Brown at Port
Tobasco. About 9 o'clocl^ Doct. Craik arrived,
and Diit a blister of cantbarides on the throat of
the General, and took tnnre blood, and bail some
vinegar and hot water set in the lea pot fur him
to draw in the steam from the nose.

He also had sage tea ami vincjrar ini.xed and
used as a gargle, but when he Indd bis head lo let
it run down, it all most produced suffocation.
When the iiiixiure came out of his iiinnth some
phlegm followed it, anil he wnuld atlempl to cough
which the Doctor encouraged, but without effect.
About 11 o'clock, Doct. Dick was sent for. Doct.
Craik bled the General again, no effect was pro-
duced, and he cohliniied In ihe same stale, unalile
to swallow anyiliiog. Doct. Dick came in ahont
3 o'clock, and Doct. lirowii arrived soon after ;
when, afier coiisultalion, the General was Ided
again, the blood ran slowly, appeared very thick
and did not produce any symptoms of fainting.
.\t 4 o'clock the Gemral could swallow a little.
Calomel anil tartar cmi-lic were adiiiinisiereil with,
out effect. About half past 4 o'clock he ilesired
me to ask Mrs Washington to come to his bed
side, when he di-sireil her logo dmvn to his room,
and take from his desk two Wills which she would
find there, and bring ihcm to him, which she diu ;
upon looking at one, which he observed was use.
less, he desired her to burn it, which she did, and
then took the other and put it away ; afler this
was done 1 ri'turned a'.'ain to his bed side and
took his hand : He said to me, ' IJind I am goitit;
— mij breath cannot continue loner ; I believed from
the first attack it would befntnl. Do you arrange and ]
record all mi/ mititiri/ htlers and papers ; arrange'
my accounts and settle my books, as yuu know more
bleeding the people, might be sent for to bleed | (i6ou< Mem //la;! ani/ one t/sc ; and let Mr Rawlins '
him before the Doctor could arrive. 1 n-as sent \finish recording my other letters, ichich he has begun.' \

for went lo the General's chamber, where Mrs! He asked when Mr Lewis and Washington would I

Washington was up, and related to me his being return ? I told him, I believed about the 20th of ,
taken ill between 2 and 3 o'clock, as hef.ire stat- the month — He made no reply lo it. The physi-
cd. I found him breathing with difficulty, and ! cians again came in (between .5 and 6 o'clock,) and
hardly able to utter a word intelligibly. I went i when they came to Ids bedside, Dr Craik asked
out inst. ntly and wrote a line to Doctor Plask, ' him if he would sit up in the bed : he held out his
and sent it with all speed. Immediately I re- hand to me and was raised up, when he said to
turned to the General's chamber, where I found the physicians — ' I feel myself going ; you had bet-
him in the same situation I had left hira. A mix- i ter not take any more trouble about me, but let me go
ture of molasses, vinegar and butter, was iire-' off quietly ; I cannot last long.' They found what

Sept. 14. 1S31.

had been done was without effect; he laid down
again, and they retired, excepting Dr Craik. He
then said to him — ' Doctor, 1 die hard, but 1 am
"ot afraid to go ; I believed from my first attack!
should not survive it ; my breath cannot last long.''
The Doctor pressed his hand, but could not utter '
a word ; he retired fioni the bedside and sat by /
the fire, absorbed in grief. About 8 o'clock, the |
physicians again came into the room, and applied
blisters lo his legs ; but went out wiihout a ray of '
hope. From this time he appeared to breathe with
less difficulty tiian he had done ; but. was very
restless, continually changing his position, to en-
deavor to get ease. I aiileil him all in my power,
and was gratified in believing he felt it, for he
would look upon me with eyes speaking gratitude,
but unable to utter a word without great distress.
.\bont 10 o'chick he made several attempts to
sper.k to me before he could effect it ; at length
he said — '■lam just going. Have me decently
buried ; and do not let my body be put into ihe vault
I in less than two days afler I am dead.' I bowed
a.ssent. Ho looked at me again and said—' Do
you understand me ?' I replied — ' Yes, sir.' ' "Tia
well,' said he. About ten minutes before he ex-
pired, his breathing became much easier — he lay
qnieily — he withdrew his hand from mine and
felt his own pulse. I spoke to Doctor Craik, who
sat by the fire ; he came to the bed side. The
General's hand fell from his wrist ; I took it in
mine and placed it on ii^ breast. Doctor Craik
placed his bands over his eyes ; and he ex|)ired
wiihout a struggle or a sigh.

While we were fixeil in silent grief, Mrs Wash-
ington asked in a firm and collected voice — ' Is he

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pny cash frr Cocoons, from 25 to
50 cenis, accordine lo qna'l ly. J, H, COBB.

Dedhaiii, July lolh, 1831. 8t Jnly 20.

Binding.

Siihscribeis to the New Englainl Farmer are informed

Ihal ihey can have Iheir volumes neally half lioiind and

lettered, ai 75 cts, pei; volume, by leaving Ihem at tti«

Farinsr office. Aug. 3.

Fresh iriiite Midberry Seed.

Just rcceiveil at J, B, Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Sireet—

A small supply of fresh and seiiuine While Mulberry
Seed. WMrriiiileil lb*' Etrowlb ot the preseiit s ason, IVom
one of ihc greatest Mul'^eiry orcharils in .M.iiislielil, Con-
nccilcut. Short directions for its culturea ccompany the
seed. Aug. 3.

Published pvry U'eilnt«day Eveinnj;, at 5^ per annum
! paviible at Ihr end of ihe year — but those wlio pay witliiii
Bixtv davs from tlie tune of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
iluc'tion'iirfift.v rents.

! Qj* No paper wiP be sent to a distance without payment
beinfT made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Russell, by I, R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be e.xecuted to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J, B.
ItussF.i.L, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market .Street. agf.sts.

.V 1(1 York — (i.THuF.MCRK & SoNS, C7 Liberly-strcel
.'(/iini/— Wm. Tiiorbukn,.")!? Alarkei-streel.
I'hi!,iileljihia~ 1). & C L.odkkth. 85 Cbcslnul-slreel.
!li/limore—ii. H.I^MITH . E.liiur of the American Farmer.
riririnnali—S. C. Paukhcrst, 23 Lower Markel-slrfel.
f/z/t/i/H?, A' V. \Vm PiiiscK&. Sons, Prop. Li;i,Boi.li«rdcil
iliihllebitry. Vt, — Wight Chapman,
/Arrt/n.v/-Gi.(>invi\ & Co, Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E, Edwards.
Netrhuryport , Ebenezkr Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Pnrthnd. Me.—Si^WEi. CoLMAN, Bookseller.
Jiu(rusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. IJoi.lajid, Esq. Recorder OflTice.
iUort<«o/, L. C— Hekky Hillock.

e

PUBLISHED UY J. B. UUSSELL, AT NO. 02 SORTli MAKKET STKEET,

V01>. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 21, 1831.

HE Agkicultukal Wakehouse.)— T. G. FEbSENDE.N, EUITUU

NO. 10.

i©aisiwsyj:^ii^ii©srs<»

To the Editor of the New Englnnd Fdrmec.

Sir — At the request of one ol your subscribers, I sentl
you a skelcli of the iinpioveiiieiits in Agriculture al-
tempted by Felleuheig, at Hofwyl, in the liope that they
m.iy be interestins; to your rearlers, ami wiili the earnest
wisb that some one of tbem, at Ica^i, may imitate Ihi.i
noble example, by combining his efforts for the promo-
tion of agriculture, with the improvement of the beings
for whose sake alone agriculture i- valuible. I have in
my possession a number of documents on ibis sulyect in
the German, vvliich my occupations do not allow me to
tran-ldte. If any of your correspondents will underiak
the task, they are entirely at your service.
Yours, respectfully,

WM. C. W00DI3RIDGE.
Boston, Sept. 13, 1831.

He regiirJed it as tho eiii|il.iyriiriit li 'st of nil
a(l;i|ite.l to iiivip-oniii! ilie lindy ; but he alsi. I.e.
lievc.l thill, by elevaiiiig agriculture from a mere
haiidici-aft to ail art foiiiideil upon scieiitilie priii-
ci|ile.s, ami lei^dim; direcily to iNcj operations of
tlie gioat First Cause, it would liccniiie a pursuit
peeuliaily fiitrd to i;l.-vaie aud purif;v the iiiiud,
and serve a.s the hasis of improveiuent to the la-
lioring cla-^.>ieR, am! to s.;,-icty at larj;e. He select-
leil Hofwyl oij aiTouiit of its situation ; so iiisula-
! to scciu-B it (Voiii the iufluenee of bad exaiii-
yet surroniided by villages whiidi would
funiisb laborers, aud only si.x miles from the riiy
of Berne. It was an ertate of about 200 acres
under poor ciiliivaiioii, lying on a bill tilled with
spring's, and surrounded on three sides by a vallev

generally snpi.osed. H.pfwyl has furnished expe-
nui.nital (ariners to a umnlMTof priu.-es and noble-
uien, of vario.is parts of Europe : and its pupiKi
have been employed in ibe formation aud direetioii
'f some imporiaut agi-ienliural iusiiiutions. Au
estahlishnieiit was also fonned for the nianufarlure
of his improved iustnmients of agrii-idture, wbicli
have been sent to every part of Kun pe. At sue-
i-essive periods, additions have been made to the
louiain of Hofwyl, increasing it to about 600 aeres ,
which have lurnislied all the varieiies of soil and
situation neccessary to render the whole a completH
experimental and model farm. But Kolleuberir
icciipied himself in improving agriculture onlv as
I means to the more important end of imn™iin.f

AGKICUI.TUKE OF HOFWVL.

Among the men who have been most distinguish-
ed for devising and execnliug plans of itn-
proveinent in agriculture, with an inmiediaio it;.
I'ereiice to the improvements of mm himself, none
lias been more remarkable than Fclienberg, ot
Hofwyl.

lie arrived at maturity, in the midst of the
French revolmion. His attention bad early at>l
constantly been devoted to the iiifpiiries and o/i-
servations coiiceruing the state of society, and the
means of improving it ; and he had travelled ovir
Switzerland on foot, to make himself familiar wih
the Slate aiid condition of the inhabitants. Eis
investigations of the state of the common peop*'.
bis inten-ourse «illi piildie. men, and ihe tn-

.,.,,,,, , ■, ■ , -1 "'''"''^elf; aud (luring the whole period that liu

fe.l >u depth. He eouimenced with employing | was thus actively engaged in this siibj-ct, he wan

not less engag.-d in organizing the iusiilii ions ot"
education, whi.di form tiie great ohj>-et .d' his life,
and the chief glory of Hofwyl.

a l.irge number of labr
every direction, smue i-v
which completely free
nater, and at the same

rs III digging drams ir
ito lhede|,lh(.f 30 feel,
the arable land (i-oni
•le, were formed into a

^andet round the hill, which serveii to irrio-ate
its borders and the level below, aud convert them
into rich meailows. His next plan was to luni
lip the whole soil to the depth of two or three
feet, and then replace ii, putting the stones and
gravel at the bottom, and reserving the richest
portions for the surface.

Another object of importance was to convert the
swampy ground around into meadows, by coverini'
it about a fo..| in depth with sand and soil from the
upland. This was effected in pail by means of the
stream we have ineiilioneil, which was made to
wash down successive banks of earth placed before
it, and in part, (luring the'winler, liy sleds descend.

ing and raising each other alternately, by means
if pulleys, as is smiielimes done in coal beds. In
ioiiiiexion with these operations, be erected exien.
five additions to the granaries (then more than snf-
fi'ient for the aciual produce,) to provide for the
aliindant crops he amicipated. All this excited
riiicnle among his enemies, and alarm and remoii-

mendous convulsions he had witnessed, hat
ail conspired to impress upon bis mind the
same conviciicm — that the only resource for meli
orating the state of his own and other countries,
and for preventing a repetition of the horrors of
revolution he had witnessed, was to be found in
early edncaiion ; and be resolved henceforth to
devote himself to this us the object of bis life.
He was at one lime a member of the council nf
education of Berne, but was soon convinced that
nothing adequate could be accomplished on this
eubject, through the medium of legislative com-
missions; and having come into possession of an
ample fortune, he resolved to devote this to his
great object, and to fVinii on bis own estate, and
on an independent brisis, a model institution, in
which it should be proved what education could
accomplish for the benefit of himianiiy. In piir-

jsiiance of bis great design, be soon after pur- iiventiou of superior machines for breaking up lb
chased the estate culled W(5/>c^?, and his life, hence- i »il, weeding and sowing, insured him success

YKLLOW SP.ANl.SH CHERRY.

To Ilie F,d,n„ of the iNpw Englaort Farmer.

Dear Sir — It is now above a year since some
eommuuicatious were inserted in your paper by
Adams Foster. Esq. aud mys. If on ihe suhject oV
Ihe Yellow Spanish cherr,-, I did not fully under-
stand that gentleman's first commiiiiicaiion, but
supposed he was impressed with tho idea that no
fruit of that name had b-en long known in Europe,
and answered it accrdingly. This second com-
munication being more exjdicit I have made the
question of synonom;/ a subject of investigation
and I am now coiivinceil that the Yello.v Spanish*
the Gri-.ffi;in;the Bigarreaii ofForsylh aud of Eii"-
lish colleciions generally, and the Cerise Ambr^^e
of Duhamel are the same fruit. It will be noticed
as a matter of particular surprise that the cherry,
iiniver.sally known by English writers for a very
long period as ihe Higarreau, has no one of the
peculiar chttradertislics which disiinguish that idass
of fruits, and is

P, . ^ ., I even „e K dif erf nl species. I will

stances among his friends ; and those ofliis familv now conclude my remarks (ui the subject by -ti
wio were C(miiected with him, left him, by his ad', ting it as my belief that the orjg-i/io/ Yellow Span.
vi-e, to sustain the burden al.me. In order to ( ish Cherry of Tou, neforl. Miller, etc no longer
oilain ample supplies of manure, he commenced I exists, as I do not find It in any imideru cataloi'ue
tie system of .stallfeeding, with a large number of not even in thai of the London Horticultm-il "so-
cittle, which were constantly supplied with fresh (dety. The cherry hereioliue called in inv eata.
ga,ss, instead of being snITered to feed in the pas- logue Yellow Spanish, I received in the year 1802
ml erected ample reservoirs for solid midlbi/that name from the Nursery of Mr Thompson

tires

Iqiiid manure of eveiy kind, the care of whic
ircupied a part of every day's labor. .\ system of
fiiir years' cropping, with deep ploughing, and Ihe

forward, forms au important page in the record
lieiievolent enterprise. His great object was to
elevate all clusses of society, by fitting them bet-
ter for their respective eta'ions, und to render

li»d the lauds of Hofwyl have been made to yield
furfuld their former ■produce, with nn imintermitted
s'ccession of crops. The labors of the plough
rqiiire only half the number of animals formerly

of London, which was then considered the most
worthy of confidence.

Your obedient servant. Win. Trince

Lin. liot. Gar.lHM, V. V , )
Sept. 1.1. ls:il. j

ithem happy and united, without destroying thati ued, and the fields of grain produce nineteen fold
order which Providence had appointed, und which 1 1 e amount of the seed sown. The system of agri-
the governments of Europe preserved with so ollure has been fully tested, by repeated visilSvpf
niuchjealoiisy. He believed it important to collect (Istinguished men of science, and the coinmisl
in one institiitimi the poor and the rich, each with njiiers of various governments of Switzerland and
their appropriate means of improvement, and thus (ennany, and ils ocoiiomical results fiillv ascer-
to establish proper und friendly relalions between Uined, as exhibiting, in a striking manner, how
them. He considered it of high importance to inch larger an amount of noiirisbment may be
make agriculture the basis of such an institution. 'aawn from a given portion of soil than has been

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

QUERIES.

1. Are there any varieties of Pears, of whi.h the
most of the seeds are not abortive .'

2. What kinds produce good seed in the great-
est abundance ?

3. Will not the present di.sease in St Michael pear
trees ufTect the scions, and the fruit, of oilier sorts
graftediuioSi Michael slocks.' This is an important
question, as thousands are grafting over their St
Michael trees .' New Hampshire.

September 17, 1831.

74

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 21, 1S31.

rHE XEW ENGLAND F.A

CUl.TURE OF HEMP.

Rutting, sprHiuliiit?, di-ying, liiiuling
and securing, 19 days, iiicluJiiig
board 4s.

Mr Fkssendf.n— A very cousider.ilde interest E.\peiise, of breaking and dressing'

eqnal to one tliird of tin; crop
Freifrht to niarl;et, at 75 cents per
100 lbs.

12,67
•44,31
10,63

123,78

9,16

liaving been felt by individuals, in diflerent parts
of New England, on tbe subject of growing Hemp,
I am induced toofferyoii my experience in tbe busi-
ness boping tbat if it sbould not prove useful,
it will, at least, be acceptable to your readers.

Tbe distance at whicb we live from tbe sea
board and from navigable waters, and tbe want of
a ready casb market for tbe produce of our till-
atre lands, led me to consider Hemp as a profita-
ble acquisition, especially upon the intervals bor-
dering upon our rivers.

Tbe last week in May, 1829, I sowed, in drill,
about three acres of poor grass land, broken up
only a few days before, and liarrowed. Tbe
rows were from two to three feet- apart, and tbree
to four quarts of seed sown on an acre. We paid
very little attention to it, during its growth, hoed
a part of it once, to keep down tbe weeds. ^ _ ^

The crop was small, yiebling in all, about 25 1 .^^^j^^
bushels of seed. I think an acre of good land, , Prom this experiment, I am satisfied that our
well prepared and hoed, would have produced as I giij,,nle, and the soil of our interval lands, arc
much as the whole of this, iu tbe manner we con- ^^,j,|| j^j.^ptpj ^q the growth of Hemp. The best
ducted it. At the same time, I sowed a bushel ^j. ^^^ ^^^^ ^^.■^^^^ ^^ cultivation, is necessary, to

I have remaining about one ton of
stem, which would produce, pro-
bably, 3 cwt. of dressed hemp ;
give one third for breaking and
dressing and we have two cwt.
of hemp. At the above price $2 0,90
deduct freight li^S

Leaving $28,38

The small crop raised in 1829, was prepared and
old, with the above, but the amount kept sepa-

mont, resembling the Autumn Superb; Seedlingr,
from garden of J, W. Treadwell, Esq., a pleasant
juicy variety ; Musk, Spice, or Rousselct de Rlieim's ;
Raymond, from seeil by Dr Joseph Wight, of Ray-
mond, Me., very melting, (rather over ripe;) Beurre
Coloma, not high flavored, but ripened under great
disadvantages ; and Autumn Bounty, (native ;)
Naumkeag, (from the garden of J. W. Treadwell,
Esq.) very fine, melting and productive ; Tucker';;
Pear, so called, by Mr Samuel Hyde, Newton, great-
ly resembling tbe Autumn Bounty ; also, a variety,
said to have been raised from seed in Andovcr,
Mass.

By E. M. Richards, a specimen, called by the late
Ebenezer Preble, Ejq. French Red ; in appearance
it resembles the Catillac, but of nuicii higher flavor.
Peaches. — By Mr E. Vose, Morris' Luscious white.
By Mrs S. A. Otis. Boston, very fine Seedling.
By Mr Moses Everett, Boston, a beautiful speci-
men of Clingstone.

By Mr John Clapp, South Reading, a basket of
handsome Seedling Clingstone.

By Mr William W. Whcildon, Charleston. Seed-
ling Clingstone, much resenibling Lemon Clingstone.
Grapes. — By Mr C. Cowing, Roxbury, three clus-
ters, weighing 1 l-'2 lbs. each, of Black Cape, for
premium ; the berries were large and fine— out door
culture, girdled.

By Mr C. Senior, three bunches, weighing neatly
2 lbs. each, of Black Hamburgh, for premium — very
arge and fine ; they were from the garden of Mr

19,22

and four quarts of seed, on half an acre of meadow j^^^^^.^ ^ profitable "crop. It is a waste of time and Haynes, grown under Mr Senior's direction. Also,
land,ingoo,l tilth, sown broad cast. From this I ^^ ^„^^_ ,„ p^^ u upon poor land. U is an e.x- bjj Mr Senior, Cos. Maroc, Purple Muscat^^^^^^
had a fair crop of stem. The seed sown and ,^^^^^;^^ ^^. _ ^^ much so, as fl.ax, or any of our "Hon. i.. ^t KK H.^t^Ub

jdanted, this year, I procured from R"'"'i"S'""i largest "crops. And without some cheap and con-
Vermont, at 4 dollars a bushel, venient machinery for breaking and clearing.
On the 25th of May, 1830, I sowed 12 bushels jjjg^^ji cannot be made an advantageous crop.

and throe
used 1

of seed, broad cast, on about four
quarters of land. One acre, was lane
for pasture, on which, however, a crop of rye bad
Ijeen grown the year before, which had never been
manured, to my knowledge. Tbe crop was small,
some part of it so short that I did not tlnnk it
worth cutting. The rcmainin g 3 J acres was good
meadow land though not rich. It ba.l been planted
with corn and potatoes the year before and tolera-
bly well manured. It was prepared for tbe Hemp
crop by being ploughed once and harrowed, with
out manure. It produced what I considered a
fair crop, varying in its growth according to tbe ^_^
quantity of the land indifferent parts of the fi«ld,i j-
from three to seven feet high, when fully grow.i.
The produce of this year, I estimated at five tons
of stem, when dry. We cut most of it with a
common grain cradle. We pulled the longest part I
of the stem and when bound and dry, cut off the
roots. Afier drying and securing it from the dews
for two or tbree weeks, we comnieiiceil water rot-
ting, bv sinking the bundles in a small artificial
jiond prepated for the purpose, large enough to
contain, with convenience, a ton and a half, at a
time. In September, the weather being warm,
twelve days was sufiicient time for rotting. Late
in the season, I let it remain in the water from
fifteen to eighteen days.

Of this crop I prepared for market in the spring
oflSSl, 1425 lb.s. whichi sold to Mr Edward .Ad-
ams, cordage maker at Charlestown, at 209 dol-
lars a ton, amounting to $132,94
The expense of this I estimate as follows :
12 bushels of seed at 1,50 per bush. 18,00
Use of 4| acres of land, including-

taxes 4,00 19.00

Ploughing and sowing, 1,50 per acre, 7,12

Harvesting — 4 days cradling 1,00 4,00

12 days other labor in pulling, binding

and securing, including board 4s. 12,00

where land can be enriched, or kept in good tilth,
only, by expensive labor in manuring and tillage

tloiticilUurnlllan, )
S.iluidu}', Se|il. 17, ISal. 1

-.'othe Commiuee of Fruit iind Fruit Tfeca.

Gentle.men-. — The grapes I presented to your bcaiH

or, Sulurilay last, for premium, were tbiee out of seven

Natural iiieadows or drained swamps would pro- 1 <lusters, the production of a vine purchnseilof tbe Messrs

bably produce several successive crops of Hemp P'-n^tup in the Spring of 1829, then one year irom the

■''^ .,■,,■,/ 1 citting, and by them called the Black Cape.

without manure. And with the aid of some cheap ) T-i,„%i„e i^ situated in an open exposure, inclosed only
machinery (which rjight be devised) it would an- \ly a rail fence. Respecting the nian.igeinent, 1 do not
swer w-ell as a cashcrop, when grain is plenty and ^now that it has been anythingunusual ; uncovered Fast

cheap. The greatest difficulty which I experien-
ced n preparing my crop f-o as to make it equal ti
Russia Hemp, was, in separating the shive fron
the fibre. In Russia Ilemp, the fibre seems ei-
'tire, yet free from slaves, which in mine, with mu;h
exertion in hand-dressing, a considerable portbn

shive remained.

I ara, Sir, respectfully, your obedient servmt,
JOSEPH SAWYER

Piermont, .V, H. Sepl. 8, 1831.

Horticulture.

day, tied loan open three barred trellis and on the first
appearance of fruit thinned to the seven clusters. (In tha
first of July, girdled the vine (as recommended in Fes-
senden's 'New .'Vnierican Gai-duner') below four of the
clusters, including the three above nientioned, ami I can
perceive no injury done the other liunchos by so doing — a
fact by the way which I intend you sliall decide fur your-
selves.

Your obedient soi-vant.

CORNELIUS COWING.
Roxhury, Sept. 19, 1S31.

The Horticultural Festival is celebrated this day
and a dinner provided by Col. Eaton at Concert
Hall.

FRCITS EXHIBITED.

Apples.— By E. Bartlett, Esq., Ribstone Pippn,
Newton Pippin, Spitzenburgh, Margd, and a vc-y
dark colored variety, name unknown.

By Mr Joy, Boston, specimens of the Golden Pp-
pin and Golden Reinette.

Pears. — By Andre-.v Brimmer. Esq., Boston, a vffy
beautiful cluster of Cassante d'Brest.

By TSIrs Parkman, from her garden in Bowdin
Square, Boston, a specimen of very large Broc's
Bergamot.

By Mr Joy, Boston, beautiful Brown Beurre.

By E. Bartlett, an uncommonly large specimenof
the Bartlett Pear.

By Mr R. Toohey, Waltham, Catillac, fron; a
French tree.

By Mr M. S. Fowlo, Watertown, a sample of vey
good pears, said to be native.

By Mr E. Vose, Capiaumont and Long Green.

By Mr R. Manning, Orange Bergamot, melti^
but not high flavored ; Williams' double boarinf,
' from the garden of Mrs W., a melting pear ; Cle-

ProfdaUe Cows. — The following statement of
the proceeds of two heifers is furnished for pub-
lica'ion by a friend.

Proceeds of two Heifers belonging to iMr Pa»-
ker M. Dole, of this town ; one of two, the other
three years old.

The one of three year.*, calved July 9th, 1830i I
the one of two years old, calved Aug. 1, 1830 — |
the three year old one's calf was taken from her |
the 20th day of Aug. 1830, and the other, Aug.30,;
1830.

From Aug. 20 to Nov. 26, and from Aug. 30
to Nov. 26 (186 days) was made from their milk,
bulter, at one shilling per pound, to the amount of

$24,33

The milk of the two heifers from Nov. 26,
1830, to May 29, 1831, being 257i gallons, was
sold for one shilling per gallon amounted to .$42,-
92, and the two calves were sold for $7, making

.$76,25

Vol. X.— No. 10.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

75

Tlie two heifers calved iij.;iiin, <jne in June and
the other July, 1831, and they were sold for $8
itjaking the total sum realized from the two heif-
ers, 898,91.

During all this time, the family was sup|ilied
with milk, of which no account was made. — jVcio-
huryporl Advertiser.

A valuable Cow — In Wnlth;itn, a cow ei;,'iit
years old owned by Nathan Sandcr.-oi], has yield-
«d the following quantity of milk in one year, viz :
From May HA, 1330, (when she

calved) to Oct. 23, 612 gallons.

From Oct. 23, to Dec. 2, 104j" do.

From Dec. 2. to April 20, 331" do.

From April 20, to May, 2-1, 93J. ilo.

1141 galls.
It being an average nf 3 46-305 gallons per
day. Her quantity of iriilk per day at the pres-
ent time is ten quarts. She is e.xpected to bring
another calf March 4, 1832. Her milk in one
week fuiliished 13 Ihs. of butter. — Boston Patriot.

From the Genesee Far

For a particular purpose, soon after the young
grapes were set, I loosened some of my vines from
the trellis, and let parts of them lie on the ground,
so that many of the bunches had the soil daslied
.over them in heavy rains. JVot one of these
hunches, has any appearance of mildew, while on
the same vines at the height <d' one foot or more
many are damaged by that blight. Several kinds
of grapes are included in these remarks, sucii as
the Sweet water, Miller's Burgundy, Black Orleans,
Red Color, &c.

I stale the factforthe piu'pose of calling tlm at-
tention of horticulturists to the subject, before
the season for extending such observations shall
be past. I have not much to say in regard to
the cause. There are some bunches near the
ground so protected by the leaves as to have been
scarcely soiled at any time, and yet are free from
mildew ; and so are some higher on the vines. It
may be therefore difficult to come to any (lositive
conclusion, although the first idea that jiresents
is, that our calcareous loam is destructive to the
mildew when it conies in contact. We inay next
inquire whether grajies that lie on tlie ground, are
free from mddew in other soils? and wheth-
er the satne result may be expscied in other sea-
sons ? ' 1). T.

JVew England Glass Bottle Company. — This
company went into operation in January, 1S27 —
and the manufacture of glass bottles, of every de-
scription, has since been very successfully pros-
ecuted. There are now maimfacturing one hun-
dred and fifty gross of bottles per week, which far
exceeds the amount made in the same time by
any other factory in Europe or America. A hy-
draulic press, for testing the strength of the bot-
tles, has been obtained, which operates with per-
fect equality on every species of bottle subnnlted
to its operation. A table is given of the compar-
ative strength of English, Bristol, and American,
Boston, porter bottles, by which it is shown that
the latter are altogether superior to the former.
The same results were elicited in regard to the
comparative strength of Fiench claret and cham-
paigne bottles, and those for the same purpose of
American manufacture. Let those concerned,
patronize the American product.

.Vcat Firms, i,-c. — There is no surer index of a
Farmer's qualification as a good husbandman,
than the external ajipearance of his domicil. Tight
barns, strong fences and walls, gates in order, clean
door yard, a house with unbroken windows and
water proof, spacious wood sheds, &c, are certain
iiiilicalions that a snug industrious Yeoman lives
within ;the free use of white wash and paint shows
that lie has some taste, and a clean door yard that
his boys are never idle. Of this dcscrifition we
have many in this town, but we wish there wore
more. We advise those who are indifferent to
these improvements to visit the farm of our towns-
man, Mr Abel B. IIeyvvood, where they will
find all that ive have enumerated alove ; if they do not
then blush for their own slovenly management at
home and resolve to follow his praise worthy ex-
ample, we shall set them down as unworthy of
being ranked as members of the Middlesex Agricul-
tural Society. — Concord Gazette.

At a recent meeting of the Horticultural Soci-
ety a pa])er was read, entitled, ' An account of
the different modes of keeping fruit, which have
been tried at the Society's garden for the season,
1831.' The statement was drawn up at the garden,
and eimmerated eight dilTerent modes ; the three
best, and most practicable of which were, the
covering of the fruit in pure and perfectly dry
sand, dry fern, or in a deal box buried in tlie earth.
By any of these modes it was preserved, free from
shrivelling and any disagreeable flavor — in all it
must be deposited in a cold situation. By the
other five modes, although the fruit was preserved
in a pretty sound state, a musty flavor was found
to be conunuuicated ; this was especially the case
where oat chafT was the medium.

pounds and fifteen ounces — and which, with a
smaller cluster, weighed, more than four and a
half p.jimds. They were rich and luxuriant — and
while they were permitted to remain on our tablo
I'or examination, we were sorely tempted to em-
idale the example of mother Eve. Nevertheless,
unlike her, we refrained. — Con. Mirror.

Railroads. — We should snpi)Ose if anything
would arouse our citizens from their indifTerence
towards public improvements in general and rail
roads in particular, it woidd be such matter of fact
statements as the following from the Albany Daily
Advertiser. The nirmber of jjassengers on the
Mohawk rail road is now about 500 daily; and
when the locomotive runs, it will bo doubled in
as much as there are now stages running at the
intervals of time to accommodate iboso who do not
arrive at the three stated hours, to which by the
use of horses the company is now confined. The
Manchester road realized to its proprietors, fi'iOO -
000 in nine weeks. This one, (half its length) will
go near realizing half this amount in the same tinje.
At the present rate of travel it will be about $34,.
000, and if it increases, it will come up to .$45,000
or nearly so, for the nine weeks ! — Traveller.

.Inother rail road. — We are authorized and re-
quested to state, that at a mcetinnp of stockholders
of the Albany aiul Schenectady turnpike company
on Saturday last, in the city of Albany, it was re-
solved to construct a rail road on or near the site
of the present turnpike, with all possible despatch.
We understand it is intended to make a double
track with a M'Adamized road between, twenty
feet wide. — Ibid.

Rail road stock. — The stock in the Philadelphia,
Germantown, and Norristown Rail Road, has ad-
vanced ten dollars for five paid. A few weeks ago
it was sold for 7,62J-.

CATERPILLARS.

We are sorry to notice the extension of this de-
structive insect far and wide over fruit and forest
trees around us ; its ravag-es have never been
known so sudden and so fruitful as this season
presents. A fiirmer called upon us the other day
and stated that he had just returned from a wood-
lot, many of the trees of which were entirely di-
vested of their foliage ; there is scarcely a fruit
or forest shrub in this town, which does not pre-
sent one or more clusters of their offensive and
injurious nests. But two or three weeks have
elapsed since we first noticed their appearance,
and now the eye can scarcely rest upon any foU
iage which has not its accompaniment, — a Cat
erpillar's nest.

Now, it appears to us, that unless a speedy and
efficacious remedy is applied for their destruction,
that a most grievous evil will be entailed ; it is
supposed the continued moist atmosphere has been
instrumental in producing them, and before they
have opportunity of depositing their eggs, they
ought to be thoroughly destroyed, otherwise, the
next season will bring out its renewed host : the
best remedies which have been suggested may be
familiar to every farmer's ear, but yet they may
forget its practice; a swab made of coarse ra^s
on the end of a long pole, well saturated with
soap-suds or the cheapest oil, will wholly destroy
them — we devoutly wish it might. — JYcrlhampton

Grapes. — We were shown, yesterday, a cluster
of large White Grapes, raised in the garden of
Mr James B. Sudltas, which weighed two ' ation the present year.

The Boston Patriot says — Dr King, of North
Carolina, a philosopher of considerable repute, who
has lectured in this city for some time past, main-
tains a new theory respecting lightning rods, that
they should not be smooth, but rough and ja""ed
that each small point may detach its portion of
electric fluid. It is said that the rod upon the
State House is altered in this manner.

[We would here recommend Robinson's improv-
ed insulating Glass blocks^- for securing the rods
to buildings, which we consider the greatest im-
provement, in fixing uplightJiing rods that has ta-
ken place. They can be had at the Agrfcultural
Warehouse, Boston.]

PEACH grubs!

This is the proper season to examine the roots
of peach trees for the purpose of destroying the
young grubs, as the eggs which were deposited by
the fly, are all hatched out at this time, and a lit-
tle attention will destroy them. As they have not
buried themselves deep at this season, boiling
water poured into the crown, after removin" the
dirt will destroy most of them ; the remainder af-

ter a few days should be dug out with tin

pouit

of a knife. Their hiding places may be easily
discovered by the gum which exudes being filled
with red dust, like saw dust. A little attention
spring and fall will secure your trees against this
enemy to peach trees. — Genesee Fanner.

A steam cotton factory of 4300 spindles is erect-
ing at Providence, and a similar one at Newport ;
both of which it is expected, will commence oper-

NEW ENGLAND FAIIMEK,

Sept. 21, 1831/

Eolivered befor

AN ADDRESS

the Hirtford i;ounty Agriculfiital Society, at liicir
Aniiuul Meeting, Ucluber ad, IS:lO.

liv (HiRLES KOIIINSOK, Eiq.

On occiisioiis like the presttnt tin; mnlienoe are
a''ieii niliTtiiiiieil with a liistory nf agriculture.
Tiie wrilcr trafes tlm art tlir(>u<;li its ra|Piil advan-
ces and iis occasional declinf, and end.s with a
(.lowing picture of its present state ainongjit u.<.
He ollen descrihes tlie farmer as free from the
c-Jires and anxiflies which assail all other niojtals.
lie puin-irays him as po.-sesseil of manly iinlepen-
denc.i', as nir.sier of his own time and movt'inents,
aci'ni)i(!d it is true in the direciion and tJiiperin-
(cndeiice ol' his liiisiness, hut still with thoiiirhts
Jjilnnt iipoii ilie beanties of natnre, as viewing
wilh dilighl the verdnie with which nalme has
BO lavislily iiivesletl the surface of the earth, as
tnnsnig with grateful emotions upon the o|ieniiig
flowers, upon all the works of ii kinil providence,
airJ as dwi.'lliiig under his own vine and lig tree,
with none to molest or make him afraid.

What is the use or where is tin- policy of in-
vesting this subject witli the mantle of .sentiment?
of ilec-Uing it in colors foreign to its nature which
throw a false and deciitfcd chain around it, e.vert-
in" an inllucnce most unwholesome and improper.
In answer to a traveller on n ilevious and difii-
dllt road would you tell him that onward all was
|>l.iiu and pleasant, that there were no iloidjlful
lurnin"-s, or 'rather would you not descrilie to him
wilh precision the difficnhies and dangers he w.ns
ahonl to encmnter, would not he hi; tmn-e on his
guard .-md lictier [trepared to overcome those tlan-
gers and dillii-ullies if they were fcdiy aitil freely
lioiiited out to hiin. If you s.iy to iIk; farmer
llnit his path onward is fair and beautiful, what
motive! do you place before him for exertion ? But
if (Ml the other hand y(Mi tell him in the language
of trnlh that, the coirrse he is pm-suing is one of
labor and troul>le, will not he put fiirtli the ener-
pes of his nature and rise superior to the ten
tbonsaiid cares which beset him on every hand.

The path which the farmer treads is a devious
path. His is an occupation which ran Ite learn-
ed only by practice and experience. General rules
aud mawins are of little use. They are liable to
sn many escnptions, so many different circumstan-
ces eoncm- to alter ahd change the premises that
no ciuiclusioii can ordinarily be drawn which upon
g;>pliciitiipn will not prove erronemis.

Modi of the treatises on this snhjeet are written
upon the presumption of more information thmi
r>rmers in general possess and hence are of no
T.»lue except to a few. iMany of ihem'arethe pro-
diictituts Of speculative enthusiasts who tui.stake
tlie workings' of tlieir own distempered imagipia-
Coii for the conclusions of scientific research and
llie results of experience.

In acrriculmre no two cases occur which in all
respects are exr.ctly alike. The external appear-
ance of laiul affords no sure indication of its true
jfuality and value. This can be fairly tested only
fcy experience, and the »pi>lication of various crops
ifi successive years, and iti general there are so
many kinds of soil in tlie same inclosure, whii-h
Com their situation must of necessity be subjected
tit the same mode of treatment, that it is difficult
Co adopt any one course whiih will be equally
beneficitd.

The life of the farmer is frequently spoken of
a devoid of care. But is it forgotten that his la.
Lar is performed under a capricious sky, that his

crops depend upon an auspicious seed time and a
proper state of the soil, neitlier to be obtained
without much labor, care and atlculion. that his
stock are subject to disease and death, that his
premises are liable to be entered and his crops
destroyed, that a profusion of rain or drought are
alike "desiructive, that bUsiing and niihiew prey
upon his hopes, that the whirlwind anil llie hail
in one short hour may cut o.T.aiid desiroy his pros-
pects for the season, lh.it the len tlinnsaiid vicissi-
tudes uiiielt and unnoticed by the professional man,
the merchant aiul the mechanic are ii death blow
to his labor and his hopes, and that no mortal is
exempt from sickness and sorrow. The life of a
farmer is a life ■ f toil, of care and anxiety.

The great art of eoiiduciing a firm wiih advan-
taL'e, wii='. ease and pleasure is the adoption of a
regular plan of operation and a thorouiih and sys-
tematic execution of that plan. However excel-
lent a system may be, it is of little value, uidess
the filling up be in aeconlaiice wiih the general
j principles. Our happiness depem s upon small
things. The destiny of nations often Inrns upon
a trifle. Our whole life is a coiiibimition of trifles.
If therefore each point trilliug as it may appear
receives line attention the whtde subject is proper-
ly weighed and considered. But if trifles are ueg-.
lecteij and overlooked the whole system falls tu
the ground.

Fuiii'erly, tlnrinj our agricultural prosperity,
great iniluceiuents were held out to fanners iu
consequence of the high piiceof agricultural pro-
flucis, great improvements were made in the
mode of cultivation, am! great profits were real-
ized. Indeed much of thodi>tress and depression
which still prevails in many regions of our coun-
try arises from the fact that while pro-luce was
high and profits from ftirming great, much land wu?
purchased by our fanners at enhanced prices and
on a credit, iu the full cmifideiice that the exertion
of a short period would obtain for them the ne.
cessary funds. But the time had gone by, the sub-
sequent depression in the prices of pnxluce cut
off the extra profits, while the habits of [>ro(iise
expenditure acquired under prosperous circum-
stances still remained, and led to disbursements'
which the condition of business littlp enabled them
to sustain.

Whatever improvements are now made must be
irradnal. The great body of our fiu-mers through-
out the country think, that if they do riot retro-
grade they do all that cm be expected of them,
and all that they are able 10 perforin. Hence it is,
that they are so Utile willing to make experiments
The constant dread of falling short, j.revents atten-
tion to the (irogressof the science of agriculture,
and all desire to participate in the improvements
which take place around ihem.

Experiments should always be inade upon a
small scale. Their success depends oftentimes,
upon circumstances t^rifliiig in themselves, which
,in be learned only by practice am! experience,
iiid hence it happens that experiment-^ which in pe-
culiar cases and under favorable circumstances
are eminently successful, with ordinary care hiuI
attention leail only to disappointment and vexation.
There is a rage among speculative men through-
out our country for expfriuients and innovation
and many a crude and undigested suggestion is
made in our periodicals which if tested by the
ardent and unsuspecting might by their utter fail-
tire lead to a distrust of all real improvement and
a disgust at all experiments.

The general system or outline in every country
is undoubtedly that which experience has proved
to be the best adapted to the soil and climate and
it is only by modifications of this general system,
by iniprovenieiiis in the several items that any
amelioration can be effected.

Taking therefore our system as it exists among
us, ii may be useful to examine some of the points
ill which iniprovenienis may be made, — and here
pirmil me to remark that in a discourse of this
kind it is impossible even to glance at n'aiiy points
all important to the interest of the farmer and
also many which affect liini in common with the
other classes of the eommuiiity.

In regard to slock, it is of the utmost impor-
tance that the best breeds be (duained. The ex-
pense of rearing a valuable animal is no greater
than that of raising a worthless one, while the
profit is increased by some hundred [ler cent. Ill
the feeding of stock we are not sufficienily liberal.
A little extra care and full feed de\el'ipe qualiiies
iu an animal which in oriliiiary circimistances
would not appear.

The fanner who has a liberal supply of roots for
his Slock at ihi! coinmencenient of liill feeding is
iliuch more advantageously siluated, all things else
the same, than he who depends entirely upon dry
feed, lie commences feeding earlier iu the fall,
befiire his cattle, picking a scanty subsistence of
frost biiien herbage are shivering in the piercing
winds of November, and is enabled to retain them
in bis yards longer in the spring. He thus com-
mences the season wiih great advamage, his stuck
in high i-ondiiion, liis pasiurcs fresh and abuiulant.
For the support of stock llie coiiimon field turnip
de-erves n high rank, as it is easily raised and yields
ubundanlly. It may not be inijudper here to sug-
gest a mode of culture not perhaps new, but one
which has hiiherto in repealed vrials been emin-
ently successful. Near the middle of July plough
with n deep furrow, laud under a strong turf, roll
and apply a light top dressing. Harrow tlioicuigli-
ly with a wooden harrow, sow the seed in pi uster
of Paris between the 25ili July and the Cih of
Augu.si, cover with a light brush. Under this
course very great crops of the best i]ualiiy have
unilbrmly been obtained. The land is also left in
excellent condition for a drilled crop the succeed-
ing season.

To hf roncludptl next wpplr.

Rail road meding. — A very numerous and highr
ly respectable meeting was held on Monday last, at
the house of Mr S|ir«ker, in the town nf Palatine,
tiir the purpose of concerting measures to procure
the passage of a law authorizing the cmistriiclion
of a rail road from Schenectady to Utica, on the
north side of the Mohawk river. The meeting
was composed of citizens from the counties of
Albany, Schenectady, Montgomery, Herkimer, and
Oneida, and was organized by the appointment of
I Gen. Weaver, chairman, and Stephen Vales, secre-
tary ; after which a number of resolutions were
passed and ordered to he published ; general and
corresponding committees were appointed, &c. —
Schenectady Cabinet.

The Raihcnif. — Since the opening of the branch
of the Liverpool and Manchester Railway frimi Bol-
ton, there have been conveyed 1545 passengers.
The average receipts for fares and carriage of mer-
chandise, is at the rate of£10,000 per annum, and
the effect has been to drive every stage coach from
off the road between Bolton and Liverpool.

Vol. X No. 10

AND HOliTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

77

8il8i ansi ^b!!»; Womsis.

SILK MAN n K A C T U II E .

Ml. IV.

Cottons and Wdollt'ii^; rii:iy jnslly be consul ered,
in !i ffi'eat msasun', as iirticliis of neccesity, and
lieiicttit is not lo he wonilrieil iit, tliiit tntmy should
be of o|i'tniun tliiit tlie United Stiiles slionld not
be de|)eiiilent fur tliein on lln'ir coninitTre with
foreign nutioiis, liiilde to he intcrrnpteil liy wars,
and liy viiiions oilier circnnisiaMces. But silk can
never be consiilcTi-d in that |ioiiit of view ; it is an
article of mere Inxnry, wliieli g^overnnients have
eoniKtinies found it |irn(lt-nl to |iroliiiiit alloj;etlicr.

It is certain thai the American ladies would he
as liundsonie and as lovely in their innslius and
chintzes as they were some years a>!;o, or as when
chid ill the lutestring's, lloreiitiiies, and Gros de Na-
ples of Iliily and p^rjiicre. 'I'lie in>'ii use hnl li'.llo
silk in their vestmeols, and for articles of furni-
ture, silk tni;.'ht lie eiisily sn|ierseded by otherstufFs
rot less elegant. It is therefore greatly to he la-
iiienied, that America should anmiMlly incur an
eiiormons deht for .-in article of merchandize, that
liii^lit he so easily dis|)enscd with. Uiit as that
cannot be avoided, there is no other remedy than
to find thi- means of discharging it. It is always
alarming when there is a great e.xeess of importa-
tions from liu'eign countries over eX|iortatioiis ; an
e.\CHSs which must lie ii.'iid for, either in articles
of value, or bankru|itcies. The hitter mode of
|iaynient never takes plai-c till the former is ex-
haus ed ; and it cannot he denied tlie.t it is as ruin-
ous to nntions as to indivi-lunls. It destroys credit,
vvliicli of all articles ol' eoinmerce is the most val-
tialde.

If a ricli tmd growing article of exportation may
lie |i(iiiiicd out as an annual set-off to the excess
of im|;ortatioiis, a real service will he rendel•el^ to
the United States. Tliis article is at hand, and
is American silk.

It appears by the report made to Connress hy
their Committee on Ai;ricultnre, on the 22d M.iy,
1826, that ill 1821 the iiiiporiations of manufac-
tured silks into the IJniieil Slates timoiiuted to $4,-
488,924 ; of which Sl,0.i7,233 were exported ;
and by a gradual ini:re»se in the course of four
years, the importiilion auiounied to $10,271,527 ;
of wliichonly .■t;2,5r>5,742 were exported, leaving
a balance of"S7,70.5,78.5 to be paid for. It has
gradually increased, and the consumption of the
present year may be fairly estimated at 10,000,000.

Fortunately for iho United Slates the nations
that supply us with mauulactured silks are as inmli
in want of the raw article, a-i their c'jstomers are
of their fabrics. Frain-e imports annually, to the
amount of thirty uiillimi of francs, of raw silks ;
which Great Britain puri:hases annually to the
amount of one million eight hundred thousand
pounds sterling. These two sums exceed fourteen
million of American dollars.

Here then are two rich and increasing markets
offered lo the indnsiry of the Americ-an people
for the sale of their raw silk. They must ex-
pect lo meet competition with other nations; but
the superiority of the Americau silk will insure
them a preference.

The Bengal silk, which England imports to the
•mount of one half of her whole stock, is defec-
tive in its preparation. But for that objf-ct, it is
probable England would supply herself entirely

niiuioiis ; of course her BciilmI silk <-an only he
employed in the coarser inamifictures, while those
of Italy are used for the finer and more delicate
stuffs.

I conclude from these premises, that the United
States have a fair prospect of enriching themselves
by ihe sale of raw silk, if they will raise it ii
sufficient quantities, and prepare il lu the niamiri
required by the European mannfaclurers. V.

From the Voniioiil Chronicle.

THE SILK WORM.

This useful little animal, the author of so inncji

(iiry and magnificence, is one of the most inter-
esting objects in nature. In its disposition il is per-
fectly gentle and inoffensive, afTniling boh in-
struction and reproof, lo all who may behold them,
nd withal rii-hly compensating the owner for all
the care bestowed upon them.

The egg which produces the worm is smaller
than a common sized pin-head, of a bright yellow,
which in process of time becomes oP a br.iwnlsh
cast. After the niulherry leaf has attained to a
soffii-ieut size, the eggs are placed in a room, whore
ifthe temperature ranges between seventy andeinh-
ly, they will hatch in three or four days. — When
they first make their appearance, they are diminutive
in size as scarcely to be perceptible, of a blackish
hue, varying in complexion as they increase in age.

The process of castini: off their skins, which it i^
said they do four times, is slow, and to aii[iearance
souT^what painful. The time of this change ta-
king place may be known hy their refusing to eat,
rearing their heads, and remaining .stationary near-
ly four lioni-s. They then fasten the extremity <i(
llieir covering to the table and commence their
onward march, the skin separaling from about the
neck, jiffording them egress without difficulty.

Each time ihey appear in a new dress their ap-
petites are sensibly increased, until they attain
onto a perfect worm, which will take place at the
end of five or six weeks, when they become al-
intist transparent — of a liuflit cream color, hand-
somely variegated wiji dark spots. Nearly the
whole length upon the back, may be seen at this
period, what is thought by some to be a large
blood vessel, expanding and contracting at inter-
vals. When the lime for winding arrives, they
raise their heads and look around for a suitable
place to suspend their cocoons, (which, however, is
generally made for them by jilacing n-'ar them oak
branches or a suitable frame) upon whi<di lliey
commence their task, by fastening on all sides with-
in their reach, a coarse web of silk, to contain
ocoon, which in size and proportion resem-
bles a pigeon's egir, in which they inclose them-
elves, leaving sufii ieiit space for the free moiion
of the body in arranging the silk in regular layers
of an uniform thickness, which can be seen by cut-
ting the cocoons in pieces. The length of time
o(-cnpied in its forinaiion is four or five days of
unceasing tod ; and from the beginning of its labors
until the close of life, a period of lour or five weeks
it abstains icholly from food of any kind. At the ex-
piration of fifteen or twenty days, the worm has
been converted into a chrysalis, and from the latter
to a beautiful white miller. In that stale it is very
active, although unable to mount into the air. It
moves about upon its feet in small circles, its wings
in rapid motion, and after few inore days of eii-
joyiiient in its new state of existence, it deposits

The Prospects of the Season. — We have convers-
ed with a geiitlemini who has recently made a tour
of sevenil hundred miles in this State, and into
Vermont, lie represents the prospect of crops as
very proitiising. Hay has been as abundant ihrough
ihe inti'rior of the S:ate as It has been in Kockinj,*-
liani county. Corn never looiied more promising
than at the present time : it is about a fortnight
'•arlier than common. Rye has been somewhat
blighted, and the crop is small. In our vicinity,
apples are very scarce — hut fiirty miles to the norili
of Its they are abiiiidaiit. Potatoes are gemrally
not so iibniidant as last year. The season has
been such as will not fail to exiute in the fiiinier,
feelings of gratitude lo Ilim who gives the early
and Ihe latter rain. — Portsmouth Journrd.

In Plymoulh county a di.sea.se ctilled the ' blind
sliif;gers,' is prevailing to a considerable extent
among the horse.", and large nnnibers have died
within & short period. In the town ofMiddlebnro
ihe number that have died is estimated from 70
to 100.

Six large Watermelmis were gathered from one
vine, on Mrs Dudley's farm, Roxbury — the ag-
^'logale weight of the six was one hundred and
eiglityseven pounds.

A Pennsylvania paper contains a number of se-
vere strictures upon the wanton praciice of shoo»-
iiig small birds, not usually eaten, such as swal-
lows, lomliis, pewees, &c. These birds are useful
in destroying insects, and should not be wantonly
killed.

its eggs, to the number of four or five hundred, and
from that quarter, as Bengal is a part of her do- closes its eventful life.

Amongst the many adv.iiitages which the coin-
iiiunity have derived from the perscwcring and
well directed industry of the late Mr Paiineniier,
perhaps the most prominent is the introduction by
liim in this country of the Morus multicnutis, or
true Chinese Mulberry Tree ; it is the tree from
Ihe leaves of which the Chinese feed Ihe silku'cuiii,
and which is preferred in France, to any otherj/ot
iliat purpose. His widow, atthe Horticultural Gar-
den near Prooklyii,has succeeded in propagating a
huge niimbiT of tlieni, many of the leaves mi-asiire
13 inches in breadih, which saves much labor in
plucking them ; and, besides, the worms fttil with
them are foninl to make silk of a stronger and more
even texture than those fed on ordinary Mulberry
leaf. — J\/'. Y. Inquirer.

Lowell Rnilway. — lis proposed course may now
be traced by the slakes which have been set, from
the borders of Charlestown and Medfm-d to its tei-
minatlon at the basin oflhe canal in Lowell ; frora
thence it is understood there are to be branches
alcmg the several canals to the Factories. The
work it is stated will be commenced this Iall..i^-
Lotvetl Joiirnnl.

Harvard College. — The Corporation and ovc».
seers have appointed Thadueus Wii,lia,m Habkie,
M. D. of Milton to be Librarian of Harvard Collejre
in place oflhe lamented Hon. Benj. Pierce, and
he has accepted the appoiiitmeiit. Mr Harris' fatlw
cr received the appointment to the same office forty
years ago.

Rabbits. — It l)as been said that rabbits nwy lie
fed through the summer, with weeds from the
garden, and one would judge from the ajipenrauce
of many of the gardens in this village, that the
owners were making calculations for raising these
animals. — Gen. Far.

•7S

NEW ENlU.AIND FARMEil,

S.'Dt. 21, 1831.

Ni:\V BEANS,

Atrioiig tlje new vegetnbles now under cultiva-
tion in tliH ganleii of the editor of the Aiiienciin
Fanner, tlieie are two vaiieties of liunns well
worthy of beini; introduced inco every kitchen gar-
den.— One variety, whicli we at present call the
Ycllott ^'ispai-agus i?ea?i, has a large ilcshy pod
from 6 to 9 inches in length, very tender and rich.
It is a pole bean, excellent hearer and nearly as early
BStlie comn)on Imt^h bean. The other is the Lon-
don Horticnhnral Bean — resemhlingvery closely in
flavor the pole cranberry bean, bnt a nincli better
bearer in this climate, and as early as the yellott
bean. These two varieties are decidcly superior
to any we have heretofore cultivated, both for
productiveness and quality. They are both much
the best when the pods and beans are full grown,
especially the Yellott, which we prefer when the
pods begin tu assume a yellow tinge.

There is an objection generally nrgej against
pole beans, on account of the trouble of providing
jioles ; but when it is considered that a ilozen hills
of pole beans will produce more than fi^r dozen
hills of dwarf or bush beans, and that one set ot
poles will last several year.s if taken care of, we
think this objection will be found to be groundless.
Pole beans are decidedly (ireferable to bush beans
when there is a scarcity of ground. — American
Farmer.

HORSES SL0I5BKRING.

At this season of the year, when the wenllu-r is
warm and the earth moist, horses feeding in pasture
are ofien salivated to that extent that it renders it
very disagreeable hf^ing near them, and inateail of
gaining flesh they lose it very fast. — The cause of
this salivation lias been ascribed to their eating a
I)lant which grows in uioist ground, called lobelia.
We conclude this is not tlie cause of this cumplaint,
as we do not know of any animals bnt 7uar/;s who
are fond of it. If this wa.s the true cans.; of it, why
do not horses slobber in dry cool weather, wh(U) the
glasses are not growing as rapidly, or even in damp
weather, whcu feeiling in pastures newly stockeil
down with timothy grass. If a horse, which is
troubled with this complaint, is turned into su'-l
pasturage, the complaint is >ooii stopped. Th
salivation is undoubli^dly t)rnducedby eating whit
clover whcu it is very full of juice ; and changing
the food is the projier preventive. A baiting ol
hay or oais in couunon cases will answer, or in ex
trenie ones change the pasture as uientioucd before
and it will soon cease.

[It is said that a baiting of /jars/e;/ is a certain
remedy, and that if this plant is cultivated along the
fences the aiunuds will of themselves take a sufii-
cieut quantity to act as a preventive — all •irazing
animals being very fond of it. — Ed. Amtr. Far.

It is Seldom that toast and water is propeilv
made, and we therefore think it proper to fiunisii
our readers with the following recipe :

Take a slice of fine and stale loaf of bread, cut
very thin, (as thin as toast is ever cut) and let it be
carefully toasted on both sides, until it be completeb/
hroivned all over, but nowise blackened or burned
in any way ; put this into a common deep stone or
china jug, and pour over it, from the tea-kettle, as
much clear boiling water as you wish to make into
Iriuk. Much depends on the water being actually
n a boiling state. Cover the pitcher with a sau-
■er or plate, and let the drink become cpdte cold.
It is then fit to he used ; the fresher made tlie bet-
ter, and of course, the more agreeable.

In dyspepsy and a disordered state of the bowels,
toast and water ought to be the habitual <irink.

TOAST AND WATER.
Ai\ infusion of toasted bread in water is one of
the most salutary drinks that can be tid^eu by the
sick and valetudinary. Dr Ilancojk gives his ex-
perience in its favor as follows: He cut a largo
thin slice of bread, toasted it carefully and thorough-
ly, without lim-uing ; put it, hot from the fire, iii a
pint of cold water; allowed it to stand a while, and
then set it on the fire till it was as hot as tea is
Hsualy drunk. He found that five or six cups of
this water, with or without sugar, were more re-
freshing, and sooner took off any fatigue or uneasi-
ness, tb;iu any strong wine, strong ale, sinajl be«r,
warmed cotTco or tea, (for be had tried them all,
or any othci- liquor that he knew of.

PICKLES.
This is the season of the year for [uckliug ; we
wo'ild recommend the following as the most ap-
proved method of preserving cucumbers for this
use. After gatheriiig your cucumbers, place them
in a suitable vessel, and pour over them a strong
brine in sufficient quantity to cover them. Let them
remain in this until wanted, when they shouhl be
put into w-ater and allowed to remain twentyfour
liours. Pour ofl" this water and cover them with
water boiling hot, ujid allow them to stand a couide
of hour.s, after which, the same process should
be repeated, and if tlie color slioukl nit lie as
green as wished, repeat it a second time, when
they will be foimd hard and green. Let them be
put in vinegar with pepper according to taste. —
W'hi.'n cucumbers are prepared as above, they
will keep through the season. Rome practise let-
ting cucmnbers into spirits and jwater to muli;rgo
the acetous fennciualions ; tliese never make
pleasant pickles. Cucundu;rsmay be kept in stioug
i)riue for any length of time, and by so doing, a
small quantity can be freshened at a time, and the
quaiuitv of vinegar rcqiiireil will be less than
whcu a barrel is prejiaiud at onci-. — Gciiesi:e
Farmer.

Fri.ni U.(> New York Farmer.

rilE OPINION OF JUDGE PETERS ON
CHEAT OR CHESS.

The late Judge Peters, President of //le Phil-
adelphia Society for promoting Agriculture, one of
the most enligliteneil farmers of the age, gave his
opinion of ciieat (chess) as follows:

' 1 do not beliiivc in the trausnmtation of grain
from one kind to another, more than I credit the
transmutation of metals ; crossings and hybridous
mixtures are to be accounted for, but </ici/ proceed
I'rom intercourse of perfect plants. Cheat often
succeeds, or rather takes the |)lace of, destroyed
or abortive wheat. Why ? I do not pretend to
assign the cause.'

[The cause is readily assigned. The fields of
the careless farmers, are well seeded with this
grass, waiting for an opportunity to spring up ; and
no spot suits it better than a rich or moist vacancy
in a wheat field.]

' I have known cheat sown, produce cheat ; but
never changed its kiud on frequent repetitions.
Plants degenerate by bad, and meliorate by good
culture ; but do .not change their kind. Wheat
is originally a mean grameu ; yet it is wheat and
not cheat. I have never seen any scientific or bo-
tanical description of cheat, so as to induce me to
i believe it a degenerated wheat, or any variety of

the Triticum. Botanists nuisi determine this ques-
tion.' [Memoirs of the Piiilailelphia Society, &c,
vol. 4 p. 316.]

Botanists,- — the oin'i/ persons kv'io hare cxamvied
tliis subject with stijieien care to le qualified to give
an opinion, — have long since dcti-rmined thai wheat
and chess are of different genera ; and that the
notion of a transmutation of* the fornur to the I
Vm^hx, is a vulgar error, fraught with pernicious .
consequences to the farmer. D. T. |

ON FEEDING HOGS.
Our good farmers find the month of September
to be a very important one in regard to feeding
their hogs. Those who wish to be economical in
feeding, should begin eaily. Every farmer who
is fattening hogs should have a cauldron set in on
ar.ch near his pen in which he can boil pumpkin.":,
potatoes, meal, &c. as it will be found much cheap-
er in this section of country to feed with boiled
food than to give it to tlicm raw. From the low
price which potatoes and pumpkins are sold at in
our market towns, aiui their great weight and small
value they will not bear long transport, therefore
it is better to feed them to the hogs and save
the corn which would be required were they
faitoncd im it, as that is not so perishable an
article. When ])otatoes are boiled and mashed I
they make e.vcellent feed for bogs ; if a projior-
tion of pumpkins are mixed witli them they are
still belter, and if to both a small quantity of corn
meal be added, we do not know of any feed with
which hogs can he fattened to more advantage.
We know that it is said that pork which is ferl with
boiled food is not as hard, and of course the pur-
chaser will endeavor to take ailvantage of the cir-
cumstance; but let hogs be fed in this manner (or
the first three fourths of the time they arc fatten-
ing ; the remainder with meal or soft corn : and
we assure our farmers that llicy will find a ready
urarket for their pork, and at first prictis. It is
well to apprise nur reailers that pmk fiittened with
still slops is a diflorcnt article ; soft, and charged
with the acetic acid or vinegar from the slojis on
whicli they are fed, and from which circumstance
it is almost impossible to ])revcnt the pork from
turning sour, and spoiling after it is packed in the
barrels, uidcss there is an alkali added to the brine
to neutralize the acidity contained in it. From
this acidity, pork fed on boiled food as above, is
entirely free, and therefi)re is as easily kejjt as if
fed with corn ; and if not quite so hanl it cannot
operate to lessen the value of it, as the hams will
be increaseil in value as much as the side or
mess can be deteriorated. A portion of time .spent
in gathering up those things which of themselves
are not so marketable, and converting them into
food for hogs at this season, will save much, that
is, more directly so, and will jirove equally as pro-
fitable as that spent in raising such crops, as the
old adage is, ' a penny saved is as good as n pen-
ny earned.' — Genesee Farmer.

Albany Horticultural Societv. — At an elec-
tion held on the 6th inst, the following gentle-
men were unanimously elected officers for the en-
suing year, viz :

E. C. Delavan, President.

Isaac Denniston, \

Stephen Van Rersselaer, Jr. v V. Pres.

John T. Norton, )

John Meads, Treasurer.

James G. Tracf, Corresponding Secretary-

B. P. Staats, Recording Secretary.

v,.i. x:,_\ ,.10,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

79

CATTLE SHOW.

Tlie team of Working Catllo which has been v.'itiiess-
ei] on former occasions has formed a very intcrestinj; part
of the exiiihition by the Worcester County Agricultural
Society. The Trustees of tlie Society are p irticularly
desirous of seeing at the approacliing F nner's Festival,
a favorable exhibition of the working stock of the County ;
for this purpose they have authorized the Coinmitlee ol
Arrangements to offer for a team of good Working Cattle
to consist of not less than 60 yoI<es, and all of them owned
in tlie same town, a gratuity i.f $25 to defiay the ex-
penses of those who may drive them, The Committee
would appeal to the public spirit of their agriculfural
brethren in towns which can, without ;^reat inconveni-
ence, furnish such a team, for their exertions to secure an
object so much desired. The gratuity will be paid to
those who may first give notice of their intentions to ex-
hibit such a team, to the Corresponding Secretary of the
Society, provided, that the Committee on Working Cat-
tle shall approve of such team.

The Committee of Arrangements would congratulate
t!ie Members of the Society on the prospect of a highly
interestinir exhibition ; they have received assurances
from different sections of the County, that the Show for
numbers of animals and articles to be exhibited, and for
variety and excellence, will exceed that of any former
year.

Those who intend to compete in the Ploughing Match
ore reminded that the notice nf such intention must be
filed with the Corresponding Secretary on or before the
ath day of October next, and that in all cases a strict
compliance with the rules as published in the Society's
bill of premiums will be required. The Trustees of the
Society have directed a committee to make sale of the
imported BuH Admiral, the property of the Society; if
not sold at private sale previous to the 2nth October next,
he will then be sold at Public .\uction. He may be seen
at the farm of the subscriber— many of his descendants
may be seen on the farm of Governor Lincoln. Inqui-
ries as regards the terms of sale, may be made of Gen. Na-
than Heard or Benjamin Butman, Esq.

JOHN W. LINCOLN,
Chairman of the Committee of Arrangements.

Linnaan Botanic GanUn and .Yiirscrks, — Flash-\
ing, nenr JVew York.

WILLIAM PRINCE !f SONS, Proprietors, announce
that the great extensions maile in their establishment,
which now covers near 50 acres, campactli/ and regii-
Inrh/ filled with Trees, Shrubs ami Planls of the choic-
est khids, enables them to offer the various sorts at the
rediu-ei prices stated in their A'ew Catalogues, which
wii; be sent to any person who may apply for them. —
The quality and excellence of the trees are superior to all
former periods, and the most scrupulous attention has
been devoted to their accuracy, which is invariably an
object of their personal atteniinn. To Nurseiies they
will allow a liberal discount and a convenient credit. —
All I tiers desiring information will be replied to by the
first mail.

As many persons are agents for different Nurseries, it
IS requested' that orders intended for us be particularly
specified. Every Invoice sent has a printed heading
and our signature, and such proof ol origin must be in-
sisted on, as we take upon ourselves no responsibility un-
less such an invoice can he produced. Wo are thus par-
ticular for conclusive reasons, knowing we have been
injured by impositions.

In the next paper some particular articles will be enu-
merated, highly inlerestins to the public, of which they
have cultivated a large supply to meet the great demand.
OrdiTs can be sent direct to the proprietors, or to J. B.
RUSSELL, Agriculturist, Boston.

N. R. In the Pomological .Manual, just published,
above 220 varieties of Pears, 100 of Plums, and 100 of
Poaches, are fully described, besides other fruits, that
those not conversant with the subject can make their se-
lections from a knowledge of the qualities. Sept. 21,

Wants a Situation,
A Gardener — a steady, active man, who is perfectly
a-quainted with every department of the liusiness, and
will be highly recommended by some of the mr-st re-
speclable lauiilies in the vicinity of Boston, having no
family but a wife ; he will engage as a single man or
otherwise. Any commands directed to F. L. care of
James Ryan, No. 6, Batiery-march street, Boston, will bs
,,espectfiilly attended to. Sept. 21.

Bulbous Flower Roots.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No, 52 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few Double Crimson PtBony Roots— 50 cents each.
Large white Lily Roots, extra size, 124 <;<="'* each— $1,00
per dozen. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Iri s, f,-c.

Sept. 14,

Xcw England Farmer's Almanac for 1832.

Just publisiied by J. B. Russell, at the office of the
New England Farmer, 52, North Market Street, and
Carter, Hendee St. Babcock, Washington Street, the
.New Eiiglan I Farmer's Almanac, for 1S32, by T. G.
F^;ssE^fDEN, Editor of the New England Fanner— the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Pai.\e, Esq.

Sept. 7.

ESSEX .-vgricultur.al society.

The Annual Exhibition will be at Andover, South Par-
ish, on Thursday, September 29th.

All claims for Premiums must be entered with the
.Secretary, on or before 9 o'clock, A. M., of the day of
Exhibition.

.\11 parsons intending to claim any of the premiums
offered, (excepting those for animals exhibited, or domes-
tic manufactures) are requested to give notice to the
Secretary, in writing, previous to the day of Exhibition.
All persons intending to be competitors in the Plough-
ing Match, must give information thereof, on or before
the Monday next precedingthe day of Exhibiiion;^and
must have their teams ready on the Ploughing Field, on
H. Clark's farm, at 9 o'clock, A. M.

The trustees will meet at a Hall near the South Meet-
ing House, at half p.ist 8 o'clock, A. M. to fill vacancies
in Committees.

The several committees will he expected to meet, and
be ready for the performance of their respective duties,
at 9 o'clock .\. M.

The exhibiiion of Manufactures will be at a Hall near
S. M. House, where all articles must be entered and de-
posited before 9 o'clock .\. M.

The exhibition nf Butter, Cheese, and Vegetables^ will
be in a room provided for the purpose in the same build-
ing. > •

Competitors in the Plouihing Match, who reside more
than ten miles from the place of Exhibition, may have
their team's taken care of at the expense of the Society,
by calling on Mr Thomas C. Fo-ter, of Andover.

All animals or articles entered for premium, most re-
main under the direction of the Marshals until 3 o'clock,
P. M. '

The Society will dine together at 1 o'clock. Tickets
for the Dinner will be furnished to members of the Soci-
ety, by Messis Pettingell and Hoyt, at 7.5 cents each.
The Society will meet at the Meeting House, at 3
,^ o'clock, P. M. where an .\ddress will be delivered by the
Hev. Henry Colm.\n— the Reports of the several Com-
mittees will be read, and the Premiums awarded — alter
which, the usual business of the Annual Meeting will be
attended to

By order of Committee or .Irrange/ncnls.

J. W. PROCTOR, Secretary.
Andover, Sept. 12,1831.

Jf'oodbridge and If'illard's Universal Geography.
This day is published, the fourth edition of Woodhridge
and Willard's UniversalGeography, Ancient and Modern,
adapted to the present slate of the world For the use of
the hisher Classes in schools and Academies, and for pri-
vate Libraries. Accompanied by both Modern and An-
cient Atlases. Modern Geography, by William C.
WooPBRiDGE, Editor of the ' Annals of Education,'
Author of' Rudiments of Geography for Schools.'

Ancient Geography, by Emjia Willard, Piincipal
of the Troy Female Seminary.

The present (fourth,) edition has been improved by the
addition of such recent information of changes, improve-
ments, and discoveries, as have been deemed important.
A new folio Map of England, Scotland an 1 Ireland, a
Map of the Pacific Ocean, a Chart of the principal Ani-
mals of the world, a Geological Map of Europe, and a
view of the principal Sections of Canals in the United
States, with several new engravinsrs of Public Buildings,
Cities, &c, have been added. The Maps of the four
quarters of the Globe are from new and improved draw-
it\gs, and it is believed will be found to possess prculinr
advantages. The plan of this work, as also oftheSchool
Qposraphy by the same authors, (which is claimed to be
original,') it is well known, has obtained the decided appro-
bation of ihe most eminent Geographers and Teachers in
Europe as well as in our own country. The following
opinion of this work from Ihe Rev. Joseph H. Hariris,
lafeof Cambridge University, England. Presidenlof Kings
Cnllesc, York, U. C. has been recently received by the
Publishers.

' Allow me to return you my best thanks for the copy
of your Universal Geoscraphv. and its accompanying Atlas
— and if I may nffer an opinion on their merits, I would
characterise them as the most comprehensive, and best
methodised, and therefoi-elhe most useful work, connected
with the subject of Geographv, that I have met with ;
not only admirably adapted to Ihe purposes of instruction,
butcontiining much to render them valuable as a refer-
ence at all times.'

For sale by the principal Booksellers in the United
States. — In this city by Carter, Hendee & Babcock
and Crocker & Brewster,

X!F In press ihe fourteenth Edition of * Woodhrid^e's
Rudiments of Geosraphy and Atlas' for Sdools, with
new and improved drawings of the Maps for the Atlas and
other important additions.
September, 1831.

Notice.
The Annual meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, for the choice of Officers for 'h? ensuinc
year, stands adjourned to SATURDAY, Oct. Ist, at 11
o'clock. EDWARD W. PAINE,

1 Secretary, pro lem.

' Society's Rooms, Joy's Buildings. Sept. 21.

Ammunition ^J^

Of the best quality ai.rt iwwest prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S PO W DER STORE,
ti : Broad Street.

N. B. If the qualify is not found satisfactory, it ma
be returned, and the money will bo refunded If Jan.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

A I'PLES, russeltings,
ASHES, pol.lirslsorl.

Pearl, lirst sort,
I'.EANS, while,
llEEF, mess,

Cargo, No. I,

Cargo, No. 'i,
ISU'fi'Ell, inspected. No. l.ncw,
(^liEESL, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.
FLOUit, ISakiniore.l.Ioward-slreel,

^barrel,
ton.

|husli<d.
.barrel.

Alcvi.ndr
BallM

, wharf.

, Sonlliern Yellow,

■lev.

MAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sort, new,

Mill's, 1st qualily,

i.iMi':,

I'l.AlSTEll PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Car^'o, No. I,
SEEDS. Ilcrd^s Grass,

Red \'ii]' ^northern)

ItedClover, (northern)

TALLOW,
WOOL, Me

Mei

I'd.

]roiind

FRO.i: TO

2 00| 2 50

105 UU 108 00

120 00 122 50

90,

8 oo!

7 00;

G 2;

1 12
5 75
5 75

4 62

5 00
68 i
63|

.full blood, washed, -
d with Saxony,
JI'Minc, ilireefnuriiis washed,
Mer,,,j, ha olood,
Merino, quailer,
Naliie, washed,
I'nilf'd superfine,
Isl Lamb's,
2d, "

PROVISION MAUKET.

I5EEF, best pieces,
PORK, lrrs!i. best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON',
POULTRY,
l!UTTER,kegandlub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rvp, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, taccording to quality]

8 50
7 50
6 50
IG
iJ
4
1 50
G 00
6 00
5 00
5 SO
70
65
75j «78
70 75
361 42
GOi 10

10 OdI 10 50

11 00 13 Oo
1 Oil 1 25

IS Oo

14. Oo

13 ,50

2 00

75

12

8 50

70

13 00

1 75

50

pound.

8

•*

6

'•

b!,

"

G

4

"

8

"

12

"

20

dozen.

!■;,

buslicl.

£2

ci2

"

.37

barrei.

1 50

80

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Sept. 21, !831.

MISCI^LLAiVY

THE POOR DEBTOR.

He lay upon a lo;ithsome stone,
A Ins me pillow foi'his lieail —
Noi sliaw nor blanket lor his bed —

Hi locks Willi age weie hoar.

'Tw,\s sad upon liis blanched check

To see what lurrows gne I had made—
A pior ol;l mill btTirll of aid —

Ah ! who his woes shall speak ?

What W.1S the glorious world to him !

The jewelled sky ! the earth in bloom .'

Coiiti'ied within a living loinb.
Useless wa- every limb!

As if he were a beast of prey—
The deailly foe of human kinil —
btrong bolls and b.irs iiis fiaiiie confined.

Lest he should break away.

His food was scanty, coarse, unchanged;
Through gi'ales he gapped for vilal air:
Thieves, dit-throats, his companions were;

From virtue's path estranged.

Yel in his cojntry's pond ilefence,
H • once his blood had freely ponr'd
And valiamly h.id borne the sword —

Tats was his recompense !

Wb;it was his oriin^do you inquire ?

The worst of ;ill— ^vvas poctrlij!

Ha owed his neghbor dollars tnree — '

His neighbor bound him in his ire!

Not long did that old man remain
SVi hill his lone and gloomy cell :
Thanks lo a fiieiid, ' what fii^nd pray tell :'

'Twas Death that broke his chain !

Sa-ATISTICS OI' K^TF.MPl;RA^CE A.ND TKlVirERANCE

Oili- r cnlcdi.iliiiiis will convince ns of the same
truth ; fill- thf man who ilrinks a gill a <lay, con-
sumes ill a year 12 giilluiis,
i I'iiit a ilay, 24 "
i (.inta (lay, 4S "

Oil a caiel'iil iiiiiuiry, it is foiiiul that a gallon
contains 6-1 ."mail glasses. The n^aial grocery
|iricc is Scents perglass, ihoiigli sleamhoats, lintels
and lespectiible taverns charge 6 cents to one shil-
ling. A gulliin, ihi-ieli. e, retailed at the lowest
r.iiK stated, would cost the consumer $1,92 cents,
whiih is more than 600 per cent profit on the
iloiiicstii- spirit.

Thereioif, the man who reenlarly ilrinks at the
rate of one gill a day, hy retail, pays by the year.

$23 04
i pint per day, 46 OS

1 pint jier day, 92 16

This shows why the rich come to poverty and
llie poor to wietidiedtiess and want. All this too
ill a country where wagi-s are high and provisions
low, and fixes next to nothing. Ninety dollars
a year upon a lahoriiig man. is a higher tax than
the most arliiirary government on tarih ever im-
posed, and yet lhoii>ands upon thousands of
our lahoriiig people impose that tax upon them-
selves, and a great deal more.

is lasting and solid, ihe culiivniiim of the iniiid.
It is always a mark of a 'vi iik mind, if not a had
heart, to hear a person praise or lilame niiolher on
the ground alone that they are handsome or home-
ly. Actions should be iIib test, and a liberal course
of conduct pursued to all. It matters little wheth-
er a mull is tall or.~liori — whether ilie blood siains
the cheek — or runs in aiioilnr clmnnel. I^ashioii
makes the difference as to beiniiy. The lily is as
sweet if not as gay as the rose, and it bears no
thorn about it. As lo api>earanc-e, fashion shniild
not be allowed to bear upon ihat which cannot be
chaiiired except by deception, and what indeed ill
reality is not worili the trouble of being called so,
even if it could.

In an article in the daily papers under this
bee. I, it was shown lo be probiible that the three
cities of New Vork, Albany and Boston pay about
4A piilliolisof dollars a year for the distilled spiril-
uoi'is liquors which they drink. If the whole
Union, say 12 millions of people, should driuk at
the same rate of expense, it would make ISO mill-
jt.iis, which seems incredible and far beyond the
llsnal •.sliniate.

The usual way of esiimaling these amounts i.s,
by taking the number of gallons consumed. This
can be done with certainty by the treasury boidis
at Washington, for the period during the last war,
when domestic as well as foreign spirits were
subject to excise. 1^ them it appears that the
otiaiility tlieu used was above 4.i gallons to every
person.

It is remarkable that about the satiie result has
boen obtained on a late investigation in New
Hninpshire, for 1S25. The returns from 3S tQw ns
aOtttti-red through that state, give an average of4i
"»llons a person. We may say, in round num-
lii»rs, 50 niillions of gallons for the Uuiled States.
When we eonsider that part of tins is brandy,
^1 and rum, and that a great part of the re-
laiinder is drank by the glass, we cannot put the
Vriinle down at a less average than a dollar a ^al-
li>n. as cost to the consumers, or 50 millions of
dinars ; probably it is much iiKoe.

If siieli accounts seem increilible, i^^vvill refer
tt.e reader lo the statistics of a single county 1
IT.aiicaster) in Pennsylvania, for .i corroborating
4ict. That county has o»e hundred and eighty-',
tute distUUries and only one hundred and siitij- i
ffmr grist mills. '

DUTY Of' 1'06T MASTERS.

The following extract of a letter from the post-
master general scitles most clearly and definitely
la very imporlanl point in relation to which we
have heretofore suffered grievously from the neg.
I bet of too many post masters to comply with the
law and their instructions on the subject mentioo-
|cd. The riniedy to which the pnstiiiaster getu'ial
' has decided that we are entitled, is in exact ac-
cordance with what we have long believed to be
both the law and the equity in the ca.se, .-ind is
thoroii^'ldy eflicient and satisfactory. If post mas-
ters do not give due notice to the publishers, in
case anvid'oiir papers are not taken from Iheir
ollices ' they arc linhle lo fay the sum which would
he ducfiOni the sul)snriber.' — Chris. J)dv.

Gentlemen: — Your letter of the ISlh inst. en-
closing one fr m !■'. T. Bridge, is ri'ceived at this
deparlment ; and the post master of Sava:;e mills,
flle. w ill be iinmediately written lo npmi the suhji'ct.
'The duty of post masters is very plainly laid
down, upon the subject of which yon speak, in the
]2ih section of the si venteenth instruction of tiic
post oince laws. The;/ are bound to s^ve im/nediatc
notice to the publishers of newspapers which arrive
at their cjice, and which are not taken out by the per-
soiiA- to wliom theil are directed. In lase they nes-i
Urct this duty, they arc liable to pay the sum which
• would be dutjrom the subscribers. As to the right
of post masters lo the papers for the postage, as
meiiiioncd by Mr Bridge, i7 does not accrue until
after three mouths from Ihe notice before spoken of,
and it has reference only lo the papers sent during
and alter that time.

I am gentlemen, respectfully,

Y'liur obedient servant,

W. T. Barry.
' Messrs. J. Emory and B. Waugh.'

The way to weiilth, is as plain as the way to
larkel. It depends chielly on two words indus-
try •.ut<\ frugality, that is, waste neither time nor
money, but make the best use of both.

lie that would be rich with the least labor must
have few wants: (iir he that has little, and wants
less, is richer than he that has ninch and wants
more. A tub was large inongh lor Diogenes, ami
a world too little for Alexander.

We are ruined, not by ubal we really want, but
by what we'tliink we want. Nt ver go abroad in
search of wants; if they be real Wiuits, liny will
come in search id" von. lie llial buys what he
dees not want, will soon want what he cannot buy.

Cocoons ly.inted.
The Subscriber will p.iy cash Ic r Cocoons, from 25 to
50 cents, according to iin.d ty. .1. H. COlilS.

Dedham. July 15ih, 1831. 8t July 20.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New Englaiid Farmer are informed

that ihey can have Iheir volumes neally half bound and

lettered, ai 75 cts. per volume, by leaving ihem at tlie

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Fresh liliite Mulberry Seed.

Just received at .1. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &.
52 North Market Sireel—

A small supply of hcsh and eeiiuine While Mulberry
Seed, warranted the Kiowth of the present s asun, from
one of the ttreatest Mul'>ei ry orclnuds in Mansfield, Coii-
neciicut. Short directions for \ls cullureaccompanv the
seeih Aug." .3.

Europian Letches.

The subscriber has made slid angenents abro.id

a« to enable him lo he cnnslanily .supplied with ihe gen-
uine medical Leech, .Ml older.- will receive prompt at-
lenlion. EUENKZEU WiflHT.

46. Milk sireci, oppo-iie Fcderal-st., Apothecary.
August 3 coplf

Personal Appearance. — This is one of those
iliings of accident, resting with nature. No man
or wcinan can form their own persons, and none
should be blamed on this head. The disposition
for loohine: well is ruining half t!ie young people
in the world, causim; them to study their glasses
and paint or patch, instead of pursuing that which

Published •> ry ". . .'iMsdnv Kvpiiii'j;, t ^o per aiinnnj
eayable at the end nf die year— but-tlMise who pay withni
sixty days frnm the lime (if eubfcribing, are entitled to a de-
duction oflifty cents.

Qj= No paper wil be Bent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Russei.i., by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wi.-hes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
liussKLi., at the i^ricuituril Warehouse, i\o. 52 North
Market Stieet. agksts.

Win I'o/vC- (i . Thorbi'kn i^ SiiNS. G7 I.iherly.slreei
l//;..)e/— « M. TuoRBUiiN. 117 iMaikei .street.
I'tiHuiMpMa- I). &. (; l,,\Ni>Ki:TH.Ka Cheslnul-slreel.
ISdIimoie—G. H.S.MiTH.F.cl;uiriitihe American Farmer.
Cincinnali—H. C. l',uiKHlil!sT,23 Lii«er Markel-slreel.
F/,ciliiii<r. N Y. WM.HKiNCK&rsoNS.I'rop.Lia.Bol.^ardc*
MMIebimj. 17— Wight Thapman.
//:„■»..,■./-<:. .OI." IX &: rv Hookscllers.
Springfielil. Ms.—E. Edwards.
Npii'Imniporl. Ebknkzkh Stf.uman, liookseller.
Porlsmoi.l'i, 'N. H. J. W. FosTFR, lio^kseiler.
Porll'ind. yi/...— SiiviuFi. Colman, Bookseller.
Mi'usta , Me. \Vm. Mann.

Halifax, N. .S.— P. J. lloi i.A^n. Esq. Recorder office
Monheal.L. V. — Ht>KV liiLLucK.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. S2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AcKicuLTUHiL Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENUEA, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 28, 1831.

NO. II.

© © sa sa w ST li ® <^ '42 a ® sr s a

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

fioiii tli6 winds and storms to which it is [lectiliarly counties in tlie vicinity of it, to blend the juices of
exposed, yiie fruit when not too al)undant is of the ditfeienl varieties of the pear in order to cor-
cominOn size and flavor ; hut of later inatinity. ! rect the defects of one kind, hy tlie opposite pro-
Witliin a feyv days, it has heen released from the perties of the other. It is liowcver, he allows,
reinainsof its heavy load. A severe winter^ snnie more easy to find the required porliun of sugar and
years aeo caused a general destruction of the j of astringency as well as flavor, in three or four

PE.\CIl TREES.
Amid the general decay o( the Peach tree, I „, , ,.,..,.

hive the .'ratification to perceive that the Jacques | peach tree. This alone, on my ground survived varieties than in one ; hence, lie supi)oses, a judi-
R- • riiielias escaped the contagion. This proba- 1 the catastrophe ; and has since outlived many cious mixture of fruits aftbrds a prospect of great

■ ■ ••" ■• • • -i-i ' ' -enerations of its ofispring. O. Fiske. benefit.

Il'orcestei; Sept. 19, 1831

i as nail lie- ^^ ^^^^ precise amoii

more auu t-.^ .. ',, , .

. T . ,• ^titv ot milk, but as iie

ria, I left to . •" , ^ 1 I f ,1

from 4- to * part ol tl;

lily may be imputed to its constitutional health and
vi.'or. AH in my grounds have bf)rne fruit in their
usual e.xcellcnce and quantity, while all others of
various kinds, in their vicinity have produced but
a sickly and scanty foliage.

The cause of this disease I have not as yet sat-
isfactorily ascertained. It may be occasioned by a
succession of wet seasons, rendering the sap inert
and vitiated. 15ut specific apjiearances have led
ine to an inquiry, whether it may not be imputed
to some extraneous cause. When I commenced
pruning my young trees in the spring, I perceived
on most of the young sprouts, generally within an
inch from the stem, a dark brown spot covering
the upper surface, which seemed to be occasioned
by some puncture, but for what purpose I could
not ascertain, as I could not detect any embryo in-
sect. Whether the poison, however, which seemed
evident, was infused by a venomous sting, or was
the effect of vitiated nutriment, was left in doubt.
This appearance warranted a liberal pruning
where heading down was not to be preferred. In
this manner I obtained healthy shoots for budding,
or a vigorous toj) to such young trees as bad be-
fore undergone the pioeess. The
which seemed stricken with the mala
their fate. In no season have my young trees ap-
peared belter, and should my friends and neign-
bors have the misfortune to lose their whole slid;,
my symjiathy in their afHiction may be mitigited
by the consolation of assuring them, that I can
amply make good tlieir loss.

The Peach tree, under the common inoJe of
propagating it, is liable to many casualties, and
an early exit. The soil and situation as usually
cultivated forms a luxuriant and plethoric growlli,
by which the fruit buds are exposed to the blight
of autumnal and \ ernal frosts ; or its branches split
and broken by the storms of winter, or the weight
of redundant fruit. This would prove a more
serious calamity, had not nature provi.lcd an early
restoration by reiirodiiction of the mutilated tree,
or a fresh germination of its fruit. These peculiar-
ities, with the higher quality of the produce, may
be an offset for its early decay consequent of high
cultivation.

Compared with the Pear and Apple, the Peacn
is naturally a short lived tree ; but I apprehend it ^^
will be found as durable as the Plum undera(lif-|
fereiit mo.le of culture. This I infer from the | ^4,; ^ _ I
fact that I have a Rareripe which has been in an-
nual bearing, with scarcely an exception, for more
than thirty years. The stono which produced it^
was accidentally dropped in the grass by the side of
.an open fence, on the north border of my ground,
where is had a full view of Wacbusett. During
this period, except for one year, it has had an uii-
distur'jed possession of the sod and soil for ten
feet in diameter. It exhibits no symptoms of decay
and has but once sustained any material injury

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

GREEN CORN STAlXS.

In grinding, he remarks, that the pulp and rinc
of the pear, as in the apple, should be perfectlj
reduced, and that though no benefit is said to have
been derived from the reduced pulp remaining soinf
hours impressed, he has no doubt but that where al'

MrFessenden— Forthe last nvenlyfive years other circumstances are the same, that portion ol
I have pursued a practice, con'mon in this vicin- ^-^^^^^ ^-^^ j-^,. ^1^^ ^^^^^^ ^^^^^.^ j^^ j.^^|,j jj^^ i^^^^ ^^^■^^^,
ity, of feeding milch cows "itb green stalks as ,,j^g remained the longest under the power of the
soon as the corn was well.'illed, and the utility of
the practice I never douhed until the present sea-

son. I Iiegan feeding this season as usual, but
soon found that tbf quantity of milk was dimin-
ished. As the mi.'iv Tjf each night was all sold, the
exact quantity "'as known.

I did not tl'.!" suppose it iwssible that the stalks
could occason the ilitiiinution, but was persuaded
by my foinly to desisF from giving tbeiii stalks in
aliout 8 Ol 9 days after I commenced, and they
subsisted on graining in the same pasture in which
tliev were kejit while fetl as above — and to my
surpriw! the quantity of milk increased. As I paid
no a.tention to the subject until about the time of
dis-ontiiniing the feeding' with stalks I cannot

te the precise amount of difference in the quan-
near as I can ascertain it was
part 01 the whole.

My"corn was planted in hills and the stalks of
about 4 hills per day were served to each cow
during the above time.

Should the above be thought worth noticing in
your paper I hope it will elicit remarks and infor-
mation from some one of more experience than

Your obedient servant. E. F. Woodward.

JVewton, Sept. 19. 1831.

PERRY,

The name of a pleasant and wholesome liquor
made from the juice of pears, by means of fermen-
tation, somewhat in the same manner as cider
from apples.

The iiest jiears for perry, or at least the sorts
which have been hitherto deemed the fittest for
makiugthisliqiior,are soexcessively tart and harsh,
that no one can think of eating them as fruit ; for
even hungry swine will not eat tliem ; nay, hardly
so much as smell to them. Of these the Bosbiiry
pear, the Bareland pear, and the horse pear, are the
most esteemed for Perry in Worcestershire, and
ai, as it is called in Gloucestershire ; in
both which counties, as well as in some of the ad-
jacent parts, they are planted in the hedge rows and
most common fields.

It is observed by Mr Knight that in the making
of this sort ofliquor, the pears are ground and press-
ed in exactly the same manner, as those of apples in
the manuficiiiring of cider ; but that it is not usual
for the reduced pulp to be suffered to remain any
length of linie without being pressed. It has never,
he says, been the practice in Herefordshire, or the

null stone.

The juice of the pear and the apple, lie says, art
constilnled of the same component parts, but thai
die proportions are different. In the juice of the
pear the tanning principle is predominant, with a
less portion of sugar, mucilage, and tinging matter.

The method of managing this sort of liquor
during the process of fermentation, is likewise, hu
observes, nearly the same as that in ciiler ; but ihat
it does not afl'ord the same indications by which tlie
proper period of racking it off may be known. The
thick scum that collects on the surface of cider, he
remarks, rarely appears on the juice of ilie pear,
and during the time of the suspension of its fer-
mentation, the excessive brightness of the former
liquor is seldom s"eii in the latter ; but that where
the fruit has bBg^L^g"""''y I'M'^i 'ts produce will
generally become moderately clear and quiet in a
few days after it is made, and it should then be
drawn ofi" from its grosser lees. An excess of
fermentation is prevented hy the means used in the
making of cider ; and the liquor is rendered bright
by isinglass. The power this substance possesses
of fining liquors appears, he says, to be purely
mechanical ; it is composed of innumerable fibres,
which being dispersed over the liquor, attach them-
selves to, and cany down, its impurities. For this
purpose it should he reduced to small fragments by
being pounded in a mortar, and afterwards steeped
twelve or Iburieen hours in a quantity ofliquor suffi-
cient to produce its greatest degree of expansion.
In this state it must be mixed witii a few gallons of
the liquor, and stirred till it is diffused and suspend-
ed in it ; and it is then to be poureil into the cask,
and incorporated willi the whole by continued
agitation for the space of two hours. This process
must be repeated till the required degree of biight-
ness is obtained, the liquor being each time drawn
oflJ", on the second or third day, from its precipitated
lees. Not more than an ounce and a half, or two
ounces of isinglass, are, he believes, generally put
into a cask of a hundred and ten gallons, at once ;
butworc itsinode of action purely mechanical, ihere
could be no objection to a larger quantity ; but it has
also he says, a chemical action on the liquor. It
combines wiih and carries down the tanning prin-
ciple, and hence, during the propcss of fining, the
liquor is deprived of a large portion of its astrin-
gency.

This substance is most readily diffused in liquors
by boiling, but by this it is dissolved, and converted

82

NKW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 28, 1831.

into j^lue ;

j„w ■ ...- . --'i' '''* oigaiiizalioii, oil which alone its
puwers"of fiiiins .lepeiul, is totally destroyed. The
Lpli.-alion of it is sometimes also iieccessary in the
wiuufacluie oCchlei- ; though color issel.lom want-
ing in that liquor. o- ■ „

Where perry ur cider call lie iiiade sotticiently
Iri-hi without it, he would not hy any means re-
commend its use. The liquor is rendered extreme-
Jv a°-reeahle to the eye by it ; but has always ap-

".d to him to become more thin and acid by its of the West, a more se.lude.l, more natural or more-
appropriate spot for the religions exercises of the

any adequate description oftho effect produced by
tlie music of the thousand voices which joined in
the hyniii, as it swelled in chastened melody from
the bottom of the glen, and, like the spirit of devo-
tion, found an echo in every heart, and pervaded
the whole scene.

The natural features of Mount Auburn are in-
comparable for the purpose to which it is now
sacred. There is not in all the untrodden valleys

pev
action.

1.1 I espect to the ' after management of perry it
is the same as that of cider; but it does not bear
situations where it is exposed to nm-h change of
Jempei-atur", so well, and its li.ture merit cannot so
•well he jiiilged ofhy its present state. In the bot-
tle it almost always retains its good qualities, and
jn that siUiation be would always recommend it to
he put, if it remuins sound and perfect at the con-
clusion of the first succeeding summer.'

On the whole the pear furnishes a less popular
liquor than the apple, but the tree is capable of bo-
in" trrown on a greater variety of soil, and is more
jjTOfkictive, furnishing in the proportion of 600
gallons of liquor to the acre, where the trees are
full grown. — ComplHe Farmer.

CEMETBKV AT MOUNT AUHURN.

This place was consecrated on the 24tli ii>st. by
solemn and appropriate services; l)Ut a press ol
tivocaiioiis prevented our being present till the
ceremonies were nearly concluded. We therefore
copy the following notice of the proceedings on
this occasion, from the Boston Courier.

Consecration of Modnt Auburn. — The fol-
lowing w;is the order of services at the coiisecra- l^redl
tioii of Mount Auburn as a place of sepulture, on
Sttturdaj' last.

1. Instrumental Music, by the Boston Band.

2. Introductory Prater, hy Rev.DrWARE.

3. HYMN, written by the Rev. Mr Pierpont.

living ; we may be allowed to add our doubts
whether the tnoet opulent neighborhood of Europe
furui.-ihes a spot so singularly ajipropriale for a
' Garden of Graves.'

Ill the course of a few years, when the hand of
taste shall have passed over the luxuriance of na-
ture, we xaty challenge the rivalry of the world to
produce anotVer such re.'iidence for the spirit of
beauty. Moun Auhurn has been but little known
to the citizens o( Boston ; but it has now become
holy ground, and

Sweet Auburn, lovelibst village of the plain,
— a village of the quick and the silent, where na-
ture throws .-in air of cheetfulness over the lalxns
of death, — will soon be a plif.e of more general
resort, botli for ourselves and ^r strangers, than
any other sput in the vicinity. Vhere else shall
we go with the musings of Sadness, or for the in-
dulgence of Grief; where to cool the burning
lirow of Ambition, or relieve the sweUng heart of
Oisappoinlmeiit ? We can find no hefcr spot for
the r.iuibles of curiosity, health, or plenmie ; none
sweeter fiir the whispers of aiT.H-tio'i a'liong the
living ; iiove lovelier for the last rest of i/u- kin-

:^

Horticulture

To thee, O (io'l, in future trust,

Our hearls tlieir cheeiful incense burn
iFor this thy word, ' thou art of dust.
And unto dust ehalt thou return.'

For, what were life, life's work all don^

Tlia hopes, joys, loves, that cling to clay,
JUI, all departed, one by one,

And yet life's load borne on for ay-e.

Decay '. Decay ! 't is stamped on all !

All bloom, in llower and flesh shall fade-.
Ye whi.-pering trees, when we shall fall,
Be our long sleep beneath your shade !

Here to thy bosem, mother Earth,

Take back, in peace, what thou hast given ;

And all tbalis of heavenly birth
O God, in peace, recall to heaven.

4. ADDRE.SS, by the Hon. Joseph Story.

5. Cosctui>i.N«Pr,AVER, by tlie Rev. Mr Pier-
po.nt.

Jilosic by the Bano.

An uncloiiile.l sun and an atmosphere purified by
itUe showers of the preceding night, ccHuhined lo
makethe day OH« of tlw rno^t delig'lrtftJl we ever
experience at this iea.son of the year. It is iin-
necess.u-y for us to say that the adilress by Judge
tit»ry was periineii! to the oci-asion, for if the name
of the orator were not sufficient, the perfect silence
of the iiiu'tituilc, «iabljii-g biurto lio Jieard with
distinctness at tlie most distant pail of the beauti-
ful amphitheatre in which the services were per-
A>Pb)eil, will be sufiicient testimony as to its worth
Mtd b(s«uiy. Neither is it in our power to furnish

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

nipples. — By .Mr Robert Manning, HawtlioriMlian
(Pom. Mag. No. 34,) a beautiful apple not in eat-
ing. By Ward Pool, Danvera, a viu-iety of large
«ize name unknown.

Pears. — By Madam Dix, from her seedling tree ;
this pear fully sustains the liigh character it has
heretofore acquired, melting and high flavored, it
has borne full tlie presejit season and the fruit is
lar;{er than the figure which accompanied its de-
scription ill the N. E. Farmer, weighing from 9 to
iO ounces. By Gorhaiii Ptirsons, Esq. a specimen
,of the Sylvaucbe Verte d'Hyver, a fine flavored
excellent fruit. Bj Mr E. M. Richards, Cap-
•sheaf. By Capt. Stephen Wales, Dorchester, a
seedling Pear, called Bov.'doin, rather coarse tex-
ture and not high flavored. By John Prirvce, Esc].
Beiirre du Roi, very melting, pleasant flavor, and
one of the best varieties of the season. By Mr
R. Manning, Beurre o'AnjiJeterre (Cox No. 28)
Sucre Verte and Biiff'um's Native Pear from R.
Isbiud; the latter melting and fine. By Dr Kit-
treilge, Portsmouth, N. II. large size green pears,
not in eating, name unknown. By S. Downer,
Capiatinont, large and Iruidsome specinien. Beurre
Kjiox ; this last is melting, fine flavor and supe-
ricH- to the specimens exhibited last seassn. By
Francis Wingate, Esq. Hallowell, Me, large size
very beautiful pears; the specimen was overripe,
and appeared rather dry. By Adams Foster, Esij,
Providence, II. I. Knight's seeilJing pears, they
are above inediuui size, quite mciting, and of good

Peaches. — By Mr E. M. Richards, Coluinbin,
a good peach. By Mr E. Vose, Orange, Cling-
stone, and Yellow Yotk-rareripe ; the last of very
fine flavor.

Grapes — By S. Downer, Schuylkill Muscndel
Troy Grape, and Nazro (Prince's Treatise) aiut
one of the committee has seen bearing vines of '
the variety called the Buck Grape (cuttings re- ',
ceived from Mr Buck) and also of the Winne |
Grape (the plant received from Albany) and they
all appear similar to the first named variety.
Gale Grape (Prince's Treatise) which is very sim-
ilar to what is cultivated in this vicinity fur the
Morillon. Isabella, a ripe specimen of this pop-
ular native variety, wiiicli is rapidly increasing in
cultivation. Bland transparent, scarcely any pulp,
not quite at maturity. By Joseph Balch, Esq. a
cluster of white Chasselas — being one of three
produced on a graft inserted the 2-5th April last.
S. DOWNER, Chairman.

ItorllciilluralHall, I
Saturday, Sejjt. 24, 18J1. i

Providence, Sept. IC, 1831.
To the Coroiniuee on Fruits of Uia IMnsa. H.irl. Biic.

Gentlemen — Withtbisyou will receive a small
box containing about a dozeu of the ' Knight's
seedling' pear.

This is a new variety, a native of this stale, and
is considered by many to be eipial to the St Mi-
chael or the Seckle. Were it left (or me to deciile,
1 sliould hesitate before I placed this or any other
pear on a par with the ' St Michael', nor have I, as
yet, seen any variety that possessed the sweet and
delicate flavor of the ' Seckle'.

The original tree is now standing on the farm
of Mr Will. Knight of Cranston, in a wild, rocky
and uncultivated spot, remote from any dwelling,
and until within a few years, has almost remained
unnoticed niiil unkiiowu. Wiihiii forty rods of
this pear tree, separated by a piece of swampy
lanil, stands another of natural growth, but of no
»ahie whatever.

This variety has recently lieen introduced into
' Dyer's nursery', a thriving establislimeni, situated
in the same town, and it would afford me a plea-
sure to forward scions or trees in the spring of
183S, if yon should think it worthy of cultivation.

Rffipectfully your obedient servant.

Adams Foster.

P. S. The pears should not bo eaten, until they
turn yellow.

ISilk and Silk H'orms.

Frum (lie t,owi*ll Journal.

SILK MANUFACTURE.

NO. v.

The inaniifactiiring nations of Europe stand in
need of the article of raw silk, which they are
glad to procure, even of an inferior quality, from
the most remote regions of the globe ; while
America could supply them with the best aiid fi-
nest to an tinbounded extent, I have pointed out
two great markets, viz. England and France open
to American industry and inviting it to their shores,
i shall now show the advantages to be derived
from this branch of trade, when once it shall have
4»een fairly introduced into this country.

The celebrated Count Dandolo, by whose la-
bors the culture of .silk has been so much im-
proved and extended throughout Europe, does no!
flavor and appeirs well worthy of culliv.atioti, a i hesitate to afliriii, tti«t the value of silk in Italy,
letter from -"tfr Foster is uniiexeiL i considered as au arlicje of ez]iortation, is tmict

Vol. X.— No.ll.

AND Horticultural JouRiVAf..

m

equal to that of all other products of that country
taken tngeilier, and thsit tljHie is no production of
the e.irth in the markets of Europe, which com-
jiared to its natural value or prilrie cost, offers to
the producer a greater net profit than the article
of silk.

If then in Italy, the land of corn, wine and oil,
the profits on exported raw silk be equnl to double
the amount of all the other productions of the
Italian soil tak in tonretlier, it is eviilent that the
same if not greater advantages must result to this
Country, particularly to the Norihern and Middle
States, whose productions, are not so rich as those
in the south of Europe.

Every person will easily niulerstand that the
profits on raw silk will in a certain deffree he pro-
])ortioned to the extent of the nicitns of those en-
gaged in its preparation, and of their establish-
ment for that purpose. If it be on a large scale
the machinery may be moveil by water, or steam
power, which will add greaily to the economy of
the busines. It is now three or four years since
the Italian reel was imported into Philadelphia,
and there it still lies, like a fine musical instrument
waiting for the hand of the master. Nobody has
yet succeeded in making mercUantnhle raw silk
either by means of that instrument or similar in-
struments which have been imported into this
country. Many attempts have been made, none
of which have been successful. I do not hesitate
to affirm that all similar attempts, without the nec-
essary instructi(m and the skill to be acquired by
habits of patience, i»i7/ybreti6r prowe unsuccessful.
The great degree of skill and di'xterity that is nw-
cessary lor the management of the cocoons, and
for .producing :he various qualities of silk accor-
ding to their numerous degrees of fineness, may
be cornjiared to the difterent numbers by which i
the various qualifies of cotton threads used for
sewing are designated.

The extent of a filature is calculated from the
nnndier of reels that are employed — from ten to |
five bundreil or m<ne. To each reel there must
1)6 a woman to wind the silk, and a little girl to
turn the crank, unless they are all turned hy wa-
ter or steam. The cocoons, I suppose, may be
purchased for twcntyfive cents the pouml, anil
eight pouiuls will yinhl a |)ound of silk. The
fuel, the cauldron, tlie pipes, the basin, and ne-
cessary apparatus to carry the water to the reders,
and the wages of the people, are the internal ex-
penses of the establishment. A good reeler, on
a hand reel, can turn out three pounds of silk per
day.

The current price of raw silk in England and
France is about seven dollars th ^ poimd ; and if
it shall be well prepared in the manner required
.by those manufiicturcrs, and the quality of Amer-
ican si'k shall continue to be as much superior to
the silk of other cnuntries, as the few specimens
have proved to be, which have been sent to those
countries, the value may be increased. The Con.
necticut sewing silk after it is reeled, twisted, col.
orcd, and carried to market, sells for four didlars
the pnunil. In consequence of their want of
knowledge of the art, aiul the necessary mai'hine-
ry, they cimsnme 16 pounds of cocoons to produce
one pound of silk — with ten days' labor expended
upon it. If the 16 pounds of cocoons can be
sold for 25 cents per pound, they will produce
rile same amount, and save the labor and expense.

V.

The object of the following remarks is princi-
pally to explain, what is nieaiu by Fiiosis Silk,
bow made, its use, &c. We hope it will prove inter-
estinnr to more than one description of our readers.

When Mr D'Hoiriergue arrived in this country,
upwards of two years ago, it was said that he
had been sent for by a society in I'hilad^lpbia, lo
reel silk from the cocoons, and make floss ami sew-
ing silk. If this he true, it shows how little was
known at that time of the (liftVireut arts, whirh
together cooperate in the inamifacttnte of silk. To
reel silk from the cocoons, is the business of a
female reeler, and if the thing is to be undertaken
on a large scale, of a director of a filature. To
make floss and sewing silk, is the employment of
a silk throwster. — For the former business, noth-
ing is wanted but a few reels, with their furnaces
and basins, and the work is done in the suininer
only, under a shed, open to the free circulation of
air; the latter on the contrary, requires an expen-
sive and complicated set of machinery, and the
labor is performed throughout the year in a large
room, of siiflicient space to contain the apparatus.
Directors of filatures and silk throwsters are men
of difl^erent professions, and nothing is more rare
than to find a person competent to both. The
society we allude to, do not seem lo have been
aware of all this. They probably believed that a
single person, and that person a mere operative,
might do all these things, with the aid of some
simple machinery. Indeed, from a publication of
theirs, which appeared in the newspapers at that
time, it appears that they sent for such a person
from Europe, on failing to obtain a female silk spin-
ner fro 11 Connecticut.

Since that period, a great deal of light has been
thrown upon the subject. The publications which
have appeared in this country, have made their
way to Europe, and in consequence of it, silk man-
nfacturcrs of all descriptions have come to our
shores. — A corresponding impulse' has been felt
in this country, and of all this we are beginning
to feel the hap|)y effects. Silk throwsters (whose
denomination two years ago was hardly known)
are now established in several of our cities ; for-
eign raw silk has been imported in larger quanti-
ties than before ; for the first time, this year, it
has been purchased at our public sales, and it
now undergoing the regular process of throwing,
in order to be converted into some kind of man-
ufacture. The first that the public voice Keenis
to call for, are floss and sewing silk ; the former
because much of it is employed by fringe and
coach lace makers, of whom numbers have been
fiir a long time estahlislied in our large towns,
working silk, iniporteil from foreign countries ; and
the latter, because it is an indispensable article in
all families for domestic use. We shall therefore,
make a few remarks on the manufacture of these
two artii-'lcs.

1. Floss Silk. — Mr D'Hoinergiie, in his essays,
calls by that name the kind of silk which the
French call flo elle, and which is made out of
the floss or outside low and coarse fibres of the
cocoons. But he said nothing of what is called
floss silk ii. this country, either because he did not
Ihink it of snflScient importance, or because it is
not so iininediately connected with the subject of
reeling. Whatever his motive may have been,
we shall try to supply this deficiency.

Floss Silk, in the sense that we speak of is what

the French call Suie plulte (flat silk,) so named from
its being flat and not round like other silk. It is
used in almost every kind of coacb-lace and fringe
makers' work, in embroidery, and iu the mannfae
tore of stockings, gloves, and iu general of hosie-
ry. It is reeled like other silk, generally of from
15 to 5)0, or from 20 to 25 cocoons ; after reeling,,
it is sent to the throu^stcr, who gives it tliat pre-
paration which constitutes _/?»ss silk. lie doubles
the threads according to the size wanted, and
twists them in his mill, not like other sdk, several
times, backwards and forwards, from left to right
and afterwards from right to left, but twists it
only on one side, and very lightly, so that when it
is afterwards boiled by the dyer in order to dis-
solve the gum with which it is impregnated, it be-
comes partly untw'tsted, so as to give it a flat ap-
pearsuce, without, however, making it crispy and
unfit for winding, which would be the case, if it
had not been twisted in the throwing mill. After
boiling it is dyed, and in that state is lit for use.

We have been told of floss silk having been
made by some ingenious ladies in the south ; which
undjed and unwound bad been deigned by coach-
lace makers, in this city, superior to imported silk
of the same kind, and even purchased in thai
state at 13 dollars a pound, while foreign floss silk,
dyed and wound on bobbins, sold only for ten.
We are not disposed to controvert this fact; and
shall only say that we have beard but of one or
two pounds ihus purchased tv^o or three years
ago, and we have been told that the ladies, who
made that small quantity, soon gave up the under-
taking ; no doubt in consequence of the enormous
length of time tb?.t it took them to [)rodu<'e that
result, and the waste of the material that it occa-
sioi'ed. We have heard no more since of similar
attempts.

2. Seii'iii^ Silk. — We have little to add on the
subject of this article, lo what has been said by
I\Ir D'Homergue in his essays, and since in vari-
ous other publications. It is well understood that
sewing silk is made from raw silk reeled from 20
lo 2.5 and even to 40 or 50 cocoons according to
the size wanted, and if we believe Mr Bonclier, it
is more difficult to reel silk out of many than out
of a few cocoons — after reeling, it is made into'
sewing silk by the throwster, and requires a great
deal more twisting backwards and forwards, and a
stronger kind of twist than any other silk.

We are told that there is no throwsting mill
yet ."et up in this country, of sufficient power to
twist sewing silk. Neither that of Mr Edward
Brown, at Dedham, Massiichusetls, which has
twenty spindles, nor that of Mr Ripka, at Manay-
iink, near Philadelphia, which has sixty, are siifli-
cient fnrtliat purpose. But we are also informed
that this will soon be remedied, and that a |)roper
set of throwsting machinery is even now in pre-
paration at Philadelphia. There is no doubt that
all these things will henceforth be certain'y pro-
gressing in our country ; the art of reeling is all
we want to set all the rest in motion. For this we
look to Congress, on whom alone depends the pro-
moting or the checking of this astonishing pro-
gress.

Lahge Onions.

A gentleman of Austinlown, has made us a present o(
Onions of an extraordin-.iry growth. They have grown,
from the seed, the present sea-Jon, to be the largest we
have seen, some of them being more than fourteen inches
n circumference, and weighing thirteen ounces each.
AuUintown pa.

84

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Sept. 28, 1 83-1.

ANADDllESS

Delivered before the Ilarlford County Agriciiltutal Socisty, at llieir
Annual Meeting, October 28, 1830.
Cr Chjule! Rodinsom, Escl.

Concluded. |

On the subject of horses I speak with hesitation,
not because much may not with propriety l)e said
and strong and convincing reasons may not he
urged why a better race of horses should be obtain-
ed and cultivated among us, and I do speak at the
suggestion of ihose whose judgment may not be
called in question.

As I have elsewhere remarked, we do not here
need a large race ofliorses for the use of our far-
mers. The labor performed by horses among us
is light and ordinarily does not require of a horse
of moderate size a full e,\ertion of his strength. It
is evident that for light work which is to he done
rapidiv a horse of moderate weight has a decided
superiority. He has in fact less labor to perforin ;
tie has less weight of his own to support and less
'ffort is required of him to accomplish his task. It
j therefore iuipurtaut that in onreflbrls to improve
lur breed ofliorses for domestic use, we should
N'onsitlt compactness, speed and beauty. Beauty,
because in all animals a beauliful form is the most
perfect ; one in which is combined in the greatest
perfection all the qualities which appertain to that
]>eculiar animal ; all those combinalioiis on which
streiio;th ami action depend, and because too, beau-
ty will always excite affection, inibice attention and
care, and be exempt from those over exactions
wliii'h in the horse so often result in disease and
death.

Why is it that cm this point we are thus deficient.
Is not our soil congenial to the horse ; or is it not
rather that those engaged in this branch of agri-
cnlt+ire ilo not feel that solicitude for quality, for
good blood and a proper combination of the difler-
ent points and qualities which constitute a good
liorse .' There are opinions prevalent among our
farmers which it would seem a proper attcniicui to
the subject would lead them to renoniice,but which
cannot with propriety be discussed on an occasion
like the present.

As food for horses our grass is cut too early, often
before it has attained its full growth. Ilcrdsgrass,
according to Sir Humphrey Davy, contains a far
greater amount of ntitri'neut when the seed is fully
formi;d than vvhen in ihe blossom, and the expe-
rience ofall who have fairly tested the subject leads
them to the same result. It is said that if left till
that time it is not eaten so rt^adily ; but is not this
an argument in favor of late cutting .' When the
seed is fully formed a given weight contains more
nutriiiient than when c<it in the blossom and a given
bulk a far greater weight ; heme it follows that to
obtain the required amount of sustenance a less
quantity is requisite and therefore a less quantity
will be consumed. The labor of cnriug is also
lessened and the liability of the hav to suli.=rqueiit
injury almost entirely done away.

The system of drill husbamlry, even when in its
most favtuable form it is applied to the raising of
Indian Corn is little adapted to the state of our
country. It can be adopted to advantage only where
laborers are abundant and mamial labor of little
value, and even in Enghind it is not considered a
profitable mode of culture. In this section of the
couniry our ngriculiiual labor is perlcirmed with the
most ])rofit upon the broadcast system by the use of
oxen. In the country the labor of a team is held
as of the same value as that of a day laborer. A
team costs n farmer its keeping and the interest

upon the investment; a laborer his board and wages,
llere is therefore a heavy balance against manual !
labor. ]

Corn can be profilably raised only on land of
good quality and in a high state of cultivation. In |
order therefore to obtain large crops many farmers
dress their land so heavily as to essentially injure
it and occasion great waste. There is a point in
all land, the staple ofthe soil, a degree of fertility,
when not effected by injudicious cropping, which
the peculiar condjination of the soil produces.
This point it cannot be made to exceed by any
dressing wliich does not change its nature, and
therefore those efforts fieipiently made to induce
an excess in fertility in favored inclosures ao often
prove abortive.

The system of dry fallow for grain formerly so
prevalent is deservedly falling into disrepute.
There are many reasons why on a light soil it is
uivprofitable. If on ordinary soil the expense of
ploughing per acre in the fallow system be esiimat-
eil at 75 cts. and the harrowing at 25 cts. ofthe same,
the three plniighings and two harrowings amount
to S2 50 cts. per acre for the expense of prepar-
ing the ground for a crop of fall grain. But if the
grain be sown after one ploughing and be covered
by two harrowings we have an expense of $1 per
acre. The latter plan has stood the test of expe-
rience through a series of years and has jiroduced
an average of better crops than the former, beside
leaving the land in a iiiore productive state. The
repeated and continued ex|)0surc ofthe soil in the
fallow system must be extremely injurious. The
gases arising from the deconq)Osition of the vege-
table matter are evolved am! lost. The surlace
is exposed to the constant action of the sun, air
and rain. The animal and vegetable matter is
either carried ofl' liy evaporation or washed inU)
the subsoil.

Fall ploughing in ordinary cases can by uo means
be recoiniucnded, a series of experiments upon this
point have uniforndy led to the same disastrous
result. The turf is in the fall much stronger than
in the spring and it di^cays but little through the
winter. In (he spring the laml retiuircs more ex-
pense to bring it into proper condition than if it
had not been ploughed, and what is more the crojis
are iinifonnly light.

These are a few of the points in our general
system which may wiili propriety receive the atten-
tion of our farmers. There are other subjects,
other items for discussion upon which much might
be saiil. Among these the culture of Hemp and
the rearing of silk worms claim particular attention.
Here however as in all things else the general rule 1
fully ajiplies ; that experiments should always be ,
made upon a small scale. [

There is one vice not yet entirely eradicated
from among us iigainst which every lover of his
country and of his fellow inen is bound to use all '
his influence, one scourge upon society which no |
language can depict in all its horrors ; with a syren
voice and in the garb of friendship and sociably it
enters unsuspected the abode of temperance and
peace. It is met with open arms for it speaks only
of kindness. It ingratiates itself with some one
member of llie fainily,'perh&ps him on whom the
others are dependent for happiness and support.
He llstdus to the syren's song and his happiness is
gone forever. The eyes of his friends no longer
beam with nnnjiiigled satisfaction at his approach ;
he reads in their countenances only silent suffering
and ruined hopes and lie feels that be alone is the

author of all this misery. Oppressed with the con-
sciousness that he has ruined him.self and destroy-
ed the peace of his family, he returns for alleviation
to the intoxicating draught and finds relief for a
time for all those sickening reflections in Itnital In-
sensibility.

Look at yonder man, a few years since his heart
beat high with the pros|)ect of eminence and the ■»
conciousness that on him rested those deep, those
pure and fervent affections which strew with flow-
ers the pathway of life but which sorrow and suf-
fering can alone call forth in all their tenderness.
What is his history for these short, these solemn
years ? Oh ! tell it not, for it speaks only of blight-
ed hopes, of prospects lost, of affection withered
by unkind ness and the fond expectation of iliends
exchanged for sorrow more heart rending than that
which encircles the dead.

This insidious foe in its first a]iproach is scarce-
ly perceptible. It then manifests itself in appar-
ently slight and venial oflences. But like the little
clouil that first betokened an answer to the prayers
of the prophet Elijah and which soon caused the
heavens to be black with clouds and wind and which
dehigeil the earth with rain, this fell destroyer brings
with it desolation ami despair and involves its vic-
tim ill a whirlwind of passion and vicious indul-
gence.

But why dwell wo on themes so melanch( ly.
The .syren's song will no longer whisper in the ear
of the deluded and degraded victim, peace when
there is no peace. Intemperance even now stands
forth iu all its hideousncss : a moral revolution is
abroad over our laiiil which bids the victim live.

Our liiud is siill a favored land. The w;iilings
of famine and the cry for bread are not heard in our
streets. Oppression and its consequent miseries
arc here un.seen. All who do what their hands find
to do and do it with their nnght here obtain a com-
petent subsistence.

Ouroccupaiion, my brother farmers, is one whicli
requires constant care and watchfulness ; but is
this a reason why we should remain listless nml
inactive .' Let it rather be our effort to raise the
comlilion of the farming interest, to instil into iho
minds of all with whom we associate proper prin-
ci|)les, to excite for our occupation more interest
and for its improvement more exertion and greater
efforts.

In Russia it is usual to preserve the natural ver-
dure of hay. As soon as the grass is cut, it is
without being spread, formed into a rick, in the
centre of which has been previously jilaceii a
kind of chimney, made of four rough planks. It
seems that the heat ofthe fermentation evaporates
by the chimney ; and the hay thus retains all its
leaves, its color, and its primitive flavor.

Discovery. — Mr D. C. Tiere, states in the BnfTtilo
Bulletin that he has discovered a substitute for hemp
and flax in a vegetable which grows at Syracuse.
It was cut down by a farmer mowing and fell
into the water. He obtained about 2 ozs. of it
near a ytird long, in the imperfect state and found
it equal to flax for strength and softness. He in-
teuils to make a satisfactory experiment and com-
municate the result.

To preserve Fruit. — Fruit of all sorts may be
dried and kept a year or two, without losing their
flavor, by wiping them dry, and putting them into
a cool brick oven; and occasionally, while dry«
ing, grating a little sugar over them. — Loudon.

Vol. X.— No. 11.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

85

SWAMP MUD.

Were fanners to pay more atteiuioii to draining
llieir low lands, they would find it much to ilit;,!r
interest. Separate from the advantage of rendc.-
ing their low lands dry and productive, much ma-
nure of the first quality might be taken from the
ditches, and when spread upon fallows and other
uplatids under tillage, would well repay all the
expense of ditching. Many seem to entertain the
idea, that nothing is worth carting or speading us
manure, unless it has been collected in the barn-
yard, or is the excrement of animals.

All vegetable matter undergoing decomposition
furnishes food for growing plaMts,and may be appli-
ed as manures. In sljort, anything, wlicllier vegeta-
ble or animal substance, which on being mixed
with a soil under cultivation, ami which increases
the growth of plants cultivated in such soil, js
termed manure. Different soils require different
substances to be applied, in order to facilitate the
growth of plants ; thus light sandy soils which are
too loose t* retain moistme are greatly benefited
by the application of clay ; and such earths as are
comparatively too retentive of moisture, are greatly
altered for the better, by mixing with them a por-
tion of sand, so that wliatever be the soil which
requires ditching, the earth removed may be carted
to a different soil, and be applied as a manure.
There is on some farms small swamps or depress-
ions, in which vegetable matter collects, and which
cannot without considerable expense be drained;
tlieee frequently become dry during summer, when
larire quantities of manure might be taken out of
them. Good farmers will look carefully to those
things, but some that are new in the profession,
may not be aware of Ihe importance of such depos-
its and a hint from us may not be considered amiss.
— Genesee Fanner.

TESTIMONIES IN FAVOR OF WATER,

AS A D>IVERSA1. BEVERAGE.

Cheyne, a distinguished physician, who wrote
more than a century ago, and whp had himself
experienced incalculable benefits from the use of
water, describes its value with great enthusiasm.
' The benefits,' says he ' a jierson who desires noth-
ing but a clear head, and strong intellectual facid-
ties, would reap by drinking nothing but water
(tepid or cold as the season is,) while he is yet
young and tolerably healthy, well educated and of
a sober honest disposition, are innumerable : As
first, that he would live probably till towards an
hundred years of age, &,c. Secondly, that he
would constantly enjoy a clear head, calm, at least
governable passions ; a facility in intellectual apjili-
cations, and the acquisition of virtue, &c. Thirdly
he would thereby be secured against all the great,
atrocious, and frightful di.stempers ; as melancholy,
lowuess of spirits, wrong-headedness, madness,
apoplexies, suffocations, fevers of all kinds, pesti-
lences, pleurisies, &c.'

' If there is in nature a remedy, which deserves
the name of universal,' says Hoffman, a celebrated
German physician, who lived nearly two centuries
ago, 'it is, in my opinion, pure water.'

' Water,' says the Edinburgh Encyclopedia,' is
the natural drink of man, and indeed, of all animals.
It is not only the safest and best drink, but howev-
er it may be disguised, water is perhaps the oidy
fluid which can answer all the purposes for which
drink is required.'

' There can be no question,' says Dr James
JohnaoQ of London, ' that water is the best and the

only drink which nature has designed for man:
' ami there is as little doubt but that every person
I might gradually, or even pretty quickly, accustom
himself to this aqueous beverage.' — 'The water
drinker glides tranquilly through life, without much
exhilaration ordepression, and escapes many diseas-
es to which he would otherwise be subject. The
1 wine drinker experiences short, but vivid ])eriods
of rapture, and long intervals of gloom ; he is al-so
more subject to disease. The balance of enjoyment
then turns decidedly in favor of tlie water drink-
er, leaving out his temporal prosperity and future
anticipations ; and the nearer we keep to his regi-
men, the happier we shall be.'

' I have known,' says Dr Rush, ' many instan-
ces of persons who have followed the most labori-
ous employment for many years in the open air,
and in wartn and cold weather, who never drank
anything but water, and enjoyed uninterrupted
good health.'

Tliose sudden deaths, which are not unfrequent
from drinking cold water, in very hot weather, rare-
ly if ever lake place, except in persons of intcmi)er-
ate habits.

'In physical strength,' says the Journal of Health,
'in the capability of enduring labor aiul fatigue, in
,the vigor and clearness of the intellectual powers,
'he individuals whose drink is confined entirely to
vator, far exceed those who substitute for the pure,
element, ilistilled or fermented liquors.'
I ' Would the strong man preserve his strength,
I and the fair woman her beauty, water will be their
beverage, their cordial, their restorative. Is the
, cmstitution broken down in drunken bouts, and
g iittonous feasting, to be renovated ; water — water
a one, unmixed, unspoiled, must be the grand auli-
I d/speplic draught. If cramps and pain torment, or
1 wakefulness cheat the wearied spirit of its repose,
not all the essences of peppermint or mustard for
the former, or all the sedatives of laudanum, or
black drops, or hops for the latter, will be so com-
posing for the time, and unattended by after suffer-
ing, as a tumbler full or two of hot water. The
nervous lady who refuses to take adequate exercise
during the day, and drinks her strong green tea in
the evening, may consult her physician, if she be
partial to having a listener to her tale of wo ; but if
she desire to rest well and keep out of the hands of
quacks, and spare the nerves ofhcr regular medical
adviser, who really wishes her well, she must di-
lute her tea, take longer walks, aiul in place of re-
course to the laudanum vial, try a tumbler full of
hot water at bed time. The poor hypochondriac
must not hope for easier digestion and a greater flow
of spirits by a little wine or other bitters before din-
ner, and a little wine or brandy and water at,
and after this meal. He may as well hope to breathe
freer by having his throat a little compressed by a
tight band just before he takes a walk, and again a
little squeezed nnmediately after his return. His
draughts from the foimtaiu of Hygeia must be in the
shape of pure water from the nearest spring or cis-
tern.

Curious Document. — Ministers have at this mo-
ment in their possession a list of 1,500 individu-
als, in or near Loudon, whose private fortunes
would pay off the national debt. Of course the
list is only interesting, or of value, as indicating
the mass of wealth in the country, as one could not
have imagined, at first sight, that the private for- I
tunes of ajiy l,-500 individuals in the empire could
be to sucli an extent, — English Paper. \

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVBNINO, SEPT. 28, 1631.

HORTICULTURAL FESTIVAL.

The Anniversary of the Massacliusetts Horticulturil
Society was celebrated on the Slst in>t. In the forepoon a
well written, learned anil elaborate address was delivered
to the nieinbers of the society and a collection of ladies
andgcntlemen,asseiriblcd atlhe Athenaeum Lecture Koorn
by Dr M. A. Ward of Salem. This address was replete
with useful and amusing informalion. ]tp;ave historical
sketches of the sciences of Botany and Nalural History
from the earliest age to the present time, interspersed with
interesting anecdotes relative to distinguished men who
have successfully cultivated those branches of erudition.
It exhibited proofs of the advantages which had hceii de-
rived from the labors of Horticultural Societies both in
Europe and the United States, and adverted to the bejicHts
which the public had received, and vvliicb might be ex-
pected to accrue from the exertions of those and sijiiilar
institutions ; commended the efforts of the Massachusclls
Horticultural Society, and specified some of the favoralile
results of their labors. This Address we hope will soon
be published by the Society,

Among the donations of fruits and flowers, which were
presented for the Festival were the following, viz :

Dr Webster; Sweet-water ami Isabella Grapes,
peaches. Mr H. A. Breed, ofLynii; W:iler-i]ioloiis.
Mr Abel Houghton, of Lynn; CilnUi Mn-i.-i,,, Iwn. ;uid
Isabella Grapes. Mr Siiniuel I'cuul. ( '.mJii id^i poi t ;
Sweet-vvaler, red Chasselas and l>abi,ll.i L>i..pL,-. Ui U.
Fi*ke, Worcester ; a large basket ol I'ears, called Cbam-
berl.iin, resembling the St Michael. Mr Joseph Joy,
Boston ; brown Beui'ie Pears. Mr E. Vose, Dorchester;
black Hamburg, while Chasselas, and Gros Maioc
Grapes, Capiaumont Pears, and Morrii^ white Peaches.
Dr S A. Shuitleff, Bost)n; white Cbasselas Grapes, St
Micliacl, Seclile, and Ulrica's Bergamot Peais, ; iid
'ShurtleflV seedling Grapes. Mr" D. Ha-m.iji„ii,
Charleslown; black irambui-g- and Sweet-water Ur.iiics.
Mrs K. Mackey, Wcsloii i mij^iI. i licisislone Peaches.
Mr C. Cowen, Uoxbury; < ^i' lirii-^. Gorbam P.U'-
soiis, Esq. Brighton ; Hiil.liii I- v i^ h ii, Poirune nclge
fameuse.and Washin»,tou IV.u u.aiu Aiiplcs: Broca's Ber-
gamot, and Sylvanche veile d'l.ivei Pears. Mr S. C.
i>yford, Meieditli, N. H. ; St Michael Pears. Mr K. F.
Pbipps, Charleslown ; Andrews Pears.

Dr Z. B. Adams, Boston ; St Mieliael Pears and a
fine specimen of Hibiscus Maiiibot. Madam Parkman,
Broca's Bergamot Pears. Mr Samuel Downer, Doicbcs-
ter, ; Black Hamburg, Red Cbasselas, Isabella, Schuyl-
kill, Troy, Nazro and Gale Grapes; Capiaumont, Beurre,
Knox and Seckle Pears. Mr Enoch Bartlett, RoxLury ;
Barllelt and Capiaumont Peais. Ribslone Pippins, and
Spitzenberg Apples, Isabella Grapes and Watermelons.
Mr Wm. Kenrick, Newton ; Isabella Grapes. Mr J.
Wilson, Boston, Peaches. Mi Daniel Chandler, Lexing-
ton ; Fruit of Passiflnra edulis. Mr R. Toobey, Wa'l-
tbam ; Heatbcott and Seckle Pears. Messrs Winsliip
of Biigblon; black Hamburg, black Cape, black Mus-
cadine, black Cluster, Royal Muscadine, white Cbasselas,
white. Sweet-water, Saragossa, Wyatt, Isabella and
Schuylkill Grapes. Madam Dix, Boston ; Dix Pears, a
fine specimen. Mr Charles Senior, Roxbury ; one large
Lemon tree, one large and two small Orange trees ia
fruit.

Mr David Fosdick, Charleslown ; While Muscadine
and Isabella Grapes, Apples, Pears and Peaches. Mr J.
Bnmstead, Boston; a basket of small Blue Ischa Fi;;g,
Gen. Dearborn, Roxbury ; Heath Peaches, Marie Louise,
Beurre d'Anglcteire, English Bergamot, and a beaulilul
cluster containing 36 Seckle pears. John Prince, Esq.
Jamaica Plain ; Beurre du Roi, Fiillon, Dr Hunt's Con-
necticut and Capiaumont Pears ; Hubbardston Nonsuch
Apples. — Mr Eben. Breed, Charleslown ; Black Ham.-
buror Grapes. Mr Charles Lawrence, Salem ; Black
Hamburg Grapes, 4 clusters weighing 24 — 18 — 18— IT
ounces : White Muscat Rpisling or Clairette de Liinoux,
Petit Rauschling and Gray Burgundy Grapes ; St Mi-
chael Pears, and Kennedy's Carolina Clingstone Peaches,
Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq. Dorchester ; Black Hamburg,
White Muscat, Barcelona, Conslanlia, Catawba and Isa.
bella Grapes, Seckle Pears, Waleriiielons, one weigh-
ing 38 lbs. and four varieties of nuisk-melons. Mr
Thomas Whitraaish, Brookline ; large Carolina Water-
melons.

S.G. Perkms, Esq. Brookline ; white Muscat, Muscat of
Alexandria, and black Cape Grapes; Belle de Vitry

S6

I^EW ENfiLANb FARMER,

Sept. 28, 1631.

(superb) Royal George, and Morris' Lucieu's wliite rare-
ripe Peaches ; a potted branch of white Chasselas Grapes
containing, wood of llie years 1831, and uood which in
ordinary cullurc, would have appeared in 1832, 33, 34,
wiih the fruit of the last three years tliereon, that of the
present year having been gathered. Hon. Richard Sulli-
Tnii, Broolvline ; black Hamburi;, Sweet-water and an
iinlinown kind of Grapes. Alderman Hall, of New-
Vork, a basket of large and handsome Pears, name un-
known.

The following letter from the Hon. O. FisKEwas sent
with his donation oiChamberlain Pears mentioned above.
VVurcester, fept. IG, ISyl.

My De.irSir— I exceedingly regret that aii engage-
ment with the governor as a Committee to examine White
Mulbeiiy Nurseries fjr a premium, iu various parts of the
county (postponed on account of the weather) must de-
prive me of the pleasure of meeting my Horticultural
frieud.-i at our .Annual Festival. I however avail myself
ol the occasion to forward for their inspection a basket of
native Pears. Although the produce of a farm within
two miles of me, 1 was iti ignorance of their exi-tence
uiiiil yesterday, when 1 requested the owner to preserve
tlie gleanings oithirly bushels which the tree had borne
for my use. I was on the ground toilay and found
the tree about 15 inches in diameter near the ground with
a moderate decrease for 8 feet, when it stiuck ofi into a
ptrpenilicular and two lateral branches a''^"<g 't a well
proportioned and well balanced top. Although it had the
appearance of age there was not a scar on the body
oi a dead or a diseased limb to be seen. I considered it as
th- best conditioned tree for its age I had ever noticed.
On the ino.t careful inspection it had every appearance of
a native.

The account I obtained from the present owner was that
the larni formerly belonged to a Deacon • hamberlain,one
of who-e son- found it in a pasture some distance from the
house where hiscattlehad their range, and transplanted it
to its present situation.

I called on Geu. Chamberlain a grandson of 'he Deacon,
who owns an adjoining farm. He corioborated the above

ed by Mr Eaton, at Concert Hall. This repast was all
that could gratify the most keen, as well as please the
most fastidious appetite. It was served with a prompti-
tude and precision, an attention to the wants and wishes
of every individual, but rarely witnessed in an entertain-
ment, given to so large a party. The Hon. H. A. S.
Dearborn, President of the Society, presided at the
table, and was assisted as Toast master by Z. Cook, Jun.,
Esq., first Vice President of the Society. The en-
tertainment exhibited a feast of intellect and a festival of
wit, as well as choice viands for those who were inclined
to mingle the repast of the senses with the ' flow of soul.'
The following regular toasts were drank.

Our Country — Where each Exotic finds support —
where nothing liut the willow weeps.

Massachusetts — In peace she furnishes Grapes for her
friends — in war, Grape-shot for her enemies.

The Massachusetts Horticultural Society — By intro-
ducing new modes and articles of culture, we hope to add
new links to the chain of social being.

Political Horticulture — Which has shown experiment-
ally— that the Flower tie luce does not succeed well in
France — nor the Orange in Belgium.

TVif Poles — Principle as well as Patriotism awakens
sympathy in their heroic struggle — since it is the duty of
every free citizen ' to go to the polls,'

The Russian Grand Duke and the Portuguese Ty- j gloriously planted, overshadow and exterminate all germs
rant — We would not exchange a St Michael's pear, for 'of despotism.

ccpts and examples have ameliorated the Farms and
Gardens, and deserve the grateful acknowledgments of
every New England Cultivator.

By a Member.— TAc Orator o/ the Day— He has pre-
sented us this day, to use his own language, a nut of the
sweetest kernel, and happily easy to crack.

By Dr Bigelow. — Bunker Hill Monument — We regret
to find that it resembles in nothing the worthies whom it
commemorates, except in having come to an obstinate
stand.

By Zebedee Cook, Jun., Esq., First Vice President,
(after the President had retired.) — H A. S. Dearborn,
the President of the Alassachusetts Horticuiturnl Soci-
ety— The scientific and practical Cultivator — the annals
of our Institution attest the value of his labors; the grati-
tude of his co-laborers is cheerfully and liberally acceded
him.

By a Member.— GoRHAM Parsons, Esq. — a distin-
guished patron of the sister sciences. Agriculture and
Horticulture.

TRANSMITTED.

By William Prince, Senior Proprietor of the Linnaan
Botanic Garden. — Tlie Hon. John Lowell — tlie distin-
guished patron and benefactor of Horticulture.*

By William Robert Prince. — TTie Hortieulturiats ef
Poland — May the Tree of Liberty which they have

a pair of such Michaels.

La Fayette — an anomaly in Cultivation — A Tree
vigorous at 74 — whose grafts will survive the parent
stock, and perpetuate the original flavor of its fruit.

Our Jilma Mater — Constant improvements in this ori-
ginal Nursery, until every scion surpass the best of our
Seedlings.

TTie Two Websters — One an X-pounder of the Ameri-
can Language, the other a 76-pounder of the American
Constitution.

The Industry of A"ew England — The braiding of
palm leaves and the spinning of cotton have shown thai

statement and added that the tree was removed above six- , what we do not produce we render productive

ty years ago by his urtcle Jacob now living and from that
circumstance the fruit has always been called the ' Jac-
obs Pear.' It i*s generally a free bearer ; and has never
been known wholly lo fail. As a table fruit from the re-
dun Imcy of its B.iccharine quality and di-stitution of
flavor (I "will doubtless lie considered as inferior to many of
our varieties of native Pears. But for all domestic uses,
which in a lamilv are of primary imporlanre, I doubt
whether it can be excelled. It comes in use when fruit
of this characier is not readily obtained. I was told that
it retains i's form and size when baked and gives a reil
and rich pulp. It is moreover longer in eating than most
other kinds as may be judged by the simple.

Should the committee think proper lo give it a place in
their nomenclature, I would suggest the propriety of cal-
ling it the Chamberlain Pear.

Respectfully your fiiend and seivant. O. Fiske.

Zebedee Cook, Jun. Esq.

The following letter from S. G. Perkins, Esq. was
sent logether with the fruits &c. presented by that gcntle-

Dtonkline, Sept. 21, ISsr.
Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq.

t_'trHitn»;ni of the rommilteeof Arrangements.

De.4r Sir — 1 herewith send you a branch of the
While Chasselas Vine, conlainine the wood of the years
1S31 — 18S!>— 1833 and 1334, with the fruits of the three
last years attached to their respectiveshoots— (Aa( of the
present ye.ir having been long since gathered and eaten.

You will perceive therefore that Ibis Vine has borne
this season, the fiuitsof four yoars; which may be considei--
ed by some of your guests an object of curiosity, and I ap-
pre'iend must be new to most of them. — The wood of
1832 has one bunch nf grapes only ; that of 1833 has two
bunches; and that of 1S34 has thiee bunches.— The first
is lipc — ihe ter'ond nearly so, and the last are as you will
see, quite small. There may be iHcs drawn from this fact
which every gardener who is acquainted with rtie cul-
ture of the'Grape Vine, will readily see; and as it is in
the power of every one to produce the same result, they
may ascertain the species of grape they ai-e cultivating
one, two, or even three years before the vine in its na-
tural course, worrld prodirce its fruit.

Respectfully your obedient servant.

Samuel, G. Perkins.

At 4 o'clock, the Society, with their guests, consisting

Our Festivals — While we draw from Vineyards it
Europe, and from plantations at the Tropics, we have
satisfactory pi-oofs of a good Kitchen Garden at-home.

Eden— The first aboilc of the living— Mount Auburn,
the last i-esting place of the dead. — If the tree of life
sprung from tire soil of the one. Immortality shall i-ise
fronr the dust of the other.

Cultivation, Commerce and Manufactures — They
must be coexistent, and we hope in this country they will
be coeternal.

By Alfred S. Prince. — Flora and Pomona — Alike ani-
mating the hearts of their votar ies in every clime.

Other sensible, witty and sentimental sayings were
uttered and responded, which we are compelled to omit.-

Several songs were sung, and among others one origi-
nal, written by the Editor of the New England Farmer,
(and printed on the last page of this day's paper,) was
sung with much skill and eflect, by Mr i. W. Newell,
of Charlestown.

volunteer toasts.

By J. C. Gray, Esq., Third Vice President. — Our
Country — a noble tree, with 24 fruitful branches — Ljt it
be preserved from splitting at the crotch, and no earllrly
power can pr-ostrate it.

By Doct. Ward, of Salem. — Tlie Flora and Pomona
of J\'ew England — The man of science may plant, the
man of wealth may water, but the man of practical skill
nrust give the increase. Success to them all.

By Rev. J. Pierpont. — The tables turned since mart
first attended to Horticulture — then he had his worst fall , ,1 i> t-, ■ t,

in the G-,irden— now he has his best Garden in the Fall. \ "V .'"", *;\- i^'_ /-^CKV. It wa
> By Mr Assur (a native of Poland.) — The Poles — In
America they arc necessary for the cultivation of Hops —
In Europe, the Russians are taught by them a quicker
step— fight.

By Hon. Nathan Appleton. — Cultivation — The only
process of "obtaining Fruit, whether applied to Mind or
Matter.

By E. Vose, Esq. — Belgium — the land of Van Mons ;
in return for the scions of its fine fruits, we ofTer to it
scions frorir our own Tree of Liberty.

By E. Bartlctt, Esq., Second Vice President. — Our
Country — May those who administer the Govemmeitt
remember that tlie Apple of Discord should never be
cultivated.

By Hon. Judge Davis. — Our modern Druids, who turn
Forests into Fields, unite the Garden with the Grove, and
are such decided Utilitarians as to prefer Maize to
Mistletoe.

By Samuel Appleton, Esq. — The Garden of Eden, lost
to Mankind by the curiosity of Woman — regained for
Woman kind by Horticultural Societies.

By T. G. Fessenden.— 77if Hun. John Lowell, the

LtLLT & Wait. Boylston Square, have jtist re-
published the 90th niiiirber of the Quarlerly Review ;
it contains valuable articles on the fdlowing- sub-
jects: — ('ontie.'vion of Intellectual Operations with
Organic Action— Bonn's Poenis^Mmlern Science ;
Inductive Philosophy — Doctrine de Saint Simon ;
New Distribution of Property — Subversion of An-
cient Government — Old English Donn'stic Architec-
ture— Friendly Advice lo the Lords — Sanscrit Po-
etry.

ALBANY HOKTICULTUI5AL SOCIeTY.
'I'lre third iiiiiiiverisary of the Alb.Tiiy lloi ticultu-
ral Society was reli:l)riitecl in this city on Saturday.
The tlis|i!!iy of fruits, vegetables, pjanls and flowers,
was not as great as oil the pievio'Js anniversary,
the season being iiirl'avoi-alple to the pearli, pear,
ijrape and paiticularly to what may lie called our
siaple fruit, tire pliiiii ; but it was, on the whole, a
creditiiblc oxlriliition. Tire annual address was
ilelivered at tire Mansion Hou.se, at 3 o'clock, P. M.
highly pertinent
and valuable efi'ort, ami was well received by the
idience. We hope lire author will coiisentto its
piiblicatiirii, with a more extended account of ^lie
p'^oceeilings. At 4, p. ji. ihe coinimny sat down
to an elegant dinner, served up in the best style,
by Mr Bradstreet. Tire guests consisted of the
ra'iers of the scrciety, the Ij'eiilenant (jovmior,
Chaiicelliir, Comptroller, Secretary of Slate, Recor-
der of the city, ami other stale and city olficers, anil
many citizens. Among the invited guests were
ihe venerable Col. Bassett and Dr Everett of Vir-
;:inia, Alaj. Talcotl of the U. S. army, and Dr Spaf-
Oird, Mr Walsh, and other efficient ineinbeis of the
lleiissehrer County Horticultural Society. Judge
IjUel, president of the society, presided, assisted
by Isaac Denmsto.n, Est], vice-president. The
room and table were suitably decorated. Aftertlie
cloth was removed, various toasts were draulc. The
company separated at an early hour, in all respects,

in all of about two hundred, sat down to a dinner, prepar- Patriarch of Improved Husla rdry— his influence, pre- we believe, highly gratified.— ^iiani/ ^rgui,

Val. X.— No. 11.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

87

jrnnted,
An able bodied laborer, who has )»ad experience in the
jnaiiagement of hot bed?, and forcing eai'ly vegetajles (or
market. Apply at his office, Sept. 28.

Linnaan Botanic Gnrdtn and Mirseries, — Flush-
ing, near JVew Yurk.

WII,LIAM PRINCE If SONS, Proprietors, announce
■thai the great extpn>ions made in their establishment,
which now covers! near 50 acres, compactly and regu-
larly filled with Trees, Shrubs and Plants of the choic-
est kinds, enables lliem to olfer the various sorts at the
reduce! prices slated in their JV'cui Cota/o^ues, which
■wili be sent to any person who may apply for them. —
The qualilyaiid excellence ol the (rees are superior to all
ibriner periods, and the ino.st scrupulous attention has
been devoted to iheir accuracy, which is invariably an
object of thoir personal attention. To Nurseiies they
will allow a liberal discount and a convenient credit —
All litters desiring information will be replied to by the
Jirst mail.

As many persons are agents for different Nurseries, it
is requested that orders intended lor us he particularly
specitied. Every Invoice sent has a printed heading
and our signature, and such proof ol origin must be in-
sisted on, as we take upon ourselves no responsibility un-
less such an invoice can be produced. We are thus par-
iicular for conclusive reasons, i>nowing we have been
injured by impositions.

Jn the next paper some particular articles will be eiiu-
merale<I, hiahly inleresling to the public, of which they
have cultivated a large supply to meet the great demand.
Orders can b;; seat direct to the proprietors, or to J. B.
BUSSELL, Agriculturist, Ho^lon.

N. C, In the Pomological .Manual, just publi-hed,
above 22B varieties of Pears, 100 of Plu'ms, ami 100 of
Peaches, are fully ilescribed, besides olher fruits, that
those not conversant with the suttject can make their se-
lections from d knowledge of the qualities. Sept. 21.

Fresh IVhUe Mulberry Seed.

Just rcceive.l at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
S2 North Market Sheet—

A small supply of fiesh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted' the growth of the present s ason, from
.one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short direclions for its cultureaccompany the
seed. Aug. 3.

Cocoons Wanted.
The Subscriber will pay cash t r Cocoons, from 25
SO cents, according to qual ty. -I. H. COBB.

Dedham, July 15lh, 1831. 81 July 20.

The Political Cla.is Book,
Intended to instruct th« higher classes in Schools in the
origin, nature and use of Political Power. By William
Sullivan, Counsellor at Law. With an appendix upon
studies for practical men, with notices of Books suited to
their use. By George B. Emerson.

The object of this work is to point out to the
youths, wiio are in the course ol education, their relation
to each other, to society and to their country ; and to
show, in a plain and simple way, the excellence and val-
ue beyond all price, of the political condition in which
they exist. The further purpose is to give some informa-
tion of the social system ol which they are to become ac-
tive membeis, and on which their own happiness, in com-
mon wiih that otallarounil them, absolutely depends.
The plan is — First, to sketch the principles on which soci-
ety is formed. Sicou'lly, to show the fitness of the State
Government to accomplish the intended object of it.
Thirdly, to do the like as to the National Government.
Fourthly, to notice some subjects which concern those
who are approaching manhood, and those who have risen
to be citizens.

The Appendix contains a short account of the most
approved books in arts, sciences, literature, history and
morals, with introductory remarks

The Moral Class Book„
Or the Law of Morals ; derived from Uie Created Uni-
verse, and from Revealed Religion — Intended for Schools.
■By William Sullivan, Counsellor at law.
■' The statutes of the Lord, are right: rejoicing the heart.
The cominandmeut of the Lord is pure; enlightening the
eyes.' Psalm xix, 8.

Extract from the Preface.

'Tl e plan of this volume is to search out the original
■piinciples of morality. They are supposed to have been
iDund in the laws of the created universe. We have en-
deavored to prove, that this universe must have pioceeded
from Supreme Intelligence, Almighty power, and un-
bounded goodness ; that it is one connected, and depend-
ent system of being : that physical, intellectual, moral
and religious man, is necessarily a part of it \ that his
relation to the universe, can be discerned and understood
by the light of reason ; that what he thus learns, is con-
firmed, and sanctioned, by Divine revelation. Beyond
this we do not go ; and beyon 1 this we need not go, since
it is thus disclosed, and made certain, that the law of
morals, is the will of God.

' It m,ay be supposed, that surfi an inquiry would ne-
cessarily lead to pecirliar, and even to sectarian opinions
in religion. This consequence does not follow. If it did'
there is no call to introduce it into this volume ; nor is it
introduced. We know, and respect the differences which
exist, in religious opinions, in this free land. With these
ou this occasion, we have no concern. The sole purpose
is to dlustrate the -principles of that morality, which all
denominaiions of Christians respect.*

jy The above works should be in every family, and
in every school. Published by Richardson, Lord &
HoLBRooK, Sch-»1 Book puHisheri, Boston, and for sale
bjr alj booksellers io New EnglaQd.

lf'oodbrids;e and If'illard's Universal Geography.

This day is published, the fourth edition of Woodbridge
and Willard's UniversalGeography, Ancient and Modern,
adapted to the present state of the world For the use of
the higher Classes in schools and Academies, and for pri-
vate Libraries. Accompanied by both Modern and An-
cient Atlases. Modern Geography, by William C.
Woodbridge, Editor of the 'Annals of Education,'
Author of' Rudiments of Geography for Schools.'

Ancient Geography, by Emma Willard, Piincipal
of the Troy Female Seminary.

The present (fourth,) eililion has been improved by the
addition of such recent information of changes, improve-
ments, and discoveries, as have been deemed important.
A new folio Map of England, Scotland and Ireland, a
Map nf Ihtf Pacific Ocean, a Chan of the principal Ani-
mals of the world, a Geological Map of Europe, and a
view of the principal Sections of Canals in the United
States, with several new engravings of Public Ruildings,
Cities, &c, have been added. The Maps of the four
quarters of the Globe are from new and improved draw-
ings, and it is believed will be found to possess peculiar
advantages. The plan of Itiis work, as also of the School
Geography by the same authors, (which is claimed to be
original,) it is well known, has obtained the decided appro-
bation of the most eminent Geographers an I Teachers in
Europe as well as in our own coiintry. The following
opinion of this work from the Rev. Joseph H. Harris,
late of Cambridge University, England, Presidentof Kings
College, York, U. C. has been recently received by the
Publishers.

' Allow me to return you my best thanks for the copy
of your Universal Geography, and its accompanying .\tlas
— and if I may offer an opinion on their merits, I would
characterise them as the most comprehensive, and best
methodised, and therefore the most useful work, connected
with the subject of Geography, that I have met with ;
not only admirably adapted to the purposes of instruction,
but containing much to render them valuable as a refer-
ence at all times.'

For sale by the principal Booksellers in the United
States — In this city by Carter, Hendee & Babcock
and Crocker & Brewster.

fnT" In press Ihefourteeiith Edition of ' Woodhridge's
Rudiments of Geosraphy and Atlas ' for Schools, with
new and improved drawings of the Maps for the Atlas and
other importaut additions.

September, 1831

Wanis a Situation,
A Gardener — a steady, active man, who is perfectly
acquainted with every department of the business, and
will be highly recommended by some of the m-st re-
speclahle families in the vicinity of Boston, having no
family but a wife ; he will engage as a single man or
otherwise. Any commands directed to F. L. car« of
James Ryan, No. 6, Batier.y-raarch street, Boston, will be
pespectfully attended to. Sept. 21.

C^ Ammunition

Of the best quality ai.rt tuivest prices, for sporting.!—
constantly for sale at CGPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6> Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not foond satisfactory, it jna
i>e i^tyracd, aad the tfiooey wUlb» refunded tt Jan..

PRICES OF COUXTRY PRODUCE.

FROK

TO

APPLES,nisselting9,

barrel.! 2 00( -I 60

ASHES, pot. firsi son,

ton. (105 OU 108 00

Pearl, lirst sort.

«

I5!0 00 \Ti 50

BEANS, white,

bushel

yu

1 (ill

BEEF, mess,

8 0(

8 .'jO

Cargo, No. I,

7 00

7 50

Cargo, No. i,

<.

C 25

1 6 50

BUTTER, inspected. No. 1, new, -

pound

1^

IS

(■liEESL, new milk,

"

6

«

Skimmed milk,

n

3

i

FLAXSEEO.

1 12

1 50

FLOUK, liaiiiinore.Howard-slreet, -

barrel

5 75

6 09

Oeiiespe,

'(

5 75

6 Off

Alexandria,

u

4 G'2

5 00

Balliinnre. uharf.

l<

5 00

5 50

(JIIAIN, Com. Northern.

bushel

G8

70

Corn. Southern Yellow,

"

63

f5

Kve,

"

lb

78

Barley,

'*

70

75

Outs,

tt

30

-12

HAY,

60

70

llOfiS LARD, first sort, new,

10 0"

10 6u

imi'S, Islqualiiv,

11 00

13 Oo

I.IMK,

cask.

1 01

1 25

I'l.AISI'ER PARIS retails at

3 00

3 25

I'OKK, cle.nr,

16 1,0

18 Oo

Navy mess.

13 (10

UOO

it

13 00

13 .50

SEED.S. Herds Grass,

1 7=1

2 00

Red \'n\i (northern)

50

75

Kcd Clover, (uoriliern)

pound.

10

12

TALLOW, iried.

8 00

8 50

WOOL, Merino, fullblond. washed, -

pound.

05

70

Merino, mrxed will. Saxony,

70

80

M.^ril.n, three f..„rt;,s washed,

tt

55

58

Mc-i . .../, ha ,>liiod,

tt

55

Mcrnio.qiiai ler,

tt

48

50

INalKP, washed,

tt

45

48

Pulled si.pcrliiu.

tt

63

65

Isi Lamb's,

,1

58

60

2d,

1.

45

48

3d,

It

30

30

1st Spinning,

"

50

32

PROVISION MARKET.

BEEF, best pieces
I'ORK, (resh, best pieces
---■ hogs,

VEAL,

"'

MUTTON,

POULTRY,

BUTTEU,ke

?ai

d tub

L

inp,

best,

EGOS,

MEAL, Rye,

reta

1

POTATOES,

CIIJER, (according to quality]

pound

8

(1

54

"

6

"

4

"

8

tl

12

tt

20

dozen-

H

bushel.

821

82:

"

37,

barrel .

1 50|

84

40

2 00

Brighton Markkt — Monday, Sept. 26.

[ Ri-porlcd for the Chronicle and Patiiol. J
At Market Ibis day 7-41 Beef Cattle, 714 Stores
1267 Sheep, and 1617 Swine. 50 Swine and a few Store
Ca-lle were re-.oned last week. Several hundred Stores
and thin Catlle remain unsold, many of which will pro-
bably be sold tomorrow.

PRiCEs.^^efA Can/c— A little depreciation from la.s«
week, probably occasioned by the weather. We quote
for prime 4 75 a $3 ; good 4 25 a 4 50 ; thin 3 23 a 4.
Stores — Sales not very brisk : no prices asceilained.
Working Omn—We noticed a few sales at $45, 53.
62, 70 and 75. v , ,

Cows and Calves— Sdles at $20, 21, 23 and 25.
Sheep — Sales quick, occasioned by the limited number,
and higher prices were obtained. Sales of lots at $1 75
2, 2 25, 2 3S and 2 37^. Some Wethers at $2 50 a 2 75.
Swine — We noticed a lot of prime large Barrows at 4i;
several smali selected lots, two thirds Barrows, aMij
one of 150, not selected, piobabiy two thirds Barrows, a^
4^. Retail price for Sows 4i a 5 ; Barrows 5i a 6..

JVew i'ork Cattle Market, Sept. 23.— Market for
Beef Cattle this week rather brisk, and better supplied}
900 head in, and piincipally sold it $4 50 a 6 50, and a
very fine at ^7. In Sheep and Lanibis, no variation
in quality, price or demand; 2000 head in, and all sold
quick; Sheep $2 56 a 6 Lambs $2 a ?. fat Hog*
scarce and sell quick at $4 50 ; what few Store Hog*
have been in, sold at $4 ; more wanted. Cows and
Calves DO sales this week; Calves veiy s.carce and 19
deiQajtid. — fiaily Advertiser.

88

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Sept. 28, 1831.

MISCELLAIVY

jFeast at jftuits anij jyiotocvs.

A SONG,

Wrilli'ii by T. G. Fessejiden. and sung by Joseph VV. Neweli
at li.e MassachuiC-tts Ilorlicullural Festival, September 21, 1831.

Come Ctiltivators, leave awhile

Your Gardens, Fields and Bowers,
And join with us to celehrate

Our Feast of Fruits and Flowers ;
With blameless luxury enjoy

Rich products of the soil,
Rewards which crown the Art of Arts,

When skill enlightens toil.

What though within our temperate zone,

No burning sun sublimes
The Fruits the Destinies bestow

On pestilential climes ;
All health and happiness require.

All man should ask of heaven
To satiate innocent desire

Is in profusion given.

Tlie worst privations we endure

Prove blessings in th' event,
And should our gratitude excite

Instead of discontent ;
For ills which task our highest powers

To conquer or evade
But bid the human race aspire

To reach its highest grade.

No imps of sloth lie basking here.

Like serpents in the sun.
Even mountain streams to turn machines

Must labor as they run ;
Within Nev/ England's granite bounds

No useless beings lurk.
The rough and raging elements

We yoke and set to work.

When sentimental zephyrs blow

l''or love and rhyming fit.
Our wmdmills make tlie'm work like dogs

CompeU'd to turn the spit ;
Niagara's thundering cataract

Our power shall hamper till
It toils like Dutchman in a ditch

Or Samson in his mill.

Since fire arid water harness'd here,

Compose a yankee team,
Perhaps our General Government

Might go as well by steam ;
But as this case were better brought

Before some higher court,
'Tis lea for Congress, when they meet

To argue and report.

The Lime nor Olive will not grow

Spontaneous here — what then ?
We've Ileal ts of oak and nerves of steel

In noble crops of men ;
Our f lant call'd Female Excellence

No hot bed culture needs
To yield sublunar Seraphim

Of pure celestial breeds.

When winter dissipates the heat,

Beneath an iron sky.
Hot-houses with hot water fraught

Caloric will supply ;
Thus gard'ncrs by and by will make

Fine climates of their own.
And raise by manufactured heat

The plants of every zone : —

With Lime and Sulphur doctor off
Vile insects by the host,

Till art at length of Nature's plagues

Completely clears the coast.
Thus every blessing may be ours

Which Providence has given
To every land and clime beneath

The canopy of Heaven.

FAMILY SCENES— IS it not so ?
Roinping Sally runs against the corner of the
table, raises a bump on her head, and of course
begins to cry lustily. The mother comes to her
assistance.

' Did it hurt its pretty head ? What was it hurt
my Sally r'

The sobbing child points to the table.

' Was it the table ? naughty table ! beat it well.'
[Slap ! slap ! on the offending table.] ' That
will teach it to hurt my Sally anotlier time. —
Beat the naughty table again. It shan't hurt my
Sail.'

Ill the meantime Sully's contusion has become
less painful, the red eyes are dried, and the child
is pacified — at the expense of a practical lesson
in revenge. Miss Sally, fifteen years afterwards,
lliiows the blame of every mischance or misfor-
tune which her own clumsiness or folly has caus-
ed, upon her companions and dependants, siinjily
because she must still have a table to heat.

The mother's pet, Tommy, has been playing
all the morning with his new toys, has broken up
bis drum to see what was iiisicie of it, and tossed
liis penny trumpet and windmill into a corner;
and now he comes crying to his parent, tired of
his play and play-thiiigs, and expects her to spend
her time in inventing new amusements for him.

' No, I'm busy. The clothes have just come
in from the washing, and I must put them away.
I can't play with you today. Tommy, indeed I
caii'i.' But Tommy knows better. He has hceii
told fifty times bidbru that his mother was busy
and could not attend to him ; and he remembered
well, tliat a little teaziiig gained him the victory.
Like a good general, he tries the same manoeuvre
again.

' Come and play with me, Ma ! I don't know
what to do. I can't play alone, and Dick won't
be home from school till two o'clock.' A firsli
denial provokes a second fit of crying, and Tom-
my's perseverance triumphs. His mother plays
nt hare and bound with him, tells him ghost sto-
ries, makes a cat's cradle for him, and mend.s his
drum, till the clock strikes two. The fiular
comes homo, sees no dinner ready, looks for his
wife and fiiuls her at the nappery pre.ss. ' My
ilear, how is everything so late today ?' • Oh
that teazing Tonuny would have me to play with
him this whole livelong morning ; and I have not
been able to do anything since breakfast.'

Thus a petted child'.s whims are allowed to
derange the economy of a whole family ; and
the good mother never dreams that she is bring-
ing up her favorite to be a selfish, self-important
being ; a burden to himself, and a plague to society.

Even the odious vice of lying is most uncon-
sciously, but most effectually inculcated by the
weakness and inconsistency of parents.

' Frank, you shall not go outside the garden
wall again to play with these dirty boys in the
street. I have told you ffli/ limes I would not
have it ; and I won't. If you ever go again with-
out my leave, I'll never s[ieak to you afterwards.
I'll sell you to the gipseys, and they may do what
they like with you.'

They say man would leap over the wall of a
paradise, even though it were surrounded by a
desert, to escape confinement. At any rate,
Frank does not choose to be cooped up ; so he
leaps the garden wall the next day, and is the ,
merriest and noisiest amongst his ro ugh compan- '
ions. His mother finds him. Does she cease
all intercourse with her own child, as she prom-
sed ; does she sell him to the gipseys, as she
said she would ?

Yet she expects him, when he grows up, to
consider his word, once given, sacred and invio-
lable. If she detects him in a lie, she wonders
how on earth he learned such wickcdne.'is ; and
were you to suggest that her own example, (at
all times more powerful with children than pre-
cept) was the cause, it would be considered an
insult never to be forgiven. No wonder that a
man's word goes, for so little in this world, and
that we must have oaths and pledges upon al!
occasions. — Free Jmjuirer.

Auciion.
Farm, Stock.Utensils &c. To be sold at public-auction
on Tue^•day, Oct. 4ll», at 11 o'clock A. M. on the premi-
ses, the well known Farm sittiated in West Newbury,
called the Carr Farm, containing about fiftyfivc acres of
most excellent land, with a good two story house and out
buildings, well fenced and watcre{| ; it i-i ahout one milo
from the chiircli in the 1st parish, and about the same dis-
tance from Indian Hill Farm, on the road leading from
West Newbury to Byfield, Rowley, Salem, Ste, —
ami five miles from Newbiiryport. On the highest part
of the land the view of the MerriinacRiver and the land-
scape view in every diiection is very beautiful. West
Newbury as a town has increased remarkably within the
last ten years. Taxes are low, (it being an inland town)
and the society very good, as almost every residi-nce is
owned by the occupant. Title indisputable. Half the
purchase money may remain on mor'gage al 6 per cent
if desired.

.\lso, immediately alter the sale o( the Farm, a valua-
ble stock of Oxen, Cows, Heifers, Swine, Brood Slares
and tbeir Colts, I pair Horses well matched in color, &c.
1 pair Colts three years old next spi ing. Also, 1 supe-
rior new ox cart, with p lent hubs, &c.

A great variety of other articles, catalogues of which
can be obtained two weeks before the sale, at the jiriiit-
iiig ollices of those newspapers that publish this adver-
tisement, and also of Mr Gary, at the maikct house,
Newburyport, and tlie Auctioneer.

[p* Conditions (which will be liberal) made known at
the sale.

Sept. 9. JOHN E. BARTLETT, Auctioneer.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that llicy can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lellered, al 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at *"-

c .... r.ix:..a i..™ Q

Farmer office.

Aug. .S.

Published evfry Wednesd.iy Eveniii?, at $i per annum,
pay,ible al Ihr end of dje year— but those who pay within
sixty days from llie lime of eubscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction oflil'ty cents.

(Jj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Bctts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printinj^ received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market t^treet. agents.

AVio York — (i.Thofkukk lV. .Sons. 67 Ijiberty-strcet
Alhanij—W'w. TlioltBUKN, ."in Market-street.
PhikuI€lphia-^).il. C Landketh.83 Chcstnut-sireel.
Baltimoie—i}. B. Smith . E.htor of ihe American Farmer.
Cineimwti—a. C. Pahkhcrst, 23 Lower IWarkel-slreel.
Fliishins, N. Y. VVm. Prince&.Sons, Prop. Lin. Boi.tinrdcn
Middhburu, Vl. — Wight Chapman.
/y,ii;/or./— GooiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms.—K. Edwards.
Newburtjport, Ebene/.er Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. 1. VV. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Aff.—SAMVEi. CoLMAN, Bookseller.
Augusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. .S.— P. J. Holland. Esq. Recorder office
J/onliw/. L. C— Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. S2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEiS, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5, 1831.

NO. 12.

^©sasawsracsiiieacQsrQa

THE NEW ENGLAND SYLVA.

Tlie rapiJ career in which the Republic of the
United States has attained its present elevated ranli
in the scale of nations, is unparallelled, and itsaccel-
eratcil und continued advancement excites a deep
interest in the various parts of the civilized world.
But there is nothing which seems more fatally to
threaten a weakening, if not an entire dissolution of
the strength of this nation, than the sensible decay of
its wooden walls, when, either by time, neglig-ence
or fortuitous causes, our present navy shall be
worn out or impaired. It is less surprising, there-
fore, that the inijiolitic dissolution of our timber or
forest trees has been suffered ; but a dispropor-
tionate spreading of tillage, has caused the [U'odi-
gious havoc, made upon all those goodly woods
and forests, which our prudent ancestors left stand-
ing for the ornament and benefit of their country.
And this devastation is now become so universal,
to supply furnaces, glasshouses, factories, &c, with
fuel, ihat,u niess some auspicious expedient offer
it^i If, and means be seriously and speedily resolved
u|Hii,, fur a future store, one of the most glorious
uiiil considerable bulwarks of this nation will,
williiii a few centuries, be totally extinct.

From the impolitic waste and universal sloth
among us, we should be reminded, that such woods
as do yet remain entire, might be carefully pre-
srm (1, and such as are destroyed, sedulously re-
p;ii ril. It is what all, who are owners of land, can
participate in. There is no part of husbandry
which men more commonly fail in, neglect, and
have cause to repent of, than that they did not
seasonably begin to plant trees, without which,
they can neither expect fruit, ornament or delight
from their labors. Men seldom plant trees till they
begin to be wise, that is, till they grow old, and
find by experience the prudence and necessity of
it. When Ulysses, after a ten years' absence, was
rcliinied from Troy, and found his aged father in
the field planting trees, ho asked him, ' Why,
being now so far advanced in years, he woidd jiut
himself to the fatigue and labor of planting that, of
which he was never likely to enjoy the fruits ?'
The good old man, taking him fora stranger, gently
replied — ' I plant against my son Ulysses comes
home.' The application is obvious, and is instruc-
tive both to old and young.

Independent of ornamenting the earth and of
furnishing us with timber and fuel, forests arrest
the progress of impetuous and dangerous winds ;
maintain the temperature of the air ; diminish ex-
treme cold, and regulate intense heat ; oppose the
formation of ice, and shelter the earth from the
scorching rays of the sun : produce an abun-
dance of water in the streams, and oppose a barrier
to washing away or imdermining their baid<s ;
))reserve and enrich the soil on hills and mountains ;
discharge the electricity of the atmosiibere and
serve as laboratories for purifying the air we
lireatlie.

The trees of our country recall the idea of it in
the most forcible manner, wherever we meet them ;
and are often the first objects that attract the atten-
tion of those who have been long absent from their
native land, and who, on their return, pour out

their genuine effusions of joy on beholding them.
We are aware that many an Ainerican has sighed
under the shade of the banana for a sight at the vil-
lage cbn, the well known oak, or the unchanged pine
of New England. We are told of a young Indian,
Pontaveri from Otaheite, who, amidst the splendor
of Paris, regretting the simple beauty of his native
island, sprang forward at the unexpected sight of a
banana tree in the Garden of Plants, embraced it,
while his eyes were bathed in tears, and exclaim-
ing with a voice of rapture — ' Ah ! tree of my na-
tive country !' seemed by a delightful illusion of
sensibility, to imagine himself, for a moment, trans-
ported to the land which gave him birth.

It seems hardly possible lor any mind to be so
debased as to be insensible of the cfiects of Nature,
whose vegetable charms become more endeared to
us as our age and reflection increa.se. A more
delightful cabinet of Natural History can scarcely
be found, than the forest or plantation affords. li
offers matter for contemplation of the most agree-
able kind, which varies still as seasons revolve ; and
as every tree and shrub has its peculiar inhabitants,
we have at the saiiie time a collection of animal
and vegetable wonders, sufficient to occupy all the
leisure which our economical duties allow us.
Every tree we plant adds to the entertainment, and
we prepare for future years, for ourselves, our
friends, our country and our successors.

From the foregoing considerations, the under-
signed has commenced preparing a work, to be
entil'^d the New England Sylva ; to contain the
istory and description of all the important species
of forest trees growing in New England ; to treat
of their uses and application to the arts, and" the
mode of culture and propagation ; illustrated by
plates.

It will be his object to attract attention to the
peculiarities of each tree by noticing the allegori-
cal allusions and anecdotes of the ancients, the
harmony of the poets, the observations of the
physicians, and the reflections of the moralists of
all ages. Morality, however, of a glooniy cast,
will be avoided ; for his wish is to give the work,
ike the subject, a smiling aspect.

The practical part of his undertaking will em-
brace the most approved modes of culture and
propagation, with directions for laying out planta-
tions, and such other remarks on their utility and
economy, as directly concern the great mass of
the community. In regard to the form and size
of the work it is indefinitely determined. It will
nake its appearance as soon as can be found prac-
ticable. D.J. BROWNE.

Boston, Sept. 1831.

GREEN CORN STALKS.

Soulh Boston, Sept. 29, 1831.

Mr Fessenden — I have been accustomed from
my childhood to the use of green corn stalks, as
a food for milch cows; and sh.dl probably continue
the use of them myself, so long as I keep cows
and raise corn ; because I am confident I can give
them no kind of green food so good, either for
their milk, or their flesh, unless it be green corn
in the milk. This season, the feed in my pasture
had got rather short, and the milk somewhat di-
minished, before I commenced feeding my cows

with stalks. Till the last week, they have been
fed with them ever since they wen; fit to cut, say
about six or eight weeks, to the manifest advan-
tage of their milk. It did not dinnuish till the
latter part of the time, when the stalks bad nearly
perished. In the course of the time, I have repeat-
edly had occasion to remark how well their milk
holdout. And yesterday, upon inspection, I was
led to remark, that they bad also perceptibly gain-
ed flesh in the time. They are now in after feed
' up to their eyes,' with an increase of milk again; but
not so great, as when they fed upon the green suc-
culent stalks. I cannot be mistaken in this state-
ment, as the morning's rnilk has been regularly
measured and sold ; though I have not been in-
duced to ascertain the exact increase and dimi-
nution, upon exchange of feed. Even now the
cows will leave their grass, to nibble among the
naked remains of the cornfield ; so very fond are
our neat cattle of every part of this invaluable
vegetable, the root only excepted, while the sweet
sap remains in it.

For this reason, when we begin to feed cow^
with stalks, we must feed them to the full. They
will then lie quietly down, and ruminute upon the
subject. And if they get but little water, their
milk will not suffer much in quantity or quality.
When they once gpt the taste of stalks, they iimst
be satisfied or they will stand all day impatiently
watching the cornfield, if they do not break into it ;
and setting up a clamorous bellowing, at the sight
of every himian being. ^-JJidess compelled by press-
ing hunger theyiwJUJKtH^''''^.^^"'' "^ •''•^ labor
of getting their living. They" will neither eat grass
nor drink water, so long as they expect anything
they like better. My rule is to give them as many
stalks as they will eat up clean. Titis may be as-
certained in a few days by careful oliservation.
They should be CihI regularly morning and after-
noon. And a cow of common size will eat a good
armful a day. They will refuse the leaves and the
tassel, or blossom, after they have become dead dry.
But on the ground where seven cows and much of
the time, a yoke ofoxen have been fed through the
stalk season, I can hardly find a bit of stalk six
inches long ; although an unusual proportion were
barren stalks, of large size, and cut close to the
ground. I am n)ore and more confirmed every
year, in the belief, that it is far more jirofitable to
feed stalks green, out of the field, than to cme and
house them. If well cured I know tliey make ex-
cellent fodiler. And in bundles, they are very con-
venient to bait oxen with away from home. But it
requires much labor to secure them in good order.
They are very susceptible of injury from bad wea-
ther. And unless compelled by hunger rattle will
eat only the leaves, and the slender part of the dry
stalk.

I ought to apologize for the unintended length
of this article, which I should not have written, but
from a deep conviction that the communication of
your correspoiident from Newton was calcidated
to mislead in what I consider a very important item
of riu'al economy. In a scarcity ofgrass feed, green
stalks are of great value. They come in the most
critical part ofthe grass season. They are very
easily and cheaply raised, by large quantities, in
drills for f-een fodder or dry, after an early drought,

90

anil a short crop of liay. Anil I am confiileiit your
correspondent will ' never again donlit the utility of
the practice,' if in future he will feed his milch cows
to the full with stalks, and not leave them to depend
for much of their subsistence, in the time, upon
grass-feed, however good.

Yours, with much respect, Lemuel Capes.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct.

ISSl.

II o r t i c H 1 t H r e

Proceedings of the Miissnchusetts Hoiiicultwal So-
ciety, at a kneeling held at the Hull of the Institu-
tion, on Saturday, Oct. Ist, 1831.
The following officers were elected for the en-

Buing year : —

PRESIDENT.

HENRY A. S. DEARBORN, Itoxhury.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr. Dorchester.
.TOHN C. GRAY, Boston.
ENOCH BARTLETT, Rorbury.
ELI AS PHLNNEY,/.e,ii"7ig-/o?i.

CHEEVERNEWHALL, Bos/oH. j

corresponding secretary. 1

JACOB BIGELOVV, M. D. Boston.

RECORUING SECRETARY.

ROBERT L. EMMONS, Boston.

COUNSELLORS.

• Augustus Aspiiiwall, Brooklyn — Thomas Brew-
er, Roxbury — Henry A. Breed, Lynn — Benj. W.
Crowninshield, Salem — J. G. Cogswell, JVorthamp-
ton — Nathaniel Davenport, Milton — E. Horsey
Derby, Salem — Samuel Downer, Dorchester — Oli-
ver Fiske, Worcester — B. V. French, Bostoji — J.
M. Gourgas, Jfcslon—T. W. ftarris, M. D. Cam-
bridge — Samuel Jaques, Jr. Chnrkstown — Jos. G.
Joy, Boston — William Kenrick, JWwIon — John
Leniist, Roxbury—S. A. Shunleff, Boston — E. M.
Richards, Dedham — Benjamin Rodman, JVew Bed-
ford— John B. Russell, Boston — Cliarles Senior,
Roxbttry — William 11. Suxmcr, Dorchester — Charles
Tappau, Boston — Jai;oh Tidd, Roxbury— JL A.
Ward, M. D. Salem — Jona. Winship, Brighton —
William Worthington, Dorchester — Elijah Vose,
Dorchester — Aaron D. Williams, Roxbury — J. W.
Webster, Cambridge — George W. Pratt, E. W.
Payne, Boston — Geo. W. Brimmer, Boston.

PROFESSOR OF BOTANY AND VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY.

MALTHUS A. WARD, M. U.

PROFESSOR OF ENTOMOLOGY.

T. W.HARRIS, M.D.

PROFESSOR OF HORTICULTDRAL CHEMISTRY.

J. W. WEBSTER, M. D.

STANDING COMMITTEES.

On Fruit Trees, Fruits, S,t. — E. Vosc, Chrtinnan.
Robert Manning, Samuel Downer, Oliver Fiske,
Charles Senior, Win. Kcnrick, E. M. Richards,
B. V. French, S. A. Shunleff.

On the Culture ar.d Products of the Kitchen Gar-
den Daniel Chandler, Chairman — Jacob Tidd,

Aaron D. Williams, John B. Russell, Nath. Seaver,
Leonard Stone.

On Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Flowers and
Green Houses. — Robert L. Emmons, Chairman —
Jonathan Winshin, Joseph G.Joy, David llaggers-
ton, Geo. W. Pratt.

On the Library. — H. A. S. Dearborn, Chairman
—John C. Gray, Jacob Bigelow, T. W. Harris,
E. H. Derby, Z. Cook, Jr.

On the Synonymes of Fruits. — John Lowell,
Chairman — Robert Maiming, Samuel Downer.

Oil the Garden and Cemetery. — Hon. Judge
Story, Chairman — 11. A. S. DearborDj Jacob Bige-
low M. D., G. W. Brimmer, George Bond, Edward
Everett, Z. Cook, Jr. B. A. Gould, G. W. Pratt.

Executive Committee of the Council. — Z. Cook, Jr.
Chairman — G. \V. Pratt, ClieeverNewhall, Charles
Tappan, Josepli P. Bradlce.

George W. Brimmer and E. Vose, resigned as
members of the E.xecutive Committee.

The President read the following Report of the
Cemetery and Garden Committee which was ac-
cepted.

The committee on laying out the grounds and
forming a plan of the experimental Garden and
Cemetery of Mount Auburn, respectfully
REPORT,
That measures were promptly taken for accom-
plishing those objects, and although considerable
progress has been made, it will require further
time to complete the work.

Alexander Wadsworth, Esq, a skilful civil en-
gineer was employed to make an accurate topograph-
ical survey, and to locate the numerous avenues,
which it was found necessary to establish, through
the extensive and beautifully diversified grounds
of the Cemetery and Garden, both for convenience
I and embellishment. The m.ip has been so far per-
fected, that it is submitted for inspection, and to
exhibit the general outlines of the projected im-
provements ; hut considerable labor isyet required
in clearing out the principal carriage avenues and
foot paths, before the sites of the jyublic and pri-
vate cemetery squares can be definitely establish-
ed, and designated on the plan.

.Models and drawings of the Egyptian Gate-
ways, and of a Gothic tower, and a Grecian
tower, one of which Is proposed to bo erected on
the highest hill, have been made, and are offered
for examindtion.

It has been ascertained, that the most lofty emi-
nence is one hundred and twcntyfive feet above
Charles river, which gracefully sweeps round its
gently sloping base ; and wlien crowned by the pro-
posed tower will become a most interesting pla
of resort, as commanding an extensive panoramic
view, of that richly variegated region of magnifi-
cent scenery, embraced within the far distant
heights which encircle the metropolis, and the
waves of the ocean, while it will present a promi-
nent and imposing feature in the landscape, of
which it liecomes the centre.

At some future period, when the munificence of
the citizens shall be commensurate with their debt
of patriotic gratitude, this .Mrncture may perhaps
give place for a stupendous monument, to the
most illustrious benefactor of his country ; — there
will be reared thoconotaph of Waishingion, in mas-
sive blocks of granite or ever during marble. Sliould
the funds hereafter justify it, a Doric Temple, to
be used as a chapel, for the performance of fu-
nereal riles, and lodges for the gardener and su-
perintendent of the Cemetery, are contemplated,
anil designs are in progress for each.

As the season for rural labor is far advanced, it
is not considered expedient to commence the con-
struction of the avenues, before the next spring ;
but they can be divested of the underwood, and
the whole of the grounds so far cleared up, as to
give them the appearance of a park, during the
present autuiiiii. It is expected that the lots may
be assigned within twenty days.

The committee has been cheered in the dis-
charge of its duties, by the deep interest which
has been manifested for the success of an un-
dertaking, so important to the prosperity of the
Horticultural Society and so honorable to the
country. Such is the exalted estimation in which

it is held by the public, — so universal is the appro-
bation, — so intense the iuierost, that, beside tlie J
constant requests for permission to become subscri- I
hers, by the more affluent, numerous applications |
have been made for cemetery lots, by farmers, J
mechanics and dealers in building materials, on I
condition, that they may be paid for in labor, or
uch articles as shall be required in the piosccuiion
of the proposed improvements. Within a few
days offers have been made to a considerable
amount ; and as it was the intention and is the
auxiou.-» desire of the Society, that every citizen
should have an opportunity of participating in the
advantages of the establishment, tlie comniittce has
availed of the services thus tendered in executing
much of the work which has been perlbrmnd, and
there is not a doubt, that a very considerable por-
tion of the expense in constructing roads, fences,
gate-ways and the various other edifices, may be
defrayed, by a conipeusation in cemetery lots ; this
will not only be a great accommodation to munerous
individuals, who are (iesirons to become subscribers
but be highly advantageous to the Society ; it \a
therefore recommended that the committee b«
authorized, to prosecute such improvements, n.>)
mav be deemed necessary, on these reciprocally
beneficial terms.

With the view of fully meeting the expectations
and exigencies of the community, it is considered
advisable that sites for single graves should be
designated, in various ])arts of the cemetery, em-
bracing all the diversified localities, to afford an
opporUinity for individuals, who have no families,
and the friends of such strangers as may be wept and
honored far distant from their native land, to procure
eligible places of sepulchre, on reasonable terms.

As the tract which has been solemnly consecra-
ted, by religious ceremonies, as a burial place for-
ever, is so abundantly covered with forest trees
many of which are more than sixty years ohl, it
only requires the avenues to be formed, the bor-
ders,for some ten feet in width, planted with shrubs,
bulbous ami perennial flowers,the underwood clear-
ed out, the feiices,gateways and appropriate edifices
erected, to put the grounds in a sufficiently comidete
state for the uses designed, and to render them at
once beautiful and interesting. All this can be
done within two years, at a comparatively small
expense, and a result produced which could not
have been realized for forty years, if it had been
necessary to have commenced the establishment,
by.])lanting out forest trees. There are numerous
maj;!stic oaks, pines, beeches and walnuts, which
have braved the storms of a century. Towering
aloft amidst the genera) verdure, and e.xtending
their huge branches far and wide, they appear as
the venerable monarchs of the grove, but still ex-
hibit the vigor of their luxuriant progeny, which,
in umbrageous contiguity, cover each hill and
plain avd sloping vale, and form many an

* alley green,

Dingle, or bushy dell, in tliis wild wood.
And many a bosky bourn, from sida to side'

The Garden also, can be very considerably ad-
vanced, within the same short period which will
suffice for developing the im|)iovements of the
Cemetery. Tiie nurseries may be established, the
deparlmtiuts for culinary vegetables, fruit, and
ornamental trees, shrubs and flowers, laid out and
planted, a green house built, liot beds formed, the
small ponds and morasses converted into pictures-
que sheets of water, and then margins diversified by
clumps and belts of our most splendid native flow-

X.— No. 1;

AND HOIITICULTUUAL JOURNAL.

91

eiiii;,' tree.s, and slirubs, i-0(|uiriii^' a. soil lliiis con-
sntuti;il for Uieir successllil cultivation, wliile tlieir
suiface may be spangled wiili lUe brilliant blos-
sijiiis of the Nymplinea, and the other beautiful
tribes of aquatic plants. The excavations for
iliL|jening and eulargin!» the |)onds and niorat^ses
will afVord inexhaustible souitcs of manure, of
iiiMiluable consequence to the Garden, as well as
r.ii lliose portions of the Cemetery which will be
I'lhbuHisiied by cultivated plants.

From these favorable circumstances and the
^eii''iouszea! which has been evinced for the en-
ergetic prosecution of the labors, which are required
to perfect the details of the whole extensive plan,
there no longer remains the least doubt, that in the
summer of 1834 Jlount Auburn will rival the |
most celebrated rural burial grounds of Europe,
and present a garden in such a state of forwardness
as will be highly gratifying to the Society, and the
public. The work has been commenced on an
over dining foundation, has the approbatimi, and
patronage, of an enterprisincr, intelligent and pros-
perous coininunily, and cannot fail of progressing
in a niauucr, that unist give universal satisfaction.
There has Iforticulture established her temple, —
there will all douomiualions of Christians surren-
der up their prejudices, — there will repose the
ashes of the humble, and exalted, in the silent
and sacred Garden of the Dead, until summoned
to those of eternal life, in realms beyond the skies.

Respectfully submitted by

H. A. S. Dkareorn,
• HoillcuUiiri.l Hall I For llie Coinmiltee.

gejjl. 30lll, ttiSI . i

Voted, That the Committee on the Garden and
Cemetery be instructed to appropriate such funds
ns may be realized from the sale of lots in the
Cemetery for the erection of such buildings as they
may see proper.

On motion of Z. Cook, Jr,

Voted, That the thanks of the Iilassarhusetts
Horticultural Society be presented to Dr IM. A.
Ward, for his highly interesting and acceptable dis-
course delivered on the occasion of the amiual cel-
ebration on Wednesday the 21st ult. and that he
be requested to furnisli a copy of the same for
publication.

Samuel Kidder of CTa/Zcsioio?i— Horatio Carter
of Lancaster — Ward Pool of Danvers — Samuel
Adams of Milton, were admitted members. Adj.

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

.1pplcs.-»-By Mr R. Manning from the garden of
Mr John GTarduer, Salem, a small red variety, in
perfect preservation of the growth of 1830,aud from
the orchard of Mr Elisha Odlin, Salem, an apple,
one half russet, the other half green; it grew upon
a Roxbury Russet near to a R. I. Greening. By Mr
Samuel Abbot, Charlestown, Baldwin, large size
By D'jct. Robbius, Roxbury, Golden Russet, Rox-
bury Russet, Baldwin, and some of the la<t gather-
ing of the small handsome red called the Robbins
apple. By Gen. Dearborn, Roxbm-y Russet, very
large. By Mr Jolm Clapp, S. Reading, York Russet,
Baldwin and Greening. By Mr David Stone, Water-
town, a specimen of apples partaking of two varie-
ties, the Baldwin and the Russet. Mr Stone thinks
that he obtained them by a division of the scions and
uniting the different kinds ; however this may be
the apples bore evident marks of distinct sorts ;
they are called Stone's Baldwin Russets. By Messrs

Wiiiships, a variety received from Mr , a part of

which were entirely sweet, others sweet in one dis-
tinct part of the apple, some in the other.

Pears. — By Hon. Mr Lowell, a ripe specimen of
the Tillington ; a rich, melting and finely flavored
fruit, and the first of the kind we have seen ; we be-
lieve it may be said that this as well as all the
other varieties received by that gentleman from Mr
Knight, as far as mature specimens have been ex-
hibited, have realized the high expectations enter-
tained of them when the scions were received. A
note from ftlr Lowell is annexed. By Hon. H. A.
S. Dearborn, Napoleon, not in eating, ftlarie Louise,
melting and fine. Passe Colniar, not quite at matu-
rity, geckle, of large size, and a variety called
English Bergamot. By Z. Cook, Jr, Esq. Johounot,
Moor Fowl's Egg, Rushniore's Good Christian, and
three varieties not mature. By Mr E. Bartlett,
Marie Louise. By Mr E. Breed, Charlestown, a
large and uncommonly beautiful specimen of
Seckle, and a variety from an imported French
tree unknown. By Mr Cheever Newhall, Marie
Louise. By Mr Charles W. Greene, Roxbury,
very fine pears from an imported tree, without a
name. By Mr R. Manning, BeurreKnox, Swan's
Egg of Coxe, and Napoleon, the last very melting
and fine. By Doct. Fiske, Worcester, Seckle,
large size, the 'Van Mous' received by him from
France, and a very fine specimen of the Brown
Beurre, which last Doct. F. considers evidence of
the renovation of that variety, but altliongh that as
well ns the St Michael are still sucessfully
cultivated at Worcester, we believe that in the
vicinity of Boston, their day is i)ast. By Mr
William Stearns, Salem, a basket of hand-
some Chauuiontelle. By Mr John Clapp, Chati-
montelle, Bickwell, and two other varieties. —
By Mr S. Downer, Benrr6 Knox, Beurr(i du Roi, Ur-
banisto, true but not in eating-, a beautiful sjiecimen
of Capiaumont ; some prejudice has existed the
present season against the last variety in conse-l
quence of its being tasted before ripe, it should
not be eaten until the flesh yields to a very slight
pressure of the thuud), when it will be found
very melting and fine — Beurre d' Autouinc, Dix
and Ileathcote. — By Doct. S. A. Shurlleff, Broca's
Bergamot and large sized handsome clingstone
Peaches, one weighed S oz.

By Mr C. Cowing, three clusters of Black Cape
from the vine which produced the very fine girdled
fruit presented by him on a former occasion ; it
could not be perceived that they were injured by
the success of girdlingthe other part of the branch.
— By Mr S. Pond, Black Hamburgh, white Chasse-
las, Catawba, a handsome specimen of Isabella for
premium, ami Pond's Seedling, a very good variety
of native grape, the skin thin, sweet and although
it has pulp it is quite free of any foxy taste.

Grapes. — By Mr Charles Tappan, Isabella, fine
specimen, and a handsome cluster of the Red
Scuppernong, the berries compactly set and of uni-
form size, sweet with a pulp, free of the foxy taste,
but not eipial to the Catawba and it ripens latter.

By Z. Cook, Jr, Esq., Isabella, Catawba, large
and fine, Schuylkill Mnscadel. This passes under
various synonymes, is very thrifty and a plentiful
bearer; it has a thick skin and hard pulp, with
throe seeds, and as a table grape is but little bet-
ter than the best of our New England Pox Grapes.
Also the Bland, which we think the best Ameri-
can grape ; It has no i)ulp, and closely resembles
the Royal Purple Cbassclas, but as it ripens laler
than that or the White Chasselas, it can hardly be
expected to succeed here in open culture.

Gen. Dearborn presented a handsome specimen
of that excellent variety, the Orange Quince.

In behalf of the Committee ou Fruits.

E. VOSE.

■ nc)il)ury,Scpl.30.

Hon. H. a. S. Dearisorn,

Dear Sir — I send you a specimen of Mr
Knight's Tillington produced between the Jargon-
elle and the Autumn Bergamotte. Some weeks
since, I thought I must have made a mistake and
that this was the Urbaiiiste. I have since seen a
more full description of the Tillington, which is
said to resemble closely the Doyenne Gris, and to
have a stalk fleshy at Us insertion. These two
marks settle the jioint. I should not have distin-
guished it from the Doyenne Gris, but by its great-
er size. We have thought it fine, and the gentle-
men of the Agricultural Society who tasted it
preferred it to the Capiaumont and Bartlett.

One of these may be too advanced but the
other will be i)erfoct in a day or two.

I am Sir, &c, J. Lowell.

TREES— IMPROVEMENT.

To llie Editor c.r the New England l''armer.

Sir — I can bear it no longer. For long hope-
ful expecting years 1 have travelled the Salem Turn-
pike or at least a part of it, and no improvement
yet meets the weary eye. The road so fine de-
mands a corresponding excellence in surrouniling
fields, but the same marsh, naked, cold and cheer-
less, meets the wandering eye. Can you lUjt, and
will you not use your influence with the Saugus
and Lynn people to cover their bleak hills, and
desolate meadows with beautiful and profitable
trees. Let each member of their Lyceums be a
committee to obtain leave from the owner of every
pasture of 20 to 100 acres to appropriate one acre
or more for a nursery for oaks, ash, firs, Norway
pines, and other useful trees; the Lyceum or
some of its patriotic members to be at the expense
of planting and fencing, with privilege of planting
some 10 or 20 trees when sufliciently grown on
each acre of naked pasture land, and on the bor-
ders of each field wlien a road runs by it. I do
not know but sugar maples would do, as they af-
ford a profit in ten years. One Locust planted or
set out when well grown will cover a hill side with
trees in 20 years without any care fi-om the plan-
tor. The increased moisture produced by the trees
would enlarge the streams which now in spring
fertilize the few fields where they are found, and
woidd distribute water throughout the year in
many places. How beautiful the rivers of Sangus
would appear with willows bending over their
banks. The bold blufts northeast of the Lynn
Hotel, how much finer they would be with pines,
firs, and noble oaks, among their ancient iTiossy
rocks. The ultimate benefit to be derived from
plenty of trees for the purpose of tanning and
manufacture of cabinet work, are too distant to
engage the attention of any but land proprietors,
and they have been invited to do their duty to
themselves some years ago, and are still urged by
the Massachusetts Agricultural Society.

Touching another subject, do not the Lynn
gardeners know the value of bits of leather and
shop refuse as a manure ? if so, why allow the ma.-i
ses of rotten gelatine to lie about the doors of
their neighborhood.

The new town which is promised ou the Ferry
grounds, will, I trust, inspire the neighbors with
some horticultural propensity, and lead them to
investigate the soil, and unfold its neglected wealth.

Yours, Eco.NOMV,

92

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 5. 1831.

Silk and Silk \Torms.

From the Lowell Juurnal-

SILK MANUFACTURE.

NO. VI.

Mr D'llomergue in conclusion of his essays ob-
serves, ' my cliief view in tlie loregoiiig essays
lias been to prove, that (be prepaniliou of raw silk,
called reeling, is an art wiihout a perfect knowl-
edge of wbicli this Country can never expect to
be''able to manufacture silk stuffs, and is tiie great
aud most important object to be attended to at
present ; and tbat this art retjuircs considerable
skill and dexterity, and can only be acquired by
experience and practice under proper instructors.'
Floss SUk, which consists of tow and the coarse
fibres of the silk extracted from the cocoons, and
of the waste and refuse silk collected during the
process of reeling put together in a mass, then
carded and spun on the common wheel, of which
are made ribbons, silk tapes, stockings, gloves, mit-
tens, nightcaps, vestings, and all kinds of hosiery,
may be either sold as raw silk for exportation, or
employed in the manufacture of coarse articles of
the above description. But if it be intended to
give to those articles any degree of fineness, the
floss must undergo the same process as other raw
silk. It must be wound, cleaned, doubled and
twisted in the travelle, a machine made on the
principle of the throwsting mill, but differently
constructed, and of a much siiialler size. This
branch of domestic industry might very well take
the place of the sewing silk of the Connecticut
ladies, and find them an agreeable and profitable
employment ; and it would prepare the American
weavers for making the finer articles, when the
manufacture of thrown silk shall have been intro-
duced into this country.

The American nation will, by gradual and sure
Bteps, reach the desirable point to which her whole
ambition should be directed ; tbat in which her
own native silk, that precious gift which a kind
Providence has bestowed upon her with such ex-
tellence, and such extreme profusion, will fill the
lawd and «rake America what France now is, — a
country that no reverse can put down, and tbat
conquest and the devastations of hostile armies
cannot impoverish.

We hear of machines for winding silk from co-
coons without handling them, which is absolutely
impossible. We have beard of others by means
of which silk can be reeU'd and twisted at the
same time, which implies that reeling, winding,
cleaning, doubling, and twisting, or in other wonls,
that raw silk and thrown silk may be made by one
and the same operation. I have no doidit how-
ever that the numerous machines employeii in the
different branches of the silk manufacture are des-
tined to receive great and manifold improvement
in the country whose future Wliitneys will distin-
guish themselves as they have done in the cotton
business ; but every body will understand, that he
who will improve upon a machitie must first learn
how to use it.

It is idle to think of importing jr)urneymen, or
women, who are acquainted with the business, for
such are not toAie found. If iliey would be in-
duced to emigrate, we could not derive much ad-
vantage from them ; each one knowing only that
part of the business which the division of labor has
allotted to him. Mr J. W. iMorse writes from IMar-
seilles, March 21, 1829, it is diflicult, indeed, to

find a person who possesses a knowledge of the
reeling and the different processes before being made
into sewing silk ; for it is done by four or more
persons who have each his particular Jiart, and con-
tinues through life doing nothing else ; which keeps
him ignorant of every other part. The reeling is
done by women, and there are few men who are
acquainted with that branch of business. There
are very few in France or Italy who are acquain-
ted with all parts of the i)rocess, and those few
receive such liberal encouragement at home, that
they will not go abroad.

If any gentleman from this place shall pass
through Pbiladeli)hia during the present year, it is
desirable that they should call on Mr D'Homergue,
and have a free conversation with him on the sub-
ject. _^ V.

From Prince's romological Manual.

PEACHES.
Large earlt Rakeripe. Pr. cat.

New-York Rareripe. Coxe.

Royal Kensington. For. Loml. Hort. Cat.

Large Early. Lond. Hort. Cat.

York Rareripe. Largo early York.

This choice and beautiful variety was raised by
the grandfather of the author, from the stone of
the Red Rareripe, and was transmitted by the
present Williiuii Prince, a few years after our rev-
olution, to Mr William Forsjtb, author of the
Treatise on Fruit trees, who had then the direction
of the Royal Gardens at Kensington, near Lon-
don, and it probably receiveil the title of Royal
Kensington from him. The flowers are of a small
size ; the fruit of a round form, and the skin of
a rather darker red on the sunny side than its pa-
rent ; the flesh is also rather more firm, equally
rich, juicy, and of a luscious flavor ; it parts freely
from the stone. The tree is very productive, and
is extensively planted for supplying the markets
with fruit, its size, fine appearance, and other quali-
ties, causing it to be much sought after. It ripens
about the middle of August.

Monstrous Lemon. Pr. cat.
Largest Lemon. Lonil. Hort. Cat.
This tree is of vigorous growth, and produces
small flowers ; the fruit is of the largest size, and
in the gardens of two persons at New York has
weighed seventeen ounces ; the flowers are but
thiidy scattered over the branches, and the tree
does not bear well, unless the situation is a shel-
tered one ; the fruit is late in ripening, and in this
latitude seems to require the warmth of n city or
a favorable sheltered situation, to perfect its matu-
rity. This var-iety was first discovered in the gar-
den of MrTiebout, of York Island, and was sent,
some years since, to the London Horticultural So-
ciety, with several hundred other varieties of fruits,
at their express dosir*.

Heath. Pr. cat. Coxe. Lond. hort. cat.

Heath clingstone. Lond. Hort. Cat.
The flower of this tree is of small size, a.rd the
leaf has smooth edges; the fruit is very large, of
oval or oblong for'in, terminated by a nramelon at
tho exti-emity ; the skin is white with a partial
tinge of cream color when the fruit acqtrires its
nratui-ity, and those most exposed to the sun have
a slight touch of pale red next the sun ; the flesh
is peculiarly rich and highly flavored, very tender,
melting, and abounding in a greater profusion of
juice than almost any other peach, it strongly ad-
lieres to the stone which often divides, so as to i

expose the kernel. The tree is hardy and of
vigorous griywth, and so abundant in bearing, that
it is often necessai-y to thin out the fruit orr young
tress, to pr'eveut their beiirg exhausted thereby, and
their growth consequently impeded or stiirted. It
requires the ground around it to be kept cultivated
or mellow, which will cause the fruit to be large
and fair, and it is found to be in general longer-
lived than other trees of its class. The fruit
begins to ripen in Seplembei-, but by being care-
fully placed on shelves iir the fruit-room, it may
be i)reserved till November-, and the juice acquires
an additional richness after being thus preserved
some days, but if kept too long in that slate, it shriv-
els and loses a jrortion of its juice and fine flavor.
It is in great repute for preserves in sugar and
brandy, and there can scarcely exist another
peach superior to it for these purposes.

The following history of its orrgin from the pen
of William Prince, the prcient senior jiropr-ietor
of the Flushing Nui-series, difliiis from that of Mr
Coxe — it is possible that two seedliirg var-ietics
originating in different places rtray have prodrrced
fruit so similar as to blend them with each other.

' The original tree was discovered growing
wild on the farm of the late Judge Willet, of
Flushing, and it was called Heath clingstone, from
the circumstairce of its being found in a barren
field or heath, as the old English settler-s some-
times tei'med such lands as were left trncultivated.
My father cultivated it many years befor-e the r'e-
volution. It has the peculiar property of per'petn-
ating itself from seed with but a partial variation
iir most cases from the original ; the fruit of some
of the seedling trees being rather mor-e fir'rn, and
that of others varying a little in the i)ei'iod of ma-
turity, but the whole havitig a general affinity.'

KENRrcK's Heath. Pr. Cat.
This freestone variety I i-cceived from the
Messrs Kenr-ick, who obtained it fronr the late
Gen. Heath, of RoxJmr'y, near Boston. The flow-
ers are of mediimr tize ; the fiuit is oblong, with a '
deep cavity at the insertion, and a slight mamelon
at the extremity ; it has also a groove, or suture,
extending alnrost frotrr the base to the summit,
which is sometimes very deep, but in general only
slightly depressed ; the skin is a greeirish yellow,
touched with reddish purple on the sunny side, and
sonretimes of a purplish hue around the insertion ;
the flesh is greenish, extr'emely juicy^ of a pleas-
ant subacid, but not high flavor, ami is occasion-
ally somewhat stringy ; the stone separates from
the flesh and is apt to split. This fruit is one of
the largest cultivated in New England, frequently
weighing half a pound, and sometimes more, and
is strongly marked by peculiai-ity of appear'ance ;
it rii)ens at Boston about tire 20tli of September,
and in this vicinity a week earlier ; the tree is
of the most vigorous growth, and produces good
crops.

MUSHROOM.

The uses of this vegetable do not ap|iear to
be well understood in this secliorr of country. It
belongs to the 22<1 Class (Cryptogamia) and 6th
Or'der, (Fungi) Genera, Agaricus ; species, Cam-
pestris L. Gillis pink color, stem wlrite, with
volva.

Mushrooms are to be found in ])astures during
the month of September, and when well prepaied
are relished by most people. When served up as

Vol. X.— N... 12.

AISD HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

93

an accom|iaiiinicnt with beaf steak, we consider
them a luxury. VVlien boileil, stewed, broiled or
pickled, they are excellent ; and from tliem is pre-
pared one oftlie finest catsups brought upon the
table. From the near resemblance which the
mnsliroom bear, to the toad stool, which is a poi-
sonous plant there is a strong ])rejudice against
them with many who are not sufficiently acquaint-
ed with them to distinguish between ihera in all
cases.

As the season has now arrived for gathering
them, we will give such directions as we hope
will be sufficient for those who may wish to gath-
er them, to prevent any mistake which might lead
to injurious consequences. Those who are not
well acquainted with them should select those of
middle growth, when they may be distinguished
liy the following characteristics : The stem white
and surrounded with a volva or wrapper a small
distance below the top, which should bear a re-
semblance to an open umbrella. The gills under-
neath should be of a bright flesh or pink color,
with a pleasant smell. The small buttons or
young ones when they first come out of the ground
are considered most delicate, but are not so readily
distinguished from the deleterious kinds, by those
unacquainted with them, as when they are more
expanded. On the contrary the deleterious kind
most common is of a dingy white, above and be-
neath, and has a sickly nauseous smell, sufficient
to distinguish it from the other. When gathered
mushrooms should be put into cold water and
washed clean from any dirt which may adhere to
them, after which, for general instruction cook
them as oysters. — Genesee Farmer.

From the Western Ploughboy.

Mr Sawter. — In the fore part of May last, I
had a valuable horse seized with the bots, and in a
few moments was evidently in the greatest cigony
imaginable. My wife immediately referred me
to the cure ])ublished in the second number, page
sixteen of the Ploughboy. I immediately tried it,
but was compelled to sweeten the milk with sugar.
In a few moments after I drenched my horse with
about three pints of it, he evidently was better
and relieved of his distress; got up, shook him-
self, and whiskered after other horses.

At ihis time a horse doctor arrived, whom I had
previously sent for, and like a bold Jacksonian,
said he went the ' whole hog' for the spirits of
turpentine. I told him I thoug-ht the horse better,
but left it for him to say, as I was no horse doctor.
He insisted on giving the spirits of turpentine liy
drenching. My horse's head was then reined up,
and a half pint of the spirits turpentine poured into
his riglit nostril, (as he refuseil to swallow it when
turned into his mouth) and the effect was distress-
ing. I observed to the doctor, the turpentine
would be most likely to go into his lungs while his
head was in that position ; but the reply was no :
with a nod of wisdom, as if the gods directed him.
But, alas ! for my ])oor horse ! The application
was a fatal one. He was seized while in the hands
of the /inow-evcrii-thing, and yet know-nothing
doctoi-, with a distressing cough ; it continued,
and on the fomth or fifth day, his lungs were in
a high slate of inCammation, his breathing was la-
borious, his eyes were glassy, his thirst insupporta-
ble, his hoofs dry and crumbling, his mane began
to fall off, thin stranguary ensued, dimness of
sight, stiSness of the joints, serous blisters were
on various parts of bis body, deafness, suffusion of

mucus in the bronchia or \vind|iipe, total blindness
and death. Thus ended the services of a most
valuable horse, that fell a victim to the caprice of
a braggadocio mountebank. Let the owners of
propi.'ily be careful, who they enqjloy to doctor
their horses, as well as themselves and families.

Since the death of my horse, I have conversed
with a very intelligent man, who tells me he lost
a very valuable horse by drenchiiig with spirits of
turpentine, in the same manner, and that he died
with precisely the same symptoms. He is a man
ofmidoubted veracity, by the name of Johnson,
and lives in this county.

N. B. I have tried the milk and honey of late in
a case of bots, and it produced immediate relief.
I believe it to bean infallible remedy when follow-
ed with physic, it is a remedy that carries reason
with it and no other should be made use of.
Yours, Daniel Roberts.

Sandi/ Bluffs, Morgan co. Ml.

MODES OF FARMING IN DIFFERENT SEC-
TIONS COMPARED.

In the Western States it is not uncommon for a
farnior to have si.x, eiglit, or ten hundred acres un-
der cultivation, in grass, grain, and other crops.
We have frequently seen 200 acres of corn in one
field in Ohio and Indiana. Corn in many places is
raised without hoeing. Harrowing and ploughing
once or twice are considered sufficient to secure
good crops.

These statements will be almost incredible with
our brethren at the East, who consider one or two
hundred acres as much as any farmer can manage
to advantage. On the other hand, some of our
Western farmers will be astonished at the state-
ment made in the preceding article, vvhere it is said
that 50 or 100 acres sujiport large and respectable
families in many instances in New England. The
general opinion in the Western States is, that the
Eastern farmers labor severely. ' This,' says Mr
Niles, ' is a great mistake ; they have much leisure
because thty do not waste time. With them, there
is a place for everything, and everything is in its
place. Their houses and cattle are attended to
with clocklike regularity. Nothing is put off till
tomorrow which can be done today. Economy
is wealth, and system affords ease. — These men
are seldom in a hurry, except in harvest time. And
in the long winter evenings, or severe weather
which forbids employment out of doors, one man
makes corn brooms, another shoes, a third is a
cooper or tailor,' and if necessary, he can display
his Yankee ingenuity in all these trades combined,
or anything else which necessity requires. ' One
woman spins, another weaves, another plaits leg-
horn or grass bonnets, and a fourth makes lace,'
while the fair daughters are attending to the con-
cerns of the larder. ' Little children and the aged
persons knit stockings.' — Southern paper.

The First Saw-Mill. — The old practice in mak-
ing boards was to split up the logs with wedges ;
and inconvenient as the practice was, it was no
easy matter to persuade the world that the thing
could be done in any better way. Saw-mills were
first used in Europe in the 1.5th century; but so
lately as 1555, an English ambassador, having
seen a saw-mill in France, thought it a novelty
which deserved a i)articular description. It is
amusing to see how the aversion to labor-saving
machinery has always agitated England. The
first saw-mill was established by a Dutchman, in

1G63; but the public outcry against the new-
fangled machine was so violent, that the proprietor
was forced to decatiqj with more expedition than
ever did a Dutchman before. The evil was thus
kept out of England for several years, or rather
generations; but in 1768, an unlucky timber mer-
chant, hoping that after so long a time the public
would be less watchful of its own interests, made
a rash attempt to construct another mill. The
guardians of the public welfare, however, were
on the alert, and a conscientious mob at once col-
lected and pulled the mill to pieces. Such pat-
riotic spirit could not always, last and now'
though we have nowhere seen the fact distinctly
stated, there is reason to believe the saw-willa are
used in England. — M Y. Paper.

Coal — Lackawana Coal cheaper than any other
species of fuel. In the city of New York, where
the consumption of fuel is immense, it has become
of great consequence to ascertain which species is,
relatively, the cheapest, and from the following
statement, which we extract from Burrill and Clay-
ton's Price Current, Anthracite, (Lackawana) it
appears, has the advantage over every other sort of
fuel.

Liverpool coal, at $10 per chaldron, delivered,
is for 36 bushels, twentyseven and three quarters
cents |)er bushel.

Lehigh coal, at S9 50 per ton, delivered is fur 28
bushels, thirtyfour cts. per bushel.

Schuylkill coal, at 9 50 per ton, delivered, is for
29 bushels, thirtytwo and three quarters cents per
bushel,

Lackawana, coal, at $8 per ton, delivered, is for
33 bushels, twentyfour and a quarter cents per
bushel.

It appears, therefore, that the

Price paid for 36 l)ushels of Liverpool coal, will
purchase 41 and a quarter bushels of Lackawana.

Price paid for 29 bushels of Schuylkill, will pur-
chase 39 bushels of Lackawana.

A ton of Anthracite coal is estimated to be equal
to six cart loads of hard wood (N. Y. measure.) —
Uls'.er Sentinel.

Smoking. — The saliva serves the important pur-
pose of mixing and preparing the food for the
stomach ; hence it ought not to be unnecessarily
squandered by frequent spitting. The strange
custom of smoking tobacco is on that account ex-
tremely hurtful, as it weakens the organs ofdiges-
tion, deprives the body of many useful fluids, and
has a direct tendency to emaciate it, particularly
in young persons and those of lean and dry fibres.
To these it is the more detrimental, that it promotes
not only the spitting of saliva, but likewise other
evacuations. The practice not only vitiates tiie
digestion, but impairs the understanding, and stu-
pifies the powers of the wind. — Dr Jf'iUieh.

In reply to a request in the New Haven Adver-
tiser, for a remedy for sheep or cattle poisoned by
eating wild cherry leaves, S. J. Tulty, Esq. Say-
brook, Conn, recommends a liquor strained from
the leaves of the plantain bruised, and a little hot
water poured upon them, used as soon as it is cold.
A gill is suflicient for a sheep ; but for a bullock be
has never tried it.

A heath peach was recently raised on the Min-
eral Spring farm, Richmond, weighing 10 oz. and
measuring 10 1-4 inches round.

94

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCT. 5, 1831.

N EW ElNiJLAiND FARMER,

Some people lay straw or luiy, between the lay-
ers and roots, and irainedialely on the top of
thein ; this I do not approve of as the straw or
hay will become damp and mouldy, and very often
occasion the routs to rot, while the sand would
preserve them sweet and sound.

All these roots may be preserved in like inan-
ncr in a cellar ; but in such a place they are sub

FARMER'S AND GARDENER'S WORK FOR
OCTOBER.

Polatoen. Jiiilge Buel of Albany, who is a
practical as well as a scientific cultivator, says itjjj,pj,Q vegetate and become stringy earlier in

were better that the sun never should shine upon
potatoes-they should be housed with all the dirt
that adheres to them. It is even beneficial to add
more dirt to potatoes in the bin orca^U, to exclude
external air as much as possible ; their surface
should be kept moist, and the atmosphere which
surrounds them as little above the freezing point
as possible. . .

Leaves for 3Ianure. In many situations it will
be an excellent practice to rake together all the
leaves of trees and mould which has been pro-
duced by their decay, which can be procured at
a reasonable expense, and cast them into your barn
yard, as a layer to absorb the liquid manure from

Spring. The only advantage of this method is,
that iu the cellar they may be had when wanted
more conveniently during winter, than out of the
field or garden or from heaps.

'..Voie. All the above roots will preserve bet-
ter in sand than in common earth ; but when the
former cannot be had, the sandiest earth you can
procure must be dispensed with.'

ISABELLA GRAPES.
Mr William B.iTES of Cambridge, Mass. has
two Isabella Grape Vines, planted in 1827, when
thov were but one year from the slip, and about
the' size of a quill, that have borne this year 2500
bunches of fruit, as near as they can be computed
from countilig the )>roduce of several branches.
This inestimable varie-

yoiir cattle. Likewise it would not be amiss to
place quanlities of them under cover, in situations

where you can obtain them in winter to use as ] and averaging the whole

litter for your stables, &c. They do not rot ea- ty of gi-apes, in our opinion, has never been over-
silv but they serve as a sponge to imbibe and re- rated. If they are only suffered to remnm on the
tain urine and convey to the field much food for vines «.'H /»% ripe, they are delicious. They
plants which, otherwise, might bo lost. should not be gathered in New England till about

ffinicr ApjiUs. Gather winter apples by hand the 1st of October, and if they have had two or
in the middle of fair days, and by putting them three frosts, so much the better. As they have a
down in sand, well dried, it is said you may keep j fine appearance, and seem to be ripe early in
Ihcm till apples are again in season. Any kind September, they are then fiequcntly gathered,

are extremely sour, with a hard Jiulp, and of

of saml will answer, hut it must be perfer'ily dry.
Braude's (^unrtcrhj Journal informs that apples may
be kept the year round by being immersed in grain,
which receives no injury from the conlact. If the
American apples were packed among grain they
would arrive in Europe in much finer condilion.

Seed Corn. Select your seed corn from the
field, culling fine, fair, sound ears from such stalks
as produce*
the two

;-ourse have thus acquired with many u doubtful
character. But for vigor of growth and abund-
ant yield, it certainly excels any other vine culti-
vated in this country. It requires no protection in
the winter, (jlon. Swift has raised from a single
vine eight bushels for several successive seasons.
Four vines set out in Bristol, R. I. in 1823, pro-
d two or ii'iore cars, taking the best of j diiccd in 1826, five hnslnds of fruit. In some

instances larger products Ii.ive been known, and
Field Beans. Pnll your beans; and such as | many vines are now to be met whh in various
grow on land which you intend to sow with wheat i liarts of the country, producing astonishing crops,
or rye shouM be removed to the borders of the | The fruit may be dried as raisins ; and to our own
field or on to the field adjoining, in small heaps to I knowledge they have been kept in 1 — > —

[rood order

cure lest your sowing should be loo long delayed.
Preservation nf Roots. Previous to the coin-
liiencement of severe frosts yon should take u])
with as Utile injury as possible, the roots of your
turnips, carrots, parsnips, beets, &c, &c, and they
may be preserved according to McMahon as Ibl-
lows. ' On the surface of a very dry spot of
ground, in a well sheltered situation, lay a stra-
tum of sand two indies thick, and on this a layer
of either sort, covering them with another layer
of sand, (the drier the better) and so continue
layer about of sand and roots till all are laid in,
giving the whole on every side a roof-like slope ;
then cover this heap or ridge all over with about
tjvo inches of sand, over which lay a good coat of
drawn straw up and down, as if thatching a house, in
order to carry ofi' wet, and prevent its entering tiie
roots; then dig a wide trench round the heap
and cover the straw with the earth so dug up, to
a depth sufficient to preserve the roots efiectiially
fj-oni frost. An opening may be made on the
souih side of tliis liea]), and completely covered
with bundles of straw, so as to have access to the
roots at all times when wanted either for gale or
use.

January in dry saw dust. When this whole-
some, pleasant fruit can be raised with such
facility, every farmer should feel it a duty to
plant out one of the vines, as the expense would
not exceed 50 cents.

Sweet Potato Squashes. — We were kindly pre-
sented by Mr J. Winship of Brighton, with
several very elegant squashes, which have receiv-
ed the above appellation. We found them very
find, particularly for pies. A few of the seeds
for gratuitous distribution may be liad at the
Furmcr Office.

As the toast of Gen. Dearborn at the Horticultural
Dinner, was accidentally omitted last week, and an error
mailc in Mr Cook's, wb now in»eit them both correclly.

By H. A. S. Dearlorn, President.— RffraZ and Intel-
leetual Cidliralion—thK rival labor of Hercules in the
Hesperian Garden, rewarded with golden apples and the
fruits of immortality.

By Zebedee Cook, Jun., Esq., First Vice President,
(after the President had retired.) — H. A. S. Dearborn",
the President of the Massachusetts Horticultural Soci-
etf/ — The scientific and practical Cultivator — the annals
of our Institution attest the value of his labors ; the grati-
I tude of his co-opcratora is cheerfully and liberally accord-
Icd him,

Oct. 5, 1831.

Ihe Esael K<;|!islfr.

ESSEX CATTLE SHOW.

The Annual Agricultural E.xhibition for the
County of Essex, took place on Thursday last at
the South Parish in Andover.

The day was highly favorable— the attendance
numerous, — and the Exhibition iu all its parts
well sustained.

The Pens were entirely filled with animals ex-
hibited for Premiums among the number were
14 Bulls,

7 inilcli Cows,

8 Heifers,
10 or 12 Yeailings,

12 pairs ol Steers,
24 pairs of working Oxen,
and many other irood animal.'^, exhibited from the
neighborhood, though not enterei! for premium.

A team of one hundred andffly pairs of work-
ing oxen, principally from the North Parish iu
Andover, paraded the streets, and marched and
counter marched, with as much precision, to say
the least, as many other troops we have seen, and
were viewed with as much interest. Great credit
is due to the enterprising farmers of this flourish- ,
ing town for their public spirit in bringing for-
ward this interesting exhibition. It far exceedeil
anything of the kind, we have before witnessed,
in this or any other County.

There were a few good swine in the pens — but
this part of the exhibition was not equal to that
of former years.

W§ understand, that no premiums are offered
by the Society for fat paltlc or sheep, and this
accounts for none such being exhibited. At a
time when sheep yield the farmers best profits, —
in a County so well calculated to raise them aa,
are many parts of Essex, we were a little suf-
jnised that this animalshould not be thought a fit
sulijcci for premium. If we mistake not, very
much may be done to improve flocks of sheep,
by care in their selection, and judicious manage-
ment.

The exhibition of domestic manufactures was-
not equal to some former years. Many of the
articles were of good quality and deserving pre-
miums. As the Society have always been dis-
posed to be liberal in their rewards to the ladies,
it is to be regretted that they on their part should
be so backward in displaying the evidences of
their industry. We doubt not that the Indies of
Essex are as industrious as any others — we only
wish that they would prove it so.

The following is believed to be, a correct state-
ment of the premiums awarded : —

Dairy. — Butter.

To Wm. P. Endicott, Danveis, 1st premium, $12

Jacob O-good, Andover, 2d prem. 10

Ralph H. Chandler, do. 3(1 prera. 8

Margaret Wardwell, do. gratuity, 9

Ploughing — Double Teams.

To Ralph H. Chainller, Andover, Isl prem. 12

Abijah Noithey, Bo.xford, 2d prem. 10

Jedediah H. Barker, .Andover, 3d prem

Moses Pettingill, Topstiold, 4th prem.

Single Teams.

To Andrew Nichols, Danvers, 1st prem.

Joseph Kitlridge, Andover, 2J prem.

" ' ~" ~ 3d picm.

John Pike, Danver

Potatoes.
To Richard Jaques, Newbury, 1st prem.
Samuel Gray, Andover, ist prem.
Cyrus Follansbee, West Newbury, 2d preiu.
James Locke, Andover, gratuity,
A.sa T. Newhall, Lynnlield, graluity,
Moses French, Salisbury, gratuity,

Vol. X.— No. 12.

AM) HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

95

Cider.
No premiums were awarded — as none of sufficiently
good quiilily was presented — the following gratuities
were given :

To John Cole, Boxford, a gratuity, 5

Kidder and Swift, Amlovev, a gratuity, 3

.Tohn Foster, do. do. 1

Daniel Foster, do. do. 1

i^NiMALs Exhibited.
Hulls.
To Joseph Poor, Andover, Isl prem. 15

Samuel Jenkins, Jr, do. 2d prera. 10

Joseph Symonds, ISoxford, 3d prem, 5

Cows.
To Samuel No.ih, Danvers, 1st prem. 15

Isaac Osgood, Anduver, 2d prem. 10

John Torrey, Newbury, 3d prem. 5

Ralph H. Chandler, Andover, gratuity, 4

Ebenezer Jenkins, do. do. 3

Samuel Hood, Topsfield, do. 2

Working 0.ven.
To Isaac Osgood, Andover, 1st prem; 8

Moses Pettingill, Topsfield, 2d prem. 6

Sie.ers.
To Richard Heath, West Newbury, 1st prem. 10

Win. P. Endicott, Danvers, 1st prem. 5

do. do. for 2 year olds, 1st prera. 5

Stvine.
To Pierson & Gordon, Andover, for boar, 2d prem. 3

Pickering Dodge, J r, Salem, breeding sow, Ist prem. 5
do- do. pigs, 2d prem. 3

George French, Andover, pigs, 1st prem. 5

~ The Milch Cows e.xliibited by Mr Noali, of
Diinvcr:^, and Osgood, of Andover, were aiiiinals
U^tter worthy of premiums than any others that
we saw.

Mr Noah's Cow, witliout any extra feed, other
than that obtained from a common pasture, pave
from th« 2d of May to the 27tli of Sept. 6054^ lbs.
of milk — measuring 586 J g.illons — being an aver-
age produce of four gallons per day. The milk
is of a superior quality. Blr Osgood's cow gave
in the month of June seventeen quarts n day — and
there was made frotn her milk in one month,
fifty pounds of good butter.

There was awarded in premiums and gratuities,
Seventi/four dollars, by the Corainittee on Domes-
tic Miuuifaetures — the particulars of which will
hereafter be published.

SOCIETY,

Ebenezer Mosely, of Newburyport, President.
Hobart Clark, of Andover,
James H. Duncan, of Haverhill,
James Gardner, of Lynn,
Solomon Low, of Boxford,

Andrew Nichols, of Danvers, Treasurer.
John W. Proctor, of Danvers, Secretary,
Trustees.

John Adams, of Andover,

Daniel Adams, 3d, of Newbury,

Stephen Barker, of Andover,

Andrews Breed, of Lynn,

Henry Colman, of Salem,

Jeremiah Colman, of Newburyport,

Hector Coffin, of Newbury,

William P. Endicott, of Danvers,

Daniel Fuller, ol Middlcton,

Nathaniel Felton, Jr, of Danvers,

David Gray, of Andover,

Jonathan lugalls, "

Benja. Jenkins, jr, "

Joseph Kiltredge, "

Amos Kimball, of Boxford,

Daniel P. King, of Danvers,

Paul Kent, of Newbury,

Asa T. Newhall, of LynnBeld,

Moses Newell, of West Newbury,

Daniel Putnam, of Danvers,

Jesse Putnam, of " •

Jeremiah Spolford, of Bradford,

Richard Stewart, of Haverhill.

Erastus Ware, of Salem.
Jlttest. . . J. W. PROCTOR, Sec'y.

Vice Presidents.

Crape Vines,

For sale by the Subscriber, a! his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Altheas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, ~|

Oval Purple, j

Round Black, 12 to 4 years old — have borne fruit

While Muscadine, ( the present year.

White Chasselas, j

Constantia. J

Black and while Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs. S 6

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Poloinino, ~1 ,, , r l .u i-. , .

Ai „. r-,...! Procured for me by the Consul at

iMantau Castal- I ^ ,. j • , . u .u . »

I > Cadiz, and said to be the most val-

" 'Oe Pela I "^1^'® Grapes produced in Spain.

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabella, "1

Catawba, VNative.

Bland, J

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantily of the above will be proT.ptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 7.^ Congress street.

Oct. 5. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

Lin.ncean Botanic Garden and J^ursertes,

WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, PROPRIETOllS.

In addition to their immense stock of other Trees,
Shrubs and Plants, particular attention has teen paid to
the following, which are now oflered at reduced rates in
large quantities.

Grape Vines, ol the finest kinds, for wine, and table
fruit, among wliich are the choice Rhenish, Champagne,
and Burgundy varieties, at $25 per 100, and other VViue
Grapes, at $12,50 to $20 per 100.

Isabella Vines, 3 years old, $25 per 100, and one year
old, $20 per 100.

Catawba Grape Vines, $30 per 100.
Also, Scuppernong, Alexander, York Lisbon, Yoik
Madeira, Winne, &c, at $25 per 100.

Spanish Chesnut trees of large size ; Spanish and
English Filberts oi large size ; Orange Quinces and oth-
er varieties of bearing size ; Madeira Nut or English
Walnut of large size ; Gooseberries of the largest kinds,
of beaiing size ; Dutch Currants of Zor^re size ,■ White
and Red Antwerp Strawberries, strong plants of the trjie
large kind ; Almond trees of the finest kinds ; Fig trees
of large bearing size ; Mulberries of all the finest kinds,
including the JVew Chinese, or Morus multicauUs, the
ldtt»r at 75 cts. each, or less in quantities ; English
White Thorns, and Washington Thorns ; Royal Oak,
with beautiful foliage, and famous for timber, trees 4
feet high, $10 per 1000, or $50 per 100. Fifty varieties
of the finest Sirawberrics, at very low rates, by 100 or
1000. Above 600 varieties of the most splendid Roses,
including 100 kinds of Chinese Monthly Roses. Also of
the Camellia Japonica, or Japan Rose, above 70 magnifi-
cent k.nds at reduced prices. Roses by the 100 or 1000
for Rosewater plantations, will be furnished at low
rates.

The Fruit Trees are of superior size and vigor, and
most of the Plum trees are on the celebrated new stocks,
and Peaches, Nectarines, and Plums can be furnished,
builded on Ihe famous French Almond stocks.

Their Treatise on the Vine, describes 2S0 kinds of
Grapes and their culture. — Their Treatise on Horti-
culture contains d

Fresh While Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Street—

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s^'ason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its cultureaccompany the
seed. Aug. 3.

05^ Ammunition
01 the best quality ai.il -ii/Hies^ prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 ■ Broad Street.

K. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
returned, and the money willbo rehinded ti Jan.

Green House Sashes.
For sale 30 or 40 Green House. Sashes, second hand
without glass,--each sash about 8 feet long. Apply at
he New England Farmer Office. 4t Sept. 7.

JVew England Farmer's Almanac for 1832.
Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of th«
New England Farmer, 52, North Market Street, and
Carter, Hendee & Bibcock, Washington Street, the
New Englanl Farmer's Almanac, for 1832, by T. G.
Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Paine, Esq.

Exiropean Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. .Ml orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

• 46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 3. coptf

Bulbous Flower Roots.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few Double Crimson P^ony Roots— 50 cents each.
Large white Lily Roots, extra size, 124 cents each — $1,00
per dozen. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Iris, Src.

Wanled,
An able bodied laborer, who has had experience in the
lanagament of hot beds, and forcing early vegetables for
larket. Apply at his office. Sept. 28.

Briguto.\ Market — Monday, Oct. 3.

[Reported for Ihe Chronicle and Patriot. J
At Market this day 7401 Beef Cattle, 1155 Stores,
2665 Sheep, and 1385 Swine. Probably 100 Cattle, most-
ly Stores, were reported last week. Business was re-
markably brisk. The barrelers ' nibbled a little,' but not
anxious to purchase many. Large numbers, however,
of Cattle, Sheep and Swine were si Id.

Prices.— .Bee/ Cattle— We shall quote for prime,
4 75 a $5 ; good, 4 a 4 50 ; thin, 2 75 a 3 7.j.

Stores— \iuycT3 were plenty and prices rather ad-
vanced.

Working Oxen— Mote were at market than we re-
collect of having before seen in one day. We noticed
sales of pairs at $45, 50, 60, 62, several at 70 and 75, one
at 80 and one at 85.

Cows and CaJtici— Sales were made at $1-5, 13, 22,
23, 2.5 and 27.

;S/,efp_RemarkabIy brisk and an advance was eflect-
ptions of a great variety of k^_ We noticed sales of lots at $167,183,2, 2 25, 2
Trees uid Plants, and directions f)r cultivating them ; — g-i 9 54 2 75, and 3.

and their Pomological Manual Just published con- "^t^;„^Lselected lots, two thirds Barrows, at 4i a 44 ;
tains full descriptions of above 600 varieties of Pe^^'-^ ,„,g „,■ 0,^ Barrows at 4 a 4^ ; and one entire lot of 350.
^':'";!' Z''"^.^!fj„5'„'.r:r^'..,.f,rr'f^,f',';r!"r' ± sows and Barrows, at 2|e. Retail price 4i a 5 for Sows,

monds, Slc, besides other Fruits, so that all persons can
make their selections, with a knowledge of the qualities.

All letters requesting information will be jirompfly
replied to, and orders can be sent direct to them or to
the subscriber, either of whom will furnish Catalogues
of Ihe Establishment when desired.

Oct 5. lis J. B. RUSSELL.

Jeivelry, Watches and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No, 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with an extensive assort-
ment of Watches, Silver and Plated Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, S,-c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. ID' Watches repaired and warranted.

Oct 4. tf

5> a 6 for Barrows.

JVcm York Cattle Market, Sept. 30.-Market for
Beef Cattle this week full ,as brisk as last, and no alter-
ation in prices-lOOO head in and »'' '^"''^ f ' f ^ ^^^ * ^;
and a few very fine at $7. Sheep and Lambs about 3000
to 3500 in maiket, sales very brisk-no variation in
prices. Sheep $2 50 to 5 ; Lambs $2 to 3. Fat Hogs
rather more plenty.and prices a tiifle '""'f -^X"' of *
a 41; Store Hogs $!. Sales of Cows and Calves <iJ a
$35.— X>ai/i/ Advertiser.

rrrln the New York market only the quarters of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough fallowbemg inclu-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

96

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Oct. 5, 1831.

MISCELiLAiVY

PRODUCTIONS OF ST THOMAS.

\XJ' The following description of the fruits of St
Thomas we have taken fiom a manusciipt account of the
Island, its plantations, vegelable productions, animals, Sfc,
furnished us by an intelligent and observing young man,
for a few years attached to our Establishment, now a
resident at St Thomas.

Fruits.
Forbidden Fruit is one one of the largest fruits
known here; is about 18 iuclies in circuiiifereuco,
round like an orange ; of a light yellow color,
and resembles the orange much in taste.

Mangoes are one of the richest and most deli-
cious fruits in tlie West Indies ; are a native of the
East Indies, and were first brought here about 30
years since ; are shaped like an egg, and about
the size of a very large pear ; the skin is thick and
smooth ; the color yellow tinged with rod ; the
flesh is of a rich orange color, and in flavor some-
what resembles a peach, having a rich condjina-
tion of acid and sweet, and very juicy ; the tree is
very beautiful, of the shape and size of a cherry
tree, with broad leaves.

Guavas are a small but delicious fruit, and f-jiw
wild on bushes which resemble the American black
alder; they are about the size of a large plum ;
of a yellow smooth skin, and the flesh a light red
color ; the flavor is similar to a ripe gooseberry.

Bananas are about the size and shape of a cu-
cumber, but more pointed at the ends ; the color
is \ olio w, the skin thick, which peals off very
easily ; the flesh is soft and very sweet and nutri-
tious; they grow in clusters of from 10 to 20 on
a stalk ; the trees grow to the height of 12 feet,
covered with leaves from 10 to 12 feet long, which
grow in abundant clusters.

Pomegranates are much celebrated for their beau-
ty and their delicious juice ; -are perfectly round,
the size of an apple ; the color a ricli scarlet ; spot-
ted with yellow and black ; the skin smooth with
a beautiful glos.s; the inside is curious, being com-
posed of small separate pieces of flesh, with trans-
parent skin, about the size of a currant, but oh-
long ; the tree resembles the orange tree.

Sour Sops are a large, irregular shaped fruit :
color green; flesh white, very soft and juicy, and
has a pleasant mixture of acid and sweet, resem-
bling the strawberry ; the trees have a rich, dark
green foliage.

Shaddocks are what I should call nianiinoth

of a i)each ; the skin brown and rougli ; the flesh
excessively sweet, soft, and full ol juice.

Tamarinds grow in pods of a brown color, about
the size of large, beans. Some kinds are compara-
tively sweet, and some are so acid as to take the
skin off the mouth and tongue.

Coy Meats are round, the size of a peach, are
yellow anil. purple, skin smooth, flesh sweet and
rich.

Sugar Apples are a curious fruit ; shape irregu-
lar ; the color a light green ; and the size about
that of an apple ; the flesh is not solid, but com-
posed of small long pieces growing together, which
come a|)art vvIkmi eaten ; the (ruit is full of juice
and sweet with little acid.

Marmcy .Apples are a large fpiiif, with a rough,
brown skin ; they are about the size of a cocoa
nut, but more round ; the flesh is somewhat har-
der than an apple, and of a dark orange color ,
the taste resembles the apple, mingled with the
flavor of' the peach.

Gooseberrries (as they are called here) are
about the size of a cherry ; the color a light yel-
low when ripe ; they have a strong acid taste, and
make excellent tarts and pies. They grow on
branches on large tree?.

Grapes. There are three kinds which grow
here ; the malnga, and a small black kind, the lat-
ter very sweet ; there is also the Sea Grape which
grows on large trees by the Sea Shore.

Sherries resemble our black Tartarean cherries
very much ; of the same size and color ; the taste
acid, with little sweet. They make excellent pies,
and tarts.

Plums. — Those arc ahotit the same size as the
Plums in America ; the color is rod, and the taste
nmch like the sherries.

Bell Apples grow on vines, ami arc of the size
of a small a]jplc. The skin is yellow and smooth ;
they are v«ry sweet and rich ; the method of eat-
ing them, is, to bite off one end and suck out the
inside, ihcy being very soft like the Ouava.

Alligator Pear is a very" valuable fruit, particu-
larly for the table. The shape, color and size re-
semble exactly our Winter large Pears, only the
' in is smooth ; in the centre is a large round
seed ; the flavor has no acid or sweet, but a rich,
buttery taste. When used for the table it is peel-
ed and eaten with pepper and salt ; the flesh is
very soft. The tree grows to the size of our pear

Black Currant Jf'ine.

Ju<t received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 fy
32 North Market Street, Boston—

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
tics in various compbiints, will be found in the N. E.
I'";Hiner, vol. 5, paje 267, written by S, W. Poraeroy,
Esq and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin states :
* Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dj'sentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
symploms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
ceased. It has been strikingly remedial in llie lowstates
of typhoid and bilious fever. Tlie late Capt. Gilchrist,
wlio lor several years lollowed the Batavia trade, and
w'lo had alw.tys sulTered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human lile in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his male, wbo had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two slopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate many other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for many years
been considered almost a spei'ific remedy. — Price 75 cts-
per bottle. Aug. 3.

Pine Apples I need not describe ; I would re-
mark, however, they have a much sweeter and
more sprightly taste when eaten here fresh;

Cocoa Mtts grow here in abundance. The
tree is a sort of palm, from 40 to 60 fcethi<rh, with
leaves on its tops only, appearing like immense
feathers 10 to 15 feet long, by 3 broad, and win-
ed—the upper ones erect, the middle ones hori-
zontal, and the lower ones drooping. The nuts
l>ang .1, clusters of ten or a dozen together. Many
of the roads are lined with these trees, which
n.ake a beamilhl and romantic a,)pearance.—
When green the fruit is very fine; the meat, in-
stead of betng hard, is a soft jellv, and the water
IS very sweet.

Messibhs grow on vines, and are about the size

Kinneps are about the size of a Plum, with a
oranges ; resembli ng that friiit much, but are twice I thick green skin, which peels off whole ; when off,

the flesh looks like the yolk of an egg : the taste
is a mixture of acid and sweet — are very juicy,

Pomrose, a small green ftuit, having a delightful
fragrance ; they are hollow inside, whli two large
seeds, which rattle when shaken. They have^
sweet spicy taste, combining the rose and nutmeg.
Bread Fruit are of the size of a child's head ;
when roasted and eaten with salt and butter, they
serve for bread. They are hanl and white like a
yam.

Patipaw. — This fruit grows on a small tree re-
sembling the castor-oil-bean plant, but larger ; it
is of the size of a small nnisk melon. It is cut
into slices, like citron, and preserved in syrup.

The two following kinds I have not seen, and
cannot describe, viz. Custard Apple; and Granadilla,
which grow very large on vines.

~*'''

Tulip Roots.

For sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &^
North Market Street, Boston —

A splendid collection of Tulip Roots, now in fine order
for transplanting, comprising some of the most beautiful
varieties now cultivated in this vicinity, viz:

Marbled or mottled, dark stamens.

While and Purple, ditto.

Vellow and Purple, ditto.

Double Yellow Rose.

Double pale yellow flamed, (Passe non plus ultra.)

Crimson, yellow centre and yellow stamens.

White, shaded with red, dark centre and stamens.

Fine large yellow, with yellow stamens.

Double white, with red shades, (beautiful.)

Double orange brown, (very large.)

Double pa-ony lose.

Double coffee color.

Parrot tulips, of several colors.

Fine bibloems, (striped on white ground. 1

Fine bizarres, (striped on yellow ground.)

Fine Rosy, on white, &c, &c. Price 12jj cts. each

$1 per doz.

The above are of large size, and aro raised from su-
perior imported roots, some of which cost igl each.

Also, common tulip roots, of all colors, and of good
size, price .$.5 per hundred, suitable for those commenc-
ing a large lulip bed.

Also, Double White and Yellow sweet scented Nar-
cissus—124 els. each — $1 per doz.

Mixed Crocus roots — 50 cts. per dozen. Aug. 3.

Binding,
Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed
that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and
lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at ttie
Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at ,§3 per annum,
pav.ible at the end of the year— but those who pay within
si.ity d.ays from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

O" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Russeli., by I. R. Butts— liy whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet lh«
wishes of cnstomers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
liussELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street. agknts.

Xew York— G THuF.nvnK & Sons, 67 Liberly-slrcel
AIIimij—\Vm. TiionuuRN, .317 Market-street.
I'ln.'aJelphiti— D. &. C. LANnKF.Tn.85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore— G. l!.SMiTH,Editorol the American Farmer.
Ciiicinnali—S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street. '
Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince & SoNs.Prop.Lin. Bot.Uardtn
IHiddlebunj. Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — GoonwiN & Co. Booltscllers.
SIpringfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Nrwburyport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Pth-. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Auirtista , Jl/c. Wm. Mann.

' a/i/a.r, N. S.— P. J. Hoi.i.ASD. Eeq. Recorder office
Montreal .\^. C. — Henrv Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 02 NORTH MARKET STREET, (a

Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 12, 1831.

NO. 13.

®©sasawsni*siiaa:©srs»

UNDER DRAINING.

Mr Editor — In a lale luimlier of your paper
my fVieiid Judge Buel, in an article on ' undertiniiii-
iiig' was pleased to speak in favorable terms of my
jiractice in this species of improvement, of my cul-
ture in general, and to ask for some communication
on the suhjt;ct. As no oue in our country has
more successfully blended theory with practice in
the various doparcments of husbandry than Mr Buel,
I appreciate this notice from one so competent to
make improvements and so happy in liis man-
ner of detailing them to the agricultural com-
munity.

As regards underdraining and the many benefits
resulting from it, my observation and experience
fully corroborate all Judge Buel has said in its
favor — indeed without this salutary and simple op-
eration no incoiisiderable proportion of many val-
uable <listricts of our country must continue little
better than waste. It is generally total loss of labor
to the farmer who attempts to-cultivate wet lands in
our rigorous climate, and by draining, these useless
inhospitable acres have been found of the kindliest
and most productive character.

Having a surplus of stones on my estate beyond
what fences require, I use the smaller and ill form-
ed for drains ; they have the advantage of brush in
durability and of tiles in economy. My drains arc
for the most part 3 feet in depth, 2 feet in width at
top, sloping to one at bottom. The bottom stones
are largest and are carefully jdaced to allow the
water to flow freely beneath, while above the small
stones are thrown in at random, so that when level-
ed they are beneath the plough. Over these swingle
tow, shavings or straw may be strown, after which
the earth can be replaced by the spade or plough
80 as to present a rather higher surface than the
grounds adjacent and the business is accomplished.
— It is very essential that the descent be easy,
neither too quick or too slow, and that all surface
teatcr be excluded, as it would speedily choke and
an3 destroy the underdraining. — I estimate the
average cost of such drains at 62i cents the rod.
— It should be remarked, that underdraining is
adapted to lands presenting sufficient declivity to
carry off the springs and it is only the underwater
that is meant to be drained in this manner, while
open ditches are adapted to the bottomlands for the
conveyance of surface water. — I will state what ap-
pears to me the prominent advantages that the cul-
tivator may promise himself by a thorough system of
draining.

In the first place, he creates as it were so much
additional terra firma, and adds essentially to the
health of all around him by correcting the ill ten-
dencies of excessive moisture. — He can cultivate
reclaimed lands several weeks earlier and as much
later in each year than those that are unreclaimed,
his crops are better and more sure. The labor
of after tillage is much diminished. The stones
that impede the plough and scythe are removed,
and not the least essential benefit, is the constan't
supplies of water which may be insured in any field
inclining to moisture, which with reference to ani-
• mals will, as a permanent convenience and advan-
tage, fully compensate the expense of drains.

I have just put down a field of wheat which has
required e.vtensive underdraining. I will sketch a
diagram of it for your readers. This field has re-
quired 250 rods of stone draining, and I hope to be
remunerated the whole expense in the surplus cirops
of the two next years, to say nothing of the plea-
sure of witnessing the finest grains and kindliest
grasses taking the place of bull rushes and wild
grass. I am, sir, your most obedient servant.

HENRY W. DELAVAN.

Ballslon, JV. T. Sept. 27, 1831.

SKETCH or A riELD UNDERDKAINED.

The outer lines are fences.

CULTURE OP THE SWEET POTATO IN
NEW HAMPSHIRE.

I have not heard of this valuable root being
cultivated to any extent in this vicinity, or in this
latitude, nor do I believe that there has been any
proper attempt made. The last season I applied
for a small quantity of seed, to Mr Russell, the
■publisher of the New England Farmer, through
his agent, and by some means, I received them
quite too late to plant, and the potato much decay-
ed and what few were sound were dried and
wilted, and bad litde appearance of any vegetable
life ; I however planted them all together, hoping
I might find some of them to vegetate, and then
to plant them in proper order. By the last of June
I found a small portion of them had vegetated,
and accordingly planted them, and tended them
as well as I knew how, and had but a small crop
as n:ight be supposed ; and was not a little
pleased even under these unfavorable circumstan-
ces to have experienced the fact of raising about
two bushels of small sweet ))Otatoes.

After making use of about one half of them,
I knew no better way to save the residue for
seed, which were the smallest of them (and small
ndeed too) than to put them into a cask in my
cellar, well mixed and covered with dry sand.
Supposing them to be well taken care of, I did
not look to them until the last of the v.iuter, when

to my very great disappointment I found the sand
to have settled and become quite moist, and every
fibre of the roots entirely decayed.

From all these circumstances I concluded if I
could procure seed in good season, in March or
early in April, that they might be started in a hoi
bed, or some similar way, to plant as soon as the
spring frosts were over that they might be grown
to full i)erfection. 1 accordingly applied as be-
fore. As it happened they did not reach me till
late, and they had then begun to decay. I was
not able to plant them before the last of May,
about one month earlier than the last season, which
has operated greatly in favor of a crop. From one
peck of seed, [not more than half of wliich were
sound and vegetated) and notwithstanding they
were planted very late, I am favored with a plenty
of perfectly sweetjfttatoes, much better than any I
have ever been abte to obtain from the South oj
Middle States, and 1 think finer than ever I found
there, having frfcuent opportunities of proving
them. My little «-op is very gratifying to be sure,
for my family are numerous and all excessively
fond of them ; my average yield is a bashel from
eight hills, which gives me about twenty bushsls,
produced on light loam.

I have seen in the New England Farmer some
advice for keeping this valuable yegetable. The
method most highly recommended, £ tbinfc, was
pulverized charcoal, which, if a sofe way, is at best
a verj- di:-agrecnble ore. I should feel myself very
much obliged if I si.ould be advised from any one
through yoK]r.,iitfitf'ji'*he mnst safe and proper way
of keeping them, also whether there should be any
selection for seed, and what kind. Yours. A. K.

Portsmouth, M". H. Oct. i, 1831.
05^S weet Potato slips are not generally received
in Boston from the South, for sule, till about the
middle of April. It would be useless to try to
get them sooner, for if they become in the least
chilled on the voyage, they deeay almost as fast
as they are opened to the. air. No economical
method of preserving the slips for seed through
the winior in New England has yet been discover-
ed to our knowledge. — Ed.

FOR THE NEW EWGIAWD FARMEB.

PRESERVING POTATOES.

Mr Fessepidi^, — About two years ago, you
published in tlie New England Farmer, on the au-
thority of some French agricultural Journal, n
new method of preserving potatoes for several
years, fresh and fine, viz. by burying them in a dry
situation several feet below the surface of the
ground, so as to be entirclij out of the iiijluence of
the heat requisite to produce vegetation. — It would
no doubt be highly gratifying to many to learn,
what has been the result of any experiments
that may have been made, to test the efficacy of
this neiv method of preserving that invaluable ar-
ticle of human subsistence. If you have received
any satisfactory accounts on this subject, you will
lay your agricultm-al friends under new obliga-
tions, by placing them before the piddle, and of
whom, no one will be more obliged, than

A Constant Readeb.

Keene,M H. Sept. 29, 1831.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 12, IS'.sl.

PAWTUXET FAIR.
The following reports were made by the re-
spective Conuiiittees, to the Society for the En-
couragement of Domestic Industry, at the Annual
Fair held in Pawtuxet last week-, and the follow-
ing premiums were awarded.

ON NEAT STOCK.

The Committee on Neat Stock beg leave to re-
port the following Premiums, as adjudged by them :
To John Foster, of Smithfield, for the best Bull, $12
Samuel B;.ker, of Wnrwick, for second best, 10

John Jencks, of Smithfield, do. ,.„„„,. l

To John Gieen (S. W.) of Warwick, best Bull Calf, 6
To Arnold Aldiich of Smithfield, for second best, 3

To Tijnolhy W. Dexter of Cumberland, third best, 2
To Wm. Waterman, Jr. of Coventry, fourth best, 1

The Cows offered had no certificates accompa-
nying tliem, and are not entitled to Premiums. —
The Committee recommend the following Pre-
miums :

To Christopher Smith of Barvington, for the best Cow, 5
To John Arnold of Cranston, for second best, 2

To Charles Heaton of North Providence, tor the best

2 year old Heifer, ^

To A. Gr. Alverson, for second best, 4

To Samuel W. Greene of Providence, lor the best

yearling Heifer, ^

To Christopher Smith of Barringlon, for second best, 2

To Andrevv Angell of Johnston, for thiid best
GEORGE BURTON,
DEXTER C. ARNOLD,
LEWIS DEXTER,
WILLIAM LIPPITT,
THOS. W. GREENE.
The Committee beg leave to recommend, that
76 cents be paid to tlie owner of each and every |
Cow, Bull, Heifer and Calf, that have been placed
in the Pens this day, as n compensation for driv-
ing their stock during the storm, the day and
il^ht previous to the Show. Excepting, how-
ever, those on which a Pretiiium has been
awarded.

0.-< HORSF.S.

The Committee on Horses beg leave to report
that they have attendfJd to the duties assigned
them. Your Conunittee regret to observe a want
of competitors in Stud Horses. Two only were
exiiihiled for Premium ; the young Yankee, own-
efl by John C. Fenuer of Johnston, and the young
Highlander, owned by Benedict Kinyon of Rich-
mond. Your Committee do not consider either
of the horses entitled . to the Society's Premium,
but would recommend that the sum of five dollars
be paid each.
To Bates Harris, Esq. of Cranston, your Committee

award the first Premium of eight dollars on the best

Mare and Colt.
To Abner Sprague of Cranston, for the second best, a

Premium of six dollars.

Your Committee were happy to observe quite a
competition for the premiums on Mares and Colts,
and should have been happy to have noticed seve-
ral of them in a more satisfactory manner.

Your Committee were happy to see exhibited
by Mr Edward Eldridge of Mass. a very tine Stud
Horse, (Sportsman) of English blood, sired by the
celebrated horse Bussorali. Sportsman will etand
the ensuing season at Brighton, near Boston, dur-
ing the month of May, after that at Pomfret, Con-
necticut. CHARLES ELDRIDGE,

For the Committee.

ON WORKING CATTLE.

The Committee on Working Cattle beg leave
to report, that after viewing a number of yoke of
Oxen, they have awarded the following Premi-
ums, viz :

The first Premium to Caleb Congdon of Cranston, $8
Second Premium to Samuel Budlong of Cranston, 6

Third Premium to Stephen Angell of Cumberland, 4

On three year old Steers the Comuiittee find a
greater number than has been heretofore exhibit-
ed ; they award as follows, viz :
The first Premium to Harris Kellon of Johnston, $6

Second Premium to Peleg Potter of Providence, 4

Third Premium to Enos Weeden ot Johnston, 2

On two year old Steers, the Committee find the
like improvement as to number and quality ; they
award as follows, viz :

Tlie first Premium to Philip Arnold of Warwick, $5
Second Premium to Amasa Burlingame of Gloucester, 4
Third Premium to Harding Knight of Cranston, 3

To Thomas B. Sprague of Johnston, for one yoke of

yearling Steers, the Committee recommend to pay

one dollar.

ELISHA OLNEY, for the Committee.

ON SHEEP AND SWiNE.

The Committee on Sheep and Swine report as
follows : that they have attended to the duty as-
signed them, and find very few animals of either
kind entered for premiums, which we have no
doubt was owing to the inclemency of the weath-
er, and after a minute exaiiiinalion, have awarded
the premiums as follows, viz:
To Charles Potter ol Prudence Island, the 1st premium

for the best buck of half Saxony blood, $6

To Henry Searle of Cranston, for 2d best do. 4

To Henry Potter of Portsmouth, tor the 3d do. 2

To Charles Potter of Prudence, for the best ewes, six

in number, the 1st premium of 4

To Henry Potter of Portsmouth, for the 2d best do. 2
To Isaac Randall of Johnston, for the be!^ boar, 6

To Arthur Greene of Cranston, for the 2d best do. 4

To Richard Brown of North Providence, for the best

pigs, two in number, °

To Arthur Greene of Cranston, for the 2d best do. three

in number, 4

1 To Andrew Angell of Johnston, for the 3d do. two m

number, ^

All of which, is respectfully submitted.

THOMAS HOLDEN, for the Committee.

ON TLODGHING MATCH.

The Committee on the Ploughing Match report
as follows, viz :

Freeman Fisher of North Providence, first premium, $9
Isaac Randall oi Johnston, second premium, 8

Tlios. Budlong of Cranston, third premium, "

1 nO>. iJUUlUllg WI vyi atl.^tv»i, mn« |.. v. .ii. ,. ..., •

Stephen Whipple of N. Providence, fourth premium, 6
Jonathan Cooke ol Faster, fifth premium, 5

Henry Jennison of Cranston, sixth premium, 4

Peter J. Briggs of Johnston, seventh piemium, 3

Earle Baker of Warwick, eighth premium, 2

There being four other competitors, and the
work being all very well done, the Committee re-
commended to the Standing Committee to allow
to the other four, viz : Arthur Greene, Henry
Searle, Joseph Aborn, and Alden Knight, a Pr«-
u'.iiim of one dollar each. The shortest time of
performance 22 minutes, the longest 28 minutes,
all without drivers.

ON SHOP MANnFACTURES.

The Committee on Shop Manufactures have
awarded the following premiums :
To William Bullas, Providence, for files, $3

To Ambrose Fcrron do. for fine Steel Slate, • 3

To Robert Orrel, do. for fine Reeds, 3

To Geo. A. Rogers, do. for improved Lock, 5

To Noah Smith, Jr, do. for Razor Strops, 2

To Nich. Sheldon, do. for Beaver Hats, 3

To J. M. Butts, do. for imitation, do. 3

To Jas. J. Chase. Cranston, for Looking Glasses, 2

To Allen Brown, Providence, for white oak Work

Stands, 5

To Nathl. G. Helme, do. for Iron Safe for Books, 5

To John Sherman, Warwick, for Corn Sheller, (if not

patented,) 3

To Geo. A. Harrison, Pawtuxet, for box White Lead,

a very superior article, o

To Hall & Mitchell, Providence, for Boots, 1

To Jno. Fenner, Cranston, for the best Rakes, 3

To Anthony & Walker, Olneysville, for the best Roller

Skins, Call Skins, 4

To Anthony 4" Walker, do. for the best Sheep Skin,
To Jas. Greene, East Greenwich, for Fish Lines,
To Wm. C. Force, Piovidence, for Snuff Boxes,
To R. Inman, Burrillville, lor Filch Forks,
To Waldo Stone, Cranston, for bevel gearings,
All of which is respectfully submitted by

JAMES F. SIMMONS, for the Comlnittee. ,

HOUSEHOLD M A NUFACTCRES.

The Committee on Household Manufactureg
report tliat they have examined the articles pre-
sented fur premium and exhibition, and havB
awarded the Ibllowing Premiums on the same. .
The articles presented were not as numcroui
as at former exhibitions, owing to the state of thtl
weather for two days previous to the Fair ; but
their quality demonstrate an improvement hi
Household Manufactures. But there were several
articles presented for exhibitiun, which were nol
entitled to Premium, by the regulations of ttiS
Standing Committee, but which the CominitteH
think worthy of honorable mention — these were
2 pieces of Satinet, presented by Henry Carpen.
der of Piskeville ; 2.3 pieces of Calico, by Charley
Potter, manufactured at Tiverton ; and 5 pound!
of blue mixed knitting Cotton, by Wescott jk
Abbot of Joliuston. The Premiums awarded are^
To Roxana Greene of Warwick, for the best piece of

Carpeting, *'

Eliza Thompson of Warwick, for the second best, 4
Silly H Arnold of Warwick, for the third best, *

Mary L Greene of Warwick, for the best Woollen

Stockings, . "

S. F. R. Slaftbrd of Warwick, for the best Linen

Stockings, »

E. W. Gardiner of Warwick, for the best Worsted

Hose, *

E. R. Cleaveland of Coventry, for the best Woollen

Flannel, ^ *

Eliza Thompson of Warwick, lor the second best, y

Richard Waterman of Warwick, for the best Blanket-

Almira^Grcene of Warw;ck, for the second best, •

Thomos Buffum of Smithfield, for one Hearth Rug, X
L. M. Ware of Providence, for one Wrought Muslin

Cape,
Mary S Fiske of Providence, for the best Lace Veil, 1
Eliza Thompson of Warwick, for a pair of Woollen

Blankets, J

W Tiflany of Coventry, for one Counterpane, i

Harriet F. A.shton of Providence, for one Wrought

,F^^'' « .. for Socks, 2

Roxana Greene of Providence, for Crickets, J

Tnankful Clark of Providence, for Rug, '

for Mat, ■ ""

.< <. " for Table Carpet, SO

.■ <i ■< lor Cushing Covering, 5(1

Ellen S. Smith of Providence, for two Lamp Rugs, 8t>
f5arah Smith of Cranston, for Children's Socks, J

Sally H. Low of W arwick, for Half Hose, >

Nancy H. Green of Warwick, for Woollen Hose, 1
„ ■^ .. " Ibr Woollen Stocking Yarn,!

>c « " for a Counterpane, 1

Mary E. Holden of Warwick, for a Counterpane, 8

Lucy Warren of Warwick, for Linen Thread, J

Miss Easton of Providence, for a Rug, 1

for a Rug, ^

for Cricket Covers, BO

Mary S. Richmond of Providence, for Wrought Reti-
cules, ,- ., A
.1 <■ (or White Lace Veil, »
<. « for Black Lace Veil, 1
Caroline C. Richmond of Providence, for a L''*-
Handkerchief, ,
Jane Hurlbut ol Providence, for a Lace Veil, «
Pawtuxet Female Charitable Society, for Hose ana

Socks, and sundry other articles, '

Susan A. Harrison of Pawtuxet, for one Bead Purse, W
A. M. Harrison of Pawtuxet, for a pair of BcaU^

Bracelets, . „uij>.

E. A. Rhodes of Pawtuxet, for working a Child s

Frock, ,5

Aves Hunt, Deaf and Dumb, for a Knit Bedspread, i

Providence Episcopal Philanthropic Society, sundry^

articles, „ c ■ i

N. G. B. Dexter of Pawtuxet, for Cotton Stripes, *

V(jl. X.— No. 13.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

99

do

3d

do

4lh

do

6lh

do

6lh

do

To be paid lo the Weaver,
Miss Cliadsey of Wicklbrd, tor a Heailli Kiis;,
II .1 " for a CounleipaiiP,

Hannah C. Piice of Newport, Bead Watch Guard,
S W Greene of Providence, Bead Watch Guard,
■ ' ELISHA P. SMITH, for the Committee.

ON BUTTKR AND CHEESE.

Tlie Committee oji Butter and Cheese have at-
tenileil to tlie duties of their appointment, and re-
port that the specimens of Butter are more numer-
ous than heretofore exliihited ; the superior ex-
cellence of wliich they find it very difficult to
identify. They have, however, awarded to
Thomas R. Greene of Warwick, the 1st premium,
To lillis Smith of Johnston,
To Thomas B. Brown of Warwick,
To Susan Brown of Johnston,
To Clarissa Webster of Johnston,
To Maiy Biidlong ot Warwick, .
To Charles Burlingame of Cranston, 7th do 2

The Coiimiittee regret to say that the specimens
of Cheese exliihited are not so numerous as usual,
which is no doubt attributable to the inclemency
of the weather. They have awarded the first
premium

To Ellis Smith of Johnston, $8

For the Comnittee, WM. ANTHONY.

ON MULEERRT TREES.

The Committee on Mulberry Trees and Raw
Silk respectfully report, that S. W. Greene, of
Providence, is entitled to the premium of five dol-
lars for having made the present year, 5j pounds
raw silk, the only sample exhibited. That Lemuel
Surges, of Wiekford, is entitled to the premium
of five dollars, for having raised the present year,
12,000 mulberry trees ; and that E. S. Johnson,
of Wiekford, is entitled to the premium of four
dollars, for having raised 1000 niulhcrry trees. —
The Committee would also recommend that five
dollars be granted to Joshua Collins, of RichiTiond,
for having the last year raised seventy or eighty
thousand mulberry trees. ASA MESSER,

In behalf of the Committee.

The Standing Committee allow and award to Wm.
Ijippitt of Cranston, for one barrel of Cider, $3

•Attest, R. M. GREENE, Secretary.

September, 28, 1831.

All of Tihich is respectfully submitted by JESSE
TOURTELLOT, (or the Com

FraiD Ijje Concord Gaiietlc.

MIIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.
The Aimual Fair of the Society of Middlesex
Husbandmen took place, in this town, last Wed
nesday — and, notwithstanding the unpleasant state
of the weather, there was a large collection of th
yeomanry of the County. The disjilay of Cattle
this year was not quite so large as on former year?
which may be attributed to the stormy weather —
we counted, however, in tlie Pens: 9 Bulls; 2
pair of fat Oxen ; 9 pair of Steers ; 17 Cows ;
17 pr. of Working Oxen ; 7 Cows with Calves ;
and 25 Swine. — The Ploughing Match Premiums
were contended for in good farmer-like style by
14 Teams ; the result of which gave Ephraim
Wheeler, of this town, for double team the 1st
Premium ; Isaac Brooks, of Lincoln, the 2d ;
Hezckiali Wetherbee, of this town, the 3d ; Abel
B. Hey wood, of this town, for single team the 1st
Premium; Henry A. Wheeler, of this town, the
2d; and Ichabod Stow, of Stow, the 3d.— The
Strength of Working Cattle was displayed by 17
yoke of prime Oxen ; Premiums were thus aunr-
ded — Ichabod Stow, of Stow, the 1st Prem.; Eli
Rice, Marlboro', 2d ; Geo. M. Barrett, of this town,
3d ; and Jacob Baker, of Lincoln, the 4th.

2 The whole number of articles entered at the

^ Court house for Exhibition and Premium amoun-
Iq ted to 127, and exceeded that of last year. Among
50 the articles exhibited we noticed 10 Coverlets ; 9
pieces of Flannel; 10 Carpets: 4 pieces of Wool-
en Cloth ; 2 pieces of Diaper ; 10 Hearth Rugs;
6 Straw Bonnets ; 13 Lace Veils ; and a large col-
lection of fancy articles. The following articles
appeared to us as deserving of ]iarticular notice :
Mary Ann Rodger^-, of Tewksbury, presented
for premium nine pair of Worsted Hose — a beauti-
ful specimen. Mrs Jonas Moore, of this town,
presented one pair of do. which were not inferi-
or to Miss Rodgers'. Mrs Betsey Jewett, of Pep-
perell, exhibited 12 pair of Woollen Socks that told
well for her industry.

A good specimen of Thread was exhibited by
Mrs Sarah Barnes, of Sherburne, who is in her
90th year. A similar specimen was presented by
Miss Abigail Flint, of this town.

A pair of elegant Blankets were presented by
Polly Rodgers, of Tewksbury ; also a fine piece
of Flannel. Mary Richardson, of Westford, also
exhibited a pair of beautiful Blankets full cfjual to
those of Mrs Rodgers.

A very fine specimen of Silk Cocoons and Silk
Worms' Eggs was presented by our enterprising
farmer, Mr Anthony Wright ; also a good speci-
men of Cocoons by Mr William Munroe, of this
town.

Mrs Susan Hoar, of Littleton, exhibited a beayti-
fiil Wreath of Flnwers, made of Straw.

Miss Lucy Howe, of Marlboro', presented a
bcautifully_/i)ie specimen of native Sennng Silk.
Two crooked-necked Squashes one 53 and the
other 50 lbs. were exhibited by Mr Mercer, of
Lincoln : three Squashes, raised by Mr Moses Ab-
bot, of Westford, weighing 266 1-2 lbs. ; and
several other ones of a very large kind were
also exhibited.

A Watermelon was exhibited by Mr Phillip
Spaulding, of Chelmsford, weighing 39 1-2 lbs.
measuring 2 1-2 feet in length, and 2 in circuni-
fei'ence.

Four bottles of Castor Oil, possessing all the
freshness and sweetness of new butter, were jire-
sented by Captain Anthony Wright, of this town ;
it was made from the Castor Bean raised on hii
farm.

Capt. Francis Wheeler, of this town, presen
ted half a bushel of large and handsome Potatoes,
being the produce of one.

Mr Moody Moore of Waltham, exhibited the
produce of two hills (one peck each) of the Sweet
Potato. Mr Anthony Wright, of this town, who
has cultivated this vegetable for several years,
also exhibited a fine specimen.

Mr David Dickinson, of Chelmsford, exhibited
a fine specimen of the Sugar Cane, the Bowery
Bean, and the Georgian Pea; Mr D. says: ' all
these articles may be cultivated to advantage by
our farmers.'

Apples were presented by Mr Timothy Davis,
of Billerica, and several other gentlemen, of a
very nice kind considering the unfruitful sea-
son.

A fine specimen of Okra, was exhibited by Mr
Philip P. Spaulding, who raised it in the town of
Chelmsford.

Mr Nathaniel Jennings, of E. Sudbury, presen-
ted three Winter and Summer Radishes, of the tur-
nip rooted kind ; the largest weighing 9 lbs. and
may be seen at our counting room.

About 30 Firkins and Boxes of Prime Butter
were exhibited by different individuals.

Al|)heus Smith of Lowell, exhibited a Carpen-
ter's Ploughing Plane of superior workmanship ;
also a miniature Fore Plane and Smoothing Plane,
The Com. on Farms, &c, have awarded to
Moses Sweetser, of South Reading, for the best
Orchard, the 1st prem. of $15 ; to Francis Rich-
ardson, of Bdlerica, 2d do. of $10 ; the 3d prem.
not awarded. To Nathan Smith, of Waltham, for
the best Farm, the 1st prem. of $25; to Moseu
Howe, of Marlboro', 2 do. of $15 ; and to Mar-
tin Howe, of Marlboro', 3d do. of $10.

At the close of the day the Society assembled
at the Court House, fortlie declaration of Premiums,
the choice of officers and the transaction of other
business. A Committee, chosen last year for the
purpose of taking into consideration the location of
the Society, reported in favor of the Society's hold-
ing its Annual Meeting alternately in the towns of
Concord, Lowell, Groton and Framingham ; this
report elicited considerable debate and was finally
rejected by an almost unanimous vote, thus putting
an end to a project of dangerous tendency towards
the future harmony and stability of the Society.
A vote was passed thanking the Orator for his
able Address, and requesting a copy for the press.
.\ Committee was chosen to audit the Society's
accounts. Col. Shattuck having declined serving
as Treasurer to the Society, a vote was passed
thanking him for his faithful services for the last
nine years. The Society then proceeded to th©
choice of officers for the ensuing year, and elected
Elias Phinney, Esq. of Lexington, President ; B. F.
Varnum, of Dracut, and Abner Wheeler, of Fram-
ingham, Vice Presidents ; Josiah Bartlett, of Con-
cord, Corresponding Secretary ; John Stacy, of
Concord, Recording Secretary ; and Cyrus Stow,
of Concord, Treasurer.

We regret that we are obliged to defer the re-
ports, and some other details till next week.

From tlie Taunton Reporter.

BRISTOL CATTLE SHOW.

The annual exhibition of the Bristol County .Agricul-
tural Society was held in this town last Wednesday. The
unpleasant state of the weather in the morning may have
been the reason why the display of cattle and manufac-
tured articles fell somewhat short of what they have beeii
on former occasions. We however noticed among the
articles of manufacture, some which for excellency of
material and beauty of workmanship, we doubt not would
compare with any which will be exhibited in the country
— anions which were some beautiful specimens of Bri-
tannia Ware, manufactured in this place by the Biitannia
Ware Company ; likewise a miniature steam carriage,
made by Mr J. VV. Strange, and which was in the after-
noon exhibited in motion on a circular railway construct-
ed for the purpose. We have unJerstood that it is entire-
ly an invention of his own, he never having seen any-
thing of the liind. The simplicity of it3 construction,
with the compactness of its parts, indicate much mechan-
ical skill in the maker; the boiler holding about a pint,
was heated by lamps from beneath, and was sufficient to
keep it in motion for an hour's time.

The agricultural products were much inferior we have
understood, from what they were the last year; and
the competition for premiums on fat cattle, working cat-
tle, sheep, &c, were very much less than on former oc-
casions.— In fact, there was an evident falling off from
former years in almost every description of articles of
manufacture and products of the earth. We cannot but
hope, however, that another year will evince a renewed
interest in all classes of our citizens for the promotion
and welfare of so valuable an acquisition to the farmer,
the manufacturer, and mechanic, as Ibis society is calcu-
lated lo be, and that another Exhibition will show &
large increase oi manufactured articles, cattle, &c.

[Cf Further particulars will be given next week.

100

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 12, 1S3I.

Silk and i!^ilk "^Worsiis.

From tlig Lowell Juuinal.

SILK MANUFACTURE.

NO. VII.

The few numbers on tijis subject were given to
tlie puljiic without tlje expectation of instruction,
but for ihe purpose of divertinj; the attention of
farmers and manufacturers to the subject. Every
new object of industry requires time and experi-
ence before it can be advanced to any considera-
ble degree of perfection. Tlic first planters of
cotton seed in the United States had as little ex-
pectation that within forty years it would become
the first staple in the country, as the planters of
mulberry seed now have that raw silk will become
the second staple. In the Northern and Middle
States the farmers have no great staples which
they can produce from their lands, although in
some favored sections large quantities of flour are
made ; therefore they have a deep interest in ad-
vancing any sjjecies of agricultural ijiiprovements,
which will give them a support for tlieir families
and a reasonablo profit. Every piudent man
will inquire how much the crop will cost and the
Bjnount of sales, before he begins to cultivate it,
and I will give him such information as I have.

On the 12th of May last, I purchased in New
York one pound of white Italian JMulbcrry seed
for six dollars, and on the 20lh I planted it on
Ught loamy land, prepared in the same manner I
prepare it for wheat or barley. 1 planted it in
rows only 18 inches apart, and covered the first
fix ounces two inches deep, and almost every seed
perished in the ground ; but the remaining ten
ounces were covered only half an inch, and in
forty days they came up, and twenty thousand of
tljem are about eighteen inches higher and look
well. The whole expense of cultivation has been
five dollars. I do not reconmiend tins mode of
cultivation. They shoidd be ])lantcd early in
April, in rows of four feet apart, and covered only
olie forth of an inch deep ; for the purpose of free-
iug them from weeds by a cultivator. I am now
pi'eparing groimd for eighi pounds of seed, by
ploughing it often, and dressing it liberally with
leached ashes. The labor of producing the
Worms from the eggs, feeding them, gathering the
cocoons, and the other necessary attention, may
be performed in 60 days, by two women and two
diildren, for thirty thousand worms. This is the
^lole expense. Can a farmer plant a more profit-
n1)le crop ? If he can find a market, he certainly
cannot. But unless we learn the nrt of reeling it
from the cocoons in greater perfection than it is
taught at present, it will never be purchased in a
foreign market. The attention of gentlemen of
capital has been turned to this subject, and we
have no reason to doubt that machinery will be
erected, and a good market found. The custom-
ary price for cocoons in France and Italy is 25
cents per pound ; in England the climate is too
colj and damp for them. About five thousand
poun<ls may be produced on an acre, which will
give the farmer 812-50. In this calculation a con-
siderable discount must be made for want of skill,
an unfavorable season, and various other acci-
dents.

Onions. — Mr Eliab Byram of tliis place, has raised, the
past season, on a piece of land 90 feet by 59, eightyseven
bushels of onions. — Sagharbor Watchman.

PROFESSIONAL ECCENTRICITY.

A country farmer of iimnense weight came
from a distance to consult the late Dr Abernethy,
and having given an account of his daily meals,
which showed no small degree of addiction to an-
imal food, Mr Abernethy said ' Go away, Sir, I
won't attempt to prescribe for such a hog.' He
was particular in not being disturbed during meals ;
and a gentleman having called after dinner, he
went into the passage, put his hands upon the gen-
tleman's shoulders and turned him out of doors.
He would never permit his patients lo talk to him
much, and often not at all; and he desired them
to hold their tongues and listen to him, while he
gave a sort of clinical lecture upon the subject of
the constitution. A loquacious lady having called
to consult liim, he could not succeed in silencing
her without resorting to the following expedient :
— ' Put out your tongue, madam.' The lady com-
plied. 'Now keep it there till I have done talk-
ing.' Another lady brought her daughter to him
one day, but he refused to hear her or to pre-
scribe, advising her to make the girl take exercise.
When the guinea was put into his hand, he recall-
ed the mother and said, ' Here, take the shilling
back, and buy a skipping-rope for your daughter,
as you go along.' He kept his pills in a bag, and
used to dole them out to his patients, and doing so
to a lady who stepped out of a coronetted carriage
to consult him, she declared ihey made her sick,
and she could never take a pill. ' Not a pill !
what a fool you nnist be,' was the courteous and
conciliatory reply to the Countess. When the late
Duke of York consulted him he stood whistlincr
with his hands in his pockets, and the Duke said,
' I suppose you know who I am.' The uncourtly
reply was, ' suppose I do — what of that !' His
pithy advice was, ' Cut off the supplies, as the
Duke of Wellington did in his campaigns, and the
enemy will leave the citadel.' When he was con-
sulted for lameness following disea.se or .icciuonts,
he seldom either listened to the patient or mada
any inquiries, but would walk about the room im-
itating the gait peculiar to difierent injuries, for
the general instruction of the patient.

A gentleman who could not succeed in making
Mr Abernethy listen to a narration of his c^t^)'.
and having had s violent altercation with him on
the subject, called next day, and a-i soozias he waii
admitted he locked the door and put the key in
his pocket, and took out a loaded pistol. The
professor, alarmeil, asked him if he meant to rob
or murder him. The patient, however, said ho
merely wished him to listen to his case, which he
had better submit to or ho would keep hpii a pris-
oner till ho chooC to relent. The patient and the
surgeon afterwards became most friendly towards
each other, although a great many oaths passed
before peace was established between them. —
London Metropolitan.

Intejipekance. '
The following statement is from Deacon Grant,
a highly useful and active Director in the house of
Correction, in Boston. He stated the distressing
fact, that the number of commitments there, fiom
its establishment in June, 1828, exceeded 4300,
being the annual average of over 500 ; .ind many
of them are women. And, said he, it is a notorious
truth, that but for intemperance, not one third of
those sent there, of both sexes, would have been
traasgressors of our laws. A very large proportion
of them were sentenced as 'common drunkards.'

To illustrate the degrading influence of this vice, it
was stated, that there is now in the House of Cor-
rection, an individual, who, a short time since, was
an instructor in one of our public schools, employ-
ed in breaking stone, for Macadamizing the streets
of our city ! What a contrast ! There is also em-
ployed in the same way, a youth of 17, the only
hope of his mother, and she a widow, under sen- '
tence for three years. When she first visited him '
in his confinement, Mr Grant said he wjs present, |
So greatly was the mother agitated, that it almost
a[ipeared she would sink into the earth under her '
affliction. How came they here .' I will, said Mr
Grant, tell you from their own lips, — they were
ruined at some one or more of our' licensed houses.*
And he then added to these facts, which he said are
stubborn things. ' This day, the father of a family
of many children, inquired of me to know if any
provision could be inaile to take care of her, who
was once all he coidd wish, but now, alas I rro
longer the kind mother, the faithful wife ! She had
fallen a viclitu to Intempsrance ! While he re-
lated his sufTorings, and spoke of his dear children,
the tears rolled down his chciks ; and he said no
tongue could tell, nor heart conceive, his sorrow !'
Such are the trophies of Intemperance. — ChriS'
iian ffatchman.

A Preventative of fever. — ^Tlie best commentary
we can ofl'er on the murderous practice still too
general in sickly districts, of the iidiabitants using
ilaily their bitters, viz : spirituous tinctures and in-
fu."ion of vegetable bitter and astringent substances,
nith the hope of warding off fever, is for ns to lay
before our readers the following from n highly ro-
sjiectr.lde source. — The uutlior is speaking of the
malaria fever, in the country round Rom,' — disi-
ea.ses similar to our bilious rtmittent and intermit-
tent fevers.

Pucinolti attributrs the severity of the Roman
fevers in in.'iny cases to the use of bark, spirits end
oihcintifnulajits, which are by some u.sed as ])re-
vent5;ive3 ; and h« relates the case of an old mar>,
wlio had come fi'oin Romagna cveiy second year,
to labor during the harvest, in the Campagna o
Home, who never f.ad the fever ; and his beverage
in tho morninrj and through the day, was cold water
wi'.h a little Umon juice. Tliis practice his fathe»
had adojited before him, with the same sncczBS ;
but his two sons, wdo woiiW use sp'rits (brandy,)
and even mixed with it at one time gun powdsr and
at another- time cayenne pfpper, both fell victims to
the fever. — Journal of Health,

Alahama Hemp growers and Manufacturers. — ll
is said that some planters in the vicinity of IIimtB-
ville, (Alabama) are turning their attention to the
cultivation of Hemp, and the manufacture of Cot-
ton Bagging and Bale Rope. So far, their pros-
pects are said to be very encouraging, netting
them a much greater profit than the growing of
Cotton had heretofore done.

The Garden of Fromont, six leagues from Paria I
according to Silliman's Journal, contains 130 acres, "
and more than six thousand species and varieties
of vegetables ; many of them still new in France.
Some of the green houses are 2000 feet in length,
with glazed roofs, possessing all varieties of expo-
sure. Many of the noble forest trees of the United
States have furnished contributions to the nursery
of this garden.

Vol. X Nn. 13.

AND HORTICULTUKAL JOURNAL.

101

Tomatof are very easily raiseil — make good
pickles picked green — and when ripe and properly
cooked, a good dish for the tahle. They also make
a fine catsup thus : Take 1 gallon skinned tomatos,
4 tahle spoons salt, 4 of black pepper, 2 ofalspice,
8 pods red pepper, 8 tahle spoons of mustard seed.
Bruise all these fine, and simmer them s'.ovvly in a
pint of viueg-ar for three hours; then strain them
through a hair sieve — to be stewed down to half a
gallon of catsup — put the catsup into bottles and
cork it tight. From one large hill of tomatos (on
a si)0t 4 feet by 2) we raised this year at least a
bushel and a half of tomatos. To peel them, pour
boiling water on them when the skin will come off
easily, lings eat them with a great relish. Qtiere
— Might tlii-y not be advantagously used for fatting
them .•' — Kennebec Journal.

Peach trees. — Mr B. Nason, of this town, who has
devoted much attention to improvements in agri-
culture and horticulture, has this year raised
peaches of a large size, and as rich in flavor as
any to be found in the Philadelphia market. His
trees are in a poor, gravelly soil, and sheltered
fiom tlie northwest wind. Peach trees grow too
fast in a rich soil, and do not bear fruit. They do
best in a warm sandy or gravelly light soil, pro-
tected from cold winds. In the Spring it is believ-
ed to be a good plat! to throw sti'aw around the
roots of the trees, to prevent the frost coming out
too soon. After the risiug sap starts the buds, a
hard frost will kill them and the branches they are
on. With proper care, this luscious fruit can be
raised by almost every one who has a farm or a
garden. — Kennebec Journal.

Chesnut and IValnut. — Mr Daniel Stevens, of
Belgrade, in this county, has left at our office some
twigs of chesnut and shagbark <valnut, with very
fine fruit on them, which grew on his farm. He
has a number of trees, in a very thriving condition.
The chosnut and walnut are not indigenous in Ken-
nebec, and we believe not in aiiy part of Maine ;
but tliey will grow here, probably, ns v/ell as any
other kind of trees ; and it is rather a matter of
surprise that they have not been more generally
introduced. Tliere has been too much ne,';lect in
introducing valuable fruit and forest trees. — The
walnut is valuable wood ; besides a farm is much
ornamented by having scattering walnut, chesnut,
butternut, black cherry and other trees, at suitable
distances from each other, serving for shade for
cattle in sunnner, and yieldin^r v;;luable fruit. We
are glad to find that the public mind has begun to
be somewhat directed to the i)lantin2 of trees. It
is very easily done. There are many varieties of
trees which would be -x great acquisition. The
black walnut, which grows in many of the western
states in abundance, is very useful for cabinet ware.
So is the blank cherry, which would grow here
without doubt, as well as any where. — Kennebec
Journal.

From the Barnslable Journal.

•4 lars;e 07ie. — A Cucumber was raised this sea-
son, by Capt. Alley of this town, measuring' 16 in-
ches in length, and 18 in circumference, and weigh-
log 8 lbs. 9 oz.^—SuUivayi .Mercury.

It is stated in the American Farmer that Mr
Isaac Smith of Northampton co. Va. prepares Cas-
tor Oil, so that it gives a large bright flame, per-
fectly free from smoke or offensive smell. It can
be afforded at So cts. Mr S. is about to take out
a patent : he is father to Mr F. H. Smith, inventor
of the musical instruments, the harmonicon.

The daughter of Col. U. M. Johnson, of Ken-
tucky, was refused a seat under an awning to hear
her father deliver a Fourth of July Oration, be-
cause ' some black blood was flowing in her veins.
While the Colonel was eulogizing American equal-
ity and freedom, and repeating that '' aZ/ men, are
born free and equal," his daughter for lack of a
clear complexion, 'was compelled to remain in his
carriage.' In remarking on the above circumstance,
the JMassackusetts Journal, relates the following
interesting anecdote :

' It is a singular fact that we republicans are
abundantly more exclusive in our feelings in this
respect than our monarchical neighbors. In
England, it is common to see resi)ectable and gen-
teel people open their pews when a blr.ck stranger
enters the church ; and at hotels, nobody thinks
it a degradation to have a colored traveller sit at
tlie same table. We have heard a well authenti-
cated anecdote, which illustrates the different state
of feeling in the two countries on this subject.
A wealthy American citizen was residing at
London for a season, at which time the famous
Mr Prince Saunders was there. The London
breakfast hour is very late ; and Prince Saunders
hajipened to call upon the American while his
family were taking their morning repast. Polite-
ness and native good feelings prompted the lady to
ask her guest to take a cup of coftee — but then
the prejudices of society — how could she get over
Ihcm ? True he was a gentleman in character,
manners, and dress ; but he had a black skin ; and
how could white skins sit at the same table with
hiui ? If Ids character had been as black as hell,
the difficulty might be overcome, however reluc-
tantly ; but his skin being black it was altogether
o'lt of Ibe question. So the lady si|)ped her coffee,
and Prince Saunders sat at tlje window, occasion-
ally speaking in reply to conversation du-ected"to
him. At last all retired from the breakfast-table
— and then the lady, with an air of sudden recol-
lection, said ' I forgot to ask if you had breakfast-
ed, Mr Saunders ! Won't you let me give you a
cup of coffee ?' ' I thank yon, madam,' he re-
plied, with a dignified bow, ' I am engaged to break-
fast with the Prince Regent this morning !'

' Ye that have tears, prepare to shed Ihem now\
— The good people of Weathersfield will please to
take notice that a quantity of com.u ..i red on-
ions have been imported here from the islsnd of
Madeira, one of which we have measured, „nd
find it twentyone inches in circumference ; i:
weighs three pounds and two ounces. — Jo\ir of Com.

A Giant of the Fortst. — A white oak tree on the
land of Mr Grove, near Roxbury, Letterkenney
township, Franklin county, Penn. being felled and
cut up, produced the following, viz : — 1400 shin-
gles, 200 felloes, 2 saw logs, one 14 and the other
Ig feet long, 4 rail cuts making 60 rails, and two
cords of wood.

Home Industry. — Mrs S. of the town of Mans-
field, Mass. has earned since the first of March
last, (six months) $85 by making straw bonnets,
for which she has received the cash, besides taking
care of a family of young children, doing the
cooking, washing, milking two cows, making the
butter for the family, taking care of a hog, &c, &c,
all during the absence of her husband, who is fol-
lowing his occupation in a neighboring state.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCT. li, 1831.

From Ihe Augusta (;ouriei.

SLOBBERING OF HORSES.

The New England Farmer of Wednesday has
an article on the cause ajid cure of the salivation
of horses, to which, respectable as is the authority,
our own experience compels ua to dissent. The
editor concludes that salivation is produccil, not
by eating lobelia as has been generally supposed,
but by white clover when it is very full of juice.
He thinks, too, that a baiting of hay or oats, or a
change of pasture, will cure the complaint.

What comes home to every man's business
generally arrests his attention the most, and there-
fore wo will relate a little experience on this point.
Our own famjly jade — a hearty and kind creature,
— has not enjoyed the luxury of grass for three
years, and has always been kept in good trim on
hay with very little provender. In July we had
the barn filled with her year's stock of hay, sweet
from the field. Soon after the horse began to eat
of it, she commenced slobbering abundantly. Be-
ing quite out of patience, we set our wits at work
to ascertain the cause. Some told us it was white
clover, some that it must be lobelia. On making
critical examination, we found that the last load
put into the stable had much lobelia, but little
white clover in it. To test an experiment, we, for
several days in succession, previous to feeding,
were careful to cull the quantum over by liand-
fuls, and pick out the lobelia. From this moment '
the slobbering ceased. On giving the hay again,
without pickingit over, the salivation began again.
So that our mind is satisfied that lobelia is the
cause of sli-.lilierhig in liorses. Can any one tell
us what will cure this slobbering without the paint
of 'separating the lobelia from the hay ? A true
answer to this question v/ould save us some
trouble and vexation, and would no doubt bo ac-
ceptable to the public.

Itemarks by the Editor. — The article alluded to
by the writer of the above is improperly attributed
to the Editor of the JVew England Farmer. Itwas
originally published in the American Farmer, re-
published by us, page 7S of our current volume,
and credit given to the American Farmer.'

Thare is much difference of opiinon relative to
the cause of the frothing and foaming at the
mouth of horses in the fall of the year. This
appearance is a symptom of a disorder callofl
Plyalism, Salivation of horses, Slavers, Slobber-
ing, &c. Lovett Peters, Esq. of Westborough,
Massachusetts, (who favored us with a communi-
cation on this subject, printed in New England
Farmer vol. ii. page 58) was of opinion thai the
slavers in horses is caused by their eating the sec-
ond growth of a kind of grass making its appear-
ance in the (ore part of July, much resembling oat.=,
which came u|) in the fall after the crop had been
taken off the ground. This grass is believed to
be the Spoil' d Spurge, Euphorbia mnculala, of
which a botanical description may be seen in the
JVew England Farmer, vol. ii. page 78.

There has been, however, a great variety of opin-
ions relative to the cause of this disorder. Jid
Peters of Penn. thought its true cause had not
been ascertained, and asserted that hay made of
the second crop of grass frequently produced it,
and that soiling horses on red clover, when the

102

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. P2, 1&3L

grass had become a little too much ri|)encd was
sometimes iiistiuiiiental in producing the same
effect. Lorain's Husbandry contains several pas-
sages implying that the second crop of clover
was a well known cause of Ptyalism in his vicin-
ity. The probability is that there are several
sorts of vegetable poisons, which produce the
same or similar cflTects in horses; and that to at- and transmitted to me at the same time tlie Char-

I-'lurcnce, 29th June, 1631.
Henry A. S. Deardorn, Esq.

Pres. of Ihe Mass. Hnrl. Soc. DosKin.

Sir — I have received the honor of your letters
of the 12ih August, 18'29, and of the 6th of
December last, in the former of which you in-
formed me that I had been elected a corresponding
member of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society,

tribute the slobbering of horses exclusively to any
one of the causes assigned for it is erroneous.

Proceedings of ihe Massachusetts HorlievUural So-
ciety, at a meeting held at the Hall of the Insti-
tution, on Saturday, Oct. 8, 1831.
The President made the following report.
Since the last meeting of the Society, letters
have been transmitted to Doct. Van Mens, of Lo-
vain, in Belgium, announcing our grateful acknow-
ledgments for the scions of his choice collection
of pears, and the portion of his valuable Porno-
graphic Belgique Moderne, which he so kindly
presented, and requesting that he would do us the
favor of sending dni)licates of the former, and of
such other new varieties, as were considered

quisitions by the amateurs and cultivators of Eu- I vate individuals, except the garden of the Imperial
rope. He was assured that his very acceptable Royal Academy^ of Geoigofili, and the Botanical
favors shoidd be reciprocated and that a package Garden, adjoining to the Boboli Garden, belong-
of scions of our native fruili would be forwarded ing to the Grand Duke. The fortunes of the noDil

ter, Constitution, By-laws, &c, of that Institution,
and in the latter advised me that you transmitted
to me its diploma.

I regret that my inability on subjects relating
to rural economy will prevent me from giving your
Society that useful information that they might
expect ; furthennore, the very insufficient patron-
age and encouragement bestowed on the art of
Horticulture by the Tuscan government, and by
the Tuscan nobility and gentry, cause that the
great advantages of tliis country, which from the
variety of its soil and from the softness of it's cli-
mate, might lender it the spot of the finest hor-
lulan display, remain still in a great degree un.
improved.

There are in Florence no conservatories of pri

to him next February.

Letters have also been written to La Vicomte
Hericort De Thury, President of the Hor. Soc. of
Paris, the Chevalier Soulange Bodin, founder of
the celebrated Garden of Fromont, G. C. Earnet,
Esq. Consul of the U. S. in Paris, and Col. Thomas
Aspinwall, Consul in London, on subjects relative
to Horticulture, and especially desiring plans and
descriptions of some of the most celebrated Gar-
dens of Experiment and Rural Cemeteries, in
France and Great Britain.

Letters have been received from Henry Pid-
dington, Esq. Foreign Secretary of the Agricul
tural and Horticultural Society of India, James
Ombrosi, Esq. Consul of the U. S. in Florence
and Doct. J. S. Rogers of Hartford, with a box of
Black Hautbois Strawberry plants. As the latter
arrived last Monday they have been set out,
they shouhl perish, and will be distributed, next
season, among the members.

Respectfully submitted by

H. A. S. Deareob.n,

C.-ilciilla, Mnrch 1, I?:il.
To Ihe Secretary of the AgriciillurnI ami Mori. Society of Bosiod.
Sir — The Agricultural and Horticultural Socle-
' ty of India have directed me to request your kind
attention to ihe present circular.

The Society are convinced that the freest possi-
ble exchange of the natural productions of every
country will be found in the end most conducive
to the prosperity of all, and guided by these priu-
ciides, they desire to offer both to societies and

ity and gentry in Tuscany not being such as to
enable them to a lavish expenditure on their
grounds and gardens, and from their being inclined
to expenditures of another kind.

The most remarkable plants we have in Tuscany
are the different kinds of Olive trees, of mulberry
trees, among which there is a new one with very
broad leaves and shrubby, and also fruit trees of
every kind, the most part of which from the Le-
vant, and from the north, to wit, from Gerinany,
and also forage plants, among which red trefoil
is of the greatest usefulness with us.

Our implements do not present anything remark-
able ; our ploughs, and spades, being almost the
same heavy ones made use of by the old Romans.

As to the cultivation of all sorts of kitchen
herbs, as cabbages, salads, and the like, in the
neighborhood of Florence, they are rather industri-
ous, and they have them in a fine method. I will
send your Society some seeds next winter, in or-
der that they may reach you in the Spring.

The new trees introduced in Tuscany since a
few years, are for the most part ornamental ones,
the most part from America, as various kinds of
ash-trees, maple trees, and oaks.

There are but a few per.-'ons in Tuscany who
devote themselves to rural pursuits, and those (cw
ones are not capable of holding a scientific corres-
pondence. The best instructed gentleman is Doc-
tor Anthony Taryvoni Torretti, prof, of Chemis-
try in the Imperial Royal Lyceum, and professor
of Botany and materia niedica, of whom honor;i

individuals in every quarter of the globe any of the '''e mt^'Xion must be made, and whose exertions

Agricultural and Horticultural inoducts of India
or any information relative thereto, which may be
desired, in exchange fur such as may be forward-
ed or communicated to tlicni. It will be most
gratifying to the Society, if you can point out to
them any desiderata which can be supplied from
India, or if you can by any means forward to them
seeds, plants, useful coinmunications or suggestions.
The Society will feel much obliged by your giving
every publicity in your power to this communication.
I am. Sir, yours, &c, He.mit Piddington.

Foreigu Sec. Agr. and Hort. Soc. India.

are highly inerilorioiis, though little helped and
assisted by the liberality both of our Grand Duke,
and of our Government. Should jour Society
want any information on any particular subject he
will be very happy in giving it.

The most industrious Pepinierisle or nursery-
gardener in Tuscany for ornamental trees is Mr
Beiu-a, a native of France, formerly gardener lo
Count Bouterlin, a Russian ; but he now chieHy
imports the plants from Chambery and from Turin,
where is Mr Boudin.

As to the plants lately introduced in Tuscany,

it is not yet ascertained how they will succeed,
the seeds having been lately imported from Egypt,
to wit, various kinds of Acacias, and of legum-
inous and graminaceous plants.

The best collections consist of different varieties
of citrons, lemons and oranges, which Florence
has abundance of. As to flowers we have all the
Camellias, and the Tuscan nobility and gentry
all have some plants, but their collections are very
small and imperfect. (

Our best work on agricultural subjects is the
Agrarian Journal, published by Beussieux, to which '
a part is joined of the Acts of the Georgofili So-
ciety.

We have no new method on anything whatso-
ever, except on the bringing up of the silk worms,
and on the manner of making or spinning Sillt.

I will procure you in the month of Sepicmber,
the different kinds of seeds which I shall think
most suitable for you.

Begging you to be with your Society the inter-
preter of my sentiments of gratitude for the high'
honor they have conferred on me, I remain very
respectfully.

Sir, your most obedient servant,

James Ombrost,

U. S. Consul at Florence.

Hartford, Sept. S4, 1831.

Mt Dear SiR^ — I avail myself of the ojiportu-
nity afforded by the return of my brother-in-law,
Mr Bowdoin, to forward to you a small bo.x con-
taining a few strawberry plants of a kind which,
with me, has proved very choice, both in regard
to the ipiality of the fruit and the abundance in
which it is yielded. The original stock was given
to me, about eighteen months since, under the
name of ' Black Hautbois,' and I have had this
summer, an opportunity of comparing it with
some other varieties which have been growing
side by side, with it. In the same compartment of
my garden with it, I have the common Hautbois,
the Chili, the Pine Apple, the white Hautbois,
the French Hautbois, — and I should give it the de-
cided preference to either or all of them ; it ri-
pened about a week after the common Hautbois ;
continued to produce fruit for about six weeks ;
and although its quantity munerically was, per-
haps rather less than that of the other, it was fully
equal, if estimated by weight, as the berries are
considerably larger. It is probable that its flavor
might not be acceptable to all, as it is pecuhar;
differing from that of any other fruit with which
I am acquainted ; to me, however, it was very
agreeable. I may also remark that the Black
Hautbois suffered less from some very dry weath-
er which we had while it was coming forward,
than the other varieties which were near it.

I know not but that I am treading on ground
which has been frequently passed over ; but as
this article is new to me, and as I found no one in
this vicinity who knows it, I have ventured to send
it, as at least an evidence of my desire to contrib-
ute my mite to the general stock of horticultural
knowledge which is so largely indebted to the
Massachusetts Society for its diffusion in this sec-
tion of our country.

The ' Pine Apple strawberry,' which you were
so good as to send me about two years since, I
planted beside some plants which we have cultiva-
ted as the ' Chili ;' we have given the same atten-
tion in every respect, to each, and I can find no
difference either in the plants, or in the fruit, al-
though I have compared them together at differ-

Vol. X.— No. 13.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

103

cut stages of their progress; they have both yield-
ed me large fruit ; I have taken several berries
which measured 4 inches in circumference; one
measured 4 Jg- inches. May I ask you to inform me
at your leisure, what distinction you notice between
these two varieties, as growing with you?

It has been a matter of much regret, that 1
Iiavo not had it in my power to be more useful,
hitherto, to the Society ; circumstances have left
uiy time since my removal to this place, nnich less
under my control than I could have wished ; I
liave, however, looked with great interest at the
weekly report of your proceedings in the New
England Farmer, and have only to hope that I may
ere long have an opportunity to follow the exam-
ple there exhibited by some of those gentlemen who j
are always foremost in the ranks, when any useful
object is to be accomplished.

Have you yet received a very early and excel-
lent potato known as the ' Van Schaick' potato ?
I have found it much the earliest we can procure ;
should you desire it, I will divide with you a bushel
or two which remain fur seed from a very small
quantity planted for the first time a year from last
spring. I am, my dear Sir,

Very respectfully and sincerely yours,

J. Smyth Rogers.

Hon. H. a. S. Dearboud,

Pres. of Ihe M.iss. Hort. Soc.

Sir — It is with sincere regret we announce to
you the fate of the scions sent by Dr Van Mons to
the Mass. Hort. Soc. and by their vote of the 27lh
of Aug. committed to our charge for recovery and
preservation.

These scions consisted of 76 rare and highly val-
uable varieties of pears, of each sort a single twig ;
mostly quite new even to Europe, and especially so
to America.

From the perfectly dry state in which they were
receive<l, they might unquestionably liave been re-
covered, bad they sustained no injuries from other
causes ; we cannot therefore ascribe their destruc-
tion to this cause alone, but rather from the black
anil discolored state of the bark, and even the wood
itself, it evidently appeared that they had previous-
ly lost their vitality by the combined action of
moisture and of heat, in a passage fatally protracted
throughout the months of Summer.

But notwithstanding these unpropitious appear-
ance.s, it was due to the confidence reposed in us
by the Society, that the experiments should be
fairly and faith fidly tried with them. Accordingly
after being sufficiently steeped in pure water and
each being subdivided into suitable lengths they
were every one of them carefully set in stocks of
sizes similar to themselves, by those most certain
modes of grafting exhibited to us by yourself from
the volumes in the Library of the Society, and so
highly approved and reconunended by Dr Van
Mons — modes which we bad heretofore practised
with such unvarying success. In the present
instance however our endeavors and the resources
of art proved unavailing — not one of them is living.
With the greatest respect.

Your most obedient servants.

Robert Manning.

J. & F. WlNSHIP.

William Kenrick.
Boston, Sept. 21st, 1831.

General Dearborn,

Dear Sir — I am requested by my friends
Messrs E. & I. Fairbanks, of St Johnsbury, Vt. to

present to you, for distribution to the members
of the Horticultural Society, some plum stones,
which are represented as being something superior
to anything of the kind, large, rich, and about 4 in-
ches ill circumference, with small stones and thin
skins, the color a mixture of orange and red. The
tree from which these were taken produced fruit
the fourth year after planting.

Respectfully, yours, J. R. Newell.

Salurdai/ inornitig, Oct. 8.

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

.ipphs. — By John Prince, Esq of Roxbury, specimens
of hira;e red striped Apples, an excellent fruit. — By J.
Balch, Esq. from Newburyport, handsome specimens of
very pleasant apples, called the Moody Jlpplc, originally
hiouglit lo Newburyport by Capt. Moody, former nime
lost. — By Mr Beacon, various specimens of Spice and
other Apples from New York, whose names were lost, of
e;ood appearance and various good flavors. — An Apple
was received of the second crop from the same tree the
present season, from Salisbury point, opposite Newbury-
poit.

Penrs. — By Mr E. Crafts of Roxbury, one of the va-
rieties sent by Mr Knight to Hon. Mr Lowell — the Tiil-
inslon, of debcious flavor.. — By Mr Manning, Beurie
d'Argenson, but its genuineness is doubted, lor neilhcr
the fruit nor the tree can be distinguished from the Passe
Colmar; also another pear bearing the name of ' Van
Mens,' but not peifectly ripe, from a tree imported from
Europe by Mr Shaw of New York.— By Dr Shurtleff,
specimens of Spanish Bon Cretien, Moorfowl's Egg ; also
large green Pears, somewhat globular in shape, name

lost. By Capt. King of Medfoid, Rushmore's Bon Crc-

lien and Crassanne.— By Mr John Clapp of Reading,
specimens of a large good pear, sometimes called, at the
South, PlntCs Bergamot, original name unknown — By
T. B. Coolidge, Esq. of Boston, a beautiful specimen of
the old St Michael, perfectly free from the bhast. — By Mr
John Abbot, (foi warded to the Society via. Portland, Me.)
specimen of the Fulton pear, which has been spoken of
on former occasions; sweet, juicy, melting, and of deli-
cious flavor. It was observed by one of the gentlemen
of the committee, that to have this pear in full perfection,
it should be gathered a little before its full maturity, and
ripened in-doors. We have good authority for slating that
this fruit is an excellcut bearer ; and we mention the
circumstance in this place because we deem it a very im-
portant one in regard to any fruit.— By George Johonnot,
Esq. of Salem, a drawing of a new pear, called ' Jolioit-
not's Seedlhtf;' said, on good authority, to be very fine,
and at bis request the committee have renamed this
fruit the Fr.anklin Pear.

Grapes. — By Dr Shurtleff, a specimen of his fine seed-
ling which has been noticed in the reports of former

meetings. By E. Vose, Esq. of Dorchester, a beautiful

specimen of the ' Gros Maroc,' very large oval berries, of
a bind; color, and of good flavor ; grew in open culture. —
Bv Mr Senior, from his vineyard in Roxbury, three fine
bunches of Black Hamburg, one weighing 2 lbs. ; of
open culture. In behalf of the Committee on Fruits.

Wm. Keptrick.

JVote. The following was omitted in the report of last

week : —

By Messrs Winships, a specimen of Native Pears, from
Col.'J. Wilson of Deerfield, considered in that vicinity a
fine fruit, but not quite melting enough to be classed with
our best pears.

The Apples presented on 1st inst. which excited no-
tice as being sweet in one part of the fruit and sour in
the other, were from Mr Ehas Taylor of Cbarlemont.

Prime if'inter Wheal.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, No. SOJ
North .Market Street—

20 bushels prime Winter Wheat, raised near Lake
Eric. This is a new variety, originally from the Black
Sea, and weighs 64 lbs. to the bushel. A more particu-
lar description will be published in next week's Farmer.

Oct. 12.

To Correspondents. — The length of the accounts of
the agriculluial and horticultural shows this week, have
obliged us to defer till next week, several valuable com-
munications.

Jewelry, If'atches and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washinglan Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied wilh a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaled Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, ^'c, Src, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate" as can be purchased in the
cily. (nr Watches repaired and warranted.

Oct 4. tf

Grape Vines.
For sale by the Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grajie Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Allheas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, '1
Oval Purple, I

Round Black, 12 lo 4 years old — have borne fruit

While Muscadine, f the present year.

Wbite Chasselas, |

Qonslantia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs.

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Polomiuo, ~| p|.„e„red for me by the Consul at

Manlau Castal- I p^^j^^ ^^^ ^^jj ,^ [^^ 4,,^ ^^st val-
""^'n P t uable Grapes produced in Spain.

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, an* great
bearer.

Isabella, T

Catawba, ^Native.

Bland, J

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be promptly
executed, on application by mail, or olhei wise, .it the

Garden, or at 7i Congress stieel

Oct. .5.

5t

ZEBEDEE COOK, Ja,

Brighton jVursery.

The Messrs Winships are now ready to execute or-
ders for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, &c,
Isabella and other Grape Vines, among wliich are the
Black Cape, 2 and 3 years old ; Shepardia treks,
strong and heallhy plants, 2 feet high, at the reduced
price ol .'50 els. each, sure to do well, wilh common cul-
ture, being remarkable for their hardiness and beauty.

Any orders left wilh our Agent, J. B. Russell, Pub-
isher of the New England Farmer, will be promptly at-
tended to. tf Oct. 12.

Brighton Market — Monday, Oct. 10.
[Reported for the Chronicle anj I'atriot.J

At Market this day 1138 Beef Cattle, 693 Stores,
2710 Sheep, and 3132 Swine— (380 Swine were reported
last week.) The storm prevented much business which
probably would otherwise have been done.

Prices.— -Bee/" Cattle— "We quote for prime4 75 a f 5,
good, 4 a 4 50 ; ihin, 2 75 a 3 75. Barelling Cattle — Sot
enough has yet been done to establish the price. The
barrellers ofl'er foi No 1, $2 50, No. J, 03, Mes»S60.
and appear to be determined not lo advance. Some Cat-
tle were purchased at the above prices.

Working Ojren— No sales noticed.

Stores — Not so many sold as usual — last week's pricee
were asked.

Cows and Calves— Sj,\es were effected it $17, 20, 2S
and 28. „ „ „.

Sheep— SnUs were effected for lots at $1 7o, 2, 2 2»
and 2 50— some prime, part Wethers, at 2 67 and 2 84 ;
a few Wethers at $3— about 1000 unsold. We noticed a
beautiful Wether, owned by Maj. Nye of Barre, Mass.
purchased by Mr. T. W. Bennett for $10.

Swine— f>IoTe were at market than probably were
ever before known in one day— a few only were sold, and
prices were leduced. A lot of old Barrows were takeo
at 4c. a lot at 4Jc. and a lot of prime Shoals selected,
two thirds Barrows, at 4ic.— very little done at retail.

£rra(um— In our last week's report for the price of
the entire lot of 350 Swine, it should read 33 instead of
2| as published.

J\^cic Yorti Cattle Market, Oct. 7.— At market this
week 1400 Beef Cattle, 3000 Sheep and Lambs. The
market allogelhei has been very bri^k. There has been
a small falling off in the price of Beef-we quote this
week at $4 a 6 75. Sheep and Lambs hold to old prices,
but sold very quick. Sheep $2 a 5, Lambs $2 a 3. F*t
Hoo-s $4. Cows and Calves— sales from $20 a 35, and
several first rate a 38 a 40— Daily Advertiser.

n-Tln the New York mjrket only the quarters of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow be-ng inclu-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

104

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MISCE.L>L,AIVY

The following extracts are from a small pamphlet lately repiib-

lislied by Lilly * Wait, and Carter * Mendee, entitled

KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE,

WHY AND BECAirSE.

TThy does u-atcr thrown on a brisk and flaming fire
apipnrentUj increase the combustion :'

Because the water is converted into steam, which
expanding and mixing witli the flame, causes it to
spread out into a much larger volume than it other-
wise would have occupied. — Arnotl.

Why are strong flames often seen at the chimney top
of foundry furnaces ?

Because the heat of the furnace is so great that
the smoke burns on reaching the oxygen of the at-
mosphere.

Wiy will that part of the curtains of a room which
has been exposed to the sun, be often faded, while those
parts which have not been so exposed retain their orig-
inal colors ?

Because the oxygen which existed in a solid
form in the dye of the curtains, will be rendered
aeriform by die rays of the sun, and will go off in
the state of oxygen gas.

IVhy are urns for hot loater, tea-pots, cojfet-pols,
SfC, made with wooden or ivory handles '.'

Because, if metal were used, it would conduct
the heat so readily that the hand could not bear
to touch them ; whereas wood and ivory are non-
conductors of heat.

ff'hy does a gate in an iron railing shut loosely and
easily in a cold day, and stick in a warm one ?

Because, in the latter, there is a greater expan-
sion of the gate and railing than of the earth on
which they are placed.

ff'hy will a vessel which has been filled to the lip
with warm liquid, not be full when the liquid has
cooled ?

Because of the expansion of the fluid by heat.
Hence some cunning dealers in liquids make their
purchases in very cold weather, and their sales in
warm weather.

IFIuj is a glass stopper, sticking fast in the neck of
a bottle, often released by surrounding the neck with a
cloth taken out of hot water, or by immersing the bot-
tle up to the neck '}

Because the binding ring is thus heated and ex-
panded sooner than the stopper, and so becomes
slack or loose upon it.

fVhy does straw or flannel prevent the freezing of
water in pipes during tvintcr ?

Because it is a slow conducting screen or cover-
ing, and thus prevents heat passing out of the pipe.
By the same means the heat is retained in steam
pipes.

Tfliy have ice-houses double tcalls, and why do luine
coolers consist of double vessels ?

Because air tills the intervals between the walls
or vessels ; or in some cases the space is filled with
straw, sawdust or charcoal, all which are non-con-
ductors of heat. , .

ffhy have some houses double windows ?

Because the air inclosed between the two win-
dows g'eatly prevents the escape of heat which is
produced within the house in winter. Thus, air is
an imperfect conductor of heat. Houses wliich
have double windows are likewise more quiet than
others, from the air being also a bad conductor of
Bound.

Why is a decanter of cold water when brought into
a warm room, speedily covered tvith dew ?

Because the temperature of the decanter is lower
than that of the air immediately around it. The
dew may be wiped oflf again and again, but will be
constantly reproduced till the temperatures are
equal. Upon this principle, the most convenient
sort of hygiometcr, or instrument for measuring
tlie quantiry of vapor in the atmosphere, is con-
structed.

Why are porous vessels used for ivine-coolers ?
Because, being dipped in water, they imbibe a
quantity of it, which gradually evaporates ; and, as
a part of the heat necessary to convert the water
into vapor will be taken from a bottle of wine
l)l<iced in it, the wine is considerable cooled.

Jfliy does the breath or perspiration of animals [of
horses in particular, after strong exertion,) become
strikingly visible in cold or damp tveaiher 9

Because the vapor (invisible while at a higher
temperature) is thickly precipitated, by the air v.ith
which it is mixed being too cold to preserve it in-
visible.

Why is profuse perspiration so cooling to laboring
men, and all evaporation productive of cold ?

Because of the necessity of a large quantity of
caloric bting combined with fluids, to convert them
into vapor or gas.

Why do persons take cold by sitlijig in icet clothes'?

Because they suddenly lose a large portion of
heat, which is carried off from the body by the
evaporation of the water from the clothes.

Why in hot countries, do persons coniinualhj throw
water on curtains which Ihexeform the sides of apart-
ments ?

Because the evaporation of the water absorbs a
vast deal of heat, and snakes the apartments cool
and refreshing.

Why are assembly-rooms ventilated ?

Because of the motion produced by the changed
weight ofair, when healed. The air which is with-
in the room becomes warmer than the external air,
and the latter then presses in at every opening or
crevice to displace the former.

Why does the sulphuric acid in fire bottles so often
fail in igniting the match ?

Because the aciil is continually attracting mois-
ture from the air, owing to the imperfect manner
of closing the bottles.

Oct. 12, 1831.

jVeic England Farmer and Horticultural Journal.
Tliis is a weekly paper devoted to agriculture, gar-
dening;, and rural economy ; edited by Thomas G. Fes-
sENDEN, assisted by various agricultural writers, and by
Ihe observatious of the best practical farmers in New
England. It is printed in a quarto form, (paged) making
a volume of 416 pages annually, to which a title page
and index ai-e furnished gratis. This journal has been
publislied for nine years ; during which time the most
assiduous exertions have been made by the Editor to
make it acceptable and useful to the farmer and the hor-
ticulturist. From the increasing number and respecta-
bility of its correspondents, and the means now at tha
command of the Editor, the Publisher feels a cunhdence
in recommending it to the favorable notice of the public,
as a journal with regard to whose future character they
will not be disappointed. By a vote of the Board of Visi-
tors of the Botanic Gardeu at Cambridge, the intelligent
Curator of that establishment has been requested Id
make known, through Ihe New England Farmer, the
details and results of his experiments in various horti-
cultural subjects — the choice of soil, and situation, with
regard to various plants, ^c ; — and by a vote of the
Massachusetts Horticultiu'al Society, all commvinications
on horiicullural subjects, addressed to the President, are
to be published regularly in the New England Farmer,
so that this journal will contain the complete Transac-
tions of the Society.

By concentrating all these advantages, it is thought
that the volumes of the New England Farmer will con-
tain so large a collection of useful facts and experiments
connected with agriculture and its kindred branches of
gardening, orcharding, &c, as to be found worthy a
place in the Library of every farmer. A weekly report
of the sales of the c«ttle at Brighton — the state of tUa
markets, crops, &c — and occasionally drawings of agri-
cultural implements, &c, will be found in this journal.

The New England Farmer is published every Wednes-
day evening at the low price of $3 00 per annum, from
which a discount of 50 cents is made to those who pay
in advance. It will not he sent to new subscribers at a
distance without payment being made in advance.

[lj"Gentleinen who procure five subscribers, and for-
ward the payment for the same, will be allowed a sixth
copy gratis. New subscribers can be furnished with the
back numbers of the current volume.

[O'Editors with whom we exchange, who may feel
disposed to pive this one or two insertions, will confer a
favor that will be reciprocated with pleasure on any oc-
casion.

The atmosphere never dark on a icindy night. — Sev-
eral years since, when travelling by night in the mail
coach, in the depth of winter and during the absence of the
moon, I was surprised to observe, tnat, though dense
clouds covered every part of the horizon, and not a sin-
gle star could be seen, yet the night was far fiom being
dark and large objects near the road were easily discerned
On expressing my surprise to the driver, he replied, ' The
wind is very high, and during a great many years that I
I have been upon the road, I never knew it to be dark
on a windy night.' The observation was at that time
new to me ; but subsequent experience has convinced
me that it w^ true — Loudon's Magazine of A^'atural
History.

Different . methods of improving in Knowledge. —
There are five eminent means or methods, whereby the
mind is improved in knowledge, and these are — observa-
tion, reading, instruction by lectures, conversation, and
meditation ; the last of which is in a more peculiar man-
ner called study. Each of these five methods has its pe-
culiar advantages, by which it materially assists the
others, and its peculiar defects, which need to be supplied
by the' assistance of the rest. Reading maketh a full
man, conference a ready man, and writing an exact man.

A sunflower was raised in Charleston, S. C.
this season, the seeded part of which was a foo^ in
diameter.

A''otice.
The subscriber wishes to procure a small quantity,
say half a pint, of acorns from each species of oak grow-
ing in New England, with the specific, or where not
known, the common name. It is desirable that they
should be sent in by the 1st of November, with the coi^
tributor's name, as they are to be forwarded to the Loi>
don Horticultural Society. Any reasonable expense with
regard to the above will be cheerfully paid.

4t J. B. RUSSELL.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at tlw

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesd,iy Evening, at ^3 per annam,
payable at the end of the year — but thoBe who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

53= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rcsseli., by I. R. Bctts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th«
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at th(i Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New Yorlc—G ■ Thorburn & Sons, G7 Liberty-street
.■J/Aony— Wm. Tiiorbubn, 347 Market-street.
I'hUadelphia— 1). & C. Landketh.83 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore— G. B.Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
t;incinnali—S. C. Parkhubst,23 Lower Markel-slrcet.
Flushing, N. Y. \Vm. Prince &SoNs,Pi'op.Lia.Bol. Garden
.Middlebury, Kf.— Wight Chapman.
Hartford— Goodwin &. Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
PoHsmoiith, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, jl/?.— Samdzl Colman, Bookseller.
jjnirusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifa.r, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder olE««
ilontrea!. L. C.— Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTOJV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 19, 1831.

NO. 14.

©casasawEMi^ii^acQsrsa

MR KNIGHT'S NEW PEARS.

Mr Fesse.n'uf.n — Havin;; been, through ncci-
deiital circmnslances, brought into correspuiiilence
with Thomas Andrew Knight, E^^cluire, ami hav-
ing been intrusteil by him, with the dispersion of
certain new varieties of pears, I tliink it an in-
cumbent duty to state to cultivators the residts of
my experience as to the value of those fruits, in
our climate ; I mean strictly the climate of Boston
and its vicinity.

His No. 1. The Capimimont, of which he said
nothing in praise, proves to he a healthy, vigorous
tree, a great bearer, well adapted to our climate, of
large size, and great beauty. It so closely resem-
bles tlic old St Michael in textin-e and flavor, that
it can Iiardly be distinguished from it. It supplies
its place fully in situations where the St Michael
has entirely failed for 15 years past. It ripens
from Sept. to Nov.

No. 2. TiU!nglo7i, is a large and noble fruit,
of excellent r|uality. It is superior to any pear
we have except the old French Pears, which are
in a failing state in most gardens, out of our cities.
It ripens from Sept. 15, to probably Nov. 15 in onr
climate. I have had some doubts, whether I, {^not
Mr Knight) may not have confounded this pear
with the Urbaniste. This can only be decided when
the Urbaniste shall show fruit ; at any rate it is a
valuable accession to our fruits.

No. 3. The Urbaniste, if not mistaken for the
Tillington, has never been tested by me.

No. 4. Beurre Knox, is a great and profuse
bearer. The pears are of large size, admirably
adapted to the market; its flavor and texture arc
ijood, but it is very prone to rot at the core, but
not more so than the Jargonelle. It is at maturity
from Oct. 1 to Nov. 1 in our climate.

Nos. 5 and 6. .Yapoleon and Marie Louise,
pears of excellent qualities, great bearers, and rich
fruits, but I am constrained to say, that they show
a disposition to shed their leaves prematurely, and
I hesitate to say, that tliey will be successful per-
manently.

No. 7. Forelle. I doubt the value of this pear
in our climate. It is disposed to disease. It has
no very high reputation in Europe.

No. 8. Colmard'Hyver [Gloria synonime.) I have
only seen some fine specimens from Mr Parsons'
garden, as yet unripe. It is of first rate excel-
lence in Europe.

No. 9. Passe Colmar. A most productive vari-
ety, well suited to our climate, the best pear I ever
tasted in the month of December.

No. 10. Hardenpontde Printems. (Beurre Ranee
synonime) This fruit produced two pears this sea-
son, of large size, but as it does not ripen till April,
we cannot judge of it.

No. 11. Sylvanche verte d'Hyver or Winter Syl-
vanche, is one of the noblest pears, which I have
ever seen, as to size, vigor, productiveness, and
good qualities. It seems to be admirably adapted
to our climate. These are all, of which I can
speak from observation, except the Duchesse d'.^in-
gouleme. This is a large and vigorous pear, not
yet ripe.

I thought these remarks due to these who are | grain, I thonghU it might suit our. New Eng-
now about selecting their varieties. Present hopes I land soil and climate. Three years ago I sent a
may be disappointed, but this sliouM not deter me | cask to John Humphreys, Esq. Derby, Ct. It did
from giving all the information in my power, and well ; the next year a barrel to the Hon. Matthew
this information has been given with the caution, Griswold, whose place is situated on Long Island
that such a question requires. There is no horti- Sound, 14 miles from New London ; par" of the
cultural vexation (I speak from personal suffering) same to R. E. Seldon, Esq. 12 miles up Connecticut

greater, than being deceived i,n fruits, over which
we have anxiously watched for 7 or 8 years.

Roxbury, Oct. 6, 1831. J. Lowell.

P. S. On the whole we may say, that the antici.

River. This wlieat has been cultivated in all those
places, and, as I have heard a short time since, has
far exceeded their expectations.

I prefer the Tea Wheat to any other I have ever

pation from Mr Knight's present of new fruits has [seen for family bread, as it does not dry, after being
been more amply realized, than we had any right j '"ikedi 'ike the ^ommon wheat of this country and
to expect, taking into consideration the uncertain- ] has a sweet, pleasant flavor; but it will not soil in
ties arising from difference of climate and culture. °"'' markets, only at a reduced price on account of

Mr Parsons has specimens of the Bonne Malinoise,
and of the Rouseleucb, and I have two pears of
the Wormsley Grange; but as they are not ripe, and
as the scions were received under great disadvan-
tages, the labels having been detached, and we had
only to conjecture the numbers from notches on
the scions, which were nearly defaced, I would
not hazard any opinion as to them. I shall, how-
ever, with a duo s?use of the importance to nurse-
ry men, and to private cultivators, who are after
all the most important part of society, probably in
the ratio of 1000 to 1, state distinctly, and with-
out partiality or prejudice, tiiy personal experi-
ence of the fruits not yet tasted. I owe it to my
brothrr cultivators, to be very explicit on this sub-
j St, to guard them against the losses ami vexa-
tions, which I have suffered for more than 30

Ths following letter is from Elihu Marvin, Esq. a
very iistinguished and intelligent farmer in the Western
parto'NewYovk. Mr Russell has received a few bush-
els o\ Ibe Black Sea Wheat, described below, for sale. Its
appi|irance certainly surppasses anything of the kind we
havj seen in New England, it is free from small grains, or
forefen seeds, and weighs 64 lbs. to the bushel. A quantity
of tlje Tea Wheat is expected in a. few weeks.

NEW VARIETIES OF WHEAT.

Jr Fessenden — The celebrated Tea Wheat,
mentioned in the New England Farmer, vol. vi. page
•S2|[ procured in 1828. I have sowed it with good
success ever since. This wheat is no doubt a
valjable acquisition to our agriculturists, and
oujht to be an encouragement for every one to
cir]ulate, for the benegt of others, every kind of
se^ which comes into his hands, whenever it is
fo^nd to be valuable.

have also a winter wheat brought to this country
hm the Black Sea, which I consider more im-
pdtant than the Tea Wheat, and as weil suited to
evjry soil and climate. In 1828 I had brought
m| about three pecks of this wheat. I selected for
it j piece of ground which had been in crops about
20years, and sowed it the middle of December.
I ad 25 bushels of wheat from this sowing. I
s(|ved it four years in succession, on the same
g^und, without any failure in the crop. The
Wieat, like your Tea Wheat, is not injured, by smut
vhere other wheat is almost lost. It has a firm,
lard straw which withstands our storms, and is not
iijured by the fly. The kernel is hard and firm,
Bt subject to grow in the field from long fogs or
Bins. After several successful experiments in this

the dark yellow shade of the flour.

The Black Sea Wheat, which has taken the
name of White Flint, from the peculiar whiteness
of the flower and the hardness of the shell which
contains it, is dry and particularly calculated for
sea bread, crackers, and all kind of pastry cooking,
and, on account of its solidity, commands the first
price in market, it being about 4 pounds heavier to
the bushel than what is commonly called Western
or Ohio Wheat.

As the great and benevolent cause of temper-
ance ought to be in the heart of every good citizen,
I wish all our New England farmers, instead of
raising ryo to drink, would benefit themselves by
this kind of grain, which I can assure them from
real experience tliBV.w'H find a superior article both
at their own tablcfe aVW in market.

I have about 7 acres of the Black Sea Wheat
which is said by those who pretend to be judges
to be the best in this region ; all or the most of it I
should like to have sown in New England. My
friends in Ct. have sent to mo for a further supply
of seed.

The wheat from the Black Sea I consider the
samekind of wheat as the Tea Wheat ; one is spring,
the other winter. Neither of them are what \ve
call bearded, but have a few scattering beards not
over an inch in length ; neither of them is liable
to smut ; I have seen only a few stalks in wet places
and that is not like the wheat of this conntry, but
comes on soon after it blossoms and is blown off
long before the grain is ripe. The winter wheat
has a stiffer straw than the spring and stands better
in heavy rains, winds, &,c, &c.

I have invariably had a better crop of the winter
wheat than tlie spring on the same strength of soil,
but on the high lands or dividing ridges where
they have from 3 to 5 feet of snow through the
winter, the spring wheat is a better and more cer-
tain crop.

Near Lake Erie our snows arc about the same
as on the sea board, and laud whicli will produce
from 40 to 50 bushels of corn per acre will bring
from 20 to 30 of the Black Sea Wheat, sown on
the corn hills in December. I have sown this
wheat on corn hills, wheat and pea stubble, but
prefer corn hills.

I have tried sowing this wheat from the last
of August to the first of June, but the best crops
which I have had, or seen, were sown the last of
December early sowing one bushel to the acre, late
sowing 36 qts. If I sow early, I prefer the last of
September, if I cannot put the wheat in at that time,

106

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 19, 1831.

I prepare the ground, and let it be until 1 tliiiik tlie
wheat will not be up before sprin;;. I then cast on
the wheat and cover it wi:h a liarrow. I think
this would be the best plan to pinsue on tlie sea-
board, but a little experience will decide the point.

It is well known that what is called good wheat
land is a stiff clay soil. In such a soil I should
prefer the Red Chaff to the Black Sea Wheat. In
this section of country we have almost every varie-
ty of soil. In a single field, in passing through uiy
wheat I observed it did well on light sandy soil
loam, which suggested the idea to ine that it
would be a profitable crop in New England.

From my own experience and observation I
think wheat and corn are much improved by get-
ting the seed from their natural soil. There is a
region of country about 20 miles south of me where
they raise very little wheat from tlicir own seed,
but by getting seed every season from near the lake
they have fine crops: and we have our corn as
much improved by sending to the State of Ohio
where the soil is better for corn than our own.

If your farmers should find it for their advan-
tage to grow wheat in preference to rye, and
should find that the seed which I send does better
than their own, with due notice I can furnish yon
in common seasons one month earlier than the
present. We have now a good threshing machine
in operation which will fit for market more than
100 bushels per day.

SHEEP KILLED BY WILD CHERRIES.

Norfolk County, Oct. 10, I8:U.

Mr Fessendkn — In your last paper I ohserveil a
notice of cattle and sheep being poisoned by eating
wild cherry leaves. This is the first time I have ever
heard of such a thing. I own a farm in N. Hamp-
shire on which I have a considerable flock of vahnible
sheep, and on the same farm there are very many
of the small ivild red and black cherry tree stalks.
My farmer is a very intelligent observing man, and
I iiave never heard him mention the idea of the
sheep or lambs eating the cherry leaves, liut it is
a fact that for several years I have lost very many
sheep and particularly lambs before they were one
year old, from some cause for wiiich we cnidd not
account. It very probably may be from this ca'ise.
Your correspondent Mr Tulty at Saybrook, and
any others knowing the facts, would greatly oblige
me and no doubt many other sheep owners by des-
cribing the appearances and marks of the effects
produced, and enable us to judge, if this is the cnufc
of our loss. Yours, very truly, J. P.

OKRA. — Hibiscus esculenlus.
Mr Russell, — I send you a specimen of this
plant, which I have cultivated the past season with
good success. I planted the seed in a rich loamy
soil mixed with a small proportion of sand, and
as early in May as I thought the ground sufficient-
ly warin for the seed to vegetate. The plants soon
made their appearance, and grew thriftily. Judge
BuEL mentions, in the present vol. of the N. E.
Farmer, jtage 44, that they are liable to be atlack-
efl by the grub, but my plants all continued in a
flourishing state, producing a succession of pods,
which were fit for use from the first of August
until the frost checked their growth.

I was gratified to find the Okra so highly
recotnmended by the eminent horticulturist aliove
referred to. As I find it easy of cultivation I shall
give it more attention for the future.

Yours, &c, Philip P. Spalding.

Chelms/ora, Oct. 13, 1S31.

Horticulture

Proceedings of the JMassachusetIs Horticultural So-
ciety, at a meeting held at the Hall of the Insti-
tution, on Saturday, Oct. 15, 1831.
Report made by the President.
When the communication from ■ John S. Skin-
ner, Esq. in relation to the Pinus Pinea, was read,
at the meeting held on the ISlli of August, I stat-
ed that I had a number of plants of that species
of pine, which were produced from seeds, planted
last spring, and that in the autumn they should be
distributed among the members of the society.

As this valuable and beautiful tree is a native
of the European shores of the Mediterranean, and
has not enlured the rigorous climate of the most
northern nations of the eastern continent, I was
doubtful whether it could be acclimated in New
England ; and having presented some of the
jilains to the lion. John Lowell, with an intima-
tion that they jjrobably would require protection
during the winter, he sent me the following let-
ter.

Enxbury, Oct. 6, 183'.
Hon. H. a. S. Dearborn.

Dear Sir — I received your present of plants. The
|)inu3 pinea is no slianger to me, ami yet 1 am happy to
be able to make a second trial of them. I had some
seeds so long ago as in the life lime of Professor Peck. —
I raised two plants, and kept them in my c;reen house
tliree years. I then planted them out under shelter of
other pines. They endured the first winter well. The
second was fatal to them. But I have acquired much
experience since. I think I could preserve Uiem now. —
I should keep them in winter in my green house.* and
plant them out every year early in April. Wlien they
had attained some solidity of wood, I shovild leave them
out, mulching their roots, and surrounding iVe lops
with branches of pines, and other evergreens. Thi-, is a
new European discovery, which I have tested »nd
found to be wonderfully efficacious. In two or tVee
years thi-t pine will be as hardy as any of our ovn. —
There are facts on this subject which have passed mder
my own eye, wbich convince me that we may n:tural-
ize the plants of the Grecian .\rchipc!ac;o, of japai, and
Northern China, by the aid of evergreens. It is amuch
better screen than wooden or other artificial cover;.
I hereiecommcnl to those who have the Chinese cliss of
Roses, the varieties of which are so numerous, orwho
have the Rhoilodendron poiiticuni.or any other semi-hrdy
plants, to try the effect of surrounding then;, thi kly,
with branches of any of the pine family. I kept a Ibo-
dodcndron ponticum, in p'-rlect vigor, by p-otectiiir it
by pine brauches. So I did the C\g. in a buildinj, vilh-
oiit fire beat. There is an inletinable power in iIk liv-
ing principle of eveigr-en plants, the same, whichpro-
tecls themselves from the frost of the severest winers,
and wbich equally enables lliem to afford the same pro
lection to other plants. The philoophy of it is no ex-
actly definable, but the fad is so, and it is with the 'act,
that all modern rational pbilosopliy has any concert, or
condescends tu take any notice. We do not now Iroihlo
ourselves with what ought, to be the effects of any e»cr-
iment, but what are its cflects on trial.

1 am, dear sir, respectfully, yours,

J. LOWELL

• I have no doubt, that even plants as young as yurs
could be preserved in a dry cellar, giving them wtsr
very sparingly.

Besides the pleasing intelliifonce, that it is
probable we may naturalize the Ston9 Pine, by
adopting the method described by Mr Lowell, we
have the gratification of learning, that one of ur
most distinguished patrons of rural and intellecu-
al cultivation, not only continues to jirosecute x-
perimeuts of horticulture, with characteristic zal,
but hastens to jiromulgate the results for the pui-
lic good. For more than a quarter of a CGntuy
he has cininently advanced the science of Fam-
ing and Gardening, by practical illustrations, witj-

in his own highly cultivated and endiellished
grounds, while the Agricultural Repository, New
England Farmer, and ii.any other periodical pub-
lications, have been rendered intcresiing and in-
structive, by his numerous, lucid and able com-
munications. No man in the Commonwealth has
done so much to encourage a taste for useful and
ornamental tilliigo, both by precept and example.
His laudable efforts to dissendnate intelligence,
have been ardent and unremitted, and their aaluta- |
ry influence will be felt, and gratefully remember-
ed, by succeeding generations.

In confirmation of the justness of these remarks,
I submit another lelt-r front that meritorious gen-
tleman, accompanied by the specimen of fruit he
as so kindly presented.

I!nxbiiry,Ocl.92.
Dear Sir — 1 send you a Passe Colmar Pear, which
Mrs Pjrmeiuier ivas kind enough to send me with great
care. It proves to be idenlical witfi Mr Knight's. This
is gratifying, as hers came direct from Flanders, I pre-
sume. Very respectfully, yours,

J. LOWELL.
P. S. I have understood that MrParmenlicr received
his Pears from his brother at Enghien.

Tlie following letter has been received from
Gen. Joshua Wingatc, jr. of Portland, with the
new variety of pears therein named, besides an
apple from a garden of choice fruit which he es-
tablished some years since in Bath, and now own-
ed by J. Robinson, and a basket of fruit from the
garden of the Hon. J. F. Wingate of that town.

Portlani), Oct. lOlti, 1S3I.

My Dear Sir — I shall send you b., the Steamboat
this evening, a few Pears which grew on the f.irm of
Mr William McLaughlin of Scarborough, who informed
me that a person in (Oxford County, (whoso name he be-
lieved was Robert Lamb,) many years since raided a
number of Pear trees from the seeds, all of which pro-
duced, as be understood, fruit of an interior quality, wilti
the exception of one tree — and from that seedling ti'ce
the scions, which were engrafted on the ti-ees of Jlr
McLaughlin were obtained, and from those engrafted
trees, the Pears I have sent you were picked.

I will tb.ink you to present some of these Pears to tho
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, for the purpose of
ascertaining whether, in the opinion of the Society, this ■
variety is worth being propigate I. If they should giro
a favorable decision on this Pear, scions may be obtained
the next spring from Mr McLaughlin.

The I'ears were picked in the list week ol September,
and would have been, I have n3 doubt, much better, if
hey had remained on th? trees some days longer. —
Those I send you are a fair samjde of the sizes anl
quality of the Pears, as selected from about two bushelf.

Mr McLaughlin's trees were engrafted iu 1326.
I am, with respect and esleetn,
Your obedient servant,

J. WING.ITE, Jb.
Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn,

Prea. of the Mass. Hart. Sec.

In consequence of the information, ohtalnetl
by ftlr Lowell, I have considered it most eipedi-
eiit, that the plants of the Piims Pinea ihouldbe
confided to the care of such members as possess-
ed green houses, and hate therefore, presented
them to the gentlemen whose names are designa-
ted on the pots, in which they arc contained, with
the fullest confidence that thorough expsriments
will be made, to ascertain whether this jiine can
be successfully cultivated in this state. It is r».
commended that the plants be remored into larger
pot=, placing hut one in each.

Respectfully submitted by

H. i\. S. Dearborn,

Pre». of tlw MaH. flott. Sot.

Vol. X.— No. 14.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

107

Corresponding Members •Umitled. E. S. H.

Leonard, M. D. Providtnce, R. I. Gen. Joshua
W)ngale,jr. Portland, .Me.

FRUITS EXHIBITED.

The Fruit presented was uncommonly fine. The
principal contributors were Mr Prince of Long Isl-
and, N. Y., J. Lowell, Esq., S. G. Perkins, Esq., and
Gorham Parsons, Esq., in this vicinity.

Pears. — A pear from the garden of Dr Jackson,
name unknown. — Long Rosewater, from W. Prince,
Flusliing, Long Island, not in eating. — St Germain,
from the same. — Colmar Souverain, large and melt-
ing, of an excellent flavor, from the same. From R.
Tooliey, a pear, name unknown, not in eating. — From
the same, Tarling, a pear not in eating. — From the
same, Martin Sec, a pear not in eating. — From E. M.
Richards, Monsieur Jean. — From the same, Plait's
Bergamot. — From E. Crafts, Marie Louise, melting
and excellent. — From Mr J. Clapp, Soutli Reading,
a pear, not in eating. — From Mr E. Crafts, one of
Mr Knight's varieties of pears.— From Mr E. M.
Richards, Crassane, a choice pear, fine and melting.
From R. Manning, several of Piatt's Bergamot. —
From the same, Holland Green, Cox No. 90. — From
S. G. Perkins, Esf,. a pear, supposed to be the Win-
ter Bergamot of Coxe. — From the same, Beze de
Casey, good. — From the same. Doyenne d'Hiver, a
beautiful pear, and a good bearer. — From Mrs Par-
rnentier, Brooklyn, N. Y., Passe Colmar, sent by
Hon. J. Lowell, not in eating.— From the garden of
Jonathan French, tree from J. Blootlg-ood, pear,
name unknown, very fine. — From Gorham Parsons,
Esq., Gloria, a pear not in eating. — From W. Prince,
Ronville, (New Diihamel) or Martin Sire of Quin-
tinye and Evelyn, Martin Sire or Ronville of the
old Duhamel, and of Rozicr, Miller and Forsyth, not
in eating.

Apples.— From S. G. Perkins, Esq., Nonsuch,
large and fine.— From R. Manning, \Vine Apple,
Coxe, No. 34, imported from Philadelphia, good. —
From W. Prince, American Black Apple. — From the
same, Gestruden, a German Apple. — From Philip P.
Spalding, Seedling Apples ; will keep till March ;
the tree a great bearer.

Quinces. — From Mr W. Prince, small apple
shaped Quince; Musk Quince ; Portugal Quince;
large French Quince ; pear shaped Quince; Scar-
let flowering Quince, and Bl.ack flowering Quince.

From Mr ' . Prince, Fruits called Shaddocks.

Grapes. — From Mr R. Manning, Isabella Grapes,
from the Garden of Mr Stephen Driver, jun. of Sa-
lem. The vine is 3 years old, and this season pro-
duced 20G bunches of Grapes, of large size and well
ripened. It is trained to the side of a building, and
has been pruned winter and summer like a foreign
vine. The grapes were the finest that have been
presented this year, very sweet, and of good flavor.
— By Edward Sharp, Dorchester, seedling Grapes,
fair and good.

Fine Sweet Potatoes, by Mr R. Toohey.

A new coflTee pot has been invented in Paris, by
which the coflfee is made without evaporation, the
lamp extinguishes itself as soon as the coft'ee is made
the water comes down on the cotTee of its own accord,
in a boiling state, which retains in the cofl^ee the
whole of its aroma ; and in addition to this judging
by the prints of the vessel, which we have seen, it
makes a very handsome ornament. — London Globe.

Valuable Discovery. — We learn that a gentleman
of this city has invented an improvement in the Fme
Arts, by which tne representations of portraits, min-
iatures, &c. are rendered more perfect and natural.
Tliis is effectfid by a process never before made use
of, and by methods hitherto undiscovered in this or
any other country. A patent for this invention, we
understand, is about to be taken out; after which
the public will have opportunitiesof inspecting spec-
imens.— til.

RAILROADS.

• llbany and Buffah — Boston and Ontario. — The
project of a railroad to run parallel with the Erie
Canal through its whole length, and on its very
route a|)peais to be seriously entertained in New
York. The expense is estimated at $7,000,000,
for a single track. Notices are given of two up-
jjlicalions to be made to the Lcgisluture at its next
session for acts of incorporation for this object, but
it is supposed that the two sets of petitioners will
unite in one act. The opinion is expressed in the
newspapers that the stock wnuld be immediately
taken up. Wealthy capitalists are concerned in the
applications.

We have heretofore .said as inucli perhaps as be-
comes us, and more than was useful on the subject
of a railroad from Boston to Loire Ontario. We do
ardently ilesire that some wealthy, iiilelljgent and
patriotic gentleman of this good city .ind stale,
would take up this subject, and give it a careful ex-
amination. It does indeed appear to us that such a
golden opportunity to increase and secure unbound-
ed and permanent business, and a solid, and benefi-
cial political influence was never before ofttred to
an enterprising community ; certaiidy jt was never
before rejected. What is it .-' No less than connect-
ing Boston by an easier and shorter route than from
Albany to Buffalo with all the lakes, harbors and
rivers and other inland navigation that New York
has access to by her canal (and proposes to have
with new facilities, liy a railroad,) — but also with
the noble Lake Ontario, one of the chains, which
neither of the above works can directly touch .'

Is this nothing ? Does not every argument in
fjvor of constructing a railroad alongside of the
Canal apply with tenfold force in favor of such a
work from Boston to all the Lakes ? The bare
naming of this project alarmed the people of Buffalo
ami they sent forth their fears and their chagrin, all
natural enough, in paragraphs signifying the diffi-
culties and depreciating the advantages of it, and
running down to the lowest degree, and grievous-
ly misrepresenting the Welland Canal. Their ex-
citement has now taken a much more sensible and
manly direction. They have held a meeting, re-
solved to apply as soon as inay be for a charter for
their railroad, and have issued a circular iipmi it,
which we have not seen. The report ofMr flui/-
wajd on the Boston and Ontario Railroad contains
a great deal of valuable and gratifying information.
For our part we think that we could do nothing
that would so .attach the West to us, and induce
the habit of acting with us on great political ques-
tions afiecling the business and livelihood of the
citizens of Boston, Massachusetts, and the whole
North as to construct this Railway. Will otn-
statesmen look at it ? Mr Hayward has recon-
noitred routes, and obtained accurate surveys as
far as Lake Champlain. He estimates the whole
expense of a single track at about $3,600,000, and
of a double one at about $-5,000,000. — .Mass. Jour-
nal.

Delatcare and Hudson Canal. — It appears that
between the 5th and 24th of September, 70 vessels
of different descriptions cleared at Rondout, loaded
with Lackawana coal, and bound on various destina-
tions. 13 were bound to Providence, 3 to Ports-
mouth, 2 to Fall River, 2 to Salem, 1 to Newport, 1
to Bristol, 1 to New Haven, 1 to Portland, 1 to Bos-
ton, 1 to Haverhill, I to Plymouth, 5 to Albany, 3 to
Hudson, G to Newburg, 4 to Athens, 1 to Manhattan-
ville, 3 to Williamsburg, 1 to Troy, 1 to Yonkers, 1
to Greenwich, 1 to FishkUl, 1 to Poughkeepsie, and
1 14 to New York. One vessel carried 44G tons.

FACTORIES AT TROY, FALL RIVER, MS.
From a communication in the New York Ameri-
can Advocate, we compile the following information,
respecting the factories at Troy, Ms. The river falls
128 feet in 150 rods, forming 9 dams, with about 14
feet fall to each. This place is at the head of Mount
Hope Bay, and near Taunton river. The harbor
will admit any ships which plough the ocean.
cotton factories.

sptiiiHes Innma lianrls lb5i. cotton.

Troy Man'g co. 3892 109 150 300,000

Pocasset man'g co. 2000 65 70 84,000

Buffington's factory 500 18 20 30,000

Hawes & co's. do. 700 20 20 10,000

Chase& Luther's do. 15,3G 60 70 128,000

A. & J. Shove's do. 1,500 46 50 100,000

D. J. Olney's do. 900 24 30 50,000

Massasoit do. 10,000 350 400 810,000

Fall River do. 32,50 90 140 224,000

Dexter.Wh.&co.do.GOO 20 25 44,000

T. Shove's do. 1000 31 26 52,500

Shove&Slades' 'do. ' — 22 .52,500

Annawan company 5580 206 250 365,000

Total, 31,458 1041 1276 2,290,000

It is a safe calculation to estimate 4 yards of
cloth from a pound of cotton, which would make
9,160,000 yards, amounting at an average of 10
cents, to $916,000 00

Deduct cost of the cotton, 229,000 00

which leaves the sum of 687,000 00

produced to the country by the labor of 1276 opera-
tives, aided by machinery.

In addition to the above, there are at the above
village, —

S. Shove & Co.'s sattinet factory, employing
150 hands, value of goods manufactured per year,
$195,000.

A. Robeson's print factory, where 16,800 yards
are bleached and printed daily, employing 360
hands.

Fall River Iron Works company, manufacture
1000 tons of iron yearly.

O. S. Hawes &. Co.'s machine shop, employs 30
hands.

Brayton, Slade & Co.'s machinists, employ 25
hands.

The water power which moves this quantity of
machinery, rises in a pond, only 3 miles distant :
most all the investments have been made within 6
or 7 years. The village contains about 5000 inhab-
itants— and 7 places olf public worship. The hands
employed in the factories are Uhs females, who are

represented as well dressed and well behaved.

Roc. Dai. Adv.

PATERSON, N. J.

It is stated this place is fast rising in wealth and
manufacturing importance: all the dwellings in the
village are full : the following new factories'are now
in progress or completed :

2 for cotton goods ;

1 for cotton goods and making machinery ;

1 for cotton goods and mill-wright work ;

1 for woollen goods ;

1 for gilt buttons and other articles.

We should say that Patorson was in the full tide
of successful experiment. — lb.

Niles' Register estimates that thj various man-
ufactories'of Baltimore, create a vnlue of S5,000 -
000 per annum. One coacli factory employs 80
persons.

'Cranberry day' is hereafter to be a festival at
Barnstable, Ms. The Journal states that the town
authorities had forbidden this valuable berry to be
taken from the bogs on Sandy Neck, until ripe, and
then pay a stipulated pan to the town. Sept. 20,
was the day appointed, and 300 men, women and
children had a fine frolic. Wet weather has jjroba-
bly reduced the crop one half; but from 150 to
200 bushels were picked.

108

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Oct. 19, 1831.

Coinmunications.

EPIDEMIC IN HORSES.

I'l.vmouth, Sept. 23, 1831.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq.

Dear Sir — Having no opportunity to investigate
the subject of the epidemic among horses, of which you
desired me to give you an account, I addressed a letter
to Dr Arad Thompson of Middlcborough, to obtain
the information you requested, and he has favored me
with the inclosed reply.

I am, your iiumble servant,

James Thacher.
MidJIebiiro', Sepl. 26, 1631.

Sir, — Yours of the 19th iust. asking information
of the number of horses that liave died (lately)
in this town, tlie nature and cause of the disease,
the remedies, the appearances on dissection, &c,
was received ou tlie 22d of the same. Permit me
to premise that I am unacquainted with the ana-
tomy of the horse, know nothing of the pulse in
health or disease, and have never reail a treati.se
on their diseases. It will be uiiiKicessary for ine
after this acknowledgment to say that I am in
uo measure qualified, to write on thee|>idcmic for
the instruction of the public. In the few uncon-
nected facts and remarks that I may make 1 shall
not make any attempt at veterinary style. If I
can |)rescnt any facts or give any information, that
will aid you in your reply to tlic Eilitcu- of tlie
New England I'^armer, I shall be highly gratified.
The disease commenced about the tirst of August
last. The nunibt^r, as near as I can ascertain,
that have died may be estimated at 75. Fifty of
this number may have died in the llrst tiiree weeks.
After that the cases became less frequent. No
case has occurred that has come to my knovvledg'e
since last Monday, when one case after a shoit
sickness proved fatal.

The number that have had the disease in a
greater or less degree and recovered, may be es-
timated at 25. All ages from the sucking colt
and upward have been equally subject to it and
to its fatal effects. The duration of it was va-
rious. Some cases jiroveil fatal within 12 hours
after the indisposition was discovered, while
others continued 4 days before the fatal termina-
tion.

Those that recovered generally improved be-
fore the third day.

I know some that recovered and have regained
their health that were reduced very low, while
others that lived through the severity of the ills-
ease, continued in a very ])oor and weak condi-
tion, and either died by e.\haustion (the disease,
probably continuing in a chronic form) or killed
because their recovery to usefulness was deemed
hopeless.

When the horse was first obsei-ved to be indis-
posed, be was dull and moping, the eye dull and
heavy, ceased to cat, inattentive to surrounding
objects, inaptitude to motion, when driven or mov-
ing voluntarily disposed to gyrate in a greater or
less circle. The same horse when driven or led
by the bridle would continually incline to the
right or left and the same horse always the same
way. They all had an expression of sutTer-
ing, pain, or uneasy sensation. Some frequently
putting the nose to the side. Some, when first
discovered to be sick, were down on the side .and
unable after to remain on the feet. All, as the
disease progressed, remained down, and occasion-
ally making, (or having spasmodically) violent mo-

tions with the legs, and some became, perhaps 24
hours before death, apparently wholly insensible
to surrounding objects, some sooner or later deli-
rious, while others seemed to possess all the op-
erations of instinct until tlieir last moments. The
bowels in no case within the result of my inquiry
presented indications, by the discharges or bloat-
ing, that they were diseased.

We might enter into speculations on the cold win-
ter, the wet and hot summer, in talking of the re-
mote cause.

Some peculiar state of the grass, may with
much plausibility be ranked as a remote cause of
the disease, for there lias been no case in this town
where the horse had been fed on dry hay &c.

It is a well established fact, that almost every
horse, where the condition of the system was as-
certained by the detraction of blood, that fed on
grass, labored under a very inflammatory diathesis;
because the blood of all, with very few excep-
tions, bore indubitable evidence of such diathesis.
The disease in my opinion is a local inflammation
of a very high grade.

From what I have heard of the examinations
after death of others, and seen myself, I am of
the opinion, that the stomach is the part much the
most frequently primarily attacked. Popular
opinion, both in tliis and former epidemics, loca-
ted the disease wholly in the head. It has been
denominated the Blind Staggers. Many perhaps
drew the inference from the name that the horse
was blind. I saw several charged with blindness
which on examination, proved not to be blind. I
believe that blindness is not a distinguishing mark
of the disease. I believe it takes place in no case
until the very last stages of some fatal cases.

I have seen but two examined after death.
The first was n horse 20 years of age, had been
sick three day.s, had the throat ciit, being in arli-
culo mortis, immediately before the examination
both lobes of the brain presented equal traces of
inflaminution. The minute arteries were injured,
giving to the whole surface a very faint reddish tint.
No adhesion appeared on its removal. On one ofthe
lungs a stirface five by three inches showe<l miirks
of (nflammation. The maw was filled with grass
liartly digested, and coar.se Indian meal undiges-
ted which had been eaten the day before the attGck.
The meal was two <]uarts. One half of the stomveh
appeared in a healthy state. The other half instead
of (jresenling the natural rugae showed a smooth
surface of a very dark pink color, inclining to
chocolate. The intestines had a healthy appear-
ance, excepting where they came in contact with
the inflamed maw. The other viscera of the ab-
domen showed no marks of having been inflamed
or diseased.

The other examination was of a horse 8 years
old and had been sick nearly 4 days, and in a si'iii-
lar state of the other was bled to death. The braiu
presented the same appearance (with a less
degree of inflammation) with the foregoing case.
The lungs showed no evidence of having been in-
flamed. They had a few small spots of dark ex-
travasated blood near the surface. The perito-
neum exhibited no trace of disease. The inside
of the stomach presented a smooth surface or
wholly deprived of all tlie rugae and covered by
a whitish, tenacious, mucous and pus like mat-
ter. On the removal of this, the mucous mem-
brane was ulcerated in numerous small spots ; and
between the ulcerations, the mucous coat had a
strong pink tint, and the small arteries evidently

injured, the other viscera showed uo marks of hav-
ing been diseased.

At the commencement of the epidemic, popular
opinion making the head the sole part diseased,
the practice was directed to that part, as steaming
the head, filling the ears with various substances,
and throwing into the stomach as many different
articles and mi.xtures as the different individuals
who advised them could imagine. The practice
was wholly empirical.

It should be observed that the horse was bled
two or at most three quarts. After the natme of
the disease was supposed to be better understood,
and the quantity of blood that the horse in inflam-
mation required to lose, the detraction of blocil
became the principal remedy with the exhibition of
some mild cathartic, as Suits or Oil.

Let it be admitted that the disease is one of a
high grade of inflammation ; to the physician the
method of cure would be readily suggested. The
practice would be sanguinary. Blood would be
drawn, not by quarts, but by gallon upon gallon. In
the early stages from three to four gallons should be
drawn ; if it is borne without fainting, the oper-
ation should be repeated according to the severity
of the case, in 8, 12, or 18 hours. But admitting the
stomach the part inflamed, and highly, and compar-
ing it with that of man, in the same condition, great
confidence of a complete removal of the inflam-
mation cannot be |)laced in large detractions of
blood from the large vessels alone. The stom-
ach in man, is in some measure, so isolated from
the vessels of the limbs &c, (or not to speculate,)
when inflamed is not so readily cured, by large
bleedings, as the lungs, for instance. In this case
then, local detractions of blood, and local appli-
cations, over the part affected, as epispostis after
removing the hair, might be beneficial. The same
remarks would I think apply to the bowels when
inflamed. Admitting also that the mucous mem- ,
brane, of the stomach or bowels, or both are iu-
flatned, the judicious physician would not pre-
scribe drastic cathartics. He would carefully
avoid throwing upon an irritated or an inflamed
surface of these organs an irritating substance. If
laxatives are required they shoulii be ofthe mild-
est kinds, mild mucilaginous liquids might he
thrown into the stonuich with advantage. But in case
the disease has attacked other organs, as the brain,
lungs, liver, plura or peritoneum, &c, and the
mucous membrane, free, ilrastic cathartics might
be exhibited with advantage. Before I made my
examinations some unacquainted with the appear-
ance of the organs in a diseased condition, made
partial examinations, as ofthe head and thorax only,
and gave very unsatisfactory accounts of the
cause. The mucous membrane of the stomach,
Sfc, had not been examined. After my examina-
tions others were made ofthe stomach, bowels, &.c,
and reported to exhibit the same appearance of
the internal coats of the stomach as I have reported
mine to present. The ajipearance of the stomach,
in those cases that I examined, when compared
with the state of the other organs, carried strong
conviction to my mind that in these cases, this
organ was primarily affected ; and that this affec-
tion was inflammation of a high grade : in the
first case wholly suspending all secretion and in
the second, resulting in ulceration, &c. The state
of the head in man in many fevers, where the
mucous membrane of the stomach is inflamed
might easily admit the inference to be drawn, in
both cases, that the inflammation of the brain was

Vol. X.— No. 14.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

lOD

sympathetic. Tlie pain, the dehriuiii, the sudden
and great prostiation of strength, and even the
sudden deatli in many cases, may be easily ac-
counted for, admitting the stomach as much dis-
eased as in tlie cases I saw examined.

But one horse died in this vicinity among the
many kept. I att'-ibuted their greater exemption,
to lilieral and repeated bleedings, where the blood
drawn showed a prcdis|iosition to disease, and
repeated until the blood lost its marks of inflam-
matory diatiiesis. The indisposition to a straight
Jbrward motion, before mentioned, is to me wholly
unaccountable. The inflammation, as well as I
could judge, was equal in both lobes of the brain.
No marks of congestion, more than is common to
alight degree of inflammation, on aftusion and con-
sequent compression, was discovered on either lobe.
The horses that were sick and recovered, had the
same disposition to gyrate as those that died. An
explanation of the cause of this symptom, would
afford mc inuch satisfaction.

Some of the facts which I have slated, may, I
hope, be useful in aiding others in arriving at a
knowledge of the cause of the disease, and the
best method of prevention and cure. The specu-
lations, inferences from facts, remarks on tlie treat-
ment, from mc ignorant of the subject, you will I
hope consider written inore for my own amuse-
ment, than for your assistance in the investigation
of the subject.

I have the satisfaction, on reflection, that of all
of this communication, which is visionary and
useless, you will readily know how to dispose ;
and also that if it contains but one fact that may
be turned to the benefit of the public, you will duly
appreciate it.

Had my business admitted I should have more
promptly replied to your inquiries; and I cannot
but regret that they had not been directed to some
one more competent to have done justice to a sub-
ject in which the pid)lic are so much interested.

I ain, sir, with great respect, yours,

ARAD THOMPSON.

N. B. Some perhaps might prefer the warm
bath instead of the epispostis unless the inflamma-
tion was in a great measure previously removed.

THREE THORNED ACACIA.

MrFessenden — A friend of mine in this vicini-
ty, with myself are about to set hedges in the ensu-
ing spring, of the Three Thorned Acacia and are
anxious to know the most suitable distance at
which the quicks should be placed. And a row of
them being already in the place designed for a
hedge, whether it would be preferable to transplant
them, or to fill up a few vacancies and let them re-
main. They are from the seed last spring and
from 18 inches to three feet in height, and one
plantmeasuresabout 4 feet. Perhaps Judge Buei.
would be able and willing to furnish the requisite
information, with such directions for the manage-
ment as his experience may have suggested, and
oblige a number of your readers.

Providence, Oct. 14

05^ As we consider Three Thorned Acacia one
of the most valuable plants for live fences in New
England, being of vigorous growth and free from
the attacks of any insect, we should feel obliged
to Judge BcEL or any other competent person who
would furnish us with practical directions for the
management of the plants from the seed till they
are three years old in the hedge. — Ed.

MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW.

The following is an official list of Premiums as

communicated by the Committee.

MANUFACTURES.

To Mrs Hannah Adams, of Pepperell, for the best

Carpet, $S 00

Mrs D. Richardson, Tyngsboro', next, 5 00

Naomi Kittridge, Tewksbury, next, 3 00
Mary Emerson, Chelmsford, best woollen Coverlet, 4 00

Olive Prescotl, Wesllbrd, next, 3 00

Polly Rogers, Tewksbury, best woollen Blankets, 3 00

Mary Richardson, Weslfoid, next, 2 00

Elvii a Merriam, Concord, Half Hose, 2 00

Lucy H. While, Lincoln, best Hearth Rug, 4 00

Caroline Brooks, Cainbridgeport, next, 3 00

Mrs Thomas S. Tutlle, LiiUeton, next, 2 00

Stephen Jones, Asbby, best piece plain Cloth, 6 00

Betsey Jewett.Pepperell, next, 4 00

'' " " best piece Cassimere, 6 00
James Fillou & Co. Draeutt, best piece of Flannel, 5 00

Polly Rodgers, Tewksbury, next, 4 00

Mary Adams, Chelmsford, next, 3 00

Ann'llnrtwell, Littleton, best Straw Bonnet, 3 00

Maiy D. Hartwell,next, 2 00

BUTTER AND CinF.R.

Ann S. Wilder, Stow, first premium on Tub Butler, 10 00
Michael .Crosby, Bedford, next best, 8 00

Cyi-us Wheeler, Concord, first on Lump Butler, 6 00
Ann S. Wilder, Slow, nexl best, 4 00

Nathan'Grout, Sherburne, best Barrel Cider, 8 00

LIVE STOCK.

Ichabod Everett, Billerica, best Fatted Ox, 8 00

Sil.'is Conant, Concord, next best, 5 00

Nalh'l S. Bennett, Framingham, best Bull, 12 00

Augustus Tutlle, Concord, next best, 8 00

Eldridge Robhins, Acton, best Bull Calf, 5 00

Peter Page, Shirley, next best, 3 00

Wm. Fellon, Marlboro' best 3 year old Steers, 8 00

Winlhrrp E. Faulkner, Acton, next, 5 00

David Blood, Pepperell, best 2 year old Steers, 6 00

Eli Rice, Marlboro', next best, 4 00

" " best Heifer, not having had a

Calf, 6 00

Hezekiab Cheney, Concord, next, 4 00

Dexter Alden, Lincoln, best Heiler Calf, 5 00

Moody Moore, Waltham, next best, 3 00

WORKING OXEN.

Ichabod Slow, of Slow, for 5 year old Cattle, 12 00

Eli Rice, Marlboro', 4 year old " 10 00

Geo. M. Barrett, Concord, 5 do. 8 00

Jacob Baker, Lincoln, 6 year old, 6 00

SWINE.

John Mackay, Weston, best Boar, 8 00

best Breeding Sow, 8 00

" " Store Pigs, 6 00

Joseph Darby, Concord, 2d Store Pigs, 3 00

MILCK cows.

Levi Warren, Slow, best Milch Cow, 12 00

Geo. M. Barrett, Concord, 2d best, 10 00

Luther Conant, Acton, next best, ' 8 00

David Hartwell, Concord, 2 year old Milch Heifer, 8 00

LEATHER.

Peter Fletcher, Stow, best Calf Skins, 4 00

INVENTIONS AND IMPROVEMENTS.

Alpbeus Smith, of Lowell, for a superior Plough

Plane, _ 2 00

John M. Hartwell, Littleton, for a superior speci-
men Ponmanship, 1 00
Moody Moore, Waltham, quantity of Sweet Po-
tatoes, 2 00
Moses Abbot, Bedford, 4 large Crook-Necked

Squashes, 1 00

John Dudley, Western, 4 do. I 00

Anthonv Wright, Concord, quanfily of Sweet Po-
tatoes, 2 00
" " 4 botlles Castor Oil, 5 00
Josiah Stone, Framingham, for 2 large Squashes, 1 00
The Committee recommend to the Farmers of Middle-
sex, a very excellent cast-iron Plough, as in their opin-
ion equal to any in use, presented by Joseph R. Newell,
ofBoslon.

FRUIT.

Timothy Davis, Jr, of Billerica, fine specimen of

Baldwin Apples, 1 00

Eber Howe, Marlboro', do. 1 00

Nathaniel S. Bennett, Framingham, Isabella

Grapes, 1 00

PLOUGHING MATCH.

Double Teams.
Ephraim Wheeler, Concord, 1st prera. 17 00

Isaac Brooks, Lincoln, 2a . do. 10 00

Hczekiah Wetherbee, Concord, 3d 7 00

Single Teams.
Abel B. Hcvwood, Concord, Isl prem. 17 00

Henry A. Wheeler, " 2d 10 00

Icb.vbod Slow, of Slow, 3d 7 00

The exercises in the Meeting-house were unusu-
ally interesting ; they consisted of — 1. an Anthem ;
2. Prayer by Rev. Mr Goodwim; 3. Hymn ; 4.
Address by John M. Cheney, Esq. ; 5. Anthem. —
Mr Goodwin's Prayer was appropriate, fervent and
scriptural, and Wits listened to with devotional si-
lence. Mr Cheney's Address was written in a clear
and forcible style, and »vas replete with the best ad-
vice to those for whom it was prepared — the Farmer
and JMechanic. A copy has been requested for the
pres-s, and we hope it will soon be in the hands of
every one. Mr Shepard provided one of his best
dinners for the Society, at which were present seve-
ral gentlemen from the neighboring counties. The
table was provided with the Black Hamburg Grape,
by Hon. Mr Winship of Brighton, who was pre-
sent ; Elias Phinney, Esq. presented a rich repast
of the Isabella and Catawba Grapes ; Messrs Wm.
BucKMiNSTER, and Nathakiel S. Bennett, of Fra-
mingham, also presented a fine lot of the Isabella
Grapes. — Yeoman''s Gazette.

BRISTOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
Officers chosen at the last meeting. — Roland How-
ard, President ; Pitt Clark, Otis Thompson, Roland
Green, and Francis Baylies, Vice Presidents; Wil-
liam A. F. Sproat, Recording Secretary; James L.
Hodges, Corresponding Secretary ; and Samuel L.
Crocker, Treasurer. The Committees of the last
year were for the most part re-chosen. Roland
Howard, Esq. the President, was appointed to de-
liver the address at the next annual Show. We re-
gret that we are still obliged to postpone the publi-
cation of Reports on the Best Cultivated Farms,
Mulberry Trees, Live Stock, &c.

CATTLE SHOW.
Tlie Annual Cattle Show for the District of Mon-
treal took place on Thursday last, on the St Jinn's
Common. The horses, mares, horned cattle and
sheep, were numerous, and many of them shawed
that much attention is paid to the improvement of
the breed of cattle throughout the district. The
specimens of domestic manufactures were not so
numerous as Inst year. We saw only four pieces
of woollen, and two pieces of linen cloih ; one of
the latter was the best piece that we have seen of
Lower Canada manufacture. We were much
pleased with a very simple machine for lifting and
carrying stones from arable land ; we understand
it has been tried by several farmers, who all speak
favorably of it. We would feel much pleasure in
noticing some of the most improved animals on the
ground ; but as the decision of the Judges will be
laid before the public in a few days, in deference
to their opinion we will await their announcement.
We heard that a sample of hemp of Canadian
growth was exhibited : thisanicle will, we hope,
meet with more attention in future : it cannot be
doubted that, if properly cultivated, it would be-
come a source of wealth to the country. — Montreal
Courant.

Mount Vernon. — In a communication contained ia
the Pennsylvania Inquirer, it is said to be announc-
ed in the city of Washington tliat Gov. Cass, the
present Secretary of War, has recommended the
purchase, by government, of this distinguished seat,
to be appropriated as an asylum for the few surviving
soldiers of the revolution, and their families whose
age and pecuniary circumstances render them de-
pendent on public bounty, and whose past services
and conduct entitle them to the support and gratitude
of their country.

110

NEW EN G LAIS D FARMER,

Oct. 19, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDXESDAY EVENING, OCT. 19, 1831.

be iliawn out, the balance of wliicli will exactly
show the present worth of the estate.

The form of the amount may be as follows.

— I Stock Dr. Contra Cr.

EMPLOYMENT FOR FARMERS' EVENINGS. | On the Dr. side should be entered all the farmer
There is no part of our time, which can bo ! owes, and on the Cr. side all he possesses and
more profitably employed than the evenings of au- ■ all that is owing to him. He must rate every-
tumn and winter. In the evening every work for [thing at what he judges the fair present worth,
the next day whether for fine or rainy weather,

was it then sold ; manure and tillage performed
must be valued at the common rate of the country.
If a fanner wishes to be very correct in his cal-
culations of the profit and loss of a lot of stalled
oxen for instance, or the crop of any particular
field, his readiest method is to make an account
for either one or the other in his ledger of Dr. and
Cr. On the Dr. side let him place the cost, in

cludin

minute particula

the profit and loss.

should be arranged, as well as the proper minutes,
accounts &,c, of the preceding day duly recorded.
Besides these, the fanner would do well to have
a book for miscellaneous observations, queries, and
calculations for comparing difierent ways of etfcct-
ing the same objects — estimates of the different
kinds of food, which he may be able to give to
his cattle, with such inquiries, doubts, or proposi-
tions, worth attention, as he may have heard in
conversation.

Loose pieces of paper are apt to be mislaid or
lost, and when a man wishes to avail himself ot
them, for examining a subject pre\iously dis-
cussed he loses more time in searching lor the
memorandums than would be sutiicient for ma-
king half a dozen new ones, liut by entering
such matters into a book you preserve them for lu-
ture consultation and use, and will be able to de-
rive advantage from former ideas, which would
othe/ wise escape from the most tenacious memory.

termers' accounts. Mr Mackai/s Breed of Swine. -ll will be notic

A celebrated agricultural writer says, 'There ed in this day's paper, that Capt. Mackay has agam
is not a single step in the life of a farmer tiiat taken a premium on his swme at Concord. We
does not prove the advantage of his keeping regu- have had the curiosity to look over the files of the
lur accounts;' and yet there are very few who New England Farmer, and find that he has taken
attend to this important branch of rural economy. .?168 within the last six years, at the Shows in
A few rougli memoranda, often scrawled with Urighion and Concor.l, in premiums on his inval-
chalk over the fire-place, or behind the door, are iinble breed of Swine. He has been indefatigable
too often the only records which a farmer makes in procuring the finest nmmals from Europe, and
of his de^aliugs cither by way of barter or ready I by judicious crossing has produced a breed thai
money • and he knows as liltle about his ciicnm- I we think are unrivalled for smallness of hone, fine
stances, and the amount of what he would be flesh, lively condition, and kindly disposition to
worth 'provided his debts were paid as ho does fatfn easily and early

rather incline towards the south side, invited, n»
doubt, by the greater warmth of that section of
the hill.

From the result of this year's experiment, I am
apt to think the hills need not be elevated so much
as mine were, as it increases their liabilily to be
atfected with the drought ; but as the past season
has been unusually wet, I had tut few hills that
seemeil to sutfer fiom this source.

The growth of these potatoes I find are at first
exceeding slow. It was as late as June before
they all showed themselves above ground ; but
when they once ' get under way' they come for-
ward very fast. Great care shonlil be taken to
keep the hills clear of weeds, for if permitted lo
lake deep root, they not only impoverish the hill,

on the Cr. ' '^"' '" pulling them up, we are apt to disturb the
side't'he retVirns. " oil' tl'ie'sale "of the articles the i g'owth of the Potatoes. If from heavy rains, the
account is closed, and the balai-.ce demonstrates | earth should get washed away so much as to leave

Mr Cheney^s Address. — A gentleman who was
present at the delivery of this Address, at the Con-
cord Cattle Show, and who is well qualified to
form a correct opinion of such performances, has
assured us that it was of a high character, and was
received with much approbation. We hope its
publicity may be extended, and should be happy
to give it a place in our columns.

provi
about the Chinese language, or the most approveu
method of calculating eclipses.

The advantagis resulting from clear and accu-
rate accounts are properly appreciated in other
pursuits in life, but it is doubtful whether they
are greater in any occupation than in that of farm-
ing. Sir John Sinclair has given some maxims
on this subject, which are in substance as follows.
General Account of Stock.— Every fanner,
who desires to know correctly to what profit he
does business, should provide himself with a book,
which he may call his General Stock Book, and in
this, some time in December, he should register
the result of a general survey of the condition and
worth of his whole property including all his debts I
and credits. Having such a book to refer to at
all times, and on all occasions will afford much
satisfaction to bis mind. In the first place he
should order in all his tradesmen's bills, and in the
meantime he may take an examination and account
of all his household goods, horses, cattle, poultry,
corn, grain, in straw or threshed, bay or other
fodder, wood, manure, wagons, carts, ploughs,
and implements of all kinds — the state of his
fences, gates, drains, &c, and make an estimate
of the iiecessary repairs. Minutes being made on
waste paper, the particulars may be afterwards
entered into the Slock Buok, with such a degree
of minuteness as may be judged necessary. After
this general register, a Dr. and Cr. account may

the Tauntoii iteporter.

SWEET POTATOES.

Letter from Doct. Deans of Easlon, describing his
manner of cultivating Carolina Potatoes, addressed to the
Coimnitlee on Agriculture .it the Cattle Show In this
town last week.

Gentlemen — The slips, from which the Pola-
toei; were grown, of which those herewith present-
ed are a specimen, I obtained at Mr Russell's
New England Farmer Seed-store in Boston, about
the middle of April last, and directly placed iheni
in a hot-bed for the purpose of sprouting; in the
course of 12 or 14 days a part of them were sufli-
ciently forward to be placed in the hill, the re-
mainder were permitted to remain a week or ten
days longer, before tlie sprouts were sufficiently
grown to be removed. The place I selected for
I planting them, was a light sandy loam, too dry and
barren for the ordinary purposes of cultivation.
After ploughing, I proceeded to constnict the
hills, mixing in each about one half a common-
sized wheel-barrow load of compost manure. The
hills were made with an elevation of from 12 lo
IS inches, with an average of something like three
feet across the base, and flattened at the top suffi-
ciently to admit the insertion of two slips from 8 to
10 inches apart. I prefer thi.^ method to the more
common one of inserting them into the south si<le
of the hill, as the tubers will more readily pene-
trate the body of the hill. I find, however they

uncovered any part of the tubers, or the fibrous
expansion of the roots, they should be carefully
earthed, if the vines should not be so much extend-
ed as to render the thing impracticable.

In planting these potatoes, they should be but
slightly covered, say from one to two inches, ac-
cording lo circumstances. If the weather should
be dry, they should be imbedded so deep as to be
surrounded by moist earth ; and shouUI the weath-
er continue dry for some days after removing the
slips from the hot-bed to the hills, care should be
taken to see that they do not become so dry as to
suspend vegetation ; as in that case an additional
covering of earth will become necessary.

Observing that the vine was apt to take root
where the joint came into contiguity with the moist
earth, from whence small tubers were grown, I
thought to take advantage of this circumstance, by
forming other hills from the vine. I accordingly
put a handful of earth upon a few vines as soon
as they became of sufficient length ; and after the
roots had entered the hill a few inches. I made
two small hills and |)ut a couple of these in eacbj
and the vines directly shot forth in tolerable lux-
uriance. On opening the hills with a view of as-
certaining the result of my experiment, I found
tubers equal in size and goodness with those grown
directly from the slips, as the Committee will per-
ceive from the sample herewith presented. I in-
tend another season to ascertain if possible, what
advantage may be taken from this process under
more favorable circumstances, and my researches
I shall most likely make known to the Society at
their ne.xt annual meeting. My researches the
past seaosn have been somewhat limited from want
of experience ; but it has in my own estimation,
been sufficiently flattering to warrant another trial.
I obtained from 5 hills, selected as being the best
among 50, two bushels and a peck, of a size and
quality such as are herewith exhibited, which I
think but little if any inferior to those imported
from the south.

For the information of those who may hereafter
attempt raising this kind of Potatoes, without
previous experience, I would suggest the proprie-
ty of dividing the slips on removing them from
the hot bed, so that there shall not be more than
two sprouts attached and then place two of these
in a hill elevated about one foot from its base and
if the soil be sterile, let it be richly supplied with
well digested manure.

All which is respectfully submitted by, gentle-
men, yout most obedient servant,

SAMUEL DEANS.

Vol. X.— No. 14.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Ill

FRUIT TREES.

lale at (he Kenrick Nurseries, in
)N, near Boston, a most extensive as-

Knowlejge for the People.
This day puhlishcd by Lilly & Wait, and Carter &
Hendee, Knowledge for the People, or the Plain Why
sorlment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, V\^ms<\ and Beeause ; iixmWatizmg subjects of useful curiosity
Clierries, Apricots, Nectarines, Almonds, I g^j jmy^j^g ,.gsejrch.

Mulberries, Quinces, Raspberries, Gooseber-
ry and Currant bushes, Grape Vines of the best foreign
sorts, and 25 finest varieties of Strawberries, including
the most rare, produclivB and esteemed.

Also about 4i!0 varieties of the most hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, and superb hardy roses, including Silver
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Chesnuts,
Flowering Catalpas, Mountain Ash with beautiful clus-
ters ol red berries in aulunin and winter. Purple Acacia,
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Butternuts, Ailan-
thus or tree of Heaven, Elms, American and Scotch,
Sugar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree, Honeysuckles. Many <f the above sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
commons.

White Mulberries, genuine sort for silk worms,
by the 100 or 1000 for Pl.intations.

Isabella and Catawb.\ Grape Vines, either singly
OT at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.

China Roses, Chinese CHRYSANTHEMnMS, Ge-

RANFUMS, §-C. ^C.

Written orders addressed either to John or William
Kenrick, Newton, are regularly received by the
daily niail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient be left wit'.i J. B. Russell, at the
New England Farmer office, where also, catalogues may
be o!)tnined gi-atis on application. But purchasers are in-
vited when convenient to call and examine the trees, 4*c,
lor themselves, and make their own selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their or-
ders, relying that the very best possible selection will be,
made for them. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and mats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transportation. cptDl Oct. 19.

Part I —Domestic Science ; containing upwards of 100 i
facts in Social Economy.

Part II — Will consist of Zoology : Quadrupeds: illus-
trating their habits and peculiarities.

Fait III. — Origins and Antiquities.

Part IV.— Zoology ; Birds.

Part V. — Popular Chemistry.

Part VI. — Sports, Pastimes, and Superstitions.

Part VII. — Mechanics.

Part VIII.— Zoology : Amphibia, Insects, Reptiles
and Worms.

Each Part to consist of 72 pages, to be continued
monthly ; price 12.J cents each.

To be followed by Man, which will occupy a distinct
part. Phenomena of the Weather. Botany. Surface
and Interior of the Earth. Discoveries aud Inventions.
Arts and ManuCictures. Phenomena of Light, Heat,
Sound, Electricity, and Magnetism.

Sold throughout the United States by all Agents for
Library of Entertaining Knowledge. Oct. 12.

Jewelry, ffatckes and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplred with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Crrtlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, 4-c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be pur-chased in the
cily. O' Watches repair-ed and warranted.

Oct 4. tf

Black Currant JJ'ine.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 Sr
52 North Market Street, Boston-

A furlher supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
lies in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol. 5, page 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffi.r. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer complaints. Duct. Coffin states :
' Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the earlv stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
."ynrptoms of inflamm^ilion or febrile excitement hai
ceased It has been strikingly remedial in the low states
of typhoid and bilious fever. The lale Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Batavia trade, and
who had always s'utfered an a(tack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human life in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage. Iris mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two slopped its progr-ess. We have not room to enu-
merate m.rny other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In soi-e throat it has for iiany years
been considered almost a specific remedy.— Price 75 cts.
per bottle. Aug. 3.

Prime Jointer Wheal.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, No. SOJ
North -Market Street—

A few bushels of the celebrated Black Sea Winter
Wheat, descr'ibed by Mr Marvin, in this week's New
England Farmer, and raised by him near Lake Erie;
price $3 per bushel. It is thortght this will prove a
valuable acquisition to New Errgland ; the seed is of re-
markably fine appearance, wholly free from small grain
or mixtur-e with other seeds, and we think cannot fail to
give satisfaction. Farmers are requested to call and ex
amine it. Oct. 19.

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehrjuse, No. 52
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, 6( vigorous growth, and prom-
ising appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size are from 18 to
24 inches iir length, the whole plant; price $10 per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to IS inches in length,
price $5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
J wanted, for transportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

Economical Oils.
SAMUEL DOWNER has for sale at his Oil Factory,
at the head of Foster's wharf, (in the building lately oc
cupied by John Trull, as i Distillery,) the following oils :
Imitation Winter Sperm Oil, ni«de etpresslt/ and only
for the Argand or Circular IVick Lamp, burns well, is
free from crust, and will stand the cold as well, or better,
than winter strained sperra.

Imitation Summer Oil, burns well in any Lamp, and
quite fre« from crusting,
n Double Refined Whale Oil, also burns well in any
Lamp.

N. B. The above mentioned Oils will not in any man-
ner injure Lamps, and should they not, on trial, give
I satisfaction, will be taken back and money rttlurnad.
Also for sale, — Olive Oil, 1st and 2d quality. Neats
Foot, do. do. Gas Oil, (so called) prepared from Alcohol
and Spirits Turpentine. Single refined Whale Oil ;
Common, do. do. ; and Foots, suitable for Vesaels' Bot-
tom!, or Soap Grease. It Oct. 19.

Grape Fines.

For sale by the Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Altheas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, 1

Oval Ptrrple, 1

Round Black, 12 to 4 years old — have borne fruit

White Muscadine, f the present year.

White Chasselas, ]

Constanlia. J

Black and while Moseatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
S6 lbs.

Barcebna, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Polomino, ■! p red for me by the Consul at

Mantau Castal- ! ■'

lana,

' Y Cadiz, and said to be the most val-
.^ p . { uable Grapes produced in Spain,

Claren<e, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabelb, "1

Cataivoa, > Native.

Bland J ■

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will b» pro i ptly
executel, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 74 Congress street.

Oct. <• 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

Farm Jfanied.
Wanted to purchase, or hire, a good Farm within
Mven miles, south or west of Boston, containing forty
to eighty acres of land, with genteel dwelling house,
good barn, &c. Apply to J. B. Russell, Farurer otTice,
fioaton— if by letter, post paid. tf Oct. 19.

(jy^ Ammunition

Of toe iesl quality ar.rt lui/'est prices, for sporting —
constaitlv for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6; Broad Street.

Ji. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be retur[ed,and the money will be refunded tf Jan.

European Leeches.
The sibscriber has made such arrangements abrcarl
as to enrble him to be constantly supplied with the goal-
uine tndical Leech. All or-ders will receive promptal
tention EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-it., Apothecary.
August 3. eoptf

Bulbous Floivcr Roots.

For ssle by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market
Street, Duton—

A few Double Crimson Pseony Roots — 50 cents eaeh.
Large »nite Lily Roots, extra size, 12^ cents each — $1,00
per dozgi. Hyacinths, Tulips, Narcissus, Iris, ^c.

JVeu England Farmer's Almanac for 1832.
Just piblished by J, B. Russell, at the office of tb«
New Euiland Farmer, 52, North Market Street, an^
Carter, Hendee & Babcoik, Washington Street, the
New Brgland Farmer's Almanac, for 1S32, by T. G
Fesbejcen, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
AstroDimical calculations by Robebt T. Paini, Etq.

Brighton JVursery.

The Messrs Winships are now ready to execute or-
ders for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamen'-.l Trees, Shrubs, &c,
Isabella and other Grape Vines, among which ai-e the
Black Cape, 2 and 3 year-s old; Shepardia tress,
strong and healthy plants, 2 feet high, at the reduced
price ol 50 cis. each, sure to do well, with common cul-
ture, being remar-kable for their hardiness and beauty.

Any order-s left with our Agent, J. B. Russell, Pub-
lisher of the New England Farmer, will be promptly at-
tended to. tf Oct. 12,

Brighton Markkt — Monday, Oct. 17.

fllmirltii f<" theChrorricloandratiiot.J

At Market this day 1071 Beef Cattle, 1653 Stores,
3730 Sheep, and 319S Swine. A few Stores, aborrt 200
Sheep and 1305 Swine were reported last week.

Pricks. — Beef Caltte — Sales brisk and quile as good
prices as last week were obtained; a few yoke extra
were sold at about ^5 25, pi'iiue 4 75 a 5, good at 4 25 a 4
50, and thin at 2 75 a 3 75.

Barrelling Caltte. — The barrellei'S appear disposed to
pav a trifle more ; we quote for No. 2, 2 50, a 2 75 ; No.
1, 3 a 5 25 ; Mess 3 50 a 3 75.

Working Oj.f»i— Sales were effected at 50. 57, 60 62
68, 75, 80 and §8.5.

Stores — Sales of a large number were effected and
many more will probably be sold tomorrow.

Cows and Cahes — We noticed sales at $16, 17, 204
24, 28, 30 ami 32.

Sheep — Lots of store Sheep wer-e taken at 1 25 a 1 50 ;
lots to lie slaughtered at ,f 1 73, 2, 2 12*, 2 25, 2 33, 2 SO
and 2 75. Some wethers at about 3, and a tew extra at
$5 each.

Swine — Considerable doing; one entire lot of S50
Shoats, half Barrows, were taken at 4c. ; also one lot of
115 not half Barrows at 3Jc. ; also one »ntire lot of 120,
half Barrows, at 44; one selected lot of SO, halt Barrows,
at 4.4; two lots of old Barrows of about 20 each, at 4jc.
Retail price, 4.4 a 44 for Sows, 5i a 54 for Bir-rows.

JVew Vork Cattle Market, Oct. 14.— At market this
week, 900 head of Beef Cattle, which, on account of bad
weather, although not as good a supply as last week*f,
ware rather dull sale ; we however ilo not alter quota-
tions, as la«t «-eek"s prices were fully sustained, $'4 a
6 75. Sheep and Lambs— there were about 3000 in, and
notwithstanding the weather, sold quick at old prices :
Sheep 2 a |;5 ; Lambs 2 a 3. Fat Hogs— market weH
supplied, and sales brisk at .§4 ; Cows arrd Calves are in
demand, and .sell quick at good prices. — Daily Adv.

(CPln the New York market only the qrrarteri oi
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being incll-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

' Harvest Home' in E.ngland. — The Englisb
papers speak highly of the cio|)s in that country.
Harvest had commenced unusually early, eropt
abundaut, aud tire weather favorablo for securing
them.

112

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Oct. 19, 1831.

MISCELIiAIVY

The following extracts are from a small pamphlet lately repub-
lisbed by Lilly 4- Wait, and Carter J- llendee, entitled »
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE, .

WHY AND BECAUSE.

ffhy is lime most generally contained in natural
waters '?

Because there are few springs which, during
some part of their subterranean counse, do not come
in contact with calcareous eartli, and there is no
substance which appears so readily soluble in a
variety of menstrua. The presence of lime uncoin-
bined in any natural waters, is, however, conjec-
tural.

Jf'hy are ice and snow ^caters of superior purity ?
Because they contain no gas or air, or saline sub-
stances, such having been expelled during freezing.
fVhy is the Thames water of such extreme soft-
ness ?

Because, from observations at and helow London
bridge, as far up as Kew and O.vford, it is supposed
that the waters seldom change, being probably car-
ried up and down with the turn of the tides for an
indefinite period of time.

Il'hy are the objections to Thames water removed
hy filtration i

Because its impurities have no influence in per-
manently altering the quality of the water, which is
good ; and, as they are only suspended, mere rest,
especially such as is given hy filtration, will restore
the water to its original purity.

Ji'hy are leaden cisterns unsafe for holding water
for culinary purposes ?

Because, if the water has stood in them for
several days undisturbed, a small coating of white
rust may be seen at the up[)er edge of the water.
On every fresh addition of water this rust is wash-
ed off; and, if there be the slightest degree of
acidity in the vessel, the rust of lead will be dissolv-
ed in the water, ami thus an insidious poison will
be conveyed into the stomach. This rust, or oxide,
as it is chemically called, is pioiluced by the lead
combining with the oxygen of tlie water.
If'hy is ice broken before it is stored in tvells ?
Because it may reunite m the interior ; in a long
frost it diminishes considerably in bulk, as it
forms itself into a compact mass, by freezing in the
well.

ff'hy should ice be taken from the sides of the tvell,
and the centre left till the last ?

Because, if the ice is first taken from the mid-
dle you disturb the body, and the air thus intro-
duceil will destroy more than you consume.
Jf'hy does tvaler boil in a vessel on the fire ?
Because the parts of the liquid next the fire get
heated, and rise up through the colder parts which
are heavier ; and this is found to be the principal
manner of communicating heat to all parts of a
liquid : for, if the heat is applied at the top, it can
only with great difficulty be conducted through the
liqiiid either sideways or downwards ; but when
apjdied below, the parts, as they are heated, be-
come enlarged and lighter ; they rise to the toj), and
heal the others in their progress, while those oihcrs,
beino- still somewhat heavier, sink down, and are
heateil fully in their turn. By degree.*, the whole
liquid gets so hot that the parts next the bottom
are converted into steam or vapor, which rises
through the rest of the liquid in bubbles to the
top, and there flies offtill the whole liquid is evapo-
rated.

ff'hy should the bottom of a tea-kettle he black, and
the top polished ?

Because the bottom has to absorb beat, which
is aided by rough and blackened surfaces ; and the
top has to retain heat, which is insured by polish-
ed ones.

Jfliy is meat preserved by drying ?

Because all bodies, to ferment, must be more or
less moist. Thus, a piece of meat, with all its na-
tural juices, will soon putrefy ; whereas bodies com-
pletely dry cannot be made to undergo any kind of
fermentation.

If'hy is habitual drinking especially fatal to the in-
terests of cooks"?

Because nothing so soon destroys the palate or
taste, which is necessary even for the most ex-
perienced cook^, to ascertain the flavor and sea-
soning of their soups, sauces, &c.

H'hy (Iocs charcoal prevent meat, Sfc, becoming
tainted ?

Because it absorbs the different gases of putre-
faction, and condenses tliem in its pores, without
any alteration of their prni)erties or its own.

H'hy is baking of all modes the least advantageous
of cookery ?

Because meat tlius dressed loses about cue third
of its weight, and the nourishing juices are then,
in great measure, dried "p. Beef in boiling loses
26 lbs. in 100 lbs. ; in roasting it loses nearly one
third.

If'hy is beer believed to tie of the same antiqiily with
wine ?

Because the word beer seems to be of Hebrew
origin : thus, the Hebrew for com, with a very
slight modification, .sounds like lire in sabri, other.
The Hebrew language modified itself into the
Phoenician, and that again into the S.ixon ; accord-
ingly the Saxon bipe, barley, resembles its Hebrew
parent : hence we have the English beer, the French
biere, and the Italian birra. The Saxon itord has
been retained in English ; for there is a kind of
barley called here, or bigge. Tho Englidi word
beer was, a few centuries ago, spelt here ; ind beer
has at all times been made from barley ; hips are
a modern improvement. We may thereforeincline
to believe, that the etymology of the word mt only
proves the remote antiquity of tlic bevcrajc, but
traces the invention to the family of Noah.

Jf hy is the month of October an unft timefo- brov-
ing, although famous for the manufacture of l^glish
beer ?

Because in October river water is generally
unfit for n.se, it being then loaded with vegeablo
decompositions and living aniinalculte, neither of
which are favorable to the fermentation.

Jf'hy does the water of stagnant ponds prodife better
beer than that of the finest springs ?

Because, probably, of its softness, whilstjts im-
purities are separated in the course of the feiment-
ation. — JVeuman.

j\'ew England Farmer and Horticultural Journal.

This is a weekly paper devoted to agiiculture, gar-
dening, and rural economy ; edited by Tho.mas G. Fes-
sENDEiv, assisted by various agricultural wi'iters, and by
the observations of the best practical farmers in New
England. It is printed in a quarto foim, (paged) making
a volume of 416 pages annually, to which a title page
and index are furnished gratiit. This journal has been
puljlished for nine years ; dui'ing which time the most
assiduous exertions have been made by the Editor to
make it acceptable and useful to the farmer and iJie hor-
ticulturist. Fiom the incieasing number at;d respecta-
bility ot' its correspondents, and the means now at the
command of the Editor, the Publisher feels a confidence :
in recommending it to the favorable notice of the public,
as a journal with iegard to wliose future character they
will not bo disappointed. By a vote of the Board of Visi-
tors of the Botanic Garden ;'l Cambridge, the intelligent
Cui'ator of that estalilisbment has been requested to
make known, through tlie Now England Farmer, the
details and results of his espci iments in various horti-
cultural subjects — the choice of soil, and situation, with
regard to various planls. See ; — ;ind by a vote of the
Massachusetts Horticidlural Society, all communications
on horticultural subjects, addicssed lo lh.> I'ri-ident, are
to be published regularly in the New Eii^l.uid Farmer,
so that this journal will contain the complcle Transac-
tions of the Society.

By concentrating all these advantages, it is thought
that the volumes of the New England Farmer will con-
tain so large a collection of useful lads and experiments
connected with agriculture and its kindled branches of
gardening, orcharding, &.c, as to be found worthy a
place in llie Library of every farmer. A weekly report
of the sales of the cattle at liiigblon — the state of the
markets, crnps^ &c — and occ:'sionally drawings of agri-
cultural irTiploments, &c, will be found in this journal.

The New England Farmer is piililishcd every Wednes-
day evening at the low price of $3 00 per annum, fiom
which a discount of 50 cents is made to those who pay
in advance. It will not be sent to new subscribers at a
distance without payment being made in advance.

[nirGentlemen who procure five subscribers, and for-
ward the payment for the same, will be allowed a sixth
copy gratis. New subsciibei-s can be furnished with the
buck numbers of tlie current volume.

(O'Editors with whom we exchange, who may feci
disposed to pive this one or two insertions, will confer a
favor that will be reciprocatcil with pleasure on any oc-
casion.

JVotice.
The subscriber wishes to procure a small quantity,
say half a pint, of acorns from each species of oak grow-
ing in New England, with the specific, or where not
known, the cdmmon name. It is desirable that they
should be sent in by the 1st of November, with the con-
tribulor's name, as they are lo be forwarded lo the Lon-
don Horticultural Society. Any rensonable expense with
regard to the above will be cheerfully paid.

4t J. B. RUSSELL.

Binding.

Subscribeis to the New England Farmer are informed

dial they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at tbo

Farmer office. Auo-, 3.

Father and Son-in-law. — ' Be easy,' said a rich
invalid to his son-in-law, who was every htur per-
plexing him with complaints of his wife's mi;behav-
iour, 'Be easy, I say ; as her behaviour is ;o very
blameable, I will alter my will, and cut her of with.a
shilling.' The old man heard no more of his laugh-
ter's failings.

Silver Mines. — It is reported that valuable silver
ore has been, within a few days, discovered ii great
quantities in the county of Schoharie. — MbavAj pap.

Silver ore has lately been obtained from a \ein at
Lubec, Me. which is said to yield 140 ouncesto the
ton.

Published, evrry Wednesday Eieiiin'^, at ^3 per annum,
payable at the end of ihe year— but those who pay withiil
sixty days from tlie lime of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction otTifty cents.

O' No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. 15. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultur.il Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

New York — G.Thof.bukn it .Sons.G? L;!iLTiy-slreet
Allmny—ViK. Thoububn , ."517 Markel-slrccl.
PliUuddphia-M.Si. C LANnkKTii.i:o Ch. -mui-sireel.
Baliimore—G. B.Smith, Editor of ihe Am.'riean Farmer.
Ci7icinimli—S. C. P.vukhurst, 23 I.ourr JIarkei-slreel.
FluMng. N. Y. W ji . Pri.vck & Sons, I'rop. Liti. liol. Garden
Middleiurii, Vl. — Wight Chapman.
//art/orrf— Gooi)wi.\ & Co. Bciokscllers.
Springfield, Ms. — K. Euwahds. ,
Neicburyport, Euknk7kr Stkuma.v, Ronksoller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Fostkb, Hookspller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Aus^ista , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder oflico
MontieaLh, C. — Henrv Hillock,

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDJVESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 26, 1831.

NO. 15.

© ® ai ai w sr a >sii a a © sr Qa

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ICE HOUSES.

Mr Fessknden
difficulty in keeping ice through the suniiiier ; —
having tried lor several years, but cannot Ivcep it
longer, than from llie middle of Jidy to tlie 1st
of August. My ice house is huilt on a gravelly
knoll and the soil in the vicinity is of a gravelly
loam — the worst kind I apprehend, in which lo
locate an ice house. It is lined on the out side
with clay and is covered with a shingled roof.
The ice put into it lias generally been of a good
thickness and put in at a proper time. Why I

cold. Even air, which

IS capable of motion, and , the ico chamber and the bank with clean drvs-nw
can have commumcatmn with the earth or aln.o.s-; closely pressed ; this being done early will pre-
phere must bo excluded from ice ; for though air [ vent the earth from freezing, which vvouM be iniu
IS not a conductor Jt is a carrier of heat. It will ' rious to the sides of ihe pit. The ice should be
, , -11 ''"^^'"'P '""■'"'■'^=' "*" '"^"t' ■''•y ''■"'" 'I'e earth, or >collerte<l ill the coldest weather- let it bppv,.nc„,l

I have experienced much from water, or from anything else which is above ' at least one night to the atlspliore after it Ire
Its own temperature, and cany and deliver them to j moved from the water, which will reduce its tern
ice, or anything which is below its own tempera- porature many degree.., if the weather is
ture.

J[r Thomas Moore, of Montgomery County,
Maryland, has written a treatise on this suliject
which gives the following directions for construct-
ing an ice house.

The most favorable situation is a north hill side,
near the top. On such a site open a pit twelve
f(;et square at top, ten at bottom, and eight or nine

have had no better success m preserving ice, 1 ! feet deep. Logs may be laid round the top at tne
cannot tell, except it be the general character of- l,ci;inning, and the eawh dug out raised behind
the soil around it, which, as I observed, is gravMij. t|,e,„, s,, as to make a part of the pit. A drain
As this IS the season to build or repair i'-e . should be made at one corner ; the spout to carry
houses for the approaching winter, I wish to in- | ..j,- ,„e water should descend from the nit, except
quire, through the medium of your paper, of i ^ ,l,„rt space at the outward extremity, which
those that are conversant with the subject and have ou„i,t ,„ rise with a curve, so that the depressed
had good success in keeping ice—What are the !,„ ^..ji, „Kv„yg „^„d full of water, and prevent
ino.st approved methods of constructing ice houses, , communication with ex.ernalair. Dig holes in the
m general ? What is the best kind of soil in which i,oUo,i, of the pit, and set therein four perpendic-
[L"\ t c .'."V ,.l! 1"'!' A i.°"L.°' ''■.,. °''_" I "lar corner posts, and an intermediate one on each

siile ; let the inside of these posts form a square

wooden frame best for the body of the builJin^^
What size for a family of S or 10 persons.' Is
it best lo have them entirely covered with ejrtb,
or with a shingled roof? Should it be nearly
airtight, during the warm weather, or should tliere
be a free circulation of air over the ice .' What
would be the effect of lining ice houses on the
inside with powdered charcoal or coal dust?

An answer to any or all of these queries and
any general remarks upon the subject of construci-
ing ice houses and preserving ice, from any of
your numerous correspondents would much bene-
fit a constant reader of your useful periodical,
from Franklin County, Mass. C.

By the Editor. — We should be happy to receive
niid publish information on the subject of the
above communication from any iiersons who have
a practical or theoretic knowle.dgo of this impor-
tant branch of economy. In the meantime we

of eight feet in the middle of the iiit. Then in

order to avoid dampness from below, cover the

bottom three or four inches with dry s.ind, if it

can conveniently be got. The next thing to be

done I consider as the most material, and also ex-
pensive part of the business ; which is fixing a

proper floor for the ice to rest on. In order to do

this, let tlinie iiv four sleepers, supporleil at tlieir

ends be placed across the square included by the

posts, their upf/cr edges about a foot from the bot-
tom, but so tluit the plank laid thereon may have

a descent of a few inches towards one of the sides

next the drain. The plank should be tVvo inches

thick, and about half seasoned, jointed, grooved

and tongued or lathed, and grooves cut near the

joints in the upper side so as to prevent any wiiter

from going through. The floor must extend a

litlle without the inner sides of the posts, so that

the water, dripping from the sides, may fall on the
will offer some remarks, which may be worthy ofi floor. Then fix a plank or spout at the lower end of
some attention, though not the result of personal j 'he floor, in sucli a manner as to convey the water
experieiife. | into the drain. The floor being completed, begin

The whole art of preserving ice consists in | "t tlie bottom, and plank up on the insides of the
guarding the ice house against tlie admission of po.<ts with, 3-4 or 5-8 planks lapping the lower chimney to convey away the' heated moist

- . - severe.

When put into the house, it should be beat small,
anil I think it would be useful frequenlly to sprin-
kle it with a watering pot whilst putting in, the
mass would by that means be rendered more com-
pact. When the chamber is filled, cover the
whole with a good thickness of straw ; but I sup-
pose it would be best to cover the ice first with
planks, supported by the sides of the chamber, only
leaving a door to descend through.

Such a hou.se as has been described, will con-
tain about ten tons, and 1 am persuaded will be
found sufficient to afTord an ample supply for al-
most any private fainily.

This is nearly ihe kind I hail in view when I
estim.ited the expense would not exceed twenty
dollars, and if ue calculated on a great part of the
work being done by the family, which in the
country in general it very well may, the actual
oiillay in many places need not be five dollars.
Those who are less sparing of expense, if they
choose, may wall, or what is better plank tqi the
sides of the pit, and finish the roof in a st) le of
elegance.

In level situyion?. where a drain cannot be con-
veniently dug^BSiTiom the bottom of the pit, 1
should suppose it would answer very well to in-
close the ice by a niouiid raised entirely above
the surface of the earth, through which the water
may be discharged ; in other respects to be simi-
lar to the foregoing description. This perhaps
would not be quite so cool a repository as if under
the surface of the earth ; unless the mound wag
very thick ; but I am persuaded that the loss of a
very few degrees of temperature bears very little
proporti(m to the ailvantage resulting from dry-
ness.

If it were certain that the floor .vonld be per-
fectly light, the passage of heat to the ire would
be rendered still more diflicult by confining a
qiianliiy of dry ashes, saw dust, straw, or some
other nonconductor between the floor and the bot-
tom of the pit.

Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia says ' A

heat. Ileat is excluded from ice in a well con- ' fii'gP of each a little on ihe one below, so that the
Etructed ice house, in the same manner, or by [ water may be kept on the insirle ; this <lone to the
attention to the same principles by which animate ifp of the post, (which should be even with the
bodies, vegetables, &,c, are guarded against frost, j 'op of the pit) and the inside will be completed.
The thing to be preserved, must in either i^ase be I except that it will be proper to cover the floor with
surrounded by substances through which heat | loose plank previous to putting in the ice. The
cannot pass. Those substances through which roof may be composed of any materials, and in

heat cannot pass, or through which it passes slow-
ly are called non-conductors. Such are wool, fur,
wood, (Sic. Substances, which transmit heat free-
ly, such as the metals are called conductors of heat.
The last mentioned, though heavy and apparently
solid, permit heat to pass through lliem, like water
through a riddle. If we wish to keep ice we
should proceed to fence against external heat,
in the same way that we would g-uard against

liny form that will defend the contents of the pit
from wet, from the direct rays of the sun, and also
admit a free circulation of air. I do not think
any could answer the purpose better than one
made of thatch, supported by posts a few feet
from the ground.

The mode of filling the bouse remains now to
be considered ; and on this much depenil

an essential requisite to all ice houses not much
used, and which are placed in unfavorable situa-
tions. It is the want of this chimney, which occa-
sions the disappointment of many persons, anxious
10 preserve ice in summer.

Loudon says {Encyclopedia of Gardening, [lage
.390,) Ice is kcjit on the continent in cellars, at a
greater or less depili from the surface according to
the climate. Tliese cellars are without window?,
surrounded by very thick walls, and enlereil by
louble and treble doors, sometimes placed in an-
gular or circuitous passages, and always with inter-
vals of several feet between them. Sometimes
precautions are taken to carry olTany water which
may arise fmm a p,irtial thaw by forming gutters

Early in the winter fill the interstices between'! across the floor and covering it with a grating- of

114

NEW ENGLAND FAllJMER,

Oct. '26, ISSl,

strong lattice work, leading tea cesr'-pool in the A g' S" J C «l 1 t II 1' a 1 .

passage, whence the water can he taken out hy - ■

utensils 'without opening the inner door; hut very | BRISTOL AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
freiincnily full confidence is had in the coolness ofi -pjje Comniittee appointed to examine and con-
the situation, especially if the suirounding-soil.be gjjer the claims for premiums for the BEST
dry. Where the surrounding soil is moist, a j CULTIVATED FARMS, ofler the following
frame work or cage of carpentry, grated at hot- 1 Report : —

torn, is constructed in the cellar, so as to be from j There was but one claimant, Henry Garb-
one to two feet apart from the floor, sides and roof,; ^-j-r^ E^q. of Sw.insey. On the 12th of July we
and in this the ice is as perfectly preserved as in examined his farm situated on Gardner's Neck,
a dry soil. Ice is kept in the cellars of confec- ; go called, lying between Cole's and Lee's rivers
tioners, and also by some of the market gardeners, I all,,, It two miles west in an air line from Fall
in houses with a very thick covering of straw or River, having a full view of that village and the
reeds. parts adjacent. The farm consists of 40 acres,

of which 10 are mowing, 12 pasturage, 2J- or-
charding, and the remaining 15^ tillage, includ-
ing the buildings and appropriate yards. The
farm is divided into small lots, nearly square, of
three or four acres each, hy strong stone walls,
five feet in height on every side, except those
lots winch bound on the rivers. The public road
running a southerly course on the height of land,
divides the farm nearly in the centre, and a pri-
vate road, part of which is walled on both sides,
divides it into north and south compartments,
having the lots on each side, which circumstance
gives an easy access to any part of it. The soil
is alluvial wiih a good proportion of sand and
loam. About 300 loads of manure made of sea-
weed, besides fish and other matters from the sta-
bles are used on the farm annually.

Tlie anmial produce of the farm is about 15
tons of English hay, 100 bushels of Indian corn,
100 bushels of rye, 700 bushels of onions, 800
bushels of potatoes, 500 bushels of turnips, and
(■ider, apples, pears, ])eaches and culinary vege-
lablns in abundance lor family use. The stock
consists of 4 oxen, 2 cows, 4 young creatures, 1
horse, 20 sheep and 6 hogs. Four oxen are
fatted yearly on grass, tinnipa and potatoes, pro-
ducing about 4000 |)Ounds of beef. The 6 hogs
aie falti.d on meal, one third of rye and two thirds
of Indian corn. This mode of fattening swini-,
Mr Gardni r thinks is the best, the rye having a
tendency to keep the l)ovvels in a pood state. —

To keep ice in stacks or heaps jn the open air
an elevated circular platform (a) is raised of earth ;
on this the ice is piled up in a conic form during a
severe frost, and the addition of water enables the
builder to form the cone very steep. On this cone
wheat straw is laid a foot in thickness, (b) over
this a stratum of fagot wood or spray (c) and
finally another thick stratum of thatch or long lit-
ter of any sort (d). In this way ice will keep a
year, care being taken to expose it to the air as
short lime as possible in obtaining supplies.

The form of ice houses, commonly adopted at
country seats, both in hritaiu and France is gener-
ally that of an inverted cone, or rather lien's egg
with the broad end uppermost.

The proj)er situation for an ice house is that of
a dry spot of ground, as wherever there is moist-
ure the ice will he liable to dissolve ; of course in

all strong soils, which retain tho wet, too much j xhe six" swine usually produce 1800 pounds of
care cannot he taken to make drains all lound the j .,ork.

house to cany ofl' moisture. The situation should | Mr Gardner has no particular mode of raising
likewise be elevated, that there may be ilcscent ^.0^11, but manures his L'round designed for that
enough to convey oft" any wot that may arise near nrlicle very highly. As to rye he observes some
it, or from the ice melting. rotation of crojis. lie plants his potatoes early
in the Spring, gathers them in the last of August

Mammoth produclions. — A gentleman, presented , or first of Septendier ; then immediately ploughs
us, on JMonday last, with a jiair of Mammoth Ra- and sows the groiuni with rye. In July follow-
rlishes, which grew upon the premises of Mr John ing the rye is reaped and the stubble turned in
CocKELL, of O-xford township, in this county. One with the plough and turnip seed was sown on the
of which vveighs^^i'e ;joitnrfs an J a jiiar/e?-, and the top. In this manner, remembering always to
other_/bur ;)0!»i(/s niirf n quarter. A small family ; keep the land highly manured,. he raises about
might subsist on them for a month or two. Fur thirty bushels of rye to the acre, anil from 200
ourselves we can say, that Chester county cannot to 300 bushels of turnips from the same acre and
beat Mr Cuckell's radishes. — Germantoicn jTc/- 1 in the same year.

egraph. I The orchard consists of good fruit trees, which

are large, thrifty, well pruned, and so near to-

Produdive Squash Vine. — Wc are informe<l that getber as to shade the ground in such a manner
Solon Whiting, Esq. of Lancaster, Mass. raised 1 as that few weeds would grow. In fact such is

The amount of yearly produce, exclusive of sup-
I)orting the fanuly, is about 675 dollars, leaving
a yearly profit of 475 dollars beyond the expenses.
Your Committee were highly gratified with the
neatness, good cultivation and management of
this farm ; aiul although Mr Gardner had no
couipetitor, yet the Committee recommend a
premium often dollars and volume of the New
England Farmer.

Roland Green,

milttt.

KOLAND (jREEN, \

Alfred Baylies, \ Commili
Jacob Deane, J

this season 228 lbs. of crooked necked Squashes
from a single seed.

Large Potato. — A long red potato, raised the
present season, by A. Otis, Jr. of Barni^tahle,
weighed, after the dirt was washed off, three and
three quarters pounds, exclusive of three lateral
jirongs, broken off in digging.

the cultivation of this farm, that very few weed
were observed by the Committee. The barn is
24 by 56 feet and sufficiently high to hold thirty
tons of hay. Tlie barn yard is in front of the
barn, a southern exposure. Adjoining the barn
yard are the yard and sty for the swine.

The expenses of labor, &c, in cultivating his
farm are about two hundred dollars annually. —

From ttie Yeoman's GazeUe.

MIDDLESEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The Committee on Farms, Fruits and Forest
Trees, respectfully make the following
REPORT :
In the month of September last, they proceeded
to examine the several Farms, Orchards, &c,
duly entered for Premiums, which were as
hereafter mentioned.

FOREST TREES.
The only application for a premium for Forest
Trees, was made by Mr John B. Clarke, of Con-
cord, for his plantations of White Oaks. — His
Oaks rover somewhat more than an acre of ground ;
were sown broadcast, and harrowed in, part in
1827, and part in 1S29, but have not received that
attention, necessary to give them u vigorous
grovlh, being almost entirely covered with grass
and herbage.

The Comniittee commend the object of Mr
Clarke in this experiment, but do not think him
entitled to a. premium.

ORCHARDS.

1. The Orchard of Mr NEHEMtAH Hunt, Jr. of
Concord. This Orcliard contains about 120
trees; raised by himself, planted in 1819, grafted
at the ground in 1821, and set out in 1826, 1828,
1830 and 1831. The Trees are set in rows on«
and a half rods apart. There has been nothing
peculiar in the mode of cultivation. A little more
attention to the trimming and shaping the trees
your Committee think would ad.1 to their appear-
ance and value.

2. The Orchard of Mr James Edstis, of South
Reading, contains barely Trees enough, in different
l)arcels, to entitle him to a premium. .Some of
them look well but others evidently watit atten-
tion.

3. The Orchard of Mr Martin How, of Marl-
boro', covers about two acres of ground and con-
tains about 90 Trees; they were set in 1827, in
rows, 30 feet apart ; all engrafted in the nursery.
The trees have not obtained a very large growth,
hilt the Committee think, by a continuance of cul-
tivation and a little more attention to pruning and
shaping the tops, Mr How will make a very fin«
Orchard of it, in a few years.

4. The Orchard of .Mr Robert Chaffin, of
Acton. This Orchard covers two pieces of ground,
one contains about two acres, on which are 114
Trees, and the other three fourths of an acre, on
which are 34 Trees; the first were set in 1826,
and the last in 1828. The trees are in rows, one
and a half rods apart. Mr Chaffin's trees ar«
thrifty, but the formation of their tops is very indit
ferent; whether owing to the species of fruit, or 1
want of attention, the Committee are not abU
certainly to determine ; — they arc inclinefl, how-
ever, to think both these causes combined effeeJ I

"Vol. X. -No. 15.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

115

this result. The Coininittee were sorry to find
this defect, f.>r it was apparent Mr Chaffin Inid
spent considonible time in endeavoring lo improve
his Orchiu'd.

5. TIte Orchard of Mr Francis Richardson,
of Hillerica, contains 131 Trees, coverin;,' abonl
two atid a lialf acre.s of strong soil. The trees
were pngraflod in the nursery, and were set out
in 1825, in rows, two rods apart, at whicii time
they were very small. The ground has hcen cul-
tivated four years, at two different times, since
tliey were set. They are remarkably thrifty and
large, meas^uiing on an average perhaps tour inches
in diameter. They have been very ranch improv-
ed by pruning the present year, ai'.d the tops now
present a good form.

0. The Orchard of Mr Moses Sweetser, of
South Reading, contains 95 fine Trees, set two
rods apart and cover about two acres. They were
engrafteii in the nursery, and were set out in 1827.
All the trees hut nine are the Baldwin Apple. They
have been skilfully triujmed, and of course the tops
have a good formation. — They average about
three inches in diameter and areremari<a!ily thrifty.
This Orchard presents a good model for the farmer
to imitate, and we presume Mr Sweetser will
charge nothing for the;ja<en(.

The Committee have the pleasure to be able to
state that they have carefully examined each Or-
chard, they have before described, for the borer,
but have found none, except in the Orchards of
Messrs Sweetser and Enslis in South Reading,
and there but few.

The Committee remark, generally, that the
vast inii>ortance of constant cultivation, and of
forming the tops by pruning, do not seem to be
sufficiently appreciated. Tljese points require the
attention of every farmer, who is growing ap|
trees. — Trees shoidd always he set at least two
rods apart, in our opinion.

Upon a deliberate consideration of the claims of
the several applicants, the Comnuttee have unan-
imously agreed to award the 1st premium of $15
to Moses Sweetser, of South Reading; the 2nd
premium of $12 to Francis Richardson, of Eil-
ierica ; and not to award the 3d premium.

B. F. VARNUM, Chairman.

iLMids, but extensively and deeply l;inientcd and regret- ; Premiums reeominendeil and ordered to he paid if the
■d. I funds of Ike Hucieiy will permit.

' Voted, That the foregoing resolution of this Society j William Gault, garden, 1 00

e communicated to his widow and parents, in testimony j Richard Porter, on corn, 1 00

of our sincere sympathy with (hem, under this atilicting lienj. Gale, improvement on land, 2 00

**■ " * ■" "* -' ■ ■• 50

75

MERRIMACK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

At llie Annual Meeting of the Merrimack Ag-
ricultural Society, at Pembroke, on the 12th iiist.
the following gentlemen were chosen officers for
the en.suing year, viz.

RICHARD BRADLEY, of Concord, President.
Thomas D. Merrill, of Epsom, V. Presiilent.
Richard Greenough, of Canterbury, Treasurer.
James Wilson, Pembroke, Secretary.

Board of Directors — .losaph Low, Concord;
Hall Burgin, Mlcnslown ; Jona. Ayers, Canter-
bun/ ; James Blake, Cliichester : Page Eaton, Hen-
nilcer ; Reuben Johnson, Boscawcn.

From the record of proceedings we copy the
following :

On motion of Philip Carrigain, Esq.

' Voted, That the Society are deeply impressed with
the sudden and melancholy death of our late worthy
mcinher. Robert Ambrose.

* His spotless integrity, the amiableness of his disposi-
tion, and the active, liberal and useful viitues he dis-
played in the various relations of public and private life,
made hi'! person and character so much known, beloved
a»d respected, that his sudden demise was not only sorely
felt in the distressed circle of his immediate kindred and

bereavement.

On motion of Philip Carrioain, Esq.
' Voted, That the Society are deeply impressed with
the sudden death of cur late worthy member, Dr Eben-
kzer Lehned.

' Having once ably and acceptably sustained the ofFicc
of President of this Society, and since its organization
having been always a zealous, persevering, and scientific
promoter of its best interests, his loss will long be deplored
by the Society ; and from his skill as a Physician, urban-
ity of manners, and virtues asia citizen, by the communi-
ty at large.

' Voted, That this resolution of the Society be commu-
nicated to his widow and children, in testimony of our
condolence with them, under this afflicting dispensation.'
Tlie next annual Meeting and Cattle Show will
be held at Dunbarton.

premiums
■\wardcd by the Merrimack County Agricultural Society,

1831.
Olney Thompson, best farm, $10 and one vol. of New

England Farmer.
John Berry, next do. 8 and one vol. of New England

Farmer.
Peter Bartlett, ne.xl do. 6 and one vol. of New England

Farmer.
Nathan Ballard, jr. next do. 4 and one vol. of New Eng-
land Farmer.
Charles Hutchins, 2d best Garden, one vol. of New

England Farmer.
Joshua Lane, best corn, %l and one vol. New England

Farmer.
Thomas Ames, best rye, one vol. New England Farmer,
do. do. best wheat, $1 and one vol. of New Eng-
land Farmer.
John West, Improvement on grass land, f 1 and one vol.

of New England Farmer.
Charles Butters, best working oxen,
David .^mbrose, next do.
James Mann, next do.
.lohn Peverly, next do.
James Mann, next do.
James Mann, best pr. 3 year old steers,
.John Peveily,next do.
Benj. Simpson, best 2 year old,
James Mann, next do.
J.inies Mann, 4 best yearlings,
James JIann, best bull,
James Peverly, next do.
Daniel K. Foster, best bull calf,
Jo)in Peverly, next do.
Olnoy Thompson, best milch cow,
Charles Hutchins, next do.
Olney Thompson, next do.
James Mann, best two year old heifer,
James Peverly, next do.
Warren Story, best breeding mare and colt,
Mo'cs Chandler, next do.
Joseph Barnard, best Saxony Buck,
Stephen Sibley, next do.
Stephen Sibley, 10 best Saxony Ewes,
Joseph Barnard, 10 next do.
Benj. Simpson, best boar,
Aaron Wbittemore, best sow,

do. do 2 best pigs,

John Jarvis, best fulled cloth,
Richard Bradley, best carpeting,
Hiram Biown, next do.
Caleb Reynolds, best hearth rug.
Miss Ann Emery, best blankets,
John Held, best linen,
Benj. Whipple, next best,
Stephen Chase, best sewing silk,
Mrs Nancy Dudley, straw bonnet,
Mrs B. Emerson, best cotton and wool coverlet
Miss ,\sen;ith Mason, wool coverlet,
Miss Mary Kimball, counterpane,
Ruel Walker, calf skins,
Ezra Allen, Breakinu; up Plough,
Aaron Wbittemore, Butter,
James Ha^eltine, Ploughing,
Benj. Simpson, do.
John G. Simpson. Plouobman,
John C. Kimball, Teamster,

Miss Priscilla Morril, hearth rug,
Miss Eleanor Eastman, veil.
Miss Mary C. Stinson, do.
Mrs Sam'j Moore, lace cap,
Timo. Chandler, raw silk,
Stephen Chase, do.
Miss Al.nira Kemp, quilt,
James Wilson, c'der.

1 00
1 00

WHITE BEANS.

As this is a valuable production of the soil, and
the time of harvest is approaching, a few sugges-
tions as to the mode of harvesting, &c, may be of
some consequence to the farmer.

As the small white Bean is the most saleable, and
commands the best price in the market, care should
lie taken in harvesting that other kinds be not mix-
ed therewith. Care should also he taken to keep
the ripe separate from the unripe, as two bushels
which are ripe and clean are worth more than the
same quantity together with the addition of a bushel
of unripe mixed with them.

It might be well (in harvesting) to divide the
bushes or vines into three separate parcels. First
— select such as are fully ripe. Secondly —
those which are nearly ripe ; and the third, em-
bracing the remainder, together with the poorer
part of the two first qualities, which might bo sep-
arated in winnowing, and would he of some value
to the sheep. By observing this or some better
course, the farmer would find himself amply reward-
ed for the extra expense and trouble. — Augusta
Co ur.

Hogs. — We saw at M,r Edward Walker's estab-
lishment in this town, on Thursday a lot of nearly
ei'g/i(^ of the largest and fattest hogs we have ever
seen, weighing between three and four hundred
lbs. each. It was with great difficulty some of
them could move about. The srfuie gentleman,
we are told, killed a superior lot of hogs, about a
hundred, last spring. He has also, now, a fine lot
of about ninety store pigs. — Bunker Hill Aurora.

Hartford Agricultural Society. — A meeting of
this efficient Society is advertised to be licld this
day for the choice of officers, and to consider a
proposition for extending the benefits of the soci-
ety, so as to embrace the best productions of Hor-
ticulture, including Orchards of White Mulberry
and Fruit trees. Cotton and Woollen Manufac-
tures and all branches of the Mechanic arts.

4 00
3 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

1 00

2 00

1 00

3 00

2 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00
2 00

1 00

2 00

3 00
3 00
2 00

1 00

2 00
2 00
1 00
1 00
1 00
1 50
1 00
] 50

1 00

2 00

2 *"* tliat sever

3 00

1 00 I also, that in some instances death has been pro-
1 oolduced by ranch) bacon.

Turnips and Cabbages. — One of our subscribers
Isaac Wliitney, Esq. of Sherburne, has presented
us with some cabbage heads of his own growing
which measure 2 feet 10 inches in circumference
and weigh 14 pounds each, exclusively of the
loose, external leaves — and several large turnips,
one of which, measures 2 feet 7J inches in circum-
ference.— Boston Traveller.

Wool.— The Imiiorts of Wool into this city for
the two first quirters of 1831, are 1,116,751 lbs.
The Imports for the third quarter are estimated at
800,000. Totil Import for nine months, 1.916-
751 lbs. __^

The Journal des Conn.iissance Usuellcs stales
persons in France have been nearly

116

NEW ENGLAND FARiMER,

Oct. 2(3, 1831.

shell lime probalily can ; use doulilr; the quantity
— t of thia The expense, we are assiireil, is trifling',

LIME AND GREEN CROPS AS MANURE, ;^,,j^^l,,,,.g,, vvith the |.rice 'of stable manure, even
We were much gratified with n vi=it, on Tues- j ^yj,g,.g ^ (,„„ ijg jj^,]^ ^nd that the expense will be
day last, to Woodside farm, the residence of S. ^.^jj , ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ p^^p^
Canby, Jr. situated in this neighborhood, between
three and four miles from this boroucjh. We
spent about two hours in walking over the farm
and looUing at the arrangements. Tlie farm i^l-jn^g
between ISO and 190 acres, and under its present
course of improvement, (iromises, in a short lime,

the American Jo

rnal of Geology.

PRINCIPLE

OP

ACCLIMATING

PLANTS

course of hnprovement, protmses, m a snort tune, | Euphrates was doubtless the

to be one of the most productive, as It IS one of the; lu.^.iiii '" I <■ „„..,.•„,„(-,„:,„

, .p , . '<., , T,, „,.,„„,;„„ n,,.i., native region of all those fine and delicious liuits

most beautiful, in our btate. The extensive laim "

yard struck us as a model of utility and conven-

whicli enrich our orchards, and enter so largely
into the luxury of living. We thence derived all
the succulent and nutritious vegetables that go

ienoe — the capacity and general arrangement of the

out buildings, including the barn and sheds — the .-r i .if- „

, ' ,.*'.',. , .'^ , ,,i •,,, ,;ce.„. so far to support ife ; and even the farinaceoiis

mode of dividing the horses and cattle into difter- . ' >', ' . „„,„„i

, , % 1- 1 • II -.1 ..,„,„„ grains ai)|)ertain to the same region. 1 he cereal

out yards, each of which is suppled with water »"""""* i ^', ' . , i, . u .u

mil J.U.I. , ,• , • „, „:' i;„j ,„ „„,,;„„Iproductons began m that same valley to be the

by hor..ie power, which is also applied to getting '„„,.,,

out the grain, wheat, corn, &c — altogether con- ^'"" °'

stitutes the most complete farm-yard that we are
acquainted with, and well deserving the inspection
of farmers in this age of agricultural ini|)rovcment.
Mr Canby has directed his attention particularly
to the rearing of a dairy stock, for which the
character of his farm, which is finely watered,
and has abundant meadow land, furnishes peculiar
facilities. His slock is already coiisidrralde, and
among them we saw some remarkably fine animals
of the Teeswater or short horn Durham breed.
Albeit, being unskilled in flrjcks and herd.s, we
could not fail to notice ami admire the features
which distinguished this foreign species of the
milky tril)e from the native stock — the small head

Our corn, our fruit, our vegetables, our roots,
and oil, have all travelled with man from Mesopo-
tamia up to latitude 60°, and even farther, in fa-
vorable .situations. The cares of man have made
up for the want of climate, and his cultivation
atoned for this alienation from their native spot.
The Scandinavians of Europe, the Canadians of
North America, ami the Samoides of Asia, are
now enjoying plants which care and cultivation
have n.iiuralized in their bleak climes. Melons
and peaches, with iriany of the more tender plants
and fruits, once almost tropical, have reached the
45th degree of latitude in perfection, and arc found
even in .50°. Rice has travelled from the tropics

and neck, short horns, fine outlines, and magnifi- to 36°, and that of N. Carolina now proiniscs to be
cent udders, from whose beautiful source so many j better than that of more southern countries. The
of our comforts and luxuries flow. In the course grape has reached 50", and proiluces good wine
of our walk, Mr Cauby i.ointed out three fields, | and fruit in Hungary and Germany. The orange,

one of which was then covered with, a luxuriant
crop of clover hay, that had just been cut. He

emon, and sugar-cane, strictly tropical, grow well
n Florida, and up to Sli", in Louisiana, and the

stated that these fields, hail, in the course of two fruit of the former much larger and belter than
years, been broiigbt to the preseut flourishing thfft under the equator.

condilion, by the aid of lime and green manure
alone. As it occurred to us that a knowledge of
the method by which this effect is |)roduced, would
be useful to our farmers in tliose jiarls of th.-;
country wb^re stable manure is not to lie obtained.

Aminal plants grown for root?, and vegeta-
bles, and grain, go still farther north in ])ropor-
tion, than the trees an<l shrubs, because their whole
growth is matured in one summer ; and we know
that the development of vegetation is much

we here record tlie process adopted by him. In ; quicker when spring does open in countries far to
the autumn of 181S he selected these three fields, ! the north, than in the tropics. In Lapland and on
which were worn out and exhausted by previous I Hudson's Bay, the full leaf is unfolded in one or

cropping. After plnughing, thirty bushels of lime
were used to tlie acre, and the fields were sown
with rye. Late in the succeeding May, the rye
was ploughed in, thirty bushels of lime to the
acre again spread on the land, and two bushels of
corn sown broad cast. In the early part of Sep-
temlier the corn was rolled down with a heavy
roller and ploughed under, harrowed immediately
after ploughing, sown with wheat early in Octolier,
and harrowed in. The cro|i of wheat, after this

two weeks, when spring begins, althoug
quires six or eight weeks in the south. Nature
makes up in despatch for the want of length in
her seasons, and this enables us to cultivate the
annual plants very far to the north, in full perfec-
tion. The beans, pumpkins, potatoes, peas, cab-
bages, lettuce, celery, heels, turnips, and thousnnils
of others, seem to disregard climate, and grow in
any region or latitude where man plants and che-
rishes them. The fig is becoming common in

l)reparatiou, was nearly equal to that produced in ! France ; the banana, [lino-apple, and many other
the fidils prepared with stable mmure. One of j plants, have crossed the line of the tropics; and
these fields brought by this process from the low- ' tbousands of the plants valuable for food, clothing,
est ebb of steiiliiy, in the bric'f period of little ] a,„i medicine, and such as are cultivated for their
more than two years, was, within our own view, ; ijp^„ty^ f,.;,g,.aiice, or timber, are extending their
as we have observed, covered with a heavy crop c||,„ates^ and promise much comfort and resource
ef grass just cut, and the other two furnished j to man. Plants lately introduced, whose cultiva-
abundant pasture for all the stock of the farm ! i tion has not run through many ages or years, have
We should invite our agricultural friends in the acquired but little latitude in their growth, and
middle and lower parts of the state, where stable i show but little capacity to bear varioBs climates,
manure is not accessible to all, to iry this experi- ! because time has not yet habituated them to saoli
ment. Let a farmer set apart, for this purpose, : changes, and human cares have not imparted to
five or ten acres, if stone lime cannot be liad, j t|,em new habits and new powers.

From the riiilad-l|ihi;i Daily Chronicle.

HYACINTHS.

As among the amateurs of the Ilyaciulb, there
are many who are ignorant of the care which ia
necessary for the cultivation of this plant, wheth-
er in the open air, or in the parlor, it will no
doubt be acceptable to them to receive some in-
structions respecting the treatment necessary to
be |)ursued, in order to bring this beautiful flower
to perfection.

Of Hijacinths in the open air. — In this case the
flower requires a dry soil, more or less sandy, in
a bed which, during the winter is elevated a foot
or a foot and a lialf The bulbs should be placed
in the ground during the month of September or
October, at the depth of about five inches, and to
preserve them from the cold, shoubl be covered
with the leaves of trees three inches in thickness ;
this covering should he removed in March, and
replaced with a covering of old tan of the thick-
ness of an inch, to preserve the bulb from frost

After flowering, and when the leaves begin to
grow yellow, the bulbs should be raised and pre-
served in a dry airy place until the following
Septemberor October, when they should be again
planted.

On the cullivalion of the Hyacinth in Parlors. —
For tliis.|)iirp(ise China vases are to be preferred.
The common earthen flower pot may also be used;
but in this case the old are to be preferred to the
new, as the small fragmevts which so easily de-
tach themselves from the latter, are apt to injure
the roots. The earth should he light and sandy,
and the bulb buried in such a manner, that mere-
ly the point shall tippear above the surface. The
pot should then be planted in the open air, in
some sunny spot, to the depth of three inches ;
then they should be covered to the depth of three
inches with leaves, that they may be easily re-
moved in case of severe cold. In November they
should be removed to the house, and placed in a
sunny spot; they should be a little watered, but
so little, that the surface of the earth should bo
rather dry than moist ; the water to be contained
in a saucer, in which the i)ot should be placed. —
Those who are afraid of injuring the vases, by bu-
rying tbetn, should at least leave them in the open
air as long as possible, observing strictly what has
been said relative to the watering.

The best time to plant these bulbs is in Septem-
ber or October.

The Narcissus and Tulip require nearly tbo
same treatment.

To succeed in the cultivation of the double
Jonquile, it is necessary to plant thcin in jiots, after
they put out their roots and leaves in open air,
and then to remove them to some airy and sunny
place ; the pots in a sauier, which should be al-
ways full of water, as this flower requires great
humidity. The best time for planting the Jon-
quile is in August or September.

The frequent notices of the fine gooseberriea
grown in the garden of Isaac McKim, Esq. of thia
city, has caused numerous applications to us for the
mode pursued in their culture. The following
brief but comprehensive article, has been handed
to US by Mr McKim, and clearly describes the me-
thod pursued in the successful cultivation of his
gooseberries. There appears to be but one omis-
sion, and that was probably considir'd so palpably
necessary as not to retjuire special notice ; — that is,

Vol. X.— No. 15.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

117

the selection of tlie best kinds cf goosebeniLs for
cultivation, without which all modes of culture
must of course fail. — Jlnierican Farmer.

ioN THE PROPER CULTIVATION OF THE
I GOOSE RERRY.

ij When the plants are two years old take them up
^from tho nursery and trim off all the suckers, and
Slower branches, Icaviiis; only one stem with a few
|l)ranches at the top. Plant thetn in a rich light soil
lin .1 moist situation, and where they will be partially
Ishadod by branches of trees. In the autumn, cover
{tlie f^round around them with manure from the cow
lyard. The latter end of February thin out the
Ibranchcs very much, cutting them off close to the
istem, taking out all such as cross each oilier, but be
teure not to shorten the branche.«, for that causes
iStliem to throw out a great deal of wood and very
ilittle fruit. In the spring a quantity of young
suckers will come up round the stem, all these nuist
be cut off when green, as also any others that grow
in the middle of the bush, which must be kept open
BO as to admit the air freely. It is also a great
support to the bush to drive a stake into the ground
close to the stem, as keeping it steady causes the
fruit to be larger. Tliis treatment is to be con-
tinued annually, and the fruit instead of depreciat-
ing as is usual, will rather improve in size, as has
been proved by a ime planted 15 or 20 years ago.
The ground uuist be spadeil in the spring and kept
perfectly clear of weeds.

DOMESTIC WINE.
Sir — I am gratified to find that tho sample of
wine I sent you was approved by yourself and
friends — it was made as follows: The ripe grapes
were picked from the stems and crushed, then
measured, and the same quantity of water was
added. The mixture was suffered to ferment in a
cask, of w'hich the head wns taken out, for four
days. It was then strained, and to the juice
whicli was about 27 galls, was added 50 lbs. of
Muscovado sugar, which was well stirred to dis-
solve it. Tlie liquor was then put into a cask of
26 galls., which was kept constantly filled up to
the bung; when the violence of the fermentation
was over, the bung was put over the hole, but not
driven in ; some time afterwards it was stopped j
close, and so remained till the following March, ,
when it was fined with white of egirs, and one
gallon cogniac brandy was added. It was bottled
oil' when 10 months old.

I am .»ir, your ohd't. serv't.

A Groveland Farmer.

A Malay sailor being nt IMobjIe, some years since
is said to have addressed some Choctaw Indians in
his native tongue, that he held a long conversation
with them, and declared there was no difference in
language. — It is said in the Plymouth Memorial
that he belonged to brig Columbia, of Boston, the
captain of which belonged to Cape Cod and told
the story.

Count Leon and suite were lately at Erie, Pa. He
wishes to obtain 100,000 acres in a body, and has
had Rapp's settlement in view ; but it is doubtful
if he can find so much good land in a body there.

In 1786 the British Government paid the Land-
grave of Hesse £471,000 for Hessian soldiers lost
in the American war, at £30 a man : the number
of Hessian lost must therefore have been 15,700.

THE PLEASURES OF A CANTER.

Napoleon himself, whose resource under de-
pression of spirits, and incipient indisposition, was
to put iiimself on diet, and mount his horse for a
fast ride, would not have refused his assent to the
following description of the benefits and pleasures
of a canter. Ne.\t to this, in efficacy, as a cure
for the blues and vapors, for the host of imagi-
I nary diseases which are too oppressive for the
jioor hypochondriac to bear any longer, is — do not
I anticipate lis, kind reader, wc mean neither his
drowning, nor marrying, nor any such venturous
deed ; the first beluga mark of insanity, the latter
j of his malice preptnse to injure another's peace of
niind — our remedy we say is to toss the invalid
into a stage-coach ; and commend him to some
jfiiend in Pittsburg, St Louis, or Nashville, or any
i such decently remote part, so as to insure adequate
'jolting and attention to the safety ofneck and liinb,a
forced look abroad at scenes as they present them-
I selves, and some little efforts at civility, and a po-
' lite desire to please others, in order that the trav-
j eller may himself receive civility.

' A canter is the cure for every evil, and brings
' the mind back to itself sooner than all the lessons
; of Chrysippus and Crantor. It is the only process
I that, at the same time, calms your feelings, and
elevutes your spirits, banishes blue devils, and
I raises you to the society of " angels ever bright
and fair." It clears the mind ; it cheers the heart.
It is the best preparation for all enterprises, for it
puts a man in good humor both with the world
and himself; and whether you are going to make
a speech or scribble a scene — whether you are
aboutto conquerthe world or yourself — order your
horse. As you bound along, your wit will bright-
en, and your eloquence blaze, your courage grow
more adamantine, and your generous feelings burn
with a livelier flame. And when the exercise is
over, the e.\citement does not cease, as when it
grows from music, for your blood is up, and the
brilliancy of your eye is fed by your bubbling
[Uilses. Then, my young friend, take my advice
— rush into the world, and triumph will grow out
of your quick life, like Victory bounding from the
palm of Jove !' — Journal of Health.

BEES.

The following extract from a Communication
to the Bristol County Agricultural Society, shews
the manner in which the writer has succeeded in
excluding from his Hives insects so often destruc-
tive to T?e<>s.

'In the first place, I plant the posts of my bee-
house in troughs or gutters, filled with water to
prevent insects from getting into the hives, and
frequently strew fine salt at the moiilh of the
hives to prevent the worms from troubling the
bees. I have kept bees for four or five years,
and have never been troubled with any kind of
insects. ' Jacob Shepard, Norton.'

By the official census, just published at Wash-
ington, it appears that the whole luimber of in-
habitants in the United States is 12,856,407, of
which 10,526,368 are whites, 319,647 free color-
ed, and 2,010,572 slaves. By the census cf 1820,
there were 7,856,269 whites, 233,400 free color-
ed, and 1,531,436 slaves. The increase of whites
\ms therefore been 2,670, 099, or 34 per cent ; of
free colored 86,247, or 37 per cent ; and of slave,
479,136 or 31 percent. Total increase 3.218,276
or 32^ per cent.

RAIL ROADS.
Notice has been given tliat an apjdication will
ho made to the Legislature of Vermont, now in
session, for incorporating a company to make a
rail road between Bennington and Brattleboro'.
This is intended to be a continuation of, or connex-
ion with a projected rail road from Troy to Ben-
nington. Another application will he made to in-
corporate a company to build a rail road from
VVhilehall to Rutland. We hope to live long
enough to see these works completed ; and if we
do, wo shall see them connected (or in progress)
with the rail road from Boston to Lowell. The
distance, now travelled, through Lowell from Keeiie
to Boston, is but 84 miles, 4 miles farther than the
direct road through Groton and Concord. When
rail roads are made, it will, tijiougb Lowell, be short
of the present most direct route. We can then start
at 6 in the morning, do business 4 hours in Boston,
and reach home at 6 in the evening ! — Keene Sent.

The Travel from Albany— Rail Road Statistics
and Revenue — The number of passengers, arriv-
ing and departing from Albany daily, is not only
much greater than is generally supposed, but is in-
creasing in a ratio nearly incredible. Those com-
ing in and going out at a sing-le point will illustrate
this remark.

From the 10th to the 20th August, there were
1,986 1-2 [lassengers passed over the Mohawk and
Hudson rail road, or an average of 180 1-2 per
day.

From the 20th August to the 17tli September, 4
weeks, the aggregrate number of passengers on
that road was 9029 or an average, daily, of 322J.

This is a revenue equal to $58,766 25 per an-
num. The expenses of the road are estimated at
$40 per day, $14,600 per annum. Leaving a net
revenue on $44,166 25 or nearly 15 per cent per
annum, or $300,000, for a single track. The pas-
sengers by the canal and turnpike are estimated
to exceed the number now passing on the rail road ;
so that the actual number of passenger to and from
Albany in one direction, may be estimated at not
less than 600 per day.

The above returns, it will he perceived, do not
include any part of the season of the influx at thp
Springs. Including that season, with the Saratoga
rail road in operation (and that work is rapidly pro-
gressing), and with the general abandonment of
other modes of travel and transportation, which may
be expected when the rail road shall be conqjeted
from one city to the other ; and the number that
will pass ou the road will average 800 per d.iy.

The fact is not only a striking exhibit of the
number of persons arriving and departing from this
city, but of the great and increasing income of the
rail road company — JV. 1'. Am. Advocate.

Hudson and Mohaivk Railroad. — It was the
American and not the English locomotive, which
went up the day before yesterday in thirtyeight
minutes and returned in thirty three. ' Brother
Jonathan,' as yet, is decidedly in advance of ' John
Bull.' — 111). Argus.

Mr Jabez Reed, Wilton, N. Y. has raised from a
single, seed this season, 26 pumpkins iveighing 486
lbs. most of them fit fur use. There is a loud call
for them from the neighborhood of Windsor, Vt.
and Claremont, N. H. where they are at a loss how
to keep Thanksgiving, from dearth of pumpkins.— .
Patriot.

118

NEW ENGJLAIND FARMER,

Oct. 26, 183 1.

■BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCT. 26, 1831.

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.
Tliis Anniversary, we leani was celebrated
with more than usual display on tiie 20th inst.
Want of health i>revente<l onr attendance, (a cir-
cnin=tance wliicli we regretted extremely) and wo
must therefore depend on report and ' Reports'
for materials from which to faliricalo onr notice.

The Worcester Yeoman contains the only ac-
connt of this e.xhihition with which we have as
yet been favored. According to that paper the
collection of animals, as a whole, was not superior
to what it has been in some former years. There
was a falling off 'in fat Cattle, and other neat
stock, except working oxen and steers. These
improve in nnmber and appearance, and in excel-
lence of discipline from year to year ; and are
undonbtedly snperior to any exhibition of the kind
in the United States.

The mannfactured articles, especially those of
the household kind were apparently more numerous
and of a better quality than on any former occi-
sion, particularly the Carpeiings, Hearth Rugs,
Veils, and smaller articles.

The collection of people was thought to be
greater than on any former occasion. The exhi-
bition was distinguished by the presence of a num-
ber of eminent men, among whom were the lion.
D. Webster, A. M. Everett, E. E< erelt, J. Welles,
&c, who 'by their sentiments and compliments,
in speeches an<l toasts, contributed much to the
instruction and amusement of all uho were |ire-
scnt. Many of these attend, without doubt by
invitation from Gov. Lincoln, who is President of
the Agricultural Society, and always presides on
these occasions with promptness and ability, and
deserves their th;ud(s for bis successful exertions
in furthering and advancing its objects, not only
in the regularity and despatch of the business of
the day, but in his attention and hospitality to
guests, ollicers, committees &c, whom he entertain-
ed at his own bouse.'

The Adilress by Hon. Oliver Fiske was well
written, and interspersed with frequent passages of
wit and humor. We hope we may be able to pre-
sent it to our readers.

choice of a warm spot on a south border, they
are now transplanted by digging a hole sufficiently
large to receive the contents of each pot ; care be-
ing taken not to disturb the roots, but to preserve
the balls entire. They are planled in rows 4 feet
apart, and 2 feet in the rows, in the aliernate man-
ner or that which some gardeners term ' breaking
the lines'. If the nights should prove frosty. I
cover each tuft with a flower pot, and take it off
every morning, which prevents them frocn receiv
ing the least check. .At the latter end of the
month the pots are taken away, and the peas are
slicked, each tuft separately, and inclining a little
outwards at top to allow the plants plenty of mom
to spread. This method is quite applicable to all
dwarf growing peas, which will never be found
too thick : the air having a free circulation rognd
each tufl, they begin bearing nearer the ground
than those grown in the usual way and in parallel
lines, and I find them bear much bolter. Peas
are in general sown too thickly in the drills, and by
that means they are drawn up so weak that they
seldom produce any pods till arrived nt their full
growth, and then only near the top.

From the Isttothe lOtli of May I generally gath-
er my first dish of green peas ; and I find the above
nnmber of pots will supply a family, upon an
average, with three dishes of green peas per week,
till the first or second week in June.

The advantage of this metboil will, I think, be
obvious to yoiu- readers ; by it the plants receive no
check in the transplanting: whereas in the com-
mon practice of trjinspl.inling ihcy receive a severe
check, from which they do not recover in lessthan
a fortnight, and which of cour.<e may be consider-
ed a fi)rtnigbt lost at this season of the year, nor
indeed can it be expected that they will ever grow
so fine as when they receive no check. C. V. R.

Chichester, Ja7i. 1, 1831.

quired for six months, and being usually pnreh.ased
in small quantities will cost $-21, leaving a clear
saving by the use of coal of $16 .50 during a single
winter.

We have seen one of the above named stoves
at the store of Allen & Co. No. 72 State Sireet,
and are much pleased with the simplicity, ingenui-
ty and economy displayed in its construction. — Ed.
JV. E. Farmer.

Mftmmnlh Productions. — Mr Philip P. Spalding
of Chemsford, .Ms. has sent to the ofiice of the
New England Farmer n watermelon weighing 37
lbs. and Mr Nathaniel Smith of Ilopkinton, Mass.
a sunflower measuring 41 inches in circmnference ;
this last production was raised in St Lawrence Co.
N. Y. where much aitention is paiil to its culture
for the purpose of extracting oil from the seed. Pn
the field where this was gathered, one stalk wag
noticed which mcasurerl 11 feet in lieight mid 8J
inches in circumference at the ground. Snnllower
oil answers very well for lamps and is much pre-
ferred to any other.

From the Givrdouer'a Mogniine.

ON RAISING AS EAKLY CT.nP Or PF.AS, AS PRAC-
TISED IN A GAROr.N AT CHICHESTER.

Sir — Mr Main's letter in vol. vi. page 555 has
induced me to communicate my method for rais-
ing an early crop of peas, which I have practisijd
for the last twelve years with perfect success, and
which will I think, be foiuul on trial decidedly
superior both to Mr Main's mode, and to the old
cue of transplanting peas, .<j« well known to the
gardeners in the neighborhood of London. My
method is this :

In the first or second week in Novetnber, I se-
lect six dozen pots of the 16 size, and fill them
within 2 inches of the top with light rich mould.
I then sow all over the surface with the early
frame peas, but not so thick as to touch each other.
I make a little better than a i|')nrt sow the whole.
The pots arc then filled up with the same mould.
and placed in a cool frame or vinery, protected
frotn frost and mice. In the first week of JIarch
(in England) they will liealu.ute inches high and
the pots v.ell filled witli roots. Having made

ANTHRACITE STOVE.

In Poulson's .American Advertiser, favorable
mention is made of a cheap Coal Stove, one of
which was deposited by Mr Stcmhaner in the late
Exhibition ofthe Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.

This apparatus consists of a furnace or cylindir of
slieet iron wiih fire clay, a cast iron moveable cover,
a grate adapted to burning sinall or chesiiut coal :
Over the furnace may be placed, a large or small
kettle for boiling clothes, or for cookinp', or the cover
m.iy be put on, and it is then adapted to beating a
kettle, flat-irons, or may be used as a gridle for ba-
king cakes.

An elbow joint of pipe connects the furnace with
a sheet iron circular oven, through which the pro-
ducts of combustion pass, and from tiience are con-
veyed to the chimney with any required length of
pipe. — Some persons have objected to exposing the
meat to the products of combustion, but it is believ-
ed by competent judges that meat thus cooked is
better than when done or smothered in a close oven,
and experience coincides v.itli this opinion. The
oven being perpetually heated is always ready for
use, and is well adapted to warming the apnrtment.

One ton and a half of fine coal, costing .$4,50 will
last six months, using it 14 hours each day, or less
than three cents per day, or the fire may be kept
in it during the night by covering it with ashes, nt
very little additional expense. The price of the
stove, pipe, pans, cSic, is $6,50, and although de-
signed for tiie use of the indigent, is well worthy
the trial of all who study convenience and economy.

Not less than three cords of oak wood are re-

FRUITS EXHIBITED

At the Hall of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, Saturday, Oct. 22. 18:31.

By John Prince, Esq. Roxbury, Beurre do Roi
Pears, they deservedly hold a very high rank among
the choicest varieties.

By Mr Crafts, Napoleon Pears.

By Gen.Wingate, Portland, large Russet Secdlingr
Pears, a very fine fruit, although it had boon gather-
ed rather too long. (See his letter in the last N. E.
Fanner.) He also exhibited a handsome specimen
ofthe Monstrous Pippin, raised by Mr J. D. Robin-
son, Bath, Me.

By Mr J. F. Wingate, Bath, good St Michael
Pears, and a large fruit ofthe Purple Egg plant.

By Mr E. Vose, a basket, and one beautiful clus-
ter of Orange Ciuinces, by far the finest variety
cultivated in tins vicinity, with which wo are ac-
quainted— also the Portug.il Quince — also Black
Muscat, and another variety of Grapes of very good
quality.

By iMr D. Fo=dick, Pound Pears and a good speci-
men of Isibella Grape*.

By Dr Shurllefi", a sample of Pears, name unknown.

By Mr Manning, handsome Newtown Vergalien
Pears, 'said to be native, raised from seed at New-
town, L. Island, great bearer, keeps till Dec. finft
for baking and a middling good fruit for eating.'

By Mr Nathaniel Seaver, Roxbury, a branch con-
taining four clusters of good Catawba Grapes.

By Mr D. Griffith, Portland, a specimen of native
Pears, buttery, but without much flavor.

By Mr John Howland, Jr. New Bedford, Missouri
Grapes, they were thought to bo very good nativt
Grapes, but did not appear to good advantage on
account of having been too long confined in a closs
box ; some cuttings for distribution, would be very
acceptable. In behalf of the Committee,

E. M. RICHARDS.

New B iir.rd, lOlh mo. ITth, I83f.
Samuel Dowiver,

Respected Friend — Agreeably to my pro:iise,l
send herewith some Missouri Grapes, which I regret are
not in a betler comlition. As they are the first grown ia
this place, I have had so many las(«rs, that when I came
to picic them there wa-j not a perfect tiunch among ihem.
I do not consider them to be pel fectly ripe, owing, as I
suppose, to the situation of the vine ; it being trained
.igainst the east wnll of my garden, where it is deprived
of the morning sun. They liave however ripened bet-
ter than some Isaliella giapes, alon^ side of them.

The vine is of vitjornus growlli, and I tliiiili promisef '
to be as productive as the Isaliella. Should Ibey be con- i
sidered by the cunimittce on fruits, of the Hoiticullural
Society, to be worth cultivating, I will forward some
cuttings for distribution. Respcctfullv,

JOHN HOWLAND. Jr.

:,1. X.— No. 15.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

119

Splerdid Bulbous Roots.

.linl received al fie Asricultui-al Warehouse iind Seed
Smr.-, No. oOi Norlli Market-street, direct from Van
EejBi'i & Co. Harluin, Holland, a large assortment of
BuUioiH Flower RooH, coinprisiiig the finest varieties ol

1IY.\CINTHS— (doulile and single) dark blue, porce-
lain blue, red, rosy colored, pure while with yellow eye,
white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ; from
12i ets 10 $100 each

.TULIPS — splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,
12i.cts each $1 per dozen, (our importation of fine tu-
lip'i is very largd, aiil we are enabled to put some sorts
as a low as $S per 100— an object to those who wish to
form a superb tulip Ind.)

CROWN IMPERIALS — assorted, of the most splendid
colors, and showy flowers, large roots, 23 to 3S cts each,
(extra fine roots.)

JONQUiLLES— sweet scented, finest roots 12i cents
each.

POLY.iNTHUS N.VRCISSITS— fragiaut, white with
citron cups, extra ?ized roots, 25 cts each.

DOUBLE N.4RCISSUS— Iragrant, of all color.s, 124
cts each— per dozen, $1.

SPRING CROCUS— of all colors, 6^ cts each, -50 cts
per dozen-

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM— (a most singular
production, fruit bearing and medicinal) 12; cts each.

The aliove roots are from the same house Irom which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
havino- produced bells I inch and 8-lOths in diameter.

Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are nol purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and lor the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.

Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies 125 cts each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Liliis, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps Lilies, same pi ice. tf

Cobb's Trealise on Silk.

Just published, and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house and Seed Store, No 505 North Market street,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable Directions
for the Culture of Silk — In three parts — with colored on-
pravings. By .1. H. Cobb, A. M. Published by direc-
tion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Price 374
cents. Oct. 26.

Gardener wants a Situation,

A man who served a regular apprenticeship in the
garden of the Marquis of Waterford, Ireland, and can
produce the best of recommendations, would have no
objection to go into a family, this winter, to take care of
horses and other farmer's work, with which he is ac-
quainted. Apply at this Ofiice. ' Oct. 26.

Prime irinter IVheat.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, No. 50^
North .Market Street —

A few bushels of the celebrated Black Sea Winter
Wheat, described by Mr Marvin, in this week's New
England Farmer, and raised by him near Lake Erie;
price $3 per bushel. It is tboi^ght this will prove a
valuable acquisition to New England ; the seed is of re-
markably fine appearance, wholly free from small grain
or mixture with other seeds, and we think cannot fail to
give satisfaction. Farmers are requested to call and ex-
amine it. Oct. 19.

Ptar Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, of vigorou.s growth, and prom-
ising appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries— -the largest size are from IS to
2.1 inches in length, the whole plant; price $10 per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length,
price $-5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
as wanted, for tr.insportalion to any distance. Oct. 19.

Brighton JSfarsery.

The Messrs Winships are now ready to execute or-
ders for Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, kc,
Isabella and other Grape Vines, among which are the
Black Cape, 2 and 3 years old; Shepardia trees,
strong and healthj' plants, 2 feet high, at the reduced
price o( 50 cts. each, sure to do well, with common cul-
ture, being remarkable for their hardiness and beauty-

Any orders left with our Agent, J. B. Russell, Pub-
lisher of the New England Farmer, will be promptlv at-
tended to. tf Oct. 12.

HORTICULTURAL RKGISTER.

IPUBLISHED It. LO.-.OON.)

The Horticultural Register, and General Magazine oC.,
all Useful and Interesting Discoveries connected with
Natural History and Rural Subjects, is published mon'hiy
in London. Subscriptions receiveil by

MUNROE & FRANCIS,

Oct. 28. 127 Washington street.

FRUIT TREES.
For sale at the Kenrick Nurseries, in
Newton, near Boston, a most extensive as-
sortment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Almonds,
Mulberries, Quinces, Raspberries, Gooseber-
ry and Currant bushes, Grape Vines of the best loreign
sorts, and 25 finest vaiieties of Strawberries, including
the most rare, productive and esteemed.

AI-o about 4tt0 varieties of the most hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, and superb hardy roses, including Silver
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Chesnuts,
Flowering Catalpas, Mountain .\sh with beautiful clus-
ters ot red berries in autumn and \vintei-. Purple Acacia,
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Butternuts, Ailan-
thus or tree of Heaven, Elms, American and Scotch,
Sugar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree. Honeysuckles. Many t'f the above sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
commons.

White Mulberries, genuine sort for silk wovins,
by the 100 or 1000 for Pl.ntations.

Isabella and C.4.t.\wba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.

China Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Ge-
ra.sjeums, ^C. SfC.

Written orders addressed either to John or William
Kknrick, Newton, are regularly received by the
daily mail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient be left wit'i J. B. Russell, at the
New England^Farmer othce, where also, catalogues may
be obtained gratis on application. But purchasers are in-
vited when convenient to call and examine the trees, iVc,
lor themselves, and make their own selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their oi'-
deis, relying that the very best possible selection will be
made for them. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and mats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transportation. eplDl Oct. 19.

Economical Oils.

SAMUEL DOWNER has for sale at his Oil Factory,
at the head of Foster's wharf, (in the building lately oc
cupied by John Trull, as a Distillery,) the following oils :

Imitation Winter Sperm Oil, made expressly and only
for the Argand or Circular Wick Lamp, burns well, is
free from crust, and will stand the cold as well, or better,
than winter strained sperm.

Imitation Summer Oil, burns well in any Lamp, and
quite free from crusting.

Double Refined Whale Oil, also burns well in any
Lamp.

N. 15. The above mentioned Oils will not in any man-
ner injure Lamps, and should they not, on trial, give
satisfaction, will be taken back and money returned.

Also for sale,— Olive Oil, Island 2d quality. Neats
Foot, do. do. Gas Oil, (so called) prepared from Alcohol
and Spirits Turpentine. Single refined Whale Oil ;
Common, do. do. ; and Fools, suitable for Ves«e!s' Bot-
tomi, or Soap Grease. It Oct. 19.

Farm Ifunied.
Wanted to purchase, or hire, a good Farm within
^ven miles, south or west of Boston, containing forty
to eighty acres of land, with genteel dwelling house,
good barn, &c. Apply to J. B. Russell, Farmer office
Boston — if by leHer, post paid. tf Oct. 19.

f^(j^ Ammiin lion

01 the best cfuality ai.u n^ircst prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 Broad Street.

N. B. if the quality is not found sj'isfactory, it may
be returned, andthe money willbo rclunded It Jan.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroaJ
as to enable him to be constantly supplied With the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt al
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August 8. eoptf

Jewelry, ff'atches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 103 Washiiiglon Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, fl-c, S(C, which he will
dispose of at as low a rale as can be purchased in the
city. [13= Watches repaired and warranted.

Grape Vines.

For sale by the Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Giape Vines, Scotch (looseber-
ries, Altlieas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, "I

Oval purple, I

Round Black, 12 to 4 years old — have borne fruit

White Muscadine, | the present year.

^Vhite Chasselas, |

Constanlia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs.

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Polonuno, ^ p^^ured for me by the Consul at

Mantau Castal- I Cadiz,and said to be the most val-
"^""'n P uable Grapes produced in Spain.

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabella, "I

Catawba, >Nativc.

Bland, J

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be promptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 74 Congi'ess street.

Oct. 5. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

Bulbous Flower Roots.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No. 52 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few Double Crimson Poeony Roots — 50 cents ea»b.
Large white Lily Roots, extra size, 124 cents each — $1,00
per dozen. Hyacinths, Tulips. Narcissus. Iris, j'C.
jVcw England Farmer's Mmanac for 1832.

Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of tb«
New England Fanner, 52, North Market Street, ani
Carter, Hendee & Babcock, Washington Street, the
New England Farmer's Almanac, for 1S32, by T. G
FtssENDEN. Editor of the New England Farmer— the-
Astronomical calcvilalions by Robert T. Paim. Esq.

Brighton Mariiet — Moiiday, Oct. 24.

[Reported for the Ctironicle and Patriot. J

At Market this day 1520 Beef Cattle, 1609 Storos,
4425 Sheep, and 3246 Swine. About 200 Stores, and 950
Swine have been before reported.

Pricks. — Beef Cattle — We quote for a few yoke of
extra at ig-j 25, prime at 4 75 a 5, good at 4 a 4 50, thin
2 75 a 3 76.

Barrelling Cattle.— Mess 3 67 a 3 75 ; No. 1, 3 17 a 8
25; No. 2, 2 84, a 3.

Working Oa.-eri— Plenlv and in fair demand, many-
sales were effected. We liaticed sales at $50, 57, 60, 68,
72, 75, and 80.

Cows and CWccs— Sales were effected al $16, 19, 22,
24, 25, and 27.

ishcep — An unusual number of good Sheep were at
market, and sales weie slow ; we noticed lots taltea M
follow— for Store Sheep 1 374, 1 50, 1 624 and 1 75 ; lots
to be slaughtered at 1 92, 2, 2 12, 2 17, 2 25, 2 50, and
2 75 ; a lot, part wethers, at 3 and 3 50 ; a lot of extra
at $4 ea<^, and a lot at ,$5 each.

Sioine — Market continues full; we noticed anentire lot
of 290, more than h-alf Barrows, at 4c.; one lot of 80, half
Barrows, at 4.^, lot of 69 selected, two thirds Barrows at
4gc;a lot of6l), to close, at 3|c.; many buyers are tit
market and will probably purchase tomorrow. Retail
price a for Sows, and 54 lor Barrows.

Siores— Sales confiuue to be made at former prices.

JVew York Cattle Market, Oct. 21.— At market fbts
week 1000 head Beef Cattle, of which a much greater
proiiorlion than usual were very fine. All sold quickly
at $5 a 7. Sheep and Lambs 3000 in market, piices fully
sustained, if anything have advanced— we quote Shciip
$-1 a 5 Lambs 2 a 3, Fat Hogs scarce and in demand—
we quote 4,50. Cows and Calves in demand, and sett
quick at good piices. — JV. Y. D. Jidv.

(Jj-In the New York market only the quarters of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being inclti-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well aathe quartets.

120

NEW ENGLAND PARMER.

MISCELLANY

The following exlracls are from a small pamphlel l.ntely repub-
lished by Lilly * Wail, and Carter i- Meiidee, emitled
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE,

WHY AND BECAUSE.

Jf'h;/ are Burton, J\/'ott{nghain, and olhtr toums on
the Trent, so celebrated for their ales ')

Because the water with which the ales are maJe,
runs over a rock of gypsum, or carbonate of lime ;
the hardness of the water heiiig in tliese, as well as
other instances, favorable to the manufacture.

The same brewer cannot, with the same malt,
produce an equal beer, in any other jiart of the
kingdom.*

The Barnstable and Liverpool ales, and some
others also of excellent quality, are brewed with
hard water. The Derby malt, much used in Lan-
cashire, is found to make better beer in that county
than in Derbyshire, and may be supposed thai the
Lancashire waters, generally contaiuini; much car-
bonate and and sulphate of lime, occasion the dif-
ference.

Why teas heer first called ' entire,' and ' porter ?'

Because of the following riicumstances. — Be-
fore the year 1730, the malt li(|iiois in general use
in London were ale, beer, and twopenny ; and it
was customary for the drinkers of malt liquor to
call for a pint, or tankard, of half-and-half, tliat is,
a half of ale and a half of beer, a half of ale and
half oftwopenny, or half of beer and half of twopen-
ny. Ill course of time it also became the praciice
to call for a pint, or tankard, o( three threads, mean-
ing a third of ale, of beer, and of twopenny ; and
thus, the publican had the trouble to go to three
casks, and turn three cocks for a pint ofliquor. To
avoiii this inconvenience and waste, a liquor was
made which should partake of the same united
flavors of ale, beer, and twopenny, which was call-
ed entire or entire-butt ; and as it was a very hear-
ty and nourishing liquor, it was very suitable for
porters and other workings people hence it obtain-
ed the name of porter.

If hy does porter drink better out of a pewter or tin
pot, than from glass or earthen ware ?

Because of the galvanic influence of the green
copperas, (used to give it a frothy lop,) and the
metal on the lips ; thus foiining, as it were, the
elements of a galvanic pile.

Why are hops used in beer ?

Because the aroma and bitterness of the hop
take oft'tlie mawkishness of fermented woJ-ts, and
prevent the beer from becoming sour.

Gervase Markham says ; ' The general use is
by no means to put any hops into ale : making that

* A curious circumstance lately occurred in connexion
with one of the able tieatises published by the Society for
the Diffusion of useful Kuovvleilge, in ' the Art of
Brewing,' the author of which treatise stated tliat orypsum
and chalk were used in the manufacture of Burton ale.
The ale-brewers at Burton, conccivino; themselves ag-
grioved by this charge of sophistication, commenced .in
action against the Society, in the Court of King's Bench.
This action was, however, withdrawn, when it was urged
by Mr Brougham, that the author of the treatise had stat-
ed this as a laot, because he had been unable to prepare
ale similar to the Burton, without the admixture of these
ingredients. An experienced chemist was subsequently
sent to Burton, to whom every facility was afforded by the
brewers, and who found that the-e substances were largely
rontained in natural solution in the water with which the
Brewery was supplied, and which takes its rise in a gvp-
sum rock. With an understanding that this explanation
should be published in each succeeding treatise, the ac-
tion was withdiawn by the counsel for the prosecution.

the difference between it and bcerc, that the one
hath hops, and the other none : but the wiser hus-
iues do find an error in that opinion, and say tlwit
the vtter want of hops is the reason why ale lasteth
so little a time, but eitlier dyeth or soureth, and
therefore they will euery barrell of the best ale
allow half a pound of good hops.' — Muison Rusti-
que, 1616.

Why u'as a pillow stuffed U'ith hops formerly recom-
mended for easing pain ?

Because of the narcotic and stupifying effects of
the hops which soon produced sleep.

Why are hops heavily pressed and closely packed '?

Because it is believed to preserve their strength
iu keeping : if not so packed, they would become
damp, and sometimes mouldy.

H'liy are old hops comparatively ofUltle value ?

Because the fine flavor of liops does not exist a
twelvemonth. Beyond that time they are old hops ;
and are sold at a cheaper rate to the porter brewer.
A year or two longer, and the bitter itself disap-
pears, and the whole becomes nothing better than
chaff. The same deterioration takes place when
infused in the beer. The flavor is but of momen-
tary duration, and the bitth- principle gradually de-
cays.

Why is the lest cider made from judiciously mixed
apples ?

Because the requisite qualities of richness, aslrin-
gcncy and flavor, are thus obtained, wliicli seldom
can be had from one kind. — T. .fl. Knight.

Why do not cider and perry rank as wines ?

Because they contain so much malic acid, which
is injurious to the fermeiitHtion requisite for wine.
The aciil in the grape is chiefly tartaric.

JVhy icas the invention of wine probably coeval with
the grape ?

Because the delicious sweetness of the grape
juice suggested its (reparation from the fruit, as a
drink. The principle of fermentation is present in
the gra|)e : tlio juice, if kept a few hours, will
spontaneously ferment ; and the singular appear-
ance of the effervesence, resembling boiling in the
cold, would suflicionlly stimulate curiosity to com-
plete the process. The enlivening effects of the
liquor when vinous, would also assist. It is, there-
fore, very probable, that wine was discovered near-
ly 6000 years since, very sfiorlly after the creation
of the worhl.

Jl'hy does olive oil, poured in a cask of wine, pre-
serve it in draught ?

Because the oil, spread in a thin layer upon the
surface of the vine, prevents the evaporation of its
spirituous part, antl hinders its mixing with the at-
mospheric air, which would not only turn the wine
sour, but change its constituent ])arts.

W/ii/ does toine crust in the wood ?

Because of the constant evaporation, varying nc-
coiding to the wood of the cask, and the sui round-
ing temperature. In casks of chestnut, it eviipo-
rates rapidly ; in those of mulberry, oak, and other
closed grained woods, it proceeds more slowly: it
occurs, however, in all of these, which accounts
for the vinous odor in a cellar where wines are
stored in tiie wood, however thick the casks, and
however careful they may be bunged.

UTiy is wine most liable to turn sour in spring and
autumn ?

Because atthose seasons the fermentation is often
renewed by frequent and sudden changes of tem-
perature, which cause a correspondingexpansion of
condensation of the body of liquor, and of the air
in the cask. I

Oct. 26, 1S31.

BV HIS EXCELLENCY

LEVI LINCOLN,
A P R O C L A 31 A T I O N ,;

FOR A D.^Y OF TUIILIC THANKSGIVING A.\D PllAISE.

Lv the enjoyment of the richest Blessings of &
Beneficent Providence, the People of this Common-
wealth have been carried throuo;h another Revolution
of the Seasons ; and now, at the close of nn abund- /
ant Harvest, with pious anil grateful Hearts, they
will seek to render to the Sovereign Disposer of
all events, the Bountiful Giver of every Good, their ;
united tribute of Acknowledgments, Adoratiok ;
and Praise.

With the advice and consent of the Executiva
Council, I,thereliwe, invite them to observe THURS-
DAY, the first aai/ of December next, in offices of
public THANKSGIVING to Almighty God for (hs
unmerited and unnumbered riches of his Grace con-
ferred upon tliein, individually, and in their relations
to the community, through the past year. Let them
consecrate the Day to the Worship and Homage of
their Maker, and in Christian Communion in their
respective Congregations, Adore that Mercy which
has spared their lives, and given them capacities and
opportunities for social, intellectual, and religious
improvement. In devout meditation and prayer,
may tliey recognise the manifestations of Divine Fa-
vor towards them, in the enjoyment of Health, while
Pestilence has been permitted to desolate distant ;
places ; in the preservation of Peace, while War has
ravaged other Countries ; in the Plenty which has
supplied their wants; in the Institutions of Civil
Government which have secured to them personal
liberty, and the exercise of the right of private judg-
ment ; in Literary and Charitable Associations which,
are directed to enlightening the minds, and elevating
and expanding the atTections of Men ; in the posses-
sion of the Sacred Scriptures, in their simplicity and >
purity.by which they have a knowledge ofllie reveal-
ed will of God,and the hope of Salvation, through the
ministry and meditation of their Blessed Saviour, the
Lord Jesus Christ.

And while, with grateful Hearts, they recount the
Blessings by which this Nation is dislinguisbed
above all other People, may they unite Supplication
with Tii.\NKSG!viNG to Hcaveu, imploring the con-
tinued smiles of Divine Providence upon our Beloved
Country ; that the Union of the States may be con-
firmed and perpetuated ; that the Government may
be one of Laws wisely framed, and justly adminis-
tered ; lliat intelligence, patriotism, virtue, and piety,
may animate the People, and a sense of rcsponsi bility
and faithfulness to duty, direct iheii public Oflicers.
And may the sincerity of their acknowledgments of
Dependence, and of their ascriptions of Praise, be
manifested by Sympathy for the Oppressed, and an
active Charity in the relief of the Destitute of their
Fellow Men.

Given at the Council Chamber, In Boston, this seven-
teenth day of October, in the year of our Loidono
thou-^aiid, eight bundled and thir(yone,and in the
fiflysixih year of American Indepenrlencc.

LEVI LINCOLN.
By His Excellency the Governor,

with the advice and consent of the Counoil.

Edward D. Banos, Secretary.
God save the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.

Noveinber 24th, is appointed for the annua'
Thanksgiving in New Hampshire.

Published every Wednesday Evening, nt gS per annam,
payable at th'' end of ilie year — but those who pay with>«
sixty davs from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a (In-
duction offifly rents.

\^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being m^de in advance.

Printed for J. B. RossELL, by I. R. Butts— by who™
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th«
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultur?' Warehouse, i\o. 52 Norlk
Market Stieet.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. fi2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— 'f- G- FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

NO. 16.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 3, 1831.

(g(Dsasa;T2r£raiSii't£a©srs»

LIVE FENCES OF THREE THORNED
ACACIA.

Mr Fessenden — The rain having driven nie
within iloors, I sit down to comply with your
request, in regard to the culture of live fences.

Your Providence correspondent should take up
his three thorned locusts in his seed rows, and
replant, for three reasons: — 1. That he may dig
and pulverize his ground, an important requisite ;
2. That he may size his plants ; and 3. That he
may insert thcui at regular distances. The two
latter are essential to the beauty and regular
growth of the hedge, and to its after manage-
ment.

My practice is to plant at ten or twelve inches,
generally in a single row, but sometimes in dou-
ble parallel rows, one foot apart, where I require
a very strong hedge. At two years from planting,
autumn of 1830, I cut a part off at the uniform
height of two feet. Another part I splashed, or
bent and partially cut at that height, and wattled
the tops horizontally to the right and left, alter-
nately, of the contiguous plants, but all one way.
Last spring I laid in a third parcel when in full
foliage. All these have done well, and have made
from three to five feet of new wood. I think the
laying or splashing is far the preferable way, as '.t
J>resents a formidable horizontal barrier, wliicfi
must strengthen with the growth of the hedge
A fourth jiarcel, planted three years, about an.
ineh in diameter, and 7 to 9 feet high, I design
to lay this fall.

I generally manure the strip T intend for a
hedge, and cultivate it with potatoes the summer
preceding planting. I prefer two men and a hoy
to assist in planting. I draw a line where I in-
tend to plant, and throw up a trench of the re-
quisite depth and breadth for the roots of the
quicks, and if the soil below is jjoor, go a little
deeper, and throw in some surface soil at the
bottom. The earth is all thrown to the front, and
the back edge of the trench is made perpendicu-
lar, that the plants may be set upright and in a
line. A boy drops the plants on the line or back
side of the trench, and I proceed to plant, placing
the heel of the plant against this side, and guag-
ing it to a proper depth with my hand, when a
man throws upon the roots a shovel full of earth,
which keeps the quick in its position. This is
repeated imtil the planting is comi)leted. A se^
cond hand fills the trench ; when the earth is trod-
den and the quicks are maile to present a straight
regular line. With two men and a boy I have
planted 1000 and 1500 quicks in a day in my
grounds.

The plan which I have resolved to pursue for
after management, is to omit laying or splashing
till the third year after planting, when the quicks
will be about an inch in diameter, and then to lay
then! in at a slight angle of ] 0 to 15 degrees, and
at the height of two feet ; to cut in the side
wood every summer with the bill hook ; keep the
lower part of the quicks free from brush wood,
and the ground about them free from weeds and
grass ; and at two years from the first splashing,
four years from planting, to repeat the operation at

the height of four or four and a half feet, when
I think the fetice will be complete, and require
only an annual clipping with the bill hook, and
become a complete barrier to every decription of
domestic animals.

I feel a strong confidence, that a substantial
fence may be grown from the honey or three
thorned locust in six, or at most seven years, from
tlie seed, and at a less expense than it will cost to
build and maintain any good dead fence for two
years. Upon this last point, however, I am not
prepared to give precise data. Yet I will hazard
a calculation. Twenty plants are amply sufficient
for a rod, ofcourse 1000 quicks will plant 50 rods.
Lotus assume this as the basis of our calculation.
The 1000 quicks, at one or two years old, will
cost $5. Three men will easily plant them in a
day. Allow a day and a half every year for
cleaning and clipping the 50 rods. This will re-
quire 9 days' labor in the six years. Estimate the
lab»r at $1 per diem, and it gives for this item an
agpegale of $12; add $5 for the quicks, and it
makes a total of $17, or 34 cents per rod, as the
c:;|ense of planting and growing a live permanent
fcM;e, proof against the depredations of boys and
buls. Treble this sum, and call the cost $1 per
rod what a pittance is the expense compared
wit) the advantages afl'orded by a fence of this
destription, which shall protect your crops from
depredation, and in a measure from the bleak
wine's of winter, and which is permanent in its
il'r:ion. The lowest price of a post and board
fence here is $1 per rod. It will last 12 years,
and requires 5 per cent per annum to mend and
keep it in repair. 1 have used no extra fence for
protecting the hedge. I plant near an existing par-
tilion fence, and exclude cattle while the growth
is tender. Cattle will seldom eat browse while
they have good pasture. J. Buel.

Albany JVurseiy, Oct. 20, 1831.

ECONOMY IN FATTENING HOGS.

1 have thrown by my steamer for hog food and
substituted a boiler, and I think with manifest ad-
vantage. The former consisted of a 60 gallon
cask, over a potash kettle, badly set. I could only
work off four or five casks a day, with great labor
and trouble and the apparatus required to be luted
with clay at every operation. With my new ket-
tle, holding 30 galls, which is a thin beautiful
casting, I have cooked eight and nine barrels in
half a day, and much better than by the steam
process. This food consists of small refuse pota-
toes, of which I have nearly 100 bushels, or 15
per cent of my whole crop, pumpkins and a small
quantity of Indian meal. A half day's boiling
serves my hog family four or five days ; and it is
always kept prepared in advance. The actual
expense of fattening hogs thus upon the refuse
of llie farm crop, is 50 to 75 per cent less than
feeding with dry corn.

The economy of my apparatus consists much
in sotting the boiler so as to have all the advantage
of the fire. The interior brick work is made to
conform to the shape of the boiler, leaving an in-
terval of foiu' to six inches between them for the
fire, round the whole exterior of the kettle, with
the exception of a few inches at top, where the

flange or rim rests upon the projecting brick.
Thus the boiler is not only encompassed by the
flame but the heat is augmented by radiation from
the brick work. The fuel is burnt on a grate,
which extends nearly to the kettle, four or five
inches above the level of its bottom. My boiler
being in operation while I am penning these re-
marks, I have ascertained, that a kettle of pota-
toes, with three pails of cold water, covered with
boards, has been completely boiled in 18 minutes
from the time they were put in, another boiling
having been just previously taken out. My kettle
was set by a son in his teens, without assistance,
and was his first eflbrt in masonry. J. Buel.
Albany JVurseri/, Oct. 20, 1831.

CHINESE MULBERRY. (Morus multicaulis.)
We had two jilants of the Chinese mulberry in
our nursery last season, one budded, the other on
its natural root. They both grew vigorously, and
both were killed by the f werity of the winter,
root and branch. I mention this fact as suggest-
ing a doubt whether this desirable plant will en-
dure our winters. I would like to learn how il
has faired in your neighborhood, during the last
winter. J. B.

Albany, 1831.

BLIGHT IN PEAR TREES.
The disease of the pear tree, termed blight, has
been less prevalent this year than during years
past. But it seenis to^vje assumed a new charac-
ter, or changed'^ts mode of attack. In the early
part of the season I discovered that the epidermis
on the bodies of several trees, of two to four
inches in diameter had become brown in spots,
and was cracked and separating from the true
bark ; and in some instances I found the disease
had extended to the wood. I immediately had
them washed with a weak solution of chloride of
lime, which seems to have restored them to health.
I applied the chloride the preceiling year to the
stimips of some amputated branches, in some of
which cases the disease had extended down upon
one side of the bole of the tree. In every case
the disease was checked, and the live parts have
protruded beyond the dead wooil. Although Mr
Lowell, whom I highly respect, and whom I am
ambitious to propitiate, detests all theories, I am
nevertheless induced to hazard my theory in this
case. It is this, that the disease is owing to a min-
ute insect, which Jireys upon the bark, and vi-
tiates and poisons the elaborated sap ; and that the
chlorine destroys the insect and becomes an anti-
dote to the poison. From partial experiments
I am induced to believe, that chloride will prove
an efficient preventative to the mildew on grapes
also. These suggestions are hazarded in the hope
that they may lead others to make more satisfac-
tory experiments. J- Buel.
Oct. 20, 1831.

MANUFACTURE OF SILK.

Mr Editor — In a late journey to the eastward
I called on Mr Enoch Boynton, innkeeper, of New-
bury, and had some conversation with him relative
to the growth and manufactu'-e of silk.

He informed me that he had made the silfe busi-
ness a study for forty years, and was convinced of

122

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 2, 1S31.

the utility and practicability of its being pursued
03 a lucrative branch of business.

He stated that the inhabitants of the United
States, can be clothed with silk goods with less
land and less labor than with flax, wool, or cotton,
and that it can be made impervious to water, for
outside garments, while cotton, wool, and flax can
be made useful for inside.

I perfectly coincided with him relative to con-
verting the cocoons into silk goods with less ex-
pense and labor than cotton, wool, or flax are man-
ufactured ; for in converting cotton into {roods it
has to be cleansed from seeds &c ; it is then brok-
en and finished ready for drawinof, and has to pass
through a card called a breaker, anl another called
a finisher — then through the drawing, roping,
process, and theji spun and woven. The ma-
chinery for breaking, finishing, drawing and roping
&c, is very expensive, — all of which is not neces-
sary for the operation of silk.

Silk is first drawn from the cocoons by a reel,
say like those of D'Homergue's orDu Ponceau's of
Philadelphia or .T. H. Cobb, Esq. of Dedliam, or
E. Boynton's of Newbury. It could then be
taken, spooled, and twisted and doubled for such
kind of goods as are intended for manufacture.
Then washed and woven by water or steam power
as well as cotton, wool, &c, — and with much less
labor than the afore-mentioned materials. He in-
formed me he had upwards of fifty thousand white
mulberry trees of 2, 3, and 4 years' growth, a part
of which he would sell at extremely low prices, aiul
of such ages and quantities as to suit purchasers.

The trees will do to take up and set out till the
ground is frozen and as early next spring, as the
frost is out till the month of INfay. He stated that
lie pruned a part of the aforesaid tree this year,
and gave the prunings to the silk worms which
produced upwards of serenty pounds of cocoons,
which were stifled in an oven with a temperature
of 140 down to 120 degrees by the thermometer.
He took the prunings without separating the leaves
and placed them among the worms to feed on, and
thought they diil better than if the leaves were
strip[ied off", as the worms would climb and regt
themselves on the branches — as intended by tlieir
beneficent Creator.

The improvement he has made on his silk mill,
will no doubt be of utility. He run from said
mill 200 yards of different sized thread, reeled
and spooled from the cocoons, and laid on si)OoIs
or bobbins in such a manner as to be put into a
bobbin nest for doubling and twisting for any fii-
bric wanted.

He declines exhibiting said mill at present, for
various reasons; one of which is the great hiridnince
it would make him, to gratify the idle curiosity of
people who might call on him.

Bristol, R. 1. Oct. 24, 1S31. Bono Publico.

Remarks ly the Editor. — We esteem the above
valuable information, and would take this oc-
casion to recommend the introduction or at least
the more general trial of the Chinese IMulberry,
(Morus multicaulis] as a siisbtitute for the white
mulberry. Its properties are said to be the follow-
ing. It continues low and bushy, so that the
leaves can always be gathered without a ladder,
and the leaves are of large size, very tender, grow
m abundance, are eaien with aviility by the worms,
aiid the silk they produce is of the "first qu.ility.
This species of mulberry may be obtained by ap-
plication at the oflice of the New England Farmer,
No. 50J. North Market street, price $1 each.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM.

This plant has in different places, diflTirent com-
mon names ; as lilay apple. Lime plant, Reuben's
Mandrake, &c. It delights to grow in a rich,
moist soil and in a shady situation. It will not
produce large fiuit until the roots have extended
themselves and acquired strength. It is a singu-
lar plant, the whole, stem, leaves, flower and
fruit, is formed in the earth, and nothing appears
after it rises above the surface but llie extension
of parts. The stem is smooth, round and rises
about 12 inches above the surface, has two peltate
palmate leaves, deeply divided into several lobes.
In the fork of the stem proceeds the flower and
fruit. The flower is white. The fruit ovate in
shape, is green while growing, and yellow when
ripe, agreeably acid, delicious to many, and salu-
brious.

The roots, which are large, creeping and joint-
ed, are medicinal and supply the place of jalap,
being far less nauseous than that drug ; and from
this circumstance alone the plant deserves exten-
sive cultivation.

' We have,' says Doct. Bigelow, ' hardly tny
native plants which answer better the comnon
purposes of jalap, aloes and rhubarb and which
is more safe and mild in its operation. The rcot
is the part to be employed, and should be givenin
substance in fine powder. I have commoily
found 20 grains to operate with efficacy, and lot
to be attended with pain and inconvenience.' ' "Hie
root,' observes Doct. Thachcr, ' is an excellint
purgative in doses of 20 grains. It is most ad-
vantageously used in combination with calomel
or crystals of tartar. The root often operates as
an antlielmintic, and as such, ii is used by the
Cherokee and other Southern Indians.'

The medicinal properties of the Podophyllum
peltatum are well established by the above named
eminent physicians.

The fruit which was exhibited in the hall of
Ihe Massachusetts Horticultural .Society the sei-
son past was of good size, but not the largest.
It was grown under the full influence of a scoroli-
ing sun. R. GREEN.

Mansfield, October 10, 1S31.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BEANS.

Mr Edttor — As the bean is among the most val-
uable productions of the kitchen garden, it is im-
portant that the best variety should bo known. 1
have taken some care to ascertain this point.
Last spring I planted the Dwarf, or Bush Kidney,
Ihe China and the Early Canada, in separate rows,
eight roils in length, and a pint of seed in each.
They were fit for use in the order named, with a
few days' intermission. The Kidney is a rich pro-
lific bean ; but soon in maturity and out of use
and liable to mildew. The China is also good
productive, and more lasting. But the Canada, in
my estimation,- was superior to the other kinds.
As it purported to be an early kind, I planted it
for a Hush bean. On discovering its propensity
to ramble, I placed on alternate sides of the rows
the brushy prunings of my trees, of three feet
apart, heading them down to five feet in lieight.
These were soon covered by the exuberant and
vigorous shoots; but the process of maturation of
the early pods was not retarded. From their first
coming into use to this day, Oct.. 22, there has

been no time when a supply could not be obtained
fur the table, for either stringing or shelling.
They are still in blossom and vigor. No frost as
yet has materially injured them. Nearly ha a
bushel of |)ods has been lately gathered for future
use. In addition to a supply for the season, from
these kinds, I have gathered from the Canada a
peck of dry beans, as they became liable to waste.

Running beans are the most productive; and
when early, their value is greatly increased. My
practice with all kinds of this description is, to
support them with high brush, or untrimrned sap-
lings. By this method their produce is materially
increased. O. Fiske.

IVorcesler, Oct. 12, 1S31.

. PARSNIPS.

To the Editor orthe .N'etv England Farrnei.

Sir — You have jiublished some remarks on
Parsnips \n one of your late numbers. But in
in looking over my books, I find the means of
making some supplementary observations, extract-
ed from an edition of a work entitled ' Gleanings
from the most celebrated Books of Husbayidry, Garden-
ing and Rural .Offairs,' which was printed at Phil-
adelphia, in 1803 from the second London edition,
the Philadelphia edition being ' interspersed with
remarks by a gentleman of Philailelpliia.' This
Philadelphia gentleman was no other than the
late well known Mr Bordeley, a very excellent and
amiable man, who has left behind him various val-
uable monuments of his zeal for the jiublic good,
etipecially in matters concerning agriculture.

Under the head of ' Garden Parsnip (Paslin-
acea sativa' I find the following particulars in
the aboved named work, which are copied with
slight variations not affecting the sense.

' Soil. A rich deep loam ; next to this stmd ;
stiff" or hide bound land is destructive to them. If
the soil be proper it will require very little manure.

' Seed. Sown [in England] in February or March.
It is also sown in autumn immediately after ihe
seed is ripe. Sosving at this latter season prevents
the young plants being choked with weeds. The
frost neither injures the seed or plant,

' Culture. If sown broadcast the plants are to
he thinned to ten inches or a foot asunder. If
drilled the distance of the rows to be 18 inchesy
the plants to be thinned to the distance of 10 in-
ches, horse hoed twice and earthed at the second
time, but not so as to cover the leaves. If the tops
are cut off", but so as not to injure the crown it
will iucreiise the size of the roots.* Though left
in the gnmnd they are not injured by the frost. If
housed, they are to be dug when the leaves begin
to decay, which should be cut off 3 or 4 days be-
fore they are laid up. They are to be put in samt
in a dry place. The leaves are dangerous to
handle (especially in a morning, while the dew

*We apprehend that there is a mistake in this a'^sertion^
It has also been maintained by some agriculturists that
the tops of carrots might I>e cut off as soon as the lower
leaves begin lo wither without injury to the root. But the
Alassdchusetls Agricullur.d Jour., vol. iii. No. 3, p. 131-2
stives the detaiU of certain experiments ma'le by the Hon.
J. Quincy, in which a certain number of beds of carrots
were cut, and the same number of similar beds were left
uncut, and the aiUanlaije was in favor of the latter, about
as 8 to 5. From the result of these experiments, Mr Quin-
cy concluded * that the carrot forms no exception to the
usual analogy of nature in the growth of vegetables,'
which depend nearly as much upon the leaves as the
roots. We do not believe that the laws of vegetation
with regard to parsnips differ from those wliich regulate
the growth of carrots and other plants. — Ed. .\. E. Far-
mer.

Vol. X.— No. IG.

AND HOllTiCULTUilAL JOURNAL.

12a

reinaiiis on them) ; raising blisters full of a scalding
liquor, which has proved very troublesome for
several days. To be planted for seed in January.
[As early as frost will permit in this country.]

' Use. They are eijual if not superior to carrots
for pig.-f, as they nialie the flesli whiter. Clean,
washed and sliced among bran, horses eat them
greedily, and thrive therewith. Nor do they heat
them, or fill them with disorders. They fatten
slitep and oxen ina \ery short time. According toa
proposition of the Jersey board of Agriculture [in
lli9 British Channel,] a beast quite lean, will be
rendered quite fat by parsnips in three months.
An agreeable liquor is made of the roots boiled in
water, with hops, and afterwards fermented with
yest.

' Wild Parsnips. The root and seed of this
sort are sometimes used in medicine.

'Cow Pars.nips. (Heracleum sphondylium)
cow parsnip, is collected in some parts of Sussex
[in England] for feeding swine. Its culture has
been recommended, as not only swine but cows,
sheep and rabbits are partial to it. It is of an
«afly and rapid growth, and the seeds are most
easily collected. Cow-parsnip is often called
Hog-wcml from swine being so fond of it.'

Thus far from the ' Gleanings,' above mentioned.

From wliat has been said in your number above
referred to and in the passage in the gleanings
here extracted, enough, perhaps, will appear to
make the experiment of cultivating parsnips in the
United States worthy the notice of different enter-
prising persons. The ' Long Dutch parsnip' is
advertised for sale by Mr J. H. Russell, the Pub-
lisher of the JVew England Farmer. Portions of
the seed of the garden parsnip,- raised in England
/as obtained from some seed imported from Eng-
land above thirty years ago) and which appears 10
Lave undergone no degeneration whatever are
placed in the hands of the Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn,
and the Hon. John Welles for distribution.

From Prince's Poiiiotugical Manual.

CHERRIES.
Elkoorn. Pb. Cat. Pr. IIort. Lond. Hort.
Cat.
Elkhorn of Maryland.
This is one of the largest black cherries I have
€ver seen ; its size varies little from that of the
Black Tartarian, but it ripens two weeks later,
and is peculiarly distinct from every other kind
that has met my observation, the flesh, when eaten,
having a liver-like consistence and being very
solid. It is |)erhaps less highly flavored than
some others, but still a superior fruit ; and from
its solidity is well calculate<l for transportation to
the markets, and its rijjening at a later period
causes it to be very suitable for filling uj) the space
between the ripening of the earlier Duke and
Heart Cherries, and the later varieties. It was
discovered by the father of the author on a tour
through Maryland about thirtyfour years ago,
growing, in a garden attached to a hotel who
finding it very difterent from any that he had seen
brought home some scions for inoculation. The
landlord called it the Elkhorn, which name has
been adopted for it. The tree is exceedingly
vigorous, and its bark of so peculiar an appear-
ance, that it may thereby be distinguished from
the trees of other varieties.

RESII^•eTON White Heart. Pr. Cat. Pr.
HoRT.
This variety was presented to the father of the

author in 1S23, by Zachariah Allen, Esq. of Pro-
vidence, Rhode Island, who transmitted a tree,
which he stateil was budded from the original one,
accompanied by the following description :

' This is a new variety raised from a stonei
planted about twenty years ago by Mr Remington
of this vicinity. It is remarkable for being in per-
fection very late in the season, when all other
cherries are past. The color of the fruit is ye'-
low, tinged with carnation on the sunny side ; the
flesh is firm, and somewhat resembles a Bigarreau.
The tree bears jirofusely in clusters, and the cher-
ries are not perfectly rijie here until September.'

In addition to the above, a branch was sent
from Rhode Island about the 10th of September full
of fruit, wlijch was then but just ripe. The flavor
of the cherries is pleasant, but not superior, their
greatest merit being the very late period of their
maturity. This is the latest variety which has
originated in our country, and in this vicinity
ripens at the end of July or in August.

Waterloo. Pr. Cat. Pom. Mag. Hort. Tra.ns.
LoND. Hort. Cat.
This valuable variety was introduced to our
country by the Hon. John Lowell of Massachu-
setts, to whose ardor, intelligence, and liberality in
horticultural pursuits, his fellow-citizens are so
largely indebted for numerous interesting acauisi-
tims, and to whom I am happy to render this pas-
sing tribute of respect. I extract the following
deicriplion from the Pomological Magazine :

Raised by Mr Knight, from the pollen of the
May Duke and a seed of the Ambree ofDuhamel.
It lipens in June. The tree partakes of the charac-
ter of both its parents in a remarkable degree ; the
wood and leaves are those of the Bigarreau tribe,
while the flowers are those of the May Duke, the
stamens being shorter than the t^tyles, a peculiarity
which is universal in all the Duke Cherries. For
this observation we are indebted to Mr Thompson.
The wood is strong, with a grayish cuticle ; leaves
drooping, large, wavy, with moderately deep ser-
ratures ; flowers large ; petals roundish, imbricat-
ed ; stamens rather slender, usually shorter than
the styles ; fruit very large, broad and cordate at
the base, convex on one side, flattened on the
other with a broad suture ; apex slightly depress-
ed ; skin dark purplish red, or almost black, cover-
ed with numerous minute dots of a paler color ;
flesh deep purplish red, darkest next the stone,
from which it parts freely ; tender, juicy, with a
rich sweet flavor ; stalks long and slender ; stone
small, roimdish, compressed.

Allen's Late Favorite. Pr. cat.

This variety was presented to my father by
Zachariah Allen of Providence, a gentleman dis-
'.inguished for his intelligence in horticultural pur-
suits. The tree grows vigorously ; the fruit is of
tine quality, juicy and well flavored, and ripens in
Rhode Island at the same time as the Black
Mazzard, which, constitutes ils particular value,
as most of the finer varieties are then past. The
fruit is sold in considerable quantities in the mar-
kets at Providence.

Gridlev. Mass. Hort. Soc.
Maccarty. Apple Cherry.

This variety was discovered thirtyseven years
ago, by Mr W^ra. Maccarty, of Roxbury, near Bos-
ton, growincr in the garden of Deacon Samuel
Gridley of that town. He states that the tree
was then five or six inches in diameter. The flesh
is firm like the Bigarreau, sprightly, and fine fla-

vored ; the color is black ; the size that of a me-
dium Black Heart, but the stem is shorter and stone
smaller. It comes into eating immediately after
that variety, and is nuich esteemed as a market
fruit, and possesses the advantage of bearing car-
riage well. Its only defect is, that when near
maturity, if the weather be damp or wet, the fruit
cracks open and spoils. The tree grows upright,
and is vigorous when young, but is said to be sub-
ject to a premature decline from the abundance of
its produce.

From the Uulcliess Republican.

INTERESTING TO WOOL GROWERS.

A gentleman of this village has politely furnish-
ed us with the following extracts of a letter from
his correspondent, dated,

' London, Sept. I, 1831.

' If your wool market should become flat for a
certain time, caused by opinions and various other
circumstances, we yet think it will take a favorable
turn for all lotv icoots at no distant period, if it will
at all be suscei)tible to regulate itself fairly with
the situation of our own European markets, which
latter are at the present moment in a most singular
position ; for Russia, Prussia, Austria, France and
Holland, have each large armies on a warlike foot-
ing. The military must be clothed, for which pur-
pose contracts to supply cloth and blankets to an
enormous extent are now executing by continental
manufacturers, who overrun all the districts where
wools are produced, and eagerly buy up all the ]ovf
wools fit for their purposes. For this reason all the
good low U'ools, costing here 2s. per lb. and under,
will be consumed on the continent of Europe ; none
or, comparatively speaking, very little, will reach
this country, although so much is wanted by our
own home consumers. We could now sell 1000
bales in one day Osgood low German wools, at and
under 2s. per lb. to our manufacturers, but we have
none to offer, and all the other commission houses
are similarly situated. There are some low wools
here, but we cannot call them good. During the
next six months 20,000 bales of Spanish wools are
expected here : these Spanish wools, then, and our
own English wools, will be required to supply the
loss of the Germany low wools. Good clean low
German wools are 2d. per lb. higher than they
were 3 months ago, but there is none here at pre-
sent under 2s. The stock of fine German wools,
from 2s. 6d. a 4s. fid. is very considerable, and our
expected importations will principally consist in
these descriptions, for reasons described above.

' We have to add, likewise, that in consequence
of the rigorous quarautuie laws and cordons sani-
taires, m-ne than 100,000 cwt. of wools are locked
up in the ditferent places of growth, such as Poland,
Hungary, &c, on account of the raging cholera
morbus.'

The quantity of silk used in England alone
amounts in each year to more than four millions of
pounils' weight, for the proiluction of which, my-
riads upon myriads of insects are required. Four-
teen thousand millions of animated creatures an-
nually live and die to supply this little corner of
the world with an article of luxury !

An editor in Ohio extracts a running account
from his books, for the benefit of his brethren re-
specting B. R. Wickhain, Esq. Dr to 1 year's sub-
scription $2 30, and per contra, Cr. by running
away — in full $2 50.

124

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 2, 1831.

Agricult u r a 1

REPORTS

OfCommitlees at the Annual Meeting of the Bristol
Agrieullural Society.

ON AGRICULTURE.

The Committee on Agiiciiltiire are impressed
with the fact, that tlie efforts which hnve been
made to improve the uselul arts, are greatly dis-
proportioned to their relative importance. If it
were not so— if the progress of each liad been
according to its utility, it is quite certain that Ag-
riculture, which is the basis of all the other arts,
and the oldest of all, the one which employs three
fourths at least of nearly every civilized country,
would now be in advance of all others. It might
be e.xpected too, that it would everywhere engross
most of the public attention and interest. The
Mechanic arts, however necessary and useful, are
subordinate to this. To little purpose, indeed,
•would manufactories, labor-saving machines,
steam engines or ships, be constructed, if the cul-
tivation of the earth were abandoned. In this, in
a word, is found the aliment vvliich vivifies and
sustains all the other arts. Yet, with this fact,
apparent and acknowledged improvement in agri-
culture has always been comparatively tardy even
iu countries where it has been or is now most
cherished. In the U. States, it is but a few years
since public opinion would suffer any attempt to
alter the ordinary and accustomed modes of hus-
bandry. A more auspicious sentiment now pre-
vails. It has been demonstrated that soils possess
essentially different properties, each adapted to
the growth of some grain or vegetable and unsuit-
able for others ; that a greater variety of manures
than was formerly known suited to different soils,
may be made and distributed with profit ; that
breeds are advantageously changed or mixed ;
that fruits may be increased in variety and im-
proved in quality almost without limit and with
little cost ; in a word, that the capabilities of the
earth for production have been, and even now
probably are, but imperfectly known. .To deve-
lope them, the efforts of the patrons of agriculture
will be always especially directed.

The committee are gratified in being able to
• state, that the products which it has fallen within
their duty to examine, afford evidence that the work
of agricultural improvement is begun, and indeed
considerably advanced in this vicinity. The quan-
tity of cheese offered is greater than has been
exhibited in several years. In quality also, it has
not in the opinion of the Committee, often, if at
any time, been exceeded. Several lots for which
premiums could not under the regular terms of
the Society, be awarded, would at other exhibi-
tions probably, have procured the bounty of the
Society.

The Cutter was less in quantity than has been
exhibited at some past exhibitions. For the most
part, it was well worthy of exhibition, furnishing
very satisfactory evidence of skill and neatness in
the dairies at which it was manufactured.

Three lots of honey were presented, differing
very little in quality. According to the regula-
tions of the Society, therefore, the premiums are
awarded with regard to quantity manufactured by
the applicants. As two premiiuns only are offer-
ed for honey, the third applicant having the least
quantity is without any claim on the bounty of
the Society. As the honey offered by him was
of a quality to warrant a premium under other

86.

$5.

$3.

$6 00

5 00

3 00

$4 00

2 00

2 00

circumstances, and some improvement also in the
method of raising bees having been cotnmuni-
cated by him, the Committee were of opinion
that he is entitled to a gratuity and have accor-
dingly so awarded.

The premiums awarded are as follows :

FOR BUTTER.

1st premium to Jacob Dean, Mansfield,
2d do. Peter Thatcher, Attleboro'
3d do. Joseph Dean, Taunton,

FOR CHEESE.

1st premium to Seth Hodges, Norton
2d do. Edward Leonard, Raynham,
3d do. Joseph Dean, Taunton,

FOR HONEY.

1st premium to Wm. Stearns, Mansfield
2d do. Simeon Green, Mansfield,
Gratuity to Jacob Shepard, Norton,

A gratuity of two dollars is awarded to Doct.
Samuel Dean, of Easitm, for a quantity of sweet
potatoes raised and offered by him for exhibition.
No premium is provided for this product. In ap-
pearance they resemble more nearly than is usual-
ly seen potatoes of a southern growth. — Doct.
Dean states that from five hills he obtained (he
present season two bushels and a peck of potatoes
of a size and quality similar to those exhibited.

There is in the county of Bristol and in llie
whole of the old Colony, a large proportion of
soil well adapted to the production of this rsot.
Dry, warm and sandy land, often of little vilue
for other products, appears to be best suited for
this. Another fact should encourage the culijva-
tion of them — the crop is bountiful and raised at
small expense.

They are beyond any doubt the natural proilnct
of a more southern and warmer climate than tliat
of New England, and consequently they depreci-
ate somewhat in being transplanted here. It is
necessary, therefore, in order to preserve their
quality, to obtain, yearly, slips (which are the
smallest of the potatoes and of little value for
anything but planting) from Carolina. These
may be procured in the Spring at Boston and
perhaps other places in New England, at trifling
cost.

The premiums for grain and vegetable crops
will, according to the published regulations of the
Society, be awarded on the first Weilnesdav of
March next; at which time a second Report, or
the completion of the one now made may be ex-
pected from the Committee.

Jacoi! Chapin, '\

Horatio Leonard, r Commit-
Ellis Hall, ( tee.

Cromwell Leonard, j

ON WHITE MnLBERRY TREES.

The Committee on WHITE MULBERRV
TREES, have attended to the service assigned
them and submit the following Report : —

There were seven competitors for premiums by
persons living in different parts of the County.
In the whole there were entered 19,458 trtcs,
of which number there were in the judgment of ihe
committee only about 900 fit for transplanting to
the place where tliey are finally to stand ; the
greatest number being merely plants, the growth
of one season, and very nnich crowded together.

Your Committee are of opinion that Mulberry
Plants of one or two years' growth ought not to
be considered as trees in the present case. — One
ounce of mulberry seed will, perhaps, produce

10 or 12 thousand plants, on a very stnall piece of
ground ; and these without further cultivation
would be of no use whatever. The plants shoulil
be taken up after the first year's growth, headed
down, the tap root removed, and placed in rows
in the nursery 3 or 4 feet apart, and 10 or 12
inches from plant to plant in the rows. By this
process in three or four years they will probably
be fit to remove to the place in which they are de-
sired to stand. The object of offering a premium on
any number of mulberry trees is the public good
aiul not merely private interest. Should any person
receive a premium for any number of plants rais-
ed from seed sown the previous spring, he might
neglect a further cultivation of them, all of which
would in this case be lost, and the connnunity re-
ceive no benefit. It is presumed, that in the list
of premiums for 1830, the meaning of ' having
in a course of cultivation, and in the most thrifly
condition^ is that the trees shall be thrifty, of goou
size, and fit to be transplanted into an orchard
where they are to stand.

Rescom Hart of Digliton, had 210 trees, four
years old, from 8 to 9 feet in height, and very
thrifty. Also 371 of three years' growth from S
to 8 feet high ; the whole under fine cultivation
and fit for transplanting, besides 90 of 4 years'
growth lately set out on his farm. Your Com-
mittee award to him the first premium, the sum
of 15 dollars.

John Macomber of Westport, had about 200
trees fit for transplanting, some of which were 6J
feet in height, thrifty and under good cultivation,
besides a considerable niunber lately sold. Your
Committee award to him the second premium, Ihe
sum of 10 dollars.

Your Committee regret, that from the youth,
size or manner of cultivation of the plants of the
other competitors, tbey cannot recommend n pre-
mium.

RoLAKD Green, >
Alfred Baylies, )

Committee.

Carolina Potatoes. — The Editor of the Essex
Gazette has been furnished with a sample of eight
or ten bushels of sweet potatoes, raised in the gar-
den of the Rev. Mr Perry of Bradford. They are
as large and equal in all particulars to the im-
ported. We see nothing in the way of a general
cultivation of this valuable root in this region ; and
should be glad of the introduction of many south-
ern radical notions ; always excepting nullifica-
tion.— Salem Register.

Let every farmer divide his pasture ground as
he pleases. Let the fence between his arable and
pasture land be as strong as an external fence.
But, if possible, let all his arable ground, though it
be an hundred acres, be in one lot. Then his
plough runs clear, in a long furrow. His tillage
is divided only by the different species of grain
and vegetables he cultivates. There are no fences
of consequence, no inconvenient and worthless head
lands ; no apology for thistles and nettles. The
scene is beautiful to the eye. The whole has the
appearance of a garden, and begets to the farmer a
sort of horticullura! neatness. — Gardeners' Jour.

JVtw Lamp Oil.-— Mr Isaac Pmith, of Virginia,
has made a discovery, by which he is able to ren-
der castor oil equal to the best winter spermaceti,
for burning in lamps. The oil prepared for burn-
ing will cost about 36 cents a gallon.

Vol. X.— Nn. 16.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

12^

AMERICAN INVENTIONS.

The aiiiiexeil article is from tlie New York
Evening Post. It appear.s tliat the yearly average
of iniprovemetits in tlie arts, &c, in the United
States, entered in the Patent Oflice, is about one
hundri'd and sixtysix.

We have before us a record of all the iniprove-
raenls in tlie arts, mechanics and manufactures in-
vented in the United StJites and entered in the
Patent Office since tlie year 1793, when the first
patent law was passed. It is contained in a docu-
ment transmitted last winter to Congress by the
Secretary of State, and comprises a list of no less
than GOOO inventions, tlio product of American
ingenuity in the course of 36 years. During that
period, (lie plough has been made to undergo li>4
improvements. 119 threshing machines have
been invented. The great problem, the extraction
of butter from cream without fatigue to the opera-
tor, has been solved in 80 ways by the inventors
of SO churns ; and the laundress has been allowed
her choice out of 125 washing machines. 123
tnachines have been invented for making nails;
the number of new spinning machines exceeds
100 : the number of improvements in the loom is
73, and in the manufacture of hats 43. The num-
ber of steam engines exceeds 100, that of stoves
nearly the same. There have been 42 new ways
contrived for manufacturing combs, in which we
presume is included the late ingenious invention
of cutting them by a single operation, into all sorts
of figures, 3 new machines for paring apples have
been invented and 3 gridirons. Pencil cases,
ramrods, razors and suspenders, have each been
subject to various improvetiients. An invention
has been patented under the name of ' dog pow-
er :' another termed an ' elevator of pots and ket-
tles' and a third destined for a useful domestic pur-
pose under the sonorous Greek name of' Hacmaga-
lactophorus.'

Gas .Lights from water. — An English paper in-
forms us that a highly interesting discovery is
about to come before the public, resulting from
the experiments of Professor Donovan, and Mr
Lowe, of Bricklane Gas works. Letters patent
have been obtained for the invention ; the subject
is very much talked of, and the question generally
asked is, how is the gas made .-' At present no
satisfactojy information respecting the process can
be given ; but we understand the hydrogen gas,
obtained by the decomposition of water, is charg-
ed with an illuminating principle by passing
througli some liquid procured during the distilla-
tion of pit coal, in the ordinary process of gas
making. The requisite apparatus is much more
simple than that used at present. The new gas is
very superior in illuminating power, and may be
obtained at a much lower price. If such be the
nature of the process, and if no serious difficulty
arise when tried on a large scale, it is evident the
invention will be considered almost invaluable. —
Boston Medical Journal.

Steam Carriage. — An ingenious mechanic
(Goulding-) has completed a steam carnage, which
made its first appearance, by way of ex|)eriment,
at Dedham, last Wednesday. We learn from the
Dedham Patriot ' at 10 o'clock it moved with
rapid facility from the workshop, and ascended a
rise of about 45 degrees for fifteen rods with per-
fect ease ; then proceeded about half a mile on a
level route, and returned.' ■

IVasliiiii^lnn FdiiiHij. — 'I'lie lamented Col. War-
ick was the last of the military Secretaries a.sso-
ciated with Harrison, Hanson and Jonathan Trum-
bull in the war of the Revolution.

Ofthe Aids du-Camp, Col. John Trumbull (Aid
before Boston, in 1775,) alone survives the long
and honored list of Mifflin, Reed, Johnson, Bland,
Taylor, Grayson, Smith, Fitzgerald, Meade, Pinck-
ney, Hamilton, Laurens, Humphries, Cobb, Tilg-
ham, &c,&c. Trumbull, with the venerated La-
fajetle, from the ' time honored' remains of the
maay and the worthy who were attached to the
personal "suite of the Commander-in-Chiefiii the
days of trial.

Oi the officers of t!ie Guard, Cofax, Gibbs,
Grimes, Nicholas, &c, all are stricken from the
muster roll of Life — probably not a single soldier
ofthe Body Guard now answers to his name.

Of the household of the first President of the
Unted States, comprising from 1789 to 97, the
Sec-elaries Lear, Humphries, Jackson, Lewis, Nel-
son, Craik, Dandridge, all are gone ! The two
adoncd children, Mr Custis, of Arlington, and
Mrs jcwis, of Wood Lawn, are all that exist of
Wasiington's family at the outset of the present
Govunment. Not a servant of that period is
livin;, although one, a very aged female, still
lives who was at the camp of Morristown, 1777,
and llie Valley Forge, 1777-8. Such is the un-
spariig scythe of time !

Tie Clara Polder, containing 12 or 13 of the
fines, farms in the country, from 100 to 500 acres
each was lately totally inundated by the tide,
ihroigh the opening which the Dutch have made
in th; sea-dike to the east of the Capitalen-Dam.
The Jamage is incalculable. One thousand five
hundi'Ml acres of the finest land in Europe, the
harvest in the barns, the crop of potatoes, the
loss of which ruins above 100 families; the plan-
tations, the buildings are all destroyed. The laud
will produce nothing for many years, and enor-
mous expense will be necessary to stop a breach
made between two creeks, and which will be
widened and deepened in a frightful manner. —
London paper.

King's properly — Louis-Phillippe is the richest
sovereign in Europe ; his private revenue
amounts to ten millions of francs a year, — about
four hundred thousand pounds sterling. Next to
him, comes the li^lector of Hesse Cassel, who en-
joys a revenue of seven millions of francs ; the
ex-King of the Belgians is supposed to have come
third on the list. No just estimate can be formed
of the fortunes of absolute kings. The Grand
Sultan, Ferdinand of Spain, and Don Miguel, may
be considered the wealthiest of monarchs, since
the whole of the riches of their subjects is at their
mercy.

Botanic Garden at Calcutta. — This establish-
ment has been placed upon a footing surpassing
anything of the kind known in Europe. The
spot of ground is no less than five miles in circum-
ference, and upwards of three hundred gardeners
and laborers are employed in the charge of it ; the
superintendence of it is under the care of Dr
Wallich, a pupil of the celebrated Horneman of
Co|ienhagen.

On Sunday morning, the Robert Fulton, locomo-
tive engine, arrived at Schenectady from Albany,
in forty minutes, with a train of eight cars, con-
taining 147 passengers and their baggage.

HINTS AND RECIPES IN DOMESTIC AF-
EAIRS.

Enjoyment is not found so much in luxurious as
in simple dishes. Fried apples are better and
more wholesome than expensive preserves.

Tortoise shell and horn combs last much longer
for having oil rubbed into them once in a while.

A large stone, put in the middle of a barrel of
meal, is a good .thing to keep it cool.

Lamps will have a less disagreeable smell, if
you dip your wick-yarn in strong hot vinegar, and
dry it.

New England rum, constantly used to wash the
hair, keeps it very clean, and free from disease,
and promotes its growth a great deal more than
Macassar oil. Brandy is very strengthening to
the roots of the hair; but it has a hot, drying
tendency, which N. E. rum has not.

Woollens should be washed in very hot suds,
and not rinsed. Lukewarm water shrinks them.
Suet and lard keep better in tin than in earthen.

Suet keeps good all the year round, if chopped ■
and packed down in a stone jar, covered with
molasses.

Legs of mutton are very good, cured in the
same way as ham. Six pounds of salt, eight
ounces of salt-petre, and five pints of molasses,
will make pickle enough for one hundred weight.
Small legs should be kept in pickle twelve or
fifteen days ; if large, four or five weeks are not
too much. They should be hung up a day or
two to dry before they are smoked.

A pailful of ley, with a piece of copperas half
as big as a hen's egg boiled in it, will color a fine
nankin color, which will never wash out. This
is very useful for the linipgs of bed-quilts, com-
Ibrters, tStc,

Baked beans are a very simple dish, yet few
cook them well. They should be put in cold wa-
ter, and hung over the fire, the night before they
are baked. In the morning, they should be put
in a colander, and rinsed two or three times; then
again placed in a kettle, with the pork you intend
to bake, covered with water, and kept scalding hot
for an hour or more. A pound of pork is quite
enough for a quart of beans, and this is a large
dinner for a common family. The rind of pork
should be slashed.

Cider cake is very good, to be baked in small
loaves. One pound and a half of flour, half a
pound of sugar, a quarter of a pound of butter,
half a pint of ciiler, one teaspoonful of pearlash;
spice to your taste. Bake till it turns easily in the
pans, I should think about half an hour.

To make Rice Bread. — Boil a pint of rice soft ;
add a pint of leaven ; then three quarts of flour ;
put it to rise in a tin or earthen vessel until it has
risen sufficiently ; divide it into three parts ; then
bake it as other bread, and you will have three
large loaves.

The editor ofthe Gloucester (Mass.) Telegraph
trims up his notice of a very respectable military
review, in his neighborhood, in the following
happy manner: — ' It was a bitter cold day,' and
it was really comfortable to see several of the
officers and soldiers on duty, clothed in their
"Tom and Jerrys." — One company contained nine
men, seven of whom were of the same name ;
another mustered eleven, and the officers, and so
on.'

126

:W ENin.AND FARMER,

Nov. '2, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDN'ESD.4Y EVENUNG, NOV. 2, 1831.

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.
Tlie IMas.sacliusettsSpy, of ilie ^Otli ult. gives a
detailed account of the Aiimial A!i;rii-uliiiral Ex-
liil)ition oil tlic20tli, IVom wliich we have abstract-
ed the following particulars.

Tiie e.xercises in the Meetiiig-hou?e, consisting
of remarks from the Pjesident of the Society, Gov.
Lincoln, a prayer from the Rev. Mr Abbot and an
Address liy Dr FisUe were listened to by a. nu-
merous assembly. The spirit and animation with
which the venerable orator treated his subject se-
cured the undivided attention of the audience, and
the occasional sallies of humor that enlivened his
speculations, were welcomed as pleasant accom-
paniments to substantial and valuable matter.

The following were among the sentiments of-
fered :

Agricultural Societies — ' The march of mind' control-
ling the mnss of matter. By their potent spells Ihey
have doubled the power of a prolific substance ; and in-
fused vitality into a captit niortuum — miracles incora-
prehensilde to their opponents !

Our Spiudles and Looms — Thoiiixh the day of Fable
may have passed away, the thread of our nation's destiny
is so interwoven with the thread of the manufacturer,
that the hand which cuts the one, must sever the other
also.

The Massachusetts Agricultural Society--A Labora-
tory of Natuie and Art. The science of its professors
has compounded and combined principles unknown to
the former, and their union has extended thcvegclahle
creation beyond the sphere of her law?.

To this sentiment the Hon. John Welles, one of
tlie Trustees of the State Society, responded in a
few remarks, and the following toast :

The Worcester Agriculturnl Society — Skilful, zealous,
and indefatigable : their Show is every day and every
7cher€.

The Artisans, by whose ingenuity and skill the farm-
er is supplied with his imp.'oved iinplemenls of husband-
ry. By their coutiivance and worf-jiianship the curse of
cultivating the earth by the sweat of the brow, is con-
verted into the blessing of but a healthful perspiration.
Gold Digging — The best tools in the business, a
plough and a hoe — the best place lo seek for it, above
ground.

JVew Hampshire — While the traveller has gazed with
delijjht npon the magnificence of her natural scenery,
the world has aiiriaied the sublime exhibition of moral
power in her distinguished Son, in sustaining the Con-
stitution of his country.

This sentimetit, referring to tiie celebrated
speech of Mr Webster in the Senate of the
United States in defrnce of the Constitution, was
received by the company witii great enthusiasm,
and elicited from thtit gentleman a train of elo-
quent and iiistriictive remarks, in which, after
thanking the Society for their allusion to himself
and to his native State, he s()oke of the means of
agricultural improvement, aiid of the present con-
dition and future prospects of the country. It
would be, useless to attempt even a sketch of the
admirable views on the ilifTerent to])ics embraced
ill his observations, nor would it be possible to
convey an adequtite idea of the enanner and tone
with which he descanted on the causes that threat-
en the permanence of the Union. We venture to
say there wtis not a per.-(in present who did not
partake of the deep and intense emotion so per-
ceptible in the sjieaker hiniself, during this portion
of his reiiiarks.

After Mr Webster sat down, sentiments were.
offered which called up successively Messrs E.
Everett, Greiii;ell, Dearborn, A. H. Everett, all of

whom responiled in an appropriate and spirited
maiuier. We regret our inability to give a more
particular account of these contributions to the
gratification of the company. The following were
nmong the other sentiments offered :

The Farmer's Bank — Its capital, industry — its divi-
dends, competence and contentment.

Intemperance — .^n unjust and ai bitrary assessor, whom
the fnmer with a righteous indignation has reformed
out of ofUce.

The American Colonization Socie/i/— Which has dis
covereil the ait by transplanting to produce a whole-
some, from a noxious vegetation.

By Hon. O. Fiske (the Orator of tbe day).— A con-
stituent ingredient of a good soil, and its best «sein re-
storing cohesion to a loose and adulterated portion of the
national farm — a superstrati'ni of Clay.

Tne Anti-Tariff Mm of the Sou(/i— While their think
so much of their rights, let them not expect we shall
forget nur water privileges.

By Gov. Lincoln, President of the Society. — Fidelity
in public ollicers to the duties of their stations, and the
submission of candidates to the will of the People. ,

By Hon. E. Everett. — The fidelity of the Peofle to
those public servants, who have ably and faiihfullj pro-
moted Iho interests of the State.

The last toast followed on the heels of the
Governor's, and being understood to allude )o His
Excellency, was welcomed with loud demonstibtions
of the concurrence of the company in the jus|ice of
the application. 1

By the Hon. John Welles.— TAe Orator of thcday—
AVbose wisdom is always instructive, and cannotjbe too
often repr^atcd. i

By a Tariff man. — From the days of Adam unci now
it hath iiecn said to man, ' Thou shall labor ijr thy
bread.' The present docliine is, ' Thou shalt nc^labor,
but buy.'

By a stranger. — Whatever we may say lo the dcttrine,
that all is fair ia politics, we shall readily acknowledge
that all is fair in IVoicester.

The political cultivators of the national homeiead —
Who have shov.'n by a recent experiment that most
woi'k may be done * in breaking up' by plouglii'ng with
the heifers.

The good old days of beef broth and bean porridge —
A rich and substantial diet, which gave strength to the
t'arnier to subdue a rugged soil ; and cause and coxtrage
to defend it. His luxury was lo live within his means
and pay his debts.

Fanner's Pens and Scholar's Pens — As we havf seen
and heard them today ; the sorrrces of supply to the
wants of man — the one feeding the body, the other the
mind.

Horticulture — The art of removing half the priiutive
curse of man. If it cannot restore him back to the old
Eden, it can make a new Eden bloom around him whoie
he is.

Season for Ploughing. — Land which is com-
posed in part of clay, or'what is called a stiff soil,
shoidil he ploughed in the fall and laid as light as
possible, so as to expose it to the action of frost,
which will pulverize and subdue it ; and insects
will then be destroyed by exposure to the rigors of
winter. But arable land, which is sandy and po
lous should lie and consolidate till spring.

FRCITS EXHIBITED.

Jlpples.—By Mr R. F. Phippsof Charlestown, spe-
ciniens from a French dwarf tree under the name of
Royal French Pippin ; another specimen from a
French dwarf, name unknown. — By Mr Samuel Par-
ker of Reading, specimens of two varieties of applea,
one called RilsIi/ Rfd, and to appearance a fine sizeij
winter fruit — the others to appearance weie fine
Baldwin apples, both gathered from the same limb'
of the Rusty Red.

Pears. — By Maj. E. Crafts of Roxbury, beautiful
specimens of Passe Colmar of delicious flavor, scioag
from the trees received by the Hon. Mr Lowell from
Mr Knight. — By Mr Manning, Pears supposed to be
the Anibrette, but not of Coxe ; Louise Bonne of
Duhaniel ; also pears name unknown, from the gar-
den of Wm. Fettyplace, Esq. of Salem, a melting
and fine flavored fruit. — By Mr E. W. Richards,
Warden Pears, a good baking fruit and great bear-
er ; also the Ambrette of Coxe. — By Mr R. F. Phipps,
Rousseline, Long Green Winter, Royal Winter of
very fine flavor ;* the two last named were from
trees imported from Vilmorin, Andrieux & Co. ; also
a pear of middle size and of e.xcellent flavor, from
another tree imported from the same source called
the Marquis, but incorrectly.

Grapes. — By E. Bartlett, Esq., beautiful specimens
of the following : White Chasselas, Royal Chasselas,
Musk Chasselas, Petit Muscat, Gros Maroc. — By Mr
William Emerson, Meunier or Miller's Burgundy.

Persimtnons, from the Mount Vernon estate, Vir-
ginia, were exhibited by Mr B. V. French ; the treei
were stated to be ornamental and loaded with the
fruit, which is very agreeable to the taste after se-
vere frosts.

Medlars, from the garden of Mrs Parmentier,
Brooklyn, N. Y., said to be very palatable after be-
ing^ameliorated bv frost.

For the Committee, WM. KKNRICK.

RoTART Pdivip. — Messrs Hale, Crane If Co. of
this city have obttiined a patent for, and establish-
ed a manufactory of, a new rotary i)ump which
promises to be a deciderl and valiuible improve-
ment. Two wheels are inclosed in a casing which
corresponds with them in size and which fits closely
upon their sides. One of the wheels has, on its
periphery floats or wings three in number, at equal
distances apart — somewhat like cogs ; — the other
wheel has cavities into which the cogs or floats
may fall, both wheels being so placed in ihtsir ca-
sing as to revolve together, and their peripheries
forming a water-joint. Through the ends or
heads of the casing pass the shafts which support
and turn the wheels. There are two apertures
in the casing, through one of which the water is
drawn up by the suction produced by the motion
of the floats, as they recede from the wheel con-
taining the cavities, ami through the other the
water is discharged, by the approach of the floats
towards it. The pump may be put in motion by the

.1 good pickle for Beef and Pork called the
' Knickerbocker Pickle'. — Take 6 gallons Water —
9 lbs. Salt, coarse and fine ndxed — 3 lh.«. Brown
Sugar — 3 oz. Salt Petre — 1 oz. Pearl Ash, and
1 gallon Molasses.

In making a larger or smaller quantity of pickle
the above (unportions are to be observed. Boil
and skini these ingredients well, and when cold,
put theni over the beef or pork.

Pattening Swine. — Hogs will fa ten the faster if
they can have access at will to charcoal, which
they will eat eagerly, and thus acquire an appe-
tite for food, and escape a certain disorder, which
bipeds call dysjiepsia.

*To those who doubt the correctness of the theory ad-
vanced by AL- Knight, that the diHijrent varieties of fruitt
have their periods of existence fixed, and thai after a
certain time comes on their old age, their declension and
total annihilation, it may appear a remarkable circum-
stance that the Royal Winter, the Vjrgouleuse, the Chau-
montelle, the Colmar and some others, the finest of all
old Peais, rliould have simultaneously and tolally disap-
peared, or nearly so, from loth the Boston and Paris mar-
kets. From this fart, which is from the most authentic
and unquestionable source, we infer that out of that cityt
and in its vicinity, the country around, these ancient and
once famous fruits are as liable to blast, and as unworthy
of general cultivation as in the country around Boston.

W. K.

N. B. The Parsnip Seed left by Mr Vaughaw is (0
be distributed next Saturday. Also, a new variety of
Beans from Hon. Samuel Lathhop.

Vol. X.— No. 16.

AND HOllTICULTURAI. JOURNAL.

127

Jiiml or oilier power. One 14 inches in diame-
ter vvilli the application of the power of two men,
will raise and discharfje 180 gallons per minute.
A pump of this size is already in successful Ojjer-
ation at the Simsbury mines in this State; and
orders for otliers have been received from several
States in the Union. — JV. Eng. W. Review.

[We have seen a model of this Pump, and are
much pleased with the simplicity and ingenuity of
the invention, and believe it will be found a valu-
able acquisition to the useful arts. We are in-
formed that some of these Pumps will soon be
left for sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos.
51 and 52 North Market Street, Boston.]

* SevcialcoEiitnunicilionsare deferred till next week.

Fruit Trees, Sfc.

As the season for transplanting Tr^es is approaching,
the subscrilier offers at his Nursery, near the Court
House in Worcester, the most approved variety of Ap-
ple, Pear, Cherry, Peach, Apricot, and Plum Trees, of
good size and vigorous growth. Also, Horse Chesnut,
and Ciilalpa Trees, for ornament and shade ; Isabella and
other Grape Vines ; Honeysuckle, Strawberry Vines,
&.C.

Also, Mulberry Trees of good size, for transplanting,
which may be had after a few days' notice, from another
Nursery. O. FISKE.

Worcester, Oct. 19. Nov. 2.

Grape fine Plants,

For sale at the garden of S, G. Perkins, in Krookline,
on the most favorable terms. The plants may be seen
and purchased ut the Garden at any time ; or orders may
be left with Mr Perkins at his office, corner of State and
Congress streets.

Tiie vines are from one to four years old, in fine order,
widi wood enough of this j^ear's growth attached to
most of the plants to make a dozen or more vines.

Clias^elas, common white, or ]Muscadine.

Chasselas de Fontainbleaii, or Thomery.

Chasselasd'Oie, Bar Sur Aube.

Chasselas, red.

.Chasselas, Muscat.

Black Hamburg.

Black Cape.

E-iperione, black.

Frankend.di, do.

St Peter's, do.

Zenfandel, by some called the Black Prince ; the
buDclie-s produced on this vine are very large.

Isabella.

Muscat of Alexandria.

Muscat, red.

Muscat, Grizzley.

Muscat, white frontenao.

Muscat, purple.

Constantia — the sweetest of all Grapes, and a great
bearer; the berries contain but one seed- generally, and
eometimcsnonealall. SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

Nov. 2. eplm

Buckthorns.

Gcntlemei) in want of this valuable plant for live
fences can have young quicks about 3.J feet high, for
$3 per hundred, and plants 2^ feet high, for $2,.50 per
hundred, hyjeaving their orders at the office of the New
England Farmer. They are raised in the vicinity of
Boston, are in the very fine't order, and will be well
packed. A small charge will be added for freight.

Nov. 2.

Cobb's Treatise on Silk.

Just published, and for sale at the Agricultural ,Ware-
house and Seed Store, No 50j North Market streel,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Orowlh of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable Directions
for the Culture of Silk — In three parts — with colored en-
gravings. By ,1. H. CoD5, A. M. Published by direc-
tion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Price 37i

'•'■"'■'. Oct. 26. "

iXj^ Ammunirion

Of the best qualitv aurt lowest prices, for sporting —
constandy for sale atCOPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
6 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo relunded tf Jan.

Splehdid Bulbous Roots.

Just received al the Agricultural Warehouse and Seed
Store, No. 50^ North Market-street, direct from Van
Eeden & Co. Harlem, Holland, a large assortment of
Bulbous Flower Roots, coinpii«ing the finest varieties of

HYACINTH.S— (double and single) dark blue, porce-
lain blue, rod, rosy colored, pure while widi yellow eye,
white with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ; from
12i CIS to .f 100 each.

TULIPS— splendid variegated, red, yellow and mixed,
12J cts each $1 per dozen, (our importalion of fine tu-
lips is very large, and we are enabled to put some sorts
as a low as $6 per 100— an object to those who wish to
form a superb tulip bed.)

CROWN IMPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid
colors, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 3S cts e.ich,
(extra fine roots.)

JONQUILLES — sweet scented, finest roots 125 cents
each.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— fragrant, while with
citron cups, extra sized roots, 2.5 cts each

DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colors, 12J
cts each — per dozen, $1.

SPRING CROCUS— of all colors, 6^ cts each, 50 cts
jdozen*

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM— (a mobt singular
produclion, fruit bearing and medicinal) 12^ cts each.

The above roots are from the same house from which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells 1 inch and S.lOths in diameter.

Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are nol purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
flowers.

Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12^ cts each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps Lilies, same price. tf

Round Black, I 2 to 4 •

While Mu.scadine, f

Cadiz, and said to be the most val-
uable Grapes produced in Spain.

Grape Vines,
For sale by the Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Altheas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are
Black Hamburg, "^
Oval Purple, j

'ears old — have borne fruit
the present year.
White Chasselas, j
Constantia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The paient
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs.

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old

Polomino, ~f „ j r i. *i. ^ i .
m „!„„ n,.,<„i Procured for me by the Consul at
Mantau Castal- I ^_j. j _.j ,_ {_ ,, , ...,

laua,

" De Peta

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabella, T

Catawba, VNative.

Bland, J

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be pro viptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 7^ Congress street.

Oct. 5. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

Jewelry, Watches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaled Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, Vc, ^'c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
ei'y. [nr Watches repaired and warranted.

HORTICULTURAL REGISTER.

(Pt;BLIEHED IS LONDON.)

The Horticultural Register, and General Magazine of
all Useful and Interesting Discoveries connected wilh
Natural History and Rural Subjects, is published monthly
in London. Subscriptions received by

MUNROE & FRANCIS,

Oct. 20. 127 Washington street.

JVew England Farmer's Mmanac for 1832.
Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of the
New England Farmer, 52, North Market Street, anc"
Carter, Hendee & Bibcock, Washingion Street, the
New England Farmer's .Almanac, for 1S32, l.y T. G
Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Paini, Esq.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

ATl'Lr.S, nisselliiigs,
ASHES, pni.lirsi son,

Pearl, first son,
BEAN.S, while,
lUiEF, KICSS,

Cargo, No. I,

Cargo, r>.i. -2,
liirn-Eli,, insp(^cied, Nn. 1, new, -
(JliEESL, new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FL.AXSEEI),
FLOUK, l'.altimore,Howard-sireet, -

Ali-.v.nndna,
Bnllnnnre, wharf,
(5RAIN, Cm, N.-rtbeni.

Corn, Suulhern Yellow, -

live.

Barley,

Oats,

HAY,

HOG'S LARD, first son, new,

HOI'S, Isiqualitv,

I.IMi;,

I'LAISTER PARIS retails at

PORK, clear.

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herds Grass,

Red Top ^northern J

Red Clover, (iiorlhern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

Merino, mi.ied wiih Saxony,

Merino, three fourths washed,

Mer. .1.), ha ulood,

Merino, qiiai ler,

Native, washed.

Pulled superfine,

Isi Lamb's,

2d.

pound
cwt.
pound

2 00

1 2 50

10.-) 00

'108 00

120 0(

122 50

9t

1 «l

8 5C

3 00

7 Of

7 60

C 25

G 50

14

IS

6

8

.')

4

1 12

I 50

5 75

6 00

S 75

6 00

4 62

5 00

H (Kl

5 50

m

70

(;.i

65

75

78

70

75

36

42

fin

70

9 50

10 00

11 on

13 00

1 00

1 25

:i 00

3 25

16 00

17 00

13 no

14 00

i.'i no

13 .50

2 nn

2 25

.•in

^!i

10

12

B no

s so

63

65

70

75

52

55

.50

52

45

48

45

60

fi.S

65

58

60

44
30

45
30

PROVISION MARKET.

KEEK, best pieces,
POIIK, (lesli, besi pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL. *'

MUTTON,
POULTKV,
UUTTEK,kegandlub,
Lump, besl,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, faceordinglo quallly]

pound.

8

6

"

CI

"

4

"

8

tt

12

"

20

dozen.

12

bushel.

82

"

82

*t

37

barrel.

2 10

8
12
13

22
14

84
81
40

3 00

Brighto.n AIarkkt — Monda;/, Oct. 31.

fltoportcd for Ihe Chronicle and Patiiot.J
At Market this dav 1477 Beef Cattle, 1393 Stores,
4332 Sheep, and 1883 Swine.— 1000 Swine, and about 400
Sheep have been before reported.

Pricks. — Beef Cattle — We quote for several yoke ex-
tra $5 25, prime at 4 75 a 5, good 4 25 a 4 50, tlnn 3 a 4.
Barrelling Cattle— Mess $3 84, No. 1, 3 33, No. 2,

2 88 a 3 17.

Working Oxen— A few sales only noticed at S'lj, 62,
67 and 73.

Cows and Calves— We noticed sales al 16, 19, 20, 22,
25 and 28.

Stores — Sales were made of a large number two year
old at $11 a 15, yearlings at 6 a 9.

Shtep — Dull, and prices somewhat reduced; a few
store Sheep were sold, price not known, lots to be slaugh-
tered at 1 76, 1 88,2,2 10, 2 25 and 2 50 ; weth. rs at 3 a

3 7S.

Staine — One entire lot of 620 was taken at S^e. one lot
of 150 at 4c. one of 60 selected at 4| : at retail 4 a 4^ for
Sows, 5 a 5i for Bar tows.

J\''eic York Cattle Market. Oct. 24.— At mniket 1100
to 1200 Beef Cattle, 2300 to 3000 Sheep, 250 & .vine, 30
Milch Cows. A considerable number of Cule and
Sheep left unsold. Sales were, for extra Beef C .tlie 6 50
a 6 75 ; gooil 6 a 6 25 ; fair 5 a 5 25, and Middlings 4 75
perewt. Sheep, selected welhersSS; extra lots good
at 3 a 3 50 ; fair 3 25 a 3 50, and ordinary at 1 50 a 1 75
each. Swine4a42C. Milch Cows dull, 20 a £5 and 30.
Pork in hogs $6 a 6 50 per cwt.— .A'". Y. V. .« :o.

(CTln the New York market only the quirters of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being ioclu-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

128

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 2, 1831.

MISCELLANY

From tlie United Stales Telegrapll.

The following Chronological List of the principal
Officers of the United States Government under the
Constitution, has been compiled from authentic sour-
ces, and may be interesting to many, as a convenient
document for reference.

PRESIDENTS.

1789, Georg^e Washington, of Virginia.
1797, John Adams, of Massachusetts.
1801, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
1809, James Madison, of Virginia.
1817, James Monroe, of Virginia.
1825, John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts.
1829, Andrew Jackson, of Tennessee.

VICE PRESIDENTS.

1789, John Adams, of Massachusetts.

1797, Thomas Jefferson, of Virginia.
1801, Aaron Burr, of New York.

1805, George Clinton, of New York ; died April 20,
1812.

1813, Elbridge Gerry, of Massachusetts ; died Nov.

23, 1814.
1817, Daniel D. Tompkins, of New York.
1825, John C. Calhoun, of S. Carolina.

SECRETARIES OF STATE.

1789, Thomas Jefferson of Virginia.

1794, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia.

1795, Timothy Pickering, of Pennsylvania.

1800, John Marshall, of Virginia

1801, James Madison, of Virginia.
1809, Robert Smith, of Maryland.

1811, James Monroe, of Virginia.
1817, John Q. Adams, of Massachusetts.
1825, Henry Clay, of Kentucky.

1829, Martin Van Buren, of New York.
1831, Edward Livingston, of Louisiana.

SECRETARIES OF THE TREA3CRV.

1789, Ale.\ander Hamilton, of Now Y'ork.
1795, Oliver VVolcott, of Connecticut.

1801, Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts.

1802, Albert Gallatin, of Pennsylvania.

1814, George W. Campbell, of Tennessee.

1814, Alexander J. Dallas, of Pennsvlvania.
1817, William H. Crawford, of Georgia.
1825, Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
1839, Samuel D. Ingham, of Pennsylvania.
1831, Lewis M'Lane, of Delaware.

SECRETARIES OP IVAR.

1789, Henry Knox, of Massachusetts.

1795, Timothy Pickering, of Pennsylvania.

1796, James M'Henry, of Maryland.

1800, Samuel Dexter, of Massachusetts.

1801, Roger Griswold, of Connecticut.

1801, Henry Dearborn, of Massachusetts.
1809, William Eustis, of Massachusetts.
181.3, John Armstrong, of New York.

1815, William H. Crawford, of Georgia.

1817, Isaac Shelby, of Kentucky, (did not accept.)

1817, John C. Calhoun, of S. Carolina.
182.5, James Barbour, of Virginia.

1828, Peter B. Porter, of Now York.

1829, John H. Eaton, of Tennessee.
1831, Lewis Cass, of Ohio.

*SECRETAmES OF TBF. NAVV.

1798, George Cabot, of Massachusetts.
1798, Benjamin Stoddert. of Maryland.

1802, Robert Smith, of Maryland.

1805, Jacob Crowninshiekl, of Massachusetts.
1809, Paul Hamilton, of S. Carolina.

1812, VVilliairi Jones, of Pennsylvania.

1815, Benj. VV. CrowninshicUl, of Massachusetts.

1818, Smith Thompson, of Now York.
182-3, Samuel L. Southard, of N. Jersey.
1829, John Branch, of N.Carolina.

1831, Levi Woodbury, of New Hampshire.

*This department was not established until the
30th of April, 1798, being prior to that date a branch
of the \Var Department.

POSTMASTERS GENERAL.

1789, Samuel Osgood, of Massachusetts.
1791, Timothy Pickering, of Pennsylvania.

1795, Joseph Habersham, of Georgia.

1802, Gideon Granger, of Connecticut.
1814, Return J. Meigs, of Ohio.
1823, John M'Lean, of Ohio.

1829, William T. Barry, of Kentucky.

Chief Justices of the Supreme Court.
1789, John Jay, of New York, appointed.

1796, William Cushing, of Massachusetts.

1796, Oliver Ellsworth, of Connecticut.

1800, John Jay, of New York.

1801, John Marshall, of Virginia.

Attorneys General.
1789, Edmund Randolph, of Virginia, appointed.

1794, William Bradford, of Pennsylvania.

1795, Charles Lee, of Virginia.
1801, Levi Lincoln, of Massachusetts.

1805, Robert Smith, of Maryland.

1806, John Breckenbrulge, of Kentucky.

1807, Cssar A. Rodney, of Delaware.
J8I1, William Pinkney, of Maryland.

1814, Richard Rush, of Pennsylvania.
1817, William Wirt, of Virginia.
1829, John M. Berrien, of Georgia.
1831, Roger B. Taney, of Maryland.

Speetkers of the House of Representatives (f the
United States. '

1789, First Congress, 1st and 2d sessions heldat N.
Y'ork, 3d session at Philadelphia ; Frederijk A.
Muhlenburgh, of Penn.

1791, Second Congress, held at Philadelphia; Jona-
than Trumbull, of Connecticut.

1793, Third Congress, held at Philadelphia ; Fred-
erick A. Muhlenburgh, of Penn.

1795, Fourth Congress, held at Philadelphia ; Jona-
than Dayton, of New Jersey.

1797, Fifth Congress, held at Philadelphia ; Jonathan
Dayton, of New Jersey.

1799, Sixth Congress, 1st session at Philadelphia, 3d
at Washington ; Theodore Sedgwick, of Mass.

1801, Seventh Congress, held at Washington ; Na-
thaniel Macon of N. Carolina.

1803, Eighth Congress ; Nathaniel Macon, ofNorth
Carolina.

180.5, Ninth Congress; Nathanel Macon, ofNorth
Carolina.

1807, Tenth Congress ; Joseph B. Varnum of Mass-
achusetts.

1809, Eleventh Congress ; Joseph B. Varnum, of
Massachusetts.

1811, Twelfth Congress; Henry Clay, of Kentucky.

181.3, Thirteenth Congress ; Henry Clay, of Ken-
tucky until January the 17th, 1814.
Langdon Cheves, of South Carolina, for the resi-
due of the Congress.

1815, Fourteenth Congress ; Henry Clay of Ken-
tucky.

1817, Fifteenth Congress ; Henry Clay of Kentucky
1819, Sixteenth Congress ; Henry Clay of Kentucky.

during the 1st session ;

John W. Taylor, of New Y'ork during the 2d

session.
1821, Seventeenth Congress; Philip P. Barbour of

Virginia.
182-3, Eighteenth Congress ; Henry Clay, of Ken-
lucky.
1825, Nineteenth Congress ; John W. Taylor, of

New Y'ork.
1827, Twentieth Congress; Andrew Stevenson of

Virginia.
1829, Twentvfirst Congress ; Andrew Stevenson.

A young Russian Nobleman, travelling in Ger-
many, struck with great violence the postillion
who drove liiin. ' Take care,' said a bystander,
' you will kill him I' ' Oh, as for that matter,'
said the Russian, ' I am rich enough to answer
for it. What do they charge for postillions in this
country ?'

FRUIT TREES.

For sale at the Kenrick Nurseries, ia
Newton, near Boston, a most exten>ivo as-
sortment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Almonds'
Mulljerries, Quinces, Raspberries, Gooseber-
ry and Currant bushes. Grape Vines of the best torei^n
sorts, and 25 finest varieties of Strawberries, including
the most rare, productive and esteemed.

Also about 4U0 varieties of the most hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, and superb hardy roses, including SiWer i
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Chesnuts,
Flowering Calalpas, Mountain .Ash with beautiful clus^ :
teis ot red berries in autumn and winter, Purple Acacia
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Butternuts, Ailan-
tlms or tree of Heaven. Elm=, American and Scotch,
Sugar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree, Honeysuckles. Many ( f the above sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
commons.

White Mcri.BERniEs, genuine sort for silk worms,
by the 100 or 1000 for Pl.intations.

Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.

China Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Ge-

HANEUMS, SfC. iS'C.

Written orders addressed either to John or William
Kenrick, Newton, are regularly received by the
daily mail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient be left with J. B. Russell, at the
New England Farmer office, where also, catalogues may
be obtained gratis on application. But purchasers are in-
vited when convenient to call and examine the trees, ^c,
for themselves, and make their own selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their or-
deis, relying that the very best possible selection will bo
made for thera. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and mats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transpoitation. eptDI Oct. 19.

Farm ffanted.
Wanted to purchase, or hire, a good Farm within
5»ven miles, south or west of Boston, containing forty
to eighty acres of land, with genteel dwelling house,
good barn, &c. Apply to J. B. Russell, Farmer office,
Boston — if by letter, post paid. If Oct. 19.

Pear Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 92
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, of vigorous growth, and prom-
ising appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size are from IS to
24 inches in length, the whole plant; price .flO per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length,
price $5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
as wanted, for tr.msportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at ttie

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Evciiin", at g3 per annum,
payable at the end of ilie year — but those who pay withia
sixty days from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifly cents.

Jj° No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. li. RcssELL.byl. R. Butts— by wboB
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th*
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 fioilk
Market Street. agents.

New York — G Thorburn & Sons. G7 Liberty-street
/4Zinn!/— Wm. Thorbcbn, 317 Jlarkct-sireel.
PldtaUelplna—^y. & C Landreth.85 Chostnul-slreet.
Baltimore— G. B. Smith , Editor ijtihe American Farmer.
Cincinnati— fi. C. Pakkhurst,23 Lower Markel-slreel.
Flushing, N. Y. Wm.Prisce & Sons, Prop. Lia. liol.Ciardci
Sliddlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Harlford— iloort\y IK & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, it/<'.— Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.Su(rusta , Me. Wm. M.4.nn.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder office
Montreal. L. C.— Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (4t the Agriculturjil Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN EDITOR

VOL.. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 9, 1831.

NO. 17.

ICE HOUSES.

Mb Fessenden — Your coi-respoiident C. whose
eommiiniiratioii was given vol. x. page 13 of the
New Englatiil Faimer, coiii|ihiiiis of noi luring alile
to keep his ice through the summer, ami imputes
it to thesoil on which his house is locatfd. I have an
ice house, which is built on the same kind of soil,
which he ilescrihes, say a gravelly knoll. I dug
a pit, say from 8 to 12 inches larger than I intend-
ed the frame. I dug it al)out 8 feet below the sur-
face, and with the gravel, which came out of the
pit, I raised it about 2 feet. My frame was 10
feet long, 8 feet wide and 10 feet deep. I planked
it up with 2 inch hendock plaidis, and filled the
gpace on the outside, which was from 8 to 12
ioches, with tan, and rammed it down as fast as I
planked it up till I came lo the top of the frame. I
then put on rafters of joists 4 or 5 inches square,
and lined them and filled the space with tan, as
tight as it could be rammed in, and then shingled
the roof. Tiie ends were boarded up, with a door
at each end, for the convenience of filling the
house. My house holds about 6 cords. I fill iti
with square pieces of ice, as close as I can pack
them. I put nothing between the layers of ice, nor
on the sides, nor do I break any in pieces to fill up
the spaces, e.xcept broken pieces that will not make
good stowage. I have filled the house to the top
of the frame. I then fill the roof with shavings,
and ram them down as tight as 1 can. I have had
no diOiculiy in keeping my ice, and have spared
as much as we have used, and have often ice in the
house, when we clear it for filling afresh. I think
shavings are better than straw, as they will not
rot so soon by the dampness. I go to the ice house
at any time of day, when ice is wanted. My ice
house has no drains to it. Under the plank at bot-
tom I rounded out a place lengthwise, about a
foot deep, sloping towards the ujiddle like an egg,
cut in two lengthwise, which I think is sufficient
to receive all the water that will waste from the
ice. I-remain with respect,

Your most obedient servant,

Medford, Oct. 28, 1831. A Sdbscriber.

We are personally acquainted with the writer
of the above, who is a respectable and intelligent
agricidtinist in the neighborhood of Boston. We
regret that he did not authorize us to add his name
to his useful article. — Editor.

SUN FLOWER OIL.
To the Editor of the New England Farmer.

Dear Sir — I have read several articles in differ-
ent newsjjapers, respecting the value of sun-flow-
er seed, for the purpose of producing oil. The
favorable manner in which this article was spoken
of induced me to make a trial myself. Accordingly
last spring I jjlanted nearly one half of an acre,
the produce of which Was thirty bushels of good
seed. So far the success was equal to my expecta-
tions. Last wrck I took a quantity to the oil mill
of Mr Smith in Ipswich, and the most we could
procure from a bushel was two quarts. We at
first made several trials by grinding and pressing,
tJut in this way the most we could get was one
quart and a half-pint, from one bushel. We then
lieated the seed, and pressed without grinding, but

dill not succeed so well; we then ground and press-
' ed cold and procured two quarts, and this was the
I most we could procure in any way.

My object in making this statement, is to correct
any wrong impressions that have been made, re-
specting the value of' this article. By the above
experiment I am certain it has been overrated by
at least one half.

After such a decided failure I do not feel miich
disposed to boast about raising sun-flowers, but
will just observe that mine were mostly of the single
headed kind, and some of them measured upwards
of four feet in circumference.

I presume the cause why it did not produce as
much when hot pressed as cold, wa's that the hull
of theseed when hot absorbed the oil more readily
Yours respectfully, Joseph Mann.

Salisbury, Oct. 31, 1831.

for the new ENGLAND FARMER.

CORN STALKS— Again.

Mr Editor — I have no inclination for a corn
stalk controversy, but beg leave to a<ld the follow-
ing to my communication of Sept. 28. Your cor-
respondent from South Boston supposed my com-
munication calculated to mislead, &c. I should ex-
ceedingly regret any such result. I have read his
Itatement with much interest, but still remain in
tie dark on certain points. He states that ' cows
vihen' fed with stalks must be fed to the full, that
th-y ii.ist be satisfied or they will stnnil all day
impalienily watching the cornfield,' &c, and ' that
they wil^ neither eat grass nor drink water, so
long as they expect anything better.' This is
doubtles true, but with my cows the case was of
differeu character. To avoid the above evil my
cows were fed with stalks late in the afternoon
and at/io other time. They appeared to feed as
usual (irough the day, until near the time for
stalkspnd when they sometimes arrived half an
hour j)o soon, I repeatedly noticed that they found
empl(jfment at feeding as before. Now if a full
supplj of stalks will greatly increase the milk, why
shouj a small quantity in addition to the usual
suppj of grass diminish it .' This is- the main
pointtoncerning which I am in the dark. That
my <j>W8 consumed more food, in all, on those
dayswhen fed with stalks, than before or after, I
canilt for a moment doid)t ; and if it be a fact
that^rass feeding ceases to nourish the animal
whe| her thoughts are on the corn stalks.
It is'ertainly a fact of no small importance to the
farrtr. The quantity of stalks consumed by my
cow\as stated before, was four hills each, per day,
a siijll pittance to be sure, but considering the
luxiKant growth of the season, including an
aburance of suckers, not so scanty as might be at
firstupposed.

^s much to be regretted that farmers (as
the are called) are so much inclined to follow an
oliliractice. taking it for granted that it is a good
one Few on this point perhaps have been more
guil- than myself. But in the corn stalk busi-
nest think there are very many who have done
as uch as I have, feeding in this small way, the
whe of which, so far as my late experience jiroves
nniiing, is an entire loss and something worse

into the bargain. If the best, and only successful
mode of feeding, is to give them as many stalks as
they will eat up clean at one time (and I do not
presume to doubt it,) it is certainly time for far-
mers to attend to the subject ; f.ir if this theory be
correct, I am persuaded there are hundreds in
Massachusetts sustaining yearly loss, and though
some may think even green stalks a dry subject,
on paper, I cherish a hope that the above may ex-
cite further investigation and eventually benefit
some others beside

Your obedient servant,
^/elcton, Oct. 14, 1831, E. F. Woodward.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAHMFB.

PRODUCTIVE CULTIVATION.
Mr Fessenden— To number the most acres
or to see who shall possess the largest domain
ought not to be the chief ambition of the agricul-
turist, but to strive for excellence in the cultivation
of what land a man may already have in posses,
sion ; to see who can make the most at the least
expense, from the fewest acres ; to make two and
even twenty spears of grass grow where none be-
fore vegetated.

If such a strife for excellence were encouraged,
we should see the man of few acres proudly stand-
ing by the side, yea lifting his head higher than
his viore acred neighbor. To encourage a compe-
tition of this kind, and to show what may be raised
on a small spot c'-.'-m, ;!, T ^-ive below the pro-
duce of.o^se a(||,,4;ir-Je ye"^= in succession, belong,
ing to B. Norris, Esq. of this town, the truth of
which can be abundantly verified, if required
Yours &c, L. W B

Bristol, R. 1. JVov. 2, \8Sl.

1829.
12178 bunches of onions, at 60 bushels to the
thousand bunches, a commoji average, would be
730 bushels of Onions.
" Potatoes.

" Carrots.

" Round Turnips.

" Beets.

" Beans.

Ills. Winter Squashes.

Cabbage heads.
1830
10560 bunches of Onions, equal to
638 bushels Onions.

" Potatoes. '

" Carrots.

" Round Turnips.

" Beets.

3 pecks of beans.
2500 lbs. Winter Squashes.

150 Cabbage.

1831.
10363 bunches of Onions equivalent to
628 bushels of Onions.
130 " Potatoes.

23 " Round Turnips.

30 « Beets.

2 pecks of Beans.
2000 lbs. Winter Squashes.

200 heads of Cabbage.

70
50
20
30
1
3200
150

80
30
31
26

130

NF-:W ENGLAND FAilMEPc,

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND

GRAPES.

Mb Fksbf.nden — I liave

annual ainoiiMl of the grain grown in tlial country,

hinclntiin}! wlieat, oats, liarloy, ryo ami pulse) was

112,000,000/.; and that the amount of cattle,

past season, made I siieep, hides, wool, hutter, cln;ese and poultry,

rin.p'iit on a line While Sweet Water Uyas about as much more, making together more
r!m,e (a vine son.ewhat extended.) As soon as I than a tin.nsand million of dollars. At thi. rate,
0 P r^ape became two thirds grown, I picked off j „,« whole national debt of Great Bn.an., vast as

! feaves partially, in order to admit the sun to „ i., would not exceed five crop.. I, we suppose
, he n-uit , resumin- that it would he benefited by u.e population of the United States »o amount to

b t tnuch to n>v surprise it soon blasted, craci- 1 13,000,000, and allow half a d.dlar a week as the
VlUnnd loMe'rcd while on other parts of the i entire expense of the agricultural produce, cori-

le^l e clus"'s -V^ and the grapes offullj, ., as food and clothing by each individual, it

liJe and of a d.dicious flavor. From this it a,.-] will amont.t to near three hundred and forty mdl-
nlars evident thit it is a great inj.uy to remove , jons per annum. Besides this, there .s the food
.hP leaver as the clusters most secluded were thcL-onsumed by domestic animals ; there is the agri-
W^psi a.id finest grapes. From this vine which Luhnral produce, consu.ned for other purposes
• ow.5or6 years cdd I had .nore than half a ,hnn food and cimhing- ;— and there is the entire
i^shel of the most delicious grapes, and^ha,. I not i .ecun.dation, or ;vh«ns raised -;^J- -n^d :

removed the leaves from a considera de por-
tioiiofthesatne, Ishould have probably bad a
peck more. If this information is of any value
to others interested in the culture of this fine fruit
yon will please mention it, as yon have fully evin-
ced your desire to promote the great interests of
agriculture and horticulture.

Yours truly, I-- Jenkins.

Canandaigua, JV. Y. jVov. 2, 1831,

Nov. 9, 1331.

comuierce of Antwerp, Ghent and Uruges. Uul
Flanders still continues to be one of the ricdiest,
best cultivated, and most populous proviiu-i-s in
Europe. The ordinary revolulions of war and
goveriiinent easily dry up the sources of that
wealth which ari-e from coinnierce only. That
which arises frtiiii the more solid improvenitmts of
agriculture, is mm-h more diirablp, and cannot he
destroyed, but by tnose violent convulsioiis, occa-
sioned by the dppre<latious of boilile ami bai barons
nation.-!, for a ceniniy tuirether; such as happeneil
for a century before and afier the Roman enipiic,
in the western provinces of Europe.'

In di.'scdnding to the paiticulars of tl-.e laws,
which it may be necessary to enact in any country,
for the purpose of buihling np and [iroteciiiig the
arts ami iudiislry of the people, they mnsl depend
an aggreg.iie, 1 presume, oi .x,i,vvv,vi;v.,v^>/". partly on the legislation of foreign countries, and
The value of the itiaimfactiiriug industry of the | partly oil the nature of the case. It is commonly
country is less easy to estimate ; but it is vastly i considered, that it would be an advaiitagpous in-
irreat. Articles scarcely thought of, in taking a teicoiirse, to exchange, without restriction, the pro-
.'eneral view of the occupation of the couniry, i ducts of agriculture, in one country for those of

manufacturing industry in another. But iftli«'

EXTRACTS FROM AN ADDRESS,

DELIVERED BY THE HON. EDWARD EVERETT, BE-
FORE THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE,
Oct. 13, 1S3I.

Your society, gentlemen, was incorporated ' for
the purpose of encouraging and promoting .lomes-
tic industry in this State and in the United Slates,
in Agriculture, Commerce, Mannfaclnres and the
Arts.' The legislature of New York evidently
hadin view, in ibu.s statiiig the obje.:t of jour
institution, the great subdrviarwhi|li itis usual to
make of tlie industrious pursiiits orfnan.

It is usual to divide the industry of a country,
into the three great branches of commerce, agri-
culture, and manufactures. There are of course
some important pursuits, such as niiinng and the
fisheries, which do not exactly fall under either
head It is the great business of agriculture, to
produce the food to be consumed by the commu-
nity, and a part of the materials used for maim-
faclures. The manufacturer works up the raw
materials and natural products, of domestic and
foreign growth, into various fabrics and articles for
the use of man; and commerce carries on the ne-
cessary exchanges, between the farmer, the man-
ufacturer, and the consiinier, in different parts of
the country, and between the wlible commiinity
That country is lb ""•

can be easily shown to amount, in the aggregate,
to a iirodigious sum. It has been lately calculated,
that the manufacture of hats, ill the United Staes
amounts to $13,000,000 annually, and that of
boots and shoes to §26,000,000. This would niak;
the amount of bats eipial to more than half the
export of the great staple of cotton ; equal to twice
the lice and tobacco exported ; and to twice the
amount of the entire sugar crop. The article of of the
boots and shoes at 26,000,000 would exceed the
average of the exportation of cotton, for the las
twelve years.

The amount of our foreign commerce, as coi-
sisting in the export of domestic [u-oduce, is lot
<rreat?y over §60,000,000. This is of cow^<e the
product of agriculture and manufactures; and
bears but a small proportion to the domeitic con-
sumption.

It was probably the consiileration of licts like
these, which led Adam Smith to the fdlowing
train of remarks :

' The capital that is acquired to any cointry by
commerce and manufactures, is all a very pecari-
ous and uncertain possession, till some pat of it
has been secured and realized, in the peraanent
improvement of its lands. .\ merchant, it lis been
said very properly, is not the citizen of ainparti-
cular country. It is in a great measure iiidlerent
to him, from what place he carries on his trade
and a very trifling disgust will make him rmove
his capital and with it all the industry, w ich it
-upports, from one country to another. N part

: ij^^ Xh de/ ;imn:;;:aud a wiscad- of it can e said to belong to any partici.l -oun.
mTnistrat on of them at home, and in the enjoy- try, till it has been spread,as it were over tl ace
n/e" to a.f ill-course on liberal principles, with |of that country either in buildmgs or the l.ting
forM"- na^ns, possesses these three branches of improvement o lam Is. No vestige now r niais ol
« Ust V in the r due proportion to each other ; so the great wealth said to be posse.,sed by the reat-
1 allVour h together and neither languishes er part of the Hanse towns, except in the oscure
at ail nour.Mi i , 1 1 j^^^^.^^^ of the thirteenth and lomleenth cemries.,

''ThtL^re-gr i^'I^anchesof indusiry are all, 1 It is even uncertain, where sonie of the,,, were
oriant, and entitled to .situated, or to what towns in Enrope jheUtin

th

in the highest degree, iiiipo -, , ,- i i i >„

the favorable regard of the whole comimmity. If| name given to some o them belon

form comiiarisous between ,hem, I (he misfortunes of Italy, at the end of the filtm I

But tnugl
Ihnlh
giatly

(rhidrLweJe^'ougb'i'norto 1,7 done, without re: I and beginning of the sixteenlh centuri,

Secting thatthe/are very intimately connected | diminished the commerce and mannfacures the

together and dependent on each other) we should

pronounce agriculture the most important branch,

— mannfaciurcs the next, and foreign commerce

the least important of the three. It was cid-

eulated four years ago iii Great Britain, that the

ities of Lombardy and Tuscany, those coutries
still continue to be amongst the most jiojlous
and best cultivated in Europe. The civil
wars of Flanders and the Spanish governent
which succeeded them, chased away the real

foreign inanuracturer refuse to be fed by the agri-
cultural proil'ice of the consumer, who coiisiiniee
his fabric, it is absolutely necessary, by a jiidiciou?
legislation, to rear up a class of domestic manu-
facturers, who will make the exchangn.

The necessity of such a legislation is farther
made manifest, by considering the nature of many
factnring arts. They require great ex-
perieiice in conslructing maibinery — ii great out-
lay of capital, — and practice in all the various pro-
cesses reipiired for the production of the fabric.
How much of this skill is requiretl can only be
estimated by ii person who will visit a cotton
mil^Tr-a'iJ commencing from the machine-shop
trace the progress of the factory from the first
revolution of the lathe, by wbicli the spindle is
turned, to the completion of the building, and
from the opening of the bale of cotton to the pack-
ing up of the bale of cloth. This skill is just ai
necessary to carry on a manufacture, as the ma-
chinery or the power that moves 'it. Itis plain,
that it must take some time to acquire il ; and till
it is acquired the inlimt manufacture cannot possi-
bly sustain a competition with those establishinenfl
which [losspss the skill. So certain is this, thai
it has been stated, by one of the most popular wri-
ters on political economy in Great Britain, at the
present day, that it is impossible that the United
States shcudd enter into competition with England,
in the cotton mamifacture, because Great Britnin
has lliestart of us in the reqwisite skill. When vM
reflect on the infinity of detail ill the business of
a great mamUaclure, — in the contrivance, con-
struction and management of the macMnery, llie
preparation of the raw material and the processe!",
for working it np ; — and what an esseiilial dif
ference in the result, on a large scale, is produced
by a very small advantage, in any of the parts, it
is obvious that unless there were some pn>tectioii
against foreign compelilion in its intiincy, no
manufaclnre previously well established in oiu
country, could be introduced into another. Accord-
ingly I believe it may be asserted as a proposition
to which there is no exception, that there is no
example of a complicated inanufuctine, already
existing in one country and introduced intoiinolh-^
er under a system of unreslraiued comiiierce and
without legislative protection.

Such protection is necessary to prevent the con-

Vol. X No. 17.

AND nOiniCULTURAL JOURNAL.

131

dilioii of llie l;ilpiir']ilg |>oijiiliiliuii in oik! cuuiitiy, Lowitl Uiiilroad. — The localiDii of tliis Rail-

fruiii ri'giilaiiiig llie coudidoii of ihe same clas.s loadi.-i nearly coinploted. The iiicliiiation of the

ill ;ill other coiiiitfies coiincctetl wiih it. It is, road from the horizon, will not exceed in any part

scarcely necessary to state, that as the lahoring ten feet in a mile. It terminates in this city, near

nopnlation, in all oomitrics, forms the mass of tlie
coiniiumilv ; and as Iheir lalior must he the chief
source of the public wealth, the pro.-^peritv of the
country depeuils on the (uinditioii of this part of
the popul.iii(Ui. Where iJie laborer receives a
generous portion of tlie products of his toil and
skill, tlie country is prosperous ; anil it languishes
where his share is mean and inadeipiale. In
most (d' the comitiics of Europe the wages of
labor are depressed to the point of a meagre sub-
sistence. It is impossible therefore, other things
being equal, that the industry of any other country
shoidd, without protection in the outset, enter into
coinpeiiiion with that of Europe, till its hiboris
ground do\vu to the same standard. It has been
the object of the economical system of the United
States, to seciu'e to the labor of the <'ountry a just

the entrance to Warren bridge, on the westerly
side of the bridge. The road will enter the city
by a viaduct to be erected across Charles river,
east of the Canal bridge.

Machinery and Capital. — We copy the followin
extraordinary statement from the Mechanics' Mag-
azine ;itspeiiks volumes. — ' Mr Crawshay's Iron
Works. — Nmnber of persons employed, 5,000.
Annual sinn expended for labor, £300,000.
Number of horses employed, 450. Number of
ttaam-engines, 8; each of 50 horse-power, but going
night and day, doing the work of 21,000 horses. —
Water wheels 9, equal to the power of 954 horses.
— Furnaces, 84 ; each about 50 feet high ami wido
roportion. Forges, 3. — Foundry, 1. Rolling

mills, S. — Boring mill, 1. — Annually used for mix

and equitable, but not an cvtravagant, portion of I ing with the iron ore, iron stone, 90,000 tons,

the prodiicls. Of this last evil, however, there is I lime, 40,000 tons. — Amuially consumed, coals

the less danger as it must of m-cessily be checked ] 200,000 tons, gunpowder, 30,000 lbs., candles,

by that competition, which encouragement inva- I 120,000 lbs.— One hundre<l and twenty miles of

riably priidiu-es. The iriomcnt a branch of indits- 1 tram railway have been laid down for the use of

try is overpai 1, it is thronged, till the compensation 1 these works, besides which there is a canal of

falls to the average of other pursuits. several miles, with aqueducts, bridges, &c. — Of

PA \ ADA (''^)'rTf^V tiaiu wagons, made chiefly of iron, there are ma-

. ,, ^ I ' ' ". \, ,.'.,' . . nv thousand. — Mr Crawshav has lately built a cas-

A Montreal paper gives the lollovving account /_ ,. ., . i . . . ■', ,

. . '. . . .1 1 1 7^ . • t 0 lor his own rcsK ence in the vicmitv 01 1 he works,

of an experiment in spinning the wild Cotton m' - '

Canada.

Among the various plants whioli nature in her
Canadian wihlness produces in profusion, few have
jierbaps been considered of less value than that
which by the Canadians is called Cottonier. Cart
loads, nay sliip loads of its seed are blown away
I)y the wind yearly, and .yet that seed has now
been ascertained lobe convertible to a most useful
and oven important purpose. For this discovery
the, public are indebted to the observation and
perseverance ofthj; lady of Dr Stewart Chisbolm,
of Glengary, in Upper Canada, who resolved upon
uiaUiug the attempt to spin some of the wild cot-
ton, heretofore lost to any good purpose. This
attempt has so entirely succeeded, that not only
has Mrs Chisbolm spun a very large quantity of
the material, but has caused it to be woven into
a sort of etoffe, most valuable in this rude climate,
for many purposes, in the habitant's and cottager's
establishment. We have been favored with a piece
of the manufactured stuff, cut fioni this web, and
which nil persons, desirous of so doing, will be
welcome to inspect at the Herald Office.

which covers an area of 174 square feet, and con-
tains 72 apartments; the locks and binges alone
cost £700. — There is a pinery attached to the cas-
tle, which is heated by steam, and costs £850
yearly ; an extensive grapery also, that costs
nearly as much. — English paper.

Rail Roads. — The following paragraph from the
Louisville Advertiser shows Ihe confidence enter
tuined by foreigners as well as Americans of the
success of Rail Roads in this country.

Professor Dudley, of Lexington, Ky., who has
been for some months past travelling in Europe,
for the purpose of piircbasiug books, apparatus, &c,
for the use of tlie Transylvania Medical College,
has written, we understand, to a friend in Lexing-
ton, to increase his subscription of $10,000 to the
Kentucky Rail Road, to .$20,000. The Professor
assures bis friends in Lexington, that the whole
amount of ?tock of the ccmtemplated Rail Road
would be readily taken in Europe. It is also stat-
ed, that be had been authorized by a Parisian

Canker Jf'orm. — The Canker Grub is more ab tin-
dant this fall than it has ever been knownbefore,
snd if instant measures are not taken to prevent
its aa;ent into the fruit trees, they can acarcely
fail U be totally ruined next year. A mistaken
iiotiqii has heretofore prevailed, that the grub did
not iscend till the Spring ; but the fact is, that it
leaits the ground at this season, lays its eggs and
die(, and the worms are hatched in the Spring.
Mich of the mischief, it is to be feared, is already
doje ; but perhaps an immediate resort to tarring
anj other preventives may be beneficial. — Salem
Gkette.

Itlammoth Squash. — Raised this season by Mr.
TJisk, of Fayette, Cbautauqne county, N. Y. a
Sjiiish, weighing eighti/six pounds, and measuring
rdind five feet four inches and a half. It grew
itlthe vicinity where the Big Black Walnut tree
spoil, which has so much astonished the European
ibrld, and is a fair sfiecimen of the richness of
tip soil in the vicinity where they grew. Fayette
lit outdone by the natural and cultivated product
qtbe soil. — Fredonia Censor.

jJln American Gourd. — There is a Gourd at the
,/useuni, the> growth of the present season, under
k'hose shade a modern Jonah or even Goliath might
•epose. It measures five feet four and a half inches
n circumference, and weighs fifty six pounds. It
vas raised in Hubbardston, by Mr Aaron Green-

THE DOMESTIC CAT IJIVING FOR FISHES.
Sir — In reading that delightful little worfc of
Mr White's, The jYatural History of Selborne,
the propensity of can for fish, and their repug-
nance to wetting their feet, are remarked by liio
intelligent. •lUtlior. An anecdote or two of these
beautiful but maligned quadrupeds, [uoviiig tlieir
piscivorous natures in the one case, and in the
other a strong natural antipathy overcome by a
still more powerful propensity, will perhaps be
amusing to some of your readers, who like myself,
have a reg^ard for every thing 'which lives, and
moves, and has a being.' In the centre of my
father's garden was a fish-pond, stocked with vari-
ous kinds of fish. Many a time and oft have I
witnessed puss (and a very pretty tortoisesliell
puss she was, and a great favorite withal) watch-
ing at its brink fur its finny inmates, and on their
apjiearing at the surface darting on her prey, and
in spite of the wetting and ducking she encounter-
ed, bringing them in triuinpli to the pond's edge,
and regaling on the delicious fare. This sport, I
believe, she continued in the enjoyment of till the
day of her death ; and so amused were we with
her angling powers that no obstruction was ever
thrown in her way. The pond, moreover, was
not, as some may imagine, sloping in its bottom
and picturesque m its appearance, but it was com-
pletely a cockney pond in its tout ensemble, octnn-
giilarin its shape, of precise equality in its depth,
with a (lavement smooth and regular both in the
sides and base ; therefore, before this puss could
gratify her taste, a plunge was to be taken which
was sufficient to make the stoutest cat's heart trein.
ble.

The other anecdote relates to a cat of more ex-
traordinary acquirements, which belonged to one
of my workmen. In a large and deep pond at
my premises in il^g Green Lanes, a stock — not of
fish, but of rats — had accumulated, the destruct-
ion of which was undertaken by this uncommon
cat. He was daily in the habit, for nine or ten
years, of stationing himself on the margin of the
water, and of jumjiing into the liqnirt element on
the appearance of his game. A dr.y seldom
closed unsucces.-fully, and he has been ecen and
known to catch and bring from the watery deep
four of these vile vermin betwixt sunrise and sun-
set. As I said, this amusement was kept up by
hiin for the space of nine or ten years, in fact until
his rat-catching powers deserted iiim : and when
his teeth became all extracted in the |ierformance
of his daily feats, and his master had him killed, that
the niiserablo death of starvation might not await
him. This cat was truly n sportsman, aad pursued
the sport solely for the love of it ; he caught his
game with avidity, but never eat a morsel ; so that
the pleasure of the chase alone had charms
enough in his mind to vanquish one of the strong-
est antipathies of his nature. — Loudon^s 'Mag.

vood, nephew of the superintendent of the Museum,
capitalist to subscribe for him to the amount of i 'om seed brought by Mr Moses G. from a place 700
$30,000. The contracts for part of the road will uilea west of Little Rock in Arkansas Territory. —
be let out during the present month, i/VaveMer,

The editor of the Sporting Magazine, in his last
number, gives the following advice, which may not
be considered ill-timed, as on many large estates not
a single Partridge Survived the great snow of last
winter:

' Partridges. — It has been well suggested to put
the questio.-. to all farmers and liberal sportsmen,
whether it is not highly expedient to forbear the,
taking of Partridges altogether the ensuing season ?
By that means only can the ravages of the last win-
ter be repaired. No genuine lover of the trigger will
draw one upon a Partridge this fall. For ourselves
we are determined not to buy oi; taste one until th«
fall of 1832.'

132

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 9, 1831.

Affricultiiral.

larly fat Ciitlle, Sheep and Swine, there was
less conipLtiiioii thnn was desirable. They
trust, however, that there is no diminution of
that general interest in the concerns of the So-
ciety which should characterize an agricullurul
ommunity. Your coiMniittee may he perniilled

REPORTS

0/ Committees at the .Annual Meeting of I lie Bristol
.Agricultural Society.

The Committee on WORKING OXEN have ' to remark that alihousli i he farmers of the County

attended the duly assigned them, and submit the ! of Bristol have evinced le.«s ami.ilion of excellence

following as their Report. "' «''«"■ agricultural operations than those o some

The whole nund)er entered for ].remiums, was i other Counties in the State; yet, since the es-

ighteen yoke This is a larger number than | lablishment of your Society there has been an evi-

,as been entered at any previous year. Your dent improveinent in the method of raising and

$7 00
G 00
5 00

4 00
3 00

5 00

has . .

Committee were hi;,'hly gratified with the man
lier in which they performed. They displayed
not only

strenKlh in drawing, but great

managing stock, as well as in its general quality ;
and they observe with pleasure that many persons
are willing to present for observation or iinita-

facility in Wking and turning their loads, and | tion the productions of their care and enterpn.se,
a discipline, wliich required the whip to be used rather for the };"'P'>^^ "J ^"^"''''^S'^'^'^l^^
rather as a wand than as an instrument to inflict

pain. There was scarcely a yoke that perform-
ed which did not merit a premium. One yoke
of four years old oxen, belonging to Samuel A.
Dean, appeared to great advantage. The li

leave lo report that they have .twanled the fol-
lowing premiums :

Leprilette Sweet, Attlebovo', 1 yoke oxen,
Jacob Dean, Mansfield,
Schuyler Sliepard, do.
Samuel A. Uean, Taunton,
Zeph. Dean, do.
Luther L. Short, do. yoke steers and horse,

The Commitiee recommend that the sum of
$2 be awarded to Samuel A. Dean, and the sama
sum to Jesse R. Carpenter, in addition to ihs
regular premiums.

The Committee also award a premium of $3
to Daniel Hrig^s, Jr, Norton, for best plough.
Second do. Jacob Dean, Mansfield, $2

Per order of the Committee,

C. Leo.'vard.

MIDDLESEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

THE CASTOR OIL BEAN.

Mr WriglU's Leic

littee oti Agricultural Experl-

Coiicnrd, Oct. 5, 1831.

Gentlemen — As vou are assembled to take in-

formation to others, than from regard to the pre^
miums offered. The true object of Agricultural
Associations and Exhibitions is to call forth a gen-
eral interest and inquiry on the subjects which
ihey embrace ; and by presenting and comparing
ited number of premiums, however, offered by i the results of individual experience to introduce a j to consideration the agricultural concerns of the
the Society prevent the Committee from be- general improvement in the pursuits of husbandry. County, permit me to give you an ac<-ount of an
stowing rewards where they were really ,le- 1 The man who obtains a ;j<e»mtm for an animal de- experiment which I have trie.!, and which has been
served This exhibition it is believed, would i rives lit.le benefit from the amount of money re- [ crowned with complete success. 1 have for sev-
not lose by a comparison with that of any of ; ceived, compared with the advantage of Jearnin^j er.il years past been in the practice of appropria-
our neighbouring societies. After much consid- ; AotWo ra.se anrf/eeJ an animal deserving a pre-: ting, annually, a small piero ol ground for the
Committee have awarded the (bl-|miura. Much — almost everything depends upon culiure of the PrrZnia C/iriih, or Castor Oil B-an,
raising Cattle from a good slock. — Our farmers, itiand I find that the crop produced is about half as
S5 00 1 is believed, pay less regard to the quality of do- "many bushels as would l>e raised of Indian Corn,
4 00] mestic animals than their own interests demand. Uipou the same land, and under similar cultivation.
3 00, The additional expense of procuring breeding an-. The Oil here presented has all the sweetness of
2 00 . i„mls from a good stock is small, and an excellent fresh I>utter, and wiihout any bad taste or smell :
^ ^'^ breed once obtained is, whether for use or for the! but as it has just coiiie from the press, it has not

eration your

lowing premiums, viz :

Bildad Burt, for the best yoke of oxen,

Horatio Leonard, 2d do.

Schuyler Shepard, 3d do.

Jesse R. Carpenter, 4th do.

Peter Thatcher, Jr, 5th do.

Luther L. Short, for the best yoke of three years

old Steers,

John Padelford, 2d do.

Daniel Kdson, 3d do.

Sydney Williams,
* Seth Hodges,

Leprilette Sweet,
Peter Thatcher,
ON stock.

4 00
3 00
2 00

Committee.

had time to clarity itself, and assmiie that while
ness peculiar to imported, or the Southern Castor
Oil.

I consider it ihe duty of those who possess any
informaiiiin that will advance the interests of the

iiarket, incalculably more valuable than an ord'-
nary one. In a pecuniary point of view this sub-
ject deserves attention. The importation of for-
eign domestic animals has greatly contributed to
improve our races of catlle in this country It is

known that for more than fifty years past jireat ef- 1 Agriculiurisls or Manufacliirers of the County, to
forls have been made iu (Jrent Britain and France ! lay it bef ire the Society, that it may be made ben-
to improve the stale of their horned cattle — while ' cficial lo all ; this has induced me to present this
The Committee on STOCK ask leave to report j with us no such effort had been made. Of coirse it sample for your inspection. It was manufactured
that they have awarded the following premiums : j is to be presumed that those nations haveinijroved by Mr Benjamin Draper, of Bnxboro', who had
To Israel Drayton, Somcrsel^, best fat ox, $10 00 j (/^e,-,. ,ace^^ while ours have been stationary. If it I erected a press for that purpose. The kernels

^ ^^1 should be admitted that the fine natural pastUKSon i pressed cold yield two gallons of Oil to the bushel,
ihe beautiful, fertile, and moist hills of Wore sler, i I do not lliiiik, however, that during tho contin-
that ' New Englaml paradise for fine cattle, had nance of the present low prices of the Southern
krpi up a race of cattle, vigorous, and nearlyper- Oil, that the cultivation of the Castor Oil Bean is
feet in their forms, the same could not be atlrm-,of any very great agricultural importance, only.

6 00
4 00

10 00

7 00
.5 00
4 00
2 00

8 00

Nathan Slade, Somerset, 2d do. do.

Israel Brayton, Somerset, 3J do. do.

Jesse Carpenter, Attlebnro', 4th do. do.

Abner Bailey, RIansfield, best bull,

Justin Howard, Easton, 2d do. do.

Lucas Daggett, Attleboro', .'id do. do.

Benj. Shores, Taunton, best bull calf,

Artemas Stebbins, Swanzey, 2d do. do.

S. B. King, Taunton, 5 best milch cows,

Nathaniel U. Williams, do. for 2d do. do.

Jesse Carpenter, Attleboro", .3d do. do.

Samuel A. Dean, Taunton, best heifer,

Edmund Porter, do. 2d do. do.

Elbridge G. Dean, do. 3d do. do.

John Sweet, Norton, best merino buck,

Peter Thatcher, Attleboro', (i merino ewes, 3 00

John Sweet, Norton, 6 do. different breed, 3 00

Leprilette Sweet, Attleboro', best boar,

Julius Fisher, Taunton, 2d do. do.

S. B. King, do. best breeding sow,

Leprilette Sweet, Attleboro', 2d do. do.
As the Committee have no power to award
premiums for horses, they recommend to the
Society to allow Virgil B. Bucklin, of Seekonk,
for a two years old stud, two dollars.

It not being convenient for the Committee at
this time to enter so thoroughly as they could
wish into the subjects committed to them, they
merely take occasion to observe, that in some
kinds of stock presented for premiums, particu-

ed of Bristol, or of ihe Souihern Counties, <r of

the northern part of Middlesex or Norfolk. Ticre

can be no doubt that our race of Milch cots is

T nn S'^"'^''"^^y ordinary, and our catlle at large infaior

A r\n\to those of England, of ilie Netherlanils an of

3 QQ I Normandy. The introduction of Merino nd

Saxony sheep into ihis country has been auei<e<l

with remarkable effects. Your committee re ret

that more attention is not paid to the raising .nd

managing of sheep in this country, only 2 or Sots

were exhibited for premiums.

Some handsome specimens of swine were pe-
sented, and a great variety of valuable bulls fi.m
which the commitiee found it somewhat diflich
to make selections fur the ))remiums awarded.
All which is respectfully submitted.
Horatio Pkatt, ^
Eben. Williams, I Committee.
Jacob Shepard, |
Joseph Carpenter, j

P L O n li II I N G .

The Commiltee on PLOUGHING have it-

2 00

3 00

3 00

2 00

3 00
2 00

as it has a tendency to develope tiie slumbering
resources of this section of tin- Country. Yours
respectfully, ANTHONY WRIGHT.

Cei tijicate from Dr Jnsiah Barllett.
CoNCOiiD, Oct. 4, 1831. — This may certify that
the subscriber has, within the last two years, made
frequent use of ihe Oil raised and mamifactiired
by Capt. A. Wright, and has invariaiily found it
to pos.iess all the qualities of the best imported
Castor Oil. J. Bartlett.

Large Jipple. — The Lincoln Intelligencer, a
Maine paper, stales in substance that an apple, call-
ed the Jackson apple was raised by an ol I friend
of the General, at Bowman's Point, Ilallowell,
which weighs one pound and girts 13 inches.
The Eililor of the Maine Inquirer, published at
Bath, states that he has seen an apple, raised in the
garden of Col. Thomas D. Robinson of that town,
which girts 1-5 inches, and weighs 22 ounces ; and
that he could show a bushel of apples, raised in

the same garden, the smallest of which would be
tended lo the service assigned them, and Pg ' larger than the apple first mentioned.

Vol. X.— No. 17.

AND UOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.

133

Mag.

Ill lliaiory.

THE ROT IN SHEEP.
Most of your leadi-is .-ire nvvare tliatl)y tlje fre-
quent and rcpenteil molateiiiiig of land llie griiss
n-rows in aliii.iilance, mucli mure quickly, and has
a more luxuriant iip|)earance, paniiularly wlieii
the weather is close and warm. It is this quick-
ness of ii.s growth which I think is the great
cause of tiie uiiscliief. VVIieii grown .slowly, time
in allowed for that hitter principle to be more fully
elaborated, on which depends the good quality of
our grasses, which is the ca^e in a moderaiely dry
season, and when also the disease does not make
its appearance. But whcti, contrary to this, the
grass grows too quickly to allow that change ta-
king place, and it does not contain that bitterness,
but has a more delicate appearance, or what is
termed squashy, the sheep become diseased from
the loss of that u.-rual stimulus to the bowels, the
bitter principle of well grown grass. In conse-
quence of this they become torpid, the food not
well dige^ted, the secretion of bile sluggish ; and
here is the foundation of that mass of disease in
the liver. How far this opinion may be correct I
leave to the judgment of others : but should it
prove so, the remedy will he simple when taken in
the first place, that i.s, before the mailer is formed
in the liver. I presume that for the want of that
stimulus to the bowels the liver does not perform
its functions, and becomes overlonderl with bile,
part of which is again circulated v%ilh the blood ;
but in lime, from ils stagnation it becomes pulrid,
and matter is formed upon the liver, in small lii-
bercles, which bursling into each other become
abscesses, in which are found the hydatids or
flukes. By what means they get there is at pre-
sent a maltcr of conjecture. It is certain tliey
are animiilmlae, as tiny have been seen to move
several hours after their removal from the slieep
It may he asked by some, How are we to know
the rot in iis liist stage ? The weather, tlie situa-
tion of his laud, together with his own judgment
as to the probability of the flock becoming diseas-
ed are the slie|dierd's best guides. The slieep.
themselves, in an early stage of ihe disease will
appear slothful, and llnir eyes dim, witii a tinge of
yellow ; i. e. having a jaun<liced appearance. In
this state, I should give a few doses of mild
mercurials, saline aperients, ami then a mild biiter
infusion, such as infusion of chamomile or of
gentian, two or three times a day.

ground in all directions. I thought I also saw j bled. On Ihe Thursday previous, also, the pleasure
some flying, and alighting round about. Ilereiip- bpat (but partially finished) Governor Brown, from
on I caused one on the ground to mount my hand, ] ';''rcleville, made her first entry into the waters of

with the forceps in ils tail, which it turned over ils
hark, anil used with admirable udroilness. They
flew ably, and in curves of short diameters. This
instance is very similar to ihe one related in Kirby
and Spence's Introduction to Entomology, vol. iv.
p. 514. — lohn Denson. Bayswater, July 12, 1831.

Mount Auburn, in the vicinity of Boston has
been eonseeraled as a place of sepulture for the
city dead. It is spoken of as a place of unri-
valled rural heauly. Boston hits set a laudable
example to the cities and crowded villages of our
country. To relaint heir dead within their walls
is 10 hoard up connigion and death for their in-
habitants— ills to drown the solemnily of death in
s(^enes of active life and the solemn
the grave in the tuin'jlt of business.-
per.

stilli

-A. Y. pa-

To obtnin the Skehlons of Small Fislies. — My t
method is this : — I suspend the fish by threads at- I
Inched to the head and tail, in a horizonial position,
in a jar of water such as is found in ponds where j
tadpoles abound ; and change it often, till the tad- j
poles have finished their work ; which, if two orj
three tadpoles are allowed to work on a fish of a |
small size, they will complete in tweniy fuurj
hours. I always select the smallest sort of tad- 1
poles, as they insinuate themselves between the
smallest bones, without destroying their articula-j
tion.' [T. Bluett, in Philosophical Magazine, \ti\.,
vii. p. 151.)

OPENING OF THE OHIO CANAL.

It will be seen by the follow ing extracts that great
rejoicings took place at Columbus, Ohio, on the°arri-
val of the first boats, through the canal at that place.
From tlie Cnhimbiis (Olii.i) Monilor.

JVeio era to the Scioto Valley. — Canal navigation is
now opening from the lake to this place, and to Cir-
cleville, 26 miles further south. The pleasure boat
Gov. Brown, of Circleville, made her first trip from
Circleville to this place on Thursday last ; being the
first canal boat that ever entered the waters of the
Scioto. She was well filled with gentlemen and la-
dies. Her arrival was cheered by the discharge of
cannon, ringing the state house bell, music, huzzas,
waving of handkerchiefs, and e.xhibitions of joy of the
citizens of this town.

More welcome arrivals. — On Monday three canal
boats arrived at this town, viz : the Cincinnati, Red
Rover and Lady Jane, from Cleaveland. These
were the first boats that had passed the Licking
Summit. The first fruits of navigable commerce
with the lakes, and the state of New Vork to the
town of Columbus, was welcomed by the filing of a
sixpoundcr, the ringing of the state house bell, a
procession of citizens, and an address from a com-
mittee, and a collation, partaken in common by the
boat's company and citizens. The scene was in-
tensely gratifying to the man of business, and ad-
mirers of internal improvement ; and it is hardly less
animating to the youth, and very many of the adults
in this place, who had never «ecn any water craft
superior to an Orleans flat. The sightof these boats
was marvellous to some slow calculating pioneers of
these ' western wilds,' who never believed that in
their day, a canal boat would reach Columbus, from
the lake. The first boat was adapted to heio-hlen
the marvel. It was the Cincinnati, which had been
built at the city of New York, and actually floated
on the ' briny waves ' in that harbor ; had passed up
the majestic Hudson; the great western canal ; the
boisterious lake Erie, and plied the Erie and Ohio
canal, a distance of about 2-10 miles. Six years ago.

The Fad of the Flight of Earwigs I had long
known, on the credit of others, but not at all from
inspection, till May 12, 1831. Between 5 and 6
P. M. the atmnsphere was warm and most exciiing,
when, in an area belweeii two ranges of lioi-bed
frames, I saw ni;nicrous specimens of Forficnia
minor, all in highest ecstasies, aiid traversing the

on the 4th of July last, this gigantic canal was com-
menced. It is now finished 40 miles farther south, ' '""""t^^'"/- , " "'"'t. 'or ye"s to come, purchase lU
and it is expected next year to mingle its waters : ""PP'^ f ,<:l«'hmg many ot its other necessaries,

passed the Licking Summit

Tiie reception of these several boats, with their
music playing and their flags flying, was peculiarly
gratifying. The occasion was duly honored by tho
citizens of this town, aud the proceedings were en-
livened by the presence of hundreds of spectators,
who were attracted to the scene by the ringing of the'
bell, and by the sound of the cannon upoii tire bank
of the River. The committee of arrantjements met
the first boat, at the wharf, where an "address was
made on behalf of the town by Col. Wm. Doherty,
and appropriate salutes were iired from the bank aud
returned from the boat.

The man of enterprise, the merchant, the farmer,
the mechanic, and indeed, every class and conditio!!
of society, must feel the impoitance of opening canal
navigation to this town. It may well be considered
our entrance upon that prosperity which is to mark
our future growth, and which will give an impetus
to the future wealth and commerce to this portion of
Ohio. Several of the boats, we understand, were
built in New York, and alter floating up Lake Erie,
have come among us as it were from another hemis-
phere, extending their proffered reward to many
years of toil, and holding before us the reflected im-
age of that energy which planned and matured this
noble work. Amid a scene so animating, we may
well turn back to the patrons of the project, and offer
our gratitude to those whose zeal and industry, and
untiring perseverance, have accomplished what a
few years ago were locked in the mares of mystery
and doubt The canal commissioners have each an
honorable share in the recollections of a grateful
public on this occasion, but for the success of the
work to this town, and on that portion of the canal
in which Columbus is more immediately interested,
we are indebted to the energy and exertions of Al-
fred Kelly, acting canal commissioner, whose pres-
ence animated the scene described, and who, we
could perceive, "p,-vrticipated largely in the gratifying
spectacle he had contributed to produce.

The Scioto Gazette, speaking of the Ohio canal,
in which in a few days there will be a continuous
navigation of two hundred an<l fifty miles, from Lake
Erie to Cliilicotlie, says that, in anticipation of that
event, many merchants have already purchased their
supplies ot fall and winter goods at New York, and
have contracted to have them delivered at that point.
The entire cost of Ireiglit commission and insurance
(with the exception of the risk on the lake) will only
amount to $1,87 the hundred pounds. Before this
communication was opened, the foreign commodities
disposed of in that market were brought by the way
of Pittsburg and the Ohio, and the average cost of
their transportation was about .f 4,75 per hundred. —
Thus there is a saving of nearly three dollars per
hundred of all the foreign merchandise off'ered there
for sale, which if estimated at five hundred thousand
pounds' weii;ht, not to speak of salt, coal and various
other domestic articles- There is also a gain of
fourteen or fifteen days in time, which is often as
valuable to the merchant as money itself-

That section of country, it is added, is essentially
agricultural, and will be, if not already so, the
greatest exporting district west of the Allegany
mountains- It mu.st, for years to come, purchase its

pected
with the Ohio

j and its luxuries, with its agricultural productions, to
send which to market by any other conveyance than
F.-nm iiie C'oiiMiihiis (Ohio) Sentinel of Pppt. 37. j by water, (or one equivalent in cheapness,) would

Reception of the first Boats — On Monday last, the consume almost their entire value, in the cost of
three boats ; Cincinnati, Red Rover, and Lady Jane, transportation. How important this communication !
were welcomed to our wharves by a great concourse it is truly said, by which ihi? produce may be carried
of citizens, under the discharge of artillery, and to market, uiibiirthened by a tax conveyance which
amidst the joyous greetings of the multitude assem- ' would amount in fact to a prohibition.

134

NEW E Nix LAND FAKMEll,

Nov. 9, Us3l.

BOfl'J'ON, U'EDNISDAY EVENING, NOV. 9, 1S31.

FARMER'S WORK FOR NOVEMBER.
FM Ploughing. — It i= connioiily advisable for
culiivttU.rs to plough most, if not all their land in
autumn, wliicli tliey propose to till the next .-ieason.
The advantages of fall ploughing are, 1st. It saves
lime and labor in iho following; sprinir, when far-
mers are generally pressed by their avocations,
and their cattle are comparatively faint and weaU.
2. Land which is ploughed in autumn wi"

inches square, placed perpendicularly at the distance
of a few feet from each other, 'i'he interval be-
tween the boards is filled with tan, and a space of

the outside

The aforementioned pit is divided by a double
partition, filled with tan, into two iiparlmenis. In

_. . ^ , one of thein, vvhich is about 8 feet square, the ice is

more exposed to the action of frostthan that which ; jepojited. The other apartment ia employed as an
suffered to remain, and frost will pulverize the K„try, at the bottom of which is a door, made double

Horlicultural Hull, J
Saturdaj, NuveinKi 5. j
FRl'ITS EXBIBrTED.

Ill 1 Pears. — From Dr Fiske, of Worcester, Seedlings,

about 4 inches in width entirely around the building, | .^^^\ y,- ^^ „^^^ s^p.(:x. flavor, worth cultivaiin.r. A
on the outside, is also occupied by tan ; so that the | fg^. s(.i„„g would be very acceptable. The letter
earth or soil nowhere touches the boards. Upon i accompanies this. [Published below.] A Pear
these walls, which are U leet in beiij:lit, and of ,(•,.„,„ [v],. gbenezer Wight, of Boston, raided in Ded-
course project one foot above the surtace O' tbe ],,j|„^ weighing 24 ounces.

ground, is placed a very sharp roof This roof is j .Spedlim' Apples, by Benjamin Guild, Esq. ; sweet
also double, and the interval between the boards is , pgarmain, from James Wadswoith, E.sq., Genesee,
filled with charcoal powder. It is painted wnile on i jy y . t|,ege were very fine— good table fruit. A

soil more effectually than can be done by artificial
uietlioils. 3. Ploughing lands late in the liill is
of service by exposing insects, and their eggs and
larva to be destroyed liy frost. If however, the
land is very light and sandy it may be as well not
to plough it till spring, as it will be more solid and
tenacious if permitted to reniiiin without being
stirred previous to liie setting in of winter.
Much has been said on the depth of plon

as aforementioned, for the purpo.se of taking out the
ice from day to day. This entry, whose temperature
in the lower part, is very uniformly that of cool
weather in the autumn, is furnished with shelves for
the reception of butter, meat, milk, &c, during the
heat of summer, and is found to be extremely use-
ful.

The ice is cut in blocks of regular form, and very
closely packed, the interstices being filled with pul-
verized ice. All the space which remains above the

the floor on which the ice rests. There are several
reasons for pieferring cerfarto other kinds of wood ;
and I did not find its expense to exceed that of mer-
chantable pine boards. It would be convenient to
have the entry a little larger than the one just de-
scribed. Yours respectfully,

P. CLEAVELAND.
Brunswick, .Me. A'ov. 3, 1631.

but we believe that no general rules, not liable to ice, is filled ^^i'l' <l7^s'raw. JV fevv cedy^skbs^^^^
many exceptions, can be given on this subject.
The depth should be governed in souie measure
by the staple of the soil. Where the soil is deep,
we should prefer deep ploughing. But where the
soil is very thin it may be necessary to commence
the cultivation with shoal plonghing. If the plough
turns up too much at a time of the barren soil im-
mediately beneath the upper stratum, the succeed-
ing crop will be of little value. The owner of
such soil should endeavor to render it deeper by
degrees, according lo the manure he may be able lo
bestow on ii. A shallow soil is not only ileficient
bv its furnishing but little pasture for the roots of
plants, but it is liable t" be so much scorched by
di-oughtas to be incapable of iU-oduciiigany profit-
able vegetation. If, then, yoursoil is thin, plough
it with a shoal furrow, and sow it wiih rye. The
next season plough u little deeper, add manure,
&c.

Land should generally be broken up from the
sward with a deeper furrow than may be reipiired
in subsequent culiuie. Harrowing and shallow
ploughins will then aiiswe' through a course of
crops. If the soil is light ami porous the furrow
slice should be turned over as flat as po.ssible. If
it be astifflnam or mixed with clay it may be well
to lap the furrow slices a liiilc one upon the othir,
so as to permit the air and frost to pervade the
liollows or interstices between and under the fur-
row slices.

large white sweet Russett, and a red apple, very
juicy and sweet, raised by J. Pinneo, Hanover, N.H.
In behalf of the Committee on Fruits.

S. A. SHURTLEFF.

Worcester, Dec. 24, 3839.

My Dear Sir — 1 am happy in having found
another occasion for addressing you on the subject
of native fruit. My cominunicatlons would be more
appropriate to the Commillee on Fruit, for whom
they are ultimately intended ; and my apology for
this transit is, that they, and we all know that you,
sir, are never more happy than when aiding their la-
bors in common with the general interests of the so-
ciety. Another inducement is, sir, that your office
aflords a more convenient medium than the Post
Office. I herewith send a specimen of a native
Pear gathered the 29tli ult., from a tree reared by
my brother in Claremont, N. H., from a seed from
his native town of Brookfield, in this country, which
he planted thirtytwo years ago. The common weight
of the pear is from 8 to 10 ounces. I saw one gath-
ered from the tree which weighed 11 ounces. They
are not in perfection until about this time in Octo-
ber; and are best when recently gathered. Ths
tree in its prominent appearance so closely resem-
bles the St Germain, that I should have mistaken it
for one of this kind had I not seen the fruit.

The Committee in estimating the value of this va-
riety will bear in mind that it was gathered prema-
turely, and that it does not now possess the richness
and flavor which it would have acquired, and which
other celebrated kinds attain in the last period of

HAMPSHIRE COUNTY CATTLE SHOW.

The Northampton Courier gives an account of
ihc Show which took place on Wednesday and
Thuisduy, 26lli and 27ih. Of Stock there were
present is bulls, 29 cows and heifers, 31 pair of
working cattle, 11 pair for the stall, 27 p;iir of
steers, 12 steer and heifercalves, 14 swine, 8 sheep j ^^,',„g,.jj^j, ,^^1, t|,e parent stock. They \vili judge

QT'The following able an.l salisfactory article vplll
supply, we believe, all the Information necessary lo ena-
ble every Farmer, not only to construct an Ice House,
on the best principles, but to apply it to the best purpos-
es. We sbouM be highly giMlifieil, and ibe public
groatly benefited by I'urlher couiiiiunications from the
lespecleil Author. ■

Mr Pessendes — In answer to your request for
practical information on tiie subject of Ice Houses,
I take ths liberty of giving you a description of one,
which I constructed several years since, at a moder-
ate expense, and in which I have been perfectly
successful in preserving ice through the summer and
autumn.

A pit about 13 foet long and 9 feet wide was dug
in level ground to the depth of 10 feet. The four
walls or sides of the Ice House consist entirely of
cedar. Each wall is rendered double by nailing the
boards horizontally to two opposite sides of joists, 4

and 3S horses and mares, greater in number, and
much superior in quality to former years. The
exhibition of Manufactures, owing to the storm,
was inferior to former years. On Thursday there
was an exhibition of horse.s. At 1 1 o'clock an Ad-
dress was delivered by Hon. S. F. Dickinson of
Amherst, possessing high practical merit and in-
structive and gratifying to the audience.
Further particulars hereafter.

Seed Corn. — A farmer on the east side of the
river, informs iis that, having often read accounts
of the crop of corn being increased by selecting
seed from stalks liaVing two or more ears, he was
induced to try the experiment. He has selected
his seed corn in this way for three years past, and
the result has exceeded his expectation. He states
that it is not uncommon to find in his cornfield
this season, ' stalks with three, four, five, and some-
times six ears, and three of them fiir, full-grown,
a:id fit for seed, and that too in hills containing
four or five stalks.' He say.*, ' I think my crop
has been increased several bushels this year by
the experiment. I would suggest a moile of select-
in" seed to those who do not cut up the corn at
the roots. When they are picking corn, and find
a st.ilk with two or more eaiv, let them tie the
husks together, and the ears will be easily known
at husking.' — Hump. Gazelle.

how far it is worthy of propagation. I considered it
so great an acquisition to our native stock as to have
made arrangements with my brother for a supply of
scions — a part of which I will send to the society for
distribution, should it deem it an object to obtaia
them.

Respectfully, your friend and servant,
Z. CooK, Jr, Esq. O. Fiske.

Good Yield. — Capt. J. E. Treadwell of Kenne-
bunk gathered from one hill containing six stalks,
sixteen good sized, and perfectly sound ears of
corn. Two of the stalks had four ears each and
four two ears each. There are but little short of
five thousand kernels on the sixteen ears.

In the course of debate, in the New York Con-
vention, Mr McCullech, of Baltimore, stated that
the value of Lcatlier annually produced in tlie
single State of Maryland, was $1,300,000,

Great Yield. — Eight luinilred and ten beuns
were produced from a single seed, planted and
raised by Mr Jidin Pinks, of this village, the past
season. They are of the black kind. — The beans
and stalk on which they grew, may be seen at this
office. — Greenfield Gazelle.

A c(MTespondent of the New York Advocate
states — In a town containing about 1400 inhabi-
tants, in a sterile part of New Hampshire, about 50
miles northwest of Boston, there was manufac-
tureil into starch, for the use of manufactories
45,000 bushels of Potatoes, at 20 cents per busliel,
amounting to 9000 dollars.

To Correspondents. — We reeret our inability this
week to insert several cointnunications, among which i»
a valuable one fioin Salem, on Live Fences.

Further Reports of Worcester Cattle Show, also of
Northampton Cattle Show, are unavoidably omitted thi«.
week.

Vol. X.— iNo. Vi

AND HOilTICULTUIlAL JOURNAL.

185

NOTICE.

Members of the Massuchiisetts Horticultural So-
ciety who intend offering Chinese Chrysanthemums
for premium, are requested by the Committee on
Flowers, &.c, to have Ihom at the Kail of the Socie-
ty on Saturday ne.vt, by U o'clock.

Per order, R. L. EMMONS, Chairman.

O N' I O N' S ^V A N T E D.

A fair price wii: be paij for 2U0 bushels of Onions, viz.
100 bushels Yellow, SO do. While I'ortugal. 50 do. Large
i)eep iteil, — :ll to be large s>-lected roots, the quality pure,
and to be delivered immedintely. Apply to J. B. Uussell,
Agricultural Warehouse, Boston.

ff'hite Raspberni Plants, ^-c.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No. o'i North Market
Street, Boston —

A few ilozen genuine While Antwerp Raspberry
Bushes, p.icUetl in moss, price $1.50 per dozen. Also a
few Double I'loweriiig Almonds, Strawberries, Rose
Biishes, Syringas, Grape Vines, t&c, &c. Nov. 9.

Fruit Trees.
Peach — Pear — Apple and Cherry Trees, very thrifty,
and in fine oidcr for setting, for sale at Wm. Buckuiios-
ter's Nurseiy, in Framinghani. * Nov. 9.

Flooring Boards, fyc.

Of hard So\itliern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by sleam power) and
tonjjued or grooved, of any required <liniensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewhere ha<i.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jh, 63, Broad street.

Nov. 9.

Presses for Sale.

For sale at the office of the New England Farmer,
one Imperial Srniih Press, and one Royal Washington
Press, both in complete order.

Also, — two of Fairlamb's New York Iron Inking Ma-
chines. They have been in use but six weeks, and are
as good as new ones They will be sold for considerable
less than cost, as the present proprietor has no further
use for them. I. R. BUTTS.

Grape J'ine Plants,

For sale at the garden of S. G. Perkins, in Brookline,
on the most fivorable tern-s. The plants may be seen
and purchased at the Garden at any time ; or orders may
be lelt with Mr Perkins at his office, corner of Slate and
Congress streets.

The vines are from one to four years old, in fine order,
with wood enough of this year's growth attached to
most ot' the plants to make a dozen or more vines.

Chasselas, common white, or Muscadine.

Cha-:selas de Fontainbleau, or Thomery.

Chasselas d'Oie, Bar Sur Aube.

Chasselas, red.

Chasselas, Muscat.

Black Hamburg.

Black Cape.

Esperione, black.

Frankend.ilt, do.

St Peter's, do.

Zenfandel, by some called the Black Prince ; the
bunches produceil ou this vine are very large.

Isabella.

■Muscat of .Alexandria.

Muscat, red.

Muscat, Grizzley.

Muscat, white Irontenac.

Muscat, purple.

Constantia — the sweetest of all Grapes, and a great
bearer; the berries contain but one seed generally, and
sometimes none at all. SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

Fruit Trees, Sfc.

As the season for transplanting Trees is approaching,
the subscriber offjrs at his Nursery, near the Court
House in Woicester, the most approved variety of Ap-
ple, Pear, Cherry, Peach, Apricot, and Plum trees, of
good size and vigorous growth. Also, Horse Chesnut,
and Catalpa Trees, for ornament and shade ; Isabella and
other Grape Vines : Honevsuckle, Strawberry Vines,
&c. " ^

Also, Mulberry Trees o( good size, for transplanting,
which may be had altera few days' notice, from another
Nursery. Q. FISKE.

Worcester, Oct. 19. Njv. 2.

Spier dill Bvlhous Roots.

Just received at t'le Agricultural Warehouse and Seed
Store, No. StXj North -Market-street, direct fron\ Van
ELili-n & Co. Harlem, Holland, a largo assortment of
liulhous Flower Roots, compiising the linest varieties ol

HYACINTHS— (double and single) dark blue, porce-
lain blue, red, I'osy colored, pure white with yellovv eye,
while with rosy eye, and yellow with various eyes ; from
12J cts lo $100 lach,

TULIPS — splendid variegated, red. yellow and mixed,
12.i cts each $1 per dozen, (our importation of line tu-
lips is very larg ■, and we are enabled to put some sons
as a low as $6 per 100 — an object to those who wish to
form a superb tulip bed )

CROWN .ftlPERIALS— assorted, of the most splendid
colors, and showy flowers, large roots, 25 to 38 cts each,
(extra fine roots.)

.lONQUILLES— sweet scented, finest roots I2i cents
each.

POLYANTHUS NARCISSUS— fragrant, while wilh '
citron cups, extra sized roots, 25 cts each

DOUBLE NARCISSUS— fragrant, of all colors, 124
cts each— per dozen, $"1.

SPRING CROCUS— of all colors, 6i cts each, 50 cts
dozen.

PODOPHYLLUM PELTATUM— (a most singular
production, fruit bearing and medicinal) 12i cts each.

The above roots are from the same house Iroin which
we received our supply last season, and which gave such
universal satisfaction ; some of the double Hyacinths
having produced bells 1 inch and S-lflths in diameter.

Purchasers are requested to notice that the above roots
are not purchased at auction, and are all remarkable for
their size, and for the beauty and delicacy of tint of their
llowers.

Also, a further supply of Bulbous Roots, comprising
Large White fragrant Lilies, 12| cts each, 1 dollar per
dozen. Tiger (spotted) Lilies, same price, Martagon or
Turk's Caps Lilies, <aine price. tf

Grape Vines.

For sale by the Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Altheas, and Forest Trees. Among the Ibrmer are

Black Hamburg, '^

Oval Purple, 1

Round Black, 12 lo 4 years old— have borne fruit

White Muscadine, f the present year.

White Chasselas, j

Constantia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs.

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Poloinino, ~1 r» , r , ., ^ ,

Manlau Castal. I Pj^x-'l'^^' ^r me by the Consul at
I > Cadiz, and said to be the most val-

" ''OePeta I uable Grapes produced in Spain.

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabella, T

Catawba, >Native.

Bland, J

Wilh many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be pro'iiptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 7^ Congress street.

Oct. 5. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jb.

Jewelry. Watches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, ^c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rale as can be purchased in the
city. (nT Watches repaired and warranted.

ilORTICU LTU R.\irRKGISTER

(PUBLISHED .N LONnoK.)

The Horticultural R?gisler. and General Magazine of
all Useful and Interesting Discoveries connected wilh
Natural Historvand Rural Subjects, is published monthly
in London. Subscriptions r.^reived by

MUNROE & FR.XNCIS,

Oct. 26. 127 Washinsfton street.

PRICKS OF COU.VTRY

PRODUCE.

KKOIK TOO

/M'l'LKS, russellings.

barrel. 1 2 001 2 S,,
ion. ;i0.5 110 108 0,,

A.SHES, pcil. lirsisort.

IVarl.lirstsort,

120 CO 122 0,,

SO 1 p"

8 so' 9 o"

7 00 7 3°

r.lCANS, ivliile,

buslnd

liEEl', mess.

barrel.

Cargo, No. I,

*i

Cargo, No. '2,

0 25, GrP.

nUTTl'-.U, iiispecteil, No. I,ncw, -

p<inn<f

M. 1^

(;iii:i-;SL, ..ew milk.

C «

Skimmed milk.

it

3 4

FLAXSEED,

1 12 1 50

KLUUll, IJaliiiHore.Uoward-slreei, -

l-.arrel

5 75 6 00

tJeiiesce,

<r

5 75 fi 00

Alexandria,

it

4 G2 5 00

Cailimore. "hnrf,

tt

5 00 S£0

GRAIN, Corn. Northern. - •

bushel

C8 70

Corn, Soulheni Yellow, -

G3

65

Kvc,

75

78

Barley,

"

90

loo

Oals,

*t

44

50

HAY.

IKXi'S LARD, first sort, new,

cwt.

6Q^ TO
9 5i~0 00

IKU'S, Istqualilv,

11 OOi J3 00

i.iMi;,

cask.

1 Oil 1 25

I'l.AlSTER PARIS retails at

3 001 3 23

I'UUK, clear,

barrel.

16 OO! 17 00

Navy mess.

'

13 001 1+ 00

Cargo, No. I,

It

13 00 13 .50

SEEDS, llerd'» Grass.

2 00 2 2.5

Red lnj,^„D,;/,f,.„;

60

75

Ked Clover, (norihern)

|)OUnd.

10

12

TALLOW, iried.

cwl

8 00

Sao

WOOL, ■Merino, full blood, washed, -

pound.

63

65

Merino, mn<'(l with Saxony,

"

70

75

JMenno, Ihree fnurlns washed.

"

t2

55

ftlcr. ,!.», ha irlood,

"

50

S2

Merino, qual ler,

tt

43

43

Native, washed.

'1

45

£0

Pulled siipcifiiie.

tt

63

63

Isi Lamb's,

"

58

60

"

41

4a

3d, "

"

.SO

30

Isl Spinning,

"

SO

5i

PROVISION MARKET

HEF-F, best pieces,
I'ORK, (rcsh, besl pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTIOX,
POl'L'I'RV,
ltUTTElI,kegandiub,
Lump, hcsl,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rve, retail

Indian, r
POTATOES,
CIDER, (accord

elail,

rloqualilyj

pound

8

•*

6

'•

5^.

"

i>

"

4

"

8

"

12

'*

20

rlozeil.

18

bushel.

f:2

'*

(10

"

S7|

bane;.

2 loi

40

3 CO

UrIGHTO.X MaKKKT^-J707.(/(77/, Abi'. 7.
fRf-porleil for ibe Chn.nicleand I>at,i„i.i

At Market this day 2022 Beef Cattle, 721 Stores, 3067
Sheep, and 2712 Swine.— About 300 Sheep and 600 Swine
have been before reported.

12 or 1300 of the above number of Beef Cattle were
taken by the barrellers before they arrived at Brighton.
It is our usual practice to include such in the number le-
poited.

Pricks.— B«e/Ca///p— The market was qnilc brisk,
and pi ices were raiher uneven, but on the whole belter
—we shall quote a liltle higher, extra g5 25, prime »5,
good 4 50, thin 3 a 4 25.

Barrelling Catllc— Mess $3 84 a 4, No. 1, 3 33 a 3 50 •
No. 2, 3 a 3 25.

JVorking Oxen— We noticed sales at $50, 60, 62, 67.
78 and $92.

Coics and Calves—No sales noticed.

Sheep — We noticed sales at 1 8S, 2, 2 17, 2 25, and $2
I. A few prime Sheep and a few Wethers were sold,
price not kmwn.

Swine— 'So particular variation from last week — we
noticed a lot of 20 barrows, selected, at 5c. ; a lot of 100
half barrows, selected, at 4,^ ; a lot of 50, two thirds bar-
rows, selectcil, at 43, and a lot of 50 at 4} ; a lot of 100,
to close, at 4^. At retail, 4i for sows, ami 5i for bar-
rows.

A'cui England Farmer's Almanac for 1832.
Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of the
New England Farmer, 52, North illarket Street, an("
Carter, H^ndee & Bibcock, Washington Street, the
New EnglanI Farmers Almanai-, for 1S32, I y T. G
Fkssenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Paine, Esq.

JVciD York Cattle Market, J\'ov. 4.— .At market this
week, 1100 head Beef Cattle, 6000 Sheep and Lambs.
Beef Cattle all sold at full as good prices as last week,
4 50 a 6 75. Good Cattle very scarce and some sales at
$7. Sheep and Lambs — remarkably dull sales, and num-
berB driven back ; Sheep $2 a 5, Lambs 1 50 a 3. A few
sales made at the last prices. Dressed Pork 5^10 6. —
Live Fat Hogs, 3J a i.—jY. Y. D. Adv.

136

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 9, 1831 ,

M I S C E L. Li A [M Y

llAIN WATER DOCTOR.

Some twenty years ago, there sprani; up, in the
State of Connecticut, a noted quack, commonly
known liy tlie name of' Dr Rain-water.'

' Austere and loni'ly, cruel to himself.

Did lliey repoic him. Water his drink,

His food stale bread and pottage.'

In cunning quacks, who shroud tlieirarts in a
veil of mystery, the vul^'ar always repose a super-
stitious confidence which give the practitioners
complete control over them. Dr Raiu-water used
his power to nohle purpose. Believing' that most
diseases sprang fioin dram-drinking, he gave his
patients some inert nostrum, and solemnly charged
thei^to toncli no drink but rain water, ileclaring
that should they use any other, the medicine
would operate as a poison. All their lood, too, was
prepared iu rain water. Of course his patients
complied, and the success of his practice was
astonishing. His fame spread far and wide.
The sick were brought to him in such numbers
as literally to crowd his door and surround
his house. Lingering affections, on which the
whole materia medica had been poured in vain,
vanished before Rain-water, as if by a spell. The
physicians were astounded, and students in meili-
cinc treuihled at the anticipated ruin of their des-
tined vocation.

But pour Rain-water at length fell, like his own
element from a bursting cloud; but never, like that,
to rise again. His secret came out, and he was
instantly deserted.

U Envoy. — Dr Cold-water,who now offers his
gratuitous services to the puldic, is undoubtedly
quite as skilful as Dr Raiu-water ; but fortunately
or unfortunately, has nothing to recommend him
but honesty, pliilalithropy, trnth and wisdom,
which, however, it is hoped, will one day accom-
plish as much as a quack's label. — Sulem Gaz.

Rules to be observed in speaking o/others. — The
following rules of Dr Cotton Mather, on the sub-
ject of slander, are recomineuded to the consid.era-
tiou of the lovers of peace.

' He resolved he never would speak cvd falsely
of any man ; and if ever he spoke against any, it
should he under the following restrictions and
limitations which he coiigcienliuusly observed : —

' He would consider whether it would not be
proper to speak to the person himself, concerning
the evil before he spoke of it to any one else.

' He woidd ordinarily say nothing reflecting on
liny man, behind his back, which he would not
readily say to his face.

' He would aggravate no evil of another, which
he had occasion to speak of, nor make it worse
than it was.

' When he was propsrly called to speak against
any man, if he knew any good of him, he would
speak of that too.

' Ho would be sure to maintain charity towards
the persons of all that he had occasion to speak
against, and would heartily wisli them all good.'

A Polish proverb says — ' You may strip a Pole to
his shirt — but if you attempt to take his shirt, he will
regain all.

A person inquirinfi what became of euch-a-one:
Oh, dear, says one of the company, poor fellow he
died insolvent, and was buried by tliu parish. Died
In-solveiit, cries another, that is'a .mistake, for he
died in England, I am, sure, I was at his buryin<f.

JVo Croaking. — 'If a man be gloomy, let him
keep to himself. No one has a right to go croak-
ing about society or what is worse, looking as if he
stifled grief. These fellows should be put in the
pimnd. 1 like a good broken heart or .so, now
ami then ; put then we slmuhl retire to the Sierra
Morena mountains, and li\e upon locusts and wild
honey.'

The most agreeable of all companions is a simple
frank man, without any high pretension to an op-
pressive greatness, one who loves life, and under-
stands the use of it; obliiring alike at all hours;
above all, of a golden temper, and steadfast as an
anchor. For such an one, we would glaoly exchange
the greatest genius, the most brilliant wit, the pro-
foundest thinker.

Value of a JVail.—We have been told that the
first nail ever seen in Madagascar was taken from a
boat at Riotea. It was a spike nail, ami brought
hither by its fortunate possessor as something of rare
value. And so it proved, for he made no small gain
by lending it out for hire to canoe builders to bore
holes in the -sides of their planks. Afterwards an-
other lucky fellow got hold of a nail, and not knowing
how such a thing came into existence, ho shrewdly
conjectured that it must have been formed hy a process
of vegetation. Wherefore, to propagate so valuable
an exotic, he planted his nail in the ground, but wait-
ed in vain for the blade, the bud, the blossom, and
the f-uit. This man is still living, and has not heard
the lust of his speculation, being often reminded, to
his no small chagrin, of the folly by vvhich he acquir-
ed at least one piece of knowledge. — Tyemian and
JBennct's T'oyages.

When Mr John Kcmble played Hamlet in the
country, the gentleman who acted Guilderstern was
or imagined himself to be, a capital musician. Ham-
let asks him, — ' Will you play upon this pipe ?' — 'My
Lord I cannot.' — ' I pray you.' — ' Believe me I can-
not.'— ' I do beseech you.' — ' Well, if your lordship
insists on it, I shall do as well as I can,' and to the
confusion of Hamlet, and the great amusement of the
audience, he played God save the King.

The Tartars have a singular manner of drswinc
water from a great depth. A long rojje, with a 'arge
leather bag (kept open at the mouth by a hoop,) is
let down into the well; the end is fastened tc the
saddle of a mounted Tartar, who rides off, and by
this mcTns draws the water from the well ; a person
in attendance empties the bag while the horseman
returns, and repeats the process as of\en as may be
required.

FRUIT TKEES.
For sale at the Kenrick Nursiries, in
Nkwton, near Kosloii, » niosl extensive as-
sorimeiit of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Clterries, Apricots, Nectarines, Ahnondn,
Mulljerries, Quinces, Raspl)erries, Gooseber-
ry and Currant buslies. Grape Vines of the best foreign
sorts, and 25 finest varieties of Strawberries, including
the most rare, proiluctive and esteemed.

Also .ifx>ut 4''0 varieties of the most Iiardy ornamental
frees and shruhs, and superb hardy roses, including Silrer
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Chesnuts,
Flowering Catvdpas, Mountain Ash with beautiful clus-
ters ol red berries in autumn and winter. Purple Acacia,
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Butternuts, Ailan-
tluis or tree of Heaven. Elms, American and Scotch,
Smjar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree. Honeysuckles. Many ( f the above sorIB
of 'rces of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
commons.

White Mulberries, genuine sort for silk wornis,
by the 100 or lODO for PI. nlations.

ls.4BEi,i.A and Catawba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.
China Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Gb-

R.^NECMS, ^C. SfC.

Written orders .iddressed either to John or William
Kenrick, Newtojv, are regularly received by the
daily mail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient he left wit!i J. B. Russell, at tlii
New England Farmer oflice, where also, catalogues may
be obtained gratis on application. But purchasers are in-
vited when convenient to call and examine the trees, ^c,
tor themselves, and make their own selections; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their or-
ders, relying ihat the very best possible selection will bo
made for them. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and mats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transpoitation. cplDI Oct. 19.

QJ" .Immvnition

Of the iest quality ami /o7/ies( prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'.** POWDER STORE,
6 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo refunded Jan.

When the Hon. P. N. was governor of Ceylon, he
was addressing a native prince through th ■ medijm
of an interpreter, in a high strain of courtlv adula-
tion, to each sentence of which the prince answ.^r-
ed ' Cadab.' This was repeated so frequently as to
induce the governor to inquire into its meaning. ' He
means to say,' answered the interpreter, 'that your
excellency lies.'

The Board of Health. — A countryman walk;ng
along the streets of New York, found his progress
stopped by a close barricade of w jod. — • What is
this for?' said he to a person in the street. 'Oh,
that's to stop the yellow fever.' — ' Aye, I have often
heard of the board of health, but I never saw it be-
fore.'

A joke which has run through the press about
SignorPaganini and pretty Miss Waters, arose in
the following manner: — At a dinner at De Begni's,
whose pupil the young lady is, Paganini was hand-
ing her from one room to another, and she, lost in
admiration of him, exclaimed, 'I wish I was your
fiddle ;' to which the Signer instantly replied, ' And
I wish I was your beau ."

Ptar Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. S3
North Market Street—

Pe.\r Seedlings, of vigorous growth, and prom-
ising appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size are from 18 to
24 inches in length, the whole plant; price $10 pe^
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length
price $5 per thousand. They will ho suitably packed
as wanted, for transportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at the

Farmer othce. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Eveniiijj, at gi per annum,
payable at the end of ihe year — but those wfio pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction offifty cents.

53= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. 15. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet lb«
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
KussELL, at the .Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

IVew york — G.Thokburn &. Sons. 67 Liheriy-streel
Albani/—WM. TlloHEUBN.an Marketslrect.
Philadelphia- 1). & C Lanokkth . V.d Chcslnul-slreel.
Baltimore — G. B.Smith , Editor of ihe American Farmer.
Cincinuali—a. C. Parkuurst,23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. VVm.Prince cSi Sons, Prop. Lia. Bol. Garden
MidJIeburtj, Yt. — Wight Chapman.
//(iiV/on/— GoonwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — K. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, liookseller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.luausta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder offio*
JJo/i<rea.'. L. C— He.vry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 02 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL.. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 16, 1831.

NO. 18.

(B © SKI at w ST a "Sii a a © sr Sa

height of ahnut two fept, the third spiiiiff at about ailensis of Micliau.x) are considered much the bc?t.

— ■- ■ [three feet from tho yrouiid, with yome side pruii- Tlieje can be no difTerenco hetweoii tlic boijghs

ON LIVE FENCES. [iiig. The nc:xt summer yimr hedge is eomplete broken from this ti-ec, iiiid the boughs g-rou'tng-, be-

Mr Fessende.n — III your paper of the 2d No-j and you may keep it at the hei<;ht and thickness cause when broken off, evergreens preserve the
veml)er I noticed a communication from Judge' desired al the expense of a hitle pruniiij,'. i vital principle diinng a considerable time.

Buel of Albany nursery upon live fences. It I have also tried plashing. In 1818orl9my. Here are a few facts, lo show that if Europeans
always gives me much pleasure to obtain any in- 1 gavdftner, who was an Eiiglislinian, highly recoin- Iiave just discovered this proper(y of evergreens,
formation from one who so well unites the theory [mended it and at last persuaded me to let him at- , i' ^vas known and used a long time since in New
of horticulture with the practical results of his tempt it upon a young ami thrifty hedge made of , Englaiul by cjvilized man. The writer of this,
own experience. In many of his statements I Crab apple. He did it as it appeared to me very preserved several Orange plants during the last
fidly agree with him. From long experience I am! skilfully, but it was a very long and tedious opera- | "iuter by covering them with heiidock boughs,
convinced of the superiority of live fences, both i tion and the result was the hedge was ruined, and never once thought of his having made a
as regards efficacy and economy. I also highly His mode of operating (which is I believe the discovery, because he has known this property of
approve the manner of setting out the young common one) was to suffer the main stem to re- ' evergreens from his infancy.

quicks, which he describes. Idifter from hitri only lUiain upright, while all the side ones were partial- ! \Vith regeyd to the philosophy of then- actions,
as to the material or plant of which the hedge is ly cut and bent down nearly horizontally, and so as I am one of your plain t«//^ and because folks,

made, ami as to the advantage of splashing or i confined either by interlacing or by staking th
as the English call it plashing. Ulown ; they did not thrive however — they perish-

For the last twenty years I have paid great at- ed by degrees and I was at last forced to prune
tention to this subject and will give you the result j away ail the horizontal branches, and lost at least
of my experience. The first hedge I set out (about I four years' growth.

■500 feet in length) was of the English Hawthorn With the Buck-thorn I have never found plash-
or Quickset. The result was decidedly unfavora- ing to be in any degree necessary or useful. If
ble. The plant is not adapted to this climate — j nianaged in the way I have described, m three
it appears better suited to the moist atmosphere of i years the hedge will be complete, requiring after-
England ; our long summer drought, injures it, it i,s wards very little care and nearly as thick, and
peculiarly subject to the attacks of the borer, a sp6- 1 quite as impervious below as above.

cies of mildew or blight almost invariably assails it
early in August, by which it loses its leaves and
by the midille of August or first of September as-
sumes a wintry ajipearance.

My next experiment was with the tl'ree thorned
acacia recomtnended by Judge Buel. The liedge
was not more than fifty feet in length, but was
placed in excellent soil and carefully attended. I
had supposed that the long thorns with which the
plant is armed Vifonid have made it peculiarly
efficacious as a fence. The result was even more
unfortunate than before. Prune and clip it as I
would, I could never make it grosv thick ; it aj)-
pears to have a decided tendency to shoot upwaiils
rather than to spread ; the thorns grow only upon
or near the upper branches, and below there was
nothing but the bare stems to serve as a fence. It
would often too, lose as much during a hard win-
ter, as it had grown during the whole summer.
After a fair trial of near ten years I dug up the
whole and replaced it with the American Buck-
thorn (Rhamnus cathan';.-.is ;) with this I have
been completely successfid. It has it is true but
few thorns, but it grows naturally so thick as to
be a complete protection to the land inclosed by
it. It shoots early in the spring and holds its
verdure till very late in the fall. If properly
managed, it is so close below that a rabbit could
scarcely work its way through, while above the
strong branches are so wattled and interlaced, that
a man could not scale it, nor a bull force his way
through it.

I have now in different places at least half a mile
of this hedge which 1 shall be very happy to s'low
to any of your correspondents who tnay wisli to
see it.

The mode of cultivation is very simple — .t is
set out either in the fall or spring in the maimer
recommended by Judge Buel ; if in the fall, it is
clipped the next spring within about nine inches of
the ground. Next spring it is clipped again at the

Very sincerely yours &c,

E. Hersy Derby.

Salem, J^ovemher S, 1831.

US): OP EVERGREENS AS A PROTECTION
AGAINST COLD.

Mr. Fessenden — In the proceedings of the
Mass. Hort. Society of October 15, 1831, pub-
lished in your paper of the 19th, same month, is
a letter on the acclimating of the Pinus pinea ;
in which an old yankee notion is made to pass for
new European discovery — the utility of ever-
greens as a protection against the effects of cold ;
and as I am stickler for yankee knowledge when
it is equally as good as that which comes over the
sea, I take the liberty to state a few facts.

In the early settlement of New England, hunt-
ing was a profitable employment; the hunters tra-
versed tlie wilderne.ss in the depth of winter, in
search of game for the sake of the fur which na-
ture had provided for the preservation and com-
fort of all the animals of a cold region ; these hun-
ters always protected themselves from the inclem-
ency of the weather by temporary botigh houses —
evergreens of course. Although this may not be
a historical fact, yet it is a well authenticated tra-
dition. The white hunters no doubt borrowed
the contrivance from the aborigines.

A venerable soldier of the revolution has in-
formed me that he was with that part of the expe-
dition against Quebec in 1775, which marched
through Maine ; during the march it is known that
the army suffered greatly from the weather, from
which many protected themselves during night
by evergreen tents.

It is a well known fact in New Hampshire,
that pine and hemlock boughs are a great protec-
tion against cold — farmers frequently cover their
potatoes and other routs, with them during very
severe cold, to keep them from freezing. In New
Hampshire the boughs of the hemlock (Abies can-

I will try and give you the ' why and because' of
this (act.

Some bodies are better conductors of heat than
others, and those which conduct the best, are the
worst preservers against cold. The leaves of ev-
ergreens in a green or living state have the pro-
perty of beinaslow conductors of heat ; therefore,
they keep the^Jp«at in and cold out, or more proper-
ly they keep the he.it in only. As soon as the leaves
become dea.d and dry, they become conductors of
heat ; therefore, are not useful for the purposes
imder consideration. G.reen wood is a slow con-
ductor of heat ; when dried and baked it is a con-
ductor ; when reduced to charcoal it is a non-con-
ductor— and when further reduced to ashes it
again becomes a conductor.

MUford, Cct. 24, 1831. New Hampshire.

By the Editor. — The author of (he article alluded to
did not, we believe, mean to assert that there was any
tiovclly in the principle, of protecling plants from cold
by surrounding them by evergreens ; but the applica-
tion, of that principle to prntecling and acclimating
plants, was for aught that appears an ' European dis-
covery.'

SWEET POTATOES.
To the Editor of the New England Farmer.

In your paper No. 13, I have f;een some in-
quiries respecting sweet potatoes. In Bucks Coun-
ty, some sixty years ago, I was well accquainted
with raising Sweet Potatoes. They grow best in
a light, sandy soil, and the general practice was to
till the hills, say four or five inches deep with ma-
nure from about the wood pile.

The only dificulty in raising them in great abun-
dance was to preserve any seed from rotting in
winter. The general practice was to buy their
seed every year in Philadel|)hia at from four-pence
to six-pence per lb. for very small roots or sprigs
of roots.

A curious old farmer surmounted the difficulty
of preserving seed, in the following- simple man-
ner.

He dug his seed before any frost, and dried them
well in a warm dry room, then dug a hole under his
kitchen hearth and packed them therein very dry
sand ; so particidar was he to have this sand per-
fectly dry that he baked it on boards in his oven ;
then had a hearth stone neatly dressed to cover
the hole; and preserved them perfectly sound un-
til time to plant gardens.

The mystery is, that Sweet Potatoes, to pre-

138

]N i: W E N G LAN D FARM E II ,

Nov. 16, 153?'

vent their rullins; in winter, must not only lie kept
from/ivst anil wet, but iils^o from ccld "ml damp ;
and 1 liuve not tlie leiist donbt of ilieir growing
well in tlic New linghin.l States ; l>nt iis I «-ann<ii
obt..iii seed in lliis place I liave not r.iisfd any.
Respeellully, Samuel PnEsroN.

.SUd.-porl, Pa. Oct. 20, 1831.

ACORNS.
Mk Russell— 1 herewith send yon, agrreabiy to
your rerniest, a qiianlily of acorns of the followini,'
specifs of oak for tlio London Horiicnluirul So-
ciety, viz.

Tlioso marked No. 1. The Qaercus alha or
W4lite Oak, lliat ppecies does not bear niucli lliis
year, so I could obtain but a small (]nanliiy. This
is well known to be the most usefid timber tree in
America.

No 2. Qicerciis mo7itana, or Mountain Oak, or
Chesnnt leaved oak, a noble timber tree next in
rank for timber to the white oak. I could obtain
but a very small quiuitity ; the tree bore very little
this season.

No. 3. The Gray Oak. I do not know the specific
name. The best for fuel of any of the oaks, ex-
cejit the yellow oak.

No. 4. Q_ucrcus caslanea, or Yellow Oak, very
good for timber, and the best for fuel of any of
the oaks ; the bark is useful for dying ; a large tree.
No. -5. qiieicus rubra, or Red Oak, one of the
largest of our limber trees, useful for staves, and
the bark for tanning' leather.

No. 6. (iuercus discolor, or (iilse Red Oak, large
tree.

No. 7. Qiiercus coccinea or Scarlet Oak, a large
tree ; this and No. 6 are called by farnvrs simply
the Red Oak, but there is a distinction or dill'er-
euce in ihem wbieli is known to botanists.

I expected to be able to obtain some of t he
acorns from the Qnercus ■lnctor:a, Querciiron Oak,
or Black Oak, also the quercus bicolor or Swamp
Oak, and the (Quercus ilicifotia or Scrub Oak. The
latter however is only a .'^mail bush, seldom grows
higher than a man's bead. The Ulack and Scarlet
do not grow in this vicinity, but the Swamp White
Oak does. T could not find one acorn of this year's
growth.

I would suggest to yon that if thoy are to bo
sent to Europe it would lie well to put them in
sand or earth, especially the White Oak and Cbcs-
nut leaved Oak, as they are beginuiiij,' to sprout and
if the sprout should wither may fiil of growing ;
but perhaps you know how to manage them bet-
ter than I can tell you.

Yours respiclfiillv,- Ei.ipii.iLET IIu.nt.
Chester, M H. .Voi-.'il, 1S31.

Uses.— A most excellent fire wood, ship limber,
dry limber and slaves ; bark used for tanning, but
not considered good.

No. 3— (Quercus alba of Wangenheim) While
Oak in New Hampshire, grows to a large size in
forests and sheltered situations.

Uses— A most excellent timber for civil and na-
val building, slaves for liquor casks, &c ; bark infe-
rior for tanning.

Soil. — Rather moist and rich loam.

No. 4.— (Quercus caslanea of Wildeiiow and
Prince, .'kuminate of Michaux) Yellow Oak in New
Hampshire, does not grow to so great a size as the
three above. . ,

Uses.— A most excellent fire wood ; good timber
for the saw, but does not split so well as those
above— bark excellent for tanning and coloring
yellow. .

Soil— A strong rocky loam— in sheltered situa-
tions it has but few branches.

The acorns from the above trees were gathered
from young, thrifty trees, not more than 3U years old.

There are two other varieties of oak growing in
this vicinity, what are locally called black oak and
CTray oak ; the latter appears to be a cross of the red
and yellow varieties, and has nearly the same char-
acteristics as the yellow oak. Acorns from these
could not be obtained this year. J. W. SMirii.

Milford,(JV.H.) Oct., mil.

OAKS.

Mr Russell — I send you a package of acorns, of
each of the following varieties, for the London Hor-
ticultural Society.

No. 1.— (Quercus cocdnci) Red Oak in New
Hampshire, grows almost everywhere in New Eng-
land, and reaches the height of 70 or 80 feet in fa-
vorable situations, and 8 or >J feel ia circumference.

Uses — Wood used for dry limber, posts, rails and
staves — bark used for tanning.

Soil — Recpiires a deep rich loam ; in thick for-
ests its branchei are not nuuiGrous, but in exposed
situations it becomes very brandling, and does not
grow to 60 great a height.

No. 2.— ( (^uircus montana of Wildenow and
Prince, .MoiiticoUi of Michaux) Cliesnut Oak, moun-
tain oak in New Hampshire, grows in dry, deep and
rich rocky soils, as larga as the red oak in favorable
situations.

FALL FEEDhNG CATTLE.

Mr Fessenden — Although the pastures look
uiK^oimiionly green for the season, it is apparent,
that the alimentary properties of the grass are be-
"iiuiing to be serio-.isly diminished. Already, the
cattle of some of my neighbors, especially those
which arc fed on outlands, look pinclied, and are
obviously falling away. This, 1 have frpqueiilly
saiil to myself, is bad iiianagcmeiit. If they can-
not be kept in a thriving coiidiiioii at the presani
season, tiiey should certainly not be suffered to fail
away ; for it is apparent that they will need the
stamina which they have acquired, during the win-
ter approaching. In resjiect to young callle, this
may not be as important, although their growth must
be proportionally retarded ; but in resjiect to mitck
cows and worlcing oxen it is absolutely essential.
Unless in a good condition, cows cannot he expect-
ed to yield a large quantity of milk, nor that of an
excellent quality ; fori take it as settled, that both
the quantity and quality of milk ilepend much up-
on the condilion of a cow. And in respect to
working oxen, their powers of draught and endur-
ance are, to a certain extent, in proportion to their
good condition.

But hy what means, it may be asked, shall the
good condition of cattle be preserved, in consis-
toncy with economy? Will it answer, asks the
farmer, to begin thus early to fodder iiiy slock .^
To this, I would reply, that every farmer slnjuld
have provided for the exigencies of this precise
season tif the year ; and should have been laiigin
to have thus provided, by his past experience. He
should have raised a gooil crop of pumpkins : or,
as these are somewhat uncertain, he should have
sown a field of lurnips, carrots, &,c, to be fed out
early. But as many farmers, may not have thus
provided, the question will probably occur, is it
ecuiiumical to begin to fodder at this time, whfii
cattle appear to be falling olf in condilion ? In
my own view, the proper answer i.s, by all menus.
But, it may be said, that beginning thus early in
the season, the fodder will not last. Be it so ;
keeii your cattle in good condilion as long as it
does last, and if necessary then buy more. Or,
if they must be pinched, let il be towards spring.

If tiicir sidids have remained until ihat time undi-
ininisheil, they will have something upon which to
rely, should the fodder come thort. Or which is,
perhaps, a sliU better remedy fertile unlicipateil
evil, sell olT your cattle, retaining only that num-
ber which you are sure of keeping well. Keep
your callle growing the whole year rouiul — keep
your iiiilcb cows, so that even iate in the fall,
llicir milk will not be seriously dilnilli^bed from
the quaiuity they gave in midsuminer. Keep
your oxen so that, if any accident beliils them, yoi>
would noi be afraid to recomineml as tolerable beef.
Those diiections are all praciieablu ; and if prac-
tised upon Would be found, 1 doubt not, economical,
strictly so.

Bui if you judge otherwise, you are at liberty
to suppress what I have writsen.or disprove it, if
you are able. Yours, G.

Berlin, Con. .Vui>. 1831.

The above remarks appear to us to be correct
and judicious. Deane's N. E. Farmer coincidea
with our correspondent in some of his dircciions.
In that work it is observed, 'The lueaiiest lodder
should not be dealt out lirst of all. The straw
and the worst hay shoiild be reserved to give them
in the coldest weather; for it is then that they
have the keenest appeiiies. When a farmer thinks
ihal he has too much stock fur his fodder, as wili
sometimes be the case, il is not best to pinch them
in their allowance so much in the fore part of
winter as iii the latter part. For the cattle aru
more liable to be pinched with cold, in December
and January than afterwards. And no man knows
In.w favorable the latter [lurt of winter may be. —
Kd. JV. £. Farmer.

INUUIRIES.

Ma Fessexdes — Allow ine to inquire whether
chloride of lime has ever to your knowledge been
used to cleanse musty ciiler barrels ? would it be
lihely to injure the cider ? A Subscriber.

By the Editor — A French journal asserts that
tainled wooden casks of every description may
be rendered perfectly sweel and wlndesume by
washing with diluted sulphuric acid, and after-
wards with lime water and pure waler. We i\o
noi donbt but chloride of lime would cleanse foul
casks, though we never knew ihe experiment tried.
If the casks were afterwards scalded with hot
water, or even well rinsed with ctdil water, we
should apprehend no injury to the cider.

Candied Raisins. — Having on hand several hun-
dred weight of Smyrna raisins, which have be-
come so candied, as to be unfit for ordinary use,
i am induced to iiKpiire, whether they may be
prolilabty used, in making wine. If su, will you
please slate in your paper, an econoinicul process
lor the same ? Respectfully yours,

Berlin, Con. jVof. 1831. E. B.

Mr Fesse.nden — I received last spring from a
Irieiid in Paris, a package of garden seeds^
among which was a paper labeled • Tours
Cilery' These seeds resembled, if I rightly re- 1
mi.'niljer, small gourd seeds ; but had no smell of 1
celery, as is usual with the common seed. I'
plaiileJ Ihcm, soon after which the plants iiiado
the.r appearance, and have coiilinued lo grow vig-
oroitsly, up to the pnjseiit time. Tliey are much
largsr than any celery jilants I ever "saw, and en-
tirely u;.like those of the common kind. They
weaf a dull silvery appearance; the leaves are a*
stiff and rigid as oak leaves, and the bocJers of

X.— No. !8.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

139

Ijoili sletiisaiHl leaves aie lined with |irick!es, near-
ly as sliaip and stitV as llini'ns. Tliu plants iiave
no smell of celei'y. Iti liie absence of any liuoks
which might help ine lo a knowledge oT thcif use,
if they have any, I am induced to lotinest yon to
give mo your opinion, (iiovided my statements be
so iiitidligihlc, that yon can uuilersland if. I
may add; that the frost t!ius far appears lo have
made no ijnpression in)ijn the plants. I have neg-
lected to earlli them up, as they have grown, not
Unowing, that lliey would he ealahle.
Yonis, respeoifiilly,
Jierlin, Con. JVov. 1831. G,

We are not ahle to give the botanical name of
the plant uliove described, and would be obliged
to any friend who would assign it a proper appella-
tion &c. The common celery is one of the va-
rieties of a plant called v^/»(ijn» by botanists. Of
these varieties we know of none except the ./Jpi-
um pt.lroselinam, or Garden Parsley ; Apium grav-
eohns, or Celery and Apium americanum, or Arra-
cacha.

PRESERVATION OP ICE.

Mr Fessenden — In your paper of the 26th nit.
a correspondent says he ' has experienced iniich
difficulty in keeping ice through the summer,' and
' asks which are the most ajjproved methods of
constrncling ice-lioitses, in general.'

1 have never built an ice-house, but I will state
for the information of your correspondent, that in
the spring of 1S23 I pmcbaaed at auction u house
ill the vicinity of Uoston. Some weeks after I took
pdssessioii of my house, I observed a trap door
through the floor of my wood-hoitse ; and on
opeiiing it, I perceived a hole say ten feet square,
planked at the four sides. This I supposed was an
ice-liouso, and into itiputjhe ne.^a winter, i-ix
sled loads of ice, which kept well, and was a Aill
supply for my family the succeeding warm season.
Every wititer since, I put into tlie ice house
about the same quantity (never varying more than
a load) and the SMpply is always abundant.

My house stands on a gravelly hill, and the air
passes tiniler my woo<l-house, in every direction ;
uiul the wood-house floor is the oidy covering for
the ice-house. I cover my ice wirh shavings.

I have supposed my ice-house, which jtrobably
did not cost more than ten dollarSj a very superior
one : Cor some of my neigbliors lay in twenty loads
of ice a season, and by midsummer, want to beg a
piece of nie. F.

.\uv. 7, 1831.

ICE HOUSES.
Ma Fesse.ndfn — My ice-cellar is a very sim-
ple and i-hoap »ff:.\r. It is 12 feet every way, dug
(11) a gravelly knoll. It has a stout cedar post,
about 13 feet long, at each corner, sind I believe
four tuore posts between those, with a sill mertired
on the top, all round, lo keep them all in place.
Outside of these posts it is planked with old cast off
bridge plank, which were originally 5 inches thick,
an I these are secured, not by nailing, but merely
filling in behinil with gruvel. The roof is a coni-
inoii one, rather steep sloping of course! to the
ground, and shingled in the ordinary way ; the door
is at the east end. There is no floor beiwccn the
ice and the ro<jf. The ice may be taken out at any
hour, but it is generally done early in the morning.
Before the ice is put in, some small spars (round )
rails if you please) are placed on the bottom of'
the cellar, and brush put crosswise, so as to keep

the ice from touching the gronnd. 'i'he ice is
sawed in blocks of 2 or 3 feet long and about 2
feet wide and packed in the cellar, side by side.
When filled to the top, some straw or shavings are
laid over to a considerable thickness, pcrlia|.'S a
couple of feet, and /Aa< « aW. Some years, when
the ice is thin, it is gone in September or October ;
but when it can be had solid and of a good thick-
ness, after using it freely for all family purposes
and occasionally for neighbors, some ofit remains
at the end of the year. The posts shonid be about
13 feel, so as to enter the ground a little at bot-
tom, and rise a little above the top for the pur-
pose of making a small bank outside to turn ofl'
the rain. The quantity put in is, I think, about
15 tons or loads.

jVov. 10, 1831. A Middlesex Farmer.

Biupuwicli, Ncv. II, 1831.

Mr Fessenden — On reading the description of
my ice-house in your last number it occurred to
me, that I might not have been sufficiently mi-
nute on one or two points. The roof is so sharp
and high, that it affords a convenient passage into
the entry, above ground, at the end of the build-
ing, by a triangular door, made double and filled
with charcoal powder. The double partition,
which divides the pit, extends upward to the roof,
having in it a door, through which the ice is easily
introduced at the top of the pit. This door is
closed, after the straw is deposited in the spai-e
above the ice. Thus one door, opening to the at-
mosphere, is sufficient for all purjioses.
Yours resi)eclfully.

P. Cleaveland.

FORESTS.

Mr Fessenden — It was with great pleasure
that I lately noticed a commiinieation, in your nse-
lul paper, on the propriety of planting and improv-
ing forest and ornamental trees in this country ;
as grand forests, to the most simple observers, may
be considered as the bulwarks of nations, per-
haps no country is more endowed by nature with
ornamental shrubs and trees than America ; which
by a little attention, might be transplanted to diC-
fereiit vacant spots and add much to the beauty
of the scenery, as well as wealth of the nation.
On taking a survey of New England we are pre-
sented with thousands of acres of land in a barren,
uncultivated state, which by being planted with
forest trees, wouhl enliven the jirospect and add
much to the value of the soil. The many varie-
ties of flowering shrubs indigenous to this country,
may be planted in the outlets and vacancies by
the road side and would at once gratify the trav-
eller and enliven such localities, to the benefit of
its neighboring community.

At the present time perhajis nothing more at-
tracts the attention of European cultivators and
landholders than planting and improving forests,
and cultivating fruits. Many thousands of acres of
lanil once barren are now covered with a valuable
growth of oaks, ash, and various trees, suitable to
the climate and the public wellfare. Wo also find
that American shrubs are the pride of European
flower gardens ; and it is greatly to be hoped they
will, as they merit, attract the attention of the |ire-
sent enlightened community. Oeservator.

1000 brads and sparrow-bills were lately made in
one minute, by machines invented by Mr Charles
Makepeace, of the Howell Works, N. Y. 1300 could
be made in the same time.

HINTS TO FARMERS.

Never feed potatoes to stock wiihont boiling or
frteaniing, as this increases their nutritive qiialitiee.
Grind your corn with the cobs. It is better
feed, and pays well fur the trouble.

One bushel fla.\seed, grtmnd with eight bushels
of oats, is better for horses ihan sixteen bushel.^
of oats alone, nud will efl'cctually destioy the
bols.

Never burn all dry wood in your fire place,
nor use a fire place when you can get a stove.

Cut your trees for rails in Febriiarv, as thev
are most durable.

Never dew rot your flax, unless you wish to
render it worthless.

Never select your seed corn from the crib but
from the stalk.

Never feed out your best potatoes and plant
the refuse, nor sell your best sheep and keep the
poorest.

A fat ox is worth more than a poor horse, and
does not eat as much — a yoke and chain can be
bought for less money than a wagon harness.

Englishand American J^ewspapers. — At a meet-
ing lately held by the London Literary and Scien-
tific Institution, <m the subject of the restrictions
on the British press, it was stated in debate that,
in America, where news[)apers are not taxed,
1,555,416 advertisements were inserted in eight
newspapers in New York, where 400 English and
Irish papers contained, in the same space oftime,
only 1,155,000 ; — that the twelve New York daily
|iapers contain more advertisements than all the
news])apers of England and Ireland ; — that the
number issued nniiuaily in America is 10,000,000,
w bile in Great Britain it is less than one tenth of
that nuiMl)er. Advertisements, which in England
cost 817, are inserted in America for about $1 50 ;
and an article which costs annually for advertisin"
in the United States $28, is liable in Eugland to a
charge of $900. — Boston Telegraph.

The ' Revue Encyplopsdique' of January last
speaking of the specimens of American silk which

were sent to France for examination, says ' It

cannot be doubled that |)lautations of mulberry
trees will rapidly increase in the republic. Ameri-
can silks may, perhaps, soon supplant, in the mar-
kets of Europe those of the In lies and China,'

If'eslern Tiller.

It was computed, some years since, that no lesa
than 112,000,000 pounds of butter are annually
consumed in London, ehieSy made within 40
miles round the city. — From the three counties of
York, Cambridge and Suflolk, there are annually
sent to the capital 210,000 firkins, amounting to
11,760,000 lbs.

The Camden (S. C.) paper mentions a squash
vine at Hanging Rock Creek, which bore ten
squashes. One measured 6 ft. 6 in. in circumfer-
ence and 122 lbs; another measured 5 ft. 10 in.
and weighed 06 lbs. This beats everything !
They must have boon mammoth pumpkins.

Dutch wives generally assist their husbands in
their business, often taking the most active shnro
in it ; and it is a common remark in Holland, that
where the women have the direction of the purse
and trade, the husbands seldom become bankrupts.

140

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW.
Report on Doimstic and Household .Manufactures.

Tlie Coinniittee of Domestic anil llousehokl
Mnniiractiires respectfully Report ;

That tliey have lieen instructed to notice as
particularly as possible the elegant articles of
work-man and woinan-sliip, which were present-
ed for their examination, hy wholesale ; and if
the detail, thus necessarily hy retail, he longer
than the Society's patience, they can plead the old
apology for tediousness, that there was not time
to matte it shorter. As the duties conimordy di-
vided hetween two committees have bren assigned
to them, they confidently ask douhle indulgence
for their discharge.

Beginning at the foot of the list, they viewed
sides and soles of Leather, and awarded to Messrs
Caldwell & Spragiie of Fitchburg, a iireminm of
$8. The specimens offered by Col. Jacob W.
Watson of Princeton, would, if it had been per-
mitted, have diviiled the pecuniary testimonial of
approbation as they did the good opinion of the
committee.

They award to Messrs E. & G. Bowen of
Leicester, for the best manufactured Calf Skins
$8, and if other premiums had been offered by the
Society, the committee would gladly have pre-
sented them to Alessrs Caldwell &. Sprague of
Fitchburg, and Phinehas Davis, Esq. of North-
boro', for the e.xcellence of their productions

Sole Leather for exhibition solely, was presented
by Messrs Merrick & Dowley of Worcester, was
made in New York beyond the Society's jurisdi
tion to do good, by encouraging merit. It was
superior to the manufactures of our own County
in weight, compact texture, and mature iirepara-
tion. It had evidently been subjected to a process
more slow and sure than that hasty method too
mucli in use, by which the material of the ox who
walked on his own feet one day is trodden under
other feet iu a few more, and makes the perisha-
ble sole a mere strainer to separate the solid earth
beneath, from the waters which pour through to
an unwelcome introduction to the person's estate
over. A reasonable horned beast might feel pleas-
ure in parting his outside garment for the purpose
of converting a part of himself into a fabric so du-
rable and excellent.

The [premium offered for Morocco Leather was
unclaimed by any competitor.

One step further, were a pair of Ladies' Slip-
pers, constructed by Mr Scott of Worcester, with
so much neatness, that unless the manufacturer
should be disposed to object, the committee would
say to thera, last for ever.

These shoes were placed on Carpets of tints as
various and almost as bright, as those of the rain-
bow. Having regard alike to durability in use and
apparent economy of materials, the first premium
of $12 was awarded to Mr Solomon Sherman of
Northboro', and the second to Miss Hannah Brown
of Rutland. The third was bestowed on Miss
Hannah Uuggles of Hanlwick, tor good taste in
the selection and arrangement of colors. To Miss
Melissa Pierce of Paxton, Col. Artemas Ward, 2d,
Mr William M'Farland, and Mr Willard Brown of
Worcester, Mrs Mehitable Davis, and Col. Merrill
Davis, the committee unanimously award thanks
for exhibiting such beautiful examides of house-
hold skill.

The best Flannel was that of Miss Thirza
Nichols of Charlton, well entitled to the |)remium
of $6 ; the next best that of Miss Lucy Marsh of

NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Nov. le, i83i.

Sutton, to whom should be given the second pre-! The Lirjeu made by Mrs Betsy Flagg of West
mium of §5. Col. Merrill Davis of Holdeii, and I Boylston, deserves a gratuity of §1.
Col. Joshua \V. Leland of Grafton, will feel no | A gratuity of $1 is requested for the Counter-
uneasiness on finding their good works excelled pane made by Miss Elizabeth Sargeant of Leices-
only by the skill of the i.idies. j ter, at the age of four years, and another for a

The Wove Coverlet of Mrs Jerusha Merriam of jC.vrpet made of shreds of cloths by Mrs Ra-
Oxford, received the premiums of $4, and Miss! chad Holmes of Sterling, at the age of 80— af-
Thirza Nichols of Charlton, of another of $3. fording evidence that the hand of female industry
Those of Mrs Mehitable Convers, Mrs Lois Ste- is busy in New England from life's earliest to its
])lietis. Miss Nancy Convers of Oxford and Miss | declining period, and that the ingenuity of useful-
Melissa Peirce of Paxton, came in near competition. | ness which brightens its morning cheers the se-

Tiiere was no Diaper of the width required by
the rules of the Society. Had that of Mrs Jeru-
sha Merriani of Oxford, or Mrs Hannah C. Stone
of Oakham, exteniled to the proper distance be-
yond the end of the yard-stick, the Committee
would liave experienced difficulty in determining
on the comparative merit.

rene evening of its days of good works.

A Counterpane made by Miss Martha Putnam
of Worcester, was so excellent that the Society
are invited to bestow a gratuity of $1 on her.

While bed and board were so plentifully sup-
plied, our firesides were not neglected. There
were six beautiful Hearth Rugs exhibited bv Mr

To Miss .Adeline Marsh of Sutton, for the best Jonas Pollard of Bolton, Mrs Elizabeth Nichols
Woollen Stockings for men, they awarded the first of Worcester, Mrs Almira Warren of Grafton,
premium of $3, and believed the excellence of the ! Mr Otis Stearns of Leominster, Mrs Mary White

article would deserve twice the amount if it could
be bestowed.

Having thus passed on all the subjects for which
specific premiums were oiiered,the Committee ex-
amined an immense collection of curious and
cunning works of the needle, and some of them
felt deep regret that they had no wives to comfort
and advise in the doubts and difficulties which oc-
curred in their progress among the rich and fair
things which thronged the Hall. They have res-
pectfully recommended small gratuities measiu'ed
in amount, not by the merits of the object but the
trifling sum placed at their disposal, not to be
considered, as compensations for ingenuity, but
tnere tokens of that approbation for successful in-
dustry supposed to be more valuable than money.

Thirty elegant Black Lace Veils, of exquisite,
ly finished design and execution were exhibited.
To Miss Sophrouia Lamb of Sturbridge, the Com-

of West Boylston, and Miss Polly Whitney of
Worcester. On the two latter ladies, the com-
mittee ask you to bestow a gratuity of one dollar
each.

Tbe Society have annually offered premiums
for bonnets made of fowl meadovy or other in-
digenous grass. It has been found that such fod-
der may better be left to cattle and sheep, to be
left by them at their discretion as it has been by
the ladies.

A neat Straw Bonnet prepared by Mrs Aurelia
White of New Braintree, is deserving a gratuity
of S2.

INIcssrs Putnam & Perkins of Lunenburg, ex-
hibited Palm Leaf Hats well worthy a gratuity of
$2, and Miss Eleanor Hemen way should have an
allowance of $1 for nicety in the manufacture
which concerns the heads of all. Miss Chloe
Carter of Berlin, Miss Clarissa Nelson of Sterling,

mitree recommend a gratuity of $3, and another and Messrs Livermore & Bcmis of Spencer, fur-
to Miss Brooks of Milbnry of $2. — Those of Miss nished fine specimens of the same article.
Almira Pollard of Lancaster, Mrs Whitman Bates, ! Mr Nathaniel Teed of Shrewsbury, and Messrs
and Miss Sarah A. Peck of Milford, Miss Sarah , J- P. Kettell & Co., of Worcester, ofl^ered su|)€rior
liemis and Miss Clarinda Watson of Spencer, Mi.ss Beaver hats ; the Committee beg for them a gratuity
Eliza A. Wheeler of Southbridge, Mrs Joseph A. |ol§l each.

Denny of Leicester, Miss Martha Kendall, Missj J. B.Tylcr furnished a fine Fur cap, which made
Sophia Holbrook, and Miss Louisa Howe of Wor-jO'ie desire cold weather to enjoy the luxury .'tjt
cester, and Miss Martha Johnson of Southborough, i di<l not, however, come within the territorial ju-
were more beautiful and alluring than the best fa- j risdiclion of the Committee in its manufacture.'
brics of Italy, and any spectator might have taken Flowers of glorious tint were in their full bloom
the Black Veil with delight from the hands of the [ on several neat little exami)les of the skill of Miss
fair artists. j E. A. Bartlett, Mrs Levi Heywood of Worcester

Among the white lace work, was a handker- i Miss Pope of Dudley, and Miss Frances T. Merrick
chief of .Miss Charlotte Corbell of Worcester and ' of Vv'orcester. They were called Lamp Rugs
a specimen of the union of 84 different kinds and ! but were so beautiful as to deserve to be admitted
infinite nuirdiers of stitches by Miss Eliza A. into the dairy as cushions for milk pans.
Wheeler of Southbridge, and a Cap of Miss Pojie | Cards of Penknives -were exhibited from the
of Dudley, aged twelve, were considered very ' manufactory of Moses L. Morse & Co. of Wor-
beautilul. The Committee recommend a gratuity j cester, of the workmanship of the apprentices in
of SI each to Miss Almira Pollard of Lancaster, I that establishment. The silver backed knife of
and Miss Abby B. Thomas of Worcester, for ex- ; Mr Judson W. Rice, and that of Joel C. Packard
celling where all v\ as excellent. i aie considered as deserving a gratuity of one dol-

Rose blankets and ticks, wide, warm, comfort- lar to each of those young men.
able and sleepy in their looks, were wrought and i A S|)lendid card of highly finished Penknives
brought to grace the occasion by Miss Dolly Hey- | and Razors were presented by Messrs O. Packard
wood of Barre, Miss Mary E. Hitchcock of New ; & Co. of Millbury, and the Committee recommend
Braintree, and Mrs Rebecca D. Patrick of Wes- i a gratuity of two dollars to them,
tern. To the latter lady the Committee recom- Razors, Lancets, and Surgical Instruments were
mend a gratuity of $2. fnrnislied by Col. Harrington of Shrewsbury. Al-

A goodly Plaid of Miss Hepsebah Wilcot of i though the committee made no experimental trials
Brookfield, was worthy the name of Rob Roy of the latter, they were satisfied from the elegance
which it bore. I of the appearance that they must be pleasant in

Vol. X N'n. 18.j

AISD HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

141

the o|)fr:uioii ami tbut lie ouglu to lia.ve a gratu-
ity of two (loUurs.

Silk was exiiihitecl in all stages of its produc-
tion from the first cfTorta of the insect spinners, to
the inatureH results of a manufiiolure, which with
proper encouragement may become the healthful
and profitable emp'oyment of the inmates of every
husbamlinan's househoKI. Some of the operative
silk weavers, with their cocoons, raw threads,
and dyed fabrics were brought by Mr Benjamin
Leavens, Jr. Raw Silk and cloth by i\Ir Lemuel
Heulcy, and an economical fabric of tlie toip as it
was described, by Miss Mary R. Pope, all of Dud-
ley.

The conimitee feel no hesitation in soliciting
gratuities of two dollars each to those persons for
engaging in an cnterprize which is of such impor-
tance to the household welfare of New England.

A Cape made from the floss of the Silk weed by
Mrs Jrdm Davis of Worcester, came in competi-
tion with the delicate workmanship of the worm
that weaves.

A very large and neat Needle Book presented
by Mrs Patrick of Western, was commended by
the committee.

Four pairs of elegantly finished Spectacles,
manufactured by Messrs T. & W. Keith of Wor-
cestpr, were examined with great pleasure. If
their other visible properties were equal to their
beauty, one might covet the imperfection of vision
which would permit so graceful an appendage to
Ills face.

Two very splendid Mirrors were exhibited by
Mr William Wiswall of Wnrcester, the manufac-
turer. The beauty of the frames excited great ad-
iniration from the ladies, who looked towards
them constantly. The committee reconnnend a
gratuity of two dollars, for his works, which they '
hope will always afford him as fair reflection as
they have this day given. i

A child's Coach of tastefid proportions was ex-
hibited by Mr G. Valentine of Northboro', which
might well be recommended to all gentlemen con-
tem|)lating a change to a better state, as an orna-
mental, and probably, useful part of domestic
equipage.

A new use of an excellent vegetable was sug-
gested by a very curious Work Basket, made of
melon seeds, exhibited by Mr Nathaniel Teed of
Shrewsbury. i

The committee examined an elegant Mantle
Piece, as was first supposed, of rich Italian mar-
ble ; finding it was wood, painted by Mr Theophi-
lus 15. Western of Worcester, they reconmiend a |
gratuity of two dollars to him, as a testimonial of
approbation for bis skill in imitating the produc-'
tions of nature. |

Very delicate drawings on porcelain were pre-
sented by Mrs A. M. Wells, of the Female .Acad-,
emy in Worcester, evincing that the sister arts of
painting and poetry are sometimes united in grace-
ful perfection.

Our Friends, the Misses Earle of Mulberry
Grove, again gave pleasant evidence that their pu-
pils are accomplished in the ornamental, as well
as the useful, under good instruction. The com-
mittee recommend that the Society put two dollars
into the beautiful purse among their collections, to
be divided among the c<<ntributors of so many
fanciful fabrics.

Umbrellas from the manufactory of Mr Aaron
Leland of Worcester, of silk and cotton would
be highly prized on a rainy day or any other.

That venerable gentleman kindly known by ANTHRACITE COAL.

the aflectionate appellative of Uncle Sam ex- An experiment has been made in Westchester
hibited by his attorney, the Hon. John Davis one ; of Anthracite coal as a substitute for wood in the

of his shooting tools in the shape ofa Rifled Mu
kct from the armory of the United Stales. The
committee examined it particularlj'. As it bad a
bayonet fixed, a formidable lock, a spring barrel,
and surprisingly fluent delivery of bullets, the
chairman viewed it from safe distance. It seem-
ed to be such an implement as would have been

burning of bricks. The Village Record alludes
to it thus: — 'This experiment was made at the
brick kiln of William Everhart, Esq. of this
Borough. At right angles with iho flues, and
about f()ur feet above the top of the arches, holes
four inches square and one foot apart, were left
running from the back side of the kiln (o the front.

more useful behind such rail fence ramparts as I In these were laid pieces of Anthracite weighing
New England once set on her heights, than for | from half a pound to a pound each, and the whole

the elegance of militia parade.

A velvet work bag, whose very name implies
indispensable use, made by Mrs Isaac Southgate of
Lt'icester, attracted great attention. The com-
miitee ask that $1 should be bestowed on her.

Machine Cards and Filleting of Isaac Southgate
and Co. were very good.

A Mahogany Work Table, whose splendid tint-
ed wood and nicely adjusted joints were suitable
for ladies' use, and would make its possession en-
viable by the most luxurious of the land, was ex-
hibted by L. Wood & Co. of Worcester.

I\Ir Caleb Newcomb presented a Tin Drum

put in the kiln was one ton. Ordinarily they burn
about 80,000. At the time of making the experi-
ment, 10,000 were added, making 90,000. The
experiment was highly satisfactory. Mr Miller,
the superintendent, mentioned to me that he tried
it reluctantly, having little faith that coal so dis-
posed, could do any good ; but as Mr Everhart
desired, he determined to try it. He was agreea-
bly disappointed ; the effect was greater than lie
could have imagined. The brick, he said, was
better burnt than in the ordinary way. There
was a saving of wood fully equal to the cost of
coal used and ten thousand additional brick were

or cylinder of his own manufacture, which was burnt. Thus every month, some new proof is

highly approved by manufacturers.

Iron Castings by the Brookfield and Worcester
Foun<lry were excellent in manufacture.

The Scythes of Col. Reuben Waters were an ex-
hibition of the preparation of that nianufactuie for
foreign markets, conclusive to show they need not
fear competion anywhere.

The Chairs of Mr Joel Pratt of Sterling, were
worthy of the re])utation of that town, and often
enticed the Committee to do that which they wish
all others to do, sit down on bis manufactures.

Rich Shell Combs were exhibited by Mr George
M. Rice, from the manufactory of Mr Alfred Wil-
lard of Boston, and were much admired by those
who best could judge of their beauty.

Elegant specimens of Penmanship were pre-
sented by Mr Austin Goddanl of Worcester and
Mr Elisha Tucker.

Mr Oliver Barret of Bolton, presented a branch
from his trees bearing half grown apples of the
second crop, looking as if nature, not content with
one unsuccessful effort for a harvest, had attempt-
ed to make two failures in the san;e year.

Large Radishes, Squashes, Corn Ears, and
Sunflower Heads were |)resented by Mr Joseph
Merriam of Grafton, and Mrs Grecnleaf of Wor-
cester.

A Threshing Machine, brought by Mr Patrick
of Weston, was described as of great value. Ac-
cident prevented its operations being witnessed.

Many other persons contributed to the exhibi-
tion, embracing greater variety ami number of ar-
ticles than any former festival has afforded. To
all who aided to increase the interest of the day,
the committee recommend that the grateful oc-
knowledgments of the Society should be tender-
ed.

All which is respectfully submitted

For the Committee,
William Lincoln, Chairman

produced of the value of this exclusively Penn-
sylvania mineral.' — Phil. Inquirer.

In a town containing about 1400 inhabitants, in
a sterile part of New Hampshire, about 50 miles
northwest of Boston, there were manufactured
into starch, for the use of manufacturers, 4.5,000
bushels of Potatoes, at 20 cents per bushel,
amouning to $9000.

Temperance in Sheffield, Eng. — At a lato Tem-
perance meeting in Sbeflield, in the proceedings
of which James Montgomery, Esq. the poet, took
part. Rev. Dr J. Pye Smith, one of the most dis-
tinguished Biblical scholars in England, at the
close of his address, said :

' It woidd be presuu)ptuous in him to say that
a little wine or malt liquor should not be taken,
but he trusted bis friends would excuse biin for
mentioning his own experience on this subject.
His chief beverage at present was water and
milk. He was formerly in the habit of taking
one or two glasses of wine, but since he had ab-
stained from it he found that he was much better
in health and strength, and better able to unde^o
the fatigue of his labors, than he was before.
He had also known sailors, whose chief beverage-
was tea and cofli^e, belter able to do their work
than those v\dio<lrank ardent spirits, and they were
always less subject to disease.'

.Modesty of dress in females. — A spirit of rivalry
and emulation to excel in dress has frequently
betrayed females of unquestionable character into
wearing costumes which their modesty would
sink from under ordinary circumstances. Ex-
clusively intent upon their own adormncnt, they
do not reflect upon the consequences that may
result from their appearance in public. It is not
surprising that the passions of men should be ex-
cited, and their principles shaken, when, in the
street, in church, and in short, everywhere, such
exhibitions are constantly placed before them. It
cannot be doubted but tliat this cause daily ope-
rates to the deterioration of public morals and it
is full time that it should receive the serious at-
tention of |)arents and guardians. It has an im-
mediate influence in lowering the sex in the esti-
mation of men, since it lessens their reverence
for persons they would otherwise always look
upon with deep respect. — American Encyclopedia.

Fifty females lateiy arrived in a vessel from;
Maine, twenty of whom went to Mann's Factory,
Franklin, and thirty to Lowell and Nashua.

142

NEW ENGLAPsD FARMER,

Nov. 16, 1631.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOV. 16, 1831.

lie assures lis that lie met uiili tlie tmne suc-
cess.'

Dr Puscalis observes ' I liave read the work of
Mr Jonatliaii H. Cobb on the cuhiire of silk which
is intended by him for a popular manual of in-
struction and have been iniicli pleased to find that

MR COBB'S MANUAL.

Wo have been favored with a small treatise en-
titled ' A Manual conluiniiig iiifoimution respecting jt unites brevity with all the most important \>r
the growlk of I lie Matbernj Tree, with suitable di- cepls required in that valuable liraiu-h of domestic
reclionsfor Ike culture of silk, in three parts. DjJ. produce. It is also dear and lucid, and free of all
H. Cobb, J}.M. Published by direction of his excel- accessary details little to be called for within the
Uncy Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a resolve of the short period of time necessary to make a silk crop.
Commonwealth. Oslendens hujns muneris usuni. \i jg evident that Mr Cobb has been many years a
Vida in Dombyx. Boston. Carter, Hendee and practical culturist, and could also enibiace the io-
Babcoclr. ! tcresting cares of the filature even farther than

This Treatise is introiluced by an able report of that of making maiketable raw silk which is not
a Committee of the Massachusetts Legislature, of frequently attended to by the growers.' * * *
which Mr Abel Wheeler was Cliairnian (published | ' I conclude with observing that the work of Mr
N E. Farmer vol. ix. pa^e 2G2) and a resolve | Jonathan H. Cobb deserves the confidence of the

MORUS MULTICAULIS.

' I regretted to see in your interesting journal.
Judge BuF.i.'s notice on the niorus nnihicaulis, as 1
fear it will prevent the much desired increase of
this valuable mulberry. Will you be so good as to
state that I have some imported trees of that kind
that have stood five years in a very exposed situa-
tion ; and also .Tiaiiy budded ones that aie in a very
cold and high place, and have stood two winters
without injury.'

' That his excellency the Governur be requested to
cause to be compiled and printed a concise .Man-
ual to contain the best information rosjiecting the
growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable di-
rections for the culture of Silk, and that this
manual be distributed in suitable numbers in the

public and its circulation should be encouraged.'

Cobbett has just published a work entitled 'Ad-
vice to Young Xvleii, and, (incidentally) to Young

Horticultural Hall, 1
PaturUay, Nuveml»er lil. \
FRUITS EXIIlHITEl).

From Messrs D. & C. Landreth, Philadelphia, a
basket of beautiful Echasserie Pears ; they rank
among the host fruits of the season.

From Mr R. Toohey, Waltham, a pear, (name un-
known) erroneously called the 'Avorat,' which is a
summer pear ripening in August From the same,
some very fine Chaumontelle pears; Beurre d' Hy-
ner; among the old varieties this is without hesitation

,,, r .,1,, ■ tr- 1 D 1 r I f ° 1 the best ear y winter pear; it exhibits no signs

Women, in the Muldle and Higher Ranks of Life. ,. , ,,. ,. . ,r . \. „„ , ■, ,■ =

' . ,. , " , , I ot decay or blight, in the most exposed situations :

It is writen in his nervous, characteristic style and 1 ^^ ^^,y f^^^ j^ ^ disposition to rot before they are

city ofBoston, and to every town in the Common-! abounds with good sense and useful suggestions.

wealth That to defray the expense thus incur- \ Under the head of ' Advice to a Lover' he gives a

red be be authorized to draw his warrant on ,he I '■■o>"Hi unvarnished tale of /.« whole course of love,
treasury for a sum not Cicecding six liuudred dol- which is quite amusing,;and winch we shall re-
, , publish next week.

The importance of the silk culture in a national AGRICULTURAL EXHIBITION.

point of view, as well as a useful and profitable, ,j,,|j, „„„yy| exhibition and cattle show of the
pur.-uit of individual industry, is now so well, and piy,„^,uth County Agriculiural Society took place
so universally appreciated that remarks on tl"s j ^i y.-jj^jewater, on Wednesday the 2.1 inst. The
head would be superfluous. We shall, therefore,! ^^g^jj^r ^vas fine, and the asseinblage of people

co'.ilino ourselves to the indication oftlie claims of
the treatise before us to conlidence and patronage.
The author remarks in his preface that ' In pre-
paring this manual lio has been gtiided by the por-
.sonal exporienco which he h is had for several
years in the culture of the mulhery tree, and rear-
ing of silk worms in the state of Massachusetts.'
He also gives a list of the works which he bus
inads use of in compiling his manual, and subjoins

very great. The exhibitions were respectable;
the manufactures, however, were not so uiinier-
oiis as heretofore. The pens made u far belter
display of stock, than, we think we have seen at
any iircvious anniversary. After a choice of of-
ficers and other business, the Society moved in
procession from the Academy to the hall of Mr
Sampson, escorted by the Bridgewaicr Band,
where the Farmers' banquet was served up in an

the fccommendation of Mr Peior S. Du l'"'"'*'"", Excellence and plenty, accompanied with the pithy
and Dr Felix Pa.-^calis. Mr De Ponceau observes ,^^^,^ ^^^^ ^^^^^.^.^ j^,^^ ,,,jj cheerful song. At two
that ' the works of foreign writers on the c'il"va- j y,^,^,.,. ;,,py proceeded to the Rev. Mr Hodges'
tion of mulhsny trees, and raising of sdk worms, .^gg,|||„_l^^jigp^ ^^,^^1.^ jj^^y listened with much
particularly in the latter, are by no means suited' .^,i,(._^;.(j,,^ ,p ^^^ address from the President ofihe
to the m-ri.lian of this country and are rather cal- 1 g,„.ij,ty_ ^yi,;^.,. ^.js„s ,„ij,i,i (,„ ...xpected, aliog. Ih-
culatid to dis.-ouiage tlian instruct our '"'•;'iers. 1 ^^ j,|,|,Yyj,^i.^,^ jj,„, s„it;ii,i„ ,o the occasion. In
You have with grci-.t propriety discarded their ar-^ ;^ introduc;ion the speaker apologized in terms
tilicial heat, t'.erniometors, barometers, ''.vgrome- | ^,- ,,_|,^,, 1^1^..,^^^,,,,.^ 3„j ^^^j humor, for the dry-
lers, and all these variety of troublesome methods, 1 ^^^^ ^^. ^^■^ subject, which was on the best mixture
miuute r.'gul.V.ions and useless implements, which ^y ^^7, ,;„. vegetable produce. But the rcmarka-
make ths- culture of silk a diflicult mid "Uricate ; j^j^ .^^jgi^lj^Pi^p^g j,,- ,1,^ a„jience showed in the
science. I see no more difficulty in cultivating !.^^„lj ,1^^^ ^^ apology was necessary. The Re-
the mulbniy than any other finit tree ; and the I j.^^,^ ^^Cj.^ ^.^,^1,,.^,;^.,. Co„„,i(,j,^,_ with the pre-
nrt of rai.-ing silk worm-* seems to reduce nsdt to ' ij^j^jii^j, awarded to the various competitors, were
nfewsiuMdo rules easy of observance. I '^'low 1 ^g^., j^ „^j,,,. ^ |,,,^,i^.^,„r „^^„u„t j,f ^^.,,„.i, ^jn
but of one European author wlm has had the coiir- ! ,,,. „i^.^,p ;,, ,,,g „p.^j Memorial, or as soon as mav
.(*e to brcp.k through ilie f.-.ters of habit and preju- ,,g ^^,„^^^^^^. ^^.^i, ., Ugj of officers elected.— P/^-
dico; Hudinaiale w^ork on the <-uUure of sdk, i „^^^,^ _,^^,„,^,.j.^;_

puldished in the German language Rt\ienna in 1

1329, adojtted what I call the .>iriuncan system, the Complaints are made in the Huston papers, that
same which your manual recommends, and which hiinjis of butter bought in the market for a pound,
in fact has been followed ill this couir.ry for more are Ibund to weigh only thirteen ounces. The
than TO years. The author is the Chevalier Von Bnsinn people should have the market clerks fi.r-
Jicint, an Austrian nobleman, the owner of large nislied with a good set of scales and weights, and
fWates in tlia imjierial iloininioiis. He appears toUend tliein forlh among the dealers in that glorious
liave coinplctely succeeded by following this sim- edible, let a few liunilred pounds bo confisi-iited
|>{e American method, and he even ventured to to the use and behoof of the city and -its otiicers
raise silk worms on mulberry trees in the open air and the poui.'d will soon rise to sixteen ounces.
on the frontiers pf Hungary, 44 deg, N. Lat. ; and | — (J. S. Guz.

quite mellow ; when any indication of this is discov-
ered, they can be used for baking, for which purpose
they are most delicious ; when in perfection, they
will compare with the best of the new varieties we
are at present acquainted with.

From Mr Manning, pears called in James Blood-
good & Co.'s catalogue ' Leggett's fine Winter.' —
Tlioy were identified as the Martin 8ec of the New
Uuhamel.

From Joseph Locke, Esq., of Billerica, German
i\Iuscat Pears.

From Mr Alexander Young, Boston, six of his
largo baking pears, weighing "i lbs ; the largest
weighed 2G ounces ; this is no doubt a foreign pear,
the true name of whicli is lost— the fruit is reserved
for a more critical examination at maturity.

From Messrs Winsliips, Brighton, n beautiful spe-
imen of the new ,\lpiiie Strauberry, with runners;
this variety continues bearing from the earliest of
the season to the present tme.

The season has now airived when it is requisite to
uspond the weekly exhibitions ot Frnits, &c, till the
spring ; should however any person have any new or
valuable late varieties, they are requested to send
pcciuiens, as they come into eating, to the Hall of
the Society, for examination.

In behalf of the Committee. R. MANNING.

The Ibllowing Chrysanthemums were presented
by Mr David Ilaggerslon, of Charleslown, for pre-
mium:

Siipcil) cluster yellow,
Ta=sutl<,-I yellow,
Early blush,
'l'*o-colorei! red,
Yel'ow wanalah,
Ta'^sclled liliic.
Golden lotus.
Dark ninioon,
Qidllsd flame,
Klakc oraiije yelow,
Park's small yellow.
Two plants of the

Qu.Ued while,
Lilac and white,
Slanv purple.
Curled lilac,
Supeib white.
Orange chan;j;eablc,
Brown purple,
Quilled lilac,
Djulile pink,
Rnsea,

'IV-ei:e.l while.
Pancratium Lily, sent to the
Massaclinsetls Horticuliuial Society by Mrs Chan- [
ning, weie committed to the care of Messrs Hag- ||
gerston and Winship.

Concord v.i. Portsmouth. — We have been prc-
sciiied with u coiumou English Turnip, raised on
the interval land in Concord, N. H. heloning to Mr
John West, which weislis 3 Ihs. 10 oz., and mea-
sures but 23 inches in circumference. This rath-
er beats the turnip shown by Mr S. Spinney, ol
PorL-iiioutli, which weighed 7 1-2 lbs. ami inca-
sured 31 3-4 inches. — Traveller.

Vol. X.— No. 18.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL

14

For Sale,

A first Farm, laying in Dorchester, six miles from the
old Stale House, coiiiainins; 90 acres — consisling ol mow-
ing pasture, orchard and woo;l ; a few acres of it is salt
marsh, siluate<I at South Boston.

There is <i iiamlsoine tivo stoiy house in goou repair,
finely situated on a hill, haviujj a very coinmanrlinR
prospect of the country, liaiidsoniely finisiied ; u large
barn with an escclicr.t ceMar under it for veRClables,
Bheil room, piggery, &c, &c ; a farm house, nearly new,
and ice hou?e— the whole com'>ininfc as pk-asaiil a situa-
tion for a gentlctiian as can lie lounil in the vicinity ; the
land is in good heart, arid would make an excellent milk
farm ; 60 Ions of hay h.ive been cut from it this season,
and 10 cows kept on it ; it is the farm formerly owned by
John Gray, Esq. Price S,-6,500. For further, particu-
lars apply at the New England Farmer office.

Nov. 16. lamlf

Seeds for Counlnj Dealers.

Traders in the country, *vho may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 504 North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of I83I, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Floweh Seeds will be added ori the same
terras, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different sorts.

ITThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with short direciions on its management, ami packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Flooring Boards, $,-c.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongned or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and piice lower than they can be elsewhere hac'

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street

Stray Coiv.

Strayed from South Boston, on Friday the 11th inst.,
« large brown or biindleCow. She has a rope round
h'r horns, and has holes bored through the tips of her
horns ; gives milk out of three teats only, milks very
hard. Whoever will return said Cow, or give iuforma-
linn where she may be found, shall be suitably reward-
ed by HALL J. HOW, at 59 Kilby street.

Boston, Nov. 15th. 1831. Nov. 16.

ONIOXS WANTED.

A fair price will be paid for 200 bushels of Onion-! viz
100 bushels Yellow, 60 do. While Portugal, 60 do. Lanre
DcepKed,— .--Jl to be large st-Iected roots, the quality pure
ar.d to be delivered immediately. Apoly to J. 15. Russr i.l.
Agricultural Warehous.-, Bntton.

Grape Vine Plants,

For sale at the garden of S. G. Perkins, in Brookline,
on the most favorable terns. The plants inav be seen
uiid purchased at the Garden at any lime ; or orders may
be lelt with Mr Perkins at his office, corner of Stale and
Congress streets.

The vines are from one to four years old, in fine order,
with wood enough of this year's growth attached to
luost 01 the plants to make a dozen or more vines.

Chasselas, common white, 01 Sluscadine.

Cha-^selasde FouLiinldeati, or Thomcfy.

Chasselas d'Ore, Bar Sur Aube.

Chasselas, red.

Chasselas, Muscat.

Black Hamburg.

BKick Cape.

Eiperiono, black.

Frankcntl.ill, do.

Si Peter's, do.

Zenfandel, by some called the BL.c'k Prince; th-.-
bunches produced on this vine are very larf e.

Isabella. °

Muscat of Alexandria.

Muscat, red.

Muscat, Gii/.zh^y.

-Muscat, white Ironlenac.

Muscat, purple.

Constanlia— the sweetest of all Grapes, and a great
Nearer; the berries contain but one seeil generally, and
wmctm.esnone alall. SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

Grape Vines.

For sale by the Subscriber, a; his Garden in Dorches-
ler, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Altluas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, ^

Oval Purple, " I

Round Black, 12 to 4 years old— have borne fruit

White Muscadine, ( the present year.

White Chasselas, I

Constantia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are represented to liave borne clusters wciahinz
26 lbs. ^ *

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Polomino, '1 _ , , , , „

Mnnlau Castal- ^'"'^"^^'^ ^"J '"e by the Consul at
|,,„j^ >• Cadiz, and said to he the most val-

" De Peta J "^'''« Grapes produced in Spain.

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bcnrcf.

Is.ibella, ")

Catawba, )• Native.

Fhm.1, J

*^ ith many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be proinptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 7J Congress street.

Oct. 5. 5t ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

HORTICULTURAL REGISTER.

IFUBLISHKD tn LONDON ]

The Horticultural Register, and General Magazine of
■M Useful and Interesting Discoveries connected with
Natural History and Hural Subjects, is published monthly
in Loiid<iM. bubscripliuiis received by

MUNROE & FRANCIS

"''•28. 127 Washinslon street.

While Raspberry Plants, Sfc.

For sale by J. B. Russell, No. 53 North Market
Street, Boston —

A few dozen genuine White Antwerp Raspberry
Bushes, packed in moss, price .$1.50 per dozen. AUo a
few Double Flowering Almonds, Strawberries, Rose
Bushes, Syringas, Grape Vines, &c, &c. Nov. 9.

Fruit Trees.
Peach — Pear — Apple and Cherry Trees, very thrift;
and in fine oider for settin::, for sale at Wm. Buckmins
ter's Nursery, in Framingham. ♦ Nov. 9.

PRICES OF COU.VTJJY PRODUCE.

No.!,,
illk.

Wanted,
Vol.3 cf the New England Farmer, bound or unbound,
for which a fair price will be paid. Apply at this office.
Nov. 16

Jewelry/. Watches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assorlment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, ^"c, ^c, which be will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
cily. [Vj'Watches repaired and warranted.

JVeif England Farmer's Almanac for 1S32.
Just published by J. B. Russell, at llie office of the
New England Farmer, 52, North Market Street, anc'
Carter. Ht-ndee & Bibcock, Vy^asbington Street, the
New Englanl Farmer"? Almanae, for 1332, hy T. O
Fi-ssenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — the
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. P.^ine, Ejq.

AI'IM.ES,riisselli.igs,
A6I1E.S, poi. first ■.iiri,

I'enrI, liisl sort,
BE A. NS, while,
liEEK, i:.ess,

(^■rgn, No. I,

UUT-l'Kl't'ln
CliKESL, lie

Skimmed
FLAXSEED,
FLULIlt, llnliimorc,Howard-sireet, -

Genesee,

AK'xandria,

Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Souihern Yellow.

Uve,

Barley,

Oals,'
HAY,

llOCiS LARD, first son new,
lldPS, Islqualiiv,
I.IMK,

l'I.AI.STER PARIS retails at
POUK, clear.

Navy mess.
Carco, No. I.
.SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

lied r.ip (northern )
ItcdCliiver, (uorilicin)
TALLOW, Hied. '

WOOL, Merino, full blond, washed, -

fiarrel.

bushi.d
b,irrol

yniiK TOO
i 2 iO) 3 0(1
'112 (11)115 On
128 00 130 5,,

8 50 y do
7 00 7 So

C 25|
HI

G 5(;

Mr

ilh Sa

ished.

;;

■^

I 12!

Itnrrel

5 751

'*

6 00

(/

5 75

"

8 50

[) 11 site!

68

"

63

"

75

"

90

a

44

cwt.

CO

cut.

9 511

"

11 00

cask.

1 01.

loii.

3 00

jarrel-

16 nti

(

13 00

"

|3 GO

luisliel.

2 00

'*

SO

pound

10

cwi.

8 CO

pound.

C3

"

'0

i'2

50

"

•15

"

.)j.

"

62

"

56

"

5?

,>

42

2!t

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements iihroit.i
as to enable him to be constanfly supplied with the gen-
vine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt a!
tenlion. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46. Milk street, opposite Fetieral-st., Apolbtcary.
August 3. eoptf

Buckthorns.

Gentlemen in want of this valuable plant for live
fences can have youn^ quicks about 3.^ fuel hijrh. for
§3 per hundred, and plants 2.i feet high, for $2,50 per
hundred, by leaving their orders at the office ot the New
England Farmer. They are raiseil in the vicinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be well
packed. A small charge will bo ad. led for freight.

Nov. 2.

Cobb's Treatise on Silk.

Just pu'dished. and for sale at the Agricultural Wure-
house and Seed Store, No 50.| North Market slrcei,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable Direction
for the Culture of Silk — In three parts — wiih colored 'n
:;ravings. By J. H. Cobb, A. M. Published by direc
linn of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legisla'.ure of Massachusetts. Price 37^
cents. Oct. 26.

Nov. 2. eplm

Merino, ilireef"!

Mep . .-..., ha olood,

Merino, quai ler,

Naliv,., washed

I'ulleil supcrBh.-,

I SI Lamb',,,

2d, "

."id,

LSI Spinui,,.

IIEEF, best p^'e"?^^*'''*-'* ^i'^RKET.

I'ORK, fresh, besipiefcs, . f"

whole hotrs, 1

VEAL, '^ !

MUTTON', ;

POULTRY, I

liUTTEIl.kegaiidluh. I

Lump, host, . I

.MEAL, Rye, re.ad . I

Imliaii, retail,
POTATOES,

CIDEU, /arrordiiigloqLaiilvl Ib.u

'^0
6 0-

$

10 qO

13 OO

1 25
3 25

17 00

14 oO
13 5O

2 2S
75

8 50

4. (.0

BuiGHTD.v Makkkt — Mor.Jay, jVov. 14.

[KeiiurtpJ for the Cliroiiirlo anil Paliiot. J
At Market this day 2362 B.-efCattle, S75 Stores, 3087
Sheep, and 2S51 Swine.— 325 Swiuc were reported last
Wfek.

Pricks.— i?Cf/Cn,'//f— Market not quite so brisk -hM
abont the same prices were obtained. Our quotaiionj
wdl be aho-il the same; extra §5 25, prime So, -ood 4
a 4 50, thin S ,\ 4.

Barrelling Cn///e— Mess .$3 87, No. 1,3 37; No. 2,
2 75 a 3.

Sforc.?—Sale-- about the same as last Monday; two
years old, $10 a 15; yearlings, 6 a 9.

TVorkingOxen — .\ number of sales were effected—
pi ice unknown.

Cotes unit Cahcs — In demand, paiticularly good one*.
A few ordinary only, were at market.

Sheep — Dull ; sales slow— we noticed lots .sold at 1 75,
2, 2 25, 2 33, 2 50, and wethers 2 4S, 2 50, 3, and S 25.

Stome— Maikcl continues full and but few sales were
efTccled ; many hundreds will probably be sold tomorrow.
We noticed 1 lot of 100, two tliinls barrows, selecled, at
4;j ; one lot of 120, more than half barrows, at 4c. ; a hit
of 160 at 4c. At retail, 4 for sows, .) for barrowfc

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

l(j, 1S31.

MISCEL.L.AIVY

The following ejliacls are from a small pamphlel h.lely repub-
lished by Lilly Si Wiit, anil Carter <• Mcndfe, entitled
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE,

WHY AND BECAUSE.

Why is pnrt wine astringent and slightly rough ?

Because of the husks will) whic-h it is coloreJ.
The husk is, however, capable of communicating
but a light color ; when the red is ■.lee|>, it is artifi-
cial, and a deep red color is never a desirable quality.

IVhy is port ivine most commonly exported in full

pipes ?

Because port being of a strong and full body, and
containing much mucilaginous extractive matter,
the secondary fermentation is quickened by tlie
greater bulk of the fluid, and the wine is thus most
effectually mellowed in large vessels.

ffhy are hrandied port tcines of inferior quality ?

Because the original wines being of inferior
growth, would not bear sea-carriage without some
|)re|iaration, and the shipper is forced to mix them
with brandy, which, though it may prevent them
from spoiling, renders them otherwise worse than
before, as it destroys what little flavor they origi-
naly possessed.

Why is the blackthorn or sloe important in the tricks

Whi has the harhtrrij been banished from the
hedgerows of England, where it formerly grew in
great abundance ?

Because it was generally believed to be injuri-
ous to the growtli of corn. This belief has been
treated as a vulgar prejudice ; but the fructifica-
tion of the barberry is incomplete, unless the sta-
mens be irritated liy insects, when the filaments
suddenly contract towards the germ. The flowers
are thei"efore, by a beautiful urrangement of nature
peculiarly attractive to iii.sects ; and thus barberry
may become injurious to neighboring plants.

Why are chestnuts best preserved through winter
in sand ?

Because, ifthere be any maggots in the chestnuts,
they will come out, and work up through the sand
to get air.

Why is fern preferable to straw for the bed between
the layers of fruit ?

Because it does not impart that musty flavor
which is so often produced by the straw.

Tl'hy are the autumnal fruits, as plums, pears, Ifc,
more crude and indigestible than those of summer ?

Because, in part, of the state of the constitution.
Thus, at the commencement of summer, the sys-
tem is more nerved and braced by the atmosphere
of winter and spring, and by the drier food which
necessity obliges us to take at those seasons ; so
that tlie cooling fruits of summer are wholesome

of trade ? , - , „ -n ■ ■

Because, by some knavish dealers, the leaves 1 from their opening the bowels, &c. But it is not
are used to adulterate and to give a rough flavor | wonderful that a continuance of watery nud innu-
to tea ; the berries of the sloe likewise enter pretty I tritious food like fruit, should, towards the autumn,
largely into the composition of much of the wine ' produce debility in constitutions partly predisposed
tha't is miscalled port. ] to it, by the continual and relaxing heat of the

The following is stated, by a London chemist, | summer months

FRUIT TREES.
For sale at the Kenrick Nurseries, in
is Newto.n, near Boston, a most extensive as-
sorlnieiit of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Pluins,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Ahnoiids,
Mulberries, Quinces, Raspberries, Goosebej-
ry and Currant busiies, Grape Vines oi the best toieiga
sorts, and 25 finest varieties of .Strawberries, including
the most rare, productive and esteemed.

AUo about 4iO varieties of the ino>t liardy ornamentM
trees and shrubs, and superb hardy roses, including Silrer
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse ("hesnuts,
Flowering Calalpas, Mountain A.=h wilh beautiful clus-
ters ot red berries in auiunin and winter. Purple Acacia,
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Bulternuis, Ailan-
tlius or tree of Heaven, Elms, American and Si-olch,
Sugar iMaples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree. Honeysuckles. Many cf (lie above sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting higliways and
commons.

White Mulberries, genuine sort for silk wornw,
by the 100 or 1000 for Pl.,ntations.

IsABEELA and Catawba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.
Chi.na Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Gb-

RANECMS, SfC. Sec.

Written orders addressed either to John or William
Kenrick, Newton, are regularly received by the
daily mail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient be left witli J. B. Russell, at tlie
New England Farmer office, whcie also, catalogues raaj
be obtained gratis on application. But purchasers are fii-
vitcd when convenient to call and examine the trees, 4re,
lor themselves, and make their own selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward tlieir of-
deis, relying that the veiy best possible selection will bi;
made for them. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and inats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transportation. eplDl Oct. 19.

to be an analysis of a cheap commodity, sold under
the denomination of port wine : spiiit of wine, 3
oz. ; cider, 14 oz. ; sugar, 1 J oz. ; alut'n, 2 scru-
ples ; tartaric acid, 1 scruple ; strong decoction of
logwood, 4 oz.

JVhy are deep cellars cool in summer and toarm in
winter ?

Because of the earth conducting heat but slow-
ly, and frosts penetrating it but a few inches.

Why are some fruits improved in sweetness by
drying or half withering on the trees ?

Because their watery parts thus exhale, and the
sugar is virtually increased in quantity.

IHiy should grapes hang on the vine until they are
perfectly ripe ')

Because unripe bunches never get any riper after
they are gathered.

Why should grapes be eaten soon after they are
gathered ?

Because, unlike other fruits, grapes do not im-
prove in flavor after gathering.

Why should the crowns be removed Jrom ripe pine-
apples ?

Because, when sufiered to remain, they live
upon the fruit till they have sucked out all the
goodness.

Why does an apple, when cut, first appear while,
and after a time b/'ownish 7

Because a fermentation arises from the rest of
the fruit absorbing the oxygen of the atmosphere ;
the apple having previously been, by its tough skin,
protected from the contact of the air. — Donovan.
Why should raspberries be eaten from the bush ?
Because their flavor is the most fleeting of all
fruit. Even a few hours will diminish it, and on
the bush the flavor does not continue above two
or three days when gathered, the flavor is almost
entirely gone.

Why shoidd juicy vegetables be kept in heaps in
damp places ?

Because they are then preserved moist , but if
spread out, the air soon causes tlicm to shrivel.

H'hy are the turnip, the radish, and the cabbage,
considered very wholesome ?

Because of their high antiscorbutic powers,
which depend upon a certain acrid volatile oily
principle. This is particularly almndimt in the
seeds of mustard, and the roots of horse-radish ;
and in less degree in scurvy grass and the roots of
tho radish. Plants of this order are also believed
to possess diuretic and iliaphoretic properties ; and
they are always eatable when their texture is suc-
culent and watery, as in the roots of the radish
and turnip, and in the leaves of the cabbage tribe.
— Loudon.

Why are kitchen vegetables, as peas, French beans,
SfC, sometimes dij/icult to boil soft ?

Because of the great quantity of gypsum imbib-
ed diirin:;; their growth, and not on account of the
coolness of the season, or rains, as has been gene-
rally supposed : to correct this, throw a small
quantity of subcarbonate of soda in the saucepan
with the vegetables, the carbonic acid of which
will seize upon the lime in the gypsum, and thus
free the vegetables from its influence.

Jf%y should potatoes and similar rootsbe stored
icith the earth adhering to them '?

Because they are thus kept damp, whereas by
removing the earth, the little fibres by which it is
retained are wounded, and the evaporating surface
is increased.

JfTiy are potatoes the most nourishing of all vege-
tables ?

Because of the quantity of starch they contain.
Salop, tapioca, and sago, chiefly consist of starch,
and are [iroportionately nutritious.

QJ^ Ammunition

Ot the best quality ai.d iowes* jinces, for sporting—
constantly for sale at COPELANUS POWDER STORE,
6 > Bioad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo relunded J an.

Ptar Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 82
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, of vigo'rous growth, and proni-
ising appearance, raised within six miles of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size are from 18 to
21 inches in length, the whole plant; price $10 per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length,
price $5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
as wanted, for transportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer arc informed

that they can have their volumes neally half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at the

Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Eveniii", at $3 per annum,
pa_v.able at the end nf ihe year— but those who pay within
si.xty d.ays from the lime of subscribing, are entitled to a (b-
duction offifty cents.

Qj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bein" made in advance.

Printed for J. U. ItiissELL, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be esecuted to meet Ihf
wishes of customers. Order." for printing received by J. B
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street. agknts.

IVnc I'or/t— G. Thorburn it Sons, G7 Liberty-street
Alhamj—W'iU Thorburn,.U7 Market-street.
l'hilailelphta—\>.Si, C LANnnr.TH .85 Clicslnul-slrect.
Hilt!maie—G. H. Smith .Editor of the American Farmer.
Ciocinnali—S. Q. PAnKHURST,23 Lower Mnrkei-slrcel.
F/ushins, N. y.Ww.PRiKCE&SoRs, Prop. Lin. Boi.GardM
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
//uW/iirr/— GoonwiN & Co. Bdokscllers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.-
Newburtfporl, Ebenezeb Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H. J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, ;?/.•.— Sum u EL Cglma.v, Bookseller.
Awrusta , Me. Wm. Mann.
Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holla M), Esq. Recon- office
ilontreal.L. C, — Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 62 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agbicultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN EDITOR

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 23, 1831.

NO. 19.

(gcaiasiwsr^ivSiisacQErsa

.PLANTING SEEDS OF FRUIT TREES.
R1NGI50NE IN HORHES.
Mr Fkssendeiv — Last year I put into tlie
ground, ill October, a quantity of peach-stones,
and various kiiidji of pluiu-stones ; and none of
them came up, owing, probalily, to tlit-ir not hav-
ing been properly managed. Will some of your
correspondents l)e so g-ood as to inform me,
through the medium of your paper, the proper
course to pursue in planting fruit seeds and stones .'

I have a colt, one year old past, that has a
buncli on each liind foot, lialf way between the
joint and hoof Some per.-ons, in the vicinity say
they are ringbones, and otiiers that they are not.
Perhaps some of your readers may have known
a similar case, and can prescribe a remedy. I
also wish to be informed what are the first symp-
toms of ringbone in horses, and tlie best mode of
treatment.

By replying to tliese inquiries you will very
much oblige a younof and inexperienced farmer.

Maine,'Arov. 14, 1S31. M.

Remarks bi/ the Editor. — We cannot |)retend to
say what was the cause, which prevented the veg-
etation of the stones of the fruits mentioned by
our correspondent. The season ndglit have been
too wet, or too dry, or the seeds might have be-
come too dry before they were planted, or mice
might have eaten them; which is said to have
been sometimes the c;ase when seeds are planted
in autumn, (an acrident which we believe may be
prevented by soaking seed in train oil, previous to
planting.) It is recommoinled by Dr Darwin to
plant tiie fruit together with the S9e<l of stone
fniiis, soon after tlie fruit is rip^, as its pulp
was designed by nature to nonrisii the young
seedling.

Witli regard to the supposed ringbone, we will
give such descriptions of the disorder and its rem-
edies as we have at hand, without pretending to
any experimental knowledge of the subject.

While's Treatise on Veterinary Medicine, vol.
iii. page 246, gives- the following notices of this
dieeaee.

' The'bony excrescences on the pastern, which
constitute ringbone, are not always productive of
lameness; this happens only when they are so
situated as to interfere with the motion of the small
pastern or coffin joint. In the latter situation
they occasion more considerable lameness than in
the former. I have in several instances known
horses have ringbone on the hind jiastern, with-
out suffering the slightest inconvenience from
them, and the last I met with went through the
hunting season, without any appearance of lame-
ness. I liave found that the only chance that we
have of curing ringbone or the lameness arising
from it is a free application of the actual cautery
(searing with a hot iron) and blistering imme-
diately afterwards; and even this will not succeed
if the ossification (becoming like bone) has gone
so far as to fix the ends of the bone or glue them
as it were together, so that the motion of the
joint is completely lost. It is necessary, therefore
when a horse is observed to be lame from this
disease, to liave recourse at once to firing. I

wouM ll

y no means trust to a blister alone; for the latter wa

IS not so often the case. Those sent
lliough It may .soiftetimes at a very early period, 1 selected from 167 distinct varieties and hoiie
succeed, there is even then a chance of the lame- j some of them will suit your climate I cannot
ness returning. When blistering is employed, it ; expect to do much, as there are so many who have
should always be repeated two or three times, ] more time to devote to this subject than I have •
washing off each blister about the third day afleriand it requires more time, and cate, to kcei. so
Its application, and keeping the part cool in the j many kin.ls separate till they are fit 'to use^ than

those who have not tried it are aware of I think

mterval with Goulard's lotion.' [Vinegar saturated
with white lead composes what is called Goulard's
Extract. Goulard's lotion is made by mixing one
ounce of said extract with one quart of water.]

Mr Barnum, in the ' Farmer's Farrier' observes
that.

' An ill shapen hoof is frequently the cause of
ririgbone ; such as a short upright hoof, which
Moes not sufficiently secure the articulation of the
cofiiu and pastern bones against injury are most lia-
ble to this disease. Lameness is frequently the first
intimation we have of the existence of ringbone,
which is at first generally neglected. It may be as-
certained by passing tlie hand down from the fet-
lock to the edge of the hoof, when you will feel
one or more bunches. It consists in the ossifica-
tion of the cartilage in front of the foot which ex-
tends in time to the lateral parts also. It most
•"requently happens in the fore-foot.

REMEDY.

' As a high heel usually accompanies the sliort
upright hoof the concussions of the foot may be
lessened by lowering the heel. Blistering is the
most effectual application at the first appearance
of.the disease. Firing in the more advanced
6t«^ will have a good effect. But when the
disease has been of long standing we doubt wheth-
er it can be. removed.

PIE) T A T O E S .

Mr j. B. RifssELi, — I have put on board the
sloop Merchant, Captain Burgess, a barrel of pota-
toes, which I hope will reach you safely. The
barrel contains the following varieties.

No. 1. Early red, a good potato, but does not
yield very well.

No. 2. Black, a very good jiotato, and yields
abundantly ; I think more than any I ever saw,
that were so good in quality ; the only objection
to them is their color ; I put more of them than
any of the others in the bbl. that you may try them
a few times.

No. 3. Light red, very long ; these are not
very good except for baking. 1 selected them cliief-
Ir on account of the shape, as I never saw any-
tliiiig of the potato kind (except the sweet) like
tliem.

No. 4. Early White, very good, yields about the
ssnie as the Early Red.

No. 5. Blue, yields well and is a very good po-
tcto.

No. 6. Large White — the same,

I would observe that none of tliem are so good
as 1 have generally had them, last season being
"et and hot weather ; so that all fiotatoes that
grew near the river were struck with the rust, be-
bre they were full grown.

I have founil since I came to this state that some
linds of potatoes which were very good here did
lot do well in Massachusetts ;and those that were

that the black jiotalo will be valuable at least for
cattle, as they yield so abundantly, and the shape
is favorable for the cattle's ejiting and not so much
danger of choking them as round. The color is
no objection for this purpose and the quality of the
potato is nearly as essential to quadrupeds as bi-
peds. As they are, they are at your service, to do
what you think best with them ; if they should be
of any service to the community I shall be glad,
and if not I shall have the satisfaction of trying.

To say anything of the value which your labors
are to the farming interests would be saying that
which every one knows, and which to you must be
trite, as you no doubt hear it every day.
I am, sii-, very re.spectfully,
Your obt. humble serv't,

John Bennock.

Oro no, Me. JVov.\S3l.

(E?*Mi' Bennock has our thanks for his exer-
tions in disseminating new varieties of this valuable
root. The Potatoes are received and'we shall be
hippy to distribute them among such of our sub-
scribers as will apply for them.

DOLICHOS SCTA or SOY BEAN PLANT.

Having rectJived a few of these beans, described
by Mr Nuttall in the New England Farmer, vol.
viii. page 105, I planted eight . of them. They
yielded a wine pint of beans in the Autumn,
weighing 11| ounces ; 110 beans, taken promiscu-
ously, weighed half an ounce ; so that in this pro-
portion, my eight beans aflTorded me 2.530 or more
than 316 for one. I do not know whether they
have been yet introduced into domestic use as a
culinary pulse ; but, should their qualities be good
they cannot fail of being generally cultivated on
account of ti.eir great productiveness. Their steins
grow to the height of about two feet, and require
the support of a t'i;w sticks or brush. H.

Millon,JVov. 1, 1831.

' TOURS CELERY.'
Mr Fessenden — I observed a communication
in your last number respecting some plants, the
seeds of which, your correspondent received from
Paris, for Tours' Celery. I thought by your re-
marks, that you supposed them some variety of
Celery. At your request, however, I will give
yon, what I should think from reading the de-
scription, their true, or botanical name. I hava
now growing in my garden a plant which com-
pares exactly with those described. The seed
eceived from the Mass. Ilort. Society, in the
spring of 1830; they came from France with a
number of other packages. It is called the Car-
doon of Tours, Cynarea carduncidus, and is es-
teemed by the French an excellent vegetable. It
s cultivated in the same manner as Celery, and is

not, fit for eating unless blanched. The stems
steemed with yoq did not do so well here, but 1 and leaves being lined with prickles, make them

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Nov. 23, 1831.

very difficiilt lo manage. In France where it is | soft water in u well glaz.t.l eartlu^n vessel, witl,
-rown in Inrge quantities, a leather dress an.l half a leas|).,.)nfnl oC alnrn ad.le.l, is saiJ to pro-
eloves are wurn lo prevent injnry fron. the little , diice a beantilul and permanent yellow dye, but
vpines Tl.onah considered raiher tender, the plant j whether adapted to dying hnen, cotton, or wool-
1 have stood o"ut last winter without any protect- 1 len goods, is not stated,
ion. There are two varieties, the one descnlied and

the Spanish ; the latter not having any prickles,
is easily identified fioni the former, which is by
far the best and the only kind grown on the con-
tinent. If these lew remarks will be of any
benefit to your correspondent you are at liberty lo
use them as voii please. Your

CambrUge, ATov. 19, 1831.

II.

tlie I.anc.istcr (Pa) Exi

SUNFLOWER OIL.

Mr Joseph Mann, of Salisbury, (Mass.) in a com-
munication to the New England Farmer, states
that after several trials made with suntlower seed,
he was unable to obtain more than two quarts of
oil from a bushel. — The process by which Mr Mann
arrived at this result was a singular one altogether.
He says ' we first made several trials by grmdiiig
and jn-essing, but in this way the most we could
get was one quart and a half pint, from one bush-
el. V/e then heated the seed, and pressed it with-
out grinding, bat it diil not succeed so well ; we
then ground and pressed it cold, and procured two
quarts, and this was the most we could procure in
any way.' Mr Mann adds ; — ' I presume the cause
why it did not produce as much when hot pressed
as cold, was that the hull of the secil when hoi
absorbed the oil more readily,' — which is very good
philosophy.

It IS precisely this absorption of the oil by the
hull, that was the main cause of .Mr Mann's ' deci-
ded failure' Mr Barnitz of York, who cultivates
the Sunflower extensively, succeeds easily in ob-
taining four quarts from a bushel of good seed —
three quarts cold pressed and one by heating ; but
the hull i.< previously removed by an apparatus and
juocess which Mr B. has patented. Hence the
reason why the attempt to make oil proved unsuc-
cessful aiui uuproritable, is not to be sought in any
supposed nnliiness of sunllower seed for such pur-
pose, but in the inadequacy of the process emjdoy-
ed by Mr Mann to effect it.

A German agncnliural work, puldlslied at Halle,
in 1S24, has lately lallcu in :o our bauds, and we
take this occasion to translate the following nara-
graphs from an article on the culture of the Sun-
flower.

Sun.lower seed yields an excellent oil, richer
than olive oil and yet equally bland and mild ; it is
also purer and more transparent, tinged with a
sliglit shade of yellow. It is destitute of smell, and
in taste somewhat resembles that of almonds. In
Upper Saxony it is much u*"d instead of olive oil.
It is thou;lit to be equally good and much more
economical, as two gills of it will suffice where
three gills of the other would be required. As a
lamp oil it burns with a beautiCul flame, producing
no smoke and difl'using no disagreeable smell.
Curriers have found it particularly useful in dres.s-
ing leather, as it aids in imparting a permanent
nni) clear black ebony.

The leaves of the Sunflower, among other uses
to which they may be applied, are ' serviceable in
the art of coloring. They are to be dried in the
shade, by spreading them thin on a table or a
riean floor and turning them frequently. A small
handful of these dried leaves boiled in a pint of

Su.NFLOWEn Oil.
A correspondent of the New England Farmer,
Mr Joseph Mann, gives an account of an experi-
ment in making sunflower oil, which was a com-
plete failure; or rather an unprofitable job ; and
he thence concludes that the value of the article
' has been overrated by at least one half We beg
Mr Mann to be assured the fault lo which the fail-
ure in his case is properly attributable was not in
the sunflower, but in himself. He merely resort-
ed [o the old method of extracting the oil, by
which every body knows only aboiit two quarts
of oil can be obtained from a liMshel of seed.
As long ago as 175S sunflower oil was made on
this plan and with this result, and .Mr .Mann had
no reason to e.\pect a better product from the same
process. The process he used was grinding and
pressing the seed, by both cold and hot pres-
sure, and the most he could obtain was two quarts.
Now we can put hiui in the way of extracting
FOUR QUARTS of oil from a bushel of seed, and
with the hope of inducing him to mike another
trial we will do so. The new process for extract-
ing this oil, the credit of which bchmgs to Charles
A. Barnitz, Esq. of York, Pa. is to clear the seed
of the hull or shell and press the kernel by itself.
The hull may he taken oflT readily by running the
seed through a buckwheat hulling machine, or

ty, one third below the usual quantity, that lher«3
are various grades of quality, and but a small
portion of fine quotations are ranging high, and
which are likely to be maiiitaineil. In Sicily, owinjr
lo the entire failure in the crops, the porti have
been thrown open fin- foreign importation. From
the Black Sea and the Crimea the appearances of
ihe Crops are stated to lead to very satisfactory
conclusions. At Tanganroc best qualities of oltl
Wheat are very scarce, and at Odessa ihe supplies
are not expcected to attain the amount they hava
in ordinary years, owing to the political state of
the most fertile provinces in the interior. In Spain
the crops are tolerably good, but not so abumlant
as the appearances in spring imiicaieil. In Por-
tugal they have experienced much inclement
wealher and the crops are proportionally damaged
the port of Lisbon is in consequence opened for
the import of 27,000 qurs. r.f Wheat, and j.er-
iiiission it is expected will be further extended
next October or November.

As to Germany, the crops in the neighborhood
of Magdeburg, the S.iale, Marks, Anhalt anil
Brunswick are highly s|)oken of — the quality will
exceed that of ordinary years in weight, averaging
GO to 61 lbs. and will reach fi2to03 lbs. and even
64 lbs. imperial — ihe quantiiy will also be an
average, though ihere are partial complaints of
rust ami mildew, but not sufiicient lo effect th<l
general proiluce. In Holstein and Mecklenburg
the same remarks will be borne out, not excepting
even the weight. Rye, on the contrary, has suf-
fered much from blight, and is complained of as
being thin ami light.

In Pomerania and Silesia, the wheat crops are

any other mill, the stones of which ran be kept

so "far apart as merely to crack the hull as the seed I ''J, " "„;;;;';;;;f ;;;jy'"„;' ",|7ose""in"" Gennany

pisses Ibioiigh ihem. The great obstacle herein- .,..„... r,..„,,:„ „,„ ,.,„ ;.,,„.,..„.l .l.„, „ „ (Von

pisses iiiiough iliem. Tlie gre
fore moi with, in extracting this oil was the ab-
sorbing qualiiy of the large qiiaiillty of hull.
This is removed in Ihe new process of Mr Barnitz,
anil if Mr Mann will try it he will find that his
own ' wrong impressions' stooJ_iuost in need of
correction. — ,'1mer. Fnrmsr.

CROPS ON THE CONTINENT OF EUROPE.

As the st.ates of the crops in Englaml and on
theConiineiit are highly interesting to the growers
and dealers in grain in this country, we have se-
lected the following article from the London
New Price Current of September as containing
more information in a condensed form than any
we have seen.

Having tievoted latterly so much space to the
Himie Agricultural ReporU", we now offer our
friends, this week, a succinct account of the sta e
and the result of the harvest abroad — commencing
then with France, we find that the Grain is no v
almost secured in most parts, with the exceptio i
ol'the Northern departments, the anticipations as ti
an abimdaiil produce have not been realized ard
are below an average growth, and in others fron
wet, the v.'heat has been materially deterioratfil
in quality, in which, in some instances, Rarity
and Indian Corn have i)artici[>ateil. — Towarcs
the South not only the quality has suffered bat
the quantiiy has fallen fiill one fourth short of
an average ; best descriptions of Corn therefoie
are being held at most of the principal markeis
at advanced term.=, prime samples of new bein»
scarce, and of ol<l, the stocks are nearly exhausteil
As to Italy and the Mediterranean, we bear fi-on
Naples, Leghorn, .Ancona, Genoa, Rome ant
Trieste, that the produce is calculated to be near

From Dantzic we are informed that rye, from
mildew, has suffered a diminution of 6 to 8 lbs-
per bushel, and that wheat has also been injured
by blight, which it is feared will afl'eclthe i)roduce,
and lessen the chance of fine quality being pro-
cured. In Poland there is little doubt but a sniHlll
breadth of ground has been sown this season asi
compared with former years ; fortunately the growthi
seems nearly, by n superabundance, to hava
made up for the deficient extent. The supplies,,
however, from thence will depend entirely upon
p.ilitical results. From Russia we receive nai
complaints as to the produce of the harvest. Fill
.Norway and Sweden the crops are likely to prov<n
satisfactory to the anxious farmers, and to repaji
them the failure of the preceding giowih. Barleyi
and oats, with a few exceptions, in ail the North*,
erti countries, promise well as lo quality, lhough|
in some districts the yield of barley will not fulfill
the expectations. In Canada the crops are de»i
scribed as most promising, and that the seasoot
has been highly favorable lo the blossoming ofl
the wheat, so that a good quality may be looked I
for, and cultivation lias this year been considerably!
extended, and it is .said a fifth more seed of wheati
has been sown, which would enable an extra ex-
port next season of 3,000,000 bushels. In 1^
Franco, Italy, Germany, Prussia and Russia, the
stocks of old wheat consist almost entirely of
inferior qualities, and best descriptions can only
be expected from the new produce.

We have received from Prince Edward's Isl-
land, N. S. the first cargo of grain, consisting of
wheat, barley, and oats. The wheat is good red
Canadian quality, and the oats [dump, and ap^
parently Irish seed of improved growth.

Vol. X.— No. 19.

AND HORTICULTURAL J(3URNAL.

147

I'l.mi Ciiljhelt'a Advice (o Vouiig .Veji.

COBBKTT'S COURTSHIP.

Wlii'ii 1 fii'st siiw my wifV, sl.e was thirteen
ye<u-s old, aiid I wus vviiliin a'oijiit a inoiuli ot'twen-
iyonc. Siie was the dauglitor of a seiji-aiit of ar-
tillery, ami I was tlio SiMjeaiil-niajor of a regiment
of foot, hntli stationed in forts near llie city of St.
John, in tlit: province of New Brunswick. 1 sal
in tlie room with Iter, for about an hour, in com-
pany with others, and I made up my nsind that
she wa.s the very girl for me. Tliat 1 thought her
lieiiutjfid is certain, for that I iiad always said
should be an indi-spensable (|iialifiration ; but I
saw in lier what I deemed marks of that sobriety
of conduct of which I have said so mtieh, and
which lias been by far the greatest blessing of my
lifr. It was now dead of winter, and of course,
the snow several feet deep on tlie ground, and the
weather jj'.eroing cold. It was my habit, when I
liad done my morning's writing, to go out at
break of day to take a walk on a hill at the. foot of
which our barracks lay. In about three mornings
after 1 had tirst seen her, I had by an invitation to
breakfast with me, got U|) two young men to join
me in my walk ; and our road lay by the house of
her futhrr and mother. I: was hnrilly light, but
she was out on the snow, scrubbing out a wash-
ing-tub. ' That's the girl for me,' said I, when
we had got out of her hearing;. One of these
young men came to England soon afterwards ; and
he, who keeps an imi in York.-^hire, came over to
Preston, at the time of election, to verily whether 1
was the same man. When he found I was, he
appeared smprised ; hut what was his surprise
when 1 told him, that those tall young men, whom
iie saw aroumi me, were the sons of that pretty
little girl that he and I saw scrubbing out the
washing tub on the snow in New Brunswick in
the morniMg.

From the <lay that I first spoke to her, 1 never
!iaJ a "ihought of her ever being the wife of anoth-
er man, more than I had of her being transformed
into a chest of drawers ; and I formed my resolu-
tion at once, to marry her as soon as wc could get
perinis.-ion, and to get out of the army as soon as
I coidd. .So that this matter was, at once, settled
as finidy as if written in the book of fate. At the
end of about six months, my regi:nent, and I along
vvitli it, were removed to Frederickton, a distance
•of a himdred miles up the river of St John; and,
which was worse, the artillery was expected to go
otl'to England a year or two before our regiment !
The artillery went, and she along with them ; and
now it v\'fl's that I acted a part becoming a real an<l
sensible lover. I was aware, that, when she got to
that gay place, Woolwich, the house of her father
and mother, necessarily visited by numerous per-
sons not the most select, might become unpleasant
to her, and I did not like, besides, that she should
contiime to work hard. I had saved a hundred
and fifty gnijieas, the earnings of my early boms,
in writing for the paymaster, the quartermaster,
and others, in addition to the savings of my own
pay. I sent her all my money, before she sailed ;
and wrote to her to beg of her if she found her
home uncomfortable, to hire a lodging with re-
spectable people, and, at any rate, not to spare the
money, by any means ; but to buy herself good
clothes, and to live without hard work, until I ar-
rived in F.ngland ; and 1, in order to induce her
to lay out the money, told her that I should get
plenty more before I came liome.

As the malignity of the devil would have it, wc
were kept abroad two years longer than our time,
Mr Pitt (England not being so tame then as she
is now) having knocked up a dust with Spain
about Noolka Sound. Oh how i cursed Nootka
Sound, and poor Pitt, too, 1 an) afraid ! At the end
of four years, liowever, home I came; landed at
Portsmoiiih, and got tny discharge from the army
by the great kimlness of poor Lord Edward Fitz-
gerald, who was then major of my regiment. I
found my little girl aservnnl of (dl work, (and hard
work it was,) atjice pounds a i/ear, in the house of
captain Brisac, and, with hardly saying a w(nd
about the matter, she put into my bands tho whole
of my hundred and fifty guineas unbroken !

Need I tell the leader what my feelings were ?
— Need I tell kind hearted English parents what
this anecdote must have jjroduced on the minds
of our children.' Need I attempt to describe
what effect this exam])le ought to have on every
young woman who shall do ine the honor to read
this book ? Adtniration of her conduct, and self
gratnlation on this indubitable proof of the sound-
ness of my own judgment, were now added to my
love of her beautiful person.

Now I do not say that there are not many
young women of this country who would, unrler
similar circumstances, have acted as my wife did
in this case — on the contrary, I hope, and do sin-
cerely believe, that there are. But when her age
is considered ; when we reflect that she was living
in a place crowded, literally crowded, with gaily
dressed and luimlsome young man, many of them
really richer and in higher rank than I was, and
scores of them ready to olTer her their hand ; when
we reflect that she was living among yonng wo-
men who put upon their backs every shilling they
(;^nld come at ; when we see herkee|)ing the bag
of gold untouched, and working hard to provi<le
herself with but iiicro necessary apparel, and
doing this while she was jiassing from fourteen to
eighteen years of age ; when we view the whole
of these circumstances, we must say that here is
an example, which, while it reflects honor on
her sex, ought to have weight with every yonng
woman whose eyes or cars this relation shall
reach.

Sale of Blood Stock. — The annual sale of Stock,
Horses, &c, at the residence of C. H. Hall, Esquire,
was attended yesterday by between 200 and 300
persons. Wc were llipre for a short litne only.
The paitieulars of the sale were as under. Mr
Doran, of the Bank Coffee House, prepared a sump-
tuous collation both at the house and in the fields.

At the farm of Hemy Hall, Esq. at Marlaem —
by R R. Minturn & Co"— Durham, a full blooded
short horned bull, $400 — Wve comet, a noted full
blooded bull, 200 — Norfolk', a full blooded Dev-
onshire, 100 ; Henry, do. two years old, 65 —
Young I'atroon, do. one year old, 80 — White bull
ilo. do. 100 — 20 various bull call's, from one year
old, 25 a 60—1 Heifer, one year old, 105 — 1 do.
do. 70—20 do. do. 32i a 65—15 Cows, half blood,
20 R 45 — 30 Blood Cllves, 15 a 45.

Horses— Constellation, $775— Talma, 1.125
—Alert, black filley, 525— Bay Colt, 450— Sorrel
Filley, 300 — Ranger 3 years old colt, 575 — Alarm,
an impurteil mare, 575 — Samjison, a 5 years old
sorrel, 300— Express, 3 year old sorrc 1. 400 — 20
blood Horses and Filleys", from 100 a 375— Bake-
well sheep, bucks and ewes, from 4 a 12. — .Veto
York Standard.

WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW REPORTS.
We should be glail to give all these reports at
large, but have so many claims on our colnnins
that some curtailments can scarcely be avoided.
We hope to proserve the substance of those re-
maining though unavoidably shorn of some of
their proportions.

ON S H K E P .

The Committee on Sheep observed that there
is evidently an increased degree of attention be-
stowed by our fanners upon the improvement of
their flo<ks, both as it regards the size of the sheep,
as well as the qmiliiy of their wool. There is no one
branch of our ilomestic industry, which bids fair
at the present time to reward the farmer more
richly for his trouble tlmri that of wool growing.
It is one which our soil and climate, and the wantd
of the community point out as more peculiarly ap-
propriate for New England than almost any other.
In the ofl^ering of preujiums for Rams, the society
have had regard to their size as well as the fine-
ness of their fleeces. Deeming it to be an impor-
tant consideration that the sires of our flocks
shoidd be possessed of all those qualities which it
is desirable to have combined in their offspring',
and which the experienced wool grower finds to
be most conducive to the obtaining of quantity as
well as quality of produce.

Fine wool commands the highest price in the
market at all times and a flock of sheep producing
the first rate of wool requires no more care and
attention and consumes no more of the produce of
the soil than one yielding- fleeces of an inferior
grade. If profit then be an inducement to stimu-
late the enterprise and exertions of our farmers,
the growing of fine wool is a business, to which
they will find it for their interests to devote nioro
of their time and attentioii than they have for some
years past. Our sleep and rocky hills, which
are too rough for profitable cultivation seem to he
peculiarly appropriate an.l fit for rearing .sheep,
and the climate of this section of the United States
is favorable for growing iine wool.

The Cominittoe hesitated some time between
the ram offered by Rejoice Newton, Esq. of Wor-
cester, ami one offered by Mr William WiUiamfi
of Shrewsbury. They however awarded the pre-
mium for the best Merino Ram of seven dollars
to William Williams of Shrewsbury.

The premium ' for the best ine.-'.no ewes not
less than 4 in number' was awarded to the lot ex-
hibited by Mr Edwin B. Taintor, of Brookfield.
For the next best lot of merino ewes tfie premium
was awarded to Rejoice Newton, Esq. of Worces-
ter. For the best lot mixed merino sheep there
was but one claiinant. Mr Benjamin N. Child of
Worcester, exhibited those which were consider-
ed by the committee as well deserving the ])remi-
nm of $5 for thidr fine quality. For the best n.-;-
tive ram t'e premium of. S5 to Ephraini Wilson
of Bane. For the best native ewes, 4 in number,
to Mr John Reed of West I5oy!ston, the premium
of $4. A fine large and handsomely formed na-
tive ram was offered for exhibition only by Mr Otis
Longley of Boylston. A lot of six native ewes of
fine shape and size were exhibited by iMr Rufus
Barton, of Milbnry. A fine ram of the native
breed with a slight cross nf the merino blood was
exhibited by Mr John Reed of West Boylston ; —
this ram was reraarkable for weight of fleece,
three shearings having yielded 20 lbs. and 11
ounces of wool. The fact of his having a cron

148

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

of the merino blood excluiled liiin from coming in; deuce in tiieir abilities to discharge the high
competition with the native rams for premiums, dnties imposed upon them, they innst he permil-
A merino ram of la'.-ge size was exiiibited by Mr ted to remark, tljat, in their opinion, to be a jndge
Charles E. Miles of Slirewsbnry, but for fineness of Swine, is an honor which might well saiisfy
of fleece not quite equal to those of Messrs New- the cravings of the most aspiring ambition. Nor
ton and VVdliams. A large handsomely formed I is this all. Their duties, on this occiisioii, liave

native ram was exhibited by Mr Holloway Baily of
Norlhborough. Four very handsome merino ewes
by Mr Samuel Sawyer of Sterling. Two fine
rams by Mr C. Wheelock, Soutlibridge. One of
these, a very fine woolled animal, being a cross of
the merino and Saxony in equal parts. The other
ram was of a large size and of a mixed descent
from the common merino and Saxony breeds.

The reports concludes as follows : ' The com-
mittee have much pleasure in remarking the great
interest that is manifested by the several gentle-
men offering sheep for premiums for the improve-
ment of tl)e quality of their animals. There are
probable at the present time but few flocks in Eu-
rope whose fleeces excel in points of fineness those
of our own country's growth, and the time is not
far distant they hope when all the wool wanted
for our manufacturers will be grown by our own
farmers.

Wm. N. Gbekn, Chairman.

ON WORKING OXEN.

Tvventyfive pairs were entered for premiums ;
twenty strove for the mastery, and five retired
from the contest. Although the committee have
for many years witnessed tlie trial of strength they
have never seen the contest so equally balanced.
All the cattle weie of a superior cast and display-
ed unprecedented power and fine discipline. Tlie
whip was little used and little needed. They
awarded to Stephen Marsh, Jun. of Sutton, the 1st
premimn of$12. To Thomas liarbuck of Sutton
the 2.1 premium of. $10. To James Taylor Sutton
the 3d premium of S3 and to Arnold L. Allen of
Shrewsbury, the fourth premiimi of $5. The
4 years old cattle of Mr John Spurr of Charlton,
entitled their owner to a gratuity of 84. The 6
years old cattle of Mr Silas Allen, Jun. of Shrcw.«.
bury, and the 5 years old cattle of Mr Tyler Car-
penter of Sutlon were beauiiful, and on any other
occasion might have stood without a rival. This
report was signed, Alexander Dustin, Chair-
man.

The Report on Swine, like that on Manufac-
tures is replete with humor which some critics
may perhaps think misplaced and misapplied.
But we like a little tomato ketchup to season more
solid viands ; ami do not perceive why Judges of
Srt'ine need to assume, as badges of oflicial <ligni-
ty, faces as long as the phizzes of tlie animals,
which come witliitt their jurisdicliou.

ON SWINE.

The judges of Swine, Report, that the duties
assigned to them on this occjision, have been
attended to with peculiar pli-asure. Besides the
general satisfaction, which they must of course,
feci, in common with tlie other members of the
Society, at the success which continues to attend
the operations of the association, they cannot Imt
take to themselves at the same time, a degree of
honest pride, that they in particular, should

brought them into close connexion with a most
lovely portion of the animal creation. What
animal for instance, can compare with the hog in
personal neatness ? Where else can be found
such gravity and dignity of demeanor ? Who
las not looked, with admiration, on the wonderful
elongation of countenance, which the most pleas-
urable sensations can never distort into a smile ?
Who ever heard of a hog-laugh ? The little cross
accidents, which constitute so large a part of the
sum of our miseries, can never disturb the calm
serenity of his countenance. And who can fiiil
to admire the elegance of his whole figure, and
the grace of all bis movements ? But above all,
who has not listened, with the most excruciating
interest, to the harmony of his voice ? Who has
not felt, when listening to his shrillest notes, as if
he were ' al' ear,'

' And took in strains, that might create a soul
Under the ribs of death? '

' Scylla wept,
And chid her barking waves into attention,
And fell Charybdis inuniiur'd soft applause.'
But, notwithstanding all the amiable qualities of
this most interesting beast, it cannot he disguised,
that he has been subjected to the most unmerited
abuse. He has been slandered most foully. One
class of the human family has been allowed to
usurp the sovereignty of his name. The misera-
ble drunkard, instead of receiving an appropriate
appellation, has, by common consent, been digni-
fied with the name of hog ; and the scene of his
disgusting orgies has, most unaptly, been called
a stye.

This is wrong and oppressive, not to say un-
cnnslitutional, as all must allow ; but your Com-
mittee have found themselves unable, (considering
the great diversity of opinion, which jirevails,
al the present day, on almost eyery subject of
general interest,) to defise any plan, which seems
likely to furnish a complete remedy for the evil.
They suggested to xUeir prolegts the expediency
of nullification, but the idea did not strike them
at all favorably. An appeal to the Supreme Court
was recommended, but claiming to be themselves

Nov. 23, 1S31.

to the boars, of which there were 8 oflered for
preniium; 2 by Abel Warren of Nortliboro' ; 2
by Lewis Bigclow, 2 by John W. Lincoln, 1 by
Geo. A. Trumball, and I by Wm. Eaton, all of
Worcester. A very jiretty little animal, too young
fiir premium, was sent in, fi>r exhibition only, by
Ephraini Child, for which he deserves thanks.
All were good, hilt not eipially so. One of Mr
Lewis Bigelow's boars, 6^ months old, was con-
sidered the best, and the judges, therefore, award
to him the 1st premium of .$5. They had more
difliiiilty in deciding, who was entitled to the
next premium, but finally awarded to Geo A.
Tniuibull, for his hoar, 6 months and 7 days old,
the 2d |)remium of $3. The judges respectfully
recommend an allowance for his travel, to Mr
Wauen of Northboro ', as his animals certainly
are deserving of much praise.

The Judges found in the pens, 5 breeding
sows, owned, one each, by Oliver Fiske, Newell
Rice, Wm. Eaton, Moses and Samuel Perry, and
John W. Lincoln. They were all, without ex-
ception, beautiful females; but the one owned
by Mr Rice was thought to be decidedly the
handsomest, and tlie Judges, therefore, award to
him the 1st premium of $5. The sow, owned
by Mr Lincoln, was in high flesh and doubts
were expressed whether she svonld be on that ac-
count, so good a breeder ; but she had too many
good ])oints to be passed over, and the Judges,
therefore, award to Mr Lincoln the 2d premium
of $3. Dr Fiskc's sow, also, is a very fine one,
and the judges had evidence, that she is a capital
breeder, having had at the age of 28 months, 4
litters of pigs, in all 44, but was not thought to
be quite equal, on the whole, to those for which
the premiums have been awarded.

The .veaned pigs, being in all 37, were, with
few exceptions, particularly beautiful. 8 were
owned by Messrs Salisbury and Williams, 2 by
Rufus Barrows, 2 by Ephraim Child, 3 by Newell
Rice, 8 by Samuel Harrington, Jr,2 by Wm. Eaton,
10 by Samuel Harrington, Jr and Elbridge Hewitt,
and 2 by John W. Lincoln, all of Worcester.
The Judges walked from pen to pen, and es-
amined again and again, and were finally obliged
to decide, not without some misgivings as to the
correctness of their decisions. They thought,
that two of Newell Rice's pigs, on the whole,
were the best, and they award to him the Isl
premium of $3. They selected 2 from the lot of

sovereign and independent, they thought it nnsale ^ ■ . at c ri ., i av,ii;„„..

^*' , . .' . ... . ., I 8 be oni'ing to Messrs Salisbury and Williams

to refer their grievances to that tribunal, more \ , . , " °^ ,, , ■' j i . „j

,, ,111 . ij .1 , •. „ wnch, they final y agreed, were second best, and

especia V as I lev had been told, that it was a ' -^i. , ° ,' , , ,i„. ' .u.

P'
mere tool of the Government. The .•slablishm
of a newspaper, in which their claims should be
advocated, was hinted at ; but, in reply to this
suirgesiion, they said something about liollowheart-
ed friendship, which your committee did not ex-
actly understand. On the whole, no plan could
be hit upon, which seemed more likely to effect
ilieir object, than a convention of swine, to be
a.ssembled at some suitable time and place, where
tl-.e whole subject-matter could be fully discussed
and considereil. The first business of the meet-
in" would, of course, be to nominate suitable
candidates for office ; but the main object would
iieen "selected for the commanding situation whi(di[be to pass resolves embracing the following sen-
they this day occupy. Far be it from them to ! timent : If any man shall, knowingly and wit-
magnify the importance of their office, and still i tingly, speak evil of a hog, he ought never after-
farilier be it from them to draw invidious com- 1 wards to have a rasher of bacon for bis breakfast,
paiisons between their duties and those of their The exhibition of Swine was large and very
less fortunate coworkers ; but, with all becoming satisfactory. The whole number was 54.
liumility, and with all suitable expressions of diffi. I The attention of the judges was first directed

J thev accordinirlv award to these ;::ntlemen the
nl \ J ^ Jin

2d premium of .f2.

'The Judges may have erred in their opinion,
but tliey can only say, they have endeavored to
judge rightly.

Very few of the owfters of the swine were*
seen by the Judges, so that they could not ask
questions as to the feci!, &c, which they would
have done, could they have had the opportunity.
All of which is respectfully submitted.

By order. Waldo Fli.nt, Chairman.

CATTLE SHOW AT NORTHAMPTON,

October 2Gth and'ilth, 1831.

premiums awarded.

On BuiZs— Elislia Ashley, West Springfield,

$6 ; Aaron Brown, Hatfield, 5 ; Roswell Field,

Leverett, 4 ; Charles Cooley, Sunderland, 3.

Bull Calves — Horace Cole, Chesterfield, 2 ;
Pliny Merrit, Conway, 1.

Vol. X No. 19.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

Mitch Cows — Thomas Jolinson, Soutliamp- 3 ; Clarissa James, Goshen, 2 ; Julia Ann Stroi]"-,
ton, 5; Doctor B. Barrett, Northampton, 4 ; Jo- Northampion, 1.
geph Lyman <lo. 3 ; Asahel Pomeroy, do. 2. j Heartk Rugs — Betsey Dougla.s, Westfield, 3 ;

Heifers, 2 years old — Daniel Newhall, Conway, Louisa Stebhin.s, Westfield. 2 ; Julia Ann Arms
S ; Orrin I'crcival, Cliester, 2 ; Erastua Slate, Conway, 1 ; Elizabeth Wilson, Deerfield, 1 •
Northatn|i;on, 1. Hannah White, Nonhfield, 50 cts.

Heifers, I year oil! — Asahel Pomeroy, Northamp- 1 Cijlton Counterpanes — Thankful Burt, North-
ton, 3 ; Daniel Newhall, Conway, 2 ; Aaron Burt, ' ampton, 1.
Longineadow, 1.

149

they were more numerous and superior to the ex-
hibition of Ibrmer years.

0)1 Sheep — The committee report, that there
is a great deficiency in the competition for pre-
nnums, and regret that such a prolitable animal
does not sustain a more prominent place at our
annual shows.

,„.,,-, _, . „.,.„] ?" *"•"'«— Mo'-e numerous than the last year

{ llooUeii Counterpanes — Clarissa Pari.sh, Wor- and superior to former years
forking Oxen— Elh\,a Ashley, West Spring- thington, 3 ; Mary W. Wetcalf, Middlefield, 2. On Horses— No Studs were offered Thp p,

field, 7; Thomas West, Hudlcy, 6 ; Ahira Ly- | ira/iej,' «ora<c^ Ho5C-Mary S. Melcalf. Middle- i hibitiou collectively not so numerous' as rh!f^f

man. Jr. Northanmton. ."i : Ceolins Strnno- dr. fir.1,1 9 . f'„. !,„..;„„ n„..,i...„ii n c.r.i i I IS9« „o. .i.o numerous as that ot

1»JS, yet there were some promisino
^ — .-, ^.w. «. , „«.,^j,», »» ii.imiio, TT II- [ ^fiiiLtiis una uiovcs — i!^aran i'arson«. i\nrtii. horspfi An iiiiihyr.f.^,v^Ai.4. '^

liamsburg, 2.

Cattle for Stall — L C. Bates, Northampton, 7 ;
Elihu Clapp, do. 6 ; H. K. Starkweather, do. 5 ; ,
Elisha Graves, do. 4 ; Asuhel Strong, do. 3 ; Hi-
ram Eerry, do, 2. I
Steers, 3 years old — Aaron Brown, Hatfield, 5 ; I

Horace Cole, Chesterfield, 4 ; Hiram Eerry, North- ; Deerfield, 2.

Linen Sheetings — Esther Bradley, Russell, 4 ;

Melinda Drake, VVorthington, 3 ; Clarissa Parish

do. 2 ; Sarah Bardwell, Dwrfield, 1.

Linen Skirling— Mary W. Metcalf, Middlefield, L

Linen Diaper, yard wide — Caroline Arms,

ampton, 3 ; H. K. Starkweather, do. 2.

Steers, 2 years old — Elihu Clapp, Northamptotn,
5 ; Daniel Newhall, Jr. Conway, 4 ; Asahel Pome-
roy, Northampton, 3 ; Tlieopliilus P. Huntington,
Hadley, '■2.

Steers, I year old — Moses Porter, Hadley, 4 ;
Lucius B. Wing, Conway, 3.

Steer Calves — .\sahel Pomeroy, Northampton,
3 ; Roswell Hubbard, do. 2.

Heifer Calves — Avery Hovvland, Conway, 3 ;
Daniel Newhall, Jr. do. 2 ; Isaac K. Clapp, East-
ham pton, 1.

Merino Bucks — Pliny Sikes, Westhampton, 3 ;
Joseph Williams, Williamsburg, 2.

Me/ino A'mci— Joseph Williams, Williamsburg,
3 ; Asahel Pomeroy, Northampton, 2.

Boars — Stephen Meachani, Chesterfield, 2 ;
Zadock Lyman, Hadley, 1.

Sows for Breeding — Samuel Wright, Northamp-
ton, 2 ; John D. Stnith, Hadley, 1.

Litter Pigs — John D. Smith, Hadley, 2 ; Syl-
▼ester Smith, do. I.

Horses. Mares — Henry Shepherd, Northamp-
ton, 6 ; Mdton Porter, Cummington, 5 ; Isaiah
Wing, Conway, 4.

Four years old Colts — Samuel Phelps, North-
ampton, 6 ; Samuel F. Lyman, do. 5 ; Justus
Forward, Belchertown, 4.

Pairs 4 years old Colts — I. C. Bates, North-
ampton, 5.

Three years old Colts — Mallby Strong, Williams-

Linen Diaper 5-8th of a yard wide — Clarissa
Parish, Worthington, 2 ; Sarah Bardwell, Deer-
field, 1.

Rose Blankets — Rebecca Eager, Worthington
4 : Hannah Lyman, Westhampton, 3 ; Miranda
Bardwell, Deerfield, 2.

Butler — Polly Clark, Northampton, 3 ; Polly
Pomeroy, Northampton, 2 ; Jerusha E. Warner,
Northampton, 1.

Cheese — Dennis Webster, Conway, 3 ; Sophia
Stebhins, Conway, 2 ; Theodosia Darling, Ches-
terfield, 1.

Straw Bonnets — Elizabeth A. Russell, North-
ampton, 3 ; Ruth Dickinson, do. 2 ; Mary A.
Claik, Northampton, 1.

The Reports upon Household Manufactured
Articles will soon be pul)lished together with the
Report on the White Mulberry.

Remarks — Number of Animals collectively,
were more numerous than last year, and as to
quality, the improvement very great.

On Bulls— Severa\ fine Bulls which had re-
ceived premiums in former years, were exhibited.
The committee say they regret they were not au-
thorized to av/ard more premiums.

On Cows — Deficient in number and quality.

Oh Heifers — The committee say they were very
fine. Mr Franklin Stow of Conway, exhibited a
Cow and a pair of two years old Steer Twir)s, not
for premium, but to show the stock ; they loere
very fine ; the Cow has had two pairs of twins.

1, young

horses. An improvement in the breed of horses
for tlie saddle and draft is very desirable.

The exhibition of Household Manufactures
was not so numerous as former years, occasioned
by the severe storm of .Monday being the last day
of entry ; however, there were some fine speci-
mens of Houseliold Industry.

biirg, 5 ; John Cameron, Northampton, 4 ; Silas Some competitors could not certify, as tl

Rice, Williamsbur

Two years old Colts — Allen Sibley, Westfield,
4; Sylvester Belden, Chester, 2 ; Stephen John-
son, Hadley, 1.
One year old Colts. — Ezra Adams, Bernard^ton,3

On blue n'oollen Cloth — Eleanor Ward, Mirl-
I dlefield, 5; Rebecca Williams, Williamsburg, 3 ;
Samuel Edwards, Jr. Southampton, 2.

Cloths oilier than Blue — Tryphosa Gray. Ash-
field, 5 ; Theodosia Darling, Chesterfield, 4 ;
Rhoda Williams, Williamsburg, 3 ; Submit Wil-
liams, Williamsburg, 2.

5-4 Undressed Flannel — Esther Bradlee, Rus-
Isell, 5 ; Sarah Adams, Southampton, 4 ; Rachel
Edwards, Southampton, 3 ; Nancy Russell, Ches-
terfield 2; Jane Starkweather, Chesterfield, 1.

7-8 Dressed Flannel— i^aWy Ward, Middlefield,
3 ; MaVia Burgess, Goshen, 2.

Floor Carpets — Sophia Smith, Hadley, 6 ;
Martha Smith, Hadley, 5 ; Frances Lyman, Go-
shen, 4 ; Mrs Roland Burbank, West Springfield,

ety required, of the milk, butter, or cheese, there-
fore a premium could not be awarded.

On H'orking Cattle — There was a good display
as to nundjers and quality. The committee regret
they could not award a gratuitous jireunum to
Maltby Strong, upon a pair of cattle of powerful
draft, hut too fat for working cattle. The cattle
exhibited by Messrs Elisha Graves, Henry Shep-
herd, and several others, as workir
very fine, but too fleshy for work. — The cattle of
Mr Waldo Cleaveland, were very fine, but not hav.
irjg been kept within the limits of the society the
requisite time, a premium could not be awarded.
The farmers of the county greatly mistake in,
offering cattle for work, when better fitted for the
stall. When such a fine lot of cattle are offered
the committee must be puzzled to do exact justice
to each competitor.

On Cattlefor the Stall — The committee say the
exhibition was creditable to the county.

On Steers and Steer Calves — The committee sa;

PLYMOUTH COUNTY CATTLE SHOW
The Plymouth Memorial of Saturday contains the
reports of the Committees at the Show on the 2d
inst. at Biidgewater. A large number of pre-
miums were awarded. In addition to the cash
premiums several volumes of the New England
Farmer were awarded to different individuals (one
to each.) Fifteen dollars were awarded to Morrill
Alien of Pembroke, for the best Dissertation
on ' the mixture of .soils to produce the best
vegetable mould.' The exhibition appears to have

been unusually large and respectable Taun. Rep.

Ejects of Jlgricultural Societies. — No one can
ride through the town of Winihrop without observ-
ing the greater beauty of the farms, and the higher
state of cultivation, than prevails generally in the
State. This has been in a great measure effected
by the Agricultural Society in that town ; but in
connexion with this there is another cause for a
thrifty agriculture, viz. a cotton factory. Do not
smile, reader ; the factories of the Eastern States
have been the imi)elling and most efficient causes
of agricultural improvement and the increased
value of land. They have furni.^hed the ready
home market for the wool, the hides, the fuel, tim-
ber, beef, pork, hay, butter, chee.se, apples, cider,
potatoes, and a great many other v<-getables, be-
sides eggs, lamb, veal, and many other thin''s
most of which cannot be exported because of
their perishable nature, and for none of which
there is any foreign market to bo depended upon.
The Agricultural Societies, agricultural publica-
tions, and the experiments and study of scientific
farmers, have diffused that knowledge of husbandrj
which has enabled the farmers to supply, from
the same land they before tilled, the increased de-
tnand created by the manufacturing cities, towns
and villages. — Kennebec Journal.

Ari English saddler, named Tade, (says Le Petit
cattle, were Courier des Dames) has invented a shoe for horses.
It is fastened on with strings of leather instead of
nails, and is so managed that it may be put on or
removed as the rider wishes or wants in less than a
minute. The object of this invention is to enable
the rider to replace at once during a journey any of
the iron shoes which may be lost, and to continue
his journey without fear of exposing the animal to
the accidents which might result from the loss of a
shoe. The lightness of the shoe, which weighs no
more than half the iron one, and its portable form, as
it can be carried with ease in the pocket or behind
the saddle, are great improvements ; a still greater
is, that it may be taken off when horses are grazing,
even for a short time.

NEW EN ii LAND FAllMEll,

Nov. 23, 1S31.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOV. 23, 1631.

MANURE YOURGR.ASS GROUNDS.

An intelligent and scientific cultiv kit, who
wrote a niiaiber of valuable mticlcs, wliich nro
incorporated into Messrs Wells & Lilly's edition

of ' Deane's Georgical Diclionnry-! lias given the _ ...

folluwincretnarUsonlhissMbjeot, under the head experitnont pleased all who wilue.-sed us opera-

nient. A grate larger or sandier would have pro-
duced the same result.

This apparatus was suspended in the open air,
in a yard, for several days, both when there was | ^
a dead calin in the atino.-;phere, and when there
was a slight breeze ; and on every occasion, the
enal ignited easily, and buriie<l freely, steadily and
handsomely, presenting a circular boily of living
fire, until the coal was nearly consumed. — The

Top Dressing,' in that work.
' There is scarcely any question

which far-

d at the solicitation of many, it was [lub-
licly exhibited in Bowdoin Square, one eveninn.

to the policy of to a great number of gratified .HptTtatois.-

-Tbis
simple trial, it i.s believed, has established several
imi)ortant principles in relation to binning an-
thracite, though no one may undertake to warm
the cily, or even liis yard by a suspended grate.

niers are more divided than

applying manure as a top dressing to grass lands,

in the spring or fall. The reasoning seems to be

in favor of spring dressing, and it is supported by

many excell Mit names. But it ought to be known,

that "intelligent farmers, near the metropolis, most

generally dress their lands in autumn. Besides Embury, Nov. 17, 1831

the reason stated above, that grass lands are less Mr Fessenden— I thank you for defending me

injured by carting over them in the fall ; it may :„ a note to the communication of yoiircorrespon

be added, that it is a season of greater leisure ;and dent of Milford, N. H. against the charge of fol

although it is confidently asserted, that the manure jiy, j,, supposing, that the proposition that the

is wasted by rains and snows, yet much ought to ; bianclics of evergreens, would make a good screen

be allowed on the other side, for the protection af- fo,- the hunter, or a good protection for vegetables

forded by the top dressing to the temler roots of | buried in the earth, was a new discovery. I was

the plants during wititer, and ought we not to
add something for the low temperature of the at-
mosphere in winter, which prevents evaporation ?
whatever princi[)les of fertility exist in manure,
are in winter carried down into the soil. We are
fully convinced that a scorching sun, and drying
air, are more pernicious to maimres, spread thiidy
over the surface than any drenching rains can be,
unless on declivities where top dressings are un-
questionably of less value than on level grounds.
The fact that fanners who grow rich by supplying
the great towns with bay generally adopt the prac
tice Of fall dressing their grass land
weight.'

deserves

Mr Fessende.n — I observe in your last number
a description of the Yellow Oak ; Michaux says, if I
am t>ot mistaken, that this species of oak does not
grow in New England. It is important, if thei.' acorns

e to be sent abroad, that there should be some ac-
curacy on the subject. What is called Yellovu Oak
in this vicmity, is the common Black Oak. 1 had
myself thought of sending you some acorns from a
beautiful specimen of the Swamp White Oak ; but
could not find an acorn of this year. If Michaux is
wrong as to the Yellow Oak, (called by hiui quercus
primus acumijuUe) it should be noticed.

I observe that a neighbor of none, an old and re-
spectable farmer, has been antusing himself this
Eunnner, with contributing to your columns, under
the signature of A. R., upon growing sweet pota-
toes, rye, &c. I cannot accede to his opinions con-
cerning the expediency of icpcated crops of rye ;
though it is a very coimnon opinion in New England.
J. L. Klwtn.
Poiismauth, A'ov. 21.

CAPE OF GOOD HOPE.
We arc indebted to Caj)!. Varnet, passenger
in the ship Bengal, for files of the Cape of Good
H(i}>c Government Ga:c//f and of the South .ifrican
Commercial Mverliser. The latest date is August
24.

The following advertisen::cnt from the Govern-
ment Gazette exhibits a peculiarity of customs:

' Lady Frnnces Cole will be happy to receive those La-
dies and Gentlemen, who may wish to vi'it her at Govem-
nu-nt House, at nine o'clock in tlie evening on Tuesdays
the 12th, '9lh, and 26th insl. and the 2d August.
■ Government House, 4di July, 183L'
' The spirit of the age' has reached the Caiie.
The papers contain accounts of a public meeting
held in July, (bribe purpose of precuringa reform
in the government. 'I'he result was a petition to
the British government that the administration of
ed the knowledge of a fact, for which he will be the internal adiiirs of the Colony should be coin-
intiilcd to the thanks and premiums of all the mitled to a Governor appointed by the Crown ; an
Horticultural Societies of the Norihern States of Executive Council chosen by him; and a Legisla-
Aincrica, and of the North of Europe. If he did |tive .Assembly, composed entirely of Representa-

not ignorant that evergreens formed one of the
best possible protections against cold. I planted
2500 evergreens 2.5 years since, cmbosontcd n'ly
green houses with them, and have formed a mihl-
er artificial climate by their use.

But if your correspondent has discovered, that
the orange planted in the open ground, can be pro-
tected by evergreen boughs stuck thickly round
them in the earth, leaving the air to pass freely
through ihein to the exotic plan , lie has acquir

Experiment irith ^inthi aciteCoal—li has been con-
sidered a great difficulty in burning the anthracite
coals now extetisively used in our Atlantic cities,
that the common fire places wo r not easily trans-
formed into the proper receptacles for this fm 1,
nor grates easily adapted to the proportiuns ol'the
room and the requirements of the coal for produ-
cing the necessary amount of heat. It has been
Ibougbt there must be some nice rule applied to
the construction of the apparatus — that the grate
must be precisely of ccitain given dimensions ;
must be so many inches within the walls of the
fire place, and of a particular elevation towards
the opening into the cbinmey, whose throat shall
in every instance exhibit the same limited capacity.
Now there may be a method in warnnng rooms
as well as in any other employment, and un-
doubtedly much is gained by a careful atteiilion
to established facts in the use of grates ; but we
are prepared to show by actual experiment, that
anthracite coal may be burned, not only without
a flue of prescribed proportions, Imt without any
flue at all or a chimney of any size. The gr^te
made use of, was of a cylindrical form, swelled
in the middle like a barrel, 15 inches in height;
12 inches the end and 16 inches the centre diam-
eter • the wires or bars two inches apart, running
in a vertical direction. Wc bavo not mentioned
the proportions of the grate because precisely
these were necessary to produce combustion ; but
merely to give a correct account of the experi-

mean, that this is his discoverij, be will confer a
great favor by stating the mode, and giving in-
structions as to its application. If he diil not mean
this, then his remarks had no bearing whatever
on my communication, for this is what I did mean
to assert sis to certain semibardy plRiils. But as
to the orange, mine, under the shelter of a thick
grove of pines, one of the thickest I believe in this
State, were cut down by a sharp, and unexpected
frost in October, even in the mild season of 1S30,
and are now but just recovering from its effects.
John Lowell.
N. B. Your correspondent's philosophy is against
my experience, and that of most horticulturists
here. The dead leaves of forest trees and espe-
cially of a submarine plant, wliieh we cM seaiveed
or tel grass are most admirable protectors against
colli, or to use bis own philosophical, and sound
language, slow conductors of heat. Giecn leaves
woiihl be better, fir their decmnposition would
generate heat. We U:ie green leaves for our hot
beds occasionally.

Drink for horses. — Some of the Inn keejicrs on
the western road have adopted the practice, re-
commended by a member of the Bath Agricultural
Society, of boiling the corn given to horses, and
giving them water to drink. It is most satisfacto-
lily ascertained that three bushels of oats, barley,
&c. so prepared, will keep the horses in better con-
dition for working than double tlie quantity in a
crude state. — English pa.

tives, freely elected by the inhabitants. In the de-
bates, the institutions of America are alluded to as
e.xetnplary. — Ilesoluiions were passed, reprobating
in strong terms the abuses of the present system.

Correspondents of the South African Advertiser
are engaged in the attack and defence of the prin-
ciples of Unitarian Christianity.

.Public attention had also been succesefully drawn
to Savings Banks.

The papers contain a favorable notice of the first
numbers of ' The Frcemantle Observer, Perth
Gazette, and Western Australian Journal,' a news-
paper published once a week ' in the little colony
of the Swan River.'

Myriads of locusts appeared at some parts of the
Cape, about the middle of July. A writer says,
' A cloud of them passed within a few yards of my
house, in. a train of many millions thick, and about
an hour in length.'

The subject of abolishing Negro Slavery is dis-
cussed in the newspapers.

The 'annual examination of the students of
the South African College,' is favorably noticed.

Wool, it is said, must eventually be the staple
article of ihe eastern part of the Colony.

The Caffres bad lately committed some outrages
in the interior.— .Sa/eiii Gazette.

The estimated population of Canada jn 1830, is
898,000.

To Correspondents. — Report of the MassachusetU
Horticultural Society will appear in our next — Several
i commuaications unavoidably postponed.

V.il. X.-N'o. 19.

AND HOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.

151

Boston and Lowdl Rail Rnad.

The Coinpuny are prepared lo cunlrad lor ma!<ing va-
lioui sections of ihiir Road. Most of the high embank-
mcnls and deep excavaiioiia can be made the winter
season. '

They will alFO contract (or the buihlinp; of Biidi^es and
Ciilvtrls, some of whicli will be built entirely of stone,
others with stone abiilmeiils and wooden bridge.

Proposals will be received lor the above work until
the filth day ol December next.

A description ol the work, and a form ol the proposal's
and contracts, will be ^iven on application lo James F.
Baldwin, Engineer, or lo the sub-eiibir at No. 83 Milk
Btieet. P. T. JACKSON,

Nov. a.'?. Agcnl for Bo-ton aii'd Lowell Rail Road-

IVhile .Mulbernj Trees.

The subscriber has procured a plantation ot While
Mulberry Trees, of suitable size and age, which he of-
fcfs at a low rate ct his Nursery in Worcester, in lots to
.suit purchasers. 0. FISKE.

Worcester, JVoe. 22, IS.Sl.

Cheapest Magazine in J^ew England.

THE MONTHLY TRAVELLER FOR 18.32.

The publishers, eneouragcJ by the commendation and
patronage bestowed upon their past labors, and determin-
ed to spare no exertions lo merit a lonlinuance of public
favor, will continue the enlarged series of the Monthly
Traveller, wiihout increasing the price. This series
commenced in January last, and each number contains
more reading, by one iourth, than the numbers ol the
first year. Wl.ile some editors have the modesty lo re-
quire five dodars a year for a monlhly, miscellaneous
in.->2:a/. ne, it is hoped the very moderate price charged
for tills work will induce all clas.ses to become patrons,
and cause its already wide circulation to be extended still
further.

The Monthly Traveller is intended to serve the pur-
pose of those who have not access lo the uncounted mis-
cellaneous publications ol the day ; but who aie still de-
sirous of availing themselves of their most valuable con-
tributions. It contains the most popular selections from
foreign and American pubUeatioas ; original notices of
the current literature ol the times, and such articles as
are calculated to euiert in and instruct readers of both
sexes and every age. It is publi^hed on the 15th of each
month, by Badger & Porteh, No. 63, Court Street,
Boston, at two dollars per annum, in advance, or two
dollai s and a half at the end of the j ear.

^J* Persons intending to subscribe for the volume com-
mencing with the year 1832, are reques'ed to send in
Iheir names as early as possible, that the publishers may
estimate the e.\tent of their edition. Nov. 23.

Crape fine Plants,

For sale at the garden of S. U. Perkins, in Brookline,
on the most favorable tern'S. 'Ihe plants may be seen
and purchased at the Garden at any time ; or orders ujay
be lelt with Mr Pel kins at his office, corner of State and
Congress streets.

Tlie vines are from one to four years old, in fine order,
with wood enough of this year's growth attached to
most of the plants to uiake a dozen or more vines.

Chasselas, common white, ot JMuscadine.

Chasselas tie Fontainbleau, or Tkomcry.

Chasselasd'0i6, Bar Sur Aube.

Chasselas, red.

Ciiasselas, Muscat.

Black Hamburg.

Black Cape.

Esperione, black.

Frankendalt, do.

St Peter's, do.

Zenlandel, by some called the Black Prince; the
bunches produced on this vine are very large.

Isabella.

iMuscal of Ale.vandria.

Muscat, red.

Muscat, Grizzley.

Muscat, white Irontenac.

Muscat, purple.

Constantia — the sweetest of all Grapes, and a great
bearer; the berries contain but one seed generally, and
sometimes none at all. SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

PfilCES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

Traders i
sorlment of

Paris and its Historical Scenes.

Just published by Lilly & Wait, and Carter &
Hendee, The Libiary of Entertaining Knowledge, 2d
Part of Vol. 10— Paris and its Historical Scenes.

Contents. — History and Gradual Increase of Paris

General View of Paris — The Tuileries — Revolution of
1739 — History of the Tuileries during the Revolution of
1789 — The Louvre — Massacre of St Bartholomew — Place
Louis XV. — Sieges of Paris — The National Guard.

Nov. 23.

Seeds fur Country Dealers.
the country, who may wish to keep an as-
■nuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. oO^ North Market street, Boston, wilh boxes
conlai-hing a complete assorlinent of Ihe seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as thev
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in smail
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each— warranted to be of the
growth of 1S3I, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeds will be added on Ihe same
terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different soils.

[D'The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with short directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style.— Traders are requested to call and e\-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Flooring Boards, Sfc.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewhere had.

Apply lo E. COPELAND, Jh, 65, Broad street.

Grnpt Vines.

For sale by Ihe Subscriber, at his Garden in Dorches-
ter, several varieties of Grape Vines, Scotch Gooseber-
ries, Althtas, and Forest Trees. Among the former are

Black Hamburg, ~)

Oval Purple, |

Round Black, 12 to 4 years old — have borne fruil

While Muscadine, f the present year.

While Chasselas, I

Constantia. J

Black and white Moscatel — one year old. The parent
vines are repicsenled lo have borne clusters weighing
26 lbs.

Barcelona, a beautiful fruit, one year old.

Polomiiio, ^ „ I e I .1 ^ . .

M„„,„ A , 1 Procured for me by the Consul at

Alantau Castal- I «-. j- a ■ , . . .\ i

vyaoiui y Cadiz, and said to be the most val-

" ' 't-. r. . I uable Grapes produced in Spain.
" De Peta.J "^ '

Clarence, or No. 13, a valuable variety, and great
bearer.

Isabella, "j

Calawba, f-Native.

Bland, J

With many other sorts.

Orders for any quantity of the above will be pro I'ptly
executed, on application by mail, or otherwise, at the
Garden, or at 7^ Congress street.

Oct. .5. 51 ZE15EDEE COOK, Jr.

AlM'LF.S.russeiiings,

ASllt;s,pol,lirs|,iMi,

Pearl, lirst sort,

MEANS, while,

IJEI^F, mess.

Cargo, No. I,
Cargo, No. i,

llUTTEll, iii.specled, No

CliEESL, new

Skii

ilk.

8 50
7 00
6 'Zr>

Fruit Trees.
Peach — Pear — Apple and Chrrry Trees, very thrifly,
and in fine order for sellinj, for sale at Win. Buekniins-
ter's Nursery, in Fiamingham. * Nov. 9.

ff 'anted,

Vol. 3 of the New England Farmer, bound or unbound,

for which a fair piice will be paid. Apply at this oftice.

FLAXSEED,

FLUL/ R, Ualiimorc, Howardslreel, - barrel

Genesee,

AVexandria,

Baltimore, w harf,
GHAIN, Corn, Nortliern.

Corn, Soullieni Vellow,

Rye,

Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOGS LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Isl quality,
LIME,

I'LAlSTEll PARIS retails at
PORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

Red Top fnorihernj

Red Clover, (northern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Merino, full blood, waslir

Merino, mixed »iili Saxo

Merino, ihreefKUrlhs was

Met. .iJ, ha olood,

Merino, quai ler,

Native, washeil.

Pulled siipirfine,

Isl Lamb's,

2d,

3d, '■

Isl Spinning,

PROVISION MARKET.

pound
cwi.
pound

IJEEF, best p

PORK, Iresli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
IIUTTER, kej and lub.
Lump, best,
EGfiS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according to qnaliiy]

pountl

8

■*

6

'•

5^

"

6

4

"

8

"

12

'•

18

dozen.

18

bushel.

£2

**

82

"

37,

bHn-p;.

3 col

2 iOI 3 O"
112 on 113 oO
125 00 130 O"
I C-O
900
75O
6 56
lO
4

I 50
6 50
6 50

5 83

6 75
70
65
78

loo

60
70

10 00
13 00

1 20
3 25

17 00

11 00
13 50

2 12

' 75

.„ '2
10 00

65

4 00

5 75

6 .-il

5 7.5

6 .50

(is

63

75

90

44

m

9 H"

1 0

1 17

3 on

lb (III

,3 (10

|3 00

1 87

,50

10

9 00

63

70

52

50

45

H

62

,56

40

28

Jewelri/, IVatches and Fancy Goods,
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is conslanlly supplied wilh a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, ^"c, Src, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in Ihe
eily. inr Watches repaired and warranted.

European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangerrents abroad
as to enable hiiu to be constantly supplied with the ge^l-
nine medical Leech. .Ml orders will receive prompt at
tejition. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August S. eoptf

Buckthorns.

Gentlemen in want of this valuable plant for live
fences can have young quicks about 3^ feet high, for
$3 per hundred, and plants 2.J feet high, for .$2,50 per
hundred, by leaving Iheir orders at the office ol the New
England Farmer. They are raised in Ihe vicinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be well
packed. A small charge will be added for freight.

Brighton Market — .Moriday, A'ov. 21.

fRoportcd for ihe Chronicle and Patiiot. J

At market this day 2353 Beef Cittle, 1154 Stores, 4S63
Sheep, and 1993 Swine, — 1'230 Swine have been before
reported.

PntCEs.— Beef Cattle— More Cattle were suitable for
' Market Beel' than is usual, and last week's prices were
hardly supported for such Cattle. We shall quote for ex-
tra $0. prime, 4 50 a 4 83, good, 4 a 450, thin 3 a 4.

Barrelling Cattle— Piohably no variation from last
week: our quotations will stand a little higher; they
should have been a little higher last week ; we quote for
Mess $3 84 a 4, No. 1 , 3 33 a 3 50, No. 2, 2 75 a 3.

Stores— S;.\ei quick ; two year old. $10 a 13. Year-
ling $6 a 9.

Working Oxen — A large number at market, but high
prices are a.^^kcd, we noticed sales at $55, 68,69, 7Ii, 75,
78 and SI.

Cotes and Calves — Scarce, good Cows in particular are
in demand, sales were cffecloil at $17, 19, 20, 22 and 24.

Sheep — Dull and a large number unsold, we noticed
lots taken at $1 58, 1 62, 1 75, 2, 2 15 and 2 50.

Wethers — No sales noticed.

Swine — Market full, we noticed one entire lot taken to
close at 3|c. Also, one lot at S5c. two selected lots at
4^0, at retail, 4c. for Sows and 5c. for Barrows.

A'ew York Cattle Market, y\'otT. 19.— Beef Cattle,
market well supplied, a new stock of 1200 head being in —
no variation in prices, the best selling at .$7, inferior fro!n
4 50 a I). Sheep aad Iambs from 2500 to 3000 in, prices
ralher belter and varying from $2 50 to 5, and a number
of fine wethers sold at 6 ; lambs from 1 75 lo 3. Dress-
ed Pork, ralher a short supply — this week sales have beea
made of lots at 6^ a 5J. Cows and Calves — at $25 to 3&.

152

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MISCELLANY

The following extracts are from a •mall paiiiphlel lately repi
lisbed by Lilly * Wait, and Carter * Hendee, enlitled
KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE,

to llie growth of seeds geneially ; allliouyli tlie
soil at length becomes the proper means, hy which
alone the plant can arrive at perfection.

U'hij should not flowers in water, and living plants
in pots, he kept in bedrooms ')

Because the flowers and plants greatly iiijnre
the purity of the air during the night, hy giving
out large quantities of carbonic acid, similar to
that which is separated from the lungs by breath-
ing, which is highly noxious. Tiiereare instances

WHY AND BECATJSE.

Tfhy arcfrost-bitten potatoes sweet ')
Because of the spontaneous conversion of the
starch they contain into sjgar. , „. _ . .

H'h, are potatoes unfit for cooki.^u: wlitn i/te-/ of persons who have incautiously gone to sleep in
ben-in to sprout '? '^ "^'"^^ '''""" '" which there has been a large gru w-

^Because their fecnla or starch then becomes ing plant, having been found dead in the morn-
is eftectually suffocated as if there had been
a charcoal stove in the rooiri.

sweet.

JVhy are mealy potatoes more nutriiiou-s than those
tvhich are wary ?

Because of the greater quantity of slarch which
they contain. Thus, a microscope shows a pota-
to to be almost entirely composed of cells, which
are sometimes filled, and sometimes contain clus-
ters of beautiful little oval grains. Now, these
little grains remain unchanged in cold water, but
when it is heated to about the degree that melts
wax, they dissolve in it, and the whole becomes a
jelly, and occupies a larger sjjace than it did in
the form of grains. When a potato is boiled,
then each of the cells becomes full of jelly, and
if there be not a great quantity of starch in the
cells, it will not burst. But if the number of grains
or their size be very great, the potato is broken
on all sides by the expaiuiion of the little masses
of jelly, and mealiness is produced.

^hy do many persons become sleepy after eating
lettuce '?

Because it contains a milUy juice, which, like
opium, is a narcotic.

ffhy should water-cresses be carefully picked ia
washing ?

Because a dangerous jdant grows mixed with
them iu springs ami streams, vvhicli, when not in
flower, much resembles the cresses. Water-cresses

Jf'hy should rice be kept in largepiles or quantities 1
Because the heat will not then allow insects to
live in the inside of the heap ; consequently, the
great wastage takes place at the outside surface,
keeping rice, therefore, for any length of time,
either in small piles or in hags, is ruinous.

li'hy should old jtearl and Scotch barley be loashed
before used?

Because by long keeping it becomes mealy on
the surface, and the meal is generally musty and
sour.

Jfhy is barley freed from its bran for domestic pur-
poses ?

Because the bran contains a resin of a purga-
tive, and even acrimonious nature. Thus, Scotch,
French, or pearl barley, is merely cemmon barley,
kilndried, and deprived of its husks or bran by a
mill ; the grains are then rounded, and cut down
smaller, ami lastly, whitened in their own meal.
IVhy is lemon-juice altered by keeping ?
Because the mucilaginous matter which it con-
tains is very soon altered by spontaneous decom-
posilion.

ff^hy are capers wholesome ?

Because they are stiumlating, antiscorbutic, and
aperient. The bark of the root of the common

are, however, of a deeper green, and sometimes caper passes for a diuretic medicine

Bpotte<l with brown, the extremities of the leaves
are more brown, and especially tiie last leaves
which are undulated at their edges. The danger

ff'hy are eggs used for clarifying syrup ?
Because the albumen, or white of the egg, being
coagulated in boiling,cond)ines and rises in a scum

ouB plant (water-parsnip) is of a uniform green, ] wiih the dregs, when cold. The juice of the fruit
the ends of its leaves are longer and narrower, coni- 1 of the oehra {Hibiscus esculentus) according to Dr
cal at the extremities, an.rtoothed at the edges, j Clarke, contains liquid albumen in such quantities.
If examined in July, when tlie flowers are expand- 1 iHat it is •mployed in Dominica as a substitute to
ed, the two plants may bu thoroughly distinguish

Nov. 23, 1831.

FRUIT TREES.

ale at the Kenbick Nuhseries, in
i.v, near Boston, a Uiust cxlensivs as-
sorliiient of Apples, Pears, Peaclies, Plunia,
Clicnies, Apricots, Nectarines, Alnionil:",
Mulberiies, Quinces, Raspberries, Gooseber-
ry :iiul Currant bushes, Grape Vines of the best lorc|Kn
sorl^, and 25 finest varieties of Strawberries, including
the most rare, productive and esteemed.

Also about 41 0 varieties of the ino-t hardy ornamenfal
trees and shruls, and superb hardy roses, including Silrer
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Cliesnuts,
Flowering Calalpas, Mountain Ash with bcaulibil clus-
ters ol reil berries in aulnnin and winter, Purple Acacia,
Three Tborned and Thornless Acacia, Bullernuls, Ailnn-
tbus or tree of Heaven, Elius, American and Scotch,
Sugar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tiee, Honeysuckles. M.iny cf llic aliove sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
coiniiions.

White Mltlderries, genuine sort for sill; woftns,
by the 10(1 or lOnO for Pl.inlations.

Is.4BELLA and Catawba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.
China Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Gb-

RANELMS, Sec. fyc.

Written orders addressed either to John or William
Kenrick, Newton, are legularly received by the
daily mail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenient be left with J. B. Russell, at the
New England Farmer office, where also, catalosucs may
be obtained gratis on application. But purchasers arc ti>-
vited when convenient to call and examine the trees, Sf,
for themselves, and make their owu selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their on-
deis, relying that the very best possible selection will be
made for them. Trees when destined for a distant place,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and mats,
and delivered whenever ordered in Boston free of any
charge for transportation. eptDl Oct. 19.

(JJ^ Ammunition

01 the heal quality ai.ii /o»ies( prices, for sportin(f—
constanlly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbo rel"iiueu an.

Ptar Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 82
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, of vigorous growth, and prom-
ising appearance, raised within six ndlcs of Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size are bom 18 to
■24 inches in length, the whole plant; price $10 per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length,
price $5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
as wanted, for tr.insportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

ed.

ffhy do wholesome mushrooms differ from other
fungi ?

Because, when a fungus is pleasant in flavor, it
is wholesome ; if, on the contrary, it have nn oflen-
sive smell, a bitter, astringent, or styptic taste, or
is even of unpleasant flavor, it is unfit for food.
Color, figure, and texture cannot be relied on ;
yet the pure yellow, gold color, bluish pale, dark
or lustre brown, wine red, or the violet, belong to
many that are eatable ; while the pale or sulphur
yellow, bright or blood red, and the greenish, are
generally poisonous. The sati3 kinds have mostly
a compact, brittle texture; the flesh is white; they
grow intu-e readily in open |)laceg than in damp or
wood-shaded spots. In general, those may ho
suspected which grow iu caverns, on animal mat-
ter putrifying, as well as those whose flesh is wa-
tery.— Brande.

tVhy do seeds grow in sand, or on moistened flan-
nel .*

Because of the air, warmth, and water which
they receive, the use of soil being quite secondary

ihe white of eggs, in clarifying the juice of the
sugar cane.

If'hy do rich cakes keep good for a long penod ?

Because in making them, wate^- is not used,
which would soon turn sour ; and sugar, of which
tliey contain much, will not ferment unless it be
dissolved in water.

/r/iy t.< ginger beer the most refreshing of all
summer drinks ?

Because it retains its carbonic acid for a lentith
of time ill the glass ; and ginger has this remark-
able property of occasioning a high, close, creamy
head upon all effervescing liquors. — Donovan.

If'hy is a polished metal tea-pot preferable to one
of earthenware ?

Because the earthen pot retains the heat only
one eighth of the time that a silver or polished
metal pot will ; consequently, there will be a cor-
responding difference in their fitness for extracting
the virtues of the tea.

The receipts on the Liverpool and Manchester
railroad from January to June were about 300,000
dollars.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are infornred

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at the

Farmer office. Aug. S.

Published cvrry Wednesday Eeeiiiiip, at §3 per annum,
payable at the end of die ye.-Tr— but those who pay witbi"
sixty d.iys from the lime of Bubacribing, are entitled to e^ <to-
duction of fifty cents.

03= No paper wil I be sent to a distance without paymeot
beinc made in advance.

Printed fV>r J. B. Kussf.ll, by I. R. Butts— by wiroiii
all descriptions of Printing- can be executed to meet Itw
wishes of customers. Orders for printinR receited hy J. B.
lii'SsELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62 North
Market Street. iOFNTS.

jV.nol'or/c-— ti.TnoRKURN & Sons. 07 Liherly-slrcel
.l/A.inv— Wm. TnoRBUKN.S'n Sl.irkeisireet.
I'liiUiidphia- 1). &, C LANnKETU.SS Chesuiui-slreet.
liiliimore—G. B. Smith , Editor ot the Anieiicaii Farmnr.
CincinMli-^. C. Paukhurst,23 Lower Markel-slreel.
F/mhinz, N- V Ww . Princk & So.is.Prop.Lia. l!oi. Garden
Middlebunj, Vt.—\\'\r.\yt Chapman..
//.ir(/i'"/-<;oonwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Neirburyporl, Ebene/.kR Stedm ak, Bookseller.
PorUmoulli, N. U.S. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Pnrtlard, A/».— Samuei, Colmar, Bookseller.
Auirusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S.— P. J. Holland, E«q. Recorder office
UoMreal. L. C— Henet Hillock.

MEW ENGIiAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. ij. RUSSELL,, AT NO. 62 NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)— T. G. FESSENDE^ EDITOR

vol... X.

BOSTON, WKDJVESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 30, 1831.

NO. 20.

GREAT CROP OF CORN.

To Ihe Editor of Ihe N. E. Farinor. ,

WImt is the use of ciiii;^ruting to Oregon wlieiJ'
120 husliels of corn ran be raised in Clienangt),
when wiUl hind cqiiiilly good wilh the Uind bearing
this crop can be had in any quantity from three to
five dollars per acre ?

Having received much nsel'iil instruction in pe-
rusing tbe details of good farming, great cro[)S and
scientific horticulture recorded in your valuable;
paper and having raised a vijry fine crop of corn
this season for this disirirt, viz. 211 baskets, aver-
aging 19J- quarts to the basket, on one acre, and
thirteen rods of land, I take the liberty of sendr
ing the account of this crop to yon, and if worthy
of record you are at liberty to publish it.

The entire corn field was surveyed by a sworn
surveyor. The lines were ran backwanls as well
as fi)rwanls, the surveyor carrying one end of the
chain on the back track to correct mistakes if any.
The corn was measured in two baskets as picked
in the field, one of which was taken from the field
by my overseer as picked to his house, dried, shell-
ed and found to contain 20 quarts.

The other basket was filled in the usual way
from the cart at the crib, at my house and under
my care even full, without packing or shaking to
make better stowage. The corn was dfied
thoroughly in an oven, shelled, and found to mea-
sure 19 quarts, anil weighing 37 lbs. The difler-
ence in measure may be accounted for in the belter
stowage of the baskets taken from the field the ears

basket shook by moving 3 or 4 times

The crop was raised on what was supposed to
be a poor [lart of a farm of 200 acres adjoining this
village, purchased in 182.5 for §10 per acre, ami
condemned by the former occupier, as well as
neighbors as a poor farm, calculated to starve the
owner. 1 am now happy to say that the fine show
of Grass, Wheat, Barley, Corn, Mangel Wnrtzel,
Ruta Baga, &,c, has restored its lost credit. Tlie
soil of the farm varies from a sandy loam to a stiff"

The plants standing silli-
ly from 12 to 13 inches on th^^iin drill. Thi^
corn was once ploug^hed, afterwards kept cle.in
with the hoe, plastered well on the plant, lopped
at the usual lime, was ripe on the 1.5tli of Sep-
tember and harvested on the hill the IJili and 15ih
of October and found to yield at least 130 bushels
of shelled corn 60 lbs. to the bushel, or 140 calcu-
lating 56 lbs. to the bushel.

I am, sir, most respectfiilly yours,

Benjamin lioTLER.
Oxford, Chenango co.
jY. Y. JVov. S, 1S3

1}

PRESERVATION OF SWEET POTATO
SLIPS.

Ma Fessenden — In the 13tli number of the
present vol. of the New Euglai'd Farmer is con-
tained a communication on the subject of culture
of the sweet potato, to which is annexed the edi-
torial remark that, ' No economical method of
|)reserving the slips for seed through the winter
in New England has yet been discovered to our
knowledge.' As considerable quantities of this
arlicle are kept through that season of the year
by many families in this vicinity, with little diffi-
culty when the clihiate is not essentially, if any
milder than in the southern |)arts of New Eng-
land, I have t'lken the liberty of forwarding to
you a description of the methods which have
been the most successful.

In attempting their preservation it is necessary
to attend to two points. 1st, to secure them from
moisture. 2nd, to protect them from frost,
thrown in singly as husked in the field, and thei^^Assoon as they are dug they should be exposed

to the sun for two or three hours till their skins
become dry ; they then should be packed in a
tight box fh layers alternately, with layers of Ji-y
sand two inches thick, so that no two of the slips
shall touch each other, in which case a decay
would commence that might ultimately aft'ect the
whole quantity. The finer ;he sand the better, and
il is to be preferred if it contain a small portion
of loam, as in coarse washed sand they wither up
d soon lose the power of vegetating. Some

clay. The part occupied by the corn is a stitt' people pack them in dry wheat chalT, which they
loam. It was thrown out of a tillage lot into a | perfer to sand, but I have never used it for this
pasture 20 years ago, being then considered too purpose, though I have found it to be well cal-
poor or too stony to till. The stones were carefully 1 culated for preserving winter apples, having un-
dug and pickeil up to the amount of 50 loads to ' packed from it, in the month of May, Rhode
the acre this spring. Ploughing only once, an ex- ' Island Greenings, in a sound slate, with their fia-
tra hand fidlowing the plough with a bar and mat- vor undiminisluHl.

lock removing every obstruction to the plough. I Various methods have been tried for protecting
This was the most tedious part of the work ein- 1 the slips from frost. One of my chimneys is sup-
ploying a span of horses, and two men for two ported in the cellar by a brick arch, which is
days. But when done the land was completely 1 raised seven feet above the foundations and the
ploughed. We then drew on 25 cart loads, about 1 under surface of which is kept warm by a fire
25 bushels to the load, of sheep manure, and ^ in the kitchen. Underneath it is built a plaiform
spread it evenly on the furrow. Rolled timl harrow- sufiiciently hish to admit a box containing the
led with the furrow, with a light double harrow, con- slips packed as before described, so that the up-
Itaining 40 teeth until it was a complete garden : per strata of sand will nearly touch the undersur-
imould, and the earth well incorjjorated with the 1 face of the arch. In this situation a few of the
manure : again picked off" the stones and again r(dl- most exposed may wither and become useless,
ed and planted on ihe '22d and 23d of May on but a large pronortion will come out as fresh in

the spring, as when placed there in autumn.

an even surface, with the early small white flint
corn, steeped in a solution of copperas and salt
petre and then tarred and rolled in plaster, and
planted in double drills 3i feet from centre to cen-

This
i have tested by eight years' experience.

Some people place them in a vacant oven, stock
hole or cupboard near the fire, others again in

merchants' counting-rooms or in mechanics' shops,
that are kept sufficiently wann. I believe a tern-
perature of "from 38 to 40 of Fahrenheit to he the
most congenial 10 them, through tlie aulumn and
winter.

The Dutch,^ whose houses are invarial)Iy fur-
nished \v\t\t a ten plate ov box-slovp, place their
boxes of Kli|)S, in their stove rooms, and on the ap-
proach of sjJring, occasionally sprinkle the sand
with water, which, though it would be fatal to the
plants during the cold weather, accelerates the
growth of their shoots at this time, when there
seems to lie;* natural disposition in them to put
forth ; and by the time the ground is in a con-
dition for planting, these provident [leople are
supplied with sprouted shoots without the trouble
of a hot bed.

The large, roots may be preserved equally well
through the winter fiir cooking.

Their cultivniion is the most successful upon a
sandy soil well mixed, with manure thoroughly
decayed ; but that which is rank and recently from
the yards should not be used, as it would jiromote
a luxuriant growth of the tops to the injury of the
tubers. I have not unfrequenlly raised them as
large as those brought from the more southern
states though not etpial in flavor. A majority of
the families in this vicinity cultivate them in
their gardens, and sotne on a scale so extensive
that they become an object of profit. In favorable
seasons they will yield at least as abundantly as
the common, potatoes.

The red and yellow varieties are the richest
flavored and form the best slia|)ed roots, though
they do iiot^gtsw as large as the white.
Respectfiilly yours,

J. P. KlRTLAND.

Poland, Ohio, JVov. 15, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAHiMER.

TREES-.

He Ihat plants a tree thereby becomes a benefactor to his country.

If this Statement be true there is a large portion
of our community who are so circumstanced that
they might without detriment to themselves devote
more of their attention to this subject than they
have hitherto done. It is one which deeply interests
all those who look fiirward to the future well-being
of our country. Our forests are rapidly vanishing-
before the hand of the husbandman and our land
will soon become comparatively bare of them unless
there is a counteracting influence exerted by the
cultivator 17! /)/a)!(i">!g- afiett) those trees which will
be the most serviceable to tnan. There are at this
time thousan Is of acres of unproductive grounds,
which might in a few years be convened into ex-
cellent pasturing liy planting the same at suitable
distances, with trees of variou-i sons, that they might
serve as a jirotection from the scorching rays of
the sun, and preserve a more uniform state of
moisture, so that vegetation should not become
checked by blight.

H'hf^s it that our road sides are not lined with
trees either for ornament or use, as they are in other
countries ? Is it because we as a people are de-
void of taste .' Certainly not. Let the utility, and
feasibility, of these plans be laid before the public

154

NEW ENULANS) FARMER,

Nov. 30, 1831.

in a piopei- ligl:!, and tliej; ivill he acled upon.
Tliei-e is notliing that adds more to the beauty o(
a landscape, than to see inlei>pei!>id over hill and
dale, trees in full foliage, stan.ling singly or in
eliimiis; they afPorci a resting place for the eye of
the weary traveller, and at every tnrn new beauties
are unfolded.

Where is the man, who when silting snrroumled
by his friends under the wide spread canopy ot a
tree of his own rearing, partaking of the bounties of
our mother earth, that would not exult while inform-
ing them that this was a tree of /n\s own right hand's
planting. And that we may be enabled so to do,
let us now, in the i)roper season for such labor, put
our hands lo the work, with the deterudnation,
(Providence permitting) that we will sit under our
own vine and tig tree, and enjoy the fruit of our
toil. Pioneer.

Windsor, VI. JVov. 24, 1S31.

FARMS IN VERMONT.
Mr Fesse.nden — As five of my townsmen,
Farmers, design to start for the Boston Market
next week, with a portion of the proiluctions of
their farms, an<l as no statement as to the value
of houses and house lots, value of improved land,
quantity of agriculiura! production, iS:c, has here-
. tofore been noticed in your paper from this section
of the country, I forward for publication a state-
ment belonging to the individuals as named below.
The value of bouses and house lots and improved
land, I have stated as ajj^raised by the lister of
this town in 1830.

Wood and tindicr land bidonging to each farm is
not included in the estimate. Wm. IJacuop has three
houses anil house lots valued at $775, and has
fortyfive acres of mowing, twentytwo acres of
tillage land, and fortyfive acres of pasture valued
at S924 ; this stock consi^ts of four o.xen, seven-
teen cows, 20 other cattle, 12 horses and mares,
62 sheep, 10 fat hogs, 7 rumung sboats ; has cut
this season 65 tons of hay, harvested 90 bushels
of wheat, 275 bushels of oat'^, 175 bushels of
corn, 12 bushels of licans, 900 bushels potatoes,
and has for market 2500 lbs. of pork, and 1950
pounds of butter. His family consists of eight i>er-
sons, besides one hired man seven months, and
some days' work ; whole expense for hired men's
labor 8110.

Cloud IIarvet. His house is of that con-
struction that it is not entered in the list ; has 30
acres of mowing, 15 of tillage, and 30 for pastur-
ing valued at .$372, ii oxen, l-lcows,7 horses and
mares, 2S sheep, 6 fat I ogs, 8 running slioats, has
cut 35 tons of hay, harvesteil 150 bushels of « heat,
300 bushels of oats, 80 bushels of corn, two
busiiels of beans, 500 bushels of potatoes, and
has for market 1500 jiounds of pork, 1300 poumls
of butter. His family consists of eight persons, be-
sides one hired man eight inonths, and some days'
work ; wlude expense of hired labor $90.

Moses ISouce. House and house lot valued at
$075; 14 acres of mowing, 734 of tillage, 29
acres of pasture valued at $293, 7 cows, 5 other
cattle, 6 horses and mares, 24 sheep, 4 fat hogs,
4 fat sboats, 4 running sboats ; has cut 21 tons of
hay, and has harvested 60 bushels of wheat, 75
bushels of oats, 50 bushels corn, 5 bushels of beans,
523 bushels potatoes, 12 bushels turnips, 50
pounds of fla.v, and has for market 1600 pounds
of pork, and 600 lbs. of butter. His family con-
sists of six ; whole expense of hired men's labor

William Shearer. House and bouse lot .$200 i
26 acres of mowing, 13 of tillage, 40 for pasture)
valued at $400, 6 oxen, 7 cows, 18 other cattle.
6 horses and mares, 38 theep, 4 fat hogs, 6 fat
slioats, 4 running sboats ; cut 35 tons of bay,
harvesteil 35 bushels of wheat, 300 bushels of
•oats, 80 bushd^>f corn, 6 bushels of barley, 2
bushels of Iiealif400 bushels potatoes, be has fur
market 1600 pounds of pork and 350 pounds of
buiter. His family consists of 12, besides 10
months' labor, whole expense of hired men's labor
fS5.

Wm. Waroer, Jr. Hou.se and house lot $150,
26 acres of mowing, 150 of tillage, 20 of pasture,
valued at §264 ; his stock consists of 2 oxen, 6
cows, 12 other cattle, 4 horses, 18 sheep, 5 fat
hogs, 4 fat sboats, 5 running slioats, and has for
market 1700 pounds pork, and 500 pounds of but-
ter. His family consists of tive, besides five months'
men's labor at J=50.

It woulil be a great satisfaction to your sub-
scribers in tlirs quarter to have such farmers in
your vicinity as ofler butter cr fiuins for premiums
to st.-vte the value of their owned house lots and the
quantity and value of improved land as appraised
by the assessors of the several towns to which
they belong. As soon as our farmers have been
to market this fill and winter I design to make
out a stalemcnt of the various articles of exports
from this tow n and the amount as received in mar-
ket, and to what market the same is exported.

I recommend ) our farmers to compare the value
of their improved land and the amount of pro-
duction with the Barnet farmers. And when they
move, move not to the West, hut to where the
climate is good aii<l healthy, land cheap and pro-
ductive. Yours with respect,

Henry Stevens.
B'irncI, ( I'l.) .Vuvcjiiber 17, 1831.
N. C. Tlie individual farmers named above de-
sign to enter their several lots of butter for the
premium ; you will please give our secretary no-
tice.

(U=*The foregoing notices are valuable and we
should be happy lo receive similar statements
relative to farmcis, their property, products, &c, in
Massacliuscttsi anil other parts of N. England. We
would be pleased to make such observations and
inquiries in person as would enable us to give
the desired information, but indispensable avoca-
tions deprive us of the leisure neee.ssary for that
I lU rpose. — Editor.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

FARMERS' FESTIVALS.

I'.jlincl frnni a cniiiiniiiilcnlion on the snliject of the Farincu'
i,c.-iiis|i.,ws^ina Feslivals.

' The founders and patrons of these popular so-
cieties, " aristocrats" if yon please have introdu-
cnl ilic only practical system of equality which
the ciuidition of the civilized world can admit.
The duties incumbent on the " Fanner's Holidays,"
with their attendant courtesies and fesliviiios, as-

miluie and merge all who partake of their enjoy,
ments, into one community of brethren. In these
issociations they cherish and exhibit that maidy
md independent deportment, becoming the lords
of the soil. Let every order elevate itself to the
standard of the intelligent and useful citizen with
the spirit which should actuate them, and they are
met with that fraternal cordiality which feels no
degradation.

'The levelling .system of a republic must consist
in elevating all ranks and depressing none. That
malignant class, devoid of self res[>ect, whose con-
sequence in society is acquired and su.staineil by
traducing merit instead of emulating it, are alone
o\'l\\<i privileged order. This despotism is waging
an intermintible war against our most patriotic citi-
zens, who possess, the only aristocracy they covet,

THE PRIDE OF CHARACTER.

PLANTING FRUIT SEEDS.
Mb Fessenden — In answer to the inquiries of
your correspondent M. as to the best mode of
planting fruit seeds and stones, I would observe
that I have found the present month (November)
the most suitable for that purpose. I put
"Peach, Apricot, Plum, and Cherry stone,*, and Pear
and Quince seeds into llie ground tw'o to three
inches below the surface, cover them with earth,
ami then lay over them a course of well rotted
mtinure. I have always succeeded in producing
an abundant crop, except in one instance of plant-
ing of Peach stones and another of Pear seeds ;
tlie nonsuccess of the former I imputed to the dry-
ness of the soil, and that of the latter to the des-
truetion of the seed in the pomace, it having remain-
ed in barrels several days, and probably underwent
some fermentation. 1 should advise the plant-
ing of fruit stones and seeds in a moist but not a
wet soil. Dorchester.

CATTLE.

We arc happy to find that more attention than
formerly has been recently paid to the raising of
>tock. The sale of the cell brated cattle ol' John
Hare Powel, of Philadelphia, enabled many
iVrmers of means and enterprise to ppssess them-
selves of some valuable animals. A good pro-
portion of this valuable stock is now in the pos-
ssssion of Charles A. Barnitz, Esq. of .Spring
3ale farm, near York, Pennsylvania. The lollow-
ing description of one or two of the cows, which
we copy from Poulson's Advertiser, will be found
interesting to many of our readers. We are
inclined lo class (ariners who give their attention
to the improveinent of slock, among the most, if
not the most, useful of our citizens. — J^at Jour.

' To see these cattle alone is worth a visit to
his residence. There are about twenty or thirty
bead of the full blood, besides nearly as many of
common and niixed blood. Among the fcrmeris
the celebrated Bellina, the famous butter coiv. Ill
her appearance she is far below many of her com-
panions, though when criiic^dly exnmincd, her
points are all good. The straight back, — the |ier-
feet level of the spinal coluuin from the Imnis to
the tail, — the square sides, the wide hips, the full
brisket, the intelligent countenance and wide-
spreading bag, are all there ; but she makes a
pound of buiter at every milking, and hence she
has not the sleek fat sides, and the Jtlling up so
necessary to a finished and beanliful subject.
She illustrates the iilca perfectly, which we have
so often inculcated, that a deep milker or a great
butter yielder cannot be easily kept fat. She il-
lustrates another position we have advanced, that
miik from diflerent cow.s, apparently of equal
richness, is very differently constituted. In some,
chee.sy matter and whey prevail, in others cheesy
matter and oil, and in others oil and whey prevail
with but a slight quantity of cheesy matter. The
first is common milk, aftbriling a small quantity of
cream, and poor skim milk ; the second affords a
medium quantity of cream, and makes good cheese,
and good skim milk ; the last affords a very large

X. — No. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

1;35

quanliivof .T.-mn, .1.. Wjecs.; srarcfly. and very
poor ^l^i(ll milk -S(i poor iii.lceil tliiit it is s.-airel.v
f5t fill- use. Tliirf lait.T is the case willi Bellina ;
wliHii lior milk li.is stooil the proper Icii^tli ol
lime, the cream, (tliB milk lining three or four
inches decp.jis nearly lialfmi inch thick, anil su
firm that it will almost hear lifting like a luick-
vvhcat cake, tiie r-kini milk heiiig very inferior.
Mr.s I}a!-mtz tonkaliiHit half a pint of her cream
in a iMin I, ami in a few miiuites prodiii-ed six
ounces of the finest biiller we ever tasted, by
simply stirring it with a teaspoon. The Imiiermilk
prodiiced was less than a small wineglass full, and
that of quite a poor quality. This cow, nnlike the
generality of her hreed, has coarse hair, and is of
ordinary size, and, as hefoie remarked, wonhl be
taken for an ordinary animal, except upon criti-
cal examination hy a good judge. Very high
offers have heen made for her and her calves.

Another cow presented a remarkahle character-;
she was the largest we ever saw, measuring be-
tween the points of her hips about two feet four
inches. — We could not take the measuretnent ex-
aetlv, as she was rather shy of our stick, but we
satisfied ourselves that we were not an inch out of
the way, and think we are within the truth. She
is of gond proportion in all her parts. She^ has
not had a calf since she was imported, in conae-
qtienee as it is supposed of some injury on the
voyage. The proprietor e.xpects to fatten this cow
for the Baltimore market, and if lie does we shall
be able to boast of a beef superior in weight and
quality to any ever slanglitered in America.

There are many beautiful young bulls and heif-
ers for sale. We noticed n pair of calves as white
Jis swans, of equal size and age, that attract great
attention, and induce high offers. We must not
pass over the fine yoiin;; animal selected !>y Jlr B.
far his stock bull. He is beyond all comparison
the finest animal of liie kind we ever saw, and
has the fine points of his breed in the greatest per-
fection imaginable. — When we have heard that if
the huR Wire cut ofl'upon a line with the bottom
of tlie belly, ami the neck perpendicularly with
the breast, the body would form a perfect oblong
square, the sides of which woulil be just double
the width of the ends, we have been in the habit
of considering it a laucy-skctch ; but actual
measurement and examination of this bull coiivin-
<'(S us of its truth.'

ANECDOTES OF DOGS.

T!ic valleys, or g-/e)i«, as they are called in Scot-
land, whieli intersect the Grampian Mountains, are
chiefly inhabited by shepherds. The pastures, over
which each flock is nsnnitted to range, extend many
miles in every direction. The shepherd never has a
view of his whole flock at once, except when it is
eallecied for the purpose of shearing. His occupa-
tion is to mike daily visits to the different extremi-
ties of his pastures in succession ; and to turn back,
by means of his dog, any stragglers that may be ap-
proaching the boundaries of his neighbors. In one
of these exciirsinns, a Highland shepherd carried
with him a little child aboiitthree years old. This is
a common practice among the shepherds, who do it in
order to accustom their children to the rigors of the
climate and the hardships of their situation, .^fter
traversing his pastures for some time, attended by
his dog, the shepherd found himself under the ne-
cessity of ascending a summit ntsonie distance. As
the ascent was too tiresome for the child, he left him
on a small plain at the bottom, with strict orders not

to siir from it till his return. Scarcely, however,
had he gained the summit, when the horizon was
suddenly darkened by one of those thick mists,
which descend so rapidly amid the Grampians, as
almost to turn day into night in the course of a few
minutes. The anxious father immediately hastened
back to his child ; but owing to the darkness, and
his own fears, he lost his way. ^^ter wandering
about a long time, he discovered l^Rhe light of the
moon that he was within a short distance oi' his cot-
tage. It would have been both useless and danger-
ous to hav^e renewed his search that night, lie
therefore returned home, bitterly mourning over
the loss of his beloved child, and the shepherd dog,
which had served him faithfully for many years.
As soon as the day dawned, he set out with a hand
of his neighbors, to seek for the lost little one. All
day they labored in vain, and at night returned home
disconsolate. They found that the dog had been to
the cottage during the day, and after receiving a
piece of cake, had immediately disappeared. For
three successive days the shepherd renewed his
search, and every night wdien he returned he found
his dog had been at the cottage, and carried off
bread, or cake. Knowing the sagacity of the animal,
h* resolved to wait and follow him. He did so— and
after scrambling his way down frightful precipices,
he saw his dog enter a cavern, the mouth of wliicii
was almost on a level with a stupendiious mountain
waterfall. He entered, and beheld his infant eating
the cake, which the faithful animal had procured,
while he stood by, with the utmost satisfaction, and
watched until it Avas devoured. The little boy, being
left alone in the dark, had probably fallen, or scram-
bled down the precipice, and had been afraid to
leave the cave on account of the foaming waterfall,
which dashed down from its month. The dog never
left the child except to procure him food, and then
he was always seen running at full speed.

Miss Wakefield tells of a pretty little spaniel be
longina to one of her friends, which was uncoiiinion"
ly intel'igent. He was accustomed to indulge him"
self on the lawm behind the house. One morning-
he found a heavy dew had made the grass very wet
not liking such a damp couch, he stopped a moment;
to think what he should do. After a moment's re-
flection, he trndcred into the house and brought out
a mat in his mouth, upon which he quietly lay down
and went to sleep.

goon after the British and Indians under General
St Leger, raised the siege of Fort Schuyler, Capt
GrigL', ofthe New Vork line, obtained permission
to hunt, accompanied by a brother officer. On their
return, tiiey were suddenly fired upon by an ambush
of Indians, who knocked them down with toma-
hawks, and sQalped them, as their manner is, from
the fore-head !o the back of the neck, leaving only a
couple of small locks of hair by the side of the ears.
Capt. Grigg had the resolution to lie perfectly still
during tliis horrible operation; though he afterward
said he felt as if hot lead were poured over him. The
Indians, supposing he was dead, left him. Not long
after, he felt his burning head touched very gently
and tenderly and he immediately conjectured it was
his favorite "dog, which had followed him to the chase.
'Nevershnlll forget,' said he, ' how sootliing the
cooling tongue of the failhfiil creature felt at that
dreadful moment!' On attempting to rise, Capt.
Grigg found his back bone severely wounded, and his
forehead bruised by the stroke of the tomahawk.
Alone, and m:ingled as he was, he had no hope of
life, he crawled along to his dead companion, and
opening his vest he laid his throbbing head upon the
soft bosom, not yet cold in death ; for the stones and
sticks among which he had lain wf re torture to hiin.

But he was not alone at this trying moment — his
faithful spaniel was his friend ! The officer* at Fort
Schuyler had long been anxious about their compan-
ions, and were on the watch for them, when Tray
was seen issuing from the wood, panting with eager-
ness and fatigue. ' 'J'hey are coming !' was the uni-
versal exclamation, ' for there is the dog.' They
soon, however, discovorad that the dog WM alone.

Iln came to them, and by crouching, whining, run-
ninor to and fro, and looking up in the most suppli-
cating manner, he plainly told that some evil had bo-
falleirhis beloved master. A detachment was im-
mediately sent out, with orders to follow the dog.
The anxious animal eagerly guided them to the spot
where the dying reposed upon the dead. Under tho
care of a skilful surgeon, Capt Grigg entirely re-
covered.

The late General Dearborn told me he heard the
story from Capt. Grigg himself; the dog in the
meanwhile sal gravely by his side, and looking up
sorrowfully, at if pertiactly conscious that his mas-
ter was describing his sufferings. ' I suppose,'
said General Dearborn, 'that nothing would iiiduco
vou to part with Tray ?' ' No, sir,' replied Capt.
Grigg; 'I must part with my life first. He shall
never want a friend till my hones are in the dust.'
Tlie dog wagged bis tail, put his paw upon his mas-
ter's foot and nestled close to his side.

In ancient times, a French gentleman of family
and fortune, when travelling alone through a forest,
was murdered, and buried under a tree. His dog
an English blood-hound, went to the house of his
master's friend in Paris, and by howling, looking to-
ward the door, and pulling at his coat, made him un-
derstand that he wished to be followed. This dumb
eloquence having effected its purpose, he led the
way directly to tho tree, where he scratched the earth,
and howled. On digging the spot the body of tha
murdered man was found.

.■\ long time after this, the dog met the assassin ii^
the midst of a crowd, and instantly flew at his throat.
Whenever he siw the same individual, he al-
ways attacked him with tho same ferocity. This
excited suspicion; and the king, Louis the Eighth,
having' himself been a witness of the fact, determin-
ed to refer the decision to the chance of battle. In
those days they did not have triaJs by judge and jury,
but decided causes by single combat ; tiiose who
were vanquished, were deemed guilty. The balllo
between tlie Chevalier' and the blood-hound took
place in the Isla of Notre Dame. The dog brought the
man to the ground. He confessed the murder, and was
beheaded. A monument in basso-relievo, represent-
iag the combat, still remains in the grand hall at the
Castle of Montar is in France.

It is recorded of a dog, belonging to a nob'enian
of the Medici family, that he always attended at his
master's table, changed the plates for him, and car-
ried him his wine in a glass placed on a salver, with-
out spilling a drop. This is surely a most astonish-
ing instance of canine sagacity ; but these attain-
ments were perhaps outrivalled by the dog wiio was
taught to speik. ^I'he dog alluded to, is mentioned
bv the French academicians; he lived in (lermany,
and could call, in an intelligible manner, for tea,
coffee, chocolate, &.C. The account is gi\ en by the
celebrated Leibnitz, and was briefly this: 'Tlio dog
was of a middling size, and was the property of a
peasant in fc'a.\ony. A little boy, the peasant's son,
imagined that he perceived in the dog's voice an
indistinct resemblance to certain words, and wag
therefore iktermined to teach him to speak distinct-
ly. For this purpose he spared no time or pains with
his pupil, who was about three years old, when his
learned education commenced and at length he made
such a progress in language, as to be able to artic-
ulate no less than thirty words. It appears, however,
tljat he was somewhat a truant, snil did not very
willingly exert his talents, being rather pressed into
the service of literature ; and it was necessary that
the words should be first pronounced to him each
lime before he spoke.'

Roasted ILtin. — The chief dish was a reasteil
ham, wiiicli I had never before seen, but which
ibev have to recommend to all who are not above
the enjoyment of dining well. This is nol hm
nniisual dish in Spain when it is intended lo treat
a guest well. — Ingles' Spain.

156

NEW ENGLAx>}D FARMER,

Nov. 30, 1831.

Slorticultural.

Proceedings of the Executive Committee of the Mass.

Hort. Society, at a meeting held at the Hall

of the Institution, on Saturday, the 19(/i of j\0'

vernier, 1831.

The following report was maJe by the Presi-
dent, U. A. S. Dearborn.

Since the last meeting the following letter from
J. II. Van Zandt, Esq. of Albany, has been re-
ceived.

Albany, Ocl.31, 1831.

H. A. S. Dearbor.-i, Esq.

Dkar Sik — I have shipped by tlie Schooner
Grecian for Boston and to the care of the agent of
your society, IMr J. 13. Russell, a box of seeds &c,
of the choicest kind we could collect in our neigh-
borhood, and have also sent by Mr Tucker of Bos-
ton, 5 ears of the large early White Corn, raised
by Mr Thomas Hillhouse, of this county, and is
highly esteemed by us.

I have also sent a few Black potatoes of a new
kind among us ; they are an excellent Potato to
keeji.

Should you find any of the articles sent worthy
of a trial in your new Garden of Experiment I shall
be much gratified.

Permit me, sir, at this time, to express to you
and to the Society the high sense and estimation
with which I hold the honor conferred on me, by
being constituted an honorary ineuiber of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society.

Accept my best wishes for your health and
happiness, and for the prosperity and duration of
the Society.

I remain, dear sir.

Most respectfuUv yours,

J. R.' Van Zandt.
The subjoined e.'itract of a letter from Col.
Thomas H. Perkins, I obtained permission to lay
before the Society, although it was not written
with any other view, than to ilo me a kiinlness.
Having some years since built a Vinery three hun-
dred feet in length, where he has inostsuccesslully
cultivated a great variety of grape.*, as well as
poaches and nectarines, he has during the past
summer erected another edifice two hundred and
ninetysix feet long, combining vineries, peachcr-
ies and a green house, on the tnost approved plan ,
and as it is highly important that such extensive
experiments should be generally known, tlial others
who may be induced to imitate the example,
mi"ht avail of the information which Col. Perkins
has acquired, I believed that all persons interested
in horticultural pursuits would be pleased to read
the extract, which I have been allowed to make.
Col. Perkins has made great successful eflbrts
to advance the culture of choice fruits, as well as
to encourage a taste for ornamental gardening, as
is well known by those who liave visited his beau-
tiful grounds. From his extended commercial
intercourse with all parts of the world, he has been
enabled to collect numerous rare and valuable
trees and plants; and with that liberality, for
which he is distinguished, he has freely distributed
them throughout the country. Such munificent
patrons of useful and ornamental planting, not
only accelerate the progress of horticulture, in
tlieir immediate vicinity, but the influence of their
practical operations is extended over the Repub-
lic, and will be gratefully remembered by their
fellow citizens.

Ellracl of a Idler from Col. Ttiomas H. t'erkins.

Bosloii, VVedin-sila.v Eve.
My Dear Sir — I shall call on you in the
morning to take you to Brookline, and save you
the trouble of making memorandums in relalioYi
to the mode of heating hot houses by hot, not boil-
ing water which would raise steam. The water
is not heated ab(^fcl90 ilegrees. I gave you the
principles upon wTiich the present mode of heat-
ing is based. — .-Vt one end of a house of 56 feet,
intended as a hon.se for exotic plants, I have a
boiler of about 80 gallons ; into the upper part of
this boiler is introduceil a pipe of cast iron of 4J
inch bore ;this pipe is introduced at the angle of the
house into an elbow, from whence it is taketi by
two pipes of same dimensions iiuo a reservoir at
the end of the house of the same size of the boiler.
The reservoir is of thick Russia Iron, with a
cover; the pipes run horizontally fom within 3
inches of the top of the boiler to the same level in
the reservoir. At the lowest point of the reservoir
the water is returned through a third pipe from the
receiver to the boiler on the same level. The ex-
pansion of the umter by heat, ilrives the water from
the boiler through the upper set of pipes into the
reservoir, and from thence it is taken by the low-
er set of pipes again to the boiler, where it is heat-
ed and is thus perpetually circulated, giving off an
equable heat competent to all tlie Vrarmth required.
The advantage of this mode of heating over flues
or steam a| paratus is great; iti flues the fires
iimst be carefully kept up through frosty nights, or
your plants are in danger; with steam, though the
heat is soon up, yet when the water is below the
boiling i)oint the heat is soon lost. With hot water
not above 190 ileg. of Fah. left by the gardener at 8
o'clock in the evening, heated by -Anthracite Coal
and with the dampers nearly closed, the state of
the house if ordinarily tight, will be found in the
morniiig within a very few degrees of the state in
which it was left twelve hours before. — This
mode of heating houses was suggested and put
in practice first by Atkinson, from whom I had
my watering plans and directions. It is said tljcy

is 15 feet within, the same width without the house,
and filled the space with old stable and slaughter
house manure with an equal quantity of virgin
soil and sods — this has been trenched the whole
width three timed to the extreme depth.

Tlie other end of the house I treated in the same
manner, except that in place of rich manure, I |)ut
iTierely good soil though not rich — this was done
to the same width as the other end of the house.
The centre house is filled with stone except the
place occupied by the pipes and the cistern and a
bonier for creeping plants. 1 used 201 thousand
bricks ill the Widls — between 26 and 27 thousaml
stpiarcs of 6 inch Crown glass — the sashes weigh
aliout 2400 lbs.; the glass is lapped only one eighth
of an inch, and without putty between.
Your frieiul and servant,

T. II. Perkins.
It being desirable to extend our correspondence
over every portion of the globe, I have endeavor-
ed to ascertain who were the most conspicuous
for their devotion to the cultivation of the soil in
the various co\nitries, with which we have a di-
rect intercourse, and through the mediation of a
frieiul have been made acquainted with the char-
acter of Don Francisco Agiiilar of Maldonado, in
the Banda Oriental, South America. He is dis-
tinguished fi>r his attention to the cultivation of. all
the varieties of fruit trees, and economical plants,
which will flourish in that delightful climate. He
has recently sent orders for many of our fruit trees.
Cereal grains and seeds of esculent vegetables,
and has forwarded grape vines, and numerous
kind of seeds, of that region, to several gentle-
men of this Commonwealth, who stale that he is
desirous of opening a correspondence, and to in-
tcrc.'iange the vegetable productions of the two
Americns.

iieing extensively engaged in ngricitltural and
liorticnltnral pursuits aiul largely concerned in the
commerce between this country and the territories
bordering on the Rio de la Plata and Paraguay,
and holding the office of Consul of the United
States, it would lie highly beneficial to the Socie-

have been improved upon by Tredgold. I have

seen Atkinson's plan most successfully operated l <.V- to "»'»'' 'f his services, and it is recommended

upon by gentlemen both on the continent and in O.

Britain — there may be improvements ; I know of

none which I think such. It is thought one fire will

heat the length of a house of 75 fi;et of moderate

height. The house I have heated is o6 feet anil the

length of pipes 150 feet, being two upper and one
lower pipe, and my |)ipe retnrns double on the
ends of twenty feet, working the whole length 190.
The whole extent of my house is a few feet short
of 300 — the centre 20 feet wide and the back wall
20 feet high, is intended for a green house ; the
water from the whole extent of glass is collected
in a cistern, which contain 70 hogsheads of water,
say 7000 gallons — a copper pump raises the water
is a cistern, from whence it is distributed, by the
medium of leaden pipes, with occasional oftset
pipes at every part of the entire house. About 120
feet at each end of the green house composes a
grape house, or rather two grape houses of 60 feel
each and peach houses divided in the same man-
ner, making 240 feet, which is 15 feet wide within
the walls ; the back wall 17 feet high, except in the
rear of the green house where it is 20 feet, the front
wall is about 3 feet above ground exclusive of three
feet of glazed sashes and stands on brick piers 3.^
feet apart to give the roots fair range. — lu that por-
tion of the house intended for grapes, I displaced
the old soil 41 feet deep and thirty feet wide, that

that he be elected a corresponding membe

The following books have been recently receiv-
ed from our attentive and most valuable agent and
fellow member. Col. Thomas Aspinwall, Consul
of the U. S. in London.

1st. A guide 10 the orchard and Kitchen Gar-
ilen, by George Liudley, C. M. H. S. 8vo. price 13
shil. ster.

Tlii.s work was published last July. The author
was occupied during nearly forty years, in prepar-
ing the materials for the press, and was aided in
the editorial department by John Liiiilley, Enq.
.Assistant Secretary of the liorticnltnral Society of
London. It contains a complete account of tlie
fruit trens and vegetables cultivated in Great Biv
tain, and in a form so conden^^ed as to compre-
hend the greatest quantity of information in the
smallest compass, and which at the same time is
siifliciently dilTuse to reinler it possible for the
reader to acquire as much knowledge as is either
important, or inilispensaWe, in regard to any particu-
lar variety. Those points, which are so peculiarly
interesting to the |)ractical operations of garden-
ing, have been in all cases treated with especial
care; such as the kind of soil upon which a
given variety of fruit will best succeed. The com-
parative value of each kind, — the aspect that it
requires, — the different names under which it ig

Vol. X.— Nn. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

157

known in Eiigland, or elsewhere, — the book in
whicli a tuitlitul figure nsiy be fdund, — tlie pur-
poses f.ir whi(!h it is iuhipteil, — the seasons vvlien
ill the greatest perfection, — ;ind the mode of pro-
pagating, pruning and training.

Tliere are exact descriptions of the following'
fruits.

Almonds, 3 varieties.

Apples, 214 «

Apricots 14 "

Cherries, 28 "

Currants, 6

Figs, 27 "

Gooseberries, 24 " with a catulogue of

722 kinds.

Grapes, 62 varieties.

Melons, 24 "

Peaches, 60 "

Nectarines, 28 "

Nuts, 8 "

Pears, 162 «

Pine-apples, 37 "

Plums 60 "

Quinces, 3 "

Raspberries, 22 "

Strawberries, 62 ''

Total, 724 varieties.

The best varieties of esculent vegetables for the
Kitchen Garden are enumerated and the most ap-
proved mannerof cullivaling them lucidly treated;
and there is a very instructive Kulendar of work
to be done in the Fruit Garden for each month in
the year.

Tills work is an invaluable addition to our libra-
ry and should be reprinted in this country, for
there is no book that would be so universally ac-
ceptable to the cultivators of fruits, and the pro-
prietors of public and private gardens.

2d. Pyins Mains Brentfordiensis, or a Concise
Description of Selected Apples, by Hugh RonaMs,
F. II. S. Nursery man, Brentford, with a figure of
each sort drawn from nature ; 4to, price five
guineas.

Mr Ronalds says, in the introduction, ' that after
more than half a centary of constant practical
attention, to their production, I have ventured to
publish a ilescriptive catalogue of those varieties
of the Apples, which I have thought most e.xcel-
lent, assisted by my daughter Elizabeth, who has
drawn them on stone, from S|)ecimens of my own
growth.'

The descriptions are concise, and disposed to
point out, in a plain way, the distinct characters
and qualities of each kind, with the name by
whicli each is most generally known. The habit
of the tree is given, with its history. Lists are
added fur the orchard, extensive and smaller gar-
dens, fur Paradise Stocks, for the purpose of sale
and for walls.

This is truly a magnificent work. Tliere are for-
tytwo plates on which are delineated one hundred
and ninety varieties of Apples, drawn and colored
in the most accurate and beautiful manner, jire-
senting a meritorious example of female taste,
I skill and industry.

i Miss Ronalds has thus erected a splendid orna-
ment to Pomona, which is honorable to her coun-
try and will perpetuate her name among the
votaries of Horticulture, in every region of the
globe. IIow glorious for the age, that ladies
: ihould be contending for the jirize of renown, in
Bcience and the arts, and assuming that exalted

station in society, for which they were destined,
by the God of their creation. With minds capa-
cious and brilliant, and hearts more ardent and
sensitive than man, they have an illustrious exiitn-
ple of genius and talent in Miss Ronalds, which
cannot fail of producing admirable results, in every
civilized country. In letters how rapidly has
the female character been elevated, and more
cheering indications of its progress, in the highest
intellectual attainments. What the lords of crea-
tion can perform, woman can equal in either Jihy-
sical or moral achievements, and if we are not
derelict in duty, the period is not distant when
she will exhibit all her long neglected, but most
valuable qualities of admiration, the splendid de-
velopments of the mind. Psyche will resume
her sceptre, and the rival goddess of personal
charms be compelled to do homage to the more
lovely divinity of the soul.

Respectfully submitted by

H. A. S. Dearborn,

Pies. Mass. Hon. Soc.
Brinley rincc, I
Nov. 18, 1831. i

Resolved, that the thanks of the Society be
presented to J. R. Van Zandt, Esq. for his valuable
donation of seeds, ;^nd that they be divided anion"-
the members, on Saturday next.

Don Francisco Aquilar, Vice Consul of the Uni-
ted States at Maldoiiado, in the Banda Oriental,
South America, was admitted, corresponding mem-
ber.

Although the following article was published
in the Plough Boy eight or ten years ago, and a
long controversy ensued, still we find many per-
sons of much respectability, very positive that
chess is the production of wheat. They eay thoy
have examined it closely, and almost detected it
in the very act of turning into chess. In the
hopes of leading farmers to more careful experi-
ments, we continue the subject, and recommend the
following to their attentive perusal. — AT.Y.Farmer.
ErtiacI from an ^Iddress delivered before the

Jlf^ricultural Society of Cayuga County. Bv

David Thomas.

'I should greatly regret that the quantities of
tvheat and barley cannot be so expeditiously and
accurately deiermined, were it not that the quality
ratlier than the quantity ought to be the criterion
'of merit. Although good crops are greatly de-
^ pendent on the hand of industry, yet wheat and
barky are less so than any others and sometimes
these apjiear so capricious, that were we reo-ulatecl
only by the quantity we should adjudge our jueini-
um to tlie undeserving. There are other methods
however, by which the careful farmer may be
distinguished. The cockle, the chess, and various
other weeds which i)olliite and impoverish the
crop, will stand witnesses against the former class
of ciiliivators; and I earnestly recommend that no
premium be adjudged to him who may permit either
of those two nuisances to remain in his f elds. I
trust there are not many who will think these
conditions unreasonable. On a former occasion
I called your attention to the subject of cockle. It
was shown that the seed will lie for years, if not
for ages, in pasture land ; and I suggested that our
care ought chiefly to be extended to this plant
before it attain maturity. The employment of the
rolling screen, as a precautionary measure, may
also prove important. But whatever means the
farmer may adopt totally to extirpate this plant,
he will be encouraged during its prosecution, by

the conviction that the perverted vigor of no other
seed wilt reproduce it.

' I wish for the credit of some farmers that they
could feel the same confidence of destroying c/iess.
The vulgar opinion respecting the origin of this
plant is too well 'known to need a recital, but
perhaps all of you do not know that some are
inditrerent about its mixing with seed vvlieat or
seed rye, alleging that it is never produced by its
own seed. When error of opinion results in a
liractice so preposterous, it is time to enter our
protest. Perhaps we have all been told of the
appearance of this plant in fields of grain where it
was never sown ; but this seed is so small as to ren-
der its dilection by a careless observer improbable. It
is trne that botanists have given us long lists of
niule or hybrid plants ; but chess has never had a
place assigned in this catalogue. It is not even
pretended by the advocates of this notion that the
seed wheat from which this monster is said to
rise, was the offspring of vegetable adultery ; they
admit that the wheat may rise perfect bom the
ground, but after being injured by cattle, or in
unfavorable situations, its nature becomes changed,
and the stalk instead of being crowned with the
golden grain is only burdened with the shrivelled
chess. Now, it would be safe to assert that noth-
ing analagous to such transformation can be pro-
duced from the vegetable kingdom. It may not
be irrelevant however, to remark that chess, though
a weaker plant than wheat is yet more hardy ; and
accordingly, where wheal is thick, and Jlourishing
the chess droops among the stubble ; lint, whert
cattle or excessive moisture have injured the wheat,
chess springs with renewed vigor and fills the
vacancy.

' But I am well aware of the inefiicacy of reason
in combatting inveterate prejudices which have
been cherished fiom infancy; and to convince the
believers of that doctrine that it is founded in
mistake, and uiiworlhy of enlightened minds, 1
shall refer to facts that admit not of contra-
diction. The chess is a perfect plant, as difierent
froiTi wheat, as the latter is from rye or barley, —
with seed completely capable of vegetating, and
known in science by the name of Bramus Sa-
calinus. The. botanist, who examines things with
inconi[)arably more care than the asserters of
this doctrine, — would no sooner admit this plant
to be ii degeneracy of nature, because it grows
in our wheal field, — than the zoologist would
admit the sheep to be the degenerate offspring
of the cow, because it feeds in the same |)a-ture.

' I shall mention another circumstance which
to some may appear still more conclusive. jJ
farmer who lives in the vicinity of Philadelphia,
and tvhose veracity, I have known by long inter-
course to be unimpeachable, InleUj assured me that
for many years not one stalk of chess had appeared
in his grain fields.'

Large Fruit. — We have never seen apples of
such enormous size, as have been brought to this
market this fall. It has not been uncommon to
see loads which would weigh from twelve to
twenty ounces each ; and in some cases, they
have been selected which would weigh tucntytwo,
three and four ounces. A pear was raised in
Pittsford, which weighed fortynine ounces and
a half. We doubt whether any part of the Uni-
ted States has produced fruit of the same varie-
ty, of greater size and better quality than old
Genesee Gen. Farmer.

158

BOSTON, WEDXESnW EVENING, NOV. M, 1831.

FATTENING SWINE.
The corn ffiven to yonr swine should be soaked,
bdilcl, or sromA into meal. It i£ an a.lvantarre to
let the foo^l for swine ferment a little, but not be-
come very sour, before they are fVa )Y"V";^
DouHi made of meal and water mi.'ced with boiled
potaroes, is e.xcellent for swine. Their lodgings
should be dry, warm, and kept clean, i ■' prevent
measles and other disorders, and increase their
appetites, a little brimstone now and then, given
in llieir dough, is useful. Change ot !ood ,s advisa-
ble in every stage of tlieir existence. They shoii d
receive their nieals with regularity. Tney should
always have as much food as they will eat up clean :
but never more than that quantity. If the issues in
their forc-leo-s should be stopped, they should be
rubbed open^with a cob. ' Rubbing and curry;ng
their hides very frequently is of advantage to keep
UP perspiration. It is grateful lo the annuals, as well
as conducive to their health. Every stye should have
a rubbing post.' i i . j

'Having occasion,' says Marshall, a celebrated
Enn-lish writer, ' to shift two hogs out of a stye wilh-
oiit^one, into another with a post, accidentally put
up to support the roof, he had a full opportunity ot
observing its use- The animals, when they went in,
were dirly, with broken ragged coats, and with dull,
lieavv countenances. In a few days they cleared
away their coats, cleaned their skins, and became
sleeky haired ; the enjoyments of the post were dis-
cernible even in their looks, in their liveliness, and
apparent contentment. It is not probable that any
animal should thrive while afflicted with pain or un-
easiness. Graziers sutler single trees to grow, or
put up dead posts in the ground, for their cattle to
rub themselves against ; yet it is probable that a rub-
bincr post has never been placed intentiomilly in a
stve; though perhaps for a two-fold reason rut>b.ng
is most requisite for swine.'— Loudon has the lollow-
inf observations: . -

"llocr-stycs for the breeding or fattening ot
6\vine,'are mostly built in a simple manner, requiring
only warm dry places fur the swine to lie in, with
smair areas before, and troughs to hold their food.
They are generally constructed with shed-roots,
and seldom above si.x or seven feet wide, with heiglit
in proportion. In order that they may be convenient,
they should be at no great distance from the house ;
and the less they are connected with the other tarm-
buildin<rs the belter. In some cases, it imsrht 1)6 ol
utililv t°) have them connected with the scullery, in
such a way. as that all sorts of refuse articles might
be readily conveyed to them by pipes or other con-
trivances. When at a distance, they should be so
placed as that the servant; need not enter the tarin-
vard in feeding them. It is a circumstance ot vast
advantage in the economy of labor, as we 1 as food,
to have themconvenientlv situated and built. I lougn
swine are generally, perhaps from a too partial view
of their habits, considered as filthy anima s, there
are no animals which deli.orht more in a clean and
comfortable place to lie down in, and none that
cleanliness has a belter effect upon with respect
to their thriving and feeding. In order to keep them
dry. a sufficient slope must be given, not only to the
inside places where they are to lie, but to the out-
side areas, with proper drains to carry off all mo'S"
ture. Tlie outsides should also be a little elevated,
• and have steps up from the areas of at least five or
six inches in height. Hog-styes should likewise
have several divisions, to keep the different sorts ot
swine separate ; nor should a great many ever be al-
lowed to go together ; for it is found that they teed
better in small numbers, and of equal size, than when
many of equal sizes are put together. Proper divi-
sions must, therefore, be made ; some for swine
when with the boar ; others for brood swine, and for
them to farrow in ; for weaning the pigs, for fatten-

NEW EN^tT.APsD FAimER^

I ing, &c. When convenient, the areas should be
pretty large. And where it can be had, it is of great
use to have water conveyed to them, as it serves
many useful purposes.'

Valpnrnisu Sqiiashes.— Our friend and corres
pondent. Mr A. Robinson, of Portsmouth, N. H. has
raised 27 of these larse South'American Squashes,
from tw^o vines— they'weighed from 15 to 20 lbs.
each— the flesh is of a bright gold color, very close
solid grain, boils tender, and is pronounced by Mr
R. to"be of a superior quality to any he has ever
raised.

CHICKEN GRAPE.

Exlrid frim n Ifiur frnm Jnliii Arllum, E q. (.Vorselown, D. C'
t.> Ihe EHllor ofliie New Englimd Fanner.
I have purrhaspd this year for the iinrpns'i of
ipaking wine, abonl 200 hnsliels of llie chicken
grape from persons that gathered them in the
woods. I was surprised at the good quality of
most of them. Many of the berries were as large
and some larger, than the Meum'er or M'lkr's liur-
gunrlt/. A Inishel of clusters we glied from 34 to
36 lbs. and many of lliem were of fair quality for
the table. A Imsliel of grapes produced nine
quarts of pure juice. Some were more shrivelled
and produced from five to seven quarts of rich
juice to which I was obliged lo-add some wafer
to di.^solve the juice that adliered to the skin.
From this px()erimeiit I rest quite satisfied that if
the best native fall grapes were iiitrodiired intnonr
vineyards, we sluuild make a red wine that would
hear a comparison with any of the wines nntv im-
portPil from Europe, for I have not lasted real
•rood c/rtrfMhese iweiilv five years ; neither is the
port such ns we ii.=pd to drink 30 to 40 year.s since.
' Some of the best clusters of the grap<'s above
mentioned were nearly afoot long, with shoulders,
the berries the size of the claret grape ; oilier
bunches were from 6 to 8 inches long.'

KNICKEKBOCKER PICKLE.

We have several times, since the commence-
ment of the New England Fanner, published a
receipt for pickling beef and jmrk said lo have
heeu first used by Dutch families in the State of
New York. It has been tried by many persons
in Ihi.s' vicinity, and fully answered expeclalioii.
It is as follows. Take 6 gallons of water, 9
pounds of .salt, lualf coarse and half fine, 3 pounds
coarse Irown sugar, I quart of molassos, 3 ounces
salt petre, 1 ounce of pearlash.

Those ingredients form the pickle, whi<-li
must be well boileil and carefully skiinincd, and
when quite cold poured over the beef or pork
previously placed in the tub or barrel; then rover
your barrel cicsely to keep nut nil dust The
pickle should be sufficient to cover the beef or
pork. The above ingredients will make sufficient
pickle for one hundred pounds of pork.

A respectable and scientific cnliivator directs
to deduct three fourths of the violasses used in
this pickle. We presume that he approves of
the other ingredients.

. 1S31.

CHLORIDE OF LIME.
The disinfecting power of this salt was proved in
a lemaikable manner at the time of the July Revo-
lution ai Paris, in 1830. The Joimial des Connoiii-
saiices Usuelles for September, contains a letter
from M. Cliovalier lo M. D'Aicii, in which the
former states that in passing near the .Morgue, (a
place where person.* found dead are exposed to
view, in order that they may be owned and claim-
ed by iheir relatives or friends,) after ihe mem-
orable 'Tliree d.y^' he was offended by ihe pu-
trid exhalations which rose from ibe corpses of
some two hundred persons which bad been de-
posited there. Fearing 'the consequences that
might ensue, unless some precautions were adojit-
ed,'" he sent lo the directors of the Morgue, and
off red to supply them gratuitously with as much
cblcuide of lime as might be necessary lo arrest
[he iufeclion.

His offer was accepted, ami be jiroceeded to
the place where the deud bodi.-s were heaped
up, and which they were about removing. He
pre'paied a large quaniity of the chloride »nd
.spriukled it over them. As the bodies were borne
awav they exhaled a most fetid odor, but he per-
suaded tiie men who were employed in the work
to wash their hands in a solution of the salt, every
time ibey handled the bodies, which were also
well sprinkled with chloride. The dry powder
was scattered in every (dace where it was neces-
sary, anil the bodies us they wore jdaced in the
boat were covered with straw, ovtr which ihe
dry chloride was spread, and then s^priiiklcd with
water.

Noiwitbstauding the mass of putr.'fv ing mailer
the exhalations were completely overcome, or
neutralized by tlie chloride, of which the qnanliiy
ii.sed WMS only thiriyfive pound-s and cost, proba-
bly, less thnn two iloPars. — Boston Tran.

SWEET AUBURN. i

The sale of lots at auction, yesterday, iu the new j
cemetery at Cambridge, fully realized the highest [
expectations of all concerned. The fir^t choice |
was sold to Samuel Appleton, Ei-q. for $100;
secou'l choice to Benjamin Adams, for $6.5 ; third j
to Alibot Lawrence, for $50 ; several were struck
off at an advance of ,f 30, besides a large number, ]
at from §10 lo $15 each. The number offered
' was 200, each containing 300 square feet. — Trav.

A':w Haven ngaiiisl JVew'EaglandJor sweet pota-
toes.—Ur Henry Daggett of this city, has this sea-
son raised from one quarti-r of an acre of ground
sixty bushels of sweet potatoes. We challenged
New Eniiland, but we say in adilition, let this be
beaten iii Carolina ; ya, in the West Indies, if it
cm. There are in this lot, the largest and hand-
somest potatoes that we ever saw, and we have
been where ibey grow wild. There i.-i one of
the round kind that measures nineteen inelies in
circumference, ami wcighs'five pounds and one
ounce. Others are eighteen inches, and two feet
long. This is no fish stoiy, ihmigh it is a largo
one! Mr Daggett deserves a premium from every
agiicultural and horticultural society in the coun-
try, —^evi Haven RepuUicari.

The Portmoiith Journal mentions several in-
stances of consequences nearly fatal resulting from
persons sleeping in nn unvciUilateil apartment
warmed by charcoal. A caution on this subject
I needs to be repeated every winter. To sleep in
a close room where there is a lighted lamj), not
well trinimed, has also an injurious effect.

3/iem(?oii.— Mr Reynolds has rommnnicaled to
the Society of Arts in London a melliod of raising
melons without earth, manure or water. He em-
ploys tanner's bark, saw-dust, &c, to pnmiote the
veeelation of the seeds.

WALNUT trees!
These trees may be raised with trifling ex-
pense. Cul. Adoniram Crane of Berkley, in this

Vol. X.— \o. 20.

ANi) IIOIITICULTUUAL JOUUiNAL.

159

county, li;is a tree vvhii-li lie |)lantetl in 1S14, from
uliiuli lie gathtreil a large quaiiily of Sliagliarks
ol' a liiu; quality ihe |ueseiit srasoii. Tlie tree
five or six leet iVoiii llie gruund, measures lliiriy
iiiflifs ill circunifeionce. — Tlie nut uuistbe plaut-
ed ill llie fall season in (udc^r tu have tlie frost
operate u|ion it. It may lie planted either vviih
or without the outside covering or hu?k upon
it ; the sliell of the nut must not be cracUeil
liefore planting. The tree thus raised begins to
bear at five or six years old. Mr Crane lias a
nursery of tliese trees in a course of cultivation.
Taunton Reporter.

.Milk Sickness. — We have been informed by an
old residf'nt of this counry, that for llie last Ion
years he lias been in the habit of putting <aciii the
troughs and of salting his cattle upon the tar ;
and of mi.xing the salt witli it, as much as could
well be done, and that when bis cattle use the
salt anj tar freely, be lias never Inst cue to his
knowledge with Milk Sickness — hut if his cattle
stray or by any means are deprived of the use of
the salt and tar, he is sure to lose them — he salts
several times in the week, and very freely — we
know tliat our informant lives in the midst of
a neiglihorhood subject to this aftlicting com-
plaint and is worthy of all credit — Let others go
and do likewise — the experiment »nn cost but
little.

Cabbage Soup. — The liquor remaiuing in the
pot in wliicli cabbage, potatoes, and a sweet, fat
piece of beef have been boilfd, is a very pleasant
soup. Most house keepers in the country throw
it away or into the swill barrel.

The If'atir JTitli, iii Jamaica, which is like a vine
in size and shape, and grown in dry districts, is so
full of sap, that a plentiful draiighi is obtained, by
cutting a [licce two or three yards long and holding
it to the month.

Sago. — This is the starch of a tree which grows
in the East Indies. The natives cut llie stem and
branches in two, and dig out the pith ; this is then
washed, passed throtigb a perforated copper-plate,
to reduce it to grains, which are then dried and
form Sago of Comilierce. From the same tree is
obtained a liquor, as pleasant as our wine. From
the cotton, with which the leaves are covered when
young, clothing is maile ; when older, the leaves
are used instead of tilns for bouses ; the largest
also serves for building ; the two smaller yield a
kind of heni|i, fit for making ropes.

Two or three Compositors
Will find employment at this office.

Nov. 30.

Presses for Sale.
'' For sale at this office, or by J. G. Rogers, at Ihe Bos-
ton Type and Stereotype Foundry, one Superoyal Iron
Smith Press, warranted perfect, and one Medium Wash-
ington Press.

Also, two medium Iron Inking Machines, of Fair-
lamb's last improved manufacture. They have been used
but a short lime. Nov. 30.

Mackny Pigs.
For sale, 10 first rate pigs, of the genuine Mackay
breed. They are about six weeks old, of good size and
fine form. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer Office.

Fruit Trees.
Peach — Pear — Apple and Cherry Trees, very thrifty,
and in fine order for seltina, for sale at Win. Buckmins-
ter's Nursery, in Fiamingham. * Nov. 0.

Pear Steds.
For sale at the Seed Siore connected .with the New
England Farmer Office —

One bushel of fresh Pear Seeds, of excellcnl qnalily.
Nov. 30.

Flooring Boards, Ifc.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Pine, fur-
nished to order, leady planed (by sleam power) and
ton^ued or grooved, of any I'equiied dimensions. Quality
i^ood, and price lower lh:ni they can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, ja, 65, Broad street.

Seeds for Countrij Dealers.

Traders in the counlry, who may wi^li lo keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
Ihcy cm be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice, No. 504 North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assorlment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
liapers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental. Flower Seeds will be added on the same
terms, when ordereil, as welt as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Cor*;, &c, of different sorts.

[]j"The seeds vended at this cslablishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with short direclions on its nianagemenl, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Grape Vine Plants,

For sale at the garden of S. G. Perkins, in Brookline,
on the most favorable ternis. The plants may be seen
and purchased at the Garden at any time ; or ordei's may
belelt with Mr Perkius at his office, corner of Slate and
Congress streets.

The vines are from one to four years old, in fine order,
with wood enough of this year's growth attached to
nrost of the plants to make a dozen or more vines.

Chasselas, common white, 01 Muscadine.

Chassclas de Fontainbleau, or Thomery.

Chasselasd'Oie, Bar Sur Aube.

Chasselas, red.

Chasselas, Muscat.

Black Hamburg.

Black Cape.

Esperione, black.

Frankendalt, do.

St Peter's, do.

Zenfandel, by some called the Black Prince ; the
bunches produced on this vine are very large.

Isabella.

Muscat of .Alexandria.

Muscat, red.

Muscat, Grizzley.

Muscat, while frontenac.

Muscat, purple.

Conslanlia — the sweetest of all Grapes, and a great
bearer; the berries contain but one seed generally, and
someliniesnone at all. SAMUEL G. PERKINS.

Jewelry, Watches and Fancy Goods.
\VM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, ^'c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. tCT' Watches repaired and warranted.
European Leeches.
The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as lo enable him to be constantly supplied with the geti-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at
tcnlion. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
August S. eoptf

Buckthorns.
Gentlemen in want of litis valuable plant for live
fences can have young quicks about 3.4 (eel high, for
$3 per hundred, and plants 2^ feet higdi, for $2,50 per
hundred, by leaving iheir orders at Ihe office ol the New
England Farmer. They are raised in Ihe vicinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be well
packed A small charge will be added for freight.

tf'hite Mulberry Trees.
The subscriber has procured a plantation ot White
Mulberry Trees, of suitable size and age, which he of-
fers at a low rate at his Nursery in Worcester, in lots to
suit purchasers. 0. F1.SKE.

Worcester, JVov. 22, 1831.

PRICES OF COU.VTHY PItODUCE.

API'I.ES.russeiliiigs,
ASIlEri, pill. (Ir.M Mill,

I'earl.lirsisoii,
BEANS, while,
IIEEK, moss,

Cargo.'No. 1,
Cargo, No. 'J,
liUT'I'EK, inspecled. No. I, new, -
(y'ljEESE., new milk,

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUK, lJalliinore,Howard-slreel, -

Genesee,

Alexandria,

Balinnore. uharf,
fiRAIN, Corn, Ni.rtheru.

Corn, Souilierii Yellow, -

Rye,

Barley,
Oals,
ilAY,

HOG'S LARD, fii-sl son, new,
llnl'S, Islqualilv,
LIME,

I'l.AlSI'Ell PARIS relails at
I'ORK, clear,

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red 'J'op (northern)

RodClover, (norlhcrn)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, IMeriiio, full Wood, washed, -

Merino, mixed wiih Saxony,

Merino, lliree f*'url(is washed,

Mor. .w, ha olood,

Mermo, quai ler,

Naliv;*!, washed.

Pulled superfine,

Isi Lamb's,

2d,

3d, "

Isl Spinning,

Ivjshel
barrel

pound

cask.

Ion.

barrel

cwl.
pound

y. -to.
, - 60 3 0"
'112 (iU 113 0"
12a 00 130 Oj

1.0

,0

8 so;
7 CO
6 '23

G
3
1 I'i
5 75
fi 31
5 73

5 eo

Gs;

G7
75
108
4S
ID

9 id
11 0

1 7

3 00
Ifi IK)
13 00
13 00

1 87
50
10

9 00
58
70
52
50
43
44
62
66
40

9 0"

75O

G 3G

iB

4

0

1 50

6 50

6 60

5 8S

5 75

70

68

78

120

50

70

10 00

13 00

1 20
3 25

17 00

14 00
13 ,50

2 12-
7S
12

10 00
63
75
55
52
48
43
63

PROVISION MARKET.

I'.EEF, best pieces,
I'ORK, Iresh, besi pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
I'OULTIIY,
BUTTER, keg and luh,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Indian, retail
POTATOES,
CIDER, (according 10 qualily]

pound.

8

■*

G

'•

3.4

't

G

tt

4

t'

8

ft

12

ti

18

dozen.

18

bushel.

B2

"

i>2

"

37

barrel.

3 01)

40
4 00

BOSTON VEGETABLE MARKET.
Prices at Faneuil Hal .4/a;A-e(.— Cranberries, per
bushel, $1,60— Cauliflowers, per head, 17 els.— Cabbages,
per doz. 38 — Sweet Potatoes, per bu. .$1,50 — Chesnuts,
per bu. 2,25 — Shagbarks, do. 3,00 — Onions, per bbl. 1,50
— Winter Ciookneck Squashes, per 100 lbs. $1 — Small
Canada, do. I, DO — Carrots, 50 els.

Fi-esh ninte Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North .Market Street-

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present suason, from
one of the grealesi Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short direclions for its cullure»,ccompany the

JVcti) England Farmer's Mmanac for 1832.
Just published by J. B. Russell, at the office of the
New England Farmer, 52, North Market Street, and
Carter, Ilendee & Babcock, Washinglon Street, the
New England Farmer's Almanac, for 1S32, l.y T. G.
Fessenden, Editor of the New England Farmer — tho
Astronomical calculations by Robert T. Paink. Esq,

Cobb's Treatise on Silk.

Just published, and for sale at the Agricultural Wire-
house and Seed Store, No 505 North Market street,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growlii of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable Directions
for the Culture of Silk — In three parts — with colored en-
gravings. By J. H. Cobb, A. M. Published by direc-
tion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislature of Massachusetts. Price 374
ents. Oct. 26.

160

NE\\ ENGLAND FARMER.

Nov. 30, 1831.

MISCELLA^iY

Earl Fitz If'illiam. — The following story is so j
pi-elty in ilsolf, ;uiil so creditable to both parties, \
that we cannot re (use it a |ilace in our columns, i
A farmer called on Earl Filz William to represent
that liis crop of wheat had been seriously injured
in a field adjoining a certain wood, where his
Lordship's hounds had, during the winter, fre-
quently met to hunt — and he estimated the damage
his crops had suflered at 501. The Ea*! imme-
diately gave him the money. As the liarvest ap-
proached, however, tlie wheat grew, and in those
parts of the field that were most trampled, the
corn was strongest and most luxuriant. The
farmer went again to his Lordship ; ' I am come,
my lord, respecting the field of wheat adjoining
the wood.' 'Well, my friend, did I not allow
j'ou sufficient to remunerate you for your loss.''
' Yes, my Lord, I have found that I have sustained
no loss at all, and I have, therefore, brought the
50<. back again.' — 'Ah,' exclaimed the venerable
Earl, ' this is what I like — this is as it should be
between man and man.' He then entered into
conversation with the farmer, asking him some
questions about his family, how many children
he had, &c. His lordship then went into anoth-
er room, and returning, ])resented the farmer with a
check for lOOZ. ' Taltocare of this : and when your
eldest son is of age, present it to him, and tell him
the occasion that produced it.' — English paper.

The Farmer. — Happiness seems to have fixed
her seat in rural scenes. The spacious hall, the
splendid equipage, and the pomp of courts do
not soothe and entertain the mind of man in any
degree, like the verdant plain; the enamellifd
mead, the fragrant grove, melodious birds, the
sports of beasts, the azure sky, and the starry
heavens.

It is undoubtedly a fact, that in proportion to
our population too many leave the occupation of
the agriculturist, for other employments. If
this arise from its being considered that the em-
ployment of the farmer is not respectable, it is a
very great mistake. Everything is honorable,
which is useful and virtuous. This is an employ-
ment instituted by God himself, and by him par-
ticularly owned and blest. It is that on which
everything depends. True, it is laborious ; but
then labor brings health, and health is the fotm-
dation of the farmer, is the condition of inde-
pendence. His little dominion is his own, his
comforts are his own, and he is not at the mercy
of the public wliim and caprice. — It is not ne-
cessarily the case, in this happy country, especial-
ly, that the farmer must be a stu))id ignorant man.
He is taught in his youth the first rudiments of
education, and he has many spare hours to read.
In the heat of a summer's noon, and by the long
winter evening's fire, he has much time for his
books, and in this country they are placed within
the reach of all.

Lad;/ Kent. — Lady Kent articled with Sir Ed-
ward Herbert, that he should come to her when
she sent for him, and stay with her as long as she
would have him, to which he set his liand ; then
he articled with her that he should go away
■^jwhen he pleased, and stay away as long as he
' pleased, to which she set her hand. This is the
epitome of all the contract? in the world, betwi.\t
man and man, betwi.vt prince and sidiject ; they
keep them as long as they like them, and no
longer.

To make Sealing /far. — Those who use large
quantities of sealing wa.\ may find it economical
to make it, which is very easy. Take equal
weights of gum lac, vermilion, and pure Venice
turpentine. Melt them over a gentle heat, and
stir them well together. Take a detached portion
of the mass, and roll it with the hand upon a
plate of copper slightly heated ; or rather it may
be cast in a mould made on purpose, of plaster,
of horn, or of copper. Instead of vermilion,
other colors may be used, according to the tint
which it is desired the wax may have. — Jour, de
Connois. Usuelles, Sept. 1831.

To viake Rice Bread. — Boil a pint of rice soft ;
add a pint of leaven ; then three quarts of flour;
put it to rise in a tin or earthen vessel until it
has risen sufficiently ; divide it into three parts ;
then bake it as other bread, and you will have
three large loaves.

Polite Hint. — A courtier playing at piquet was
much teazed by a looker-on, who was short sight-
ed but had a very long nose, of course, put his
face very close to his cards, when he made his
observation. To get rid of so troublesome a
guest the courtier drew out his handkerchief, and
applied it to the nose of his officious neighbor.
'Ah ! sir,' said he, ' I beg your pordon, but I really
took it ibr my own. ,

From ihe Journal of Health.

M.'slinence a Beauttjitr. — On entering, says the
author of n Year in Spain, the cottage of the
llermano Mayor he came to the door to receive
me, signed the cross over me, and pressed my
hand in token of a welcome reception. Like other
hermits, the llermano Mayor wore a large gar-
ment of coarse cloth, girded round the middle
with a rope, and having a hood for the head.
The only covering of his feet consisted of n
coarse shoe of half-tanned leather. Yet theie
was something in his appearance, which would
have enabled one to single him out at once from
a whole fraternity. He had a lofiy and towering
form and features of the very noblest moid<l.
I cannot tell the curious reader how long his beard
was ; for after descending a reasonable distance
along the chest, it returned to expand itself in tln^
bosom of his habit. This man was such a one as,
in any dress or situation, a person woidd have
turned to look at a second time ; but as he now
Btooil before me, in addition to the effect of ids
apostolic garment, his complexion and his eye had
a clcaruL'ss that no one can conceive, who is not
familiar with the aspect of those who have prac-
tised a long and ricrid abstinence from animal food
and every exciting aliment. It gives a lustre, a
spiritual intelligence to the countenance, that has
something saint-like and divine.

A GOOD book and a good woman are excellent
things for tho.se who know how justly to appre-
ciate their value. There are men, however, who
judge of both from the beauty of their covering.

Cider cake is very good, to be baked in small
loaves. One pound and a half of flour, half a
pound of sugar, a quarter of a pound of Butter
half a pint of cider, one leaspoonfid of pearlasli ;
spice to your taste. Bake till it turns easily in
the pans, I should think about half an hour.

FRUIT TRKES.
For sale at the Kenrick Nurseries, in
Newtox, near Boston, a most extensive a?-
soi Inient of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plunw,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Aluionds,
Mulberries, Quinces, Raspberries, Gooscber-
1 Currant bushes. Grape A'ines of the best loreign
sons, and 25 finest varieties of Strawberries, including;
the most rare, productive and esteemed.

AI-o about 41-0 varieties of the most hardy ornamental
trees and shrubs, and superb hardy roses, including Silver
Firs, varieties of Spruce, Flowering Horse Chesnuta, '
Flowering Catalpas, Mountain Ash with beautiful elu»' .
ters ot red berries in autumn and winter. Purple Acacia,
Three Thorned and Thornless Acacia, Butternuts, Ailan- ;
thus or tree of Heaven, Elms, American and Scotch, ,
Su£;ar Maples, Weeping Willows, do. do. Napoleon from
St Helena tree. Honeysuckles. Many (f the above sorts
of trees of extra sizes, for ornamenting highways and
coniinons.

White Mulberries, genuine sort for silk worms,
by the 100 or 101)0 for Pl.'.ntations.

IsABELL-i and Catawba Grape Vines, either singly
or at reduced prices by the 100 or 1000.

China Roses, Chinese Chrysanthemums, Ob-
RAMCMS, ^c. fyc.

Wiitien orders addressed either to John or William
Ke-nrick, Newton, are regularly received by the
daily n^ail, and will be promptly attended to, or they
may if more convenleot be left wit'.i J. B. Russell, at the
New England Farmer otTice, where also, catalogues may
be (ililained gratis on application. But purchasers are m-
vited wlien convenient to call and examine the trees, 4*6,
tor themselves, and make their own selections ; but when
this is not convenient, then let them forward their oiv-
dcis, relying that the very best possible selection will be
iiiaile foi them. Trees when destined for a distant plaee,
are carefully packed either in clay or moss, and inatSa
and delivered whenever oidered in Boston free of any
charge for transportation. cptDl Oct. 19.

f[j^ Jlmrnvnilion

01 the lest qualitv ai.ii /oicfsfTiriccs, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELANU'.SPOWUER STORE,
fi I'.ruail'Street.

N. 15. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo rel^nucu an.

Ptar Seedlings.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52
North Market Street—

Pear Seedlings, of vigorous growth, and prt>m-
ising a])pearance, raised within six mile? o( Boston, in
fine order for nurseries — the largest size aro from 18 to
24 inches in length, the whole plant; pi ice $10 per
thousand ; the second size from 12 to 18 inches in length,
price $5 per thousand. They will be suitably packed
as wanted, for transportation to any distance. Oct. 19.

Binding.

Subscribers to the New England Farmer are informed

that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and

letleredi at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving Ihciu at the

Farmar otEce. Aug. S.

Published evrry Wednesday Evening, ,it gi per annum,
payable at the end of ihe year— but those who pay within
sistv d.aysfrnm theiinieof subscribing, are entitled to a de-
duction i.ffiftyrents.

\iy No paper wil' be sent to a distance without payment
bcin" made in advance.

Printed for J. 15. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wi-hes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
KussKLL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. iCENTS.

.V-wl'or/t— G. TuuKBURN & Sons. 67 Liberty-Street
A/binij—\\«. TiiuRBURS,3t7 IMarkelslreet.
I'hUttdelphia—]). & C Lanrreth.SS Chcflnut-slrcet .
BallinMie—G. H. Smith, Editorofihe American Farmer,
rincinnali—S. C. Parkhurst,23 Lower Markei-strect.
Fimhirig, N. Y. Wm . I'rinck &, Sons, Prop. Liu. lioi. garden
MulJlebury, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
//.<i//brrf— Goonwis & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Nfwbnryport, Erf.nkzkr Steijmas, r.ookseller.
Porlsmoiith, N. H.—i. W. FosTEiR. Bookseller.
PnrtUmil, iW-'.— Samuel Colhan, Bookseller.
.■hii'Hsta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifar, N. S.— P. J. HuLLA^■D, Esq. Recorder oSiee
Montreal.^. C— Henry Hillock.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAV EVENING, DECEMBER 7, 1831.

NO. 21.

© ® sa saw sr :i >sii a a CO sr So

HEATING HOT HOUSES BY HOT WATER.

D.isloi,, Nov. S5,183t.

Tiios. G. Fessenden, Esq.

Dear Sir — Permit ine to ask your opinion on
the lullowing iioiiils in lelalioii to lieuting' liot
bouses with hot wuter, as you nre hetter informiHl
])erlia[)s, th;ni :iny other person in this country upon
the principles of the niethoil generally ; auil heiiig
as I nmlerstiind nnicii interested in the suhject
may thiiilv it of itnportanre enongh to investigate
sucli facts as are not aheady familiar to yi)U.

Having as you know erected an apparatus for
heating a house eighty feet huig wiih hot water
upon principles wliich I supposed to b:; correct in
relaliini to the ohject I hail in view; that is, to
keep up a regular and safe heat, during our long

small one, than it can be with a large boiler and after the fire has gone out Inr^,- !..,il„,. ,7

large reservoir ; hut ihe heating ..f the house quick- dispensed with. " '"''"""' *"

ly is i,ot the only object to be obtained ; yon want There is another theory maintained hprp . „
not only to heat your house hut to keep up a suf- of the gentlemen referred ,,?"!'""',! ! ""^
ficent degree of beat many hours after the fire should have a small boiler and a hv^e r.«l ^"^
has gone out: to accomplish this there must be a in place of two ke.tles of equal size- l,v wITk

qual size ; by which
you can beat any given
s fuel, if not m le.«s time

■winter nighis, without the necessity of an attendant

after the usual time of retirement to rest, and with j to calculate 'the time the rooli'n.^ of the fluid wil

a view to the economy of fuel by this method over maintain the heat of the house.' That gentleman

quantity of water heated suHicient to produce means, it is contemhd
this effect. Mr Tredguld says in his letter to the quantity of water with 1

secretary of the London Horticultural Society in re- ,h:,n you can if the wattVl'rqnnlly'div'ideri,,' th«
v.ewMtg a comm.m,catn,n Iron. Mr Atkinson to that [ two vessels. I confess 1 cant.ot understand ho^
socjely on this subject, ' But the most nnportant of this can be done .

the properties of the hot water method, as fir.st ( Suppose for instance the size of your house
tried, consists m the power it has of keeping up should require 2S0 gallons of water heater! t!
the temperature ot the house for a long period keep up the temperature of the house ei.ht hou™
without attention from the attendant ; and it is en- af.er the fire has gone out ■ in one in-iL. 'T!
tnely owing to the excess of fluid that it has this f water is equally divided into two ke.il^s " 0 feet
advantage over steam heat ; and the exact know- from each other, each containing seventy gallon, of
ledge we now have of the heat which water con- water, making 140 gallons ; the rest of tbe w„,«r
tains, m proportion to its temperature, enables us j is contained in two pipes each

that of healing by smoke flues, [ have been some
what surprised by opinions that I understand have
been given by highly respectable genllemen in this
neighborhnod, which if correct, render my laburs
useless ami the expense I have been at a total loss ;
and for this error I am indebted to Mr Atkinson
the inventor.

As some genlinnen have taken directions fron
me with a view to establish a similar apparatus, I
think it niy duty lo make public my error, if I have
committed one, that ihey may be prevented frori
falling into a like mistake ; under these circunn
stances you will oblige me by showing the de-
fects of my ap|>aratns, that others may profit by
your experience and knowledge on this subject, if
it be no hinger in my own power to do so. The
first objection, I understand, which is made is to
large boilers and large reservoirs ; and as mine are
of this description it is an important one to me.
The second is to placing the upper pipe three inches
below the rim of the kettles, it being contended that
it ought to be placed tit the highest point in them ;
and as my pipe is according to the first ])lan
it must be useless. The thin! is depending on
hot water alone ; it being urged that there ought
to be a brick or smoke flue also in the house.
The fourth is the enormous quantity of coal
fuel that this mode of heatin

further says that gar leners object to large boilers
and large reservoirs, on account of the time it
takes to heat them ; but the excess of water over
and above what is necessary to heat your house
while the fire is kept up, is a reserve of heat to be
given out after your fire is extinguished and he re-
commends as an improvement of Mr Atkinson's
apparatus with a large boiler and huge reservoir to
pass the pipes through the water of the reservoir
as thus —

Tbit Mr Tredgold is in favor of large boilers
and hrge reservoirs where a reserved heat is re-
quirid to keep up the temperature of the house
afte| the fire is out, and that he thinks them abso-
jlutcy necessaiy, appears in many instances in his

requires where the j letter to the secretary. Referring to one of his
apparatus is large. And the fifth is one that does not | shajow boilers he says; ' if a boiler h^ive suffi-
immeiliately afiect me, but does others who have ciett surface to receive the efject of the fire, and
two pipes running from the upper part of their : thewhole apparatus contains as much water as will
kettles while they have but one lower pipe of cofvcy the heat from the fire to the heatiii" sur-
Bqnal size to return the water from the reservoir to J fae in the time corresponding to its velocity its
the boiler. It is said that if there he not two lower : capacity need not be further increased, except as a
pipes where there are two upper ones the one ibnt n-eervnr of heat lo act when thejire ceases lo burn.'
returns the water to the boiler ought to be equal in What does this mean? Why if you want a
size to both the upper ones. jtepporary heat, or one that can be kept up while

In answer to the first objection, I must observe yoir fire is burning under the eye of an attendant.

that the terms large and small in this case are
relative, and cannot be defined except in connex-
ion with the size of the house to be heated, that is,
the number of cubic feet of air which the house
contains, and the tiine that it is desirable to keep
up the heat after the fire is extinguished.

There is no doubt that a house may be heated
much sooner with a shallow broad bottomed boil-
er without any reservoir at all, or with a very

a hallow or small boiler will answer your pur-
pifee ; but not so if you want to keep up the heat
up,' time alter your fire has gone down. So he
si»p again. ' Where lieat is required onbj during
tlU action of thejire, a large surface in proportion
toits capacity may be used with ailvanlagi; to give
of heat over the descending pipe.' Mr Tredgold
eenis to think that where a reserved heat is re-
fliired to keep up the temperature of the house

. . 0 feet long with

a bore large enough to contain the residue of the
water, or 140 gallons more, making- in all the 280
gallons to be heated ; this is the case in my house.
In the other case the water is distributed into'
two kettles, the boiler containing only twenty gal-
lons and the reservoir 120 gallons and the pijies, as
before, 140 gallons ; making, as in the |.receding
case, 280 gallons in all ; can the 280 gallons of
water in the last distribution be heated sooner, or
with less fuel, to the temperature of 135 deg. than
it can in the former one ? Tliis is a question of
importance and if it can be truly answered in the
ufBrmative, then I cannot account for the oversight
of jMr Tredgold in not mentioning it as an im-
provement on Aikins-n's plan, if it be one in fact.
But suppose that it could be heated with less
fuel and quicker too ; the question then arises,
would It answer as well to keep the house at a
proper temperature during the night at both its
ends ? The fire being extinguished the whole
mass of water soon becomes of the same tempera-
ture ; in the reservoir however you have six times as
much water giving out heat as you have in the
boiler ; will not ti.e end where the reservoir stands
be kept warmer and warm enough, when the other
end of the house will he cold .' — But Mr Tied-
gold has given plates of seven difl^ercnt modes
of heating hnt-houses by liot water, six of which
iliffer from Mr Atkinson's, four of the six are with
shallow boilers and no reservoirs ;— one with a
large deep boiler and no reservoir ; and one with
deep boiler and deep reservoir covered at the top
with high upright pipes, both in the boiler and re-
servoir for the purpose of carrying the w ater over
a door in the house ; but the apparatus with a smcUl
boiler and large reservoir, he seems to have for-
gotten.—This may be seen in his letter to the Sec-
retary of the Horticultural Society, No. vii., part
iv. of the Transactions. — It does appear to me
that if this mode of heating with a small boiler
and largo reservoir had possessed any advantages
over two large kettles of equal size, Mr Tred-
gold must have seen it. I am more particular oa
this point, because several gentlemen have men-
tioned it to me as an imjirovement on my appa-
ratus— not that I ever for a moment could under-
stand, or believe in its efficacy.

The next objection made to Atkinson's appa-
ratus is the placing the upper pipe three iucbe*

162

NFAV ENGLAND FARMER,

Do.-. 7, 1831.

lielow the liiim of the kettle. — It is nrg«d thatUvithin bonnils. liiat a hiicU flue wouhl eoiisuiiie in
it (>ii"ht 10 lie phieed at ihe hightst [".iDt in the ii liuihliiig of the same (rnneiisidus. Hut 1 maybe

mislakeii, aiul shall wail until I can test the rael,as
I hope lo lie able to do the eomiri; winter.

The fifth (ibj;;ction lo Mr Aikiiisoii is the in
troiliiclioii of iwo pipes at the upper part of ihc
kettles to convey the waier from the hoiler to the
reservoir and one only at ilie hotlom to return
the water from the reservoir lothe b<iller.

It is s.iid that ihat the pi|>a lielow must lie as
large as lioth tliMSc at the lop or the circiilati m
will he L-lierked — Is this eorrect ?

When the water in the holier is heated to
a proper temperature it will be raised hy e.\pan-
sion, as in the case hefne statcil : — ' and a]tlioii;;h
llie density of the water in Ihe boiler will de-
crease in ronsef]Mcnce of its expansion yet as soon
as the head or colnmn of fluid in the boiler above
the centre of the upper pipes is of a greater
weight than the column or head in the reservoir
taken from the same level, motion will commence
along the upper pipes IVom the holler to the res-
ervoir ; and the change this motion produces in
the eqnililirinm of the fluid, will cause a corres-

boiler ami reservon-.

Any one who looks at Mr Tredgol I'.s plates
will see that this is not the fact ; and the veiy
means by which the eircnhition is produced
through the apparatus shows that Mr Alkin>nn
is right in dinciiug the upper pipe to he plac-
ed three inches below the luiiu of the kettles;
for if yon were to place your upper pipe near the
rim of ths boiler, the mo"]nent ihe walcr was heat-
ed to a sufficient lemperaiure to produce a circii-
lation, your boiler would overflow and you would
lose alfthe advantage which is derived from its
expansion.

Mr Tredgold says—' the apr>iture of the upper
])ipe should iTot he more than about an inch be-
low the surface of the water, or as much as pre-
venis its drawing air in an open boiler.' Now
here is an inch of water allowed by Tredgold
above the upper part of ihe upper pipe in the
outset, when the water is all cold. — ' If heat be
applied to the boiler,' continues Mr Tredgold 'the ^
eifect of the heat will exjiand the water in the
boiler, and its surface will in conseiineiice rise to
a higher level.' This he marks in his plate about
one and half inches above ihe level of the water
when cold ; of course the water in the boiler is
raised two and a half inches above the upper part
of the pipe, and if there had not been suflicient
space left above the pipe, it would have run over :
and as the circulation depemls on this head of
water, through its tendency lo pro<lnce an equili-
brium, it cannot be dispensed with in any case, or
in any apparatus, whether open or closed, shallow
or deep, great or small, that I can perceive.

The third objection mode to Atkinson is, that
he depends altogether on his hot water' without
the auxiliary of smoke or brick flues, by the aid
of which, it is said, ;he teioinrMture for along
time may be raised many degrees above ihe heal
from the hot water pipes, and ihat ihis heat ought
not to be Inst. I had conceived ihat one of the
principal objects of heating with hot wnter, was
to get rid of smoke flues ; an<l Mr Tredgold seems
to me to favor ibis o[iiiiion very strongly. H
says in the letter to the secretary above refei
red to — ' The obvious advantages of this meth-
od are

1st. The mild and equal temperature it prod
ceB, for the hot snrfice cannot be hotter than
boiling water.

2d. The power of heating such a body of water
as will preserve the temperatiire of the house
many hours without atleniion.

3d. The freedom from smoke, and oilier efilu-
via of smoke flues,'

'In houses for [ilants,' says ho, 'these advanta-
ges are most important.' Here then Mr Tredgold
thinks one of the obvious advantages of hot water
apparatus is to exclude suioke flues.

The fourth objection made to this inode of heat-
ing with large boilers and large reservoirs is on ac-
count <if its great consumption of fuel ; which, if
well founiled, is a very serious one, and indeed
fatal to its usefulness where economy is an object.
But I can see nothing in Mr Tredgold's communi-
cation which justifies this belief. From my own
experience, which is to be sure but small, I should
doubt the fact. On the contrary, I believe that a
house eighty feet long may be kept at a (iroper de-
gree of temperature during the tvventyfour hours,
by this method, with one liiird the fuel, to spoak

ponding motion in the lower pipe from the reser-
voir to the boiler,' so says Mr Tredgold. — Now
when ten gallons of water are displaced from the
boiler through the njiper pipes, is there not a cor.
responding quantity let into the bottom of this
vessel from the lower pipe immeilialely, to pro-
duce the eflTect above stated ? What odds does it
make wlutlier the lower pipe be smaller or larger
than the upper one.' it can only discharge so
much water in either case into the boiler as will
prorluce the cquilibrinni above spoken of, and if
the lower pipe be larger than the upper one; the
water from it will move more slowly ; if it be
smaller, it will move more rapidly. This at least
is my view of the subject, and if 1 am wrong I
should like to be corrected. If I am right, tlien
it follows that tf the two upper pipes, each 4 nich-
es in dianieler, take off ten gallons of water from
ilio br.iler in ten si:coiids, the same qiiantin will
be repliiced from llie lower pipe (which s also
a 4 inch bore) in the same period of time ; bnl
the motion of the water in the lower |iip! vvi

be twice as great as that in the upper pipes. I '"^"" '^ ""' '"■'"'<■'' "' ^<^<»">"'y-

of this box there is one upper pipe only to con-
vey the uatcrto ihe reMu v. lir across the house
to the back wall, where it is placed. Fiom the
reservoir there is only one returning or lowerpipe
back lo the box in front of it, and ihence to tim
box in front of the boiler, and thence to the boil-
er itself. — It is said this ]dan is entirely defec-
tive. I own I should prefer to have the two
upper pipes run directly from the boiler to the res-
ervoir and lo have the lower pipe return in the
same manner. But if Mr Aikinson couimunica-
ted this plan to the secretary of the horiicnlturul
society, lam snri rised that Mr Tredgold di<l not,
in his review of ihat article, point out its defects.
I .-lioidil think that the ariile angles where the pipe.*
join the boxes would relani the circulation of
the water. 1 should also apprehend thai the sin-
gle upper pipe leading acro,ss the house from
the boiler ought to be large enough lo convey
as niuch water to the box in front of it, as i»
taken off" by the two upper pipes that run in
front of the building ; but experiment alone caii
sluAv the fact.

I have written you so long n letter I nm
ashamed to send it lo yon — but as you are as
interested in the subject as I am and know
iiiuch more than I do of its principles I trust you
will excuse the trouble I am giving you to peruse
and answer it.

With much esteem and respect, I am, dear sir,
Your obedient servant,

Samuel G. Perkins.
By the Editor. — Although my respected correspondent
ba« given me credit for much more science on the sub-
ject be has discus<!Ctl than 1 possess, [ cheerfully contri-
! ncle my iiiite lo the irensury of useful inlormat on.

Healing rooms, &.c, liy steam, is a modern invention,
I and (lie use ot hot water for warming hot houses is of
Ulill later orisin. In Ibc Lomlon Pliilosopliical Transac-
j lions for the year 1715, it is staled tlmt Col. W. Cook
suggested the idea of employing steam as a means of dis-
tributing heal. Steam has since Teen applied for that
I purpose in Great Britain and in the United States in va-
rious ways, and a great many patents have been granted
I in both tbo<e counliies for real or supposed iuiprove-
'The first of lhce«

The

Iv reason whv I should want mv ,„wer "'""'""•' "•■">•* ■'^''" ''"'■<=''='''<'• f^"""" "" "''"■"""«^ ""''

upper one is, because the

Ventilating Rooms, !rc. p. 11,) ' was granted lo John

ve lue iieat

pipe as lai-f^

greater its caliber the more water there is „ i.e 1 ""*■'*• "f "«'''^"'' '" '™'' "■<"■* """'<^ °'"<^°"""""'"''°8
healed to serve as a reserve heat ; and the greiter I ''"' '° ^i-"" ''""se". churches, &c. His plan consisted
the surftce over which this heat is given out a'ler'" """"-.viKK --t*^"'" i" PM'fs or lubes into, rounder
the fire is extiniruished. ihiough the place to be warmed; the pipes being first

In nn apparatus to be u.sed only during theat- ' '''""' '» 'heir highest elevation, and then descending
tendance of ihe gardener, if my upper pipe woiM | w'd> » gentle declivity to a cistern for tlie condensed

steam ; the supp'y of wafer to tlie boiler to be regulated
by a ball cock, (Rep. nf.lits, vol. I, p. 300— ."JOS old se-
ries ) Tliis scarcely diffars ;n Snylhing fiom Col. Cook'i
plan, which bad been known forty years sooner. In 1793
a patent was granted to .loseph Green, whose mode of ap-
plication was different, and has had ihe honor of being
adopted, with slight variations of lijrm, by a number of
later projectors. His method consisted in passing fresh
air through a worm or pipe, immer^r-ed in hot water or
steam, by which means the purity of the air was to b« .
preserved. When the beat v. as conveyed to a distance,
he says, * I inclose the pipes throujih which the warm
air is conveyed in large pipes to which the steam rises
fiom Ihe boiler— ('Re;), of Arts, vol. 1, p. 21— 24, old se-
ries.) Col. Cook's idea was neglected, no doubt because
tpiomised too much. Whoever attempted to warm a

h to raise the house to a |
per temperature, I believe a returning pipe of n:e
third the .size of the other would answer all tie
purpose required. The only question in ry
mind is, as the friction in small pipes is great-r
than in large ones, whether any obstruction arisiig
from thin cause would retard the motion .'

The. e is one construction of apparatus by Jr
A'kiuson which has been erected here under Is
written directions, of which I confess I feel inoe
ilouht as to it operation; it is this — the boiler beiii
in the shed behind the back wall of the lious,
has one upper pipe only leading from its tc)
across the end of the house to a square iron bx
in t1ie front of it. — From this iron box there ae
two u|)per pipes of the same size as the fiistnan-
eil leading along the front of ihe house fifty fefjlirge suite of apartments by the spare beat of a kitchen
into ano;her square iron box ; and from thesid I fire would fail, because <o small a quantity of heat it

Vol. X. -No. 21.

ANi> HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

163

quite iniitlcqii.itLi to proiluce such an cfl'ect. Bui, when
revived wiiii less pietensioti, steam was found to be a
couvenient ami economical mode ofdistiibuliug iieat.*

Loudoti says, ' Pipes of hot water have been proposed
to be circiil.ited through hot houses by Knight, {Hort.
Trans, vol. iii); tiie plan was Irieti many years ago by
the late GouM, gardener to Prince Potemkin, in the im-
fnense conscrvalocy of liie Taujidian palace at Peters-
burgh.' — Enc. o] Gard. p. 32S.

The advantage to be derived from heating hot houses
by hot water is the consequence of the great capacity of
water lor heat. Suppose a gallon of water was heated
to 212 degvees, the boiling point, an. I a «;allon of air was
«Iso heated to the same temperature. The water would
contain, according to the lowest estimate, (for philoso-
phers are not perfectly agreed on this subject.) _^wfi hun-
dred times as much heat as the air. If the water and
the air, when so heated, were each of them confined in
timilar water light and air tight vessels, in contact with
as much ice as each could melt in cooling, the hot water
would be found to have melted at least five htindred
times as much ice as the hot air. Water too, when heat-
ed, will be at least as much longer in cooling than air, of
the same temperature, as it contains more caloi-ic.

• Water,' says an eminent philosopher, 'appears to pos-
sess the greatest capacity for heat of any pure liquid yet
known, whcih.:r it be compared with equal bulks or
weights; indeed it may be doubted whether any solid or
liquid whatever contains more heat than an equal bulk
of water of the same temperature. The great capacity
of water arises from the strong affinity, which both its
alements, hydiogen and oxygen, have for heat Hence
it is that solutions of salts in water, contain generally le<s
heat in a given volume than pure water; for salts in-
crease the volume of water, as well as the density, and
having mostly a smaller capacity for heat, they enlarge
the volume of water more than proportional to the beat
they contribute.'*

It is, however, remarked by Mr Tredgold, that the
boiling points of solutions of salt and some other liquids
are higher than the boiling point of water. Linseed oil,
for instance, will not boil until it is heated 600 degrees,
or made almost three times as hot as boiling waler. Con-
requenlly we should need only one third as much sur-
face of pipe, and one third the capacity of boiler and
reservoir lor heating a given space with boiling oil as
with boiling water. But solutions of salts are corrosive,
and oil very inflammable, as Mr Tredgold correctly ob-
serves. On the whole, we believe there is nothing like
water to seize and retain the heat produced by combus-
tion, and prevent its escape into the open air before it
has been subservient to any purpose of economy. —
Steam is an excellent agent to carry ami distribute beat.
■ With the help ol a little skill in its management, it will
go where you bid it, and leave its commodity ol caloric
where most needed. But it carries but little heat at a
load, in proportion to its bulk and temperature. It re-
quires large surfaces of pipes or other receivers, in pro-
portion to the space it warms. And iri a few minutes
after the fire which creates it slackens or is extinguish-
ed, the vessels it filled become as cold as the air which
surrounds them. Hot water carries and distributes much
more heat than steam in proportion to its bulk and tem-
perature, requires less appara'us, and heated surface for
emanating a givn quintily of lieat, and will caniinue
to give out warmlh for hours after its supplies from th
&re place are cut off. But it must be dealt wilh accord-j
ing to the laws of hydraulics and hydrostatics, and though
more efficient when it begins to act, is not so readily
brought into action as steam.

Willi regard to large boilers, and large reservoirs,
which Mr Perkins says are objected to, ^ve can say noth-
ing either from Oiir own experiments, or Iroin personal
observation ; and shall merely give the opinions of such
writers as we have been able to consult ; together with
some remarks, founded on analogy, and the little experi-
ence we have derived from a poitable app.iralus, which
we call a Steam and Hot Water Stove, (lor which the
writer has obtained letters patent,) for healing ajiart-
ments, &c, by the agency of hot water and steam. In ad-
dition to what Mr Tredgold observed, (as quoted above
by Ml' Perkins,) in favor of a large boiler, 'as a reservoir
ol heat, to act when the fire ceases to burn," it may be
slated that the experiments of Count Ruinford, {Essay
vi. ch.ip. V.) are in favor of large boilers. For, in order
to keep 508 pounds of water boiling, the expenditure of
fuel by the tiour was something short of one eighteenth
part of the weight ol the water ; whereas, in a smaller
boiler, holding only 284 pounds of water, the expenditure
of fuel was more than one twellth part of the water. —
Mr Tredgold judiciously observes that 'the bottom of
the boiler should have sufficient extent of surface to re-
ceive all the force of the fire, as far as the heat of it is
capable of being extended, so as not to be less than 212
degrees; a greater surface will not generate steam ; a
less will not produce the greatest effect. And it is clearly
a disadvantage to suffer the smoke of the fire to come in
coi tact with the boiler after its heat is less than ihat ol
boiling water ; for if it be continued in contact with the
boiler, it will rob it of heat instead of adding to the ef-
fect of the fire. '

If the boiler is less than the reservoir, its perpendicular
height should be at least as great, in order to insure the
quick circulation of the fluid. ,

Mr Tredgold says, ' all other things being the same
the velocity will be increased in proportion to the square
root of the depth of the boiler ; therefore in a boiler four
times as deep the velocity would be doul>led.'t

Among the several plans, which Mr Tredgold has giv-
en as impiovements on Mr Atkinson's, we should prefer
the one sketched above by Mr Perkins, with this altera-
tion, which might not however be an improvement.—
Tlie reservoir we would make much larger, in propor-
tion to the boiler, than is there represeuted. We would
do this because all water, however low its temperature
may be, contains a large portion of caloric. A large
quantity of waler drawn from a well or taken fiom a
spring in the winter time, and placed in open vessels in
a cellar, not subject to frost, generally protects vegeta-
bles, &c, from being frozen. This is a fact known and
practised upon by many a good housewife, whose philo-
sophy never dreamt of the cause. This we will briefly
explain. Water at the mean temperature of this climate
contains more than 20 degrees of heal, which it must
gVe out before it can freeze, and while freezing, it gives
oit 140 degrees, according to Dr Black. This heat i»
yielded to surrounding objects, including the vegetables,
4c, in the cellar, which keeps the lempeiature above
tlie freezing point of 32 degrees, till the water is frozen
ind can give no more heat. The vegetables, &.C, will
then freeze if the weather continues sufficiently cold,
and no other supply of caloric is provided. We see no
reason to dissent from the other statements of Mr Per-
kins, whose remarks appear to us judicious and scientific.

We hope the importance of the subject will apologize
for the length of this article; and intend to lesuiiie the
discu.ssion as soon as our avocations and pre-enoagements
will possibly permit.

^ Dallon'i Ctiemictil Philosophy.

• Tredgold on Warming and Ventilating Roomi, p. 163.
f Hot. Trani. vol. vii. p. 575.

VARIETIES OF OAKS.
Mr J. B. P.ussELL —

Dear Sir— Observing in your paper that several
persona have been forwarding Jtcorns, for a collec-
tion to be sent to the Horticultural Society of Lon-
don, I take the iiberly of inclosing you, herewith
the list, or catalogue, of those which I have put up'
already this season, and forwarded to that Society,
by the ship Fanny, from this port. They were all
collected this fall, from this garden, and the imme-
diate vicinity ; and several other sorts, which failed
to bear seeds, this year, will be sent to that society
next fall. We always collect our acorns, and other
seeds, from the purest standard plants, .iiid do not
collect them in the woods, nor purchase them from
others, unless they are gathered from trees which
we point out. Of the Oaks, in our woods, the mix-
tures, or hybrids, are infinite ; I can collect 11 or 12
different sorts of acorns of the (^uercus alba, and
quite as miny of the Q. tinctoria. Of the former
we have here one tree which produces blue acorns ;

but that is owing to a diseased state of the tree.

Many of the trees, in this old garden, are the iden-
tical trees figured and described by the Michauxa,
(father and son,) and by F. Piirsh, all of whom made
this place their residence, whibj in this neighbor-
hood. KespectfuUy, yours,

Robert Carr,

liartrnm Botanic Garden, 1
rijiladelphiii, Dec.3, 1831. j

CATALOGUE OF THE ACORH3

Of A'orth ..American Oaks, sent from the Bartram Bo-
tanic Garden, near Philadelphia, to the Horticultural
Society of London, JVov. 1831.
[Tlio names arc according to ' Pursh's Flora of North America ']

1. Quercusalba White Oak.

2. " phellos. Willow Oak.

3. " heterophylla. Bartram Oak, of Michaux.

4. " aquatica. Water Oak.

5. " nigra. Barren Oak, or Bl?ck Jack.

6. " " A variety of do.

7. " tinctoria. Black Oak, or Quercitron.

8. " " A variety of do.

9. " discolor, or Q. tinctoria sinuosa, o( Mi-

chaux.

10. " " A variety of do.

11. " coccinea. Sciirlet Oak.

12. " " A variety of do.

13- " rubra. Red Oak, or Champaign Oak.

14. *' " A variet)' of do.

l.";. " falcata. Spanish O.ik; also called Red

Oak in some of the South-
ern States.

16. " " A variety of do.

17. " palustris. Swamp Spanish, or Piu Oak.

18. " " A variety of do.

19. " banisleri. Bear Oak, Black Scrub Oak,

orDwarlRed Oak.

20. " obtu.siloba. Upland White Oak, PostOak,

or Iron Oak.

21. •' macrocarpa. Over-cup White Oak.

22. " lyrata. Over-cup Oak, Swamp Post

Oak, or Water White Oak.

23. " monlana. Rock Chesnut Oak.

24. " bicolor. Swamp White Oak.

25. " sericea. (Q. pumila, of Michaux,)

Running Oak.

26. " chinquapin. Dwarf Chesnut Oak.

JVaturnlisalion. — Since the discovery of the New
World, our English gardens have received 2,345
varieties of trees and plants from America, and up-
wards of 1,700 from the Cape of Good Hope, in ad-
dition to many thousand which have been brought
from China, the East Indies, New Holland, various
parts of Africa, Asia, and Europe, until the list of
plants now cultivated in this country exceeds 120,-
000 varieties. — London Mlns.

Sheep in Vertnont. — It is estimated that there are
766,803 sheep in Vermont The several counties contaiu
as follows :— Bennington 52,416, Windham 55,542, Rut-
land 139,9!)l), Windsor 109,787, Addison 112,787, Orange
73,155, Chittenden 55,449, Washington 40,856, Caledoni*
43,748, Franklin 41,638, Orleans 23,797, Essex 6,976,
Grand Isle 8,656.

164

NEW ENGLAND FAllMEK,

Dec. 7, 1S31.

ricultwral.

A D 1 J R E S S ,

VERED BEFORE THE JEFFERSO^' COUNTY

A G R 1 C U L T U II A i. SOCIETY,

] mill to •Itseive siicli a chiinicter, is u fair objent of; Our si.il, orif-iiially covered by a riuli vegetable
I lionoralileuMjliilioii. It is a gratifyiiii,' reflection, I mould, tlip acetiriiiilation of ceiitiiries hikI for «
j that the labors of this society have coiitributeil in \ while yieldiiij; nbuuilaiilly, even under the mo8t
some <legree, to acquire for Jefferson eoiiiily a iiniierfBCt cultivation, lieiomes. In jirocess ol' lime,
good iiaaie abroad. Ami conhl our farmers be. ; partially exhausted by the severe ajid injudicious
made sensilde of the res|iect which attaches to i course to which it is f.eqneiitly subje.teil. Kely-
ihe comity, from the circumstance of our associa- 1 ing U|)Oii its natiual fertility, ue have loo imich
itioii heins so well sustained, I am coiitidi.nt, that I neglected the iiienns, ntnply within our leaen, of

Sun. 37, 1831.
DY MAJOR EN.MU.ND KiRBY.

Gesltemf.n I congratulate you upon the aiis- j thev would to a man, contribute to our funds, and ! |ne.servins its productive powers at their highest ^

return of our aiiniversai y. Our meet

enable us by a more exteinled list of preiniums, to ; pitch. There arc various modes of applying ina-
reach all the objects of production. j imre by which it may be made to contnbnte to th«

But however well others may think of us, we ] fertilily of the soil; but it is of importance »
must not conceal from ourselves, that we are yet I know in what way the groalesi good is to be de-
but upon the threshold of improvement, and that j rived. In regard to barn yaid nianme, almost the

^ .._ ^ the whole fieldlies e.\panded before us. Though jonly kind in use among us, when applied as a top

The labors of' our'society, through a succession I much has been accomplished, still more remains | Orcssing to grass land, though the sneceeding crop
of fourteen years, under the able guidance and j to be done, deman.ling united efforts and the most will be essenli.illy benefited, y.t much ol its vir-
mainly through the indefatigable efforts of our persevering zeal. |ine is wasted by evaporation. It is uminesliona-

presiding officrer, have lieen, in an eminent degree, While I offer a few suggestions upon some of jbly belter to apply it on land under tillage. Until
crowned with success. A better system of agri- i the defects in our system, I am conscious that the|ol

pic

ing«»re always attended by agreeable a.ssociations.
They bring in satisfactory review the |iast, and
excite cheering anticipations of the future. But
this perhaps, more than any former occasion, is
calculated lo inspire grateful emotions

culture ; the introduction of improved breeds of
cattle, and the cultivation of more intimate social
relations among ourselves, are some of the fruits
of these labors. And at no former perioil, since
our organization, have the prospects of the far-
mer been so decidedly encouraging as at present.
This favorable state of things must be ascribed to
a combination of other causes with that just no-
ticed.

We are blessed with a country admirably adapt-
ed to the pursuits of agriculture. Our climate is
salubrious; oursoil possesses a high degree of fer-
tility ; its proiluclions are abundant and varied ;
our position enables us to resort, with the facility
of water transport, to the New York or the Mon-
treal markets, us either shall offer the highest in-
ducements ; above all, our great artery, the Black
River, flowing through the centre of the county,
presents for thirty miles a constant succession of
water power, already beromiiig the liivorite seat
of the mechanic arts, and diffusing activity and
rigor through our whole population.

With these great natural advantages, we should
be wanting to ourselves if we were not a prosper-

not common to use it till
contribution I shall be able to bring to the common j thoroughly rotted ; but numerous and critical 63*.
stock, will be humble indeed ; for, my life having 'perimenls have established the fact, that more
been devoted to other pursuits, I have but a very i than half its fertilizing propel ties are thus lost j
imited e.xperience to draw upon, and must make I anil it is agreed by the best modern nnthorities,
amends for my lack of knowledge, l>y the abiin- ' that it should be hauled o>it and ploughed in before
dance of my zeal for the cause in which we are ! fermentation takes place, in order that ihe gases
en^'at'ed. i evolved by that process, may pervade the soil and

A leading defect in our system is the occupation j impart to it their stimulating properties,
of farms too large for our means of cultivation. Wheat consiitutes one of our most valuable pro-
This arises from the cheapness of land and dear- duds, affording iimler proper Ireainnnt, a sure
nessof labor. How many of us grasp more land and rich return for the labor of the hn>bandinan.
than we can manage to advantJige, and how fre- 1 It forms a prominent object of cultivation iipou
qiienlly are we seen toiling behind the proper sea- almost every farm, and yet there is no crop in the
sou of our work, wilh every operation hurried, i management of which moie ignorance, or negli-
and not done properly, nor ill its ap|)ropriate time, gi-nce prevails. Our wheat ranks vviih I lie best

in market ; and it is an object of importance to
preserve this character, for the difference of |)rice
I etween grain of first and that of inferior qualilyj
!8 a liandsome profit upon the whole operation of

Seed is sown too late, upon ground imperfectly
prepared ; a feeble growth ensues, which comes
forward struggling for llie ascendency with nox-
ious weeds. In laying down to grass, we ofien

practise the miserable economy of saving seed by j raising it. — But it mii.^l he confessed that the reputa-
not using one half enough; and to supply the [ lion of our county for wheal, suffers from the gross
consequent deficiency of fodder, resort is hnd to negligence ofsmiie, who sow foul seed in Octo-
pasturing our meadows fdl and spring. In a few her and harvest weeds, chess and siiiiit in August,
years June grass and Bine grass predominate, and In raising wheat, three things demand atten-
ouB and a happy people. That we have not been I the crop becomes not worth the expense of liar- , lion. The proper preparaiion of the ground;
entirely regardless of them, is manifested by all vesting ; when we break up, to go through the ' the selection of clean seed, and the sowing of il
the circumstances of our condiiion. It is but same unproductive process. What farmer can ] in good season.

about thirty years since the first inroads of cultiva
tion were made upon the solitudes of the forest
and we have advanced to a population of fifty
thousand souls. We already begin to enjoy the
benefit of a home market from the rarioiis manu-
facturing establishments and flourishing villages,
which are springing up in every part of the coun-
ty. Many of our public edifices and private dwell-
ings are constructed of the most durable materi-
als, and in a style to do credit to a country older
and more advanced in the arts and in wealth. The
neat stone farm houses with which the county is
studded at every point, impart an air of solid com-
fort, not surpassed in what have been regarded, 'is
the more favored regions of our land. — Especially,
it is believed, that the exports from the county of
Jefferson, of the products of her own soil, are
greater than those from any other county in the
state. Other districts are distinguished for some
leading staple, to the production of which, the
farmer bends every effort. We happily combine,
in a remarkable manner, the products of tillage with
Qiose of grazing, and send to market a large sur-
plus of live .stock as well as of grain.

A liberal support of public institutions, is the
characteristic of a high-minded generous people :

thrive under such management ? Most of you Newly cleared land will yield good crops of
will say that this picture applies to my neisfhbor's wheat under almost any treatment ; and with such
farm, not mine. The exceptions are numerous the practice of letting it follow oats, peas, or corn
and honorable ; but is it not true, in some of will continue. But upon oiir older farms it will
its parts, of too many of us .' | lie found more profitable to discard fallow crops,

The remedy is simple and obvious. Let ns lini- and lo prepare for wheat by a naked summer fal-
it our efforts to such a compass that we can till low, taking care to turn up the soil to the full
thoroughly all that we attempt to cultivate. Oir| depth of the plough, and to reduce it to a fine
toil vvill then become a pleasure; everything w II tilth.

be done appropriately, and an abundant harvest I In resard to seed, it is a law of nature that like
will crown the year with gladness. begets like ; and if you wish to harvest a crop of

To keep land dry, clean and rich, are fimdr- j chess, you cannot better insure one than by sow-
menial principles, which if carrierl out fully inli ing it. I know it to be the settled opinion of ma-
practice, will not fail to insure a constant succcs. I ny of you, that wheat, affected by the frosts of
sion of good crops. Wilh slight exceptions, na- winter, or rains of spring, degenerates, and by
tore has provided us wilh the first of these reqiii- gome strange proi-ess of nature becomes chess,
sites by the undulating surface of our soil. Tliesec. Numerous facts have helped to give currency lo
ond is to be attained by a diligent use of the plough this opinion. But men of science tell us that this
and the hoe. As to the last, we have much to is impossible, because chess belongs to a different
learn. The preparaiion and application of ma- order of plants, and can no more grow from a
niire has occupied much of the attention of scien- 'grain of wheat than a [line tree can grow from
tific cultivators in all ages and countries ; and an acorn. But whether this be true or not, it
volumes are filled with details of experiments; more nearly concerns is to know that chess will
upon the various methods of restoring to the soil Ivegetate and produce its kind. If we sow it
the properties which we are constantly abstracting herefore, we shall assuredly reap it. I have seen
from it. 1 iiis pest come in where I know the seed wheat was

Vol. X N... 21.

AiM> IIOllTICULTUilAL JOtllNAL.

105

vor of leil caille; liiit it will yield, wlieii llie su-
perior excellence of ilie Diirliain bieeil licecMiies
Mioie <;eiieriilly known ; and wo tiliiill no longer
(oMsidur white marks as a lileiiiish.

clean ; lint I ascribe it to chess liaviiig been
brougljt on wiili llie iniuinre ; or to its lying dor-
tliaiit in ilie (rnninil ; for it is asceitaiiied lliat
fome seeds will lie in tlie grotinil for ii^jes, and
tlien vejfetate when brotiglit within the inllnciice
of the almus|ilK'te.

We are not nincli troubled with smut, and with
a little more allenlion to our seed should be siill
less so. The same law prevails in regard to it as
with chess. It nnifonnly reproducing' itself; and if
seed entirely free from it cannot be procured, it
sliould he ^teeped iwi-ntyfour hours in liuie water,
which will correct the evil.

Jii this climate, late sown wheat is pecidiarly
liable to be ihrowji out by the frost and winter
killed, however well the ground may have been
prepared for its reci^ptism. According to my lim-
ited experience, the proper time for sowing, is
froin the middle to the last of August. — The
operation should be closed with the Roller, an im-
plement which is fast coming into general use
and fnrnishps its own recommemlation It is
especially useful where seedim; down to gia.ss, for
it leaves the surface smooth for the sc^ythe : but
it is of greit service in sowing all small grain, by
breaking the lumps to pieces, and pressing the
earth around the seed, causing it to vegetate more
certainly and more evenly.

The advantages of early sowing are these.
The plant becomes well rooted, and acquires suffi-
cient strength to resist tlie frosts of fall and spring ;
which are so apt to heave out and destroy the
feeble plants of late sowings. In the spring, it is
prepared to make vigorous offsets and comes
forwtud rapidly, unaffected by the droughts,
which sorueliines prevail at that season, and occu-
pies the ground to the exclusion of weeds and
noxious plants.

A rotation of croj
wheat and grass, till

diate years with spring grain, such as corn, oats, [ "f community, inasmuch as the fabrics of woo
barley or peas, will keep our old farms in good J"^ puri'l'-ised at lower prices than they could be-
condition ; and combined with a well selected l'<»'e these duties were imposed.* Having been
stock of sheep, and neat cattle, will bring them to I adopted deliberately, and operating beueficially,
high point of productiveness. i ^''^ '""y regard them as part of the settled policy

In farming, whatever is worth doing at all is of the country

none more readily reduced. We may bear in
mind also, that no oilier stock is belter calculated
to promote the fcniliiy of i|,e soil. IlveiyihiiKr
then inviles atlcnliou to tlii^ branch of hiisbandr',-'
Some are so blinded by prejudice, that they and no faiiu should be without a Hock of fiiie
ascuibiMlie acknowledged superiority of the im- woollod sheep.

pifcvcd breeds of cattle, solely to the greater care Of the various hiceds of >.|iecp to be fonml in
and attention bestowd upon them. Admiiiing the conniy, the Saxon is in highest repute and its
this to be the case, and that tlic-y are, intrinsically, wool brings the highest price in market The
MO belter than the coniiuon breed, yet if from extensive importations of Saxcju .shcpp, (juriiic the
fannying them so, we can be thus easily bribed to last few years, place them within thc> reach of
bestow such attention, in fitting them for market, every farmer, anil bucks of full blood, jind of every
as to make them at three years old, bring the price grade cd' mixture, may be procured without going
that our present stock does at four, whic-h I believe out of the county. These animals thrive in our
will be the case, it is a sufficient reason for incur- climate without any extraordinary attention, and
ring the expense of their introduction. But in crossed with our comtnou sheep, much of the fine
truth, there is as marked a difference between ; fleece of the Saxony, is coiidiined with the larger
them and the original stock of the country, 1 and more vigorou.s c-arcass of our native breed,
as there is between the ungainly prairie | To bccunciudect mhh wec'k.

hog, and the compact grass breed, vvhic

raiiidly supplanting it m all parts of the county.
It is asserted that the same difference exists in the
expense of keeping them, as between these last
animals ; that the Diirbams in particular, are com-
paratively small eaters, and take on fat more read.
ily than any other cattle.

One of the most serious evils to which the far-
mer is exposed, is the fluctuation of the market
for the products of his labor. This will ever be
the case while we are dependent for the dispo-
sal of our suridus, upon the policy or the wants of
foreign countries. A steady market, at remuner-
ating prices, is all we ask, and this, in regard to
one of our most valuable staples, we have now a
right to count upon.

Protecting duties upon wool and its manufac-
tures have stootl the test of experience. 15otb
the woo! grower and the manufacturer, are pros-
resting upon a basis ofi luring under them, while they operate injuriously
g up otie or two interttie- "PO" "" part of the country, nor upon any class

worth cloing well. — This maxim applies especial-
ly, to the selection of stock. It is as easy to raise
a colt of high blood, as it is an inferior one, and

The domestic supply of wool i.s yet below the
demand, and notwithstanding the high duties,
larse importations are constantly made. These

at four years old, the former will be worth twice "'il' continue several years, insuring to the wool
as much as the latter. ■ grower a liberal price. But when a full supply

Efforts are making by several members of the •'^hall be produced in the country, and iinportaticms
society, to introduce the improved breeds of neat, cease, comjietition will regilate production, and it
cattli\ Our [lens today, exiiibit specimens of both
the Devonshire and short horn Durham breeds,
crossed upon our common stock, from vario&s
irts of the country. We have also the gratifica-
tion, tlirouffh the liberality and enterprise of
Messrs Bostwick and Buck, and several other gen-
tlemen of Lowville, of a fine display of the full
blood Durham cattle, which have been introduc-ed
by the former gentleman into Lewis county, from
the celelwated collection of Colonel Powcl at
Philadelphia, and an opportunity is afforded us of
thus realizing one of the important benetfis of our
•ociety, of comparing these two breeds of cattle
with each other, and both with our common
stock. No man, I think, can be at a loss which
to prefer. So far as I am informed, wherever the
short horn Durbams have been introduced, tliey
have challenged competition, and been pr'^nounc-
ed superior for draft, for the dairy, and for the
butcher. Our long nourished prejuilice is in fa-

continii*; to bear a fair price
There is no part of the country better adapted
to the raising of sheep than this. From the best
informaticm, it appears tbat our sheep winter as
well, or better than they do in any of the exten-
sive wool growing countries. The destructive
maladies, which .sometimes sweep off whole flocks
in Europe, are unknown among us. There is no
stock that multiplies more rapidly than tlcis, and

*A bale of coarse woollen c'.oths was recently imported
into Charleslon,S. C. from England, and the payment of
the duties refused, for the purpose of le^itins the consti-
tutionality of a protecting; tariff, before the legal tribimal.

It is stated in a Charleston paper, that the actual cost
of that cloth, including lieight, insurance, exchange &c,
but exclusive of duties, was sixtytwo cents per yard.
It was sold at Charleston, ' at the fair market
VALUE,' for sixtyeight cents per yard. From which it
would appear, that the domestic manufacture of such
goods, has so reduced the niaiket price, that the foreign
article cannot be imported, eve:v free of duty, and i
yield a reasonable profit.

We have gathered a fev\' scraps which were
used at New York. There can be im harm in
showing them in advance of long rejiorts ; and

among these is one which refers to the effect of the

tariff on iron manufactured in the west. Tlie

prices referred to are at Pittsburgh.

In 182S, bar iron sold for $196 a $210 per ton.

Now the price is 100

In 1828, boiler iron was 350 per ton.

Now it is 140

In 1828, sheet iron was scarcely in

the western market — value at 18

Now it is manufactured in Pittsburgh,

sufficient for the valley of the Ohio, at 8 50
In 1815 a 1820, cut nails were valued at
14 a 15
Now the same kind sells for 6 a 7

Hoop iron in 1828 was worth 250

Now it sells for 120

Axes in 1820 were worth 24

Now they sell for 12

Scythes are now fifty per cent lower than in 1S24.
In 1820, iron hoes ground sold for 9

Now steel hoes ground are worth 4 a 4^
The same remarks apply to spades and shoTois ;

and socket shovels sell now for 4J-, which in 1820

were worth 12.

English vices in 1820 were worth 20 a 22
A better article is now made in this

coMntry, at 104^

The same article in 1824 sole! for 18|

Braziers' rods (imported) in 1824 sold for 14 per

11). now our manufacturers supply them at 130]icr

ton, ^ to ^ inch in diameter.

Withiu the last 8 years there have been erected

12 new furnaces in Kentucky near the Ohio.
6 up the .Alleghany,
4 on the Monongahela,
21 in west Pennsylvania,
8 rolling mills in Pittsburg.
Steam engines are now fifty per cent lower

than in 1820.

Within the last year, more than 100 stoam

engines have been made in Pittsburgh, and it is

thought that upwards of 150 will be fitiished in

1832.

Some other items may hereafter form another

collection, that will go to strengthen argunieaia.
U. S. Gaztle.

John Randolph, of Roanoke, advertises in tbe
Nat. Intelligencer, bis whole collection of horses
for sale — ' terms low, and any credit given on good
security, the owner having no further use forlheni.'

166

NEW E^».n AM) FAUMER,

si«»^al«KJaCwS^EWS**l^

Dec. 7, IbSl/

DOSTUM, WEDNBSDAY EVENING, DEC. 7, 1831.

as Jou Wiinl lo use lire wood iiiiil let an t-liUif, new
giowili slarl up wIjrIi will grow more rapidly.'

SHOW OF DUTTER AND CHEESE.
Yesteriljy was the day assigned for the Exhibition of
Butter and Cheese, at Faneuil Hall, for ilie liberal pre- \ cottise'to pursue in planting fruit seeds and stunts.

j You haVHtissigiieil sundry reasons for their lailiiri-,

PLANTING FRUIT SEEDS.
Mr FksseiNDEn — Your correspoiuleiit M. of
Maine, asks tor iiifonniiljoii res|iectiiig tlte proper

iniums oflered by several gentlemen of Boston, and by
the Massachusettts Agricultural Society. About 60 lots
were presented from various parts of New England ; the
quality of the butter was considered generally superior
to that of list year.

The following award has just been announced by E.
Hersev Derby, Esq. Chairman of the Committee :—

PREMIUMS ON BUTTER.

1st prenuuni of $100 to Luther Chamberlain of Westbo-

rough, Mass.
2d ditto of $50 to Henry Sprague o( the Boylston Farm,

rrincetoi), Mass.
3d ditto of $30 to Seth Davenport of Mendon, Mass.
4th ditto of $20 lo Samuel Sawyer, 2(1, of Sterling, Mass.
5th ditto of $15 to Gabriel Parlier of Weslboro, Mass.
6th ditto of $10 to Mrs Lydia Page of Hardwiclf, Mass.

PREMIUMS ON OLD CHEESE.

1st premium of $100 to Ebenezer Tidd of New Brain-
tree, Mass.
2d ditto of $50 to John Matthews of New Braintree, Ms.

ON NEW CHEESE.

1st prenuum of $50 to Roswell Converse of New Brain-
tree, Mass
2d ditto of $30 to David Lee of Barre, M.iss.

We shall next week publish the Report of the Commit-
tee, with a particular account of the names and residen-
ces of the competitors, &c.

FARMEIl'S WORK FOR DECEMBER.

The fanner slionlil ohtaiii his year's j^lock of
fuel as early in the season as possilih-, iiiiil liefore
the depth of snow in the woodlands renders it
lii'.ncult to traver.'se them hy a team. It would he
belter for iiiriiiprs, t'enerally speuUinir, where wood
is not eheap and plenty, to use the saw instead of
lliR a.\e in preparing wood for the fire. It is said
that a fire composed of billets of wood, not iii'-re
tnan 14 inelies long, will give more than two thirds
!is uitich heat into a room as lliat made of wood
of double the length ; and that billets of from 3 to
4 inches in dininetor, on a inediinn will be fotiiid
irio.'t economical.

A valuable jmper, by tliellnn. .7. \Velle>-, oiigi-
nally published in the Mass. Agr. Repository, re-
coiiimends cutting bard wooil trees between 40
and 50 years of age, ami the writer states ll at
' Iliongb trees may siioot np in height by standing
longer, yet the period of the most rapid vegeta-
tion is mostly over anti by this means miieb of the
under growth is destroyeil.' Mr Welles is of opin-
ion that in cutting over a wood lot to olitain fuel
it is best to take the whole growth as ymi proceed.
He observes that ' we have been condenmed as
evincing a want of ta.-te in cutting off our forests
without leaving what it would lake half a century
po produre, a shade near where it is )>ioposed to
erect buildings. The fact is that trees of original
growth have their roots mostly in the Ujpir stra-
t,utn of earth, ainl near the surface. A tree acts
Upon its roots, ami i? aeled upon by the wind, sus-
taining in coniinou with the w hole forest the force
of this element, and it beeonie.s accoiiiiTiodaled or
naturalized to this pressure. But when left alone
or iinsustaiiied, it is borne down by the first gale,
often 10 the iiijiuy of properly and even of life.'
The Farmer's .'Assistant likewise says ' if woods are
old and decayitig the better way is to cut all off,

but the true one 1 apprehend has not been stated.
Fiom long experience on this subject I have
found that the action of a severe winter frost is
essential to their vegetation. If ibis doctrine be
correct, the depth of snow remaining through the
winter on giound not previously frozen, us was
the case here, and probably in Maiiie, was a suf-
ficient cause for the liiilure. Whether the action
of frost in itself conduces to the vegetation of this
kiml of f. nit, or v^heiher it only facilitates it by
preparing the envelope to give way to the impri-
soned seeil in its ellorts to obiaiii beat and light,
which are esseiitial, are questions which I cannot
with confidence determine. I have cracked stones
that had been secured from frost and planteil
them iii the spring, when no vegetation ensued.
Perhaps they bad been kept loo dry. 1 intend to
renew the experiment with some I have reserved
for the purpose in n moist cellar. In planting
fruit seeds anil stmies, my custom lias been to
excavate the surface, and to throw the stones into
the cavity when the earth is moist, and cover it
with a board, or what I have found beticr, to put
Iheni into some slijillow vessel level with the sur-
face and cover it with a thin sod. After prepar-
ing my ground in the spring I crack the stones,
and lightly cover them in trenches. On account
of the great prevalence of the wire worm I have
some seasons omitted to crack the stones, that the
seed might be longer protected by the shell. Not
a dozen where 1 e.vpeeted thousands made their
appearance, in ikis case, last spring. After a
frosty winter, I have not found it useful to disturb
the shell. This failure I consider a suspension
oidy, with but the loss of one year's growth, as we
may calculate from present appearances that
there will be frost suflicicnt before next spring
to open the shell.

For a Cew years past I have adopted an addi-
tional method. After stiving the stones from the
fruit consumed, for the purpose of | la;iting, as
abocc, mentioned, (Ur Darwin's pulp I consider of
no use) I tread into the earth what remains under
the tree. These stones 1 finil will vegetate from
ten to fifteen days sooner than those otherwise
managed, and become much larger and more vig-
orous. When the ste!u is a little hardened I take
ihein np with a trowel and transplant them in the
ntir.sery. I r.m now mostly dependent on the birds
for my niiizzard cherry stock.s. Two years ago
they furnished nic with two thousand trees which
grew two feet in height the first season, and fur-
nished trees sufficiently large for budding.
Respectlully your friend and servant,
irorccster, jVov. 28, 1831. O. Flske.

eviry season since 1827, the yield varying froin
20 to 28 biashels per acre, ll has been Hv ice sown
on an old plain (the soil of which is a line grav-
el) which has been under cultivation more than

100 years Tliesoil of the field in which I raised

it last Reason is a light loam. — From what 1 have
seen of this wheal t am siiiisfied that it is a more
certain crop than rye. — It lies been raised by
several of my neighbors and I lune never known
an instance of its blasting. I have found it neces-
sary to manure more highly where I sow wheat
than where I raise rye.

PLA.^Tl^G Peach Stoises&c.

A correspondent in the last New Englamr
Fanner wishes to be informed of the best luetb-'
od of planting the peach and other fruit stones^
and as we are all prone to think our own niodo
best, I take the liberty of stating mine. I take a
box ill the fall, throw in a little etirtli and placo
such stones as I wish to plant on it — then fill th»
box with earth and place it iii an exposed situ-
ation and let it remain until I ]dant my garden,
when I empty my box and collect the stones and
crack them ; take out the meats and plant them-
in rows 2 or 3 inches deep. If your correspond-
ent will try this method I believe he will find
it a good one, if not the best.

Yours &.C, E. A. E. ~

Killingworlh, Con. Aor. 29, 1831.

WINTER WHEAT.

Mr Fessenden — Having seen your notice ofihe
leception of a quantity of the Black Sea White
Flint wheat, and feeling desiious of promoting
the cultivation of this very valuable grain, I can
state for the information and encouragement of
those farmers who may have doubts of its suc-
cess in New England, that it has been raised here

PARMENTIER'S HORTICILTURAL GAR-
DEN FOR SALE.
We understand that Madam Parmentier finding,
it inconvenient to carry on the Horticultural Bo-
tanic Garden at Brooklyn, ha.s determined to dis-
pose of it. This offers a fini^ (i|>portunity for a per-
son disposed to enter iijion that business. The
estaldisliment contains about fourteen acres of
ground, inclosed by a very high stone wall laid in
lime UKirlar, and is situated at tlie junctions of two
of the most public turnpikes on Long Island, with-
in two miles of New York. The stock of saleable
trees consists of 13,726 Forest Trees, 10,616
Grape vines,10,000 Pear tiees,3,000 Cherry trees,
6,200 Apple trees, 1,621 Quince trees, 600 Plum
trees, 361 Apricot trees, 2,400 Peach trees, 2,100
Mulberry trees, and 6,300 Shrubsj, exclusive of the
trees in the alleys and borders. Rose hushes and
seedlings. We are not informed as to the terms
on which the establiahmeiit is to be sidd. Ws
regret that any circumstance should render it n»t
cessary for Madam Parmentier to dispose of the
estaldisliment. The recent death, however, of her
son, on whom she so mncb relied to lake charga
of it, seems to have influenced her determination.
The late Mr Parmentier expended an immense
amount of money on the place, besides several
years of hard and incessant toil, and we know it
to have been his most anxious desire that his
family should keep jiossession of it. But he did
not foresee the melancholy change that was 80
soon to take jilace. If any female is qualified to
carry on such an establishment, then is Mrs Par-
mentier— assisted as she is by one of the most in-
telligent and active young ladies {her daughter,)
we ever met with. But all who have such con-
cerns, even of small extent, know the hopelessness
of being able to get assistants who will take that
peculiar care so indispensable to success. Mrs
Parmentier and her daughter are well qualified to
manage the whole concern so far as females can
be ; but then there are thousands of instances re-
quiring the eye of the proprietor which females

Vol. X.-N... 21.

AM) aollTlCULTURAL JOURNAL.

167

l-aniiotsu|iply. We >li4ll fii.leavur lo oblniii the
terms of Sill.'-, :im.1 will roiulei- all llie assist.ince in
o-ur ]M'Wtr b"il' '" M.iilaiii I'lirniciUk-r and ttiose
Wisliirii; lunliui- inloiiiialioii <in llie subject. — Jim
Farmer.

Boston.— If no unfavorable political or other
event occurs, the next Spring and Suinnier will ex-
hibit scenes of uncoiiinion activity and prosperity in
and near Boston. Ten stores are to oe built on the
CJty wharf— a block of stores is to be erected on
Kilby sfeet— Connnercial street is to bo extended
1200 feet, and buill upon probably — the works for
the terminus of the Lowell Rail Road will be pre-
pared, and the makm^f of the Road will be com-
menced and prosecuted with spirit — Treinont street
will be extended towards Roxbury — and undoubt-
edly numerous individuals intend to erect houses
and stores, and are maturing- their plans.

Besides the above enterprises some of the pre-
paratory labor on the Providence, Taunton and
Worcester Rail Roads may be expected to be com-
menced the nextscason.— ^osiou Cen/i/ie/.

Culture nf the Vine in Pennnylvania.—A Kenllcman
ne,ir Hairisbiii'sb is said lo have made Ihii yeai , fioin the
p odiiie of a vineyard, plaiitid lour years ago, and occu-
pying only 3 acres, 18 barrels ol wine, worlh $"^0 lach.

The first year of travelling on the Liverpool and
Manchester railway has expired — during a part of
the time, however, tliere was not full accommodation
for either passengers or goods, yet it seems that
416,000 persons have travelled its whole distance,
and about 34,000 persons short distances — a total of
450,000 — and whose fares reach 99,600/. stg. — a pro-
digious sum. The exact sum produced by the car-
riage of goods is not ascertained, but it is estimated
at yO,OOlU. This is surely a convincing proof of the
utility of Rail Roads, and the favor with which they
are regarded by the community. In this country we
have no doubt they will prove as profitable and pop-
ular.

The Glasgow and Grankirk railway was formally
opened at the end of September. The locomotive
engines performed their journeys in capital style,
conveymg elegant carriages and barouches filled
with passengers al the rale of 20 miles an hour. It
presented another splendid triumph of science and
art.

Wool. — We have been furnished with a statement show-
ing the number of pounds of wool, tliat have been im-
ported into lioton during the years 1829, 1830, .md the
1st, 2d, and 3d quarleis of ihis year. Pounds.

Imponed in the year 1829, 707,242

Do. ' do. do. 1830, 424,589

laiported in the 1st, 2d and

3d quarleis of this year, 2,491.846

Boston Status.

Peruvian Cotton. — We have seen a specimen of the
Peruvian colloii recently imported at Boston from the Pa-
cific. The qu iiitily imported is nearly 400 bales, or 60,-
000 pounds, and it cost in the country of its growth only
one cent a pound. The loss of weight in ginning is about
60 per cent. The plant from which it is obtained, we
are informed, is a tree, which grows spontaneou-*ly in the
western parts of South America. — JV. V. D. Adv.

American Manufactures. — The Methuen Company
manufacture lickings, Drillings, and Sheetings ; the
quantity made is one million one hundred and thirty-
seven thousand two hundred yards, viz: 547,200 yards
of Drillings and Tickings, and 59l),000 yards of Slieel-
ings. The hydraulic power is derived from a fall of 40
feet, opcratiui; on a water wheel of one hundred and
eight feet ill circumference, by 14 feet wide, whith is
«aid to be the largest wheel of the kind in North Amei ica,
and probably the largest in any country.

Cyphering Slates.— M Delaware Water Gap, 20 miles
above Easlon, in Bucks county, (Penn.) where the roiks
are piled up 1200 feet high, James M. Porter has a iiian-
ulactory ol Cyphering Slates operating by water power.
They aie smoothed, tVameil ready for sale, superior lo
imported ones, each in two minutes Last year it made
4200 doz. slates, and will finish 5000 dozen the present
year.

Broom Corn Seed has been sold in Northampton from
17 lo 25 cents per bushel. The opinions of farmers vary
much as to the value of Ibis article. More than 50,1 00
bushels were raised in this vicinity the past season.

'Proceeding the whole Pork,'' — Mr Thomas Clap-
ham, of Porismoulh, N. H. killed a Hog a few days
since, Ihiileen monilis and Ihiiteeii days old, weighing,
when nicely dressed, 532 lbs. When he bought him he
was one monlh and thirteen days old, and weighed 30
lbs. — gaining in one vear, 502 lbs.

rniCES OF COU-VTIiY PROOIWE.

A l'l*l.r.S, russeiliiig!*,
ASIIKS, pill, lirsl sort,

IVarl, lirsisorl,
HKAiN'S.whiie,
UKICF, ni.-ss,

Cargo, No. 1,

Cargii, :^n. i,
ISCTTHU, inspected, No, I,„cw,
CliKK.SL, new milk,

.Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED.
I'l.DLH, llali;nir.rc,Hu»ai<l-.Mreei,

borrfd.l t M

I 1 ,112 00

1 " li'5 00
;l>a.slii)l. 90
'barrel! 8 .'.0
; '• 7 00
' " G 20

oc.und.l 14

i ;: ! I

I 12

h 75

II .•)!

barrel.

ulria.

A tavern near the London Fish Market, (Billingsgate,)
isa-serted to sell upwards ol 40tlO glasses of gin, between
4 and 8 A.M. Uiaiiy of the fish women and porters con-
suming 10 to 12 glasses before breakfast.

I!„iuim.re, »li:
(illAIN, C.rn. N..rlli.T

llarlov,

Liverpool salt has been found very injurious to
butter, which it makes soft, gluey and rancid. JNear
Liverpool it is not used for preserving butler, beef
or pork, but only for culinary purposes. Turks Isl-
and salt, washed, diied, and ground in a clean mill,
is the best for butter.

NOTICE.
A stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society will be held on Saturday next, at the
Rooms of the Society, at U o'clock, .\. M.

R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

Pear Steds.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Otlice—

One bushel of fiesh Pear Seeds, of excellent quality.
Nov. 30.

For sale,
breed. Th.
fine form.

Inq

Mackay Pigs.
first rate pigs, of the genuine Mackay
re aboul six weeks old, of good size and
jiie at the N. E. Farmer Office.

Flooring Boards, Sfc.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, leady planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and piice lower than thev can be elsewhere had.

Apply 10 E. COPELAND, Jn, 65, Broad street.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

Traders in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are inlormcd
they can be furnishul at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 50.J North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favoi-able terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
\;rowth of 1831, and of the very Jirst quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
le-ms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of diflferent soits.

UTThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with i^hort directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for tliemselves. Nov. 12.

Fresh mile Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Sireet—

A small :upply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present stason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. SLort directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Jewelry, ffatches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Sireet,
Boston, is corstantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, S Iver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kiids, Fancy Goods, ^-c, ^-c, which be will
dispose of at rs low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. (O^ Watches repaired and warranted.

Oals

HAY,

llOfi'S LAUD, first fort, new,
lidi'S, Istqualilv,

i.iMi;,

I'l.AlSTEU I'ARISrelails at
l'UKK,<linr,

N.ivy mess,

(;..rmi, !Vio. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red \'n\.(norllum)

KcdClover, (nortliern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Merino, lull blood, washed, -

Merino, mi,ted wiih Saxony,

M''i iiio, ihree f"u:ins washed,

M.M.,,.-, ha .dimd,

Merino, qiiai ler,

Nai:>e, «a>lied,

I'nll.'dsiiperfinr,

Isl Lamb's,

2,1, "

PROVISION MARKET.

CWI

9 50

■<

11 0

cask.

I 17

3 00

>orrel.

IG lo

13 01)

u

|3 do:

bushel.

1 87

"

£0,

pound.

101

CWl.

9 00|

pound.

681
701

"

"

,50

It

43

It

44

It

G2

>•

5G|

tt

40

„

4^

3 OO

113 oO

130 oO

I (0

y qo

7 oO

G 5e
I';

4

0

1 50

G 50
G 50
5 83

SO
70
10 00
13 00
1 20
3 15
17 00

1 loo

13 ,W

2 12
7i
IS

10 00
63
75

BEEF, best pieces,

pound

^1

10

I'ORK, fiTsh, best pieces,

.

• *

6

»

wlmle hogs,

t.

.^.V

6

VE.\L,

.

G

8

ML'TfON,

u

4

i;

I'OIILTKy,

8|

10

liUTTEU,kegaiidmb,

11

w!

|->

Lump, best.

.

I,

18

?((

EGGS,

,

is!

y«

WEAL, Rvr, retail

iinshcl.

82

(H

liicliau, retail,

tP

84

I'OTATOr.S,

tt

37|

40

(":ll.)ER, (acror.lingtoqual

':^1

barrel.

3 001

4 00

Brighton Markkt — .Vot.dny, Dec. 5.
[llniiorlpil for llie Chronicle and Paliloi.J

At market, Ibis day, 1470 Beef Cattle, 162 Stores, 1220
Sheep, and 1240 Swine. About 70 Beef Cattle, 409
Sheep, and 690 Swine have b»en before reported.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — -Market quick at an advance,
say for barrelling Cattle 25c. per hundred ; belter quali-
ties not so much. We quote for extra $5 25, prime 4 83
a 5, good 4 .'^0 a 4 eS, Ihin 3 25 a 4 50.

Barrelling Cattle— Mess 4 25, quick ; No 1, 3 75.

Stores — High pi ices are asked — very few sales.

Cows and Calves — A few sales but no prices noticed.

Sheep — Prices did not vary much from last week — we
noticed sales al 1 75, 1 83, 1 90, 2, 2 25, 2 50. and $3 —
some wethers were included.

Swine — No sales effected.

Acu' i'orit Cattle Market, Dec. 2.— In market Ihli
week 800 head of beef cattle, a short supply. First rale
cattle are vciy scarce, and worlh $0,75; inferior from
f 4,50 a 6. Sheep and lambs fc stcA demand, very lew
inmaikel; piices have averaged considerably higher,
full 50c. a bead on sheep. Sheep are worth from $3 a 5,
and numbers that were fine .'old at $6; lambs 2,23 a
3,25. Dies-ed pork, sales bri^k al 4.75 a 5,25. GocJ
cows and calves aic in demand. — Daily .idv.

Uj»ln the New York market only the quailers of
Beef are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being inclH-
ded without weighing. At Brighton, the hide aoil tal-
low are weighed as well as the quarters.

168

NEVt . ENGLAND FARMER.

Der. 7, lS:iI.

M I S C E L. Li A M Y

Ttie fnlloivins estr;,ct3 i.re (rm,l ^smM piimphlel latdy repub-
lished l.y L.lly * VV,iit,nn.l Carter * !lr-„dee, erililled

KNOWLEDGE FOR THE PEOPLE,

WHY AND BECAUSE.

Why docs a silver, or metiil lea-pnt, whciifUUd a
sfcond tinif, ,jroducc lourse tta than the earUienivare

vessel '?

Because iHe lieat nHain.Ml by llie silver, or met-
al vessel, so far exi.aiisis the lierl), when the water
is first poured in, as I., leave very litlle soluble sub-
stance forasecoii.l infusion ; whereas, the reduced
temperature of the water in the earthenware pot,
bv extraciin- only a small portion at first, leaves
gome solubh; ijiiiUer for a second infusion.

H'hy is it adcisiibU to pour boiling water into the
ten pot before the tea is ' made V

Because the vessel being previously warm, may
abstract less heat from the mixture, and thus ad-
mit H more powerful action.

Whiiis it recommended to add onhj a small quanti-
ty of boiling water at first ?

Because oidy the water immediately in contact
with the herb can act upon it ; audit cools very
rapidly,' especially in earthenware vessels: it is
thereforo clear that the effect will bo siron-er
where the heat is kept up hy additions ol boding
water, than where the vessel is filL-d at once, and
the fluid suifcre.! gradually to cool.

If'lvj is a strong infusion of green tea an rffrctual
poison for Jlies ?

Because of the priissic acid it contains.
my is coffee so seldom well made in England ?
Because, Isl. The berries are over-roasted, their
proper color bein- that of cinnamon ; 2.1. The cof-
i«e is ground too fine ; 3 ■. Not enough coffee is
used ; 4ih. It is usnally overboile.l, by which
m.^ana the hiltcr principle is extracted from tne
berries.

Whi/ are we in same measure indebted to the
French for our present abundant supply of coffee ?

Because all (he coffee mown in the West Indies
has sprung from two plants taUen thither by a
French botanist from the botanic garden at Pans.
On the vovauo the supply of water became nearly
exhausted ; but so anxious was the Frencliman to
preserve the plants, that be deprived liiuKsolf of
his allowauro in mder to water the coffee plants.
Formerly cotfce coul.l only be got at a great expense
from Mocha in Arabia.

Why do f'oivls,ifkept c.nfncJ, lay their egss loith-
0u( shells ?

Because they cannot tlici. jret at any earth which
contains the m iterial requisite for the shell. Dr
Paris, (in the Linmcan Traniadions) shows that if
the legs of hens be broken, ihcy will lay their eggs
without shells until the fracture is repaired ; nature
employing all the lime in circulation for the pur-
pose of rijuuiting the bones.

ffhy arc certain smatl fowls called ' bantams ?'
Because tliey were fir.,t introduced here from
Bantam in the Isle of Java, in the year 1683.

Jfhy are eggs preserved by rubbing them with
huttcr'f

Because the butter closes the pores in the shell,
by which the cominunicaiion of the embryo with j
e.xternal air takes place. The embryo is not how- !
ever, thus killed. Varnish has n similar effect. ^
Reaumur covered egg.s with spirit varnish, and |
found them capable of producing chickens after ^
two years, when the varnish was carefully removed.

Why is the coloring of cheese unobjeclionabk, pro- [ The ra..iee..-()i.e man at Chnrlcslown Massa-

. V . ■ c chnsetis, has gdthereil 302 lbs. of .?(;i(f(j/i« from on«

tided it IS genuine .' , ■ , ,, i seed— another at Portsmouth plucked an «;)/>/e from

Because the seed, or artiott.i, by wbicli iiie col- ^n,. ,,(■ hia trees that weiglied 1 lli. lOoz.— andthe
oring is produced, is slightly purgative and stoma- (.g,^, (,f a third dexterously shook a (piince tree, and
chic. It ia produced by a bush, or small tru:-, mo.-tly gat a peck of golden fruit! A fourth makes about
troiiical. 2.C0O dollars a yetir by the niiinufacture of shaving

niiu have white veils a tendency to promote sun- , boxes loassist the operation of riu/Zi/Jcuan^ the beards
, , /• I , o : of southern ffentlemon — a nllh grows water-metons

barn and freckles? f ,,,„ „„„,. wei^hJn.r;J9!lbs. So they go on. With anylhlng-

Becaus. they increase the power of the """ =',.^„,-,, „7,,|-^, box to a ship, from contriving wooden
liglii. . ' nutmegs to the use of the bayonet — from making

ll'hy are white hats and dresses worn in summer? : cider to handling 2-2-poun(lers, the Yankee always

Because dark cohus absorb most heat; white ^yjj|,,.g to 'go ahead;' and he will sit down, with a
thereliire repels most heat, and is cooler wear. A penknife, to make a clock out of cedar shingles — or
white dress in winter is goo.l, because it radiates enter for a three years' vo>ago to the Pacific to
or receives little heat. Polar animals have gener- harpoon whales-' p.st as it happens ! Two of thein
' ri.i,eiie.< luu. II- . u .1 I . i.«„i=.t sonie years a go, took a trip to Canton in an old

ally light furs. White horses are both less heated l^ ^j^. J ^^^^, ^^.^^ ^|; ^^^^^ ^^^^, commenced

in the sun, and less chilled m winter, than those ot^ ^j^^ manufacture of gingerbread ; and, having gath-
darker hues. _ ered money, returnell with a 'considerable' cargo

]Vhy does a flannel coveriri!; keep a man warm in of teas, which they picked up ' in trade.' And one

inter, and ice from melting in summer ? who had recently, peradventure, r

Because it liotli |uevents the passage of heat
from the man, and to the ice.

Jf'hy does a person with a cold in the head or ca-
tarrhfrom the eyes and nose, experience so much more
relief on applying to the face a linen or cambric hand-
kerchief than one of cotton ?

B-icaiise the linen, by conducting, readily ab.sorbs
the heat and diminisbes the inflammation, while the
latter, by refu.siiigto give passage to the heat, in-
creases the temperature and the pain. Popular
prejudice has liehl that there was a poison in cot-
ton.— Arnolt.

ll'hy is cotton warmer than any other fibrous
thread ?

Because the fibres of cotton, when examined by
the microscope, will be seen to be finely toothed:
this explains the cause of their adhering together
with greater facility than the fibres of other species
which arc destitute of teotb, and which cannot be
spun into tliread without an admixture of cotton.
Il'bij does oiled silk, or other air-tight covering,
laid on a bed, preserve greater warmth than an ad-
ditional blanket or more ?

Because the oiled silk prevents the ventilation
of the person l>y the slow passage of air, as
ihroiigh the texture of the blanket.
H'hy does ivorsted differ from yam 'I
Because separate threads of wool are more
twisted for the worsted, of which stockings and
slufls are made, than for the yarn, of which blan-
kets, carpets, &.c, are made. Worsted was nam-
ed from its being originally manufactured in great
cpiautities, at Worsted in Norfolk, once a lar-ge
town, but now reduced to a v.Uage ; the manu-
facture being removed to Norwich and its vicinity.
Wiy is woollen cloth advantageous ?
Because of the readiness with which it allows
the perspiration to escape through its texture, its
power of preserving warmth to the skin under all
circnmslanccs, the difliculty of making it wet
through, the slowness with which it conducts beat
and the softiiess,ligbtiiess, and pliancy of its texture.
Why are blankets so called ?

Because they \vere first made in 1340, by one
Thomas Blanket, and some other inhabitants of
Bristid.

ff'hy do pearl-ash and water remove grease spots ?
Because the pearl-ash unites chemically with
the grease, forming a species of soap, which easily
washes out.

Why is pipe-clay used for scouring cloth ?
Because pure clay, or alumina, has great affinity
for greasy substances.

ntly, peradventure, returned from a
voyage among the frozen islands of the south to
catch seal — lately managed a team of one hundred
and fifty pairs of oxen at a cattle show, marching
and countermarching them like a well drilled com-
pany of soldiers, at command ! We may next hear
of him teaching a school, or hammering horse shoes,,
buildinsr a mill, weaving cotton table cloths, or mak-
inir mouse traps! His oiily motto ;s ' o.nward ' —
always onward. — J^iles' Register.

Progress of Refinement. — A Pliilad.lphia Editor
has modified the vulgar and hackneyed expres-
sion, ' Going- the whole Hog,' by .substituting tha
following more polite and genteel words. — 'Pro-
ceeding the whole Pork ! '

Cobb's Treatise on Silk.

Ju9t publisbcii, am) for sale at (be A(;ricnllural Ware-
house and Seed Store, No 50> North Market street,

A Mimual, containiag information respecting the
Growth of the Mulberry Tree, wiib suitable Diieclion*
for the Culture of Silk — In three parts — wiih colored cn-
m.ivinir.s. By .1. H. Cobb, A. M. Published by direa-
iionof''His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislaiure of Massachusetts. Price 374
cents. PC- 26-

(jy" Ammunition

Of the best quality ai.u lowest price; for sportinu—
constantly for sale at COPELAN L*-.** POW DER STORE,
6 Iboad Street.

N. B. If the quality is nol found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willhn rcb'inieo Jan. 1

Binding.

Subscribers to the New Englai.d Farmer are informed
that they can have their volumes neatly half bound and
lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving Ibem at tba
Farin-M- oflice. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Eveiii up, at S3 per annum,
payable at the end of ibe year— but thoBe who pay within
sixty days from the liine of eubscribing, are entitled to a d«-
(luction of fifty cents.

Jj" No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bein" made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th*
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
KussEi.L, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 Noilh
Market Street. agents.

A'ticl'or/;— G. Thof.burn &. Sons, C7 Liberty-street
.4tt.i«i/— Wm. TiionBUKN,347 Marliei-sireet.
I'liUmlelpliiii— I). & C La ndketh . 86 Chesluul-street .
Bullimme—G. B.Smith, Ediiur ol ihe American Farmer,
Cincinnati— S. C. Pakkhurst,23 Lower Market-street.
F/iisliin'T. N. Y. Wm.Prince&Sons, Prop. Liu. Bol.Gardn*
mddlebury, W!.— Wight Chapman.
/yj/i/cri/— GooiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms.—K. Edwards.
Newburyport, Ebene/.kr Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.-i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland. J7<.— Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
.lumsta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Haifa.. N.S.— P. J- Hollasd, Ejq. Recorder offics
Moidrail.V.. C— HiNKV lllLLOCK.

FUliLlSHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AT NO. 52 MORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.)-T. G. FESSENDEN EDITOR^

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 14, 1831.

NO. 32.

(©sasawj^a'Siisjaosrsa

ANTIDOTE TO THE POISON OF CHERRY
LEAVES.

Jimaici Plain, Dpc. 9, I83i._
Mr Fessenden — In consequence of the note in
your paper of 5lli October, relative to the poi-
soning of sheep by c.iling the leaves of wild
cherry trees, on the 19th of same month I put
a note in your paper hoping to have prociiroil
further information on the subject. Not obtain-
ing it as I had hoped, I was induceil to address
a letter to S. M. Tully, Esq. of Saybrook, Connec-
ticut. I have this day received an answer, which
I now inclose you for publication in the next New
England Farmer, as I think it calculated to do
much good. It convinces me that I have suft'er-
ed the loss of very many sheep and lambs for
.several years past without knowing' the cause. —
Aly pasturage is high and dry, and rocky, and being
an island they have water at cominan<l ; round I
the borders is a belt of wood, and in it very many
of the wild red and black cherry trees, largaand
small, on which I have now no doubt they have
eaten at pleasure — and probably by eating little
at a time in passing a small plant of it, the dis-
ease may have been a long litne in their sys-
tem without causing a speedy death as described by
Mr T. The cutting his large tree gave a large
quantity of feed on n sudden, of which it ap-
peared his sheep ate greedily, causing a sudden
death. I have directed every wild cherry tref and
bush, to be cut down while withoat leaves Rnd
carefully watched to prevent a further grow ih, und
hope to derive l)cncnt rrom it. — if I should anoth-
er year I will let you know it, as I know of no
other plant which could have caused the damage
we have experienced. I wish some of your me-
ilical subscribers would let us know if my con-
jecture is correct, that a sheep may eat a Utile at
a time of a poisonous plant, and have the |)oison
some time in their system before death ensues.
Yours respectfully, Joun Prikce.

Saybrook, Con. Dcccmbor, 5, 1831.
John Prince, Esq.

Sir — 1 received a line from you a few days since
respecting a notice that appeared in a public print
this fall some time, with my signature, in relation
to the poisonous qualities of the wild cherry, and
should have paid earlier attention to your request
but have been prevented through a multiplicity of
engagements ; but I now hasten to give you all the
information in my power.

A few years since I had 16 or 18 sheep that
had access to a wild cherry tree that had been fell-
ed some time in the forenoon ; they ata of the
wilted leaves, which I was ignorant of, until one
or two hours after, when I discovered that they
were sick, and soon ascertained the cause ; two or
three of them died in 20 or 30 minutes after I first
observed that they were sick, and others appeared
to be in the agonies of death, when Capt. Noah
Scovill, a gentleman residing in the next village,
who happened to bo then passing by, and seeing
the situation of the sheep, recommended the plan-
tain as a speedy cure. I applied it according to
his direction, to some that were apparently but

,r..=t ahve and they were almost instantly relieved , ous to cattle or sheep, when drv or £rreen hot
and to the best of my remembrance nearly cured only when in awiUtdslale ; whether this is I'fnrt
m 4 or 5 hours ; others more slightly affected ! that may bo relied on I am not ablo to sav but
seemed to be well in one or two hours after the I apprehend they arc most hurtful when in a wilted
plantain was used. The recipe was this— take a state, as I have often seen cattle cat of it whca
handful of the leaves of the common plantain, green without any apparent injury.

e them and pour on a little hot water, squeeze
it through a cloth, add a little cold water that it
may not scald the animal, and it may be given im-
mediately ; less than half a pint is a sufficient dose
for a sheep. As I do not recollect ever having
seen a bullock poisoned in consequence of eating
cherry leaves, I cannot speak with confidence of
the plantain, as an antidote, but have no doubt
that it would be ns useful for neat cattle as for
iec[(. I am aware that some of our botanists and
hysicians think that the plantain possesses no me-
icinal property whatever; but that it operated ns an
antidote against poison, or a correcter of the
xtomach in the case above referred to, is, I think,
placed beyond a doubt, as it can be substantiated
by the testimony of 4 or 5 adults now iu my family,
and several of the neighbors, whoso veracity,
where they are known, cannot be questioned ;
neither can there ho any doubt, in the case I have
described, but that my sheep were poisoned with
wild cherry loaves, as they were seen by some of
the neighbors, eating leaves from the tree that had
been felled, and they could certainly get nothing
else at all hurtful ; in addition to this, I caused one
or two of those that had died to be opened, and
found the leaves in tho stomach, though in small
quantities ; I should think but a small handful in

As to appearances of the disease, in shftep, I
should think there was something a little peculiar
at first, the ears drooping, panting with tho mouth
open, and tongue considerably out, trembling, stag-
gering, falling, convulsion, and death soon follow-
ing. I believe in most cases the poison of cherry
leaves operates in 3 or 4 hours.

In this part of Connecticut, the wild cherry, to
use the popular name (the botanical name I do not
now recollect) is that which produces the fruit for
making cherry rum, and iu our forests grows to a
large size ; it is not however so abundant, as wal-
nut, oak, chesnut, birch or maple, but is about as
common as ash, beech, elm, &c ; when grown into
large trees and cut, they seldom grow from the
root ; but if ctit when small, they shoot abundantly,
indeed it is difficult to subdue them ; where there
are but few, a little salt, or brine, will effectually
destroy them, as it will all vegetation ; but this ex.

It is several years since 1 have been obliged to
use the recipe above described and thougii it has
been in my possession some time, I did not make it
known to the public through the medium of the
press, as I supposed it to be in common u.se,
but any service that I can render an iudividua],
or the iiublic, in this way, will be done with cheer,
fulness.

With sentiments of esteem, I remain,
Sit, your friend and servant,

Samuel M. Tullt.
P. S. In rsspect to the raising of sheep, I would
remark that the farmers in this vicinity consider
high and rocky land the best for sheep ; the pas^
ture is more jsweet, and nutritious and tho aif
more pure and healthy.

Remarks by the Editor. — The foregoing papers
are very interesting, and important, aixd the wri-
ters have laid us under great obligations, and w*
think, greatly benefittoi! the |iublic by their commuv
nication. If any of our medical freinds, or others
can give information on this subject wc shall re-
ceive it with gratitude and give it an immediate in-
sertion in our paper.

• HEATING HOT HOUSES.

Mr Fesse\oe« — When,, and where, were the
ppinionsjiubsihed vp"^" -""-bWU Mt-l>upk;nK'iij"en-
ious and elaborato"commentary was written whicfc
appeared in your last No. .' If not printed, to
whom were they addressed? Di,| Mr Perkins
publish the whole or only part, and if part, waa
that part given in his own words, or in the wordj
of the writer ? Was it a criticism of Mr Perkins-
own plan, or of some other .' I ask this, because,
at the outset Mr Perkins treats it as a critique on
his own works, and in a tone of anxiety. Yet
afterwards, it would seem to have been a criticism
on a different plan, because it speaks of tivo upper
pipes, which I presume from his own descWptioii
Mr T. H. Perkins' apparatus has not.

Is it not possible, that Mr Perkins has miscon-
ceived or misapprehended the writer whom he
answers? The reason I -ask this is, that in the
very brief view he gives of the writer's objection!,
it is plain, that he has sometimes misunderstood
him, and he may have so done in other cases.

pedient would be both tedious and expensive, select a very important one. Mr Perkins renre

The wild cherry is more common in our cultivated
fields than in the forest ; its growth is more rapid,
it is more fruitful, and there are more birds to
scatter the seeds ; from this circumstance, ihey
generally shoot up by the fences, where the
grass and weeds are not kept down.

Many of our farmers consider the wild cherry
nearly as hurtful to English grain in producing
blast, as the barberry, and lam almost certain that
its shade is more injurious to any crop, than that
of any other tree.

sents the unknown writer as objecting to his plan
of inserting the upper pipe 3 inches below tho
top of the boiler. To this objection Mr Perkin.s
replies, that this is neces.sary, because otherwise
the water would overflow. 'Now it is plain that
Mr Perkins did not perceive the force of the ob
jection. '

The objection was made to this very defect of
the boiler, which required such a waste of metal,
space, and heat.

If Mr Perkins will reexamine the sketches oC

A writer in one of the New Haven papers (I do the new boilers in Tredgold's and Mearn's articles
not now recollect %vhich) some time in the summer in Loudon's Gardener's .Magazine, he will see that
past, observes, that the wild cherry is not injuri- ' ihey ar« cluse boilers, aud the upper pipe ii insert-

170

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 14, 1831.

ed at the top. The pipes and boiler are always
entirely full. When therefore heat is applied to
the boiler, ihe water having no room to e.xpand
within the boiler is forced along the pipe by the
expansive force of the increasing volume, and rises
in the reservoir instead of the boiler. Boilers on

and those generally containing the highest concen-
trated juices. The peach should be transplanted
at one year's growth from the bud, and the apple,
pear, plum and cherry at two. Plants of this kind,
worked on suitable slocks, are more profitable to
the purchaser than large frees, produce good crops
this principle e.tisted with me before the publica- I sooner and are tlirice as apt to live when trans-
tion of Tredgold's essay, and the advantages are ported to a distance. I know this will seem para-
obvious and great. dox'cal to men unacqu.iinted with vegetable phy-
I could point out sonic other opinions which ] siolog-y, yet it is a truth admitted by every ex-
1 think erroneous into which Mr Perkins has j perienced nurseryman. A small tree is or ought
fallen, as to smoke flues, and the passage of water to be, taken up with its roots nearly entire ; while

in a lower pipe of half the size of the iifiper, but
it is obvious, that he has no confidence in his own
opinions on this last point, or he would have spared
the expense of his heavy lower pipes, or even
now he would substitute a two inch and a half
lower pipe in place of his five inch, by which he

a large one must suffer a great diminution by the
operation. Tlie first, having its organs entire,
receives but a slight check in growth by the
change. Far different with the large one. For
want of the usual supply of sap which the roots
supplied, the sap vessels contract and become caL

would save the heating of 40 gallons of water, or lous, the wood becomes sickly for want of the

one seventh part of his annual consumption of fuel
I presume he will admit that 280 gallons re-
quires more fuel to raise their temperature to a
given height, than 240 would.

But there is something, so new in discussing
the merits of opinions which the public have never
seen and perhaps never can see without a breach
of good faith, that I forbear further discussion.

This however, I will add, that nobody ever
doubted the entire competency of Atkinson's
plan to heat the houses to which tliey are applied,
but the great objection has been that they are too
good for the depth of the purses of those who
eannot afford to throw away 1000 in every 2000
pounds of coal, which the suppression of the
smoke flues probably produces. More than hidf
of all the hot houses &c, &c, of England are now
heated by smoke flues, and among the rest the
new and expensive hot house of Thomas"Andrew
Knight and the splendid ones of the IJuke of De-
Tonshire Ijuilt last summer oro ..<.,.. k=„,:„^ i,j
new builtsraoke flues. Twentyfive years' person-
al experience induces me to say, that were I com-
pelled to discard cither my steam, and liot water
apparatus, or my smoke flues, I should not hesitate
to give up the two first. For this I could assign
very many forcible reasons, but I select one which
is sufficient. I lieat my houses for about 6 months
at the cost of 30 dollars oidy. They are together
60 feet by 16 and 12. In moderate days I only
warm by the flues at a gentle rale, just to keep the
houses dry. If I was obliged to get up lov/ steam
or moderately hot water every day, it would cost
me 90 dollars. The former expense is better
suited to my feelings. RoxBURrENSis.

usual circulation, and if the plant lives it seldom if
ever regains its vital energy. Besides, large trees
are often those which have been rejected for years
in the nursery, on account of stunted growth or
unhealthy appearance, and then sold to the ad-
mirers of large trees. There can be no imposition
in a healthy young tree ; while the packing, trans-
portation and prospect of living, give to it a man-
ifest advantage over a large one. For myself 1
would rather buy of the age I have described,
ttan accept large ones as a gift. — ff'esteni Tiller.

The Southern Agriculturist for November last
eontains its usual quantity of valuable original
mailer. Among the communications we notice
one from Judge Buel, ' on the culture of fruit
trees in the Southern states, ' from which we ex-
tract the following :

The apple produces best on a primitive forma-
tion, but gives the richest fruit and cider on the
transition, abounding in calcareous matter and
stones. The pear likes a moist loam inclining to
clay, and the plum one still more adhesive — the
f herry thrives on a lighter soil than the pear, and
the peach probably does well with you on your
lightest sands. There are exceptions to these
rules. The breaking pears, such as the Saint
Germain, &c, do best on a light sandy soil, that
is, here they give the beat fruit. The same may
be said of several apples, as the Downton pippin

SUNFLOWER OIL

Is extracted in the same maniaer as linseed, ex-
cept that the seed is hulled by jiassing it through
a machine for the purpose. Mr Barnitz of York,
Pa. informed us that the production of linseed oil
is declining rapidly, and that sunflower oil would
soon supersede it altogether, as it is much, more
profitable to the farmer. The sunflower oil lias
ueen inert ni pamt, and louixl to be aamirabiy
adapted to it, as it dries with great facility. For
lamps it answers a good purpose, and in some re-
spects is superior to sperm, especially in its perfect
freedom from all offensive smell. For the table
we think it will certainly supersede olive oil, as it
is much cheajjcr, and to many of a more agreeable
flavor. For the last purpose we have used a great
deal of it, and while we can get it shall certainly
never use olive oil. By Mr Barnilz's mode of ex-
tracting it he gets a gallon from every bushel of
seed. Many persons suppose that they have only
to lake their seed to a common oil mill, and get a
gallon of oil from a bushel ; but this is a mistake ;
the seed must be freed from its hull, and to do
this a machine (of the structure of which Mr B.
will give every information,) must be used. Mr
Barnitz has made a large quantity of this oil tliis
fall, and showed it to us in all its stages. He at
present gives 50 cents a bushel for sunflower seed,
and gets a dollar a gallon for the oil. When the
business gets established the price of seed will be
considerably more or that of the oil less, as at the
present prices a mill steadily at work would be
very profitab'e ; the oil cake nearly pays for the
extraction of the oil, it being an excellent article
of food for horses and cattle. — American Farmer.

When inexhaustible coal mines were discover-
ed, we were told that the poor would have coal
exceedingly cheap ; but it seems that the more
coal discovered and the more companies establish-
ed, the higher is the price of coal. Why is this .'
How is this ?

FEEDING CATTLE IN OHIO,
A correspondent of the Scioto (Ohio) Gazette,
has sent to the editor of that paper some facts re-
lative to the business of ' Stock Feeding,' which
is extensively carried on in the Scioto Vul-
ley. From these it apjiears thai the first stock or
store cattle were driven to an Eastern market in
the year 1801, and the trade continued success-
fully for three years. It was soon found that
there was no market at home for the surplus
grain raised in Ohio, and the distance too great
to send it to the eastwerd for sale ; in conse-
quence of which a citizen of Chillicothc deter-
mined to try the experiment of fattening cattle at
home. Sixty head were fed in the year 1084,
and the owner drove them to Baltimore, the near-
est market, and to his great astonishment the
project proved profitable. The succeeding year ]
from two to three hundred were driven to the
same market. In 1808, a drove was sent to Phi-
ladelphia, and subsequently others to New York
and Boston, and the number now exported from
the Valley alone amounts to ten thousand head
per animm.

The cattle, however, are not all raised in Ohio ;
more tlian half of them are collected from difler-
ent parts of the Western States, the diflicidty and
labor of which are exemplified in the following
paragraph from the letter referred to.

' Our cattle dealers think nothing of mounting
their horses and riding two, three, four, five, sii
and seven hundred miles in search of slock, and
when they procure and collect a drove, follow
them for months through the wilderness, carry-
ing their provisions on pack horses and encamp-
ing in the woods and i)rairies until they reach
here ; then graze or feed, them and proceed with
them to an eastern market. Thus have cattle
been purchased at the Council Bluffs, up the

Missouii, Ullvcii I. CO onj ftU, onJ lljcil ouilt OH

foot to the Pliiladclphia, New York and Boston
markets, and from thence shipped to the West
Indies — the entire operation of which consuming
something like three years.' — Hatnp. Gaz.

A CHALLENGE.
William Cobbelt offers to bet any Yankee upon
the face of the earth, one hundred pounds, the
conditions of which bet are, that the said Yankee
shall plant an acre of corn next spring in one
piece, and Cobbelt will plant an acre of corn in
Old England ; the Yankee sliall have his acre
standing and growing in some place within ten
miles of the Ciiy of N. York. When the Yan-
kee shall declare his corn to be ripe he shall have
a square rod of it measured and from this it shall
be declared how much corn the Yankee has
standing upon his acre. The Yankee is at liberty
to appoint one of his countrymen residing in Eng- ,
land, to lake an account of the amount of Cob-
bett's crop. That there may be no dispute about
big corn 'or little corn, and the difference or
amount of crop, or the difference there is in great
corn and small corn in filling the bushel, the ques-
tion is to he decided by the weight ofsbelled corn ;
that is to say, a rod of ground, impartially taken,
shall have the ears taken off, husked ant! shelled
upon the spot, and then weighed, and the ques-
tion to be decided by the weight. Cobbelt says
he is perfectly serious in his challenge, and that
he makes it to convince the people of the United
Slates thai the English can grow as good corn as
we can and even greater crops.

Vol. X.— No. 22.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

171

EXHIBITION OF BUTTER AND CHEESE.

The Committee on Butter and Cheese, consisting of E. Hersv Derhv, Gorham Parsons, Esq
(assisted by Hon. Peter C. Brooks, in the place of Benjamin Gdild, Esq. prevented by sickness,
from attending,) report as follows :

That they are highly gratified with this year's exiiibition — in both articles it greatly exceeded that
of the last. For Butter there were the following entries, viz : —

No.

By wlioin Entered.

Where Made.

Weighl

Frlce sold for
pRrlb.

RemarkB.

^T

Sanford Howard,

Hallowcll, Me.

310

17 to 20

6 firkins.

2

Judc Kimball,

Lyndon, Vt.

18 to 19

10 do.

3

Robert Gilson,

Ryegate, Vt.

1400

16 to 17

10 do.

4

Thomas Sparhawk,

WalpoIe,N.H.

350

7 do.

5

Ichabod Everett,

Billetica, Mass.

131

3 do.

6

Alexander M'Kee,

11 <i

8

Henry Sprague,

Boylston Farm, )
Princeton, Mass. J

1200

25 to 35

20 do.— Took 2d premium, $50.

9

Ziba Johnson,

Feacham, Vt.

10

Wm. Warden, jr.

Barnet, Vt.

16

7 do.

11

Wm. Bachop,

U <1

2000

IS to 20

40 do.

12

Wm. Shearer,

« «

17

7 do.

13

Jacob Wilson,

Spencer, Mass.

100

2 tubs.

14

Calvin French,

Needham, Mass.

15

Wm. Eager,

Northborough, Mass.

eao

17 to 20

10 firkins.-

16

Jacob Osgood,

Andover, Mass.

17

Moses R. Bouve,

Barnet, Vt.

16 to 16i

11 do.

18

Silas Bemis,

Barre, Mass.

310

7 do.

19

Lydia Page,

Hardwick, Mass.

335

3 do.— Took 6th premium, $10.

20

Sampson Peirce,

New Braintree, Mass.

2 do.

21

Richard Hildreth,

Sterling, Mass.

2 tubs.

22

Seth Davenport,

Mendon, Mass.

325

7 firkins.— Took 3d premium, $30.

23

Luther Chamberlain,

Westboro, Mass.

553

32 to 37

7 do. Took 1st premium, $100.

24

Charles Lee,

Barre, Mass.

400

23

7 kegs.

25

John Prince,

Merino Island, N. H.

316

7 firkins.

26

Mary Noyes,

Byefield, Mass.

150

27

Peter Thaoher,

Attleboro, Mass.

2 pots.

28

Walter Bigelow,

Worcester, Mass.

310

20 to 21

6 firkins.

29

Mary Clark,

Northampton, Mass.

30

Jonathan Waite,

Whately, Mass.

31

B. & T. Lynde,

Guilford, Vt.

650

7 kegs.

32

Charles Cutter,

Weston, Mass.

131

4 pots and 2 boxes.

33

William Spring,

U it

106

5 pots and 1 box.

34

Fitch Winchester,

Southboro, Mass.

368

8 kegs.

35

Cloud Harvey,

Barnet, Vt.

600

20 to 22

26 firkins.

36

William Gilkerson,

U It

800

5 do.

37

Samuel Sawyer, 2d,

Steiling, Maso.

108

4 kegs.— Took 4th premium, $20.

38

Oliver Sampson,

Weston, Mass.

BOO

- -

2 tubs. •■■-v

39

40

John Gilkerson,
Nahum Hardy,

Darner, vt.
Waltham, Mass.

6t)0'
70

5 tirluns.
2 do.

41

Thomas Walls,

Peacham, Vt.

155 to 164

7 do.

42

Alanson Stevenson,

" "

15

7 do.

43

Calvm French,

Boston.

44

Nathan Gushing,

Woodstock, Vt.

216

22

3 tubs.

45

Gershom Cobb,

tt «

272

26 to 28

8 firkins.

36

Stephen Metcalf,

Croydon, N. H.

400

6 do.

47

Gabriel Parker,

Southboro, Mass.

450

4 do.— Took 5th oremium, $15.

48

Peter Harwood,

Hardwick, Mass.

312

6 do.

49

Abijah Fisher,

Dedham, Mass.

125

25

5 pots and 1 box.

50

Oliver Johnson,

Sterhng, Mass.

68

51

Jonathan Dudley,

Charlton, Mass.

450

6 firkins.

52

Levi Woodward,

Dresden, Me.

260

5 do.

53

Gershom Cobb,

Pembroke, Mass.

54

A. J. Allen,

Boston.

100

3 kegs.

In addition to which there were a great inany applications from individuals, who not having com-
plied with the regulations of the Society, could not be allowed to come in competition for the pre-
miums.

For Cheese there were the following entries, viz : 1 from Maine, 1 from New Hampshire, 2 from
Vermont, and 14 from Massachusetts.

ENTRIES OF CHEESE.

55

Henry Sprague,

J Boylston Farm, )
I Princeton, Mass. J

527

.56

Jude Kimball,

Lyndon, Vt.

57

Jacob Wilson,

Spencer, Mass.

58

Samuel S. Woods,

New Braintree, Mass.

347

.59
60

Elisha Matthews,
Welcome Newell,

" "

61

Daniel Hunter,

" "

62

Ebenezer Tidd,

" "

63

Roswell Converse,

" •■

64

William Tufts,

" "

65

Job Rainger,

" "

66

Sampson Pierce,

" "

67

B. & T. Lynde,

Guilford, Vt.

65U

68

H. Brewer,

Framingham, Mass.

664

«9

David Lee,

Barre, Mass.

70

John Prince,

Roxbury, Mass.

420

8A

74 to 94
< 85 to 1 1 O.

) 8| to 94 N.

New.
Old.

Old and new— took 2d prem. on old, $50.

Old — took 1st premium oa old, $100.
New — took Ist premium on new, $50.

Old and new.

Took 2d premium on new, .f 30.

The quantity of butter was extremely large,
estimated by the Con-.miwee to be little short of
thirty thousand pounds ; the greater part of which
was of a very superior quality, and put up in very
fine order. Some of it was in lumps and balls
and arranged most fancifully in bo.xes, tubs and
pots. The Committee feel constrained however
to say, that although it appears beautiful to the
eye, yet from their experience it is a mode they
cannot recommend fur Butter designed for winter
consumption. They almost invariably found, that
when a large surface was exposed to the influence
of the atmosphere, it was more or les.? injured
from that cause. They would in future recom-
mend, that when Butter is not designed for imme-
diate use, it should be packed in firkins or casks,
by which a smaller surface will be exposed to the
air.

There was a lot of Butter of 4 firkins, sent by
Mrs Mary Noyes, from the Fatherland Farm iu
Byfiehl, for exhibition only, the quality of wh'ich
was thought excellent by the Conimilteo.

The Cheese in quantity did not compare with
the Butter, more particularly the old Cheese, but
the most of it both old and new, was of a very
superior quality.

The Comniittoe have had a very arduous and
responsible duty to perform. They were assist-
ed in their decision by some of the most judicious
persons that the city of Boston and its environs
could fm-nish ; they feel under great obligations
to Edmund T. Hastings, Esq. Col. Thomas Da-
vis, William Stickney, Grenville T. Winthrop,
and Nevvhall A. Thompson, Esqrs. the two last
kindly officiated as Secretaries ; also to Messrs
Warren, Barry & Park, who tendered their ser-
vices to the Committee for awarding premiums on
Butter and Cheese, in selling the same, as ex-
pressed in the advertisement, free of charge,
riic outimiiuee shd their assisiams rtcTuicd tlic
whole of Tuesday from early morn until dark,
without a moment's intermission, to the examina-
tion, and have concluded to award the premiums
as follows : —

ON BUTTER. ^''

1st premium of .$100 to Luther Chamberlain of Westbo-

rough, Mass. for entry No. 23.
2d ditto of $50 to Henry Sprague of Princeton, Mass.

entry No. 7 and 8.
3d ditto of $30 to Seth Davenport of Mendon, Mass. for

entry No. 22.
4th ditto of $20 <o Samuel Sawyer, 2d, of Sterling, Mass.

for entry No. 37.
5(h ditto of $15 to Gabriel Parker of Southborough, Mass.

for entry No. 47.
6th ditto of $10 to Mrs Lydia Page of Hardwick, Mass.

for entry No. 19.

ON CHEESE.

1st premium of $100 to Ebenezer Tidd of New Brain-
tree, Mass., for old cheese.

2d ditto of $50 to John Matthews of New Braintree, Ms.
for old clieese.

3d premium of $50 to Roswell Converse of New Brain-
tree, Mass. for new cheese.

4th ditto of $30 to David Lee of Barre, Mass. for new
cheese-

The Premium Butter sold as follows :
1st premium from 32 to 37 cents per pound.
2d " " 25 to 35 "

3d " " 26 to 27 " "

4th •' 26

5th •' private sale.
6th " 23 cts. per lb.

E. HERSY DERBY, Chairman.
Boston, Dec. 1th, 1831.

172

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Dec. 14, 1831.

Agricultural.

ADDRESS,

PBI.IVERED BEFORE THE JEfFERSOX COUNTY

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

S£pr. 27, 1831.

BY MAJOR EDMUND KIRBV.

Concludod from page 1G5.

Nothing marks more strikingly the jirogress in
iigricuUural science, than the degree of attention
which is paid to gardens and fruit. They consti-
tute a thermometer, hy which to judge the charac-
ter of tlie farmer. Attached to every farm house,
there should be a neatly cultivated garden, with a
eompartment allotted to vegetables, another to
choice fruit, and a third to shrubbery and flowers,
which last should he under the exclusive direction
of the female part of the family. This may be
attained without any interference with the ordinary
work of the farm, and besides being a great orna-
ment, would constitute a source of substantial
enjoyment, to all the inmates of the house. A
little attention to the garden, loads the table of the
laboring man with the choicest delicacies of the
vegetable world, supplying at once a cheap and
wholesome diet ; and affording a deli^dltflll retreat
for the family in the hours of relaxation from
work.

In the early stages of the settlement of the
• ounty, attention was mainly directed to provide
the necessaries of life, and an almost total disre-
gard of its refinements and delicacies prevailed.
Hence it is, that our farms and gardens are so
icantily stocked with fruit trees. Public attention,
liowever, is awakening to this deficiency, as the
numerous young and thrifty orchards in every di-
rection testify ; but upon this subject much re-
mains to be done ; for it i= ""* suflicicnt to jilant
orchards oi seedling trees, and then leave tlicm to
the sole care of nature, to be overrun with grass,
moss, and shoots from the roots ; or to be brows-
ed by cattle, and fiunlly to become black-hearted
and die of premature old age. Young fruit trees
require as much attention as young corn, to pre-
serve them in a healthy state. The ground should
be manured and kept loose around the roots, in
order to give them an opportunity to expand and
impart vigor to the stock. They should be care-
fully pruned, at the proper season, which, in this
climate, is not till after the leaf begins to open in
the spring ; and finally, if not already done in the
nursery, they should be grafted or inoculated, with
elioicc varieties, so as to supply the table through
»he various seasons of the year.

There are several nurseries in the county, espe-
cially that of Mr Hepp, in Le Ray, from wliich
good selections, of grafted fruit, may be made ;
we may also resort, with great facility, to the ex-
cellent nursery of Judge Buel, at Albany, which
is situated in a climate not unlike our own, and
trees from them succeed admirably here. This
nursery has been formed under the care of a gen-
tleman distinguished for scienlific and practical
attainments, who has been at infinite |)ains in col-
lecting, both from Europe and America, the most
valuable varieties of every kind of fruit, suited to
the climate. These can be procured from him,
<ipon the most reasonable terms : and by means of
the Erie and Oswego canals, may be brought, at
a trifling expense, into the pentre of the county,
without any of the damage arising from land car-
riage.

We may row name the grape among our most
sure and productive fruits. It is but little more
than four years since the foreign varieties of this
excellent fruit were, through the instrumentality
of your President, introduced to any considerable
extent, into the county ; and this year the crop
is most abundant, wherever those vines were dis-
seminated. Our warmest acknowledgments are
due to that gentleman, for the enlightened and
persevering zeal, with which he h»s advocated this
culture, contending against indifference and preju.
dice, till a high degree of success has crowned
the effort.

I am not so sanguine as some, who suppose
that we shall at once enter upon the business of
making wine : this may follow. But 1 regard the
grape as a most valuable acquisition to our table
fruits. It is as easy of cultivation as the currant,
with a little additional care in trimming, pruning,
and laying down the vineg, all of which opera-
tions will not occu])y time enough to be taken into
the account. Of the numerous varieties of na-
tive and foreign grapes, in bearing in the county,
all have uniformly remained unaffected by blight
or mildew, which prove so destructive to most of
the foreign varieties, in many parts of the country.
This we probably owe to some peculiarity in our
soil, or climate, hitherto unexplained.*

On land recently cleared, the stumps form a
serious obstacle to cultivation. They occupy a
considerable jiortion of the ground, and are ex-
ceedingly unsightly. The common hard wood
stumps, forming the mass of our for(;sls, decay
and disappear in a few years, hut the pine and
hendock, with their roots spreading wide upon the
surface, remain for ages, a great annoyance to the
ploughman : their removal, therefore, is worthy
of serious consideration. Pratt's Stump Exlrac.

comiiaratively liitle expense, and l>y convening
them into fences, where they will answer n useful
purpose for years, they are made themselves to
repay the expense of removal.

I estimate that two hundred and forty such
stumps, prevent the idou^h from taking cffiict upon
an acre of ground. With the above machine,
they may be taken entirely out of the eath, wiili

•The adaptation of our soil and climate to the produc-
tion of the grape, is now placed beyond a doubt, by the
uniform success which has attended the cultiiie of nu-
merous native and foreign varieties, in almost every kind
of soil and exposition, in all parts of ibe county ; as
well of the foreign varieties, introduced from the nur-
series at Albany and New York, as of ihose imporled
directly from France by Mr Le Ray de Chaumont and dis
Iributod gratuilou.sly among the members ol this society.
Of ihese~ last, a vine, the Meunier, in Major Brown's
garden in Brownville, a cutting four years ago, produ-
ced two hundred fine clusters last year, and more than
three hundred this season. General Lawrence of Brown-
ville, presented loMr Le Ray, thirlyninc beautiful clus-
ters from a vine in his garden of those distributed and
planted last year. Among the great variety exhibited
upon the day of the Fair, all ol which were perfectly
r'ipe and of delicious flavor, were several clusters of the
white Sweetwater, weighing more than a pound each,
from vines in Judge Ten Kyck's garden at Watertown,
planted but two years ago. Clusters of white, black,
and purple grapes were exhibited from the g;arden at Le
Raysville ; some the produce of a vine planted tlircc
year-s ago, which gave several clusters the very first
year, more the second, and no less than fiftysix this
season. In Europe, vines rarely bear the first year, but
when they do they fail the second year. None o( these
vines are trained against walls. — Doctor Guthrie of Sack-
etts Harbor, one of the most successfirl cultivators of
thi grape in the county, contemplates going extensively
into the vineyard culture of the vine.

all their roots, at twelve and a half cents each ;
and they may be removed to the borders of the
field, anrl formed into a fence for as much more.
— Placed upon their sides cOTiliguous to each
other they at once form a barrier against horses
and cattle, and hy trirrtming in the straggling rnolB,
they may readily be made gooil against sheep and
swine. Two stirmps will make n rod, and the
fence is better looking, and occupies less ground
than the common rail fence. Thus then, if this
estimate be true, which I have reason to believe
to he so, from recetrt iirquiry in the county of
Washington, where this machine is in full opera-
tion, and where the stumps form one of the most
common kinds of fence, for sixty dollars, an acre
of Inird may be brought into use in our best fields,
and a hundred and twenty rods of good fence con-
structed, to say nothing of the great embellieh-
meut the farm will receive hy the operation.

A great benefit derived from our free institu-
tioirs, and one best calculated to perpetuate them,
is lire general iliffusion of intelligence among the
lahirrirrg classes through the press. By this meaits,
all the operations of goveriiiitent are made to pai?s
it) review before us. — Within a few years, several
paper* have been established, in different parts of
the country, ilevoted exclusively to the interests
of our vocation, marking distinctly, a new era in
the agriculture of the country. — It is no longer
considered a pursuit, adapted to the meanest ca-
pacity, to be enrbraccd hy those oidy, who cannot
obtain a livelihood by any other means. Men of
capital and education, are devoting themselves to
it, and having become familiar with its details,
they, through this channel, shed the lights of
science upon our path, and place our profession
upon its true elevation.

Among the most efficient agents in this good

■^l„k.»lf lU^ X''n.,7 1^npl.,n,l Po'r.,,^.-, puLlioliCll nt

Boston, the Genesee Farmer, at Rocliester, and
the New York Farmer, at New York. These pa-
pers are filled with valuuble information upon all
the details of husbandry ami domestic economy,
and form a cheap mode of conveying instruction
upon the operations, from which we draw our sub-
sistence. Experiments upon various modes of
culture arc detailed with accuracy which enables
us to embrace irnprovetncnts with confidence ;
while we are wanted against frrihrres. They con-
tain also ample directions fiir the management of
fruit trees ; a subject upon which wo are singularly
deficient.

Three bushels of wlieat will pay the yearly
stihscription to either of these papers, anil would
form a judicious exchange for the farmer, for I
think that no one can habitually read one of them,
without deriving instruction from it to ten times
the value of its cost.

Prudence, perhaps, admonishes me not to ap-
proach a subject, which has been heretofore re-
peatedly urged upon your notice from this place,
without awakening that interest which its impor-
tance demands. But, when I recollect to what
slight circumstances, we owe the introduction of
some of the most valuable staples of the country, 1
am encouraged to make a few rciirarks upon the silk
worm; a culture which bids fair, at no distant
day, to afford eiiiployment to a numerous class ol
our population.

The thrifty appearance of several young nur-
series of the white mulberry, which furnishes
the food of the silk worm, shows that the tre«
may be cultivated among us, without difficulty ;

Vol. X No. 22.

AND HOllTICULTUllAL JOURNAL.

nnd a successful experiment this season, by llie
President of the society, in rearing the worm, re-
moves the only iloubt that tiie business may he
made a source of profit to every man, who has
room for a few miilherry trees. The copouns pro-
duced in the United States, have been pronounced
superior to those of Europe, and those pniduccd
by Mr Le Ray de Chaumont are befieved to be
equal to any in the country.

The management of the silk worm is perfectly
simple, occupying but a few weeks In the sprit
and all the labor may be performed by females,
by the aged, and by children. It is asserted liy
one of our distinguished countrymen, now in the
Mediterranean, and who is preparing a digest of
a 'very simple ihode of cultivaliiig the sill; worm,
and preparing the silk, adapted in the most simple
form to the use of families, that its cultivation is
not as troublesome as the cultivation of flax, and
infinitely more certain and profitable.'* He re-
marks, you will he surprised at the simplicity of
all the means of obtaining silk, and of the little
trouble attending it.

But facts make a stronger appeal to the iinder-
standitig thati argumetjts. It is stateil ii; the New
England Farmer, that the town of Mansfield, in
Connecticut, alone, has produced this season, five
tons of silk, worth in market, eigbtyfive ihoiisiiml
dollars. This rich source of wealth is within
our reach, with little other effort, than to plant the
mulberry tree ; which is as easy of cultivation as
the apple tree.

This culture recommends itself to our notice
in a pectdiar manner. In older pans of the cciitn-
try, especially in sotiie of the New England states,
it has already become a question of polilic dis-
cussion, how the daughters of a numerous class
of farmers, are to find einplovment, whi.li s],„\\

prevent their growlu^ t.|. i.. ;.il..n^«n3, n triirderi lo

their parents, on the one baud ; or going out to ser-
vice in the families of their more wealthy neigh-
bors, on the other. The spiunitig wheel and the
lootT), have until lately alVurded orcnpatiim for
that class; but the improvements in machinery,
by which the woollen mannfaciure is at present
prosecuted, and the extensive stdistitution of cot-
ton stufl^s for woollen, in household use, throw
female labor out of competition. The culture of
silk seems to afford the desideratum requireil ; for
the whole operation may be performed by female
labor, and that too with such fai'ility, that a single
female may, in a few weeks, without extraordina-
ry exertion, produce silk to the amount of a hun-
dred dollars.

The appropriate education and employment of
females, in all ranks of life, is a concern of the
highest importatice ; for precisely up'in these two
circumstances, does her usefulness depeiid-
Aniong barbarous nations, woman is reduced to
the level of the beasts of burden ; ami among
some of the people of the old world, she is deni-
ed the comtnon attribute of humanity ; with both,
she derives from man merely that degree of cnn-
sideration and protection, which he extends to his
other property. It is only under the Christian
dispensation, that she rises to the full enjoyment
of herjust rank, and participation in the cmicerns
of life. The customs of society, having a just re-
gard tothat refinement and delicacy, which attach
to the female character, and constitute its greatest
charm, have exchtded her from nccnpaiions deem-

* Com. Porter's Letlors.

ei\ peculiarly tnasriiliiie ; from participation in the
business o( legislation and guveriimeiit ; fi<iiii ex-
ercising tlie function of public, teachers of oiu'
holy religion ; and frotii the labors of our i\M.
But ill the domestic cinde she shines pre-eminent.
There she erects herthrone, and from it sileiuly
influenc(?s the affairs of men. Ein-intraged by
lier smiles, we are slimul.ited to the peiformnnce
of our best actions. — Much of the prosperity en-
I joyed by our society, may be ascrilied to tbo zeal
I with which the olyecls of our institution have
been promoted by the fair daii^'liti'is of Jefferson
county. They have enteml into a spirited cotn-
pctition for oiir premiums, upon tlio various arliides
of household inauufitctnre, that most valiuible and
fertile source of national wealtii ; and above all,
they have uniformly, as upon the present occasicm,
idiei'red us by their presence at our anniversary
iiieeiiiigs. While such continues to be the case,
our sorii-ty will be | erpeluated and its benefits will
be diffused.

Fiom L"ucl.iii's Maj! izine ofiNaliiral HisL.rf.

ON HARES TAKING THE WATER
I think 1 am enabloil, by deci.-ive facts, to set-
tle all doubts respecting the cipability or inclina-
tion of hares for taken the w.ater ; a curious point
i)f natural history, which has drawn the attention
of some of your correspondents at various times.
Near my residence there is a large shei-l of wa-
ter, in which (here is a small island at n<i great
distance from tiie shore. Conceiving that the
spot might be made a convenient receptacle fiir
hares or rabbits, I at various times, as opportnni
ties of catching thein occurred, turned out several
of each species ; but was surprised, on subsequent
visits, never to meet with a single individual.

.Irowned in jiitempliiig lo escape, or been starved
from a deficiency of proper food ; ihoiigh, as the
island aboiindeil in rich vegetation, unlomdied, of
course, by cattle, I could not so easily admit llie
latter supposition. One day, however, on landing,
I was startled by a large bare bouncing up, which
I knew could not be one placeil there by myself,
as many months bad elapsed since I bad repeated
my experiment of peopling the island. On seeing
lii:r rise, I immediately returned to the boat for:
a dog which had accompanied me ; when, to my ,
surprise. I saw her in the act of swimming towards
the maiidand at a steady pace, and belbre I could
cut her off, she had effected a landing, and, after
shaking herself, went away at full speed. On
examining the island, I found a regular hare track
liiim the iioint whence she started, through the
rich grass, to her seat ; an evident proof that she
was in the habit of crossing the ferry, and repo-
sing for the day in a situation which she had wiselv
selected, as removed from alarm of dogs, guns,
and sportsmen. This is not the only instance I
have to offer: Jiuother occiirre<l in the case of
a three-foiirili-grown leveret, which accidentally
fell into my bands, and whose motions I deter-
mined to watch after landing it on the island. For
a time it ran about in a .-taie of uneasiness, when,
as if aware that it «as under lestraint, it made
for the nearest point to the land, and without a
moment's hesitation, as a matter of course, plung-
ed boldly into the. water, and, like its more ex-
perienced predecessor, swam on shore with the
greatest ease and confidence. — E. S., F.L. S, July
21, 1831.

173

SNAKES TAKING THE WATER.
Sir— I was not aware until I rea<l the articl s
on this subject that any .•louhts bad been enter-
tained respecting it. Snakes will not only enter
freshwater ponds and rivers, but will cross con-
siderably channels of the sea. About thirty years
since during my fir,t excursion into North Wales
I met by accidental Caernarvon with the Kev W.
Bingley, author of Animal Biograpln/ ; we engaged
a fishing-smack, to sad for a day on the southern
coast of Anglesea, anil to land us on those parts
we wished to examine. It was a l)rilliaiit cloudless
day, in the raontli of August. On our return in
the evening, I was surprised by a suihlen cry of
the boatmen, when, about fif'y yards south of the
vessel, we saw a snake, with its head raised about
one foot above the water, progressin;; rapiilly to-
wards the Isle of Aiiglesra: the snake was then
in the broadest part <ir the Menia, nearly a mile,
from laud oil either side of the straits. The bead
and neck had an osc-illatory motion. One of the
men ill our vessel tlnew out a small coik boat,
and with oars and the most dreadful imprecations
hastened to arrest the pro;;ress of the poor auitnal,
which ajipeared to have no |ioWer of escape by
diving. After a ffw strokes witii his oar, the man
succeeded in wounding the snake, and bringing it
into our vessel. It was nearly a yard in length,
'.!ud differed in no respect from the common snake.
Mr Bingley, who was well arqiiaiiiteil with that
part of Wales, said that snakes abounded in the
southerii part of the Isle of Anglesea ; and were
I'requenily seen crossing thence to the Caernarvon-
shire coast. The CO -nmoii people entertain many
siipf-rslitious notions respecting them, anil their
association with demons and wizards : this, he
iidd me, was the cause of the rage with which
our Welsh boaiinaii pursued the snake we bad

an animal like the snake could first nscert.iin the
existence of land across a strait so broad as the
Menai on its soiillierii end ; and by what instinct
it was first impelled to undertake so long a
voyage of discovery.

lam. Sir, yours, &c, Rohert Bakewell.

Hampsted, June 7,1831.

P. S. — The frequent pa.ssage of snakes across
the Menai, to and from the Isle of .Aii:;lesea was
further attested by fi.-liermen wlnmi I questioned
respecting it. Tlii'y said that the snakes generally
deposited their egirs oil the low grounds on the
Anglesea coast. — R. B.

Hares taking the JVattr. — I once saw a hare
that was closely purstieil spring into n river about
20 yards wiile, ami swim boldly across it. Rab-
liits will take water when less pressed, as I have
seen four, and beanl of more, to do so, which
might have easily escapeil without getting wet.
In one case, allhougb a man stood on the bank
which the rabbit was striving to gain, and the
bank was not more than 1| ft aiiove the water,
the rabbit lauded, and made its escape. — Henry
Turner. Botanic Gardens, Bury St Edmunds,
May 1.5, 1831.

Lotteries. — The evils resulting from lotteries are
beginning to excite the attention of the Philadel-
pbians. Public meetings have been held. A
committee has been appointed to memorialise the
legislature — another lo collect facts. If the latter
committee |ierforni their duty faithfully the effect
will be overwhelming.

174

NEW ENCLAIND FARMER,

Dec. 14, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 14, 1831.

' Knowledge for the Peo;>?e.'— Lilly niid Wait,
and Carter and Hendee, have just republished the
fourth number of tliis delightful little work. It is
devoted to zoology ; the modes and habits of life
of birds, explanations of the jihenomena of their
flight, migration, &c. We consider this one of the
most popular and truly useful publications of the
day. The following extract is taken from the pre-
sent No.

Birds
Are extremely important creatures in the econ-
omy of Nature in general ; although their imme-
diate utility to mankind is infinitely less than that
of mammifera. They destroy innumerable in-
sects ; and the thoughtless extirpation of some
birds, supposed to be noxious, as sparrows, crows,
&c, in many districts, has generally given rise to
an infinitely more prejudicial multiplication of ver-
min. Other birds destroy larger animals, as
field-mice, snakes, frogs, lizards, or consume carri-
on. Many extirpate weeds. On the other hand,
they assist the increase and propaa;alion of animals
as well as plants. For instance, it is known that
wild-ducks, in their emigrations, carry impregnated
spawn into remote ponds, &c, and thus stock them
with fish.* Many birds swallow seeds, which are
subsequently expelled whole, and thus extensively
dispersed •. as the doves of Banda, with the nut-
meg. The e.vcrement of sea-birds manures bare
cliffs and coasts, so as to render them capable of
producing useful plants. Many species of falcons
may be taught for the chase, as well as the cormo-
rant for taking fish. Many birds, together with
their eggs, fat, &c, servB <r.;- food : tlin entire
skins ur-sca-oiras tor the clothmg ot many North-
ern nations ; the feathers for stuffing beds, for
writing, for various and often costly ornaments ;
in which respect, also, they form an important ar-
ticle of trade among many savage ])eople, partic-
ularly the islanders of the Pacific Ocean. — Dlu-
menbach.

EXTRAORDINARY COW. HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS

Mb Fessenuem At a meeting of the committee of the Massacliu-

SiK — I hove obieived in your Farmer frequent setts Horticultural Society on fruits on Saturday,
accounts of the celelnaled imported breeds of the 3d Dec. 1831, the following premiums were
cattle by J. H. Powel, Esq. particularly of a Cow, awarded : —
in No. 20 of the present volume. From that ( For the best summer pears (Dearborn's Seed

K * Insects have also been known to stock ponds on hills
with fish. The large water-beetle, wliieh feeds upon the
spawn of fish, oceasioually, in the evening, climbs up the
stems of rushes, &c, out of the water, so as to take wing ;
in these circumstances it has been caught, and, on being
put into water, has been found to ^We out the spawn
with which it liad gorged itself previous to taking flight,
both in a digested and undigested state ; so that, ou trial,
it has been found to produce fish of various kinds. — Jame-
son.

some might be led to suppose that we have no
native cows in the country, which can bear a com-
parison to those therein meiitioned. I5ut when
a person owns one, which evidently possesses equal
qualities, I think that the account of it, in your
journal, would be interesting if not useful to the
public ; especially if she be of entire native breed.
1 therefore give you an account of one owned by
Mr A. Curtis of Newton, Mass. from which has
been made over 12 lbs. of butter per week, week
after week, under the following circumstances, viz.
she was pastured in a very ordinary (Needham)
pasture, or I might say a very poor pasture, com-
pared to those in which farmers generally pasture
good cows. Besides the greatest quantity of
cream was not obtained, which might have been
under judicious dairy management. Her milk
was put into common tin milk pans filled nearly
full, and placed in a common cellar, and the milk
skimmed but once. The milk was better, (to use
Mrs Curtis' expression) after being skimmed than
many cows' milk is before >kmiming. As they use
the milk for the family they do not care to get the
greatest possible amount of cream from it. Now,
sir, I do not believe that there is a cow of the
imported breeds in the country from which can
be made more butter in one season, nor butter of
a bettor flavor or color, with the same keeping
and management with the milk, than can be made
with the cow I allude to. As to the richness and
color of this butter it is not surpassed by any
brought to Boston Maiket.

ment is not made with a view to effect a sale of
the Cow ; for I saw Mr Curtis refuse $75 for her
last summer, and I do not believe that he would
part with her for twice that sum. But my
object is to convince the public that we have stock
equal to the imported breeds, and to induce farmers
to preserve their fine stock, and not kill the calves
for veal, as is the usual practice in the vicinity of
large towns ; as this is more frequently done with
a calf from a good cow than from a poor one. I
will give a description of the cow, as respects her
size, shape, &c, jf any one wishes it.
Respectfully, yours,
Bostor., Dec, 5, 1S31. ' E. C.

Stale of Society in A'achitoches . — Anew paj)er
just started at Nachitoches in the Southwestern
part of Louisiana, gives us some curious informa-
tion on the holiday atnuseinents of the inhabitauts
of that remote section of the country. A foot race
is to be run on Christmas day between two old fools,
one aged 68, the other 72 ; large bets were pending
on the result. They had better prepare for anoth-
er and a final race. It is stated also that there is
'fine sport in the way of horse racing every Sun-
day. Jockeys would do well to attend, bets run
high,' &c, &c ; there is hut one church in the place
and that is Rovian Catholic.

Capt. Mackay's Pigs. — Capt Mackay killed two
of his pigs, last week, 20 months old, which when
dressed weighed 1218 lbs.

Poisonous Confectionary. — The Journal of
Health has an article which goes to show the dan-
ger of a too free use of colored confectionary
by children. The articles used in coloring are
sometimes poisonous — or, at least, medicinal —
such as red lead, gamboge, red precipitate of mer-
cury and even copper. Though the most diver-
sified colors for confectionary may be obtained
from the most harmless ingredients, yet such are
not always used. The deep colored paper used
in wrapping loaf sugar, has also been found upon
analysis to contain both arsenic and copper.

Tennessee will soon have to buy land for its
teeming population. A law of that slate gives
200 acres to each child, where three or more are

ling) to Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, $4 00

For the best Autumn pears {Beurre du Roi)

to John Prince, Esq. Roxbury 4 00

For the best native Pears, (Dix,) to Madam
Di.'c, 4 00

This fruit appeared to great advantage the pre-
sent season, fully sustaining the high reputation it
had heretofore attained.*
For the best peaches (to Mrs Mackay of Wes-
ton) 4 00
For the best foreign grapes cultivated under
glass (Black Hamburg) to Mr Charles Se-
nior of Roxbury, 5 00
Mr Senior also presented some very large and
fine clusters of Black Hamburg of open culture
grown under his care in the garden of Mr Hayncs;
the latter not being a member of the society the
committee regret not being able to award u pr«-
tniuni.

For the best foreign grapes of open culture
(Black Hamburg) to Mr Charles Lawrence,
Salem, 5 00

For the same, to Mr C. Cowing of Roxbury 5 00
With regard to this fruit the largest clusters
presented by Rlr Lawrence and Mr Cowing were
of precisely the same weight, and the berries equal-
ly beautiful and although the product of Mr Law-
rence's vine (4 years old) was the largest, it having
produced this season -56 clusters of ripe fruit,
several of which exceeded a pound and the largest
a pound and a half in weight, yet so very similar
were these beautiful specimens, that the commit-
leo iicvrt ihr.i.elit it best to award the society's
premium to both.
For the best native grapes (Isabella) to Mr

Samuel Pond of Carabridgeport, 3 00

For the best gooseberries (five varieties of
Lancashire) to Mr Samuel Walker of Rox-
bury, 2 00
For the best strawberries (Keens' seedling) to

Mr David Haggerston, Charlestown, 2 00

For the best Raspberries, red and white Ant-
werp, to Hon. H. A. S. Dearborn, 2 00
In consequence of the season having been so
unfavorable for cherries, plums, apricots, and nec-
tarines, very few were exhibited and none which
were thought to be worthy of premium ; the same
remarks will apply to apples, although of the latter
fruit a few handsome specimens were presented.
By oriler of the committee,

S. Downer, Chairman.

*See New England Farmer, vol. viii. page 161.

France, in iiOO years, constructed 900 miles of
canal ; England, in 70 years, 2752 miles ; and the
United States, in 14 years, 2500 miles, of which
there are in Pennsylvania 900.

It was stated on Sunday last, in the pulpit, by
one of the clergy, that nearly 20,000 persons are
sick in Boston — this, though about one third of
our population, we think is no exaggeration.

An English publication states that the annoy-
ance of grass or weeds springing up between the
produced at a birth, and the applications are not I stones of pavements and in gravel walks, &c, may
unfrequent. On the 1st inst. a man from Smith he got rid of for years, by watering with a solu-
County, applied for 600 acres. I tion of lime and sulphur in boiling water.

Vol. X.— N'o. 2-2.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

175

FISH PONDS.
In some part of Europe, fish pomls are very
valuable property. Tliey might become so in thia
country, if properly stocked and attended. Par-
ticularly might this branch of business prove
valuable in the neighborhood of our large cities.
A late English paper mentions that in some of the
ponds in Hampshire, five acres of water support
1-250 brace of Carp and Tench, until the stock
are fit for market, and have obtained an average
size of 2 lbs. per brace, and consequently weigh
2500 lbs. at niucpence per pound, the price at
which they are usually sold to the London fish-
mongers, will amount to 931. 15s. the value of five
acres of land so employed for 3 years.

A recipe to prevent Boots from taking tcater. —
Take seneca oil and guin elastic ; one ounce of
the latter to be cut into thin shreds and dissolved,
in a pintof the former, and when dissolved, which
will be in a kw days, the boots are to be com-
pletely saturated or charged with the n;ixture.
The manner of preparing the boots is as follows :
Take a sponge, and rub the ini.xture in until the
leather will absorb no more of it ; the boots are
then laid by for a day or two, when the process is
repeated. The soles as well as the uppers are to
be thus rubbed, and the operation is to he perform-
ed either before a fire or in the sun.

BOSTON MARKET.

The snow has fallen so level, that travelling is excel-
lent in ail directions throuf;h and from the city ; and the
prices of country proiluce are such as to induce farmers
to improve the present opportunity to visit us. Whole
hogs are selling at 6;! cts. per lb. for large size — 5^ for
siTiall ones. Green oak wood, $9 per cord — Pino, $6,50.
inberries, $4,50 per barrel. Chesnuts, $2 to $2,50
per bushel. Shagbarks, $4 per bushel. Eggs, 30 lo 33
cts. per dozen. Charcoal, 40 cts. per basket.

Mr H. Dean, Nu. oi rauBuu imii wiarKet, has some
fine cheeses from Herkimer county, N. Y. ; they are ol
fine quality, and excel in magnitude any we have seen,
a few of the largest weighing 137 lbs. each — they were
sold at 17 cts»per lb.

NOTICE.
Doctor Ward's Address before the Massachusetts
iHorticultural Society in September, has recently
-issued from the press of Messrs J. T. &, E. Bucking-
ham. Members of the Society and subscribers to
Mount Auburn, are requested to call at the office of
Z. Cook, Jr, 74 Congress street, for a copy.

NOTICE.
An adjourned meeting of the Massachusetts Hor-
iticultural Society will beheld on Saturday ne.\t, at
11 o'clock ; the seeds from Albany will be distribu-
ited. R. L. EMMONS, Secretary.

Tea Wheat.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
'Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
tSeed Store, No. 50i North Market street, from the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as tlie supply is small, and many were disap-
ipointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
'Wheat, from the san>e source. One kernel of this wheat
," was discovered in a chest of tea in St John, New Bruns-
1 wick, in 1823, from which the present variety has been
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. ix, page 105— and
vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14.

Pear Seeds.
For sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —

One bushel of fresh Pear Seeds, of excellent quality.

Mackny Pigs.
For sale, 10 first rale pigs, of the genuine Mackay
breed. They are about six weeks old, of good size and
fine form. Inquire at the N. E. Fariinr Office.

Flooring Boards, ^-c.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by sleam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required <tiinensions. Quality
good, and price lower th;in thev can be elsewhere had.

Apply 10 E. COPELAND, ja, 65, Broad street.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

Traders m the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds lof sale, are informed
they cm be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 504 North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable lertns as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in sniail
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
i;rowth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeos will l)e added oti the same
te-ms, when ordered, .is well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different soits.

ILT'The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on ao improved plan, each package being accoinp.inied
with i'hort directions on its itianagenieni, ami p.icked in
the neatest style. — Tiaders are requested lo c.dl and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Fresh IVidte .Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Street—

A small lupply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s ason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Corj-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the

:ed.

Jewelry, Watches and Fancy Goods.
WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good as.sortmeiil
of Watches, Silver and Plaied Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, ^-c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
C'ly- [CrWatrhes repaired and warranted.

Black. Currant Wine.

sell's Seed Store, No

51 5-

Just received at J. B. R
52 No,.l, M.,-1--. o.. --., »

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under ihe inspection of Jolin Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of lis astringent and detergent proper-
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N E.
Farmer, vol 5, pa^e 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer cmplaitits. Djct. Coffin states :
' Its use has been atleniled with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus an.l dysentery. — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, aher the
symptoms of inflamirjalion or febrile excileineni had
ceased It has been strikingly remedial in the low states
of typhoid and bilious fever. Tlie late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Katavia traile, and
who had always suffered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human lile in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
look two glasses of it every morning, he escaped ttie
disease. On one voyage, his male, who had not vaken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate many other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle.

For Sale,

A fine Farm, laying in Dorchester, six miles Irom the
old State House, containing 90 acres— consisting ol mow-
ing, pasture, orchard and wood ; a few acres of it is salt
marsh, situated at South Boston.

There is a handsome two story house in good repair,
finely situated on a hill, having a very commanding
prospect of the country, liandsumely finished; a large
barn with an excellent cellar under il for vegetables,
shed room, piggery, &.c, &.c ; a farm house, nearly new,
and ice house — the whole combining as pleasant a situa-
tion for a gentleman as can be found in the vicinity ; the
land is in good heart, and would make an excellent milk
farm ; 60 tons of hay have been cut from il Ihis season,
and 10 cows kept on it; il is the farm formerly owned by
John Gray, Esq. For further particulars apply at the
New England Farmer office.

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

AI'rLF.S,russeilings,
ASHKS, pot, first sort,

I'earl, first sort,
liKANS, white,
BEEF, mess,
prime.

Cargo, No. 1,
liliT'l'EK, inspected, No. 1, new, -
(^liEE.SL, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLtJUK, liallimcre,Howard-slreel, -

Genesee,

Alexandria,

Baltimore, wharf,
GRAIN, Corn, Northern.

Corn, Southern Yellow,

Kyc,

Barley,
Oats,
MAY,

HOG'S LARD, first sorl.new,
1 1( IPS, Isi quality,
I.IMK,

I'l.A IS I'Elt PARIS retails at
I'OIIK, clear,

Ntivy mess.

Cargo, No. L
SEEDS. Herd's Grass,

Red Vn\i (northern)

KedClover, (noiUiern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Mcriim. full blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, three fourlns washed,

Mei . .ij, ha olood,

Mermo, quai ter,

Native, washed,

Pulled superfine,

1st Lamb's,

2il,

3d, "

Isi Spinning,

PROVISIO.^ MARKET

BEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Irpsh, best pieces.

barrel.

3 00

ton.

112 OOl

'<

126 00;

mshid.

90

larrol.

7 75

''

700

pound.

16

"

6

1 12

barrel.

6 871

"

fi .'il

ft

575!

"

5 .50

jusliel.

70

"

C7

"

95

'(

108

tt

4S

cwt.

60

cwt.

9 50

*'

n 00

cask.

1 17

ton.

3 00

barrel

16 1)1)1

13 00

"

13 00

Sushel.

1 87

60

pound-

10

cwl.

10 00

pound.

68

-0

"

52

"

50

"

45

it

44

<■■

62

ti

65

(1

40

"

28
48

4 00
15 00
30 00

18

8

3

1 50

6 25

6 50

5 85

5 75

75

68

100

112

50

70

10 GO

13 00

1 20
3 25

17 00
14-00
'3 50

2 12
75
12

10 25

■hog

VEAL,

MUTTON,

pouL/ruv,

liUTTEll,kogandtub,
Lump, best,
EGGS,
MEaL, Rve, retail

liKlnii
I'trPATOES,
CIDER, (accr

elail,

rdii

> quality]

pound.

5A.

*'

6

• '

4

7

"

12

'•

16

dozen.

30

bushel.

„

37

bane:.

3 tKi!

100

40

4 00

Brighton Markkt — Moi.day, Dec. 12.

[Rnporlcd for 1 he Chronicle and Patiioi.,J

At market, lliis day, 856 Beef Cattle, .'i26 Stores, 1100
Sheep, and 2040 Swine. About 1000 Swine have beet
before reported.

Prices.— iJee/" Cattle — The best qualities (market
cattle) sold a little higher, but barrelling Cattle were not
in so gieal demand, and were taken at rather less We
shall quote for rxtra $5 25 a 5 33, prime 5, good 4 62 a
4 88, thin 3 a 4 374 ; we noticed one or two yoke taken
at 5 50.

Barrelling Cattle — The barrellei» were unwilling to
pay last week's piiccs: some Catile were purchased at
less. We quote for Mess 4 a 4 25 ; No. 1, 3 50 a 3 75.

Stores — Many sales effected at former high prices.

Working Oxen—We noticed sales at 55, 59, 60, 72, 73,
and $SU.

Cows and Calves— At 18, 21, 23, 25, 28, and $40.

Sheep— DuU: sales, in lots, at 1 75,1 84, 1 92,2 17, and
2 25. Some beautiful wethers were at market, but not sold.

Swine — .Market ' glutted.' We have reported some of
them from 4 to 6 limes. About 150 only were sold this
day. One lot of 30 selected Barrow Slioais ut 4^ ; One of
10 selected at 4. Retail, 3A a 4 for sows, 4i a 5 for barrows.

JVew York Cattle Market, Dec. 9. — In market thia
week about SOO head of Beef Cattle ; from 2000 to 3000
Sheep and Lambs, for which there has been rather a
slow sale. Bci-f Cattle sales have ranged from $5 50 a 6,
some few very fine 7. Sheep $2 to 5, a few extra fine
Cosset wethers 7 50 ; Lambs 1 50 a 3. Dressed Pork —
Large lots have arrived this week; sales at $5 a 5 50,
the fair average 5 '25. Live Hogs — What feiv have been
in, sold at 4 00. Cows and Calves— Sales dull, 20 a 35—
average about $25 — Daily Adv.

17o

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Dec. 14, 1831.

MlSCELLiANY

The following seductive sonj; may amuse some of our
readers; but will be powerless, in sucb prosperous times
as the present. We copy il Irojn thai excellent paper,
the Detioit Courier, in which it has been recently re-
published.

THE MICHIGAN EMIGRANTS SONG.
Tune—' jMhii A.nlersnii my Jo John.'
Come all ye Yankee Farmers

Who'd Ilk.; to chanje your lot.
Who've spunk enonsh to travel

Beyond your native spot,
And leave behind the village

Where Pa' and .Ma' d > slay,
Cojue (oilov me and settle
In Michigania.

I've hearn ot your Penobscot,

\V.\y down in parts ol Maine,
Where timber grows in plenty.

But darn the bit of grain ;
And I have hearn ol Quoddy,

And your Piscataqua,
But these can'l hold a candle

To Michigania.

And you that talk of Varmount ,

Why what a place is Ihal ?
Be sure the gals are prilty.

And callle very fit ;
But who among her mountains

'Mid clouds and snow would slay,
When he could buy a Prairie

In Michigania.

And there's your Massachusetts,

Once good enough, be sure ;
Bui now she's always laying on

Taxation or manure ;
She costs you pecks of trouble,

But de'il a peck can pay ;
While all is siripture measure

la Michigania.

Then there's vour land o' Blue Lawa,

wnere deacons cut ihe hair.
For fear your locks and tenets

Should not exactly square.
Where beer thai work? o' Sunday

A penally must pay.
While all is Irec and easy.

In Michigania.

What country ever growed up

So great iii little time.
Just popping from the nurs'ry

Right into like its prime :
When Uncle .Sam did wean her,

'T was but the olher day.
And now she 's quite a Lady,

This Michigania.

Upon the river Clinton.

Just thro' the country bark.
You'll find in shire of Oakland

The town of Pontiac—
Which springing up o' sudden,
J Scar'd wolves ami bears away.
That us'd to rove about theie ^

In Michigania.

And if you follow downwards,
I Why Rawchister is there ;
And further slill Mount Clement

Looks out upon St Clair ;
Besides some other places

Within Macombia,
That promise population

To Michigania.

Or if you 'd rather go to

A place called IVashtenaw,
You 'II find upon the Huroii

Sich lands ye never saw ;
Where ships come to Ann-Uarhor

Right through La Plaisance bay.
And touch at Ypsilanty

In Michigania,

Ol- ifyoii keep a going

A ireal deal fuither on,
1 guess you 'II reach St Josey*s,-

Where everybody *s gone ;
Where everylliing, like Jack's bean.

Grows nionstions f.ist, tliey say.
And befits the rest all hollow

Of Michigania.

Then come, ye Yankee farmers.

Who've mettle hearts like me.
And elbow-grease in plenty.

To bow the forest tree ;
Come lake a ' Quartei- Seclion,*

And I 'II be bound you 'II say.
This country lake* the rag off.

This Michigania.

H O U S [•: KEEPING.

The true ncononiy of lioiiiieki-eiiiii!; i?, sim|)ly
the aft nf gathering up all the fragirients, so that
I nothing he lost. I intan fraginenl.s of (imc, as well
as mnterials. Nutl.iiig shmilil be thrown away so
long as it is possible to make any use of ir, how-
ever trifling it may lie; and whatever be the size
of a family, every mernher should be employed
either in earning' or saving money.

If you have n greater ()uantity of cheeses in the
house than is likely to he soon used, cover them
carefully with paper, fastened with flo'T ptisle so
as to exclude the air. In this way they may be
kept free from insects for years. They should be
kept in a dry coed place,

Iiisti^ad of covering up your glasses and pictures
with muslin, cover the frames only with cheap
yellow cambric, neatly put on, and as near the
color of the gill as voii can procure it. This looks
better, loaves the glasses open for use, and the
pirlures for ornament, anil is an cfTectual harrier
to dust as well as flies. It can easily he re-col-
ored with saffron tea, when it is faded.

The fumes of brimstone are useful in removing

,-.,„!..., c. •:„-., •>.. , ... — , :<•- ... l-o helil

ill the fumes of a brimstone match, the color will
soon begin to change, and at length the flower will
become white. By the s.imo process, fruit stains
or iron moulds may be removed from linen or cot-
ton cloths, if the spot be previously moistened
wilh water.

When plain tortoise shell combs are defaced, the
polish may be renewed by rubbing them with pul-
verised rotten stone and oil. The rotten stone
should ho sifted through inuslin. It looks better to
be rubbed on by the hand. The jewelers after-
wanls jiolish them by rubbing with dry roiig-e pow-
der, \nit s\Cte(\ magnesia doe^ just as well — and if
ihe Indies had rouge, perhaps they would, by mis-
lake, put it upon their cheeks, instead of their
combs ; and thereby spoil their complexion.

Frugal Housewife.

The buttons on the coat of John Hancock
Were of silver, and of American manufacture —
Ihe device, a shepherd shearing his sheep — the
motto, < you gain more by our lives than by our
deaths, '

In Berkshire county, lately, a gentleman ob-
served a very corpulent man passing, and inquir-
ed who it was : ' Why, that is Mr , father

of the town.' 'Bless me,' Said the inquirer,
' and he seems just ready to be delivered of anoth-
er town.'

Spirit of candor. — 'Where are you going, Saw-
ney? ' said one Scotch journeyman baker to anoth-
er. ' E'en to the club, mon, to contradict a bit,
was the sapient reply. How much existing op-
position is precisely of this description.

Simple cure for Inttmjierancc, — If a person ad-
dicU'il to and fond of frequent drinking of spir-
ituous liquors, will fur n week or two adopt a
mild iliet of bread (or supaunjand milk, he will
(inil that he has na desire for sirong drink. One
great cause of drinking, is animal diet and exces-
sive imlnlgence. Where milk, or vegetables are
the chief diet, there is no intemperance. What
an easy remedy for one of the most degrading
and destruciive evils of the age ! and who that has
been in the habit of intemperance, would not wish,
at any sacrifice or self denial, to save his family,
as well as himself, from shame and ruin. — A*.
Bcdf. Mercury.

Receipt for a Cough. — ^Take of liquorice, ami-
moiiial wine, and paregoric, each one ounce —
dissolve the liquorice in a pint of warm water
and boil it down to a half pint ; when cold add
the wine and paregoric — take one table spoonful
iliree or four times a day.

If the patient has paiu in the bones, relief will
be found by taking a pint bowl of white balsain
tea, on going to bed.

The above is offered during the present influ-
enza, by one who has tried it himself, and knowu
it to be used by numbers with signal success. —
jV. Bedford Mercury.

A mechanic in the north has invented a
machine for seminaries, which by means of steam,
not only warms the room, Unjlogs all the boys _
' on a graduated scale' according to their offences.

Cobb's Treatise on Silk.

Just published, and for sale at Ihe Agricultural W»r«-
house and Seed Store, No 50.1 North Market street,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suitable Directions
lor ttio ■;uliuie of Silk — In three parts — wilh colored en-
gravings. By J. H. Cobb, A. ni. fublished by diree*
lion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislature of Massachusells. Price STJ
cents. Oct. 26.

{[^ Ammunilion

01 the best quality ai.rt /oirfsf priced, for sporting —
constantly for pale at COI'ELANU'S POWDER STORE,
6 ! Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found .satisfactory, il may
be returned, and the money will be rclvnuea Jan. 1

Binding.
Subscribers to Ihe New Englaiid Farmer are informed
that they can have Iheir volumes neatly half bound and
lettered, at 75 cts. per volume, by leaving them at tbe
Farmer office. Aug. 3.

Published every Wednesday Evening, nt $i per annun^
payable at the end of ihe year — but those who pay withiJI
sixty days from the (ime of subscribing, are entitled to a da-
duction of lifly cents.

HIT' No paper will be sent to a distance without paym«at >
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rdsseil, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptiona of Printing can be executed to meet Ih*.
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B. '
Russell, at the Agricultnral Warehouse, No. 62 NorlK
Market Street. agf.nts.

JVwyor*— G.Thorburn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street
Albany— VIm. Tiiobbdbn,347 Markel-strcel.
Philadelphia — 1). & C. Landbf.th.86 Chcslnut-slreet.
Baltimore — G. B.SMiTH.Edilor of ihe American Farme»i.
Cincinnati— S. C. Parkhubst,23 Lower Market-slreel.
Flushing, iV. K. WM.PBiNCE&Soss,Prop.Lin.Bol.G«r<fci
MiddleSury, V(.— Wight Chapman.
//urt/orrf— Goodwin &. Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newburyporl, Ebenezkr Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H—i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, ;!/».— Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Awusta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax:, N. S.— P. J. Holland, E«q. Recorder ofli««
JUontre»>. L. C— Henbt Hillock.

PUBLlSHEDJiY^ j^_Rt^SELL^ATNa5.: NORTH MARKET STREET,Ja-.^tue^k.culturalWareho»se.)-T. G.^^E^S^^^^T^^^li^^

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 21, 1831.

NO. 2S.

iS (Q SS Sl~~if A? X 'S il S a © ST Sa

LEAVES OF Tin: WILD CHERIIY.

T.illli- Eilit .r ofllK! N.nv Enjla.i.l Farjncr.

Sir — ! noiiceil in your useful paper of the lltli
two coiniiiuriic:iii>ii3 r^:i|)!!clin^ the poisonous
quality ol' the liraves of lliu WrLD CtiruiiY, and
flit a ileijrse of alarm at l!ic ileleriiiinatiou of oni-
of iho gentlem;,'n to ciit down anil i.'xterniinate
every tree and hush vimler that naine, wliil« I was
carefully preserving sciine in tny garden for its val-
uable medicinal virtues. I have given a stronj:
dfccoelion o\' the twin's of tiie wild cherry tree
egain and again, to men, women, and children,
with the happiest effects, according to the indica-
tions. Nevertheless Mr' Prince r.ndMr Tully
may he right in their denunciation of the wild
cherry tree as it roganls .^heep, especially if they
mean the Pruiius lauro cerasns, while I mean the
Prunus virginirina. The fruit of both of iheni
are used indiscriminately, in making that conunoii
sleigh{n!;-dr(im,chern/ rum, wiuch imm and women
may partake of at this cold season without risk
of dying the death of a sheep, and that as a rare
aad innocent luxury. [?]

For diarrhoeas, and in certain stages of pro-
tracted dysenteries. I have never found a better
remedy than a decoction of the branches of the
Willi cherry tree in summer, and of its roots in the
winter. I am therefore anxious that it should not
be condeiimed ai-d executed wilhouta fair trial.

It is true tijat the twigs, leaves, and roots of tlie
same tree have often differing cpialiiies, and give
out their quiiilessenrc, or essential nieilicinal qual-
ities, some more to hot water, some to spirit and
some when taken in substance imo the stomach in
form of powder; the last ot" which may be dele-
terious, and the others not. Again, some quadru-
peds can feed on some plants, that other.^ Imn from
with aversion; as the goals will e;it hellebore which
scarce any other animal will touch. All eschew
tobacco except man.

I wish some gentlemen of leisure and scientific
discrimination w<inlil make a series of experiir.ents
to determine facts respecting the two species or
rather varieties of the wild or indigenous cherry
tree. I say indigenous, bee.iuse if you burn ilown a
lot of trees of any sort, the wild cherry most fn?-
qucnlly grows up from out the ashes. Besides
the native cherry tree is next to our maple the
handsomest wood for the cabinet maker; it is the
New England mahogany.

Mr Tidly speaks in commendation of tiie com-
mon plantain as a speedy remedy in sheep poisoned
by Ihe wild cherry. If by common plantain he means
the Plantain Uuiccoliila, there is not in the whole
materia medica a more universal eilexipkuniiic or
counter poison, than the common | lantain, grow-
ing everywhere about our yards and barns: if ap-
plied to the poisoned sores made by the stings of
Ihe bee, wasp, or liornel, it surprisingly soothes the
anguish and dini!;;i.-,hes the angry swelling. Snme
have said in print, that where the toad is bitten by
atiy venoirious reptile or inrect, he straightway has
recnm-se to the leaf ofilie cotnmon plantain.
' Make experimtiil.'!, ai\i\ observe nature,'' KtiyH Lord
Bico.v, anil'80 says your bumblo correspondent,
Cambridge, Dec. 17, 1831. B. VV.

AGKICULTURAL PltEMlU.MS.

Mr FessiiNDE.v —

•Sir — The subject of .•igriculliual premiii
of

1 ordina

men receive tl

of great imi.oriance. The amount of n,oney dis- 1 preminn.s, the public mi.
trihuted m this w.-iy by the State and County soci-jthe rmans of ih-ir euc
elhs is consideralde. It has alwavs proved a i iIpI,..,-.„.i ,i, ; .'.

consideralde. I
powerful means of e\iiting competition atid en-
terprise and care ; and these are the great instiii
menis of public improieinent. It is on every
account desirable that this public homity,
able to the State and to individuals, should not
be abused, nor improperly applied ; and that it
shoidd be rendered in the highest degree possible
available to the public siiirited objects for which
it is bestowed.

I have nothing to say of the abuses of the
bounty, for I know of none ; but there are condi-
lions of its bestowment, which the Societies have
a right to make, and which, if they do not make
and ligidly exact, the imblic fail of some of the prin-
cipal advantages of these bounties, which they
might expect.

There are two objects to which these premi-
mns are adapted ; fiist to ascertain what can be
done ; and second, when anything valuable is
done, how it was done ; to induce individuals to
make expenmenis. inventions, and discoveries in
agricultura/ science or practice ; and to secure for
the agricu.iural public the advantage of such ex-
periments, inventioiLs and discoveries, by a full
I'etail, not only of the results, but the means and
|)roces? by which such result>i were obtained.
!f the public ptiy a Iiounty or rev/ard furany aitri-
cuitural experiment or produce, they have a ri"ht
to know bow they themselves mtiy realize a simi-
lar prciduce. The mere facts that a man has raised
so loaay bushels of corn to an acre ; or exhibit-
ed an iniinal weighing so many pounds ; or pro-
duced liutter which is a.ljudgod, and with perfect
justice, deserving of the splendid premium of one
htindred dollars, are of little consequence to the
public, compared with knowing in respect to
the crop, what was the nature of the soil, the ma-
nure applied, the kind planted, the distance of
the plants, and the time of planting aiid gathering ;
in respect to the animal, the stock from which he
is derived, the manner in which he has been reared
the quiiljty and quantity of the food which he has
consumeil, the general mode of attendance and the
balance of loss or gain in the experiment ; and in
respect lo the butter, from how many cows it has
been produced, the nature of their pasture and
keep, the mode of setting the milk, the time of
taking the cream, the manner of churning, the
quantity and kind of salt used, and the way of
pultiiif! it ilowii for maiket.

In the Medical .'Society of .Ma.ss., I believe it
is a standing rule that if a member makes any for-
tunate discovery in medicine, or composes a pill or
di-aughi (,r cataplasm of extraordinary effica-
cy, he is required to make it known to his brethren
under penalty of expulsion. I do not know that
there is any disposition on the part of the agri-
cultural community to keep anything secret
in any of their operations ; though the celebrated
Bakewell, the famous breeder of stock in England,
IS said to have concealed until his .leatli the princi-
ples of the art by which he efJected such extra-

iry improvements in his live stock, and ob-

such immense profits. But eei taiiily where

public bounty i„ the form of

t justly claim to know

, ,.„., I i , , . •■*■"' '"'"^^'■"■ise thev are

pio;eil a [ debarred the most important advaiilages,wh!cli' they

expect from these preiniuiiis.

I liuve been led to these remarks by the charac-
t^;r of the agricultural reports with which we are
generally furnished, and which contain little else
than a siring of names, the article exhibited, and
the amount of premium awarded.

These are about as interesting, excepting to the
successful compctiLors and their friends, as a col-
uinii in a spelling book or a list of names of towna
or representatives in the Register.

These suggestions are offered with perfect re-
spect to those gentlemen upon whom devolves
oftentimes the didicult task of awarding these
premiums. In cases of crops, the Mass. Society
have always and very properly required a particu-
alar account of the cultivation. This with every
Society and in every practicable case shoul.l be
an invariable rule.

In respect to animals, which have been honor-
ed with premiuni'j this year, whether milch cows,
lat animals, or others, scarcely in any of the reports
with which your paper has been filled, has there
been any .-pecification of their produce, valuable
pr .perties, descent, mode of keep or feed, and
other circiimsi.iiice.s, which it is desirable to know.
In ibe report of the Uf.anl of the liberal premi-
ums for the pr.x!uce of the .lairy recently bestow,
ed, we have none of those particulars in regard to
the (laiiy tnanagement, which we greatly want, and
which v.onid be of essential service to the commu-
nity. Perhaps they are hereafter to be given. But
whether now to be given or not, is it not desira-
ble that in all future awards the successful com-
petitors should be required, before the premium ia
paid, to give a detailed accimnt of their dairies,
their covvs, feed, management of their cream and
milk, and mode of churning or cheesemaking ;
and that these details shoulil be fully laid before
the public .'

Salem, Dec. 15, ISSl. H. C.

EXACTNESS. '

Actual experiment is certainly the best of al
teachers in agriculture as well as in every other
art or science. Here facts are infinitely better
than theories. But experiments to be relied ou
cannot be too accurately performed ; and in order
to be made beneficial to others must be most exact-
ly and completely detailed. Nothing can be further
from exactness than the habits of our common
farmers. They seldom weigh or measure any-
thing, and in nine liundred and ninetynine casea
in a thousand you will find them satisfied with
' guessing that a thing is about so.' They guess
that a certain cow gives about so inucb

nilk ; that they cut about so many tons of hay ;
that they have about so many bushels of corn

r potatoes to an acre : without ever taking any
pains to ascertain the facts. Now all these things
are susceptible of exact measurement, ami conjec-
ture ill these cases is perfectly vague and decep-
tive. It often does much injury, for the coufi-

178

NEW ENGLAND FAKMEK,

Dec. 21, 1831.

ireiice witli wliicli men speak in rases where
certainly iliey ii.ive no riglit tube cimfiilent, Iciuls
tlic too credulous anil iiiexpeiienceil into lalsK ex-
pectations and pcrnicions niistal<i's. I liavo iny-
gelf been often disappointed by such confident
niisslatenienis, and have loni; since heroine so per-
ftclly skeplital in regaid to all such accounts as
to rejard them, let them come iV'^m what quaiter
they will, with no attention, utiless they are detaile<l
in so exact a form that their authors a e willing
to make oath to them. Tiiey are hut too often of
a character to remind us of the testimony of a
witness, given on the stand, who being asked how
large was the stone with which he saw the defen-
dant strike the plaintiff, after vnrions attempts to
describe it, ' guessed that it was about as big as a
piece of chalk.' H. C.

WATERING FRUIT TREES WITH SOAP
SUDS.

Ma Fessenden — If the following facts are
■worth publishing in your valuable paper, the
whole or any part of them are at your disposal.
In the spring of 1828, I purchased (as I suppos-
ed) a number of English cherry trees, which
were in 1830 pronounced by good judges to be
Mazzards. As the trees l)ad been set out two
years I felt unwilling to cut them down. In August
I had them inomilated. Seeing a statement I
think in the New Englainl Farmer, about that
tiflie, or previous, that soap suds was valuable for
watering fruit trees, I accordingly began by wa-
tering one of my cherry trees. I found in a few
weeks the buds, which had been put into the tree
began to grow, and continued to grow until the
frost came ; while the buds in my other trees re-
mained as they Were. I began last spring to water
the remainder of my cherry, trees, which I continued
to do through the summer. I have l)een well paiil
for fifteen minutes enih week, thus eniployeil. My
trees have grown more the sumimr |>ast than they
have for three summers before, anil now each tree
has six branches, from three to five and a half
feet in length, besides many side branches; all
growing frumwhtit were last spring mere buils. I
am satisfied that trees watered weekly with siid.s,
or sink water, may be brought to maturity in half
the time tliat usually occurs.

A Constant Reader

fltanchester, CI. Dtc. 15, 1831.

NEW THEORY OF BOTS IN HORSES.

Wntkinsville, August!, ltt)l

Mr Smith — Should you think tlie following of
siiflicient value, I wish you would have it publish-
eil in the Farmer. A late writer says he has
tried all ihq^remedics for bots without success.
Had he stopped here I shnidd hare thought him a
jierson of correct observation ; but when he says
< chickens choppeil u)i and thrust down the throat
of a horse while warm,' he relies on more than all
the other remedies he lias tried for the relief of a
paroxysm of bots, I conceive prejuilice has, even
in spile of himself, got the better of his judgment.
Also, when he says, ' hickory ashes an<l salts,
given twice a week, is a preventive,' judgment
gives way to old prejudice. I say all horses have
bol.», more or less, at particular sea.sons ; that the
jnost healthy and fiit hor.ses have them most abun-
dant ; that they never kill of injure horses ; and
that t^iere is oidy one way to reduce them, which
1$ to starve the horse, anil use liim badly, till be

becomes very poor. I now give you my reasons
for saying so. Those who have dissected many
horses know, that poor horses never have near as
n\auy bols as fat ones ; this is a fact ihHt none can
dispute, who have experience. Mriice I say,
make a horse pour and you have a crrlain means
of iliiiiinishing the quantity of hots. I have never
known a horse out of use, iti a pasture, said lo
have died of biits ; this I believe no one will dis-
pute. Almost all the horses said to have died of
bots, were fat, well kept horses, in use. This I
believe will also be acknowledged. Now, when
we come to the real truth, very few, and 1 believe
Dot one horse ever has died of bots ; the death
vvliiih cholic caused, is put upon a very h.'inide.ss
insect, and which is, duiilitless, necessary to the
health of the horse. It is said that di-section
proves death to have been caused by bots, because
the bowels are lound pirforated. It is not more
certain, that rats will never eat a hole through a
vessel at sea below water n>ark, than that bols
will not eat a hole through the bowels of a living
horse. If what I state as fact will not be taken as
such, what I relate will prove it. A very fine
saddle horse had the huinerus dislocated ; I pur-
chased him for a trifle several veeks afterwards,
thinking I could reduce the dislocation. The an-
imal, otherwise, was iu good health ; he was bled
till he fell; I (hen with ropes and other contrivan-
ces put the joint ill place. I neve; saw a horse
bleed so much before he fell ; he got ip and walked
a few steps, and fell dead. I hac him opened
immcdiat ly, and found a great mtiny bols ; and
the part where lliey were most abindant very
much pel forateil ; some appeared to have just be-
gan lo eat, and suini' bad gone about half through.
.My brother's race horse killed himself leaping
over n fence ; be was the best horse I have ever
seen, and very fat. A few hours after, he was
opened and found to be very full of bols, aail the
parts nearly eat up. Now the fact is, that t le bots
while the horse is living, never injure him but so
soon as he is dead, they begin to eat wherever
they are, and very quickly make the jnunch or
gut into a honey comb. Hence, when clolic kills
H horse, his death is sudden, and his bow;)s being
fi uiid perforated by bols, he is thought U be kill-
ed by them. Some years ago, a gentleman drove
lip to the tavern where 1 was, about mil-day, in
the heat of summer ; be had a very fine pair of
greys — the horses were taken out and pit in the
stable ; but before they were fed bis boy came to
inform him that one horse had the bots I went
to look at him ; he had all the symptoiis horses
generally have when ihoiight lo have bits ; ! beg.
ged to be allowed to prescribe ; but a horse doc-
tor's prescription was more valued ; acccrdingly, a
chicken's bowels were forced down the throat, the
horse rapidly grew worse ; another horse doctor
told of woiiilers he had done with copperas; ac-
cordingly the horse was drenched with that. In a
little time the other horse was taken the safne way ;
the symptoms were exactly similar. I now again
offered my services, staling lo the gentleman, that
as both bot-ses we-re fed alike, drove alike, &c,
it was reasonable they might both be taken with
iliolic, at or near the same time. While examin-
ing this horse and arguing the case, news came
tliat the first one was dead. The last one was
now given up to my direction ; he was bled till he
fell, one mmce of laudanum poured down his
throat, and his flanks well rubbed ; in a little time
he was well — the dead horse was now opened, and
a§ I expected;, mavty bots were found, and, his

bowels perforated. 'I'o convince this genllemaii
more fully, I now repeated experiments I had
tried before. Twelve two ounce phials had bols
put in them ; one had milk put in it, another water
anoihiT mulling, as a standard ; wv tlnii fdledtho
others with a strong solution of copperas, a so-
lution of arsenic, aqua fortis and water, a solu-
tion of coTrosive sublimate, &c. Nine of them
being filled with such things as were t!iought lo
be most likely lo kill them. The arsenic, copper-
as, and aqua futis, appsared to have no etlect on
them; they appeared fully as continted as those
in the water. Those in the laudanum, however,
moved less than the others, remaining apparently
dead at the bottom of the phial, hut moved when
tiiucheil ; after keeping until we were all .satisfied
that iiolhing that a horse could lake would injure
them, they were all thrown away. Enthuw comes
it that the bowels of horses are found perforated
by hots.' If we recollect the conduct of all insects
that infest living animals, we should only expect
bots lo do as they do ; after death, worms in th»
bowels of children eraw'l out at the mouth and
anus very often ; lice leave the dead ; ticks loowj
their hold on dead cattle as soon as they die ; fleaa
will not remain on dead dogs or dead hogs. — All
insects that live on or in animals, endeavor to
make their escape as soon as the animal dies ; and
hots, so soon as the Imrse dies, endeavor to mak»
their escape by eating a passage out. Or else,
knowing the animal is dead, eat a last meal from
choice. Will it not appear strange that bots rais-
ed in the bowels of a horse, Piiil never using flesh
as food, should, all of them at the same time,.
change their appetite and commence eating hi»
bowels.' Ill horses said to have hots, a common
synipton is to bite their sides ; this is said in fact
to he the best symptom by which to distinguish
bots from cholic. Dissection will prove that,som|l
horses that do not bite their sides, are very full of
bols ; and some that bile their sides do not bit*
near the place the bols are found.

Now all these facts and many more that I could
mention, for I have paid much altenlion to iha
disease, convinces me, that bols never injur*
horses ; but that horses in use, fed on dry food,
subject to irregularities in exercise, in food, and in
drink, are subject to cholic, which often proves
fatal. When opened after death, the bowels are
found perforated by bots, nnd death is supposed lo
be caused by them. Bui if death occurs at some
seasons from any cause, and the bowels are found
perpirated in the same way, which dissection will
prove to be the case, doubts should arise as to th«
horse being killed by bols. If a horse have the
symptoms said to be produced by hot.*, nnd b«'i
opened llie moment of death, and bis bowels bs i
not found perforated, it should confirm us in our
opinion that bots do not deslioy horses ; and dis-
section will always prove this to he fact. Oll•^
serve, the horse is to be opened the moment b*!
dies, for it is astonishing how quickly tliey conj'
mence eating, alter the horse dies. If not opened )
with this express view, we shall always be too<
late. I had one horse taken in this way ; every
preparation was made before he died, and as soon
as he breathed his last breath he was opened J
the huts were found attached to the bowels, but
none appeared to have begun to eat ; before tJi*
bowel could be taken out and carried home, it W8»
perforated Hke a honey comb. Now, if, as I hav»
stated, which any person ean try, the hot lives:
apparently contented in arsenic, copperas, aqnik
fortis, St-c, &c, what fcppe can we have thajt tliAi

:L

Vol. X.— No. 23.

AND HOIITICULTURAL JOURNAT..

J 79

horse's stDiiiiich can Uciir niiyiliiiii; timt will in-
jure buts .' Somo even think iliMt nulteil wax cm
be pomod ilowii llie throat of a liorse, and hohl
buts fust wliL'ii it cools ; can any person think a
hors.;'s bowelscoiiltl hear wax melting hot with-
out killing; the iiorse, or that it would not cool he-
fore itrearhed the hols? The (act is, sial)led Innses
at particnlir seasons, discharge hots without tak-
ing anything. I iiuve several limes Ibund tliem
in the slahle vvliun nothing had been given, ami
at those seasons when medicine is given, hots are
found, if examination is made, and they will he
found if examination is made when no medicine
is given. Any person that will try experiment-*,
often rcpe.ited, will come lo the conclusion that
we know of nothing that can he given to a horse
that will d >stroy or even ilistiirb the hots. If I
could depend upon anything from the experi-
Jneiils I have tried on living hots out of the horse,
it would he to stupify tliem with lauilanum, and
then give hrisk cathartics.

But now to come to the treatment : a horse is
taken with ;\ violent cholic, rolling on the ground
liitiiig his side, sonietinies much swollen, and oth-
er limes little or none ; apparently in great pain.
It is pronunie.l a case of hots, and while we are
preparing chicken howels lo cram down his throat,
solutions of copperas, &c, &c, to destroy the
hots, the animal dies with cholic ; an hour or so
tiftcrwards he is opened and his bowels found
perforated hy hots ; we are satisfied he died from
bots, without reflecting that these same hots were
in him yesterday ; that some cause more than mere
whim ill them must have caused them all to
■change ihcir a|ipetite so suddenly ; that if they
really <lid cause the death of ihe horse there
would he Jio preventive, as experiment would
prove that nothing as yet known would dislurh
them before ihey would have time to kill the horse ;
and whether they might not have commenced
perforating the bowels after the liorse died. One
experimrnt hy opening a h<jrse before he was fully
dead would convince all that bots were not the
■cause of death. The proper way to treat the
horse would he to give an ounce of laudanum as
soon as he is taken ; then bleed until he foils ;
while down give two quarts of castor oil and rub
his flanks hard and continually ; if he is not swollen
lie will he almost certain to recover ; but if he
swells very much and becomes unaMe to rise, as
•a last resnit fearlessly plunge a long bladeil knife
into his flank just where there is a curl in the hair;
iimch air will escape at the wound, ami in most
instances the horse will be better immediately.
It is probable, if this oi.eration %verc performeil
snfliciently soon and boldly, it would seldom fail.

R. R. Il.AUDK.N.

USE OF THE TOJI.ATO

IN liUICKENlNG THE ACTION OF THE ABDOMl.NAL
VISCERA.

Mr Fleet — Like uiost persons of studious or
sedentary hahiis,^ I often find myself more or less
inc.omnio.leil, and my health impaired, by inaction,
of the stomicli and bowels, so as to be under the
necessity of resorting to medicine, principally
cathartics. In or<ler to enable your readers per-
fectly to appreiu.ite what I am about to say of a
remedy, this state of the bowels is always in some
degree accompanied with a sense of straitness of
the chest, and besides a general uneasiness, and

iissitiide, yet with the head ache, or some degree
of pain in the region of the liver. It .seems to
Mie a recurriiice of those symptoms that accom-
pany attiicks of what is called, by my physicians,
a liver complaint, to which I have been a good
deal suliject. The a|ipetile, instead of being keen
becomes imperfect, with a pecular taste of the
mouth, as if soineihing was wanting, and in the
functions of digestion, to constitute perfect health,
for which cathartics arc only a temiiorary relief
not a remedy.

The common Tomato, used in making gravy,
at once removes this taste of the mouth ; in a
little lime ipiickens the action of the liver, and of
ihe bowels, aiid removes all the above noticed
symptoms and feelings. I regard it as an inval-
Uidile artiide of diet, or, if yon please, as of medi-
cine, or of medical dietetic.-i. With me, it has
always been an object of solicituile, to find out
such diet, as should supersede the necessity of
medicine. Except in pickle, which I cannot use,
I cat the Tomato in every imaginable mode of
dressing, and find it perfectly adapted to my
wants. In the hope of being some use to others,
these facts are stated. The Tomato is of great
use to me. It is raiseil with less trouble than any
other vegetable that I have any knowledge. It
was first planted six years ago, drops its own
.■ieed into the groun<l, and has produced bushels,
every year since, with no other trouble than once
digging the same grounil, in spring, and one or
two hoeings, on a spot of perhaps six feet square.
It makes a good pickle, .■ind is raised with one
hundredth part the care, labor, and trouble, of an
pcpial quantity of cucumbers. But, one other ob-
ject, remains to he stated. I incline to the opin-
ion, though without having yet fully tried it, that
the Tomato may be made into a rich sauce, for
meal, and be kept through the year, or from sea-,
son 10 season of the fruit.* The gravy, I know,
even in 'die hottest weather of summer, will keep,
perfectly unchanged, for several days, in a com-
mon open dish, in a pantry ; and this I know, be-
cause, as my cook does not like the article, I have
contrived to keep it over, when she neglects my
directions. If properly prepared, and bottled,
and well corked, it would certainly keep good, in
an ice house, or perhaps in a common cellar, or
under water, of a low and uniform temperature.
At any rale, if found to be as useful to others,
as it is to me, it will be quite desirable to find out
how it may be best [jreserved for use. As a pickle
kept m brine, or vinegar, I could not use it, and
I am inclined to think its good qualities would be
.^luch diminished, for any one, by this mode of
preservation. It seems to me, that, of all the ar-
ticles of diet, or medicine, that have come to my
knowledge, the Tomato acts most directly upon
the liver, and thus in the bile. Publish this if you
please, and let others try it, and make their own
ohservalions. I know that several peisons, of my
acquaintance, have derived alike benefits from the
use of it.

Constitutionally predisposed to a torpor of the
liver, and the abdominal viscera, I have, through
life, been suliject to the necessity of using cathar-
tics, until hai iiig discovered the good effects of the
Tomato. In all cases, except in such as above
described, my flow of animal spirits have always
been uniform, rather abundant than otherwise

susiaiiiing severe mental effort, even to 12 and
16 hours each 24, for weeks in succession, always
without other stimuli than ordinary fiod and
drink. Wine never exhilarates, except as it in-
creases my general health ; and anient spirits
always deprc-.scs the tone of my mind. Kow far
they may be regarded as peculiarities, I know not,
but think proper to state them, Cor the sake of u
clear understanding, and in a sincere iWsire to bo
useful to others. I have never known tlie cflect
even in the slightest degree, of any sort of int<ixi-
cating drinks. Ilealih exhilarates, and ailments
depress my spirits. When afHicted with inaction
ofiho bowels, head-ache, a bad taste of the
mouth, straitness of the chest, and a dull and
painful heaviness of the region of the liver, the
whole of these symptoms are removed by Toma-
to sauce, and the mind, in the course of some
tew hours, is put into perfi ci tone, like a new vi-
olin. The facts certainly' merit a narration, and I
can but hope they may be o( use no many persons.
The true plan of life for men of mind, an<l espe-
cially for men of study, and much mental effort, is,
so to live, as to have our food supply all that is
necessary of medicine, A wise man will soon
learn to relish what agrees with his temperament,
and reject all else, in food and drink. To which
I will only add, that much employment of the
mind, i)articularly in men of slow habits of the
body, slow actions of the bowels, calls for a larger
proportion, than they generally use, if temperate
men, of liquid food or drink. II. G. S.

October -23, 1831.

Domestics. — Export of Domestic Cotton Goods
from the United States, for

1826, amounting to $1,138,125

1827, .lo 1,159,414

1828, do 1,010,232

1829, do 1,259,457

1830, do 1,343,183

— besides the goods which have been consumed
in the Mexican trade, and those smuggled into
Canada.

' Practice Laughs at Theory: — The New York
.Journal of Commerce says — three thousand bags
Brazil coffee were sold yeslenlay at 12 cents,
deliverable on the reduced duty of 1 ct. lb.

That is — the duty will be only one cent per. lb.,
but last year, when it was Jive cents, the average
price of coffee was only 11^ cents — so a reductiou
of the ' tax ' has increased the price. The duty
instead of being kept in the country, really goes
into the hands of the foreign grower who gradu-
ates his prices with reference to the duties, &c, here.
This is sound '/ree <ra(/e ' logic, though common
sense rejects it — as it does the whole doctrine. —
JViles' Register.

A Curiosity. — A friend has placed in my hands
(says Niles' Register ) ' The Calcutta Gazette
and Daily Advertiser'' u( 21 \.h May, 1831 — which
among other widely sjiread advertisements, con-
tains the fnllowing.

' Mazkenzie Lyall & Co. will sell by public
auction at the Exchange Commercial sale rooms,
this day, Friday, 27th May, 1831, ten hales fine
American sheetings, bleached and unhleiiched, as
fully detailed in the catalogues now in circulation.'

* French cooks have a method of preserving them in
the form of cakes first having cut them into small pieces,
or ground into powder.

Steam engines are made in Pittsburg for less
than half the price paid for them in 1818, and
cheajier than they are in Liverpool and Manches-
ter.

180

NF/;V ENGLAND FARME!t,

7. ThtnseuJ inloxicaiiiif; drink in any qiianti-

-1 ~T 1- c't;' 'V- — '^'"^ °'''y wlioUsome flriiik, ilio only one

CAUSES OF BIS wVi-iE. { aii(,|„p,| ;„ the wnnis of tliK sj^^tem is pure wiuer.

The causes of most ol our iliseaMf, or at least

of iIjhI numerous class «liicli it is in our power

entirely to prevent, may be enunieraieil tl.us :

1. Insufficient Exercise. — lie wiio (ioes not
Bpenil several hours every ilay iusouie active exer-
cise— as walkinf.', riding on horsc-hacl;, or iti soNie
amusement uhi.li calls nearly all the muscles into^
play, must iuevilalily suffer frem a iliuiinutioii of
bodily streuiilh. defect of appetite, ami imperfect
digestion, and become sooiiel or later llie euhject
of disease.

2. Lnle rising nnd lute niiring. — There are
few things which contribute more to shoiteii life,
than the habit of Keeping late hours, ami cmise-
qilentlv of rising from bed late in the morning'.
The advances of weakness and disea^e from this
cause are, it is true, by very gradual steps, but not
the less certain to.be ultimately felt.

3. Breathing impure air. — A constant supply
of fresh air is even more important than of food
or drink. An individual may, for a long time,
control the sensation of hunger, or even the move
imperious one of thirst •, but life will most cer-
tainly be destroyed, if pure air be witliheld from
the lungs for a very short period. The air is
rendered impure by being loaded with animal nnd
vegetable exhalations, by its free circulation being
preventeil by a niimber of persons breathing it
when confined in a close chamber, and by the
processes of fermeiUalion ajid cojnbusiion.

4. Insufficient ablutions nf the bot'j/. — It is n

i EviM-y drop of alcohol which is taken into the
! stomach, whether in the form of ardent spirits or
I fermented lifpiors, produces injury ; and when its
1 use is hahitmdly indulged in, even though abso-
lute drunkenness be not occasioned, the powers of
1 life are gradually undermined, and the s\stem
laid open to iho inroads of serious and even fatal
diseases.

8. Defective and improper clothing. — Injury
to health may be caused either by the clothes be-
ing inadcjuate to ilefend the wearer fjom the cold,
or from sudden changes in the weather, by their
impeding the free motions of the limbs, or by
tlu'ir compressing or binding loo firndy some part
of the body.

9. The influence of cold. — In the more opulent
ranks of society disease is produced occasionally
by the unequal and imperfect diffusion of warmth
throughout an apartment — by exposure to the
night air or inclement weather, after being heated
in crowded apartments, or by exercise ; as dancing,
&c. In the poorer an<I improvident classes, cold,
during winter, is a cominued and fruitful source
of suffering and disease.

10. Intense and protracted application of the
mind. — Alternate rest and activity, as well of the
body as of the mind, are essential to the support
of health. Long continued mental applii'atioii,
whether in study or the cares of business, wears
nni the svst'MM, and e.xhiuists the powers of life

,,.-', . c 1 1 1 ,1 , 1 even more rapid y than protracted manual labor,

nongh (or theprest-rvation of healih, that mirely ' , -^. • , ,. • r^

, , , ,- . 1 .u c 1 , 1, . I )■„ 11. Giving way to the pas.uons. — Experience

le hands, the leet, and the face be waslied ire- . ,' , .i • -i . a- .

, , . , ., ■ , f „ t- ,1 . iw 1,. fn 'v proves, that nothing contributes more effect,

uenily, but that the whole surface ot the body -' ' ' "

■" ,, i; 1 1 • ; I, ii (■ uallv to jrunrd the svstern from disease, nnd to

prolong life, than a calm and contented state of
mind. Individuals who give way on every occa-
sion to the influence of passion not only injure
materially tlnir health but are often promptly de-
slrove I. Violent anger and ainbilion, jealousy
ami fear, have produced the speedy Jenlh of
thousands. In culiivnliiiir an amiable, peaceful,
and virtuous disposition, therefore, a man not only
insures his happiness lint promotes Ins health
also.

12. 7%e unnecessari/ or imprudent Jise of med-
icine.— Domestic quackery has ruined many con-
stitutions. A ilose of medicine taken with the
view of preventing an attack of disease, not un-
freipieutly invilcs one which otherwise would not
have occurred. The absurd practice of losing
blood, or taking purgatives and other remedies in
the Spring and Autumn, und"r the erroneous
idea that by so doing the blood is rendered more
pure, should be carefully avoided.

the

1"

be repeatedly purified, by ioimersioli, in a ball

appropriate temperature. To all, the fieqnent use

of the hath is an important means of preserving

health, but to none more so, than lo the laborer

and mechanic -. to such the time and means for

bathing should be affordcul in every city, ami in

every extensive manufactory, wherever siiuatcd.

5. Inattention to the cleanliness of clothing nnJ
dwellings. — Imhipeiidenily of the injury which
the liealih of imlividiials suffer from a neglect of
strict personal and domeslic cleanliness, the con-
tamination of the air, from the decompo.sition of
filth, accumulated in and about a dwelling, has
not unfreqiiently communicated disease to whole
families and neighborhoods. Repeatedly white
washing the walls of a house, and scrubbing the
floor, is not merely, therefore, a source of tasteful
comfort, but a direct means of preserving healih.

6. Food rendered perniciou.t h>j modern cookery
— Adulterations in foods and drinks, and abuse of
appetite. — While a moderate quaniity of plain,
wholesome food — in other words, the food in or-
dinary use, is essential to the maintenance of life
— all excess in its use — all complicated process-
es of cookery, and every artificial means, whether
by high seasoning, variety of dishes, or foreign
flavors, of keeping up tlie appetite beyond the
wants of the system, are decidedly injuiious.
Every species of adulteration, also, to which our
food or drink is subjected, from whatever motive,
detracts from its wliolesonieness. Let it be re-
collected, too, that Ihe health and strength of the j „,. dealing to the system. Flesh that has been loi
body are not supported by the quantity of food s.ahed, dried hain.«, beef, &c, are less nutritive than
consumed, but only by so much as is capable of[cpgj,|, y^g^t.

being converted, by the powers of the stomach, j 4 Farinaceous nnd vegetable food, generally
into pure chyle and bloods 1 is slower of digestion than animal, but it is le«s

Fioni Pocter'a IleaUh .Mmanac.

DIETETIC MAXIMS.

1. A healihy a|ipelite is to be acquired by early
rising — regular exercise in the open air — a checr-
fiil mind, and abstinence from intoxicating liquors.

2. The food should be eaten slowly, so thai
it be wi II masticated and mixed with the saliva.

3. Animal food is sooner digested in the sto-
mach than vegetable ; but it is more slimulating

Doc. 21, 18.31.

healing — iivany kinds of vegetable food are very
niitiitive.

5. Solid food, or food of a cerlain fibrous or
pnlpy consistence, is more fined for digestion in
the sloniach than rich soups, jellies, and all highly
coiiccnlvated sauces. — The latter are rendered
more digestible by the addilion of bread.

6. Fish are not so nourishing as the tlesli <;f
land animals, anti with muiiy stomachs entirely
disagreeiible. The while fish, when in season,
are generally lighter, and less apt lo disagree
with the stomach than the red.

7. In summer the food should consist princi-
pally of vegetables ; in wiiiti r, a largir amount
nf r.nimal matter may be taken, cspei-ially by the
laborer.

8. Boiling renders food more tender and di-
gestiblo, but it deprives it of a considerable portion
of its nutritive principle.

9. Animal food slioiild not he over boiled —
vegetables should be boiled until perfectly tender.

10. Roasting dissipates less of the nutritive
pans of the meat. Roasted meat is therefore,
more nourishing than broiled, but much more
stimulating.

11. Bread constitutes a wholesome addition
to all our meals. It hhoiild be perfectly raised,
fully baked, and one day old.

12. Salt, and on occasions, a very moderate
quaniity of pepper are safe and grateful additions
to our food, lleyond this, however, all seasoning
becomes injurious.

13. Eatimr of a mimher of difTerent dishes at
one meal, oppresses the stomach and ihterfeiea
uilh digestion. This is not to bo understood,
however, as con<lemning the proper admixture of
animal and vegetable fooil at the same meal.

14. All excess in eating shoii-ld be avoided,
but ilie quantity of food proper to be taken at one
time depends entirely on the consiitution, age,
habits, degree of health, season of the year, cli-
mate, &,c. The best guide is lo be found in tha
calls of a healthy appetite.

15. Health, and strenglh o*" body, dcpejid upon
the health of the stomach, and coiisequ<'iit per-
fection of the digestive powers, much more than
upon the quantity or evi'ii quality of the food ta-
ken.

16. Water is the most wholesome drink.
Toast and water — sweetened water, or water
with a slight addilion of a vegetable acid, are
usi fill diluents during the summer.

17. Distilled and fermented li(piors impede
digestion ; and when drank to any extent, iiivaria-
blv destroy the tone of the stomach, and of the
system generally.

18. The stomach ought not tn be over dis-
tended with fluids ilnring, immediately preireding,
nor after a meal.

19. When the stomach is weak, very little
fluid shoiihl be taken during or t-.ficr eating.
Dry solid food requires more diliniou than that
which is juicy or fluid.

20. Exercise should he used in the intervals
between meals, but not immediately before or
after them.

CLEANLINESS. m

The aiilhor of ' .lonriial of a Naturalist,' s|)pak^
ing of insects, says — The perfect cleanliness of
lliese creatures is a very notable circumstance,
when we consider that neaily their whole lives are
passed in burrowing in the earth, and removing

Vol. X.— No. 23.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

181

nuisances ; yet such is tlic ailmii-.iblo pnlisli of
their i-onting and hinhs, iliat we very seldom fiml
uny soil adhering to tliem. Tlie nidoe, and some
<if the scaiaha?!, upon first emerging from their
winter's retreat are eonnnordy found witli llie carili
(dinging to tlieni ; Imt the removal of this is one
of the first operations of the crcatm-e ; and all the
beetle race, tlie chi(f occupation of which is crawl-
ing ahont the snil, and such dirty employs, an-
notwill.slanQing reuiarkalile for the glossiness of
their covering, and freedom from defih-nieiits of
any kin. I. Bntiniiily of vesture seems to he a
principal precept of nature, and ohservahle
throughout creation. — Fishes, from the nature of
the eleu:eue in which they reside, can contract hut
little impurity. Birds are unceasingly attentive to
neatness and lustration of their plumage. All the
slug rare, though covered with slimy matter, cal-
culated to collect extraneous things, and reptile:,
ere perfectly free from soil. The fur and hair of
heasts in a state of liherty and health is never filthy,
or sidlied with dirt. Some hirds roll themselves
in dust, and occasionally, particularly beasts, cover
themselves with mire ; hut this is not from any
liking or inclination for such things, but to free
themselves from annoyances, or to prevent the bites
of insects. Whether birds in preening, and beasts
in dressing thetnselves, be directed by any instinc-
tive faculty, we know not, but they evidently derive
pleasure from the operation, and thus this feeling
of enjoyment, even if the sole motive, becomes
to them an essential source of comfort and of
health.

Fto

111!

of Ueilth.

CROWDED ROOMS.

In an English work, entitled the Philosophy ol
Mediciiic, containing numerous extracts on the na-
ture nUieallh niij ilisease,wt: find the following strik-
ing, but as we have, every reason to believe, au-
thentic anecdote.

'A lively yiuing lady, who came to Btith, to put
herself un<ler the care of Dr M. Adair, gave a roul
and insisted tliat the doctor should he of the parly.
The room was siuaU, ami the company very nu-
merous. He had not lieen long seated to the card-
table, hf-fore a young gentleman, his parlner, fell
into a swoon. The doors were immediately thrown
open to atl'ord hiiu fresh air, and tlie sash lifted up
and both the genllcmau who swooned^ and the
young lady, Dr Adair's patient, who were invalids
were much injured by the stnlderi exposure to a
current of cold air. How the rest of the compa
ny were afl'ac-tcd, says Dr Adair, I had no opporin
nity of knowing ; but my own feelings and sutrer-
iugs, for many hours after I retired from this oven
.convinced me of the dnngerous consequences oi' such'
meelins:s. On iledaring, a few days after, to one
of my brethren, a man id'hutrmr, my resolution of
writing a hitter philippic! against routs, he archly
reidied ; " Li.'t ilieui alone, doctor ; how could
this place oiherwiso supiiort Iwenlysix physi-
cians !" '

This fact, says our correspondent, to whom
we are indebted for this article, serves to show.

often do we find hundreds, and thousand
dividuals occupying a room with closed do
windows, for an hour or two together! Much of
the yawning, and dulness, and iiiatleution of reli-

ous assemblies, is o/?e!i produced by sinular cau-

s, thongli usually ascribed to a different orii:in.
Crowded assemblies woidd do well to recollect
that they are rendering the atmosphere ?hsohitely
poisonous, at the rate of at least a gallon a luinii e
or a hogshead an hour to an individual ; and they
are making it, more or less impure and unwhole-

me with every breath. This happens loo when
the atmosphere is the most pure aiul dense. lu
hot weather, as the air is highly rarified, ami other
causes of impurity exist in greater abundance, it is
poisoned at a much more rapiil rate than in other
circumstances ; and this should remind us of the
necessity of a stricter attention to ventilation.

Our unenlijrhlened readers, may be edified by
the following —

RECIPE FOR A ROCT :

Take all the ladies and gentlemen you can
coIlect,and put them into a room, with a slosv fire.
Stew them well. Have ready twelve packs of
cards, a piano-forte, a handful of prints or draw-
ings, and |)ut them in from time to time. As the
mixture thickens, sweeten it with iioliiesse, and
season with wit, if yon have any ; if not, flattery
wdl do, and is very cheap. When all have stew-
ed well an hour, add some ices, jellies, cakes, lem-
onade, and wines; the more of these ingredients
you put in, the more substantial will your rout he.
Fill your room ([uite fidl, and let the scum rim

off!'

FAT CATTLE.
It is impossible to ascertain at what tiirie the
people on Connecticut river be>;au to fatten oxen
in the stall for the Boston market. The first no-
tice on record, that we have observed, is a vote of
the town of Hatfield in August, 1703. Iii taking
the list in the spring preceding, fat cattle were in-
cluded ; this, it seems, was a subject of complaint,
because the cattle were driven to market soon after
the list was taken ; the town therefore voted not to
include them. It is evident from this vote that a
considerable number of oxen were stall-fed in
Hatfield at that time. — The business must have
been commenced in that and other towns some
vears before — probably as early as 1690, or 140
vears ago. The first notice in Northampton is in
the inveiitorv of the estate of Nathaniel Dwiirht,
March, 1712 ; it includes four fat oxen, besides
several yokes of working cattle. After this, fat
oxen in the spring are noticed in Hadley, Deer-
field, Westfield, &c. In 1724, three fat oxen he-
lonsincr to the estate of Benjamin Lyman, North-
ampton, were appraised at 12 pounds each. In
February, 1729, Samuel Clark, (fiither of the late
Benjamin Clark) sold six fat oxen for 20 pounds
each ; and in Mandi, 1730, bis neighbor John Ba-
ker, sold six oxen at the same price. In March,
1732, Jonathan Strong, John Miller and Joseph
Hawley, (father of M.aj. llawley) sent each a yoke
of cattle to Boston. Mr Ha" ley's oxen brought
45 pounds, and the others a less price. In March

fin- thus pirticuhir, in order to show th.'it Stall-feeding
anil cattle was a business of some importance in the
towns on Connecticut river inore tbaii 100 yeara
ago. It has been ranch extended since, and it is
b( lieveil that the farmers of Hatfield now stall-feed
three limes as many oxen as were fattened in all
the towns in Old Hampshire 100 years since.

in 1731 there were only eleven towns in the
county of Hampshire, viz. Springfield, Norlhatnp-
ton, liiullcy, ilatfielil,Sundcrlauil, We.sifield, Deer.
lii-ld, Northfield, Biiiufield, Siiffiuld and Kufield ;
the two latter are now in Conneclicnt. There
were sc'ltlemcnls at Cold Spring (Bclcliertown) the
ICIbows (Palmer) and some oiher places. — Hump.
Gazelle.

Canker in Fruit Trees. — A paper on this sub-
ject has been read before the Caledonian Horti-
cultural Society, by Mr Peter Campbell, gardener
at Coalston, in which this experienced gardener
gives it as his opinion that the cause of canker
in fruit trees is a stintednoss of growth that
takes place from a bad subsoil, and the ground
not being properly prepared before the fruit trees
are planted. An experiment he has tried proves
he says, to be an effectual cure for that disease,
so far as he has hitherto experienced. There were
upwards of seventy espalier fruit trees taken
with canker, that had entirely given up bearing ;
twelve of them had only been about twelve years
planted. The soil these trees grew in was of a
sandy nature, and was formerly a bog full of
springs, with veins of black sand about eighteen
inches below the surface. By examining the
roots that went down into these veins of black
sand, they were foinid to difier from the other
roots, ami some parts were quite swelled and over-
grown, compared with otlier pans of the same
root, so that it bad more the apiiearance of a
tuberous than a fibrous root, ami the wood itself
was very seriously injured in the interior. Ho
instantly proceeded to clear away the soil from the
roots, with care so as not to injure lliem, first to
the distance of three feet from the trunk of the
trees all round, and afterwards as much under
the trunk as could be got out ; he cut off the tap
roots that went right down, and also ail the roots
that were diseased, and proceeded to clear away
the soil another foot round the tree ;a layer of bricks
&c, being laid on the bottom, he then filled up
the hole with good mould mixed with rotten cow
dung, beating in every course below the trunk of
the tree with a beater made for that purpose. He
than proceeded to prune off the tops of the trees,
not leaving a branch nor bit of wood that had
canker in h on any of the trees. By this treat-
ment, he says, the trees are become quite healthy,
and free from any moss or lichen, and witliout the
least appearau -e of canker.

1729, Doct. Thomas Wdls of Deerfield went with
better than a thousand arguments- without it, the ^ ^ ,,^Q^,g „f f.,t f,^^„ f,.„,„ Deerfield to Boston; be
danger of injury from confined air in close apart- ^_,j, g„,,g jo ^^y^^ charced 41. 15s. for his expenses
ments. Hence we see that when we invite <>ur^n,| services. The money in circulation at that
friends to enjoy with us the pleasures of the social pp^iod was a depreciated paper currency, called
circle, we may incautiously be the means of ren- ,^j|,^ „f ^jp,||t T|,g 4.5 p„„,„ls for which Mr
dering both them and ourselves miserable, by the Hawley's cattle were sold was not probaldv worth
poison of a corrupted attnosphere. Besides, how ,„ore than 45 or 50 dollars in silver. We are ' ^^^'J'

To destroy thislles, fern and coUsfnot.—Uav.
ing mice a pasture field, says a correspondent in
the English Country Times, that seemed one
entire bed of common thistles, and having occa-
sion to carrv manure across it to another field, I
observed all the thistles completely killed wherever
llie cans went ; I therefore set to and rolled the
whole field with a cast iron roller, once in the
latter end of May ; and twice in the beginning of
June The field has been free from thi.-lles ever
since. The expense was only 35i per acre. Fern
ami coltsfoot I have exterminated in the same

182

NEW KNCi.ArsD FARMER,

Dec. 21, 1&31.

mw^ SiJ^^iiisja) s>iiissai22J

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC. 21, 1831.

REPORT ON BUTTER.

As a few inaccuracies occiuied in tlie table oC
entries for ihepreniiuiiis on Bmter as piililisheil in
our last, we have been desired to repiiblisb il, liy
ihe chairman of tlie ConHiiiltce, who drew up the
Iteport.

•No. 1 San ford Howard, Ilnllowell, Mo. 6 firkins.

2 Jude Kimball, l.yndcn.Vt 10 do.

3 RnberlGilson, Kycjale, Vt. 10 do.

4 Thomas S|>arhawk, V\ alpide, N. H. 7 do.

5 Iclialiod Everell, Billcrica, Mass. 3 do.
7f 8 Honrv Sprugui-, rrincctoii, Mass. 20 do.

10 William VXar.len, Barnelt, Vt. 7 do.

11 William Baclinp, do. 40 lio.
!-2 A\ illiam Plicaror, " ' "
13 Jesse Wilson,
15 William Eag.'r,

17 Mosea R. Houve,

18 Silas lleinis,

19 Lydia Page,

20 Sampson Pierce,

31 Richard Hildrtth,

32 Selh Davenport,
' L. Chamberlain,

Spencer, Mass.
Norlhboro', Ma
Barnelt, Vt.
Barre, Mass.
Hardwii-k, Mas.
N. Braintree, M
Sterling, Mass.

Me

, Ma

• tubs.
■ Srkii

34

do.

39 Walter Higelow,

42 B. Sl J. Lyndo,

43 Charles Cutter,

44 H illiam Spring,

45 Fitch Winchester,

46 Cloud Hurvey,

47 WilliamGilkerson,

48 Samuel Sawyer, t.'d,

49 Oliver Johnson,

50 John Gilkerson
.51 Nathan Hardy, '
52 Thomas WatJs,

n Stephenson:

Westhorough, Mass. 7 do

do. 2 do. 8 boxes.

Barre, Mass. 7 kegs.

Merino Island, N. H. 7 firkins.
Attlohoru*, Mass. 2 pots.
Worcester, Mass. (i firkins.
Giiilford Centre, Vt. 7 kegs.
Weston, Mass. 4 pots, 2 boxes.

do.

Weston, Mass,
Barnett, Vt.
Wall ham, Mass.
Pockham, Vt.

8 kegs.
26 fitkir
5 do.

4 kegs.
2 tubs.

5 firkli
2 do.
7 do.

Woodstock, Vt

do.
nresd-n. Me

Mass.

Baire, Mass.
IVdham, Mass.
Charllon, Mnss.
Croydon, N. H.

53 jM:

55 N;

56 GershomCubb,"

57 Levi Woodward,

58 Gabriel Parker,

59 Amiiew J. Allen,

63 Peter Harwood,

64 Abijah Fisher,
66 John Dudley,
68 Stephen Metcalf,

In addition to which there were u
applications from individuals, who not
plied with the regulations of the Society, could
not be alloTved to come in com|)elitiuii for the
premium.".

For Cheese there were eighleen entrioF, viz. 1
from Maine, 1 fiom Ncw-Ilampshire, 2 from Ver-
mont, and 14 from Massachusetts.

3 kegs.
Gfirkius.

5 pots, 1 t

6 firkins.

Teat tnany
ivinij coin-

AGRICULTURAL CONVENTION.

A convenlioii of delcgoles is called in the New
Yorlt papers to meet in the city of Albany on the
14th of February, 1832, to be composed of individ-
uals engaged in agriculture fioin ihe various coun-
ties of the state, for the purpose of forming a
State Agricultural Society.

Edinburgh Review. — Lilly and Wait have just
repuldished the lO'lli No. of this able journal,
which contains articles on the following subjects:
Croker's l\dition of Bosui ll's Life of Johnson-
Greek Philosophy of Taste--Southey's uueduc-ited
Poets — Tones on the 'J'heory nf Rcul — Poblir
Amusements ; Pretensions of the Evaiigelii al class

— Moore's Life of Lord Eilward FitZfrrr.nld

Crombie's Natural Theology— Life and Wriiiupsof
Fusrii— Ros,si on Criminal Law — Slate of ProTest-

autism in Germany — House of Lords ; Retbrm.

Published quarterly at .-fcS per annum.

Hops. — .\ petition is before the Legislature of
Lower Canada, from certain IIop-Growers, for an
additional duty on foreign [United Slates] H<.ps im-
ported.

Jit nn a<ljonrned[slnled meeting of the J\Iassachtisetts
Hortkultunil Societi/, held on Saturdai/, Dec. I7th,
1^31,

The follovving seeds presented to the Society by
J. R. Van Zandt, Esq., of Albany, (an honorary mem-
ber of the Society,) were distributed, viz :
No. L Large Drumhead Lettuce.

2. SiigarioafHead, do.

3. Smooth Musk Melon, the inside green and
thick — name not known.

4. Pine Apple do.
,5. Rock do.
G. Green Minorca do.

7. Citron do.

8. Nutmeg do.

9. Green Flesh do.

10. Pine Apple do.

11. Water Melon.

12. do. do.
1.3. do. do.

14. do. do.

15. do. do. Hilling Red Core.

IC. White Solid Celery, none better in the country.

17. Water Melon, large, 3 feet 8 inches long.

18. Purple Cape IJrocoli Cabbage.

1!». Dark Striped Crooked Neck Winter Squash.

20. Yellow do. do. do.

21. do. Straight, do. do.

22. Peruvian Cocoanut Squash, very sweet.

23. Valparaiso do.

24. Bush do.

25. White Spine Cucumber.

26. Frame do. 22 inches long,

27. Tomatoes, superior kind.

28. Egyptian Barley, 2 crops in one season, very
valuable.

29. Rensselaer Prem. Potatoes, 2 crops, small
round White,

30. do. do. Corn.

31. Albany Prem. do.

32. Pure Sweet Corn.

33. Large Corn, equal to sweet.

34. Very Early Corn.
3.5. Pop' Corn.

ovi. Very fine Early Kidney Potatoes, Long Black.

37. Seek-no-farther Potatoes, Large White.

38. White Prolific Bush Beans.

39. Orange Cayenne Pepper.

n.OWF.R SEF.D.S.

40. Double Hollyhock, mixed colors.

41. Marvel of Peru.

42. White Candytuft.
4.3. Chrysanthenuin.

44. Dwarf Virginia Sun Flower.

45. Purple Lavatera.

40. Large Purple Zinnia.

47. Hyacinth Beans, or Flowering Beans.

48. White Lavatera.

49. Perennial Bee Larkspur.

50. Hibiscus Syrian Mallow.

51. Ipomea, Cypress Vine.

52. Sweet Williams, fine colors.

53. Red and Yellow Co.\comb.

54. Centaurea Cyanus.

55. Fumaria Vine or Wood Fringe.

^>C>. Rose and Variegated Double Balsam.

57. Cacalia Coccinea or Tas.sel Plant.

58. Zerauthemum, Eternal Flower.

59. Golden Coreopsis.

CO. White and Purple Snap Dragon.

01. Blessed Thistle.

(!2. Sea Beach Hibiscus. J. R. Van Zandt.

Capt. Martin Burridge, of Medford, was admitted
a member.

FRUITS.

A bo.f of Apples was received from James E.
Mifflin, Esq., of VVrigbtsvillc,Pa., of the variety call-
ed Jf inter Sweet Paradise. This fruit is of large
size, pale yellow, with a tine blush, juicy, and pos-
sessed of very rich flavor. We know of no sweet
apple, in eating at this season, that is better ; a let-
ter from Mr Mifflin is anne.\ed, who it may be re-

collected a few years past kindly forwarded scions
to the Society for distribution, which are now grow-
ing in this neighborhood, but have not as yet, we
believe, shown fruit.

Per oriier of the Committee.

E. VOSE, Cliairman.

VVtlshlSTille, .\nv, IJth, ItSl.
To .he Honorahlell. A. S. De»r,o»», Pre;idtnt of the Mam.
Holt, boilbty, and the GenUemHn of the Fruit Coniiulttee.

Having ill a communication with one of the '
gentlemen connected with the New England Far-
mer establishment, some time past, mentioned my
intention of sending a sample of the Winter Sweet
Paradise apple for the use and information of your '
Society, and which by an opportunity to Philadel-
phia I am now able to do, I have tin'refore to
request your acceptance of 1.5 apples of that kind,
which accompany this, and that you will ailer
trial give your opinion of the fruit ihroiigh the
New England Farmer (in one of the volumes of
which said apple is described,) making proper
allowance for their being more dry than usual,
owing to having laid 5 or 6 weeks on a garret
Hoor, and being otherwise exposed in the pack-
ing and carriage. Here, vviih many people is a
prejudice against sweet apples, which, judging
fiom some descriptions in Thacher's Orchardisl
and Fessendeii's New Gardener, may not be the
case with you. I have twice forwarded grafts of
this kind to Boston, some of which, most likely,
have taken; therefore, after an examination of the
fruit you will be enabled to judge whether to ex-
tend or drop their cultivation. I have observed
that in appearance they vary tmich, the most
showy frnil being grown on high thin land, while
ihe size is increased on rich bottom lands, with a
more dull appearance in color. Acclivities with
slaty or gravelly soil, of tolerable strength and
southern exposure, I should ihink favorable to
their production in high perficlioii.

Wishing success to the undertaking of your
Society, I nm your friend,

James E. HIiffmn.

FLOWERS.

Mr Haggeriiton, of Charlestown,e.\hibited a beau-
tiful bouquet of flowers, consisting of Noisette arid
Tea Roses. Indian White, Straw colored and Pink
Chrysanthennims, and Brown, purple Chinese Chrya-
anthemums, Primula, &,c.

A contract for hnildiiig four or five miles of the
Bosion and Lowell Railroad, commencing at Con-
cord River in this town and extending south, has
been made by jMr Livingston, one of our enterpris-
ing citizens. Other contracts, we understand
have b( en exten.-^ively made ; — as soon as the'
spring opens the work will go lui along nearly the
whole extent. — Lowell Journal.

Ii is in contemplation to cousiruct a Rail Road
Iroiu New London to Providence, to inter-si'ct the
road contemplated, to run hclweeu Providence
and Boslon.

The Editor of ihe Providence Daily Advertiser
has received a second crop of Apples and n third
crop of Blossoms, taken from a tree in Cumberland,
R. I. The tree after bearing and bringing to ma-
turity one crop, blo^^somed the second time, during
the second week in September, and for ihe third
time about the second week in November.

In consequence of the high price of wood, the
Baltimore and Ohio Rail Road Company have
made arrangements to bring 200 cords of wood
daily to Baltimore, to relieve the poor.

Vol. X.— N'o. 23.

AND IIOIITICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

183

Aeio England Magazine. — We have already pub-
lished ill our adverlisMig cohmns, ihe table of con-
tents of Biicknighatn's New England Magazine,
No. 6, and we have had pleasure in giving our
readers a taste of iliose contents l>y several vahi-
ahle extracts from the work. The work was un-
dertaken witli a view to try the market with a sta-
ple article of home production — and that justice
tiiigiLt be done to all, it was determined to is?ne
the work for one year ; one half Ihe time has ex-
[lired, SIX numbers liave been regularly published,
luid each successive number has evinced a decided
improvement in the quality of tiie contents. The
cause is obvious — the work has acquired a char-
acter, and good writers covet the New England
Magazine as a medium for their productions, and
we tliink a discriminating public will likewise cov-
et the .Magazine for the same productions. — Uni-
ted Stales Gazelle.

The fanners of Maine are still troubled with
Bears and Wo'ves ; 1.50 sheep have been killed in
Oxford county. Five Wolves and several Bears
have been caught.

Grape Vine Cullings.

Several Ihousnnd cuttings of Ihe Cat.iwba, Schuvl
kill, Muscadcll, and Constaiitia; Grape Vine-, will l)e loi
sale at John Adlun's, Georgetown Vineyard, near Wash-
iii;iton cily, from now till the fii'st of April next.

Due. 21. 3t

Map ofJS/cw England,

WITH CORRECTIONS TO THE PRESENT TIME.

A (ew co.iies of this map, lately primed, wilh roriec-
tions, containing all tlie new incoipr ' ' ' ■'

ited towns

uuiis, coiiiaiinng an irie new incol poraien lowns, will)
Ihe principal roads, ^c, are now luii-hed, nioiinlcd on
rollers, and Iblded in cases foi trjvellers — and for sale, at
the Counlirig Room ol Ihe Daily Advertt^cr, 6 and 8,
Conf;res< street, and at Ihe Dookslores. Dec. 21.

The following' is from the Montreal Gazette on
the l"2th inst. 'We have used the Liquid Gas
and find it resembles the coal Gas so strongly as
to render it impossible to discover any diflereiice
by the eye. The Liquid Gas possesses many ad-
vantages over oil. It emits no smoke, causes no
disagreeable smell, can be increased to any de-
gree of intensity without causing smoke or put-
ling the wick out of or<ler; all of which difficul-
tiesare experienced in Ihe use of oil.

Sir Thomas Browne's H'orks.

Milliard If Brown, Booksellers to the University
Candiiidse, have lliis day publislied — The Library of
the Old English Prose Writers, Vol. III., conlaining the
Miscellaneous Works of Sir Thomas Browne, wilh some
account of his life and writings. Edited by Ihe Rev.
Alexander Young. This volume contains the whole of
'The Religion of a Pliysician,' treatise on ' Urn-Burial,'
Ihe Letter to a Friend on the dealh of his intimate
Friend, and selections from the ' Vulgar Errors.'

H. & B. have a few copies remaining of the first and
second vols, of this colleclion, containing Fuller's Holy
I Slate, Sidney's Defence of Poesie, and Selden's Table
Talk. Each volume may be obtained separately, neatly
hound in linen, or elegantly in calf and gilt. Dec. 21.

TO CORRESPONDENTS, &c.

We have received by the kindness of Z. Cook, Jr.
Esq a copy of the Adclress pronounced before the Mas-
sachusetts Horlicnitural Society, in commemoration of
its third Annual Festival, by Mallhus A. Ward, .M. D.
and shall soon favor our readers with the whole, or se-
lected parts of ihis excellent performance.

We have alo been favored, by the kindness of his
Excellency Gov. Lincoln, with a copy of the Address
delivered before Ihe Worcester Agricultural Society,
October 20, 1831 : being their thirteenth Anniversary
Cattle Snow and Exhibition of Manufactures. By Oli-
ve r. FisKE, M. D. This is an able, useful, and enter-
taining document, and we shall be happy to make our
columns instrumental in extending Ihe sphere of its cir-
culation.

Mr Cheney's Address before the Society of Middlesex
Husbandmen and Mannfaclures, at their last meeting,
together with an Address before Ihe Hampshire, Hamp-
den and Franklin Agricultural Society, by Samuel F-
Dickinson, were received just as our our paper was go-
ing to press. We have not had time to peruse them.

We shall soon have the pleasure of presenting our
readers a list of about 100 of the best pears, to contain all
the Synonymes, and a prelly full descriplion of Ihe fruit,
sufhcient to enable one to identity any particular variety,
by that judicious cultivator. Judge Buel, — to be followed
by similar tables of other fruits.

Several favors from our esteemed friend H. C. and oth-
ers will appear next week.

The New Ergland Farmer will be piinled on new
type and heller pap.?r, nexl nionlh.

Pear Seeds.
For sale at Ihe Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —
One bushel of fiesh Pear Seeds of excellent qu.li'.y.

Cobbetl's Advice to Young Men.
Just received and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store,
No. 5U.i North Market Street, Bostoo —

Advice to Young Men, &c, by William Cobbett.

Tea Wheat.
K few bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
Seed Stole, No. 5()'t North .Market street, from Ihe vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as the supply is small, and njany were disap-
pointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest o{ tea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1823, from which the present variely has been
ilisscminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. ix, page 105 — and
vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14.

Flooring Boards, Sfc.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewhere had.

Apply 10 E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Seeds for Countri/ Dealers.

Traders in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are inlormed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice, No. 50^ North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in .1 kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be pi-ocured in Ibis counti-y, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warrante*! to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
te-ms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Be.ans, Earlv
and Sweet Corn, &.c, of different sorts.

[LTThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with ;ihort direclious on its management, and packed in
the nealest style. — -Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Fresh IVldte Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Sireet—

A small supply of fresh and e;enuine Wliite Mulberry
Seed, warr.\nled Ihe growth of the present s,-asoi,, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany Ihe
seed.

Jewelry, ffalches and F)tney Goeds.
WM. M. WESSON, Nn. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaled Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, 4"c, l(c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased h^ the
cily. [[J'VVatf'ies repaired and warranted.

PRICES OF COU.VTRY PRODUCE.

AI'I'LlCSirussellings,
ASHES, pni, first sort,

iVarl, lirsl sort,
BEANS, while,
IIEEK, nirss,

C:^,No.,,
ULi'l'TEK, inspecled, No. 1, new, .
(;nEE.-5L, Mew milk,

.Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
I'LOUK, ltalliniore,Howard-slreei, -

I barrel,
ton.

Ale)

B.illimore, «harf,
(iUAI.N, Corn. N..rlhcrn.

Corn, Souihern Yellow, -

Kvc,

Barley,

Oats,

HAY,

HOG'S LAUD, first son, new,

HOPS, Isiqualiiy,

I.IMK,

I'l.A IS I'Elt PARIS retails at

PORK, clear,

Navy mess.

C,nr£o,l\o. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top (northern)

Rod Clover, (norihern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, three fnurliis washed,

Mer.jj, ha olood,

Me

, quai ler,

Native, viashed.

Pulled superfine,

l.sl Lamb's,

2d,

3d, "

1st Spinning,

,hiishid

au

barrel

10 00

7 75

tt

7 00

pound

Ifi

6

1 12

barrel.

6 87

6 til

S 75

5 60

bushel

70

67

95

ti

1 12

u

43

cwt.

60

CWI.

9 bO

.(

11 00

cask.

I 00

Ion.

3 00

IG 00

13 00

(1

13 00

}ushel.

1 87

'<

50

pound,
cwt.

10
10 00

pound.

68

"

62

tt

60

n

45

tl

44

tl

62

U

65

<■

40

"

28

"

a

j 3 00 3 50
'lI2 00 115 00
125 OOjlSO QD
Ot>

8 00

7 50

IS

Q

3

I 50

6 25

C 50

5 85

5 75

75

68

10 oa

13 00

1 06
3 25

17 OO

14 00
13 50

2 12
75
12

10 25
03
76
55
52
48
45
63
58
42
So

PROVISION MARKET.

corrected by mk hayward,
Clerk of Faneuil Hall Market.

BEEF, best pieces,

8

ll>

I'ORK, Iresh. best pieces.

l\

whole hogs.

I.

Si

VEAL,

tl

0

MUTTON,

It

4

(i

POULTRY,

tt

7

8

liUTTER.kcgandiub,

n

12

|>

Lump, best.

u

16

18

EGGS,

ilozeii.

30

33

MEAL, Rye, retail

lushcl.

117

I.I. ban, retail,

41

100

POTATOES,

It

37

40

CIIJER, laccordmglo quality]

barrel.

4 00

5 OO

(jRiGHTo.N Market — Mor,.day, Dec. 19.

flleporlcd for the Clironicleand Patiiot.J

At maikel, Ihis day, 10S6 Beef Cattle, 196 Stores, 678
Sheep, and }'ii6 Swine. The Swine have been before
reported.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Last week's prices for the
best qnalilies were welt supported, perhaps a trifle bet-
ter pi ices were obtained; but barrelling and middling
Cattle were not so high. We quote for one yoke, $5 75,
extra 5 25 a 5 50, prime, 5 a 5 124, gooJ 4 50 a 4 75, thin
3 a 4 25.

Barrelling Cattle — Piices reduced — we quote for mes»
4a 4 124; N" L3 50 a 3 624.

Stores — We noticed but a few sales.

Working Oxen — No sales noticed ; a few only at mar-
ket.

Cotrs and Calves — Sales were effected at 20, 23, 25
and $35.

Sheep — V(e noticed the price of onl}' two lots, $2 aoA
2 25. A lot of wethers were eold^-price not known.

Sicine — .Market full — several hundred have been soW
at reduced pi ices. We noticed one entire lot at 2^0.;
one lot of 20 selected barrows at 4^ ; one lot do. of 2*
do. at 3ic. At retail 3.J for sows and 4i for bariawi.

184

i>l 1 S C E L, L A N Y

THE ART OF MISEDUCATION.
Lesso.n 1. — How to niiiki^ yourself oilious to eliil-

tire 11.
Rule 1. — You incitj make them hale you, l-j treal-

i.'jg- them unjusUij.

Little Cliarlottf was going out iiilo her father's
oreharil. It was full of viol(!ts. — ' Oli !' cries
Charlotte full of joy, 'what beautiful little flow-
ers ! I will gather my apron full autl make a nose-
gay for inotlier.' Slie iuiinediately knelt down
and with great industry gathered her apron full,
then she sealed herself under an apple tree and
made a handsome nosi'gay. Here it is !' said she,
' now I will run and carry it to my dear mother.
How she will he delighted to kiss me!' To in-
crease the pleasure of her motlier, she crept slily
into the kitchen, took a china plale, put the nose
gay on it, and went on a full leap down the stair:
to find her mother. But Charlotte stumbled, fell
and broke the China plate into a hundred pieces,
and scattered her nosegay ail around. Her mother
who was in the room near by, heard the noi
and immediately sprang to the door — when she
aaw the broken plate, she ran back, seized a thick
rod, and willinut inquiring a word about the ti
ner in which the plate was broken, came to the
child. Terrified, both by the fall and on account
of the broken plate, and half dead witli fear of
the rod, liille Charlotte could oidy ejaculate 'dear
mother! dear mother !' But this was of no scr.
vice to her. ' You liit'e wretch !' said her mother
'break a beautiful plate — will you ?' — and elms,
tised her severely. Little Charlotte was offended
when she found herself treated with such opei
injustice. She did not forget fjr a long tiuiH, and
never again brought n nosegay to her mother.

Rdle 2. — Take no }mrl in the pUasiires of you
children, show no feeling in the caresses you be
stow 0)1 then, and you will soon make ihtni in
different <5 you.

An agreeable, nuirried couple had their heads
10 full of business and enterprises, that they con-
sidered every moment lost vliich they devoted to
conversation with their children. The husband
was busy with calculations of profit, aiul the wife
was always planning how to maintain their style
of living, and increase their arlides of dress.
Any interruptions from their children were con-
sidered as injuring their prospects. If little
Nicholas skipped up to his father with his A, B, C
book, and said, 'Look, father! the pretty monkey
has got an apple in his paw !' he received (or an
answer, • Don't disturb nie !' He ran to his
mother and she sent him away. Then he went
with his book in his hand to Sally, the cliainher-
'maid, and she knew how to tri'at him better — she
Iauglie<l with him over tlie monkey, showeil him
the wolf and the hare, and udd him how the widl
devoured sheep, 'and how good roasted
hares tasted.' His dear sister Mary treaied liirn
in the same way. She knew his secrets, and en-
tered into all his joys. If his father and mother
were to journey three months, he woiilil care noth-
ing about it ; but if little Mary was absent one
day from home he would sub and cry. — Salz-
man.

A farmer observing his servant a great while at
breakfast, said, 'John, you make a long meal.' —
' ' Master,' said he, ' a cheese of this size is not as
goon eat as you think of!'

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Extraordinary Instinct in a Bird. — The Ratel,
(an animal resembling tlie badger) as well as the
native inhabitant of the Cape of Good Hope, is
sometimes guided in its search after honey, by n
little bird, the Cuculus Indicator, or Honey
Cuckoo, which it seems has sagacity enough to
know tiiat both men and beast are loiiil of the
tempting spoil. This little creature, alihuugh in-
capable of storming a hive in its own person, takes
advantage of the propensity of others, who are
better lilted for the task, and invites the Hottentot
or Ratel to follow it by a ])<'ciiliar note, which they
both ecptally understand. Having thus secured
their attention, it flies slowly on before them, alter-
nately baiting for them to come up with it, and
then taking another flight, still admonishing them
by its warning voice, until it arrives at the spot
where the hidden treasure is deposited, then it
suddenly ceases to be heard, but remains quietly
perched on a tree in the vicinity, waiting for a
share of the plunder, which it usually receives as
a reward for its interested services.

Remains of a .Mammoth S,-c, found in England.

A lecture was lately delivered to the Philosopliical
and Literary Society of Chatham, England, by
Robert Dodil, Esq. on ih -jaw and teeth of a Mam-
moth, and of so'me other Fossils, fonnil in a Flint
quarry, in the neighborhood of that town. After
liBving given an explanation oftlie different fossils,
which had been rliseovered in that neighborhood,
Mr Dodd proceeds to show, that ' a great revolu-
tion or catastrophe has ccmipletely altered the face
of the earth in that part.' And he adds, ' the repeti-
tion of the usual phenomena of nature for a thou-
sand centuries would not have produced these
effects.' Fjxcepting volcanic phenomena on a
large scale, we know of no exisiing power, he says,
capable of [M-odncing such effi-ets. The present
geological appearances, arc biicli as indicate the
nctimi of an enormous and sudden power, opera-
ting as great and sudden chamjes. The cause he
believes to be, a power acting from the central re-
gions of tht! globe, towards its circumference, ele-
vating the siraia, and in the focus of its action not
only raising, but shattering and loosening them ;
thus rendering them a prey to the flood occasion-
ed by the convulsion.

Ladies in town and country compared. — City 1.-.-
dies boiust of being more delicate tlian country
maidens. The one breathes an air politely wiiii
many thousand breaths ; the other inhales a breeze
freshened over the new mown hay. The one
drinks water from the sewer mingling pump, or
through impure pipes frotii the open horse pond ;
other pours it from the moos-covered bucket,
or dips it from the pure spring. The one walks
over the hard pavements, along the dusty pile of
bricks, the other trips over the soft grass aloii"
the graceful rows of trees. The one is pale and
sickly from watching at the evening concert ; the
other is ruddy a:ul healthy from rising with the

iioiniug birds. The one is the lily of the green-
house ; the oilier is the rose beside the stone wall.
In the city is seen the ingenious and handy work

f man ; in the country are traced and hallowed
the stately steppings of the Almighty.

Excluding and Including. — A wag one day ask-
ed his friend, ' How many knaves do you suppose

e in this street besides yourself!'' ' Besides my-
self ?' replied the other, in a heat, 'do you mean
to insult me ? ' ' V/cll, then, ' said the first, 'how
many do you reckon including yourself?'

Dec. 21, 1831.

.Inimal sagacity.— There is now in the possession
of Mr Crosb%orthe White Hart Inn, VVidcombe, a
<log oftlie French poodle breed, whose sa;;acity and
intelligence are such as to lival the most superior
faculty in man. He will fetch any specific su.n of
money from the till, which he will open and shut
himself ; and will fetch and replace any article of
wearing apparel or other thing that he is desiied,
from any drawer or cupboard,' which ne will open
and close himself; he will fetch an ottoman and
place it in the most proper position for his mistress',
feet, with great politeness and much thoughtful e.x-
amination ; he will put boots, shoes, and other littera
out of sight upon the slighlost bidding, and with a^'
rapidity of movement that would put any domestic
to the blush. It is worthy of notice that Philip (his
name) is not quite twelve mouths old, and that he '
has acquired all his knoiUedge and usefulness with-
out a heaiing.— Bath Herald.

Two Yankees met in a tavern, and after mutu-
al glances, and a half recognition, advanced to
shake hands ; yet both hesitated, anil neither
coiihl call the otlnr by name. Said one of tbeiti
' Seems to ine I have seen you somewhere.'
' I think it likely,' said the other, < for I have often
been there.'

In the pursuit of knowledge, it is a mistaken
idea, that we are not to attend to the daily claims
on our attention, of fond endearments, filial and
fraternal obligations. He who rises above, or
nejilecls these, will find ihat the possession of
knowledge will only render the savage more to
be dreaded. — Gen. Farmer.

Cobb's 'Treatise on Silk.

Just puhlished, aiiH for sale al ll-.! Asricuhural Wart-
house iinil Seed Store, No SOJ j\oilh fthukcl street,

A Manual, conliiiuinff iiifurniutioo re-peclin); the
(Jiowlh of the MulbiMiy Tree, wiih suilul.le Diroctioiis
for Ihe Culture of Silk — Inlhiee parts — wiih roloied ^n-
ciavings. By .1. H. Coon, A. M. Piiblishid hy dhe*-
lion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, aj;reeably lo a
Resolve of the Legiilalure of Ma.-sachusells. I'lice 37*
■^e"'"- Oct. 26.

([J^ Ammunilion

01 the best quality ai.il /u.vifsf ;>r!Cfii, for sportino' —
oonslarilly for sale al COPELAN U"S P0WI)L:R STORE,
ti liroad Sircvt. <

K. B. If the quality is noi found M'islactory, It may
be relurnetl.and Ihe money willhn nl'iKieu J . 1. 1

Binding.

Subscribers to the New Eri);laiid Farmer are iafurmed
that lliey can have their volumes neally half hoand and
lellered, al 75 cts. per volunie, by leaving Ibeia at the
Faruu-r oliice. Auir. 3.

Published ev'-ry Widnevdny Eveain;;, at go per annam,
(■ayable at the end of die year— but those who p:iy wilhia
sixty days from the lime nf Eubpcribiiig, arc entitled to a de-
duction (il'lilty cents.

33= No paper wiP be sent to a distance witlioot payment
bciii^ made in advance.

Printed for .1. B. Rcssei.i., by I. R. Rutts— by wbom
all descriptions of Printing can 'be e.xeciitcd to ineet the
wishes ot customers. Orders for printini^ received l)y J. B.
KussEi.L, at tbe Agricultural Warehouse, No. tyl North
.Mar!.et !Stiect. iCF.NTs.

W'lii Vnr.'t — (J.Tunnin'RN & SoN9.i;71.iberiy-sireei
.l//i.)/,»-\V.M. TlI<)ltnuUN..">l7 ninik.-|..|reel.
;'/o7.liW/!/l!,/-l).& (; l,.»M.P!FTlP.!!o (.'hosuuit-sirrri
lit!limo>t—V,. U.SMlTn,Edilorof ih- Ani.'ii,-ai, [••arm.T
Chiriiinuli-a. C. Pai<uhiii;.-t,23 Lnv.iT .M.irkii-.li. ei.
FhiAhi^. A', y \V»i. Pki.nck & ^ioNs.Piop.L:.!. l>.,i.<iard.'B
Milillebun. VV.— WiRHT Cinr.Mw.
/A//77e-'/-<i"niiwiN & fo. Di.oksdiers.
fllirinsfield, .Ms. — E. Edwards.
Xeirhtirtf]iort. Ebk.nkzkR STtDBIAN, Hookseller.
t'orlsmmth. N. H.—3. W. FosTKR. lioolisePer.
Pnrllaml, ;1/V.— .S.\ JICEI. CoLMAK , Booksrllir.
.^wntsta , .^fe. \Vm. Manx.

Halifar. N. S.— 1>. J. III. 1 1. AMI. Esq. F.ecorder ofiice
jyo/zirf/. I.. C — ilENKT Hillock.

J\EW ENCJirANB FAH.SliiK.

PUBLISHED BYJ.B. RUSSELL, AT N"-^^RTH MAItK^STREETMv.^TH^aK.^

N^O. 24.

VOL. X

BOSTOiV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 28, 1831.

?(£>aisiiiig£rj^'iiaa(&£ra9

Eltrnct cfa IfUnr from i

suhsi

of Uio ,\'iiW Ensl.iiid Fnrm.T.

CUl.TUliE OF THE GKAPB.
' 1 have frivoii more of my poraoiml aiti'iition to
tlie ciilliv.iiioii (if the vine, llian to any other ob-
ject corinH(ii'..l witli husbandry. This Is now re-
ceivini; oonf.iilerable aticniioii through this ami
other |>arts of the southern slates. Much has
been written on this subject, but every year's ex-
perieiiiT r^ocs to show that none of it is applicable
to our locality ; on the results of e.xperinieut wt
have toiinpeuO for the best method of culiivatii>n
and to ascertain wli it vines are the best varieties
for our purpose ; they are altogether in fivor of our
native Aimrican grapes. 1 am much inclined to
believe that nearly every foreign kind will in a few
years be abandoned, unless cultivated for variety
or cmiosily. The natives are iniich the most
thrifcy, produce the largest quantity of fruit and are
least liaMe to rot ; the kiruls most easily cultivated,
and preferreil, are the Catrtwba and Bland's Madeu
ra. The IsnhtUa, though wiih ns liable to some oh.
jectioMS, produces very abundantly in favorable sea-
sons; the irarreii^oii grape succeeds belter than any
other foreign variety. All these kimls produce a
very considerable crop the third season after
planting. In a vineyanl of that age, last season, /
saw tkrtedislinrt crops on nerirli/ every vine which
appeared to be entirely the result of a proper sys-
tem of pruninir, which was as follows : At the

winter pruning the vines were cut quite low, sen-
erally 12 or 15 inches from the ground. After a
proper uund)er of shoots had put forth andth»
fruit had atiaiued the size of a bird-shot, the vine
was cut off beyond the third eye from the fruit ;
from one of these eyes another shoot was allowed
to spring, which soon produced fruit; the branch
was then cut as at first ; a third put out and also
produced fi uit. E^lcb of these successive crops was
generally as large, or neaily so, as the first, niid
the fruit matured before frost. I doubt whether
ns many grapes could be produced only in a moist
season, which was the case this year ; but at such
times, it exceeds all calculation. Our Georgia
wine appears only to wantage to be equal to very
good and perhaps the best foreign kinds. It sells
by the gallon readily at $2,50 to $3,00. You may
anticipate that in a few years, many of the hills gf
the up-country of Georgia will be clad with the
vine. There was never a finer country for them
era richer mine of wealth so long neglected.

I see that nearly all the catalogues of nurseries
contain an immense number of foreign varieties of
the vine. Would it not be much better if it were
ascertained wliat kinds could be best suited to
this country, and recommended to such as wish to
cultivaie them ? They are now recommended to
the ptdilic by high sounding names, and by their
productions in tlicir own country ; while they are
totally unsuited to this. !Hany persons when they
commence cuhivating the vine, know very litlfej
of the subject and often judge of kinds from these,
recommendations, and their success not answering
tbeir calculations, they became discouraged and
abandon the business. This is a fact which l
think ought to be impressed on the comnumity.
and that the kinds of vine that are ascertaicied tc

succeed well ought to I)h pointed out under siiili
.Miihority as would recommend it to the coufi
dence of every one. Yours respectfully,

Macon, Ga. Dec. 10,1831. S. Vose.

BAlU5t:RRY BUSHES.
Mr Fes.«e.\i,e.\ — 1 see in your hist Farmer the
lark of one of your intelligent corres|iondents
liiat the neighborhood of the VVihl Clierry Tree
IS as pernicious to wh'cat as that of the Barberry
bush. I know it is ofien stated that the vicinity
of IJ.uberiy bushes is hurtful to wheat and rye ;
■lud it hr.s been so often and conlidenlly repeated
ihat ! am disposed to believe there must be a foun-
da'Liim for a prejudice, which is so universal and
of such long standing. It is seldom that such
xioius obtain general currency and authority
without some reasmi. Still 1 ludd the subject as
I would every other not susceptible of mathemati-
cal demonstration, as open to inquiry ; and 1 ask
therefore what is the proof in this case .= For the
two last years I have raised s[)ring Wheat in the
very near vicinity of Barberry bushes without any
perceptible injury. The year before the last the
crop was very good, being at the rate of twenty-
five bushels the acre; the present year tnuch lighter,
but this was the case with Kuglisli grain among us
universally. In neither case was there any "ap-
pearance of blast.

Respectfully yours,

Dec. 15, 1831. H. C.

Kemarks by the Editor.— The Mass. J)gr. Reposi-

toy, vol. V. p. 176, contains the following remarks.

On the injurious effects of the Barberry bush on

wheat and other English grain.

' This opinion, often ileemed a prejudice, and
by others considered as an unquestionable fact, has
lately received the most full and scientific investi-
gation in France. The result of these iuquiries,
comprised in no less than eightylbur pages of
?essier's Annals of Agriculture, seems to settle
tlie question as to the injurious effects of this
[lant, and thatit is pretty uniformly, in l''ranee,Eijg-
luid, Switzerland and Germany considifed, and
ve may say almost proved, to be one of the causes
o' blight. We ourselves were perfectly incredu-
lous to this subject, but we are compelled to yield
to the weight of proofs.

'It is no longer attributed to the influence or
operation of the farina of the flower of the bar-
berry which is over and disseminated several
weeks before the several species of grain are in
blossom, but it seems to be attributed to a para-
sitic plant very abundant on the barberry, and
which is considered to be the same which causes
the rust upon the stalk of wheat. It would be
jeyond the scope of this journal to give all the
L'vidence on this subject, but we can refer our
readers to the work above mentioned,' &c.

M. h too nmma ba,l eaten, The price paid l,y the
butcher , snot k-oivu ; !,„, I did not douhf (he
unfavorable result with the fartuer, wh,'n w ,«
...fonned that -lie anhnai had con.s'umed w, h n
the last tlurtecn months before he was slauglue "d
lone hundred and fortyfour bushels of 1 a„
I meal ; and this exclusive of other feed
I It is greatly to be desired that our agricultural
soc,et,es would liberally encourage expe'r ime t.o

I ''""""";^ "'« ^- '-^'•■liff^rentkiudiof agnc.?-

, tural pro uce applied ,o the feeding and fattening
of annuals, either neat cattle, sheep, or swine •
,and to the keeping of hor.ses 'an.I the rear"of
poultry ; and likewise the best form of applying
this luo-lucc, whether in a crmle or prepared state ■
whether long or cut, greet, or dried, groutul oi^
whole, boiled or steamed, si.nple or mixed. Their
preuuums certaiijy could not be better bestowed
They should b. sufficiently liberal to compensate
the great care aft.l trouble with which experiments
when properly conducted, must be attende.l ; and
they should be bestowed upon those experiments,
which are made with the greatest iuielligence
and exactness, whether successful or not, in dis-
covering a profitable mode of em|iloyiug our pro-
duce 111 this way. In regnrA to matters of com-
mon use but of doubtful expediency or advantage,
It IS as important to determine by exact experiment
what cannot as what can profitably be done. Ft
IS a great desideratum in agriculiure to discover a
mode of applying our produce at home on th«
farm without loss, so that we may not only pre-
serve but extend the means of increasin.' its fer
tiiity. .

Mr BuoI,*itseeins from his recent statement,
has.tscertained by experiment that he can boil his
potatoes for his swine with less expense and
t.oub e than he can s.eani them and tells us how
It IS done. This is valuable information. He has
carefully trie,! both modes. I should be gla.l to
kMo^y ol bun if he gives to his swine the water
in which his potatoes liav„ been boiled ; and if he
does, whether he has foun.l -.vny disadvantaffe from
It. Many persons believe it ,„ be poisonous.
Ciirwen, if I remember correctly, f.,r I liave not
his book at hand, trieil its effect upon some of his
horses but wiilioiit any |)eiceplible injury.* Pota-
to fed pork is represented by English writers ffs
loose, insipid, weighing light and wasting tnuch in
cookery. The inferiority to grain or meal fed
pork is stated by an eminent dealer in provisious
as equal to three ounces per iioiind.

Are these mere prejudices, or facts which may
be relied on .'

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FAHMEB.

I FEEDING STOCK.

The Petersham ox, the beef of which has been
recently on sale in the Boston market, was a no-
ble animal, weighingafter he was dressed 'i;0191hs.
The meat to appearance was of the finest descrip-
tion ; but I learned with regret from the butcher
that the farmer would not get pay for the feed

It is possible the following froin the ' Farmer's Jour-
nal,' an Ensli-li Agricultural publication nidv, in some
measure, accouni for the diflfercnce in opinion among cui-
tivalois relative lo poisonous qualities in the potato. A for-
mer bought about tliiriy pigs and iuiinediately pulthcni all
up to make poll!. Their food was boiled potatoes. In a
short time .a ilislcinper appeared aniong them, and about
twenty died. The poiaioes given to the pigs belonged
to a crop of ten acres on liglit land ; and in liai vesting
them, a great many, » hich had been long exposed to the
sun hiid wcatlicr, were of course, thrown a-i<le for
pig food. Politoesso exposed acquire a poisonous quali-
ty, the upper side turning green, and having all the ap-
pearance an I laste of giecn copperas. The potatoes ia
the retail shops in London are much injured by laying
long in the light air ; so Ihat where the sale is slow tbejr
are at least unpalatable and unwholesome.

NKW ENULAiXM 1 AilMEil,

186

ParkiiK'on says he lias known horses lo be killed gisis , iincoininonly acciiiale in his oliseivatioiis
by fe«aiM" oil raw potatoes. Raw potatoes have j anil llioroiigh in all liis iuvHSii-atioiis. Dr Giveii's
been vny'siiccessfully applied Willi us to ihe fat-! acroiiiit should be read by every personal
tt-niiii: of l>ct:f animals. Would ihey be better if, all iiiteresttd in the subject. If he is correct, as
biileil or .stfiunHil ? Tlin Complete Grazier slates I doubt not he is, bols are not fcrerf, though they
that the value of veuetibles for leediiin animals is I nmj be said to be raised in the bowels of a
not always in proportion to the qiiaiiiity of nutritive ' horse.

iiiatier which they arc foiiml by chemical analysis j The other horse I lost 7 or 8 years ago. He
to'possess. Of this fact I have been long satisfied. I was young, anil had been easily kept in good
I throw out, Mr Editor, these various hints and condili.in. The spring before he died, he per-
sug^estions, not with a view to giving any opinion ceptibly lost tlesli, and discovered symptoms of
in'lhe case, but merely to know the value of par- being troubled with hots.

tioular and exact experiments in a inalter which is Thioiigli the following summer I had but little
of the highest practical importance where opinions 'and light work for liioi ; yet with much better
are so vaHoiis, and where at best we are so much [ keeping than usual, I coulil not hide his ribs.
in the dark. H- C. I In the autumn, be was seized with cholic, on a

short journey, in the hands of an experienced and
careful driver, and dijd before the next morning.
His death was caused by a small quantity of corn
remaining undigested in his stomach. Taking all
the circiinis-tances together and in connexion
with my late experience, I have concluded that
he had been essentially injured by bols. For I
can hardly conceive that double the quantity of
orn lie had eaten would have injured a horse will

Dec. 28, 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BOTS IN HOUSES.

Soulh Boston, Pec. 59d, 18M.

Mr Fessenden — I have read veiy attentively
the article ■ in your paper of yesterday, copied
from the American Farmer, relating to hots in
horses. ETcrything that may throw light upon
the subject is important, as this insect has been I a sound stoinaci
generally and I must still believe rghtly, thought',

the most lorinidabh! enemy to the horse. I feel
a deep personal interest in the subject, having lost
one valuable horse, I doubt not in the least by a
direct attack of the bot<, ami another, as I firmly
believe, by cholic, occasioned by his stomach be-
ing disordered originally by the depredations of
bols. The last meiilioni'd horse died at a dis-
tance from home. I did not see him after he was
taken ill and had no opporlunily to e,\aniino the
condition of his stomach. The more remote cause
of his death is therefore a matter of coiijeeliire,
A case, however, has come under my observa-
tion, which I cannot reconcile wiili the new theo-
ry of JVIr Harden. To illustrate tli

have yet to state the case on which I chiefly
rely, to prove that hots prey upon the stomach of
the living horse, always to his injury in propor
lion to their ravages, and very often to his destrnc.
lion, if they are very numerous. In the winter of
1S29, a man in my employ kept a horse in my
stable. He was seMom used, and put to no. hard
service. He was not m,-aiily poor when he came,
but rather lean. He had what good English hay
be would eat, nn<l grain daily. Still lo my ayr-
prise lie seemed lo gain no flesh. At length he
was seized with cholic, which caused an Giitiie
stoppage in bis bowel.-?. We could not remove ii
by cathartics or ctysivrs. After death I exom-
incvl bis siiiiiiacb inyselC, could find only 2 or 3
first refer to another. In February, 1328, one of i |„,ts, and those of small size. Yet there was abiiiid-
the horses above mei.tioiied died, after having been 1 ant evidence of their fonrnr ravages. About two
ill about 24 hours. As soon as be i-ould be skin- j ibii-ds, I should think more, of the inner coat el
ned, I comiiienced dissLCtion to ascertain tlie cause : liis riiaw had been eaten away clean long ago as
of his death. On coming to the stomach I found | was evident by a scarred rim, or head, along ih»
Tory many bots, and abmit nvo thirds of the in- ledge of the portion not consume! ; showing thai
tier or villous coat of the stomach entirely eaten „,,ture had been making an ineff.'ctiial eBbrt Ir
nway— ;io( eaten Ikroytgli ; as the outer or mu.inilar I repair the injury, after the plunderers had finish
coat remained almof! entire. Now if Ihi-ir olijeci ' ej ibeir brief existence nnil reiircil. I may be toll
had been to luakd their e.scape as .speedily as pos-Jit is not ab.sobitely certain this injiiry was caiiseJ
sible from the stomach of the dead animal, they by bol.s. Vet appearances so exactly correspond-

reUting to this subject, I would again refer to ths
conuiiiinication of Dr Green, above mentioned.

The articln of Mr Harden contains many valu-
ble hints; but I cannot yet subscribe lo his theory.
Instead of cholic being the original cause of death
to hmses, in ao many, case.s as he su|iposes, I am
confident thechornr is much oftener occasioned by
the bols feeding upon the stomach, till it is ren-
di-red incapable of performing its natural functions.
When they leave the horse, having attained their
wth, they leave liim peculiarly liable to cholic,
for his fooil can never after be well digested, and
Miich of it will pass through him but imperfectly
ligested, always a pretty certain indication of dis-
ease, of an unhealthy or unsound state of the stom-
ch. I will not further extend this article, tci
omnient piirticnlarly upon the theory of Mr
Hardin. The attentive reader will perceive that
his ficts may easily be accounted for, without
idoptiiig his theory. It is very natural, for in-
stance, that bots, when disturbed by dissecting or
handling the place of their abode, slioiild endea-
vor speedily to hide themselves from observation.
But this is one thing, and leisurely eating away
the id/irr coat of the stomach, leaving the outer
nearly entire, is quite anoj/ier.

At this season of the year, it may not be amisS
to add a few words on the proper mode of treat-
mint for the hots. It is evident they cannot be
killed within the horse, without endangering his
life. The object therefore is to administer some-
tiling which they may prefer to feeding upon his
stomach, to induce tliem to let go their fast hold;
and then to ilischarge them as speedily as possibla
by the most active and powiuful cathartics. If a
horse is violently attacked, first give him laudanum
to reduce ihe spasms. Bleed freely in the jugular
vein. But I think there is danger in bleeding any
ammnltill he falls. Turn down a quart or two of
\lie lilood, warm as it fiows ; or give that quantity
of warm milk and mohis.ses ; and in a few miiiutei
a powerful dose of castor oil, or other like medi-
cine. Cramming down the entrails of a fowl may
be considereil a ludicrous prescription, and indeed
I should never think of recommending it. Slill I
have heard of cases so well attested of relief being
gained, by it that I can easily conceive it to be s
rare dainty to the insects, in the failure of ihcir na-
tural Hod. Uespectfully, . '
Lemcel Cape.n.

would not have passed over so much surf
They nilglit have eaten through in any part, im-
mediately. Now could it have been their oiiject
to gorge themselves at last with one despi late meal
of flesh. Ten times their niimber, voiai-ious as
they appear to be, could not have devoured so
much, in the time that elapsed between the ilcatl.
of the burse niul the lime of dissection. In fact,
they discovered no disposition to leave the maw
of the horse. At the lo.ver passage where it ap-
peared to have been tliiniier they had lalen
through in shreds j but had not made thiires-
capcv. Where most of them were present, they
seeiiied leisurely at work, to satisfy their natural
appetite.

I published some remarks upon this case at the
time, in the Ne)v England Farmer with a refer-
ence to the natural history of tlii.s insect in the
4th vohmie of the New Eiijjhind Farmer, page 345,
liy Doct. Greei) of Mansfitjld, a gentleman well
kiioiyu to be one of our most learned eatomolo-

ed to lho.se in the case of my own horse where I
f Hind them in the very act. that I have not i
doubt upon the subject. If ihe knife had beer
applied, as recommended by Mr Harden, this horse
might possibly have been relieved, for the time ;
but never could have been a serviceable beast
His intestines were greatly inflamed, and dislend-
ed like blown bladders, by the air produced bv the
fermenting undigested food, that was stowed away
in them. Many cases described to me by others,
still mbre confirm me in the belief, that bots do
prey upon the stomach of the living horse as their
natural food. It did not occur to nie In describing
the case of my own horse, but I might have add-
ed, that I kept many of the bols several days,
under various experiments and often applied them
to the stomach of the horse after soaking it in
warm water. They uniformly seemed at home,
firmly applied their hooks and went to work, greed-
ily sucking any blood that flowed from the mi-
nute vessels. For many interesting particulars.

From tlie SpringrielU Whig.

INDIAN CORN.

Mr Eldridge — If yon think the following
ivorihy of a place in your columns, or of being,
tend by my brother farmers in the valley of tb«
Connecticut, it is at your service. I live oiii easii
IS yon say in Springfield ; but my farm, by gooil
lusbaiidry, pro, luces as good crops, and io as greal
Lhuiiilance, as any of Ihe lands in your ineadows,
under the best possible state, of cultivation, , .,

Last spring. I ploughed up a piece of green,
sward, measuring about five acres, and prepared
it for corn as well as the means would permit.^
After ploughing, thirty loads of manure lo the
acre were spread over the ground and thoroughly
mixed with the earth by the harrow, withour dis-
turbing or breaking up the sward. . The grounii
being now prepared, on the 30th of May I plants
ed my corn. A small quantity of ashes, lime and
paster of pur'is, mixed together and prepared fof.
tie purpose, was introduced at the time of plaijU,
{n^, or put in the kill. Of this mixture or conih

Vol. X.— No. 24.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

1S7

jiositiii/i, tlieie vveio two and a l;alf l)ifslicls of
iiiiie, the like qiianlity of [ilaster, and iweiityfive
bushels of aslios for the whole five acres.

The com was lioeil l)ut twice, althoii;jli a thinl
hoiino; is usually coiLsideied indi^|)ensaljle among
goo<l fanners in this part of the country, yet iu
this case it was iniuecessnry and im|irai"iicabli', so
rapid aud hi.xuriaut was the growth. Iu or<lina-
ry seasons, I should have expected a good crop ;
the land, thouirh rather light, having heen well
prepared, according lo my views and experience
in agriculture. But the crop was enormous and
unheard-of in this section of the county, and it is
liclievcd seldom eipialled in any other. From
one acre, heing no more than a fair averege with
the rest, I gathered 153 1-2 hasUels of good
Bound ears of corn. A few baskets have been
threshed, which yielded 22 1-2 quarts to the bask-
et making in the whole, from one acre, hut a frac-
tion less than 108 bushels of good clean mer-
chantal)le corn.

' Now, 540 bushels of corn from five acres is
quite a corn story indeed, hut there 's no mistake ;
it is literally true, and can lie verified by a cloud
of witnesses. As I have before remarked, the
acre taken as the basis of my calcidation, was
only a fair average with the other four ; and the
result shows the unprecedented yield of one hun-
dred and eight bushels of corn to the acre. And
this, let it be retneniliered, was upon an old farm
out east, a section of country better fitted, as the
passing traveller might suppose, for white beans
than Indian Corn.

Now I challenge any farmer in old Hampshire
to give a better account of the works of his own
hands, the past season, than I have done. And
even JVilliam Cobbett himself may enter the list,
if he so please, provided he^appoints an agent
fterc also, to see that there is fair play.
* Charles Bdgbee.

Palmer, Dec. 3, 1831.

Flora Ihe New York Advocate.

Mansfieli), Conn. Nov. 24.
Dear Sir — The history of any useful art is,
probably, as importain in the records of a nation,
ns battles and bloodshed ; it certainly is more en-
dearing to the pliiliinlhropist. The progress in
the art of making silk in this country has been
tardy in the extreme. It is now above 70 years
since Doctor Aspinwall, a native of this town,
urged on by patriotism, used bis best exertions to
introduce the culture of silk. He succeeded in
making .smill coumienceriients at New Haven,
on Long Island, and at Philadelphia, by causing
orchards of mullierry trees to be planted. He had
a warm and useful coadjutor in the Rev. Doctor
Stiles, of New Haven. One half of an ounce of
mulberry seed was sent to every parish in the state
of Connecticut, with such directions as their
knowledge ofthe business enabled them to imparl.
Through their exerticiu the legislature in 1783
was induced to ■rfaut a bounty on nmllierry trees
and raw silk. From some cause, which does not
appear, the legishilure in a few years withdrew
the bounty. In 1793 there were raised in this
town 2(55 lbs. of raw silk. It being the residence
of Dr .Aspinwall, it is presumable, from his well
known zeal in the cause, that this result was ow-
ing, in some measure, to his superintendence and
direction. Let that be as it may, there has been
a regular, hut slow, progression here ever since.

A shcirt time since a few enterprising imlivid'i-
als United, anil have eslalilished a suihU silk facto-
ry under the direction of Mr Fdward Gol.ling, a
regular bred Knglish manufacturer of silk. — They
have 32 swifis, for winding hard silk ; 32 spindles
lor doubling ; 7 dozen of spindle.i fur throwing ;
7 dozen of spindles for spinning ; 32 spindles for
soli silk vvimling and 2 broad and 1 fringe silk
looms. There is machinery enough prepared
sufficient to keep 30 broad silk looms in operation.
'I'liey have only 11 hands employed at present,
hut 50 could be employed to ndvant.-ifje. The
cocoons are worth three d(dlar.s a bushel, ami the
companv have on hand between four aud five Imn-
dred bushels.

Tiie iTiost perfect of the cocoons are selected
for breeding. Th(y will hatch out, usually, in a
week, oftentimes iu 24 hmus. They are exceed-
ingly prolific ; a single unller will frequently lay
500 eggs. The eggs when first laid are of a glut-
inous substance, ami adhere to whatever they are
deposited on. The usual mode is on sheets of
paper. These are preserved in cool dry places,
as nmch out of the air as possible, till the mulber-
ry leaves are sufficiently large for subsistence.
As soon as that is the case, they are exposed to a
current of warm air, when they soon hatch, and
immediately take the leaves. From this time till
the cocoon is completed, does Hot exceed six
weeks. As soon as the worms have eaten th*ir
fill, small bushes are prepared for them to com-
mence the formation of the cocoon. The com-
mencement is not milike the first movements of
the spider in weaving his web. When the co-
coons are completed, all that are not selected for
breeiliug, are either baked or steamed till the worm
is dead. All moisture must be extracted from
them before they are laid away.

Mulberry trees, to make good silk, should be
planied iu a rich soil. The larger and more vigor-
o\is the tree, the belter the silk. It is a common
error in supposing that slight aud thin leaves will
make good silk. The best way to plant an orch-
ard of mulberry trees, is, after selecting a good
soil, to j)hint them 25 feet apart, or about 100
trees the square acre. The larger the tree, the
belter the silk. When the trees are planted 25
feut apart, there is room for cultivating the land
— iind such cultivation is esteemed in Mansfield
an advantage to'the growth ofthe trees. — 40 lbs. of
raw silk is considered a fair production from an acre

does extensive aud saf- business, and becomes
wealthy accordingly, ^if I, e has the necessary re-
quisites for a trader.) Now, the merchant 8cll«
extensively to the trader an I he prospers; but
when the trailer sold to the liuuherineii and fisher-
men, those that can remember forty years back
know it was f.cr otherwise. I myself can re-
member when retailing goods was the most dan.
gerous business n man could bo employed in.
But the |)r.ictice of law aud pliysic was equally
enibarra.ssed, and few did or c(mld jive bv these
professions compared with the number noW sup.
ported among ns, even with ike jnesent state of
agriculture, owing, as I believe, to the improvo-
nn'ut of agriculture, allhough it is far from being
what it might be, and what it should be. Me-
chanics are idike benefited with the classes be-
fore mentioned. I might compare the hearers and
the preachers of the everlasting gospel with and
without a flourishing farming interest; but the
above hints go very far in my opinion, to prove
that all classes are deeply interested in the pros-
perity of agriculture among us, for we are a state
whose capital is land, and it must be of vital
importance, that the best use be made of it. I
do lliink that it has been maile to appear that ou r
climate is belter calculated for farming purposes
than one far to the smith. Where is there a
flourishing nation ou carih, without a flourishing
agricultural interest in ihe nation ? Wherever
there is a flourishing agricultural people there are
effective agricultural societies, and wiihuut such
societies agriculture has never, and piohahly will
never flourish ; labor will becoine, as here, disrep.
ulable, and agriculture fall in a good measure into
disrepute. Youth becomes idle. The profes-
siiiiis crowded, and the physical strength of the
couiiny seek a living in oiher purls of the world.
Could I make uiy voice to be heard from York to
Washiiiglon, I would say, Maine, , tee to rjuur farm-
ing interest as the foundation of all others.

A FARMER.

From the Kennebec Journal.

A healthy and prosperous Jjgricultural community
necessary to the prosperity of other classes in
the community.

I propose to consider a few of the more pro-
minent classes of society and their relation to ag-
riculture, and shall begin with the trader. With-
out the prosperity of agriculture, traders may sell
to a few wandering fishermen and lumbermen :
the one promises to pay when he makes a good
fare, otherwise it is lost forever — the other, when
he sells his lumber ; but experience has shown, that
before there was considerable farming here lum-
bering was carried on to so little advantage (being
dependent on other Slates for provisions, &c,) that
ihe sales would but sehlom pay the expense ; hence
the proverb — that lumbering men would lose
more than they would make. But let there be a
prosperous agricultural community, and the sales
are made to eubstantial and safe men, aud the trader

On the proper Cidlivation of the Gooseberry.

When the pbinis are two years old take them up
fiom Ihe nursery i-.nd trim rdf all the suckers, and
lower branches, leaving only one stem with a few
branches at the top. I'iaiit them iu a rich light
soil iu rt moist situation, and where tliey will be
partially shaded by branches of trees. In the
aiilumn, cover the ground around them with m&.
uure from the C(jw yard. The latter end of Feb-
ruary tiiit; out the branches very much, cutting
them off close to the .stem, taking out all such as
cross each other, but be sure not to shorten the
branches, for that causes them to throw out a
great deal of wood and very litlle fiuit. In the
spring a quantity of young suckers will come up
round the stem, all these must be cut ofl" when
green, us also any others that grow in the middle
of the bush, which must be kept open so as to
admit ihe air freely. It is also a great support to
the bush to drive a slake into the ground close to
the stem, as keeping it steady causes the fruit to
be larger. This treatment is to be continued an-
nually, and the fruit insieail of depreciating as i8
usual, will rather improve in size, as has been
proveil by some planteil 15 or 20 years ago. ThB
ground must be spadeil in the spring and kept
perfectly clear of weeds. — .American Farmer.

$1300 were subscribed in Salem, iu two days,
to provide fuel for the poor.

188

NEW ENGLAND FAUMEU,

bee. 28, 1S3I,

ADDRESS,

DELIVEKKD BEFORE THE WORCESTER

AGKICULTURAL SOCIETY, |

OcTMEcr, SO, 1831,

BY OLIVER FISKE, M.D.

As the general liisloiy of A-.'nciiltiire may be
considered an appropriate subject for tlie contem-
plation of an audience, vvliose oliject is to improve
in its science ; and as the avocations of a lariner
render it impossible to trace this history through
the numerous treatises which have been written
on the subject, 1 donbl not it will be acce|)table to
devote a few moments to its pleasiufj retrospect.
This course, though in itself of little practical
utility, may disclose facts, interesting and useful
to the modern farmer. I shall aitenipl, moreover,
in the prosecution of my plan, to render a dry
subject more interesting, by occasional irrigations,
or by discursive rambles into more enlivening
fields. The fair portion of my audience, who may
find no attraction in the dull progress of husban-
dry, in any sense, as derived from histori/, may
enjoy a pleasing abstraction in a mental i^pisode,
while the P/a^ in in reheamal. Let them choose
the same period — and lor their subject, the same
progress from their own dcgradalion, in having
been the lowest meiiinJi of this employment, to their
final emancip ition —when lordly man, from civili-
zation and retinement, ac(!nriled them the rank
intended by tlieirCreator, and surreinlered ihp scep-
tre. The ore of history is drawn, in ils crude state,
from the mines. When smelted by tlie discover-
er, and put into circulation as cnrr.-jicy, the dealer
in such commodity is not to be <leemed a purloin-
er, although ' the image ami sujierscriplion ' on
the coin he passes miy bear a resemblance to the
features, or other peculiarities of ilie personage
who first gave the impress, and stamped its vnhic.
This remark may be deemed both pertinent and
prudent, where an appropriaiioii from the store-
houses of others, which a narrator has occasional-
ly, and from necessity, entered, mu.<t be detected
in the massy material he withdraws.*

The antiquity of the art of husbandry is, un-
doul)teilly, prior to all othef arts. It is coeval
with man. The calls of nature, independent of
the mandate from Heaven to cultivate the earth,
instinctively pointed to this means of relief

Tlie prodigious length of life which the ante-
diluvians enjoyed, must have been favorable to the
advancement of arts and sciences, especially of
agriculture. This science, iiowevcr, seems not
to have been much cultivated at this early period ;
for Noah is the first on record who ' became a
husbandman, and planted a vineyard,' though
Adam, for centm-ies, hail cultivated a garden. In
the days of Abraham, and in some successive ages,
men lived in a shepherd state, and subsisted, with
their flocks and herds, not so much by cultivating
the earth, as by gathering its spontaneous produc-

• In (he arnunciation of my subject, and in some of
the details of its history, I have availed myself of a
half sheet manuscript found among my papers, wiihout
positive evidence of its originality. But by the advice of
friends, most likely to have noticed it had it appeared in
the same form elsewhere, I have ventured to embody it.
If a s(cai/, I knew not why it came into my inclosu

Itions ; lint, in proportion as population increased,
agriculture became necessary.

I Different nations have ever been in a different
state of civilization ; and agriculture, its oflspring,
has at ail times, been in different degrees of im-
provement among different nations, at the same
period. From the earliest accounts of the eastern
nations, we have reason to believe that agriculture,
in all.stagesof their civilization, was understood in
considerable perfection ; for they appear to have
been always supplied, not only with the necessa-
ries, but with the greatest bi.vuries of life. High
birth, or rank, did not at that time make any dis-
tinction ; for agriculture was considered as the
most honorable empliyment. Then, as now, the
highest classes were in the rank of working men :
and the working classes were emulous of their
distinction.

It is related of the ancient Persians that their
kings, once every month, laid aside their gran-
deur, like our first tnai.'istrates, to eat with hus-
bandmen. In China they did better; instead of
eating their stdistance, their rich repast was in
holding their ploughs. This is the hisrhest evi-
dence of the respectable standing, and of their
estimation of husbandry.

The precepts of their religion, as taught by
their priests, included the practice of a^ricnlture.
It was a maxim of the Zendavesla, that he who
sows the ground with diligence and care, is rr>oie
acceptable to the gods, and acquires a greater
degree of religio is merit than he could have gain-
ed by ten thousand prayers.

The Chaldeans, who inhabited the country
where agriculture derived its birth, carried this
valuable art, to a degree of perfection, bordering
on modern improvement. They cultivated their
lands with great assiduity, and seem to have dis.
covered Boino means of restoring fertility to an e.\-
bansteil soil ; for they obtained a succession .if
plentiful harvests, and consequently, were not un-
der the necessity, as their predecessors had been,
of changing their situation fur the support of them-
selves and th 'ir numerous flocks and herds. This
was a momenions achievement in the art, and is
the sound criterion of its hightpst advancement.

There is no circumstance in the history of man
which so forcibly points to the degradation to
which he is susceptible, as the fiiot, that the arts
which seem necessary to his existence, are subject
to be neglected and lost. Causes which gave
them birth, in a measure, cease to operate, aiu'
they are forgotten in a removal from the place of
their origin.

The children of Noah, who settled in Europe,
doubtless carried with them a knowledge of ngr-
cultiire ; but his decendants, who took possession
of Greece, were such a savage race, as to subsist
upon herbs and roots, in common with the brn'e.
Pelnsgus taught them the culture of the oak, and
the use of acorns as food ; for which servii^cs di-
vine honors were paiil him. After this period, the
.■\thenians taught the use of corn to the rest of the
Greeks. They soon perceived that bread was

pliant in Africa, requested to be recalled lest liis

lanii might suffer from want of cultivation in hi»
absence. To ipiiet his solicitude, the Governiaent
|)romised that it should be taken care of at th*
public expense, so long as he should ronlinue to
head ihei- armies. Cato, the censor, after having
governed extensive provinces and subdued war-
like nations, did not think it beneath his dignity to
write a treatise on agricullm'e.

In Bnghind, where this art is now advanced toi
great perfection, little is known of its progress,
iiniil the 14tli renlnry ; and not until the begiil-
niii;; of the 16th century was it there taught as a
science. At this time Fitzherbert, judye of the ^
Ci nimon Pleas, shone forth with distinguished
eminence in the practical parts of liusbandry. He
appears to have been the first Fnglislunan who
studied the nature of soils, and the laws of vegeta-
tion, with philosophical attention. Many valua-
ble and important improvements have been made
ill English husbandry, within the Inst century ; and
many writers have perforincd a most essential
service, by enlightening the minds of their coun-
trymen, and exciting them to emulation.

About the year 1600, the Flemings became
distinguished for the practice of a;.'ricnliure. Not
so much to the fertility of the soil were they in-
debted for their preeminence, as to the general
equality of the inhabitants, their information and
industry, but principally to system in all their ope-
raiioiis. These combined, gave a productiveness
to their lalior.s, never equalled in any other coun-
try. ' In Flanders,' says Loudon, ' the gentlemen
are all (iirmers ; but the farmers do not all aspire
to be gentlemen — and the farm-servants, who are
treated with kindness and delicacy, feel the bene-
fit.' Farming was their trade, and their mystery in
it they endeavored to keep a secret from the rest
of tlie world. To make a farm, as near as possi-
ble, resemble a garden, was their leading idea of
good husbandry. Such a correct principle at first
setting out, led thetn of course, to miihriake the
ctdtiire of small estates only, which they kept free
from weeds, frequently turning the ground, and
manuring it, both plentifully and judiciously.
When by this method they had brought the soil
to a projier degree of mellowness, purity and
health, they chiefly cultivated the most delicate
grasses, as the surest ntenns of obtaining a certain
profit, from a small estate. A few years' experi-
ence was sufficient to teach them, that ten acres
of the best vegetables for feeding stock, properly-
managed, would support a larger niimber of graz-
ing animals than fnrty acres of common farm grass
on land badly cultivated. The I'lemiiigs were the
first among the moderns who plonglioil in growing
crops for the [lurpose of fertilizing the earth.

At this early period, the art of husbandry had
acquired ils avguslnn age. The rest of Europe
have but lately groped their way to the splendid
eminence on which agriculture was placed by this
yet unrivalled people. More than two centuries,
have elapsed in arguinents and experiments, to
prove and illustrate the doctrines of her simple
code. They should be transcribed into the text-
book, and beconte the vianiial of every farmer as

iiore nutritious, and ils taste more palatable, tha
that of acorns anil the wild produce of the field.

The ancient Romans esteemed agriculture sol ''is '""st perfect guide. These simple elements:'
honorable an employmerit that the most illnstiiniis comprise all that need be known and practised in
or should remain there without an appropriate" mark, senators of the empire, in the intervals of public t'''=* '""g v^ed and complicated calling, and will
should it be claimed, ils JMC will be considered an ample ' concerns, applied themselves to the profes=iion prove the PAiYosopAer'i i(onc to those who faithfuU
3ore?hhre'ln'of?l'n; ^0 one can succo.slully j On their return from the toils of war, their great- ly f-How them.
explore tins region o( science, ivithout fallmg into the I .„, /-.„„„.. i • .l c ■ ,■ „ „ . .

broad and luminous track of Lowlon ; and culling from i ^eneials, as m the oft-cited mstance of Ciiicin

the fruits and flowers he has bountifully strewed by the "'""^' ^^''''c impatient to be again em|)loyed in the

Fay side

It will be perceived that the doctrine of rotation
of crops, deemed so essential by modern cultiva»

peaceful arts of cultivation. Regukis, while triutn- tors, was not an ordinance of her enacting ; and

Vol. X.— No. 24.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

18U

I iloiilit H'lieilier it will ev.i- be found osseiitinlly
nocKt^saiy, wliere the Fleiiiisli ino.Je of iiiaminii>! |
l.otli phntifuUi) iin,\ jadkiouslij, is .luly practised. |
Uiidei- our coimn.ui mode of ciiliivation, a tanner i
U tlinUj^ht to incur a certain hazard of failure i
who veniures upon two cro|(s of Indian corn, in |
succession. This is generally true. But fur this '
defect in our staple crop, although an exhausiing
one, good farmers will tind a reuieily. It may he
raised lo any extent wliere the land is judiciously
renovated. The evidence is at hand. The plat of
ground in this neighhorliood, lately owned by Ma-
jor Healy, and now, hy Samuel M. Bin-nside, Esq.
lias to mv knowledge, borne corn for more than
forty years in succession, wiihout perceptible
diminution. Some years since, I had the curiosity
to examine an extraordinary field of rye
in Berlin, (Conn.) This was a solitary inclo-
sure, at a distance from any cultivated farm. It
was waving with a luxuriant crop. I was informed
by the Clergyman of the town, who accompanied
me, that this grain had been raised in tliis field,
witliont intermission, lor upwards of thirty years ;
and that by calculation, the straw, cl.iscly packed,
would he more than sufficient to fill the inclosure
to the height of the wall. These are important
facts for the contemplation of the agriculturist,
allhougli for general use, a cliange of crops, if not
a rotation, may be found the best mode of culti-
vating his ground.

Flemish husbandry suggests another principle,
which I apprehend, is too little regarded by the
Iiractical farmer. It is this — the importance of
more exclusively confmming the cultivation of a
farm to the productions which, under a good slate
of improvement, and in a marketable region, are
best adapted to the soil. The spirit of indepen-
dence, in a farmer, may work the same evils in
Lis own economy, as are felt by a nation pertinn-
ciously determined to supply every wafit from her
resources. In both cases, sound wi.'^l^i and true
policy would direct to an interchange of surplus
commodities, for such as are required, and which
might be obtained for less labor ami expense.
The farmer, whose land is most adapted to the
cultivation of grass, could economically barter
the excess with his neighbor, for his surplus of
grain. This discriminating mode of cultivation
will be more important when a market is found
for all the various productions of a firm.

On this head it may be seasonable to reninrk,
that it will be found unprofilable, if not impracti-
cable, to force a crop against the naiinal impedi-
ments of the soil. A recent experiment in the
production of Aemp will best illustrate my position.
Alluvial ground, necessarily mellow, and rich, and
free from weeds, is best adapted for its successful
cultivation. This soil, thus prepared, is the valui
able appendage of but too few of our farms. So
rare is this prerequisite, and so worthless the
crops without it, that the expense of the labor t.f
the machinery, and other necessary means for
preparing the article for market, operating upon
so liiniteil a scale, must necessarily impose an
interdiction to its culture. Thu experiment is
hi<rhly commendable, and it is fortunate for the
community, in view of the standing of some wlio
have adventured in the project, that its failure has
tested the firmness of their nerves, rather than
the strength of their heinp.

But 1 hav« lingered sa long in this enchanting
region of Flemish husbandry, prolific in theme
and digression — in displaying the blossoms, and

depicting the fruils, which have been reared, and
since transplanted as exotics, lo other climes, tliat
but little leisure remains for ihe inquiry, how they
have flourished. The residue of our progress
must necessarily be more hasty and concise.

[To be r.nnliiiuoil ii«Jt wppk.]

FroJii tlie New York Farmer.

PUMPKIN BREAD.

Mr Flf,et — Sir — As you have in some of your
former numbers furnished us with directions fin-
making Rice Bread, Vuni Puddin?, &c, I pre-
sume you will not take it amiss if I call the atten-
tion of your readers to the value of the Pumpkin.
I presume there is not a vegetable on the fai;e of
earth, more easily raised, or thai is more produc-
tive ; when it is considered that they will grow
auiimg corn, potatoes, or on any waste ground,
and that the seed of one pumpkin will produce
cart loads of fruit.

In the fall of 1829, I obtained the seed ofavery
superior [lumpkin, part of which I planted the lat-
ter end of June following, on ground that I had
raised two early crops of vegetables froin, and
comparatively of little value to me at that season
of the year. I began to gather some of the fruit
in October; it being extraordinary fine, I was
anxious to save every grain of the seed, but the
difticulty was how to dispose of the flesii or fruil.
The common method of making it up into pies,
woiihl have been troublesome and expensive, and
1 thought them to good too feed swine with. I first
gave some lo my friends, on condition that they
would save the seed, hut they did not use them
up fast enough ; at length my wife tried experi-
ments to work them up into Bread, Cakes, Pies,
Puddings, &c, and it was not long before we dis-
covered that they could be used so as to answer
every purpose as Indian Meal, and that our family
and friends considerea li preltralile lu anytliing
of the kind made in the ordinary way.

The pumpkin is first deprived of the rind, and
jflerwards cut up in slices and boiled ; when soft
mougb it is strained in a colander, and mashed
ip very fine ; in this state it may be used up into
• lies, or mixed with flour for jnidding, cake, &c.
If it be intended for bread, it may be made up with
wlieaten flour in the pioporlion of one third to
half. The sponge must be first set in the ordina-
ry way with yest in the flour, and the pumpkin
worked in as it begins to rise. My wile's rule is,
to use as much pumpkins as will bring the dough
lo a a proper degree of stiffness without water.
Care should be taken ihat the pumpkin is not too
hot to scald the leaven. It requires more baking
than bread made entirely of wheal. I am aware
that pumpkin bread is nothing new, lint I am in-
formed that farmers in the country use Indian
meal with iheir pumpkins instead of wlieaten flour,
which niLkes it more like pudding than bread.
Those farmers that are in the habit of making
iheir bread with wheat and Indian, may find a
market for their meal more easily than for pump-
kins, and if they use these up into bread precisely
in the same manner as they do their meal, I am
persuadeil they will find it very wholesome and
palatable bread. Yours, respectfully,

T. Bridgeman.
JVeio York,JVov. 21, 1831.

Remarks. — We have eaten of Mr B.'s pumpkin
bread, and find it very pleasant and superior.— £rf.
4m, Far.

PLYMOUTH a<;ricultoral society.

At the lale auiiu;il meeting of the Plymouth
Couniy Agricultural Society, Mass.

T/te coiniiiiUee on farm produce, reported: —

That Abner Washburn 2d, of Bri.lgewater, is
entitled lo the premium offered fiir the best crop
of English hay, having raised 8219 1-2 lbs. of
well made hay on one acre of Jaiid ; there being
5862 1-2 lbs. of the fiist crop, and 3036 lbs. of
the second crop. Premium $10.

He also raised on another acre in the same lot
7192 lbs. well made.

Thai James L. Otis of Scituate, is entitled to
the first premium for the best crop of Rye on one
acre ; having raised 53 1-2 bushels on one acre
and 39 rods of land, which is a fraction over 43
bushels to the acre, • $8 00

That Daniel Goddard of Plymonlh is entitled
to the 2d premium for rye having raised 43 bush-
els on one acre and 7 rods of land, $6 00

Fhat Salmon Copeland of West Bridgewater ia
entitled to the premium off"ered for the greatest
quantity of potatoes raised on bis farm 1047
bushels, $10 00

Also 10 the pteiniiim for the best crop of the
same article on one acre of land, having so rais-
ed 573 bushels, -$3 00

That Thaddeus Howard of W. Bridgewater,
is entitled to the premium oflTered for the greatest
quantity of corn on one acre, having so raised
109 bush, and 7 lbs. $10 00

Drying Peaches. — In a former number of the
Farmer, we recommended drying peaches with
the skins on, in order to preserve their flavor.
We are pleased to finil our advice supported by
the fidlowing useful hints from the Southern Ag-
riculturist.— Etl. JV. Y. Farmer.

Two years ngo, this coming peach time, I made
an experiment on a small scale in drying peaches
witli the skin or paring on, and succeeded better
than I expected. I took the kind called open
stone, perfectly matured but not loo soft, and after
rubbing all Ihe scurf or down off with a coarse
wet cloth, divided each into halves, filled the
cavities with sugar, placed them skin down on a
portable scatfuld (which is to facilitate their remo-
val to anil from their drying place without hand-
ling the fruit): by this method the pores are so
closed hy the skin on one side, and sugar on the
other, that the delicious flavor of the peach is
retaineil in a much greater degree than in the
common way. Could drying houses, with all the
necessary apparatus, be established, there is no cal-
culating the quantity of that kind of fruit which
might be dried, and that, too, of a superior qual-
ity as respects delicacy and flavor. Proper atten-
tion paid to this subject, might make dried peach-
es as lucrative an article of commerce to our
country as figs to Turkey, or raisins to Spain.

Alahama Hemp Growers and Manufac hirers —
It is said that some planters in the vicinity of
Huntsville, Alabama, are turning their attention
to the cultivation of Hemp, and the manufacture
of Cotton Bagging and Bale Rope. So far, their
prospects are said to be very encouraging, nettmg
them a much greater profit than the growing of
Cotton had heretofore done^

Snow fell at Lexington, Kentucky, on the 301h ult to
the depth of two or three inches, ami there was another
snow storai ..n the 4th instant. Th- thermometer fell to
4 degrees on the 6th. These facts show that the cold ot
that region is not much inferior to that of this vicuuty.

190

NKW EN(.LAIND FAUDHEH,

D.-c. 28, 1831.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DEC.SS, 1831.

Q5='We have inclosed hills in this week's pa-
per to most of our subsc'rlliers, ami we hope lliose
who wish to confer upon us a real patronage,
will take into consideration the justice of reinit-
ting the amount of their suhscriptlon upon the re-
ceipt of the bill. Where no private opponunily
is likely to occur soon, it may he f.-rwiiriled by
mail. To avoid the inconveihenre of sending 60
cents in a letter, a $3 hill can he inclosed, the
balance of which will he passed to the ne.\t year's
subscription.

A HINT.

Mr Fessenden— I saw in your paper of the
14th inst. an article from an^English puhlication.
Statino- that grass, weeds, &c, may he destroyed
for years, by watering with a solution of lime and
sulphur in boiling water. Now as that is precise-
ly the composition that has been recommended for
the prevention of mildew upon grapes, I think we
had better pause, and consider, whether, when the
earth shall become salurated with the composition
we shall not have destroyed the life of the vine nt
the same time that we are so successful in pre-
venting the disease. C.
noxbury, Dec. 19, 1831.

By the Editor. — The old adage, ' what is 77ico(
for one is poison for another,' applies as well to
vegetables as to animals. Some sorts of weeds
(the common white weeil lor instance,) are de-
stroyed by harn yard manure, or j)astnring with
sheep, though eilher of these supply food for use-
ful plants. The mixture of sulphuric acid and
lime composes gypsum, alias sulphate of lime,
which is known to be a powerful maiiure. The
principal ingredient in sulpliuric acid is sulphur,
and sulphur in proper quantities is said to l>o ;
manure for the grape vine as well as a preserva
tive against insects which infest it. Soils which
contain sul|)hur, such as volcanic ilistricts, &c
produce fine grapes, owing, it is said, to that in
gredient. Salt in substance, or strong solution,
will destroy weeds ; hut is said to be friendly to
flax, asparagus, &c, when properly applied. Per-
haps solutions of sulphur and lime may he made
too strong, or applied in too great abundance to
vines ; hut jis both substances are manures, (that
is food or stimulus to plants,) we should appre-
hend nothing from their temperate use. Plants as
well as animals may be over fed, and inime<l or
destroyed by articles of diet, which, properly fur-
nished, produce salutary effects.

inch and a quarter in a light soil, this gentleman
supposes is as deep as peach stones should ever
be placed in the ground, for the purpose of re-
prodH( lion.

Sir Humphry Davy remarked that 'It is eviilent,
that in all cases of tillage the seeds should he
sown so as to be fully exposed to the influence of
the air. And one catise of the unproductiveness
of cold, clayed, adhesive soils is, that the seed is
coaled with tnalter impermeable to air.'

COCOA-NUT SQUASH.

Eilracl frnni n lelt^r Trnni I,. Jpnkins, Esq. Canaiidnigua, N
l<> Ui.^ EJimr of Uie New liiigljiij Farmer.

' I would here reinark (although I trust the fact

may be known to you) thai the cocoa-nut squash is,

in my opinion, one of the most valuable of the fa.

mily of squashes. 1 receivcrl a few seeds last

spring from a friend in New York from which I

raised a number; three of the largest weighed

nearly 100 lbs. viz. 31._1, 34|:, and 24j lbs. They

have a high color and are of a very rich flavor and

make a delicious pie. If they porNsess the proper

ty of keeping a year, as I am informed they do,

they must be truly valuable.'

Sussex, by Sir Charles,

.Vote. — The celebrated Pacolet, siio
of Mniisieur Tonson, was bought at 1.5
monlhs (dd, hy \V. R. Joluison, Esq. for
170 anil afiei wards sii I.I to Ucneral .Atiiircw
Jackson, for

Il'alive now and eight jcnrs old, lie
would probably sell lur

Byron, hy Virginia, one half for

3000

10,000
150a

PLANTING PEACH STONES.
A gentleman, a successful cultivator of the
peach, states it as his opinion that the principal
cause why peach stones so frequenily fail of coin-
ing up, after having been planted, is to be found
in their being planted too deep. He thinks that the
seed generally germinates, but if much weight of
earth lies on the plume or first shoot, it is not
able to force its way to the surface, and of con-
sequence perishes. He says that he has trans-
planted into his nursery fine plants, produced
from stones, which had grown spontaneously un-
der his peach trees. That a good method is to
sow them broadcast, in autumn, and hiirrow them
in with a light harrow, and when of suitable size
ransplant them into a nursery. An inch, or an

The following statement, taken from the Ame
icnn Turf Ilegister, published in Baltimore, will
give a little insight into the profits attending the
breeding of turf or blood hor-es at the South.
SALES OF HORSES.

The appreciation and current value of bred
horses may he estimated by the following sales, of
very recent date, which have correctly conic to
our knowledge.

Kate Kearney and Polly Hopkins for

One half of Sir Charles,

Medley, (Johnson's) for one half,
refused

Since sold we have understood for

Annotto, 3 ycnr!..olil, l.j. Sir Cliarlcs,

Twice a winner liefore the sale.

Andrew, hy Sir Charles, 3 years old,
wiihniit having won a race.

Jemima Wilkinson, 3 years old, for

And afterwards for
A winner twice and beaten twice.

Maria West, 3 years old, by Marion,
twice hi'aien — never won a race.

An Arab filly, 3 years old, unbroken,

Collier, by Sir Charles, 4 years old,

Sold Scplember last, and has since
much inore than cleared himself to his
owner, without anything being risked
but his entrance money.

Restless, 4 years old, hy Virginia,
Twice a winner — since sold for
Advance on the purchase money has
been refiised.

Havoc, by Sir Charles, 4 years old, for
to the Rev. II. M. Cryer, of Tennessee,

Contemion, about, 15 or 16 years old,
onehalf of him,

Champion, 3 years old, by Arab,
beaten once, a winner once.

King Agrippa, hy Sir Archy, 3 years
old, never galloped, for
to W. R. Johnson, Esq.

Star,
offered by F. A. Pankey, of Tennessee,
and refused by W. R. Johnson.
The same gentleman offered
for Charles — also refused.

$4675
3OO0
4000

5000
2000

15O0

155(
25O0

1600

60C
1500

1750
500

2500

Snalie Fern. — Mr Shaw — By giving publicity to
the following letter from the posimasler at Ross-'
ville, the object of the wiiier will ho most readi-
ly ac-complished, viz. to diffuse generally, th»
knowledge of a remedy for a ilislres.-ing mnlariM-
ing accident to which all are more or less liable;'
and the rapidity with which the poison is absorb*
ed, makes it exceedingly desirable ihat some anti-
dote should he applied before it can be done under
the direction of a physician.

The- family of Ferns (the first order of the
class Cryptogamia) is very numerous. I am not
prepared to say that this species may be found
abundantly in this vicinity, but presume it may.
To the intelligence and respectability of Mr Coopy,
,ill who have acquaintance with him will cheer-
fully hear testimony.

Yours, respectfully, H. Hull.

Dear Sir, — I herewith inclose you the Snake
Fern which will cure all kinds of Snakes' bites.
It has been known to effect a cure when the pn-
tiint's teeth had to be forced apart. It should be
bruised (top and roots) nild infused in water or
sweet milk (the last is preferable) and taken as the
stomach "ill bear if, till the symptoms stibside.

I have no doubt hut that it would he a valuable
medicine in the case of Hydrophobia. I have
lived in this nation 28 years and have never known
orlieardof au Indian being affected with thai
disease. It jji certainly worih a trial. Yours, &.c.
— [Georgia Mhenian. Joseph Coopt.

Sheep in J\fassachtisctts. — A correspondent of
the Ilinglnim Gazette, slates the number of Sheep
in this state, as contained in returns to the Valu-
ation Committee, to he as Odlows:

Berkshire,

Hampshire

Franklin

Worcester

Hampden

Bristol

Plymouth

Dukes

99,253
64,714
46,273
41,100
3'1,820
17,099
15,60.'3
11,692

Barnstable

iMiddlesex

Essex

Nantucket

Norfolk

Suffolk

10,868
10,777
9.200
6,124
3,639
520

Total, 360,682

1500
1000

1000
3000

5000

MONEY APPLIED BY THIS STATE
To bcnejil the Agricultural interest, the best method
of enriching the Stale.
Other countries and Stales, with much less land,
and not so deeply interes-ted in the welfare of
sgriciihure, have approriatbd large sums lo the
benefit of the funning interest, and are satisfied
ll.at the money has b«;en applied to ihe best pur-
pose. Great Biilain has long bad her aiiricultural
societies aided by the Govt rmiient, and it is doubt-
ed whether any part of Europe is destitute.

New York has extensive and active agricultural
societies ; Massachusetts now applies the sum of
two hundred dollars yearly to each of her counties
(if I am rightly iuformed) to aid her county socie-
ties, and we all know she has a very extensive
gtale society, and has had, for many years ; and

Vc!. X. — \<). 24.

AND HOilTlCULTUIlAL JOURNAL.

I^Uily !\ Ilortioiilmral soriety is (loin;; iniicli, iiml
Maine luis in ni;iiiy c.ises dlt llie heric tit of iln'ii-
)iil)ois in twenty years. Tliu NovaScoiiii govern-
ment have aii|e<l a very active society in tliut pro-
vince, ajiii I have ('nrnisheil one choice animal Cor
them, li.'fore the cstahlishnient of that society
they iniporied lireail to a large anionnt, which ini-
j)ortailori ihcy say, has heen much lessened. Some
of ilie rcporis of that society have been rich in
aij^riciihural matter ; they have shown tlie ahsunlity
of a country situated so tar to the north as ihev
Mre, where they are obliged to fodder seven months
jn a year, being ohli;red to sell butcher's meat and
purchase brea<l stuff; tliey have M'.c.vn that the
cost of ruisini,' a hundred of meat is three times
that of a hundred of breadstuff; and yet the meat
.•;;>es not exceed the breadstuff but little in tiie
market. Wo .';ave yet to learn why all other
places are so much benefited by agrirudlural socie-
ties, and have not an object worthy to receive the
least legislative aid. Can it be tliat this State has
neglecteil their true interest .' Experience has

191

agiiirist, and state abuses of power that never ex-
ijted. Experience alone can test what premiums
are necessary to do gooil ; ami the great object ol
all trustees ought and will be to do good. What
other object can they have ? I nii^-ht slate such
objections as I have heard made, and ingenuity can
malie more, but I forbear. A Farmeu.

irinthrop, JVov. 1, 1831.

Co'jbett's Mvict to Joiuig- Men, «,-c.
Ju5t received and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store,
No. 50.J North Market titieet, Boston-
Advice to Young Men, and (incidentally) to Young
« omen, in the Middid and Higher Ranks ol Life ; in a
series of Letters addrofsed to a Yonlh, a Bachelor, a
Lover, a Husliand, a Citizen, or a subject. By William
Cobbett. Price 50 ccnt*>

Also- A Ride of eigit hundred miles in France, con-
taining a sketrli of the agiiciillure, &c, of the country.
By .1. P. Cobbett. Pi ice 50 cents.

Also— Cobbett's Ride through the Netherlands. Price
50 cents.

Tlie Pomological Manual, or a Treatise on Fruits ;
containing description- ol a great number of the nio<t
aluable var dies (or ihe orchard and garilen. By Wil-

J'RICES OF COU.VTHY PHODUCE.

Oiie copy on/y,just received' from London, ofL^

Encyclopedia of Gardening, with oiany bundled wood
engiavings; new edition, greatly enlarged and impiov-
ed. Price $1 1 ,00. Dec. 28.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

Traders in the country, wlio may wish to keep an as-
sorlment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are inlormed
tbey can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 50^ North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assoriment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as tbey
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
jiapers. at S and 12 cents earh—warianteJ to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
BiENTAL Flower Seeds will l)e added on the same
te-ms, when ordered, .is well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c. of diB'ereni soi ts.

ITThe seeds vcn.led at this .stahli-hhient, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with Khort dtreciions oo its management, and packed in
tlie ncjio?! Btjic. — Tioders aie icjvrcaied lo ell nn.l ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Freak IVkite Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Si reel-

A small iMpply of fiesh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s asoi., from
one of ibe greatest MulHeiry orchards in Manetield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

shown that small preniiunis are best ; but without jliam R. Prince, aided by William Prince. Price $1,00

any it is not believed that one hundred and thir- ' "" " ""'

teen bushels of good sound corn woulil have been
raised from one acre of ground in the town of
Winthrop this year. The infonnutioii that is ob-
tained from a society cannot be obtained from an
iudividiiid, nor is the influence in society as great
in the one ca.se as in the other. . Witness the good
tJone by Temperance Societies of late.

I believe that man labors under a mistake who
thinks that we in Maine are situated too far to the
tiortli for a jrood farming couutiy, if the farmer bad
information, and industry to put it iiit<i execution.
Teach our youth that we are so situaied, and that
our soil is indifft-reiit, and they will be sigliing
after a softer air, and more luxuriant soil ; but
teach them the contrary, and they will be content-
ed here. A sumsiifRcient to keep m«ny agricul-
tural societies, actively pursuing their object wotdd
not be felt in any considerable degree, luit ihe
benefit would soon be perceived, and I should hope,
acknowledged by every one. A small sum yearly
would he snflicieiit, and much better than a large
one at any one time. Can there be any class of
people in this state so ignorant of llieirtrue interest
as lo suppose they are not interested in agricul-
ture? In states wliere tbey have but little sea-
board there is no difliculiy in making the Legisla-
tures believe -it to be their true interest to patron-
ize agriiruliural societies. Is it becaii.se we have
three hundred miles of sea-board that our Legisla-
ture has not aided those societies ?
. If domestic animals are improved; if one hun-
ilred bushels of corn are raised where only forty
were befipie the existence of such societies; if do-
rnestic and family expenses are lessened ; if the
people throughout the state are rendered more
temperate and iiidiiBtrious, will any man say the
state is not enriched thereby .' and would not these
societies have such a tendency ? Commerce and
tlie arts are cultivated by all wise nations ; if tbey
are extended too far they beget their evils. Ought
we not as a people to ilo all in our power to elevate
the standaril of agriculture to its proper level.' and
can it be better done, in any, other way tliati by
encouraging agricultural societies ? .1 would call
the attention. of all elected to the next Legislature
10 the subject, let their profession or party feelings
be what they may. I mil satisfied the mibject has
jicen too long neglected..,, Tl.erc is nothing, .that
the ingenuity of man may not raise arguments

AIM'LI'^S, russelliiii^s,
ASHES, pnl.lirsl son,

I'oarl.liislsorl,
DEANS, ivliiie,
BEEF, mess,

prime.

Cargo, No. I ,
BUTTER, JMspecled, Ko. I new
(;iiEESE, new milk, '

Skimmed milk.
FLAXSEED.
FLOUR, Unllimore, Howard-street,

FHOK OT

barrel. I 3 00 3 50

ton, /Iia 00 115 OO

" 123 00130 00

!>asli..|. UO I CO

barrel.! 10 00 10 50

7 75 8 00

7 00

pound

Ah-;

i.lria.

barrel

bushel,
pound
pound.

. Tea fVlieut.
A few bushels of this very vajuable variety of spring
Wheat is this day, received, ; for sale iit J. B. Russell's
Seed Store, No. 5IIi North Market street, from the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it ar>> advised lo
call soon, as tlic supply is small, and ieany were disap-
pointed, in not being able to g.-t the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest of (ea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1S23, hoin which the present variety has been
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. ix, page 105 — ^and
vol. vi. page 82. ^ .- , Dec. 14.

BallMi.or... «harf,
GRAIN, Corn, Nnrlhmi.

Corn, Soiiihern Yellow,
Kyo,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOGS LARD, first son, new,
llOI'.S, Isiqualiiy,
LIME,

I'l.AISTEU PARIS retails at
I'OKK, clear,

Navy mess.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS. Herd^s Grass,

Red \'n\> (northern)

Red Clover, (uorilicrn)
TALLOW, iricd, '

WOOL, Meiiiio, full hiDod. washed, -

Merino, mixed will, S,.»cny,

"ti-rmn, iliree fourins waslied,

Mcr. ,ij, ha .>luod,

Merino, quai ler,

Naiiie, washed,

Pulled si.perline,

Isi Lamb's,

2d, "

3d, " •.

Isl Spinning,

PROVISIO!V MARKET.

corrected by mk havw

Clerk of Faneuil Hall Market

KF.F.V, l>csi pieces

I'ORK, Iresh, best pieces,

wriole hogs.
VEAL,
MUTI'ON,
POItLTRY,
BUTTEU.kejraiidtub,
Lump, best,
EGGS, retail,
MEAL, Rye, reiail

liKlinii, retail,
POTATOES,
ClOER, (according lo quality]

IS

7 60
18

a

I 60

6 25
6 60
5 85
5 75
75
68

1 n

6 87
G .'il

5 75

6 60

7o:

671

1 lal 120

48 50
60! 70
9 M 10 00
II 00, 13 00
1 00 I 06
3 Oo' 3 25
16 DO 17 00
13 00 14 00
13 00 13 50
? 12
75

1 87

10 00

10 25
63

pound.

8

6i

Q

4

7

12

16

dozen.

40

Imshcl.

37

barre;.

4 on

117
100

5 00

Grape Vine Cullinsis.

Several thousand cultings of the- Catawba, Schuyl-
kill, Muscadell. and Constantia Grape 'Vines will be for
sale at John Adiura's Georgetown Vineyard, near W'ash-
irtgton city, from now till the first of April next.

D.c. 2i: 3t

Ma}! of jYew Eii8;tauJ,

WITH corrections TO THE PRESENT TIME.

A few copies of this map, lately primed, with con-ec-
lions, containing all the new incorporated towns. With
the principal roads, ^c, are now hnished, loounted on
rollers, and folded in cases loi Irivellers — and for sale, a1
tb&iCounling Room ol the Daily Adveittscr, 6 and, 8,
Congress street, and a1 Ihe Bookstores. Dec. 21.

. . ., ; Pear .Seeds.. , .; ; ; ,| .:;,,,,=
I For.saleat the' Seed Store connected with the New
EnfglandiFarniei! Office'^-; r .(• ,>i ' •. .,• >.

One peck of fresh Pear Seeds of excellent qualil^.

BniGHToN Market — Monday, Dec.^ 26^

[linporlcJ for IhnChronicloand Patriot.] •

At market, this day, 735 Beef Cattle, 84 Stores, 900
Sheep, and 6S0 Swine— about 430 Swine have beet be-
fore reported.

Prices.— Bfe/" Cattle— In consequence of the limit-
ed number at market an attempt was made to advance
the price— some qualities may have sold higher. Our
quolalions will be about the same. One yoke were taken
at $5 7.'), ext>a 5 25 a 5 50, prime, 5 a 5 12i, good 4 67
a 4 84, tbin 3 25 a 4 50. . i.

Barrelling Cattle— Ues3 4 12* a 4 25 • No. l! S 62^
a 3 75. • »

Stores and Working Oxen— But little doing. ; " '.

■ Coivs and Cd.lve3 — Sales were effected at $19, 21,' 22;
24 and 2?. - . , .. . , ' t - ;

■ Sheep — A few sates only were effected — no pricei
were noticed. .... ,;;- j .

SiDine— Dull, buyers hot plenty — a few were retailed
at 3 a 4c. for Sows, and 4 a 5c. for Barrows.

JVeu) York Cattle Market, Dec. 23.— Beef Cattle—;
About 400 head ol fresh caltle have arrived, making jboud
800 head in Ibis week, with what were over last — all sold
at prices averaging rather better ttian the last week-— wa
quote $5 to 6 50, a few very fine sold al $7. Cows and
Calves scarce, and indematid,. -Sheep and Lambs— Ab9u(
1000 in, all sold, as well fit Beef Caltlsi at prices aTerafij
in^ better Iha)^ lilstweek; Sheep $9 50 « ^6, Lambi |3
a 3 50.— 2>oi/j Jldv.

id^

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

bee. 2S, ISS!.

MISCELLANY

PUBLIC DOCUMENTS.
The Presiileni'^ Message will lie accompanied
by Repiiits from Lewis Cass, Sei-ietiiry ol" War,
Levi VVooHlMiry, Secretary of tiie Navy, and W.T.
Barry, Postmaster G.-nera!. The Rt-port of Louis
M'Lane, Secretary of liie Treasury, lias since been
transmit'ted to conj;ress. Some iiifonnatioii deriv-
ed from these documents fullows :

The Jinny. — .Mr Cass slates that desertion from
the army is an evil, which not only continues hut
increases. The nundier of desertions in 1826
was 636 ; in 1829, 11 M, and in 1S31 will proha-
bly amount to 1,450, and make a pecuniary loss to
the govermnent of 118,000 dollars. He suggests
the expediency of increasing the pay of the uou-
commissioned officers ami privates.

Mr Cass thus notices the effects of ardent spirits
in the army ; — ' A very large proportion of all
the crimes committed in the army may he traced
to habits of intemperance. This vice is in fact the
prevalent "tie of ciur sol. liery. I am satisfied that
BVuCnt spirits should not form a coni|)onent (lart
of the nation. By issuing it, we furnish to those
already acciistonied to its use the means of a vi-
cious indulgence, am! '.vs invite those who a^e yet
temperate to acquire this destructive lialnt. Tliere
were issued to the army in 1830, 72,537 gallons
of whiskey, at the cost of 22,000 dollars. If this
sum were applied to the purchase of tea, coffee,
and sugar, for the use of the soldiers, their habits
and morals would he greatly improved, and the
discipline and rcspectahility of the army promoted.'
Mr Cass says that the moral culture of the
American soldiers is wholly neglected, and sug-
gests that something should he done to promote
their mental and religious improvement.

Tht Trtnsurn, Public Debt, S,-c. — The expenili-
lures of the govermnent for 1831 are estimateil liy
Mr M'Lane at 39,967,201 dollars. Of this sum
16,189,289 dollars have been or will he paid on
account of the principal and interest of the public
debt, and 14,777,912 dollars for civil list, foreign
intercourse, army, fortifications, navy, &c. The
receipts into the treasury for 1832 are estimated
as follows :

From Customs 26,500,000

Puhlic Lands 3,000,000

Bank Dividends 490,000

Other Receipts 110,000

30,100,000

Of this sum of 30 millions, upwards of 13 mill-
ions will he required for the expenditures of 1832
for all ohjects other than publico debt, leaving up-
wards of 16 millions which may be applied to the
public debt.

The puhlic debt on the first of January, 1832,
will amount to 24,322,235 dollars ; and Mr M'Lane
states that the government has the means of pay
ing the whole debt on or before the 3d of March,
1833. He proposes to sell the 7 millions of stock
in the United States Bank ; this, with the 16 mill-
ions above, and between 2 and 3 millions from
revenue of 1833, would extinguish the whole
debt.

Mr M'Lane differs from the President in regard
to the National Bank. He recommends the re-
newal of the charter of this Institution, 'guarding
its future operations by such judicious checks and
limitations as experience may have shown to be
necessary.'

He. esliniales that the annual expenditures ot
the government, after the puldic debt is paid, will
lot exceed 15 nulfions of ilollars, and recommends
uch a reducti.in of the duties on imports, that
they will not amonnt to much over 15 mdlions.
He thinks this may he done, and at the same time
I reasonable proKMtion he afforded to domi Stic
industry. He woid.l not at present chan>;e mate-
rially the duties on wool, woollens, cottons, iron,
hensp and sugar, but reduce thein gradually in fu-
ture.

He suggests the expediency of selling all the
public lauds to the states in whose limits they lie,
and of apportiiMiing the avails anjong the several
states of the union.

Post Office Department. — Mr Barry states the
expe4iditures of this department for the year ending
July 1, 1831, asfidlows:

Compensation to postmasters $635,029
Transportation of the mail 1,252,226
Incidental expenses 48,304

$1,935,559
The revenue from postasps for the same time
amounted to 1,997,811 dollars. On the 1st of
July last, there were 8,686 post offices. The an-
nual transportation of the mail by stages and
i^tpnni linar- ..vas 10,728,348 miles, and on horse-
hack and ill sulkies 4,740,344 miles. — Hamp
Gazette.

The Leaves of the Vine are greedily devoured
by all cattle, especially the cow, sheep and hog,
which are excessively fond of them. They are
a creat resource during a dearth of fodder. But
it should not he forgotien that the wood will not
ripen without the leaves ; and that they are a
great protection agninst the fnist ; as well as an
essential towards a mature and plentiful crop
They should not l«.e jilucked ; but, as they fall
slionlil l)e gailieied, lieape<l in a dry place, or salt-
ed and pjiked hard in barrels. They may he
packed alternately with straw or hay, which soak;
the taste of the leaves ami becomes a new delica
cy to the cattle. — Vine Dresser's .Manual.

From Hie Ednilpurgli Ciibinel Libr.iry.

GENERAL ASPECT OF PALESTINE.

The bills still stand round about Jerusalem as
they stood in the days of David and of Solomon.
The dew falls on Ilermon, the cedar grows on
Lihanus, and Kishon, that ancient river draws its
stream from Tabor as in the times of old. The
sea of Galilee still presents the same natural ac-
companiments, the fig-tree springs up by the way-
side, the sycamore spreads its branches, and the
vines and olives still climli the sides of the moun-
tains. The desidation which covered the citie.s of
the plain is not less striking at the present hour
than when Moses with an inspired pen recorded
the judgment of God ; the swellings of Jordan arc
not less regular in their rise than when the He.
Iirews first approached its banks ; and he who
goes down from Jerusalem to Jericho still incurs
the greatest hazard of falling among thieves.
There is, in fact, in the scenery and nianners of
Palestine, a per|>etnity thai accords well with the
everlasting import of historical records, and which
enables us to identify with the utmost readiness
the local imagery of every great transaction.

CoB CiGAKS. — A subscriher has handed us for
publication the following extract from a letter
written by a Pittsburg correspondent: — I find

there are rogues in Keutm-ky as well as P.iuisyl-
ia. A hox of Kentucki) Cigars maiked D
was a few days since opened in one of our utorcs,

nd after taking a com-se of very fine cigars off
ihe lop, the remainder was found transformed into
cunt cubs. A good way of di-posing of tlie whole
produce of your cornfield truly. But perhaps the

laker itiay have discovered that Cubs smoke
heller than Tubncco.

Jeive'ry, Hatches and Fancy Goods.
\\M. M. WESSON, No. 105 Wj^hiiiKluii Street, |
Boston, is coiisliinlly supplied niih a goo:l assortment
of VValches Silver ami Plaied Wrtie, Jewelry, Cutlery,. :
Tiays of all kitiil-; Y'ZT.Zy Gooils, ^'c, Sfe, wliich he will ]
l";:c:e of at as low a fate as can be purchased in the
aly- ttj" VVaK'ies repaired nnd warranted.

university.

Sir Thomas Brouwie's li'orks.

HiLLiARD fy Brown, Booksellers to ''■- \,„iversuy
Caaihiklge, have ilus day pulilished— The Library of
the Old English Pio^e Writers, Vol. HI., coniaining the
Mi-rellaneous Woiks ol Sir Thomas Biowne, with some
account of his lite and wiilings. Ediied by Ihe Rev.
Aiexamler Voung. This volume contains the whole of
'i lie Religiau of a Physician,' tiealise on ' Urn-Burial,'
Ihe Letter to a Friend on the death ol his intimate
Friend, and selections fiom the ' Vulvar Errors.'

H. & B. have a lew copies remaining ot the first and
second vols, of this colleclion, coutainine Fuller's Holy
Slate, Sidney's Defence of Poesie, and Selden's Table
Talk. Each volume mav be obtained separately, neatly
hoiHid in linen, or eteganlli/ in calf and gilt. Dec. 21.

Flooring Boards, Ifc.

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Vine, fur-
nished to order, leady planed (by steam pcjwer) and
toiifiued or grooved, of any requiicil dimensions. Qualrty
good, and price lower than Ihev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COl'ELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Cobb's Treatise on Siik.

Just published, and for sale at ihe Agricultural Ware-
house and Seed Store, No 504 Norlh Market street,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growih of the Mulberry Tree, wiih suilable Directiotw
for the Culture of Silk — In ihree parts— niih rnlored en-
travings. By J. M. Cobb, A. M. Published by direc-
tion ot His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Legislaiure of Massachusetts. Price 37jJ
cents. Oct. 26.

(U*" Ammvnilion

01 Ihe best quality ai.ii lo-rest prices, for sporting

constantly for sale at COPELA.N D'.S POW UEK STORE,
6 Broad Street.

IV. B. if the quality is not found salisfactory, it may
be reltu'ned, and the money ivillbo rch-niieu Jan. 1

Bindinir.

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fOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

NATIVE STOCK.

1 freqiicMtly observe in the perusal of the New
Euglaiitl Fuimer, stateiiiunts on cattle, and very
iiniforiDly on the late imported breeds, but hardly
a solitary notice of our old accustomed breed. —
Being a farmer, and having some experience in
both breeds, and with strict observation of my
neighbors, I am very positive that the true worth
of onr ancient breed, as to their competition, is
much neglected. It is my intention to set forth
the true character of both breeds as to their milk,
impartially, and within the limits of my knov\'-
ledge, that the public may be on their guard, and
not led away against their interests by any new
fanciful representations. In doing this, I shall be
fearless of crossing or injuring any individual, and
in accordance to this avowal, I am not to lose
Bight of public interest.

I was not a little pleased with E. C.'s remarks
in No. 22, present volume. Had lie been fear-
less of crossing so popular an opinion as now ex-
ists in favor of those new and improved breeds, or
had he viewed the thing as important as I do, he
would have gone on without leave, or request, and
described the size and particular properties of the
Cow, and maile bis comparisons generally. —
There are in this vicinity some of the large im-
ported breeds of cattle, much larger than the ordi-
nary breed, and they have been frequently exhibit-
ed at shows, and have been pronounced very fine,
not so frequently the female as the male, and no
conniiitlee would dare or think of anything less
than to encourage such an im|irovement, apparent
to all. They have also been highly reconmiended
by individi ills tliat possessed them, so that a great
impulse has been created, and A, B and C have
availed themselves of their best means of procur-
ing a heifer, a cow, or a bull, at an extra price, or
edged along the most econonncal way to obtain
some of the blood. Among the nundier I have
been one ; my first trial was in selecting a
heifer from seven others of the same age, going
in three years old. She soon brought me a fine
calf. The butcher for its fine properties, (espe-
cially its name) did not claim it. In the mean-
time, I was very much put to it to get her milked,
all females [irotesiiiig against going near her long
legs, in search for her bag and teats, as they were
pretty well conceided, depend on it, and not to be
found at all in the usual place in our ordinary
breed, but much higher. However tny anxiety
about milking was soon over ; the calf soon took
all, and wanted more. I began to alter my opinion
of the breed, and disposed of cow and calf. The
object of the purchaser was to procure a fine bull
calf. I soon beard the cow was good for nothing
for milk ; she was fed and slaughtered in the fall.
Smce, the breed has become more frequent ; some
'lave fallen into my bands tinctured with this im-
proved blood. I have found them larger, but uni-
formly less milkers. I have known several of my
neighbors to try those cows for milk, who have
uniformly condemned them, having fed and

slaughtered them. In this vicinity, if well fed,
iliey weigh from 600 to 1100 lbs.

A friend in an adjacent town has for forty years
been improving his breed of cows, and with the
greatest attention, like every good farmer. In
course his cows are uncommonly large, wilhout
the help of the famous improved breed. His cows
are noted for producing large stock, but nothing
more than common for milk. He has seized the
opportunity of crossing with this improved breed.
1 was at his residence the other day, vyhen, in
taking a view of his stock, he pointed out some
large heifers, observing be had gone too far, that
their legs were too long, their bags were small
and lugh, and that they gave but little milk. He
then showed me a bull that he had procured from
the country, of a famous breed, reversed, with very
short legs, long bodied, thick and round. He con-
fessed his cows were unprofitable, and too long
legged, and bad taken this method to cut them
down, and to improve them. Then showing me
two small cows of the old breed, not more than
half the size of his, brought there by his tenant,
with their bags auil teats close to tlie ground, he
asserted that they would produce'more than twice
the milk of his.

A neighbor has had The curiosity to send to
Massachusetts, to a gentleirian, for a lieifer, who
is said to be of the first improved breed in this
country. I understand bis expense for her was
about $100. She is a show. He was under the
necessity of procuring milk immediately for her
;alf, or it must have starved. He has offered me
the heifer, recommending her for calves. I ob-
served to him I was eonvmced the breed were not
good for milk, and that 1 was improving my breed
by going back as fast as possible for the most an-
cient blood ; that it was from them that I derived
any profit from my dairy. The mdker of this
heifer is now present, who is of good reputation
and he says she never gave more than three pints
in the height of feed at a milking. I could enu-
erate numerous similar cases ; suffice it to say I
know of but few better.

Tliere are but few instances of the old breed of
heifers that do not make tolerable cows, to pro-
duce in common feed from 7 to 12 quarts of milk,
wine measure, at a milking. It has lieen the case
with mine uniformly ; and that the smallest heifers
make the liest and most profitable cows. It is a
practice among those deep in the breeding of the
improved breed, a.aer proving them, to feed and
slaughter the most of them, reserving only the few
that will give the most milk. I never have lieard
in this vicinity with any confidence, of any giving
a large quantity of milk, nor any boasting of its
qualibj as being superior ; I presume the quality is
similar. It is not uncommon that our old ancient
breed make seven pounds of butter per week, and
the more extraordinary 14, 18 to 20 lbs. From
my experience and strict observation, I shall give
full credit to the improved breed, to say they give
generally half as much as the httle docile short
legged ancient breed.

Now from my statement it does not show by
any means that the improved cows are half the
profit of the others. To show their comparative
difference, we will suppose a pasture feeds five of

the improved breed well, ;,« j, „„isi, or they are
goo.l lor nothing. My criterion to know bow many
small ones it takes to fee.l the same pasture, is to
take the aame weight ; well, that is ten of the
small breed. If the five large give 4 quarts of
milk each at a milking, it is 20 quarts ; whereas
the ten of the small give 8 quarts each, which is
80 quarts. This is not all the difTerence. These
small cov's will do very well with half the feed of
the large ; then with propriety we will double the
number, which is 20, affording 160 quart?. This
will operate to keep the pastures from being foul,
and cause them to produce sweet feed, success-
sively ; whereas by slack feeding, they fast incline
to everything but good feed. There is also the
same difference in wintering these cows that there
is in summering. Now if my statements are cor-
lect, it is important ; it shows on the one hand
that by keeping our beautiful old breed of cows,
they give a farmer a fine profit ; on the other, wo
obtain from the improveil breed a heavy tax.

A. R.
Porlsmouth, (JV. H.) Dec. 26, 1831.

NEW FRUITS.

Mr Fesse.\den — Your paper of the 27th April
noticed the receipt, by the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, of grafts of 18 varieties of foreign
apples from Albany, which were distributed among
the members. I send you the chnrncter of the
fruits, as given in Lindley's ' Guide to the Orchard
and Kitchen Garden,'' one of the mcjst recent and
best British Pomologioal work.s. Tlie descri/jtions

may be r-'^n under the numbers referre<l to.

The varfSties are mostly i.evv, and of hi"h
repute. °

1. Alexander. ' An excellent and valuable [Rus-
sian] fruit.' Fit for the table fiom Octolier till
nearly Christmas. No. 22.

2. Beauty of Kent. ' A very excellent fruit.'

An autumnal desert apple. No. 47.

3. Blenheim Pippin. ' Extremely pleasant and
high flavored.' In eating from November to
March. No. 47.

4. Beachemioell Seedling. • An excellent dessert
apple from November to April.' No. 67.

5. Cornish Gilhijlower. A very rich dessert ap-
ple from November to May. The Lon. Hort. So-
ciety awarded a medal in 1813, to a gentleman
who brought it into notice ; and the Pom. Maga-
zine esteems it the best apple grovvn. No. 130.

6. Golden Harvey. 'A most lieautif.l and ex-
cellent dessert apple, ripening in Dec. and keeping
till May.' No. 91.

7. Hau'lhornden. ' An excellent culinary fruit
from Michaelmas to Christmas.' No. 27.

8. Kerry Pippin. An excellent dessert apple
from Sept. till Nov. No. 30.

9. MinshuWs Crab. 'A culinary apple from
Nov. till March ;' and according to Louden, ' use-
ful for every purpose.' No. 101.

10. Osliti (not Arlin ) Ripe about the middle of
Aug. and ' very excellent.' No. 6.

11. Ribslon Pippin. 'May be truly said to be
one of the best, and certainly is one of the most
popular apples of the present day.' From Oct. to
April. No. 1.55.

12. Devonshire Quarenden [Sack.] ' Very much

11)1

mil VKiy justly esteemed.' Ripe in Aug. and j
wUI keep till tl'ie last of Sept. No. S. 1

13. Sciiiitt ^Vonpareil. A dessert fruit from
Nov. till Miuch. ' It cannot fail of being univer-
sally esteemed.' No. 187.

14. Grnveiislein. A German ' dessert apple' ri-
paniii^' ill tlie autumn, but will keep till April,
and iu;iy be reckoned a rival to our Ribston Pip-
pin. No. 138.

15. Mfnston. A very fine and excellent culi-
nary apple — Oct. and till Christmas. No. 46.

16. Dutchtss of Olileiiburgh. A Russian fruit
not described by Lindb-y.

17. King of Ihe Pippins. A very beautiful
dessert fruii in Nov. and Dec. No. 57.

18. Downlon. ' A most abundairt bearer, ex-
tremelv well adapted for the market, and an ex-
cellent'apple for Ciller.' Ripe in Oct. and keeps
till Christmas. No. 50. J- B.

.iibany J^ursery, Dec. 1831.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

KNICKERBOCKER PICKLE.

The directions for ' Kr.iokerbocker Pickle,' in
which a correspondent some time ago stated that
you had put three fourths too much molasses, pre-
scribed one gallon, in^^tead of one quurt. As last
published it is correct. I have used it some years,
for beef and hams, without extra salt ; and have
now hams, of 20 lbs. weight, more than a year
old, thus cured, perfectly sound, and of as fine
flavor as those of Burlington or Virginia.

N. B. When the ham is boiled thoroughly,
(say 4 hours for one of 16 lbs.) put it immediately
from the kettle into a vessel of cold water, which
prevents the waste of the juices ; and eat it cold.

NEW ENGLAND FAllMER,

ing ewes to browse evergreens, particularly the
emlock, of which they are extremely fond. I
have been in the habit of throwing branches of
hendock to my sheep occasionally, and have never
perceived any injurious eftects. As my experi-
ence in this branch of farming is very limited, I
should like to know if there is anything to be ap-
prehended from the practice.

Respectfully, A.

Penobscot Co., Me. 1831.

CHERRY TREES.

Mr Fesse.nden— The subject of Mr Tally's let-
ter to Mr Prince, in your paper of 14th Decem-
ber, must be extremely interesting to every one
connected with sheep husbandry, and any infor-
mation which can have a bearing upon the health
and thrift of this useful animal, cannot (ail ot be-
ing serviceable to a majority of your readers.—
It is probably well known to most farmers, that a
' cherry growth' is almost alwriys consequent upon
clearing new lands by fire ; at least it is so in this
country. These cherries are of a deep reil, and
have the appearance, ami are about the size of the
common red cm-rant of our gardens. As they
are found on almost every new farm in those |)aris
not vet entirely subdued, it would be of impor-
tance to ascertain whether this species of cherry
produces the deleterious eftects described by Mr
Tully. Neither of the gentlemen make any allu-
sion to the kind of sheep afiected ; and it has oc-
curred to me that possibly those of a foreign blood
may be more susceptible of injury from this cause
than those of our native stocks. I have an island
sheep pasture which abounds with the wild red
cherry of all sizes ; sheep of the native breed have
been pastured upon it for the two years last past,
and without the slightest apparent injury ; and as
I wish to place a small flock of the merino breed
upon it the next season, I am anxious to obtain
some further information on the subject. Should
you be in ])osse3sion of any facts connected with
it, I doubt not that many would be benefited by
learning them.

I believe a popular notion prevails, (with what
reason I do not know,) that it is injurious to yean-

NOMENCLATURE OF FRUITS.
Mr Fessende.n — The number of English pub-
lications on Horticulture and Pomology is so
great, that it is often found diflicult to make a
suitable discrimination, as many of the more an-
cient and some of the modern English works on
this subject contain a mass of error, as well as of
facts.

A work has been recently issued from the Eng-
lish press, under the title of ' A Guide to the Or-
chard and Kitchen Garden,' edited by John Lind-
ley. Assistant Secretary of the London Horticultu-
ral Society, vvhich is entitled to more than ordi-
nary consideration ; and I would recommend its
perusal to all those persons, who are making pre-
cision in the nomenclature of fruits an object of in-
vestigation.

Another work entitled ' Pyrus Mains Brentford-
iensis,' with descriptions and plates of near 200
varieties of Apples, has been lately published at
London, and is worthy of the highest encomiums.
The execution of the engravings surpasses anything
of the kind that has ever met my eye, either from
France, England, or elsewhere. These two puli-
licaiicuis taken in connexion with the ' Pomologi-
cal iMagazine,' may be considered as forming a
standard nomenclature of the fruits at present cul-
tivated in Great Britain. And although some in-
advertencies appear to exist these are amply com-
pensated for by the general accuracy maintained.
I would here respectfully suggest to the ])ropri-
etors of American Nurseries the formation of Dt-
scriplive Catalogues of the varieties tliey resi)ecl-
ively cultivate, which can be arranged in the same
simple plan as pursued by Mr Lindley, in the work
already referred to. By adopting the use of let-
ters, figures, and hieroglyphics, to express general
terms as to size, color, quality, &:,c, a moderate
space will suffice to condense all the requisite in-
formation. The advantage of such a catalogue to
the public cannot fail of imparling mutual and
general benefit. Having long had this object in
view, I have devoted much attention to the prepa-
ration of a Catalogue of this description, which
will before long be presented to the public, and
distributed gratuitously to all who apply for it.

The continual accumulation of estimable Ameri-
can varieties of fruits, rivalling in many instances
the productions of other countries, has been such
as not only to arrest the attention of our Pomulo-
gists, but to confound those who have entertained
the opinion, that perfection in these productions
was confined to the eastern hemisphere. The
formation of a Catalogue of Amencan Fruits ex-
clusively, has been deemed a highly important de-
sideratum, and such an one is nearly ready for
publication, and will be also gratuitously dis-
tributed.

Very i-especlfiilly,

William Robert Pri.-«ce.

Lin. Got. Garden,

Jan. 4, 1S32.

EFFECTS OF LIME AND SULPHUR.

HIk Fesse.nden — Your Roxbiiry correspondent
has no occasion to fear any ill effects from the
application of a scdution of lime and sulphur in
boilim; water, to the vine or any plant or shrub,
unless the eftects should be contrary from what I
have experienced in the case of this solution.

Having much yard room and walks to keep
in repair, it has been and remains to be a desira-
ble object with me to find some method more easy
and less expensive than hoeing, raking ami roll-
ing, for preventing the continued growth of grass
anil weeds. I therefore made early trial last sum.
iner of the solution of lime and sulphur as recom-
mended, but found it increased rather than check-
ed the growth of grass in my yard.

Now if any of your correspondents will in-
form ine of any method proved by themselves
to be effectual in destroying grass and weeds, ami
preventing their continued growth, easier or less
expensive than frequent hoeing, they will incur
my warmest obligation.

'lirookline, Dec. 30, 1831.

AGRICULTURE IN ENGLAND.

The agvicultnre of England is confessedly su-
perior to that of any other part of the world, and
the condition of those who are engaged in the cul-
tivation of the soil, incontestably preferable to that
of the same class in any other section of Europe.
An inexhaustible source of admiration and delight
is found in the unrivalled beauty, as well as rich-
ness and fruitfuluess of their husbandry ; the ef-
fects of which are heightened by the magnificent
parks and noble mansions of the opulent proprie-
tors; by picturesque gardens upon the largest
scale, and disjiosed with the most exquisite taste;
anil by Gothic remains, no less admirable in their
structure than venerable for their antiquity. The
neat cottage, the substantial firm-house, the splen-
did villa, are constantly rising to the sight, sur-
rounded by the most choice and poetical atiiibutes
of the landscape. The vision is not more delight-
fully recreated by the rural scenery, than the
moral sense is gratified, and the understanding
elevated, by the institutions of this great ci.imtry.
It appears something not less than impious to
desire the ruin of this people, when you view the
height to which they have carried the comforts,
the knowledge, and the virtue of our species: the
extent and number of their foundations of charity;
their skill in the mechanic arts, by the improve-
ments of which alone they have conferred inesti-
mable benefits on mankind ; the masculine moral-
ity, the lofiy sense of independence, the sober iiml
rational piety which are found in all classes; their
impartial, decorous, and able administration of a
code of laws, than which none more just and per-
fect has ever been in operation ; their seminaries
of education, yielding more solid and profitable
instruction tha'u any other whatever; their emi-
nence in literature and science ; the urbanity and
learning of their privileged orders ; their delibera-
tive assemblies, illustrated by so many profound
statesmen and brilliant orators. — Walsh's Travda.

FlushiDg, N. V. Dec. 31. |

RURAL LIFE IN ENGLAND.

The taste of the English in the cultivation of
the land, and in what is termed landscape garden-
ing, is unrivalled. Nothing can be more iniposiitj
than their park scenery. But what most delighis
me is the creative talent with which the EngW
decorate the unostentatious abodes of middle life.

Vol. X.— No. 25.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

195

The rudest liabitaiioii, the mnsi iiiiproinising and
scanty jjorlion of land, in the hands of an English-
rniiM of taste, liecome."! a little paradise. The re-
sidence of people of fortune and refinement in
the connlry has diffused a degree of taste and ele-
gance in rural economy, that descends to the low-
est class. The very laborer, with his thatched
cottage and narrow slip of ground, attends to
their emliellislnnent. The trim hedge, the grass
plot hefiM'e the door, the little flower bed bordered
with snug liox, the woodbine trained np against
the wall, and hanging its blossoms about the lat-
tice ; the pot of flowers iu the window; the holly
providentially planted about the house, to cheat
winter of ils dreariness, and throw in a gleam of
green summer to cheer the fireside ; — all these
bespeak the influence of taste, flowing down from
high som-ces, and pervading the lowest levels of
the public mind. If ever lover, as poets sing, de-
Jigbts to visit a cottage, it must be the cottage of
on English peasant.

The proneness to rural life among the higher
classes, has had a salutary efl^ect upon the national
character. I do not know a finer race of men I
than the English gentlemen. Instead of the soft-
ness and effeminacy which characterize the men |
of rank in some countries, they exhibit a union of
of elegance and strength, a robustness of frame
and freshness of complexion, which I am inclined
to attribute to their living so much in the open
air, and pursuing so eagerly the invigorating re-
creations of the country.

The effect of this devotion of elegant minds to
rural occupations has been wonderful on the face
of the country. A great part of the island is level,
and would be monotonous, were it not for the
charms of culture ; but it is studded and gemmed,
as it were with castles and palaces, and embroid-
ered with parks and gardens. It does not abound
in grand and sublime prospects, but rather in lit-
tle home scenes of rural repose and sheltered
quiet. Every antique farm-house and moss-grown
cottage is a picture ; and as the roads are contin-
ually winding, and the view shut in by groves
and hedges, the eye is delighted by a continual
succession of small landscapes of captivating love-
liness.

The great charm, however, of English scenery

is the moral feeling that seems to pervade it

It is associated in the mind wilh ideas of order, of
quiel, of calm and settled principles, of hoary
usage and reverend custom.

It is a pleasing sight on a Sunday morning,
when the bell is sending its sober melody across
the quiet fields, to behold the peasantry in their
best finery, with ruddy faces, and modest cheer-
fulness, thronging tranquilly along the green lanes
to church ; but it is still more pleasincr lo see them
in the evenings, gathering about their cottage
doors, and appearing to exult in the humble com-
forts and euibellishments which their own hands
have spread around them. It is this sweet home
feeling, this settled repose of affection in the do-
mestic scene, that is, after all, the parent of the
steadiest virtues and purest enjoyments.

'Oh! fiienilly to the best pursuits of man.
Friendly to thought, lo virtue, and lo peace,
Doaiestic life in rural pleasure passed !'

W, Irving.

Gen. E. Risley, of Fredonia, N. Y. has engaged
largely in the manufacture of corn brooms, no less
than thirty thousand of which he has disposed of
to a single house in Buffalo, the present season.

QUINCE TREES.

Last summer two of iny quince trees died. I
iliscovered no insects, but suspecting that some
hidden depredator had occasioned my loss, I had
the trees taken up by the roots and burnt. Two
days ago, on digging round some small trees of
this kind, I saw a brownish powder on the bark ;
and oji probing witli a knife, I found the trees had
suffered great damage from worms of an un-
known kind. These larvm resemble the peach
worm, (/Egeria exitiosa) though rather larger than

that worm is commonly found at this season.

They appear to commence near the surface of the
ground ; and in a great majority of cases, have
worked upward, sometimes to the height of one
foot, gradually slanting through the solid wood,
as if they were retiring imcard on the approach
of winter. From one tree I took fifteen worms.
It is rare to find two within the same cavity ; but
the holes are so contiguous that to cut them out
would inevitably destroy the tree. I have there-
fore drawn them out with a barbed wire made
sharp.

In a few cases, the worms had worked downward
slanting inward ; and in other cases, they re-
mained under the bark without having penetrated
the wood. Instead of throwing out their filth like
the peach worm, they pack it behind thetn, com-
pletely closing the orifice. On breaking through
the bark into one of these tracks, the direction of
the worm may be determined by the color of the
filth, the old part being brown, and the more re-
cent orange colored.

1 now suspect that the loss of an English
Mulberry which had been two years in a bearing
state in my fruit garden, ought to be ascribe 1 lo
these worms.

Under a microscope they are found to differ
from the peach worm in several external jiarticu-
lars, and also in their internal structtu-e. In their
manners, the difference is striking ; for though
the peach worm is occasionally discovered two or
more feet from the ground, I have not observed it
to work upward from the surface ; neither does it
penetrate the solid wood. It is supposed not to
continue in the larvce state quite a year ; but son)e
circumstances rather indicate that the Quince
worm may continue longer.

The name of this pernicious insect, anil the best
method of preventing its ravages, are ivanled.

From the Village Record.

LIMING.

In Chester Coimty, Pa. on the farm of Thomas
H. B. Jacobs, Esq., of about 150 acres, he has a
stone barn 100 feet long, with stabling under the
whole, divided in the most convenient manner, for
stall feeding, milk-cows, oxen, horses, colts, sheep,
&e. It has two threshing floors, one as smooth as
any ball room ; and here, young and old, at Har-
vest Home, ' trip it on light fantastic toe,' to < the
sweet sound of the tamborine and viol.' On the
plantation adjoining, belonging to Mr J. B. Reming-
ton, there are two new elegant stone barns, the
length of the two exceeding 100 feet.

While we boast of our farming, we must repeat
again and again, the secret of our prosperity. It
is a regular rotation of crops, making a little of
many articles, rather than attempting to make
inuch out of one ; remembering the Scotch
proverb, that ' many a mickle makes a muckle' —

together with heavy liming — liming — liming. —
Many farms here of an hundred acres have bad
from 3 to GOOO bushels of lime each, within the
last ten years.

We wish the price current makers in all our

cities, would state the price of lime per bushel

or if by the cask, mention the nunjbtr of bushels
the casks hold. When the Valley l{;dl Koad shall
be completed, Chester County will pour a million
of bushels into the city for exportation, if ihero is
a demand abroad ; and when Aiitbracite Coal
comes down to its minimum.

From the Gonesee Farmer.

SUGAR FROM POTATOES.

The conversion of starch into sugar has long
been known to chemists ; and hopes were enter-
tained that some new method of procuring the lat-
ter might render the cane, the beet, and the maple
of less importance ; but years have passed over
without any successful attempt in the large ^ay,
unless that which is mentioned iu the following
very interesting account from the last uiindier of
Sillinian's Journal should prove to be sucli. It
was written by Samuel Guthrie, of Sackett's Harbor.

' I have been for some lime persuaded, taking
the data furnished by chemists as correct, that su-
gar might be advantageously made in towns re-
mote from the Atlantic coast, from the potato ;
and one year ago, Capt. E. G. Palter, at my in-
stance, with great ingenuity devised anil construct-
ed machinery and apiiaratus for proseiuting the
business. As this is the first attempt within my
knowledge, to make sugar from that on any con-
siderable scale, I projiose giving you a full ac-
count of the business so far as it has proceeded.
He has iised in the manufacture three thousand Jive
hundred bushels of potatoes. A fair sample of
the sugar, or rather molasses, for no crvstal-
lized pure sugar could be obtained, is now sent to
yo-i.'

To this account Professor Siltiman adds, ' The
molasses forwarded by Mr Guthrie is very rich,
and apparently pure syrup, and has only a slight
peculiarity of taste, a little like that of an oil, that
could enable one to distinguish it from the best
cane molasses. The syrup is nearly as rich as
that from the sugar maple : and not improbably
may yet afford a crystallized sugar.' D. T.

Hats.— The report of the Committee on the
Manufacture of Hats (of which Clarkson Crolius
was Chairman, and which was raised at the late
Tariff Convention in New York,) is published. It
estimates the annual manufacture of hats at
$10,500,000 being exported ; that the business
employs 18,000 persons, viz. : 15,000 men and
boys, .3000 females, whose total wages are com-
piited at $4,200,000 a year, which is about S240
for each jierson : and that the whole number of
persons subsisted by the business is from fifty to
sixty thousand.

Coffee. — All the coffee grown in the West In-
dies has sprung from two plants taken thither by
a French botanist, from the botanic garden at
Paris. On the voyage the supply of water be-
came nearly exhausted ; but so anxious was the
Frenchman to preserve the plants, that he depriv-
ed himself of his allowance in order lo water the
Coffee Plants. Formerly Coffee could only be o'ot
at a great expense from Mocha in Arabia.

196

NEW ENGLAND FAUMElt,

Jan. 4, 1>S.'!2.

ADDRESS,

DELIVERED BEFOKE THE WORCESTER

AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY,

OcTtlBKBCO, 1831,
niNO THEia THIRTEENTH » N M V E R SiR V , C ATT LE tHOW i.ND

B V OLIVER F I S K E , M . D .

Continued from page 169.

The early history of Scoilaiul is prixhictive of
few results vvliich giv(i a ciiuracter lo liusbiindry.
The feuils of tlieir clans, ami the igiKirance and
abject condition of the ])fO|ile, ri'tanli'd, for many
centuries, this art of civilization and peace. The
labors and ])uhlications of Sir John Sinclair, witli
the efforts of his copatriots in establishing a Board
of Husbandry, have infused a spirit whicli has ad-
vanced the practical knowledge and science of ag-
ricidture, to a degree of perfection, not surpassed
by any portion of the British empire. But the best
service rendered by Sir John, was in a residence
in Flanders, where he acqnired a knowledge of
the political economy and agricultural skill of the
people, which he has promulgated for the benefit
of his own country.

About the tiiiddle of the last century, Ireland
began to acquire some distinction in the art of
liusbandry. The transactions of the Dnlilin Soci-
ety for the encouragement of agriculture, are now
cited in terms of approbation by all foreigners, in
their memoirs on that subject. She yet sustains
her res|)ectable rank. It is known that the gen-
erality of this people are miserably poor. Neces-
sity compels the occupants of small patche.s, rent-
ed by their landlortis, to resort to the most etfica-
cious measures for their utmost jiroduction. —
Manure is easily procured, and liberally applied.
I once iTiet with a hd'oring Irishman, ignorant in
most subjects, but intelligent in this, at a pUice
where our scanty mode of manuring was in view.
He noticed the different management, in this im-
portant particular, between his country and ours.
In Ireland be averred, the i)iles of manure lay as
thick as they can stand ; while in this country,
one little heap is thrown here, and anotiiel-, away
yonder I ftlost of our farms would justify this
shrewd remark.

In France, previous to the great revolution
which upturned everything hut the soil, the science
of agriculture was pressed forward with great
vigor. Fifteen societies were established by royal
approbation and patronage, for their improve-
ment ; and twenty co-operating branches aided
this national efl'irt. The code of Napoleon was
admirably calculated for its advancement, lint be-
came paralyzed as soon as enacted, by tlie down-
fall of the Ciirsicau. Since that time, France has
been too unsettled for improvement.

A few observations on the importance of science,
as conducive to the art of husbandry, will bring
U8 to some further view of the rural economy of
Great Britain, as introductory to our own.

To prove that science has this important bear-
ing, I need but to mention the fact, that the art
of Printins; gave a perceptible impulse to the art
of Husbnnilry. This incontestaldy demonstrates
the importance of hooks and treatises which em-
body the science, and record the experiments
which a detached individual could neither know
or conjecture, in the short period allotted for inde-
pendent improvement. The Book of Agriculture,
the first and best of all agriculinral works, was
written by Fitzherbert, already mentioned, and
printed in 1534. It obtained an extensive circu-
lation. In diffusing practical knowledge, science 1

had the benign and salutary influence on the i cal publications of the day. Of thin cla^s, none
clouded intellect, which the sun imparts in dispel- can be more useful than the Nc« England runner,
linj; the darkness, and mists of the morning — i edited wiih wise discrimination, and tlie vehicle of

The genial rays of both these heavenly luminaries
must be combined, and concentrated, to cause the
earth to yield its best increase.

The union of science, and art, in constituting a
good farmer, hears an analogy to the soul and
body, in forming a perfect man. This union must
be derived from the look-learning, which, by too
many, has been considered wholly superfluous, and
its teachings distrustful. This anomalous race, if
ever numerous, will soon. I trust, become extinct
in this favored region, by the irradiation of that
science it labors to obscure. What other art or
science is su|)posed to be attainable, in any con-
siderable degree, without reading or study ? Why
should the farmer alone rely on intuition, the mere
instinct of the brute, for his improvement ; and
be directed in his employment, by the- same habit
which cottfines his cattle to the furrow, and brings
them about at the end of it, without a driver ?
Why should he consider himself nothing more than
the head tool of his implements, and but the main-
spring of their movements, while the mechanic
and artisan, by their science, seem to infuse intel-
lect into them? If knowledge be necessary in
any occujiation, it is pre-eminently so in that of
the l"armer. The mechanic has no call to investi-
gate the elements which are the bases of the ma-
terial of his handicraft. His stock is before him ;
aiul his tools, guided by the unerring hand, and
practical eye of professional skill, gi\e form and
finish to his work. Not so in the business of the
farmer. He may as readily learn its mechanical
parts ; but he has problems to solve, and myste-
ries to investigate. He must be familiar witii the
component parts of the substance on vvhieji he be-
.stows his labor — their relative proportions — tlieir
affiniiies — their separate ami compound agencies
— and the influence of other bodies, in their adap-
tation to the results he is laboring to obtain. In
short, he must kiioiv the necessary ami intimate
connexion between cause and effect. These de-
sirable acquirements, it is true, cannot be foniiil in
[)erfection, except by the aid of chemistry. This
important branch of science, in its bearing on ag-
riculture, cannot be obtained by the generality of
farmers ; nor is it necessary. Their general laws,
and princii)les, are ac<piiieil from Lectures on that
subject. Something, of which some of you may
have seen in the course, which, through the kind
instrunientality of the Lyceum, has been recenily
enjoyed. Their more necessary application to
the art of husbandry, may be derived from books,
from mental research, and from their daily devel-
opment. Of the books to be consulted, there is
none so appropriate and useful as .SjV Humphry
Davy''s Elements of Agricultural Chemistry.

I have said that the profession of agriculture
requires more study than that of the artisan. If
this be true, it is fortunate for the farmer that he
can command more time for its acquisition. Win
ter is comparatively, and to him more peculiarly,
a season of leisure. Those who do not possess
books on this subject, can rea<lily borrow them. —
Next to the inspired volume, I would lend a trea-
tise on agriculture. But a farmer is the last per-
son who should live by borrowing. Let me re-
coinmcnd a better course — an association of
school districts, or smaller sections, for the pur-
chase of a select number of standard works on this
subject, with the lighter productions, and periodi-

sound and" practical instruction, furni>bed from
the experience (d"our most scieniitic farmeis.

General knowledge, independent of nienial en-
joyment, is important in all occupations, not only
as it may direct the hand, but as it calls into exer-
cise other energies, conducive to the common
good. This is true under all forms of civil gov-
ernment ; more especially in a Jlepublic, where
the forest is explored, in common with the grore,
for materials best fitted for the hisiing enduraiiee
of the edifice. In our favored land, this honora-
ble and patriotic incentive is most happily super-
added for its highest attainment.

It is observable in the economy of England, and
should be everywhere, that ample provision is to
be made for the sustenance of stock, before it
becomes an object to multiply, and ameliorate its
breed. Having obtained this (Mimary requisite,
their great agriculturists, with laudable Zealand
perseverance, are prosecuting this next important
branch of husbandry.

As evidence that the more imperious wants of
society are amply provided for in that country by
the aiil of husbandry, I mention that Horticulture,
or rather its branch of Floriculture, the offspring
of luxury, is more prized, and is cultivated with
great assiduity. This pet child of dotage, nurtur-
ed in refinement, has now become the belle, and
receives the homage of the day. Her prerogative
is to tiauut in tlie parlor, decked with her bouquet,
and displaying the desaert, « bile her plain, liome-
hred sister in the kitchen, is preparing suhstamial
nutriment for the family, and superintending its
necessary concerns. They can best estimate their
relative superiority, who have the mi.-fortiine lo
witness the dinbrence between shotv and substance
in their own households and among their own
daughters.

A taste for Horticulture, the primeval employ-
ment of man, is pervailing and adorning our own
country. ISnl this br.inch of the parent stock
must derive her |)riiicipal rearing and residence
from the city and its environs ; and when trans-
ferred to the country, must yield a precedence to
her younger sister. I mean not to derogate from
the impoiti.nce of these fascinating and more re-
lined pursuits, as tliey occupy the leisure, and
serve to cultivate the mind and chasten the taste
of the more delicate portion of our race, in an ele-
gitnt and h(;allhful relaxation ; and as they ulti-
mately subserve the intercsis of agriculture. —
They display in miniature, both the theory and
practice of good husbandry, which is readily pro-
tracted upon a larger scale for the benefit of a
country practitioner.

But the rural economy of Great Britain, in her
tastes and priKluctious, like her common law, ia
applicable to us, more from its general principles
than its adaptatiim to the genius of the soil, or the
people. — Both, if they govern, must bend to con-
tingencies ; and be in force no longer than other
codes are established, for the guidance of the
farmer and the juri-st. Our farmers have indeed
found surer guides in their own experiments on
their own soil.

It would be instructive, as well as pleasant, to
notice the means and the stages of our progress
in this most interesting national achievement : but
time will permit but a summary view.

The character and success which our first citi-

Vol. X.-Nn. 55

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

ID?

zens have conferred upon asiicuhure \>y tlicir
science and personal devotion to its interest, have
given an inipelus to nidiistry in its multiplied oli-
jeets and pursuits. All have become «inl)itious of
the denoniinalioii of tvorkers. The charge of
aristocracy fabricated by the laboring office seeker,
aii<l the busy demagogue, against this class of
men, will gain no credence from the intelligent
farmer. He witnesses the refutation of the cal-
mtiny in the fact, that our two first magistrates
are at the head of our two first societies of prac-
tical workingirien ; and tliai oilier distinguished
characters are ardently engaged in cultivating
their farms ; and are more ambitious of iinproving
their breed of cattle than of accumulating wealth,
or any arbitrary distinction for their children. —
Surely the elements of aristocracy cannot danger-
ously predominate in the composition of that man,
whose mind can be engrossed, and his eloquence
displayed, in pourtraying the superior merits of his
short horned calves, or his Bedfird pigs .'

In noticing the means and facilities which have
accelerated the art of husbandry, it would be in-
justice to omit another most general and obvious
agency in the artisans, by whose ingenuity and
skill, the farmer is supplied with his improved
implements of husbandry. By their contrivance
and workmanship the curse of cultivating the
earth by the sweat of the brow, is converted into
the blessing of but a healthjul perspiration.

[Con'^luded next meek.]

ON PEDLAI5S AND TH E IVRIFF.

The Tariff has been found fault with for put-
ting a duty of fifteen per cent on tin plates or
sheets. — This duty v/us imposed at a revision of
the tariff in which Mr Calhoun, and other south-
ern gentlemen took the lead.

Whatever the motives may have been, it ought
in our opinion to be put ou the footing of tin in
pigs and bars free of duty. But the tin business
has fought its way and done well, say the free
trade folks, without much aid from governin 'mi,
let all the other branches do the same. A child
left to itself, abandoned by its parents, may live, and
become a hardy man, perhaps the stronger from
iieelect but where one survives a hundred would die
in the experiment. Our manufacturers of tin ware,
by pushing the pedling system with untiring dili-
gence,— carrying their wares into the interim- and
new settlements where foreign articles could not
compete with them, have lived through the trial,
and became well established. The comb makers
have done the same. What, then, are we to be
tpld that all other branches should go into the
pedling business too ? If it will hold good with
one, it will with others, that is the argument.
The shipping interest has thrived under protection,
and we hope always may ; but supjiose the me-
chanics and manufacturers should turn round
upon the merchants, and say, no protection is
necessary in your business, the tinmen have thriv-
ed without it, recall the navy that now at your
exoense floats a squadron in every sea to protect
your ships — give up the monopoly of the coast-
ing trade that you have enjoyed for forty years —
pay back the bounties given from the imblic
treasury to your fishing vessels every year — re-
move the proliibitory duties put, at your own
reques.r, upon foreign caught fish, — let foreigners
have nearly one half the freighting business which
they did have before the protecting hand of the gov-
ernment was extended towards you. These are

times for ' free trade,' if it works hard, all you
have to do is buckle a knapsack to your back, or
mount a pedlar's cart, and pioneer your way with
your goods to the new settlements, the foreigners
will not follow you there, and you can make profit-
able trips ; the tinmen have stood it, and so can
you. Would not any merchant in the country
feel himself insulted if such language were ad-
dressed to one of that respectable profession, and
yet this in substance is said to others who have
the same right to protection in their business, as
the ship owners have in theirs.

Then again, the tariff puts a duty of a cent on
foreign tallow, which makes candles come dear
to a poor man with his last penny. Well, how
was it in your free trade times ? Foreign tallow
ill those days instead of paying one cent, (laid ten
cents duty ; wliere was your sympathy for the
poor man and his penny then?

But the cabinet maker, the hatter, the shoe-
maker, the carriage maker, are all oppressed, says
Mr Woodward, though they are [irotected in their
business, by duties of thirty per cent, on foreign
articles like those they make, and receive such
raw materials as mahogany, dye stuffs, furs, hides
and skins, free of duty ! It was but a short time
ago that Rlr Condy Raguet, the great leader of the
foreign system, complained of all these people as
monopolists and extortioners. He said among
other things that vve paid an odious bounty uf
tliree dollars to the cabinet makers, on a coffin or
cradle costing ten dollars, because imported cabi-
net ware is taxed with thirty per cent duty. — He
would proliably have us send to Europe for our
cradles and coffins. The New York Evening Post,
another foreign system advocate, selected hats,
and boots and shoes, the last week, as among the
most odious articles protected by the tariff, and'
represented the hatters and shoemakers, as taking
thirty per cent more for their articles than they
deserve to have, because of the duties on foreign
hais, boots and shoes. Mr Woodward does not
go that length, — he thinks, or says he tliinks, those
are oppressed, whom his leader, Mr Raguet, and
his sub-leader of the Evening Post, rejiresents as
thriving under government bounty. Who shall
decide when doctors difl^er? The article that ap-
pears to be most obnoxious to Mr Woodward, as

well as his fellow laborer, Mr Peck, is leather

They both select thatas a specimen of oppressive
duties. It is abominable, they say, that English
leather should pay a protecting duty to favor our
tanners and curriers. Suppose Mr Woodward and
Mr Peck should be gratified in letting Eng-
lish leather come in freely, to put down our tan-
neries. Mr Raguet will come along next, and
insist upon English hats, boots and shoes, saddles,
harnesses, book-binders' work, cabinet work and
carriages, coming in free to break up the es-
tablishment of the men whom he represents as
monopolists and extortioners. Mr Soniebodyelse
will then come, and insist that all the rest should
be served alike, and he too being gratified, we
should find ourselves in that glorious state of ' fiee
trade,' which Mr Roberston, a distinguished
member of Parliament, lately said, they meant io
put us in, when the British, ' by means of the
great advantages they enjoyed, should get a
MONOPOLY of all our markets for their manufac-
tures.'— Columbian Register.

Turtle Catchers on the Coast of Darien. — At
San Bias, on the coast of Darien, a small settle-
ment of Indians is established for the sole purpose

of taking turtle. The settlement is situated among
a group of bays, and has a small but very secure
harbor, in which coasters may safely ride. Ft is
imder the management of three English, tvvo
American, and three Colombian traders, who
make a vast profit from the shells. Tire quantity
of tortoise-shell taken by them amount on an aver-
age to 15,000 lbs. per year, the value of which is
about 28,000i. The produce of their employ,
ment varies very much according to the nature of
the season, as in some years they take as much
as 32, 000^ worth of shell ; an enormous produce
for one out of the many like esiablishinents on
this coast. It is a curious fact that the handsom-
est shell, and consequently the most valuable, is
stripped from the animal while living, the beauty of
the shell always becoming less as the animal dies.
The dreadful torture which the creature endures
by the operation, finds no consideration in the,
minds of the traders. — Foreign Publication.

Canine Rivalship and Revenge. — A short time
ago, a fine dog of great value, was added to the
stock kept by Sir W. M. Napier of Milliken. On
arrival, he found that a setter dog was a very great
favorite. Unable to supplant him in his master's favor
he began to manifest towards his favored rival the
most decided enmity, and the greatest care had to
be taken, by keeping him in a chain, to prevent hos-
tilities. The English dog was lent to a gentleman
a few days ago, for a day's shooting, and, after the
the sport was over, he was locked into a stable at
Johnstone Castle. Finding himself at liberty, and
what was better, without a chain, he thought of his
rival, and resolved on war. He soon succeeded by
gnawing the standards of the stable window, in
making his escape, when he set oft' full speed, on
hostile strife intent, for Milliken policies, found out
and attacked his rival, and before the morning dawn-
ed, left him lifeless on the field of battle. Dearly,
however, did the favorite sell his life, for so dread-
fully mangled was the assailant, that his master,
moved by pity at his dreadful agony, consented that
a period should be put to his sufferings. — Glasgow
Courier.

Zinr. — Zinc is mostly found in the state of a
su]|)huret, and accompanies lead in most mines.
It is found in the Southampton lead mines in
granite and gneiss. Ii is found in crystals of a
waxy hue and almost transparent, in the goedife-
rous lime rock (or swine stone) everywhere from
Genesee river to 20 or 30 miles west of Niagara
Falls. It is one of the most abundant metals in
nature except iron ; and in Wales its ore was
employed till lately in mending the roads. It is
used in China for the current coin, and for that
piirjiose is emjdoyed in the ntnost purity. It is
a very combustible metal, and when broken ap-
pears of a sliiiiing bluish white. It becomes fus-
ible in a temperature of 70 deg. F. above zero, and
is 7 times heavier than water. — JVatiiralist.

^i new kind nf Paper h:\a h.een lately manufac-
tured ill France, which is stated to be superior to
any other for certain purposes. It is made from
the root of the Altiiea officinalis, and is spoken of
,is ' by lar the best kind of tracing paper, iiermit-
ting liie use of ink on the black lead pencil,
besides being of a purer color than any other. '

Silk. — We notice that the inhabitants of the
town of Poughkeepsie intend applying to the
Legislature of New York for the incorporation of
a company, with a capital of thirty thousand dol-
lars, to be employed in the cultivation of Silk.

198

NEW EN (^ L A N I) FA R IM E R ,

Jan. 4, lb32.

STJ2W l2Sr^ILil£r2> QPiUliSHiaaa

BOSTON, WEDXESDAV EVENING, JAN. 4, 1832.

FRUITS AND FRUIT TREES.
Tlie following valuable remarks are extracted and
abridged t'roiii a review of '^ Guitle lo the Or-
chard and Kitchen Garden, Sfc ; by George Lind-
LEY ;' originally pulilislied in Loudon's Magazine.

All our garden fruits are but arrielioiatcd varie-
ties of sucli as are wild. Tlie amelioration lias
resulted from liunian skill, time ami accident;
and being so jiroduced can only by art be contin-
ued. Hence the two great operations for procur-
ing and perpetuating improved varieties of fruits
are, amelioration and propagation.

Amelioration ' consists either in acquiring new
or improved varieties of fruit, or in increasing their
good qualities when acquired. There is in all be-
ings a disposition to deviate from their original

nature when cultivated, or even in a wild state

But this disposition is so strong in some as to ren-
der them particularly adapted to become subject
to domestication : for instance the dog, the pigeon,
and the barn-yard fowl are cases in which this
tendency is most strongly marked in animals ;
and domesticated fruits are a parallel case in the
vegetable world.

' Cultivators increase this disposition chiefly in
two ways ; either by constantly selecting the finest
existing varieties for seed, or by intermixing the
pollen and stigma of two varieties for the purpose
of procuring something of an intermediate nature.
The power of obtaining cross-bred varieties at
pleasure has only existed since the discovery of
sexes in plants. In selecting seed from the finest
existing varieties, we should, moreover, take care
to select it from the handsomest, largest and most
l)erlectly ripened specimens of those varieties ; for
" a seedling plant will always partake more or less
of the chaiacter of its parent, tlie qualities of
which are concentrated in the embryo, when it has
arrived at full maturity." Now, if the general
qualities of a given variety are concentrated in the
embryo under any circumslances, it is reasonable
to suppose that they will be most especially con-
centrated in a seed taken frotn that jiart of a tree
in which its peculiar good qualities reside in the
highest degree. For instance in the fruit of an
apple, growing upon a north wall, there is a
smaller formation of sugar than in the same va-
riety growing on a south wall ; and it can be easi-
ly understood that the seed of that fruit, which is
itself least capable of forming saccharine solutions,
will acquire from its [larent a less power of the
same nature than if it had been formed within a
fruit in which the saccharine principle was abun-
dant. It should, therefore, be always an object
with a gardener, in selecting a variety lo become
the parent of a new sort, to stimulate that variety
by every means in his power to proiluce the largest
and most fully ripened fruit that it is capable of
bearing. The importance of doing this is well
known in regard to melons and cucumbers, and
also in preserving fugitive varieties of flowers;
but it is not generally practised in raising fruit
trees.'

Cross-bred J^aridies. — ' The power of procur-
ing intermediate varieties by the intermixture of
the pollen and stigma of two different iiarents is,
however, that which most deserves consideration.
We all know that hybrid plants are constantly
produced in every garden, and that improvements

of the most reniarUable kind are yearly occurring
in consequence. All cases, however, of cross-fer-
tilization are subject to "a practical consequence
of great importance," namely, that " the new
variety will take chiefly after its polleniferous or
male parent; and tliat at the same time it will ac-
quire some of the constitutional peculiarities of
its mother. The limits within which experiments
of this kind must be confined are, however, nar-
row. It seeins that cross-fertilization will not
take place at all, or very rarely, but between dif-
ferent species, unless these species are nearly re-
lated to each other, and that the ofispring of the
two distinct species is itself sterile, or, if it possesses
the power of multiplying itself by seed, its |)ro-
geny retm-ns back to the state of one or other of
its parents.

' Hence it seldom or never has happened that
domesticated fruits have had such an origin. We
have no varieties raised between the apple and
the pear, or the quince and the latter, or the plnm

and cherry, or the gooseberry and currant.

On the other hand, new varieties, obtained by the
intermixture of two pre-existing varieties, are not
less jirolific, but on the conttary often more so
than either of their parents; witness the numerous
sorts of Flemish pears, which have been raised by
cross-fertilization from bad bearers within the last
twenty years, and which are the most prolific fruit
trees with which gardeners are acquainted ; wit-
ness also Mr Knight's cherries, raised between the
May duke anil the giafiion,and Eve's golden drop
plum, raised from the green gage fertilized by the
yellow magnum bonuin. It is, therefore, to the
intermixture of the most valuable existing varie-
ties of fruit that gardeners should trust for the
ainelioraiioii of their stock.'

To cause bad bearers to be prolific, the means
are, '1. By ringing the bark. 2. By bendino-
branches downwards. 3. By training; and 4.
By the use of difierenl kinds of stocks. All these
practices are intended to produce exactly the same
effects H/ difl^erent ways. Whatever tends to
cause a rapid diffusion of the sap and secretions of
any plant, causes also the formation of leaf bud.-^
instead of flower buds ; and on the contrarv.
whatever tends to cause an accumulation of sap
and secretions has the effect of producing flower
bud.s in abundance.' Ringing, by tending to pre-
vent the return of sap to the part below the ring,
also tends to cause the desired accumulation of
sap in the jiart above the ring.

Bending down the branches efl^ects the same
accunndation with more certainty. When branches
are in their natural or erect liosition, the fluids tic
diffused through their vessels or tissue uninter-
ruptedly and rapidly ; but liy bending down the
branches, the vessels become more or less com-
pressed, and contribute to the accumulation of the
juices or sap, by preventing its rapid diffusion. —
Trainins;, as branches in this process are usually
bent, effects the same object in the same manner ;
as well as by fixing the branches, and so prevent-
ing their being agitated by winds, as this agitation
' is known to facilitate the movement of the fluids.'
Nor is the influence of the stock of an essentially
different nature. In proportion as the scion and
the stock approach each other closely in constitu-
tion, the less effect is produced by the latter; and
on the contrary, in proportion to the constitutional
difference between the stock and the scion is the
effect of the former important. Thus when jiears
are grafted or budded on the wild species ; apples

u|)on crabs, plums upon plums, and peaches upon
]jear.hes or almonds, the scion is, in regaril to fer-
tility, exactly in the same state as if it had not
been gralted at all ; while on tiie other band, a
great increase of fertility is the result of grailiug
pears upon quinces, peaches iq)on plums, apples
upon white thorn, and the like. In the latter
cases, the food absorbed from the earth by the
root of the stocK is communicated slowly and un- i
willingly to the scion ; under no circiMiistances is (
tlie communication between the one ami the other
as free and perfect as if their natures had been
more nearly the same; the sap is impeded in its
ascent, and the proper jidccs are impeded in their
descent ; whence arises that accumulation of se-
cretion which is sure to be attended with increas-
ed fertility.

To be continued.

Treasurer of the Commonivcallh. — .\mong the
candidates for this office, we notice the name of
John Pkikce, Esq., of Roxbury. Although we
take no i)art in political matters, we cannot, in this
case, refrain from expressing a hope that the
dai'iis of Mr Pkince will be favorably considered

by the agricultural interest in the Legislature

His superior abilities as an accountant, and his
efficient and disinterested services for many years,
as Treasurer of the Massachusetts Society for
promoting Agricidture, present we think, strong
claims in his favor.

SAUER KRAUT.

This is sailed cabbage, much used in Germany,
is an excellent and wholesome article ol diet, and
a cheap and effectual preparation for long keeping.
It may not be agreealde lo an tmtaught palate,-
but is much liked by all accuslonied to iis use, and
the relish is as easily acquired as that for mustard,
tomatos, pickles, and a hundred other things that
we team to love in order to enlarge the circle of
our enjovineiits. Every new taste is a new plea-
sure. The folio .ring is the mode of lueparation.

Shred cabbage fine and lay it in a barrel — first
a sprinkle of fine salt, then a layer of a few inches
of cabbage, and so on alternately until the barrel
is filled, bi-»ting it down soundly with a heavy
maul or peslle at every layer.

Eighty to one hundred cabbages and three pints
or two quarts of salt will fill a barrel. Cover it
with a head that will just pass down within the
barrel, on which lay heavy weights. Some pour
on the whole, after filling, a gallon or two of strong
brine. After some time softening and fermenting,
it will be fit for use. It may be boiled with pork,
or fried. Cousin Tabitha.

N. B. In return for all my good receipts, I re-
ipiest some one will give me directions for making
and preserving Apple Bctter. 4m. Farmer.

DOMESTIC SILK.
We have been shown by Messrs Pratt, Howe
& Co., merchants of this city, a piece of silk
levantine, similar to the foreign article for vestings,
of the same fabric, which was manufactured in
Mansfield, in this State. With the exception of
the ' finish,' which has not been brought to a com-
plete state of perfection, the quality of the goods
shown us will comjiare with the imjiorted product.
We understand from the Courant, that the inhabi-
tants of Mansfield have for many years been en-
gaged in raising silk worms, and that a large quan-
tity of sewing silk has been annually manufae-

Vol. X.— No. 25.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

199

tiu'od there, from wliich a liaiiilsoiiie income lias
been derived, but iliat until recently no attempts
liavo been made at weaving. A manufactory of
this kind is now in operation, vvitli tlie most favor-
able prospect of success. We cannot but hope,
that inasmucli as a company has been organized,
und arrangements made by several citizens of
Mansfield to prosecute the business of silk inaiiu-
facture, that our merchants will, by tlieir patron-
age, secure to those who bad engaged in the en-
terprize, a handsome profit on capital so laudably
investeil. — Connecticut Mirror.

Manufacture of Ltather in Canada.— TUe Mon-
treal Courant states that this important branch of
manufacture has wonderfully increased of late. —
A few years back, the colony was almost entirely
dependent on New York for supplies of leather.
It is now certain tliat it can be manufactured in
Canada and brought to market 3t as low a price
as imported leather. Canada possesses immense
quantities of hemlock in her woods, and now,
since the tanning business has been introduced sol
generally, these hemlock forests will prove to be !
mines of gold. Some opinion of the extent to
which tanning is carried on in Montreal and vici-
nity may be formed from the following statement
of twelve tanneries connected with one house in
that city. Costs of tannery, £15,600; number
of hides manufactured yearly, 40,500 ; average
weight, 30 lbs. ; weight of sole leather produced,
1,215,000 ; average cost of maimfacluring, id. ;
average value per pound, 1*. 3(/. ; total value,
£103,437 10s. Besides the twelve tanneries
above mentioned, there are many others in the
city, and other places, at which the cost of man-
ufacturing is about the same as those enumerated.
It is added, ' Tliis gives a suin of about £70,000
distributed aupong the working classes of the dis-
trict of Montreal, which a few years ago was ex-
pended in the United States.'

A letter from a correspondent in .Mexico to the
Pennsylvania Inquirer, says, that in the city of
Puebia, containing 70,000 inhabitants, there is no
newspaper pulilished.

Black Currant Wine.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 ^
52 North Market Street, Boston—

A furlher supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and (letergent proper-
lies in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol. 5, pai;e 267, written by S. VV. Poineroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer cumplaints. Doct. Coffin stales :
• Its use has been atteniled with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases after the
symptoms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
cea-;ed. It has been strikingly remedial in the lowstales
of typhoid and bilious fever. Tlie late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years lollowed the Batavia trade, and
who had always suffered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destiuctive of human lile in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped tlie
disease. On one voyage, his mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate m.iny other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for i,,any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle.

PRICES OF COUJVTRY PRODUCE.

Err.vta. — In our fist N. E. Farmer, in the commu-
nication on ' Bots in Horses,' the following errors occur-
red: page 186, 19lh line from the bottom of 1st column,
tor' now,' read nor ; 2d column, 2Sth line from the bot-
tom, for ' he^d' read bead.

A Gardener Wanted.

Wanted, a Gardener, who can bring good recommen-
dations ol his industry, sobriety and honesty. No one
need apply who has so high an opinion of himself, as not
to be willing to lollow without complaint or scruple the
directions given to him, as it is not my intention to hire
a master over myself. Good wages and kind treatment
will be given, but entire obedience isexpecteii in return.
JOHN LOWELL.

Boston, Jan. 2, 1.S32. tf

0;;^ Ammunition

Of the lest quality ai.rt ioH'csi /(rices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
C Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be reh'nuea - Jan. 1

Cobbett's Advice to Young Men, fyc.

Just received and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed Store,
No. 50,i North Market Street, Boston-
Advice to Young Men, and (incidentally) to Young
Women, in the Middle and Higher Ranks of Life ; in a
series of Letters addressed to a Youth, a Bachelor, a
Lover, a Husband, a Citizen, or a subject. By William
Cobbett. Price 50 cents.

Also — A Ride of eig'.it hundred miles in France, con-
taining a sketch of the agriculture, &c, of the country.
By J. P. Cobbett. Price 50 cents.

Also— Cobbett's Ride through the Netherlands. Price
50 cents.

One copy only,}\isl received from London, of Loudon's
Encvclopedia of Gardening, with many hundied wood
engiavings; new edition, greatly enlarged and improv-
ed. Price $11,00. Dec. 28.
Fresh Ifldte Mulberry Seed.

Just received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 &
52 North Market Street—

A small lupply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

APPLESji-ussellings,
ASHES, poi,fir.«l son,

Pearl, lirsl sort,
BEANS, white,
BEEF, iness,

prime.

Cargo, No, 1,
liUTTEU, inspected, No. l.ucw, ■
CHEESE, new milk.

Skimmed milk,
FLAXSEED,
FLOUR, l5ahimorc,Howard-slreel, .

I barrel
L ton.

|hush(;l
barrel

pound.

Altxa
Baitu

vliarf,

OaAIN, Corn, Norlliern.

Corn, Soiiihern Yellow,
Rye,
Barley,
Oats,
HAY,

HOO'S LARD, first sort, new,
HOPS, Isl quality,
LIME,

PLAISTER PARIS retails at
PORK, clear.

Navy mp..is.

Cargo, No. I,
SEEDS, Herd's Grass,

Red Top f northern)

Kod Clover, (uorlhern)
TALLOW, iried,
WOOL, Merino, full blood, washed, -

Merino, mixed with Saxony,

Merino, (liree fourlns washed,

Mer. .ij, ha ulood.

Merino, quai ler,

Native, washed.

Pulled superfine,

Isi Lamb's,

2d, "

3d, "

1st Spinning,

PROVISION 3IARKET.

CORRECTED BY MK HAYWARD,

Clerk of Faneuil Hall Market.

pound
1 owl.
pound

3 UO

3 50

n 00 115 00

23 00 130 00

90

1 00

10 00

10 50

7 75

8 00

7 00

7 50

16

IS

1 50

6 25
6 50

5 83

6 75
76

120
60
70
10 00
13 00
1 OG
3 25

1 12

5 87

6 .'il
5 75
5 50

70
67
95
1 12
48
60
9

II 00
1 00
3 00

16 (10, 17 00
13 go' II 00
13 00 13 ,M

1 87
50
10
10 00
58
70
62
50
45
4*

2 12
75
12
10 25
63
75
65

Historical Parallels.

Just published by Lilly & Wait, Historical Paral-
lels, Vol. 1 — being No. 20 of the Library of Entertaining
Knowledge, price 40 cts. Each No. contains more than
200 pages, and numerous engravings on wood, beautiful-
ly executed.

Lilly &. Wait have also now preparing for press, and
will speedily publish — The New American Clerk's
Magazine, containing the most useful and necessary
Forms of Writing, which commonly occur between man
and man ; — and that will be found equally necessary and
convenient for the farmer, the mechanic, the clerk, the
apprentice, the merchant, the lawyer, and for every
man, of whatsoever occupation, who has any interest in
ordinary business transactions. Calculateil for the use
of the citizens of the United Stales, and made conlorma-
ble to law. jan 3

Tea Wheat.
A few bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
Seed Store, No. 50i North Market street, from the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as the supply is small, and many were disap-
pointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest of tea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1823, from which the present variety has been
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. ix, page 103 — and
vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

Traders in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they can he furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No, 50.i North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeds will be added on the same
te-ms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different sorts.

ITThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with ;ihort directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style, — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov, 12.

liEEF, best pieces,
PORK, Iresli, best pieces,

whole hogs,
VEAL,
MUTTON,
POULTRY,
BUTTER, keg and tub,
Lump, best,
EGGS, reiail,
MEAL, Rye, retail

Inilian, retail,
POTATOES,
CIDER, laccordingto quality]

pound

bushel

18
60
117
lOO
40
5 00

Brighton Markkt — .Moiiday, Jan. 2.

[Rnponed for Ihe Daily Advertiser and Patriot. J

At market. Ibis day, 497 Beef Cattle, 127 Stores, 1072
Sheep, and 300 Swine. A few Beef Cattle, 200 Sheep
and all Ihe Swine, we have reported before.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Tlie market was not quite so
brisk and sales slow ; some qualities were lower. We
shall quote lor extra 5 12^ a 5 50, prime 4 88 a 5, good
4 50 a 4 75, thin 3 25 a 4 25.

Barrelling Cattle -Mess $4 17 a 4 25 ; No. 1, 3 62
a 3 73.

Stores and Woiking Oxen — Veiy few sales were ef-
fected, rather out of season for Stores.

Cows and Calves — We noticed none at market but or-
dinary, and only one or two were sold at low prices.

Sheep— BuW, not half at market were sold ; one large
lot of 4 or 300 were diiven back — those sold were some
prime welhers and some extra Cos*et wethers, viz. one
lot of wethers at 2 874, one lot at 3 25, eleven Cosset
wethers a trifle short o( $6 each.

Sivine — Dull, and no sales except at reduced prices —
one or two small Barrows were taken at 4c. At retail,
3 a4 for Sows, 4 a 44 for Barrows.

JVeu! York Cattle Market, Dec. 30.— Beef Cattle in good
demand and sales very brisk. Only 400 head in market.
Sheep and Lambs— About 2000 in. Good Sheep very
scarce. Two lots of 50 each sold at 5,50 a 6,50 ; for ordi-
nary Sheep — prices range from 2,75 a 3,50. Lambs fiom
2 a 3,50.— Daily Adv.

200

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jan. 4, 1S32.

MISCELLANY

THE CARRIEH-S ADDRESS TO HIS PATRONS.

Time, ail old cynical curiiuidgeon,

A busy Iioily, ever liuilging.

Who never, since the earth begun

To *!pin her lono^ yarns roun<l Mie sun,

(His every alienation reckoned,)

Has lost one nineteenth of a second !

Active, but never in a flurry,

Whom forty hurricanes can't hurry;

And all the world, and all that's in it.

Can no more bribe to stop a minute.

Than I, by stamping on the ground.

Can stop the globe from turning round —

That personage, who is, you're sensible,

Created being's indispensable.

Has brought your Carrier once more

Before your Eminence's door.

With compliments in rhyme and reason.

Well cut and dried to suit the season —

To wish, .IS Sternliol'i said, you may

Be blest ' forever — and a day,'

And eke as merry as a loon.

Until the nevt day's afternoon.

Last year it seemed no question whether
Our articles of wind and weather
Weie manufactured at the shop
Of Tristram Shanily's Doctor Slop.
'Twas feared the skies, by dint of dripping.
Would make o^irhigh ways roads Jor shipping
And leave us naught, which one coald term a
Good solid foot of terra firma ;
But earth, ere rain would cease to pour.
Would be a sea without a shore.

Our atmosphere, transformed in wrath
To one great shower and vapor bath.
Made sweet Miss Flora cross and crusty,
Pomona's Sunday suit grew rusty.
Dame Ceres' garb of home-spun, plain,
But neat, so smirched with mud and rain : —
Her goddess-ehip appeared a slattern,
Cut from the queen of qusan's worst pattern ;
The toil-worn farmer's phiz 't is stated
Waxed wo begone and elon^.iled ;
The jobbernowl of many a clodpole
Might serve surveyors for a rod-pole,
For that wherei'.s untimely rain
Had hurt his hay, and grown his grain ;
Though turnips, corn and grass in pasture
This very lain brought forward faster.

What hurts one helps another crop,
A fact which should such murmurs stop ;
What is, is right, well understood.
And partial ill is general good ;
A solemn truth, without a trope.
Long since enforced by poet Pope.

Each master of the Farmer's art.
Intent on acting well his part,
Has difiPercnt sorts of produce growin"
In ploughed land, pasturing and mowing ;
The season then, which mischief brings
To one crop, may have balmy wings
For some anticipated yields
In products of some other fields ;
And by such management as this.
No season can come much amiss.
But, on an average, it? round.
With competence at least be crowned.

That wight deserves to be eschewed
For baseness and ingratitude.
Who hesitates to yield applause
To our good Gardeners, because
They introduce t' enrich the nation
New articles of cultivation. —
Not only giving man a greater
Di minion o'er the realms of nature.
But means of plentiful subsistence
To human beings, whose existence
Will be a boon, entirely owing
To benefits of their bestowing.

Malthus said poor folks should not breed,
And those who cannot clothe and feed
Their precious little ones, no doubt
Are rather better off without.
Life scarcely can he styled a blessing,
With nought in life that's worth possessing.
Besides, our cultivators, giving
New ways and means to make a living.
Their country cause, by such donation,
A sure increase in population.
In yeomen, moral and industrious.
Who make a nation more illustrious
Than nobles, armies, towers and palaces —
All bloated grandeur's gorgeous fallacies.
Superb monstrosities of state.
Which, if they prove a nation great.
Are like hydropical inflations.
Diseases' direst demonstrations.
Princes and kings, as Goldsmith said,
A breath may make, a breath has made.
But arts alone of cultivation
Can f^ibricate a mijhty nation.

But lest you think my moralising
Is .setting up for sermonising.
Though never yet ordained a preacher,
Nor wise enough to be a teacher,
1 '1! shut the floodgate of my lays.
And throw cold water on that blaze.
Which must more hydrogen require,
To make it right poetic fire.

But still, may't please you, ere that I
Bid your pre-eminence good bye,
A quarter, or a pair of dimes.
May balance my account for rhymes:
But then, I hope, you '11 owe mc still
A great abundance of f;ood will,
A sort of stock in which my betters
I beg might always be my debtors.
Ja.vu.iry 1, 1832.

parody of a poacher.
A poor strollincr player in England, was once
caught performing the part of a poacher, and bein"
taken before the magistrates assembled at quartPT
sessions, for e.xaminatioii, one of them asked what
right he had to kill a hare, when he replied in the
following parody on Brutus' speech to the Romans,
in defence ofhis killing Caesar:
Britons, hnngrymen, and epicures !
Hear me for my cause, and be silent that you may
hear.believe me for my honor,and have respect for my
honor that you may believe; censure me not in your
wisdom, and awake your senses that you may better
judge. If there be any in this assembly,any dear friend
of this hare, to him I say that a poacher's love for
hare is no less than his. If then he demand why a
poacher rose against a hare, this is my answer: not
that I loved hare less, but that I loved eating more.
Had you rather this hare were living than I had
died quite starving— than that this hare were dead,
that I might live a jolly fellow ? As this hare was

pretty, I weep for him ; as he was plump, I honor
hitii ; as he was nimble, 1 rejoice at it ; but as he wag
eatable, I slew him. There are tears for his beauty,
honor for Ins condition, joy for his speed, death for
his toothsomeness. Who is here so cruel, would
see nie a starved man? if any, speak, for him liave I
offended. ' Who is lie so silly, that would not make a
tit-bit?— if any, speak, for him have 1 offended. Who
is he sosleek, that does not luve his belly ? — if any
speak, tor him have I offended.'

' Vou have offended Justice, sirrah,' cried out one
of the magistrates^ out of all patience with this lontr
and strange harangue, wliicli had began to invade
the time that his own belly had arrived.

'Then,' said the culprit, guessing at the hungry
feelings of the bench, -since /ustice is dissiitisfied,
it must needs have something to devour. Heaven
forbid I should keep any justice from dinner !— so, if
you please, I'H wish your lordship a good day and a
good hare to dinner ."

The magistrates, eager to retire, and somewhat
pleased with the fellow's last wish, gave him a repri-
mand and let him go.

Jewelry, hatches and Fancy Goods.
\VM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kiods, Fancy Goods, ^-c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
i'y- [CT Watches repaired and warranted.

Sir Thomas Browne^s ll'orks.

HiLLiARD If Brown, Booksellers lo the University,
Canibiidge. have this day published— The Library of
the Old English Pro-e Writers, Vol. HI., conlaining tli«
Miscellaneous Works of Sir Thomas Browne, with some
account of his file and writings. Edited byM* Rev.
Alexander Young. This volume conl.tiirf. the whole of
•I'be Religion of a Physician,' tieatfse' on ' Urn-Burial,"
the Letter to a Friend on the dealh ol bis intimate
Friend, and selections from the ' Vulgar Errors.'

H. & B. have a few copies remaining of the first and
second vols, of this collection, containing Fuller's Holy
Slate, Sidney's Defence of Poesie, and Seidell's Tabl«
Talk. Each volume may be obtained separately, nen/Zu
bound in linen, or elegantly in calf and gilt. Dec. 21.

Flooring Boards, fyc . -■

Of hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions.. Quality
good, and price lower than they c.in be elsewhere had

Apply to E. COFELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street

Cobh's Treatise gn Silk.

Just publishe.i, and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house and Seed Store, No 50^ North Market street,

A Manual, containing information respecting the
Growth of the Mulberry Tree, with suilable Directions
for the Culture of Silk— In three parts— wiih colored en-
gravings. By J. H. Cobb, A. M. Published by direiv
tion of His Excellency Gov. Lincoln, agreeably to a
Resolve of the Lcgislaiure of Massachusetts. Price 37J
"^ents. Oct. 26.

Published evpry \Ve,i„Hsday EirniMg, at gi per annuHL
payable at the end c.l ihe year— but those who pay within
sixty days from the ume of subecribiiig, are entitlt-d to a de-
duction of fifty cents.

0° No paper will be sent to a distance without paymcnl
being made in advance.

Printed tor J. H. Russell, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for printing received by J. B.
UussELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 North
Market Street. agents.

A'cwKor*— G.Thorburn &. SoNS,67Liberiy-slreel
Alhamj—W'n. Tnol!HUKN,.in Alarket-sireel.
I'liilatleljilna— \) . ii. C Lanhketh ..'35 Cheslnul-slreel
Uallimore—G. IS.S.MITH , E.liior ol ihe American Farmer.
Ciiirinmiti—S. C. Pakkhurst,23 Lower Markei-sireel. '
F/iiiliins, N. Y. Wm. PRiNCEit .Sons, Prop. Lia.Boi. Gardes
Mi'ldtebnnt. Vt. — Wight Chapman.
//.i.7/or</-GooiiwiN & Co. Booksellers.
S/)ringfiehl, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Newbitryporf , Ebenk/.er Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. H.—J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Af'^.—SxywEt^ Colman, Bookseller.
.lufTVsta , Me. Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S — P. J. Hoi land, Esq. Recorder office
AIoiUrea/.L. C. — Henry Hillock.

J\EW EM€JLrAJ\D FARMER.

VOL,. X.

PUBLISHED BY J. D^RUSSELL, NO. ^J^.^^'H MARKET STOg^^7^7xHK^^ oTi^^NPEN, EDITOR.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 11, 1832.

NO. 26.

Cork Tree in the Botanic Garden, Chelsea, England.

THE CORK TREE.

Mr Fessenden — It has always appeared to meto
lie very (k\siruble, and jiracticable, to introduce in-
to this country troiii Europe tlie Cork tree and
the Spanish Chcsniit. Of the latter I will speak
on some future occjtsion.

It may not be known to all that the Cork tree
is a variety of the oak (Qitemis suber.) This tree
is indigenous or at lea.st abundant in Spain, Por-
tugal, Italy, and the States of Barbary. It woidd
he a most important acquisition to the United
States. In the opinion of Michaux, it will thrive
wheresoever the Live Oak subsists ; the soil of the
pine barrens would be in general too meagre to
sustain its vegetation. The' inhabitants of the
Southern States and neighboring islands woidd
probably find it advantageous to rear it in such
parts of their j)lantations as are unfit for the culti-
vation of cotton. The bark of the Cork Oak
could be transported to the Northern States or
made into corks on the .spot, and thus become a
great article of commerce. It is computed that
120 millions of corks are annually used m France ;
2500 tons of cork were imported into Great Bri-
tain in 1827. I have no means of ascertaining
the anioimt of cork imported into this country.

The tree grows to the height of 30 to 40 feet,
and 2 to 3 feet in diameter, with evergreen lea\ es,
I though the greater part of them fall and are re-
newed in the spring ; the wood is hard, compact
and heavy, though rather less durable than many
other kinds of oak, its great value being in its
hark. Cork is the bark which the tree pushes
outwards, as is common to all trees, but in this
case the bai-k is of larger quantity and is more
speedily renewed, when removed ; there is a libtr,
or muer bark, below it, and from this the cork is
renewed in the course of a few years, while the
tree is said to live longer, and grow more vigor-
ously than if the cork were not removed. The
cork is first talsen oft" when the tree is about 15

years old ; the bark is then thin, hard, fidl of fis-
sures, and consequently of little value, and is used
by fishermen to buoy up their nets, &c.* The
.second crop is also inferior. After thi.s the oper-
ation is repeated once in 8 or 10 years, the pro-
duce being greater in quantity, and superior in
quality each successive time. Duhainel says a
cork tree thus barked will live 150 years.

The bark is removed in July and August, beino-
slit with a knife in a perpendicular direction froin
the top to the bottom, with two incisions across,
ono near the top and one near the bottom of the
trunk. For the jiurpose of stripping ofl'the bark,
a knife with a wedge-shaped handle at each end
is used. After the incision is made, the bark is
beaten to detach it from the liber ; it is then lifted
up by introducing the wedged handle, taking care
to leave sufficient of the inner lamuia? upon the
wood, without which precaution the tree would
die. The bark being thus removed, is divided in-
to convenient lengths, then flattened, and slightly
chan-ed to contract the pores. This substance is
the rough cork of commerce ; and is then fit to be
cut into floats, stoppers, shoe soles, and other ar-
ticles for domestic use. The cork of the best
quaiity is .firm, elastic, and of a slightly red color.

Branch of the Cork Oak — Quercus suher.
Fresh acorns of the cork tree for planting in
the United States, coidd no doubt be easily ob-
tained by some of our Horticultui-al Societies, or
public spirited individuals, through the agency of
U. S. Consuls in Europe, who would take an ui-
terest in procuring the true sort, and in having
them packed in sand to ensure their vegetation.

QUERCLS

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

ON MAKING GOOD BUTTER.

Mr Fesse.xden — Sir — In cooperation with your
correspondent, H. C, whose remarks on agricid-
tural premiums (New England Farmer, vol. 10,
page 177,) are both sound and sensible ; and more

•See the article on Timber Trees in the Library of
Entertaining Knowledge ; a popular and instructive
work republished by Lilly & Wait, of this city.

particularly in reference to the late award of pre-
miums for the best butter, I have looked over the
numbers of the Massachusetts Agricultural Reposi-
tory and Journal for the past years, and send you
the names of all those persons who have received
the premiums on butter, from the time of the first
exhibition, in 1821, to the present time. It is cer-*
tainly a just claim of the public when money ha?
been paid by it, as a reward, to know the ])rocess
by which the article rec(!iving the reward was
made, ' not only the results, hut the means and
process by which such resuks are obtained,'
more especially if as heretofore, (though not
in the last offer,) one of the conditions was that
such communications should be made. I donb-
not the very respectable individuals, who have ex-
hibited the result of their skill and had tlieir re-
ward, will commmiicate through you to the pub-
he, in addition to what they may have communi-
cated to the committee, their whole dairy process.
The first award was made in 1821, and the first
premium of .$10 paid to Col. Stephen Hastings, of
Sterling. The second prenuum of $5 to Luke
Beniis, Watertown.
1833, 1st prem. $10, to Mary Clark, Watertown ;

2d, .f5, Col. Hastings, Sterling.
1823, 1st prem. $15, Jonathan Upham, Newton ;
2d, ,$10, S. Ha.stiiigs, Sterling ; ;W, ,$7, Jepthah
Parker, Chehnsford ; 4tli, $5, Rev. L. Capeii,
Boston.
1894, 1st prem. $15, Michael Crosby, Bedford ;
2d, $10, Luke ifeniis, Watertown ; 3d, $7, S.
Hastings, Sf fling.. ■

1825, 1st preni. .$15, Luther Chamberlain, West-
boro' ; 2d, $10, Charles Cutter, Weston ; .3d,
$7, G. Crosby, Bedford ; 4th, $5, S. Hastings]
Sterling.
1H2(;, 1st prem. $15, Rev. Mr Capen, Boston; 2d,
$10, M. Crosby, Bedford ; 3d, $7, L. Chamber-
lain ; 4th, $5, Jacob Deane, Mansfield.

1827, 1st prem. $15, Charles Cutter, Weston ; 2d
$10, M. Crosby, Bedford ; 3d, $7, L. Chamber-
lain ; 4th, .f 5, Adam Hemnienwav, Framingham.

1828, Istpreni. .$1.5, M.Crosby, Bedford; 2d, $10,
L. Chamberlain ; 3d, $7, Jonathan Wait,"
Whately.

1829, first year of an offer of $100, none was en-
tered considered worthy of the premium — none
even worthy of the 1st Agricultural premium ;
2d, $10, Geo. Crosby, Bedibrd ; 3d, $7, .Marga-
ret T. Crosby.

1830, 1st prem. $1.5, M.Crosby, Bedford; 2d, $10,
Nahuin Hardy, Waltham ; 3d, $7, L. Chamber-
lain ; 4th, .$5, Adam Fay, Wcsthoro'.

18.30, December,* 1st prem. .$100, Henry Spragiip,
Charlton ; 2d, $50, Moses Ne«hall, West New-
bury.

1831, Decend)er, 1st prem. $100, Luther Cham-
berlain, Westboro' ; 2d, $50, Henry Sprsgue,
Princeton, formerly of Charlton ; 3d, $.30, Seth
Davenport, Mendon ; 4th, $20, Samuel Sawyer
Sterling; .5th, $15 Gabriel Parker, Southboro :
Gth, $10, Lydia Page, Hardwic'k.

While the premiums were small and given ex-

• In vol. 9, page 26G of New England Farmer, an ex-
tract is iimile from every rommunloation received from
the competi(ors, which co-jld be useful to the public in
relation to the manufacture of butler.

202

NEW ENGLAND FAUMEll,

Jan. 11, 1832.

clusivoly by tlie Afjricultnral Society, it was per-
haps more a duty that the mode of mamifactuie,
(if peculiar,) siiould he pubhshed, than after a lar-
aer premium was offered, wliich although award-
ed by a Coirnnittee of the Society, was contributed
by iudividuuls, and as much perhaps with the ob-
ject of attracting good butter to the mai-ket, as en-
lightening the farmer in its manufacture.

In the publication of the Bath and West of
England Society's papers, vol. 5, page 67, No. 19,
an essay of fiftVfonr pages was published by Dr
Anderson, on the mode of making butter, very
minute in its directions. Thirteen years after an
abridgment of this was published in the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Repository and Jourjial for
1806, vol. 2d, page 70, and is I believe the only
essay full and practical on the subject imblished in
this "region. Occasional comiuuniciitions of new
modes, bolli of making and preserving butter, have
appeared iii your valuable record, but few, if any
with a name, or with entire directions, merely e.x-
periments communicated ou the supposition that
those who wish to try them, know already how to
make butter.

The grand watch word of the dairy, should, like
the Indian's solution of the three articles he liked
best, be a repetition, cleanliness, cleanliness, cleanli-
ness ; this, conunenced with the hands that milk,
and never forgotten in any of the changes from
the strainer to the market stall, and the butter will
be good, if the cows are only ordinary ; but if the
stock be well selected, the food well adapted, and
all facilities for the work from cellar to salt be
well provided, the butter will of course be better,
and the gradation will then be good, better, best,
instead of the present degrees of good, not so good,
too bad. I send you a very sensible letter from a
thoroughly experienced and successful cultivator,
in answer to some inquiries made by Mr Sullivan,
tho Corresponding Secretary of the .Massachusetts
Society for Promoting Agriculture, in relation to
the management of a dairy and stock, which will
serve as a model of the sort of iutormation desired
in relation to the management of cows, as well as
in the accuracv and comj)leteness of the details.

w. w.

Brooklino, 32J Maroh, 1631.

Dear Sir— It would give me nnich pleasure to
answer your questions upon the subject of the
dairy, could I do it with satisfaction to myself or
benefit to the pid)lic. My farm is so small it is
not suited to that object. Yet, although my know-
ledge of the subject is so inadequate to your
purpose, I will cheerfully give you as nearly as I
can the result of the little experience I have had.

I keep only two co\\'s ; one would be sufficient
were it not that a part of the time we should lack
a supply of milk, and they are better contented to-
gether than single, and were I able to sell all the
surplus milk, they would be as profitable as any-
tliing my farm would produce. A main object
has been always to have an abundant supply of
injlk for my men to drink in the summer season,
as well as for all other uses of the family, these
calls being various will not admit of a precise cal-
culation. Of late years I have had no regular op-
portunhy to sell all the siu-])lu9 ; part we have
made into butter and part disposed of otherwise.
Formerly we had a man call regularly for what
we had to spare, for which he paid never less than
12h cents a gallon, which affords data in part for
the qutmtity produced. In lookuig over the ac-

ount for 1819, 1820 and 1821, I find we delivered the land if otherwise rlisposed of. The cows I do
averaging the three years, 735 gallons a year. — ; not consider naturally above mediocrity ; if their
As to the quantity otherwise used and disposed of, profit is greater it is to' be attributed to good keep-

it must in some measure be conjecture ; 1 think I
am within bounds to say it could not average less
than 6 quarts a day, making 547 gallons a year.—
Total 1282 gallons at the moderate price of 12i
cents a gallon, amounts to $169 25, to which add
the proceeds of two calves, $15 33, gives .$175 58,
or $87 79 for each cow.

I have never observed particularly as to the
quantities given at the three divisions of time you
describe, but generally they vaiy very nuich from
each other ; they also vary very nuich in this jiar-
ticular according to the season of the year in
which they calve — for instance, if they calve ou
the 1st of December, the food for the first three
months will he hay, if in May, grass, which -jrill
vary much the quantity. Of my cows, the One
which goes dry the longest, (at least two montbs,)
gives the most milk on the whole ; the other wduld
give it the whole time did we continue to takje it
ii-om her ; the first also produces the best calf, and
is the most profitable cow. I

So various are the qualities of land of wliicli
farms are composed, also their location in regard
to a market for the produce, that no particular
rule will ap])ly to all. It does not admit of a
doubt vv-ith me, that farmers within a reasonable
distance of a market, will always be best rewaitled
by generous feeding, and I think the saine efiect
will generally follow.

As to the application of milk to butter and
cheese, I have no practical knowledge. The man-
ner of kee])ing my cows and the cost is as follows.
I have taken about three acres of mowing land,
which is always supplied with water, by a brook
passing at the foot of it. The cows are juit iutit
it, when the gi-ass is three or four inches, which is
about the 10th of May, varying a little according
to the seasons ; this affords a plenty of food till J
have cut the grass from an adjoining lot of about
two acres, and the grass ha.s again started to a
suitable heighth; I then change the jiasture, giving
lime for a further growth in the first, which is
again fed, and late in the autunm, for a month per-
haps, they are allowed to feed on other mowing
land and in these ways they get aU their food tor
six months. I calculate the cost as follows :
The three acres would produce 4 tons of Hay,
which I value, standing in the field, at eight
dollars a ton, .$32, $32 00

This pasture affords food for 17 weeks, tho re-
maining 9 weeks I value at $1.50 per week
for both cows,

which always insiu-es reward.
Very respectfully.

Your obedient servant.

HoM. Richard Sullivan.

The other six months I keep tliem almost wholly
upon rowen, which 1 estimate at 5 tons, and
value it, in the barn, at $10 per ton,

A little meal, at times most needed, 6 bushels in.
the whole, at 60 cents,

Green vegetables valued at the same.

1.3 50
45 50

$102 70
Taking this from the proceeds of the milk and calves,
which, as belbre stated, is $175 58, leaves $72 88 profit.
So that over and above what the produce of the
same land would bring, I gain a clear profit of
$72 88, which more than furnishes the ample sup-
ply for the use of my fannly.
To recapilulate. — The proceeds of two cows for

one year, $175 58

Deduct the cost of keepinj them the same time, 102 70

Balance, $72 83
being a net profit over the value of the produce of

REMARKS ON FRUIT AND FRUIT TREES^.

Continued from page 198.

The editor proceeds to consider ' upon what
principle the flavor of particular fruits may be im-
])roved, and deems all improvements ' entirely due
to the increased action of the vital functions of
leaves.' The nature of the stock does not, he ar-
gues, at all influence the flavor of the fruit of the
scion. ' Those who fancy, for instance, that the
quince, [used as a stock to the pear] cofmmlHi-
ites some portion of its austerity to the pear, can
sciucely have considered the question physiologi-
cally, or they would have seen that the whole of
the food communicated from the alburnum of the
quince to that of the pear is in nearly the same
slate as when it entered the roots of the former-
\Vhatcver elaboration it undergoes, must necessa-
rily take place in the fohage of the pear ; where,
far from the influence of the quince, secretions
natmal to the variety, go on with no more inter-
ru[)tions, than if the qinnce formed no ])art of the
individual.' The fluid or sap collected by the
iDoIs, when elaborated in the leaves, is so modi-
fied by the combined action of air, light and
evaporation, as to acquire the peculiar character
of the final secretions of the individual from
which it is formed. ' From these secretions,' as
discharged by the foliage into the system of the
j.lant, ' the fruit has the power of attracting such
|)ortions as are necessary for its maturation. Hence
it follows, that the more we can increase the pe-
culiar secretions of a plant, the higher will be-
come the quality of the fruits and vict versa.
Pruning and training, luidthc exposure of branches
to the most light in the gumiie.st aspects, promote
the former effect.'

The next subject considered is, ' the mode of
multiplying improved varieties of parts, so as to
continue in the progeny exactly the same qualities,
as existed in the parent.' Seeds will not perpetu*
ate a variety undeviatingly ; buds will. ' A plant
is really an animated body, composed of infinite
multitudes of systems of life ; all indeed, united
in a whole, but each having a power of emitting
descending fibres in the form of roots, and also of
ascending in the form of stem. The first of these
buds is the embryo [in a seed] ; the others are
subsequently formed on the stein emitted by the
embryo. As these secondary buds develope, their-
descending roots combine and form the wood,
their ascending stems give rise again to new buds.
These buds are all exactly like each other ; thejr
have the same constitution, the same organic
structure, iind the individuals they are capable of^
producing are, consequently, all identically the-
same ; allowance of course being made for sucjl-
accidental injuries or aherations tus they may sus-
tain during their subsequent growth. It is upon
the existence of such a remarkable physiological'
peculiarity in plants that propagation entirely de-.
pends ; an evident proof of which may Ije seen inn
this circumstance : take a cutting of a vine con-
sisting of the space which lies between two buds,l
an iuternodium, as botanists would call the piece.

Vol. X.-No. 2C.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

203

and no art will succeed in ever making it become a
new plant, however considerable the size ol'tlie in-
ternodimn may be. But, on the other hand, take the
bud of a vine, without any portion of the stem ad-
hering to it, and it will tlirow out stem and root,
and become a new plant immediately.' The vari-
ous modes of artificial propagation, such as in-
creasing by eyes, striking from cuttings, laying,
budding and grafting, ' all consist in the applica-
tion of these principles under various forms.' —
Increasing by eyes or buds is illustrated by the
above instances of the vine. Striking by cuttings
consists in placing a stem, bearing more buds than
one, ' in circuinstancos fit for the continuance of
life ;' and this method has an advantage over pro-
pagation by single buds, as ' the stem of the cut-
ting forms an important reservoir of nutriment'
for the buds it bears, until they can emit roots into
the soil to cater for themselves. That Inid which
is nearest the bottom of the cutting emits its roots
' first into the earth,' and a 'good operator always
takes care that the lower end of his cutting is
pared down as close to the base of the bed as may
be practicable, without actually destroying any
part of the bud itself: by this means the first
emitted roots, instead of having to find their way
downwards between the bark and wood, strike at
once into the earth, and become a natural channel
by which nvitriment is conveyed into the general
system of the cutting.'

' Layhig is nothing but striking from cuttings,
that are still allowed to rnaintain their connexion
with the mother plant, by means of a portion, at
least of their stem. Tongueing the layer, ' has the
effect of enabling the roots to be emitted into the
soil through the wound more readily than if they
had to pierce through the bark.'

Budding and Grafting. — Biulding differs from
grafting in this, that a portion of the stem is not
made to strike root on another stem ; but that on
the contrary, a bud deprived of all trace of the
woody part of a stem is introduced beneath the
bark of the stock, and there induced to strike root.
■■ In performing either of these operations, the
great point to be attended to is to secure the ex-
act contact of similar parts.'

Transplanting. — Tlie success of tliis important
operation, the writer conceives, may be proved to
depend exclusively upon these two conditions :
1. The preservation of the spongioles of the roots;
and 2. The prevention of excessive evaporation.
The spongioles are the extremities of the fibres,
and consist of bimdles of vessels surromided by
cellular tissue in a very lax spongy state. 'Plants
absorb all or nearly all of their fluids through
these spongioles, and, as the latter are exceedingly
delicate in their organization, their destruction will
be effected in exact proportion to the violence or
carelessness with which their transplantation is
performed. ' It is because of the security of the
spongioles from injury, when the earth is imdis-
turbed, that pLiuts reared in pots are transplanted
■with so much more success than if talcen iimnedi-
ately from the soil.' As every fibre is terminated
by a spongiole, cutting through the roots of large
trees to induce the formation of fibres, the year pre-
vious to removing them, contributes to successful
tiansplautiiig. ' When destroyed, the spongioles
are often speedily replaced, particularly in orchard
trees, provided a slight degree of gi-owth continues
to be maintained. This is one of the reasons why
trees removed in October succeed better than if
transplanted at any other time. The first impulse

<f nature, when thetree finds itself in a new situa-
tion, is to create new mouths by which to feed,
when the season for growing again returns.'

Evaporation. — The prodigious evaporation of
plants, is first attested by quotations from Hales,
Guettard, and Knight. A plant of sun-flower per-
spired seventeen times more than a man. — This
loss has all to be supplied by the moi.sture intro-
duced into the system by rhe spongioles ; and
hence if the spongioles are destroyed, and evapo-
ration takes place before they can be replaced, a
plant must necessarily die. From this principle
arises the impracticability of transplanting decidu-
ous trees when in leaf. Hence also ' certain ev-
ergreens can be transplanted in almost all months ;
this arises from their perspiration being much less
copious than in deciduous trees, wherefore the
spongioles have less difficulty in supplying the
los.s occasioned by it.'

In damp or wet weather this evaporation is
least ; in hot dry weather it is greatest. ' Con-
fonnalily with these conditions, and consistently
witli the foregoing prmciple, it is, that deciduous
l)laiits, if taken from the ground in summer, are
put into pots, and put in a hot bed to recover ; not
for the sake of the heat, but because the atmos-
phere of a hot bed is so charged with humidity
that perspiration cannot go on, so that the vital
energies of the plant, instead of being wasted by
evaporation are directed to the formation of new
months by which to feed.'

CULTURE OP INDIAN CORN.
Mr Smith : Dresden, June 1, 1831.

Indian corn being an important production of our
soil, and extensively grown by our farmers, it is de-
sirable that vre should attain the mode of cultivating
it, at the same time most easy and most productive.
To contribute something to this end, I shall make
some observations on the best mode of cultivating
this grain, and point out some errors into which I con-
ceive many of our farmers have fallen with regard to
it. To ascertain the proper mode of culture for any
plant it is necessary to examine into its nature and
qualities, and the kind of soil to which it is best
adapted, and we should proceed accordingly. The
wart of proper attention to this rule has produced
much wild theory and bad practice in agriculture.
The corn plant requires a loose alluvial soil to bring
it to its greatest perfection, we should therefore in
preparing ground for its reception render it as light
and mellow as possible, ploughing as deep as the
nature of the soil will admit; harrowing the ground
previous to planting is advantageous in hard cloddy
soils, but is not generally necessary. The seed
should be deposited in furrows struck as deep as the
ground is ploughed, and lightly covered with loose
earth, if too much earth is thrown upon it there is
danger of its rotting in cold wet weather, which
sometimes succeeds the season of planting. By this
mode of planting the plants are more firmly fixed in
the earth, the roots striking deep draw a greater sup-
ply of nourishment to support them, they are Uke-
wise more secure from drought which often proves
very destructive to the corn crop, the stalks will not
generally grow as tall as those which are planted su-
perficially, but are thicker and stronger and produce

larger ears. The best process of cultivation is, that
which will preserve a level surface, and most effec-
tually destroy the weeds. This is most effectually
done by drawing a large harrow over the rows, (the
depth of the furrows will preserve the plants from
injury) the weeds should be carefully removed, and
the furrows filled up around the plants as they be-
come large enough to bear it. If this operation is
well done, (and much of the success of the crop de-
pends upon its being so) one ploughing will be suffi-
cient ; in doing this the earth should be thrown to the
corn, but care should he taken not to ridge it, which
is very injurious, as it carries oft' the rain from the
corn which requires a plentiful supply of moisture,
especially when earing.

Many farmers pursue a quite different course, just
skimming the surface, and planting their seed almost
on the top of the ground ; the consequence is that the
roots, unable to penetrate the hard earthjbeneath, af-
ford but little sustenance to the plants which run up
spindling, and being often exposed to drought, yield
but a scanty crop ; this may be often seen by exam-
ining the outer rows of corn where the ground could
not be well ploughed. What seems to have led to
this practice is the cultivation of new ground where
it could not be ploughed deep, the strength of the
soil produces abundantly with any kind of culture.
The superficial farmer continues skimming the sur-
face until it becomes exhausted, when supposing the
land worn out he abandons it to wiser cultivators.

Another error which some practise is so abused as
almost to carry with it its own confutation, this is to
plough so deep as to cut and mangle the roots of corn
with the idea of making it produce better. This
causes what is called fired corn, that is, the blades
wither and die before it is fully ripe.

Though I conceive the above observations to be
supported by reason, they are somewhat the result ot
experience, the best proof of theory. I once planted
in the same field with some who ploughed shallow,
while my part was broken up beam deep and furrow-
ed with the plough one after the other in the same
furrow; the conseqnence was that I had a better crop
than they, with much less labor, and I am convinced
that every similar trial would produce a similar re-
sult. A Western Farmer.

Save your Ashes. — -It is now a wpH attested fact
that the fine ashes of Schuylkill coal will make an
excellent fire if made into balls of the consistence
of thick mortar. A friend of mine showed me a
fire last evening which had been burning six houi s,
made principally of these ash balls, which was
then as good and as warm a fire as it would have
been if he had made it of coal. The manner in
which these balls are made is as follows: mix the
water with the fine ashes of the coal, and then
make them into balls about the size of an egg, let
the grate be half full of coal, and fill it with these
balls, then jiut on the blower, and in a few minutes
it will be in a blaze and make a good fire.— ^Wort-
ing Man's Advocate.

A Chand)ersburgh paper asks — ' May not our
dreadful iiifluenza be the dreaded cholera of Eu-
rojie, in a modified form ? VVhat say the physi
cians ?'

204

NEW ENGLAND FAR^^IER,

Jan. 11, 1832.

DR FISKE'S ADDRESS.

Concludod I'roni page 197.

Tlius,_by the exertions of public spirited imli-
vidiials, and the operation of the mental machinery
embodied iu our agricultural and other popidar
societies, we have already attained au elevated
standing, and may soon compete vt^ith any country
of similar soil, climate and population. Having
conducted my auditory to this commanding height,
it will doubtless be gratifying to our love of coun-
try, and national pride, to make it an observatory
from whence we may descry the first footsteps,
and trace the courses of our early progress.

The science of agriculture, in our country, is
necessarily of modern origin. Our Pilgrim fathers
did not, like their descendants, explore a wilder-
ness for a more congenial climate, or more fruit-
ful soil — but to plant the seeds and enjoy the
fruits of civil liberty and religion — a better inher-
itance to their children, and legacy to their pos-
terity, than all the riches and cultivated posses-
sions they abandoned in the old world, or could
hope to acquire in the new. This hallowed en-
terprise gave beauty to a sterile soil, on a bleak
and dreary coast, iu the depths of a rugged win-
ter. It infused tranquility and joy amid the roar-
ing of the elements, and tJie more hideous din of
these first disturbed, and prior occu])ants of the
wilderness. Had their ex])edition emanated from
any secular views, this disheartening s])ectacle of
the country, presented at tin ir first laiiiling, woidd
have driven them back in des|)air, leaving not even
their dead to possess it ! Thanks to a sustaining
Providence fpr their unconquerable zeal to estab-
Ush on eartli a heavenly inheritance. This, in the
form of civil and religious institutions they have
transmitted, with the soil, to bless and sustain an
empire which they founded.

Doubtless many of our progenitors brought with
them a competent knowledge of husbandry. But
the display of agricultural skill is only to be ex-
emplified on permanent possessions, in a season of
])ubhc tranquility. Its great efforts are to be known
only iu fertile and populous regions, where the
soil is tasked to sustain au undue accumulation of
inliabitants.

When our ancestors had I tcome suflicicntly
potent to carry a war of extermination into the
territories of their savage foe, with a foresight
cliaracteristic of their descendants, they cast a
scrutinizing eye upon the soil, with the lurking
hope of possession. This resulted in their occu-
pancy of the rich valley of the Connecticut, and
other fertile regions which they traversed.

Farms were laid out, and iu a manner cultiva-
ted. But in the early period of their establisli-
luent, the best system of husbandry could not be
adopted, if known, until experience had tested the
capacity of a new soil, and its congeniality to pro-
ductions for tlie various uses to which they were
to be applied.

The art of husbandry has beeu preserved through
tlie dark ages, and most cultivated in the enlight-
ened, by the clerical profession. The Norman
clergy, particularly the monks, after the conquest
of England, were greater improvers than any oth-
er class ; and the lands of the church were con-
spicuous for their superior cultivation. It was so
much the custom of the monks of this period, to
assist in the cultivation of the lands, especially in
seed time, haying, and harvest, that the famous
Thomas Becket, after he was Archbishop of Can-
terbury, was accustomed to go out to the fields

with the moidis of the monasteries, where he ha)i-
pened to reside, and assist iu rea])ing their grain,
and maliing their hay. This is a trait of the mod-
ern clergy, and arises alike from their superior
improvement. In our history of agriculture, in
New England more especially, it will be perceived,
also, that the spirit of husbandry, like the vestal
flame, has been preserved, or enkindled, through
the instrumentahty of the priests.

The Rev. Mr Elliot, I apprehend, was tlio first
and best practical farmer found in the country, at
his day. His system of husbandry, proljaldy the
oldest American production on agricidture, is not
only venerated for its antiquity, but quoted as an
oracle whose responses are adapted to most of the
inquiries of the present period.

' No work upon the subject of agriculture has
perhaps ever been published in the United Sta<es,
which has sustained so great, and so well-founded
reputation, as Dr Dean's New England Farmer, or
Georgical Dictionary. — And its being adai)ted to
our own soil and climate, must give it a decided
advantage, in point of practical utility, to the
American cultivator over foreign publications.' —
A third edition, much enlarged and improved,
was published in 1822. This is the production
of a Clergyman.

One of the oldest Societies of this Common-
wealth for the promotion of agricidture. Was
founded by the Clergy of Brookfield, Charlton,
Western and NiwluainU'ee, assisted by some of
their public spirited p.uisliioners. Public meetings
were holden for the furtherance of the object, in
these towns alternately. At one of them I had the
honor and gratification to deliver my first agricul-
tural address. This association gave a spirit ai\d
impetus to the system of farming, which was soon
apparent, and is still progressive. Essays were
furnished by members, and published in some of
the early numbers of the Massachusetts Repository
of Husbandry. This Society was in operation until
the general one of the county superceded its use.

One of the earUest premimns from the Massa-
chusetts Society for promoting agriculture, was
awarded to the late Rev. Mr Holcomb of Sterling,
for the best crop of wheat. The Rev. Dr Crane
of Northbridge, has for many years relinquishi-d a
portion of the small compensation for his parochial
services, to enjoy a better independence, if not a
more successful culture, on the abundant produc-
tions of his little farm.

It was generally observable through the conn-
try, until within a few years, that the clergyman
of the town, or ])arish, was the best farmer within
its limits. This was not only conspicuous on his
farm, but in the arrangements of his liomestead.
The fact, if not already explained, admits of easy
solution.

This order of men were generally more scien-
tific than the most of their parishioners. Tliere
were few lawyers to take the lead, at that day, in
any commendable work — and the physician, not of
the learned profession, was lield in respect for no
quality, except the all-sufficient one, of having
been horn a doctor. The clergy, of whom I am
now speaking, usually possessed small, but good
farms. They had the means of obtaining such in-
formation from books, or otherwise, as woidd af-
ford them aid in their practical avocations. Hav-
ing this foundation, they are stimulated by a laiula-
ble incentive. They have been proverbial for
their obedience to an early command ; and their
calling restrains them from becoming ' worse than

au infidel.' Under these circumstances, they feel
the necessity of husbanding their resources arising,
generally, from their inadequate salaries ; and of
making the most of them, by the assistance of their
T/oi(Hg uperatives, in causing their farms to be pro-
ductive iu the ratio of their families. This neces-
sary and delightful occupation need be no impedi-
ment to their parochial duties. While it imparts
health to the frame, it gives vigor to the mind. It
renih IS the minister a pattern to the people on his
f'iiiiH, wliilc it Ijetter prepares him for the more in-
teresting and prior duties of the pulpit.

I am aware that this fascinating employment
may become inordinate, and engrossing, and usurp
too nmch of that time which ought to be devoted
to the religious instruction, and moral improve-
ment of the people. That the dearth of healthy
and palatable nourishment, where they have been
accustomed to find it adnunistered, may induce
the flock to remain in their folds, or to stray into
belter pastures. This, though a rare perversion,
caiuu)t be too severely rebuked.

I have dwelt on the connection between good
farming and good preaching perhaps longer than
may have been useful, to illustrate my position,
tliat science is essential to the character of a good
farmer,

I may be permitted to speak gratefully and af^
fectionately of this order of men, having derived
my jmrentage from one of this class, and find a
covert from many of the ills of life, by an early
ai)j)rcnticeship on his farm. Under so competent
an instructer, I imbibed a taste for rural occupa-
tions, and some experience of their practical ap-
plication. I cannot be too thankful to a benefi-
cent Providence, that my lot was cast under cir-
cumstances so propitious, for the knowledge of an
employment whicli was the best substitute to our
progenitors for their loss of Paradise ; and the
best solace to their posterity for the miseries they
entailed ! This sustains me under all reverses ;
more especially, in the deprivation of a faculty,
which I once valued as the source of tlie best en-
joyments of social life. In my rural occupations,
I hold communion witli natm-e, and enjoy its de*
lights ; and often iu nmte precepts, acquire more
wisdom from the material creation, than could have
been ini])ai1ed from an intercourse with the intel-
lectual world.

In this pleasing employment, it requires but
faint picturing of the imagination to conceive my-
self the principal of a juvenile establishment, where
goml habits are to be formed, and wrong propen-
sities corrected, by the controlling discipline of the
master. Here are the infant and Primary Schools,
in this Assylum, for the deaf and dimd), in their
successive gradations, up to the period of maturi-
ty, when they are transplanted, a blessing and or-
nament to the world, by their futiu-e productions.

Enjoying this refuge and comfort for my dechn-
ing years, you will pennit me to press on your
consideration the importance of combining a rural
with the mechanical and intellectual education of
your children. This will afford them a resort,
when riches and honors fail. A healthful exer-
cise promotes a cheei-ful mind. In this retreat, the
rust of indolence, so wasteftd to life, and the can-
ker of all its enjoyments, will be kept from accu-
mulating and corroding by constant attrition. —
Here, soUtude will offer attractions, when society
has ceased to charm. In this sanctuary, the mind
is both harmonized and inured to ' look through
Nature, up to Nature's GOD.'

Vol. X. — IVo. 26.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

205

FfOiu the Fruoral Housewife.

PUDDINGS.

Bailed Indian Pudding. — Indian pudding is
good l)ak(!d. Scjild a quart of millc, (skimmed
milk will do,) and stir in seven table spoonfuls of
sifted Indian meal, a tea-spoonful of salt, a tea-
cupful of molasses, and a great spoonful of ginger,
or sifted cinnamon, Balied three or four hours.
If you want whey, you must be sure and pour in
a little colli milk, after it is all mixed.

Boiltd Indian Pudding. — Indian pudding should
be boiled four or five hours. Sifted Indian meal
and -warm milk should be stirred together pretty
sUfE. A little salt, and two or three great spoon-
fuls of molasses, added ; a spoonful of ginger, if
you like tliiit spice. Boil it in a tight covered pan,
or a very thick cloth ; if the water gets in, it will
ruin it. Leave plenty of room ; for Indian swells
very much. The milk with wliich you mix it
should be merely warm ; if it be scalding, the
pudding will break to pieces. Some people chop
sweet suet fine, and warm in the milk ; others'
warm thin slices of sweet apple to be stirred into
the pudding. Water will answer instead of milk

Flour or Batter Pudding. — Conmion flour pud-
ding, or batter pudding, is easily made. Those
who live in the country can beat up five or six
eggs with a quart of milk, and a little salt, with
flour enough to make it just thick enough to pour
without ditficulty. Those who live in the city,
and are obliged to buy eggs, can do with three
eggs to a quart, and more flour in proportion. —
Boil about three quarters of an hour.

Bread Pudding. — A nice pudding may be made
of bits of bread. They should be crumbled and
soaked in milk over night. In the morning, beat
up three eggs wth it, add a little salt, tie it uj) in
a bag, or in a pan that will exclude every drop of
water, and boil it little more than an hour. No
piuldings shoidd be put into the pot, till the water
boils. Bread prepared in the same way makes
good plum puddings. Milk enough to make it
quite soft ; four eggs ; a little cinnamon ; a spoon-
ful of rose-water, or lemon-brandy, if you have it ;
a tea-cupful of molasses, or sugar to your taste, if
you prefer it ; a few dry, clean raisins, sprinkled
in, and stirred up thoroughly, is all that is neces-
sary. It should bake or boil two hours.

Rennet Pudding. — If your husband brings home
company when you are luiprepared, rennet pud-
ding may be had at five minutes' notice ; provided
you keep a piece of calf's rennet ready prepared
soaking in a bottle of wine. One glass of this
wine to a quart of milk will make a sort of cold
custard. Sweetened with white sugar, and spiced
with nutmeg, it is very good. It should be eaten
immediately ; in a few hours it begins to curdle.

Custard Puddings. — Custard puddings suffi-
ciently good for common use can be made with
five eggs to a quart of milk, sweetened with brown
sugar, and spiced with cinnamon, or nutmeg, and
very Uttle salt. It is well to boil your milk, and
set it away till it gets cold. Boiling milk enriches
it so nnich, that boiled skim-milk is about as good
as new milk. A little cinnamon, or lemon peel,
or peach leaves, if you do not dishke the taste,
boiled in the milk, and afterwards strained from
it, give a pleasant flavor. Bake fifteen or twenty
minutes.

Rice Pudding. — If you want a common rice

it in to boil When the water is cold. Wash i(, tie
it in a bag, leave plenty of room for it to swell,
throw it in when the water boils, and let it boil
about an hour and a half. The same sauce answers
for all tliese kinds of puddings. If you have rice
left cold, break it up in a little warm milk, pour
custard over it, and bake it as long as you should
custard. It makes very good puddings and pies.
Bird's JVest Pudding. — If you wish to make
what is called ' bird's nest puddings,' prepare your
custard, — take eight or ten pleasant ai)])les, pare
them, and dig out the core, but leave them whole,
set them in a pudding dish, pour your custard
over them, and bake them about thirty minutes.

From Cobbett's Advice lo Young Men.

MARRIED .LIFE.

A bare glance at the thing shows that a farmer,
above all men living, can never carry on his affairs
with profit without a wife, or a mother, or a daugh-
ter, or some person. To be sure a wife woidd
cause some trouble, perhaps to this yoimg
man. There may be the doctor and the nurse to
gallop after at midnight ; there might be, and there
ought to be, if called for, a little complaining of
late hours ; but what are these, and all the other
troubles that could attend a married life, what are
they, compared to the one single circumstance of
the want of a wife at your bedside during one
single night of illness ! A nurse ! what is a nurse
to do for you ? Will she do the tilings that a wife
will do ? Will she watch your looks and motions
and your half uttered wishes ? Will she use the
urgent persuasions so often necessary to save life
in such cases ? Will she by her acts convince
you that it is not a toil, but a delight, to break her
rest for your sake ? In short, now it is that you
find that what women themselves say is strictly
true, namely, that without wives men are poor help-
less mortals.

As to the expense, there is no comparison be-
tween that of a woman servant and a wife, in the
house of a farmer or a tradesman. The wages
of the former is not the expense ; it is the want of
a common interest with you : and this you can
obtain in no one but a wife. But there are the
children. I for my part firmly believe that a
farmer, married at twentyfive, and having ten
children during the first ten years, woidd be able
to save more money during these years, than a
bachelor of the same age would be able to save,
on the same farm, in a like space of time, he
keeping only one maid servant. One single fit of
sickness of two months' duration, might sweep
away more tlian all the children would cost in the
whole ten years, to say nothing of the continual
waste and pillage, and the idleness, going on from
the first day of the ten years to the last.

Besides, is the money all ? What a life to lead !
No one to talk with without going froin home, or
without getting some one to come to you ; no
friend to sit and talk to ; no pleasant evenings to
pass ! Noliody to share with you your sorrows or
your pleasures ; no soid having a common interest
with you ; all aroimd you taking care of them-
selves, and no care of you ; no one to cheer you
in moments of depression ; to say all in a word, no
one to love you, and no prospect of ever seeing
any such one to the end of your days. For, as to
parents and brethren, if you have them, they have
other and very different ties ; and, however lauda

It does very well in bantering song* to say that
a bachelor's life is ' devoid of care.' My observa-
tion tells me the contrary, and reason concurs, in
this regard, with experience. When he quits his
home, he carries with him cares that are unknown
to the married man. If, indeed, like tiie <'onnnon
soldier, lie have merely a lodging place, and a bun-
dle of clothes given in charge to some one, he may
be at his ease ; but, if he possesses anything of a
horup, he ia never sure of its safety ; and this un-
certainty is a great enemy to cheerfulness ; and as
to efficiency in life, how is the bachelor to equal
the married.' In the case of the farmers and
tradesmen, the latter have so clearly the advantage
over the former, that one need hardly insist upon
the point ; but it is and must be the same in all
situations in life. To provide for a wife and chil-
dren is the greatest of all spurs to exertion. —
Many a man naturally prone to idleness has be-
come active and industrious when he saw a
family around him ; many a dull sluggard has
become, if not a bright man, at least a bustUng
man, when roused to exertion by his love. In-
deed, if a man will not exert himself for tlie
sake of a wife and children, he can have no ex-
ertion in hini ; or he must be dead to all the dic-
tates of nature.

Our Children can do as we did. — Dr told

me, that when the schoolmaster went to one of
the families, the man treated the schoolmaster po-
litely, but could not encourage him : but the good
wife said, ' I have no notion of these schoolmas-
ters ; it is only to make money. I know as nuich
as most people do; and when I was young, a
schoolmaster came round, and I was signed for a
(piartor, and I went two or three days, and I did
not know one bit more than I did before I went,
and then } was signed to the singing school, and 1
went two or three days, and I did not know ojie
bit more than I did before, and I reckon I know
as much as most people, who go to these schools,
and our children can do as we did.'

From East India Papers.
An extra nmnber of the India Gazette, which
we have unfortimately mislaid, contains a long
and friendly notice of Dr Bowditch's translation of
La Place. Some mortification is expressed, that
the work should have come from Boston, in North
America, instead of Cambridge, in England. —
' Why is it,' the reviewer asks, ' that British math-
ematicians should have so tamely allowed this
glory to be snatched from their hands.'

The Hobart-Town (Van Diemen's Land) Cou-
rier celebrates a radish, 'as thick as a stout man's
thigh, and from ten to eleven feet high.'

Infant Schools have been established at tiie
British Colony in South Africa.

It is a proof at once of the imiversality of the
press and of the English language, tliat the same
discussions on the question of parliamentary re-
tbrm, which have circulated throughout the United
Kingdom and Nortli America, are also finding their
way through India in the Calcutta gazettes. —
Salem Gazette.

ble your feelings as son and brother, those feel-
pudding to retain its flavor, do not soak it, or put ' ings are of a very diflTerent character.

Most Unfortunate. — The insurance of Mrs
Staats, of Buffalo, whose loss is estimated at
.$10,000 by the late fire, expired at 12 o'clock of
the very day on which the conflagration occurred
in the afternoon!

206

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. II, 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jan. 11, 1832.

BLACK OAK, YELLOW OAK, &c.

We have received a long communication on tlie
above, and some other subjects, from our Ports-
mouth correspondent " A. R." which contains useful
information, blended with matter, which cannot be
interesting to our readers, and is therefore omilted.
Mr. A. R. accuses Mr. E. of inaccuracy, be-
cause the latter says " What is called the Yellow
Oak in this vicinity, is the common Black Oak."
What I call the Vellow Oak, is a species or variety,
that does not appear black in any case, but has the
same yellow of the Black Oak, when examined.
The Black Oak is peculiar to light, bushy, hilly,
rocky, poor, sandy soils. They are intermixed with
other species of oak, walnut, &c. Sometimes they
are among the Pitch Pine. They are very speedy
in their growth, when young, even in the poorest
soils. They seldom attain to a large size, neither
are they long lived. They have a fine bark, and
assume their hue at an early stage. Tlicy are the
only oak, which produce what is called the Oak
Apple, which is the most curious thing in nature. —
They are tolerably good timber, for many uses,
but not so durable as the White Oak. If cut and
used green, when in a vigorous state of growing,
they are the best fuel of any within my knowledge.
They burn free and bright, and give great heat. A
stick will outlast four of walnut of the same size.
Their acorns are from 4 to 4 the size of the White
Oak acorns.

" The Yellow Oak is generally found on better
soils, having more frequently the white and red
oaks for their neig-hbours. They attain to a large
size, not unlike the red, are seldom found with so
large a trunk, but are quite as tall, and less branch-
ed. Their timber is similar to the black oak. Their
outward appearance in the same forest is so simila,-
to the red oak, that I have found it impossible, in
selecting them for timber, to distinguish them from
the red, only by bruising and cutting the bark,
when the inside is found yellow, but of not quite so
hio-h a tinge as the black oak. Their acorns are
about half the size of the black oak, more flat, are
covered more with the cup shell, out of which they
seldom fall. The latter described resemble the
Grey Oak of Maine, which are very frequent there,
and are much used in ship building. The bark of
the Black Oak, and that of the Yellow Oak, have
their similar worth for tanning and colouring. A.
R. then cautions against the use of the Swamp
Sumac, which he says is poisonous.

As respects the supposed difference between
Black Oak and Yellow Oak, we will observe that
they are varieties of the same species, viz. the
Qiterciis tinctoria, [coloring oak) of Michaux. This
is one of the most important of our forest trees, as it
produces an article of commerce called Quercitron,
much used in Europe, in dying, staining, &,c. but
we believe not so well known, nor its merits so
highly appreciated in the U. States. In the 95th
year of George III. Dr Edward Bancroft obtained
an act of the British Parliament, giving him an ex-

clusive right " of the use and application of certain
vegetables for dying" &c. In the specification of
Dr Bancroft's claim for his exclusive right, three
different sorts of vegetable substances are mention-
ed, viz: the barks of the Yellow Oak, alias Black
Oak, [Quercits tinrtoi-ia) the Walnut, (Juglans
alhaj, and the Red Mangrove, (Rizophora mangle).
In giving a description of the » ellow Oak, Dr. Ban-
croft says, " The first is a species of oak," growing
spontaneously on the continent of North America,
and particularly within the thirteen United States,
in some of which, particularly in the Massachusetts
Bay, it is commonly called Yellorv Oak, and in
otliers, particularly in Pennsylvania Bluck Oak,
being that species, which in the writings of the cele-
brated Carolus Linnicus is termed Qverctts tiigra,
(Black Oakj. The bark of this oak is the part most
useful in giving color ; it is very rough, and of a
dark brown or black color on the outside, and of a
light yellowish brown within ; and may be distin-
guished from the bark of all other oaks, with which
I am acquainted, by the following circumstance or
effects, viz. if boiled in water, its decoction becomes
yellow by the addition of alum ; or if, instead of
alum, a suitable quantity of green vitriol, or other
solution of iron, by some other mineral or vegeta-
ble acid be added, it produces a kind of olive, or
olive brown colour, instead of a black, which would
be produced by the decoction of, any other kind of
oak, known to me. There are several vaneties of
this species of oak, — all agree with it in giving a
yellow color by the help of alum, and I claim the
exclusive right of dying,&c. of all the oaks possess
ing that property, &c.

The bark above mentioned was named by Dr
Bancroft Quercitron bark, from the latin words ijufr-
cus (oak) and citrina (yellow). It has become an
article of commerce, of great use in Great Britain,
and is we believe, as regularly placed on prices cur-
rent as flour or potash.

Michaux's North American Sylva describes and
gives plates of 29 different species of oaks, found in
the U. S. and an additional catalogue of a number
more, which are not figured. He describes what
he calls the Yellow oak-, {(liiercus prinus acuminata)
but says ' the banks of the Delaware may be as-
sumed as the Northern climate of the Yellow Oak'
He says nothing of the different varieties of the
Black Oak, or coloring oak, but there are varieties
and it would be well if some man of science would
trace and describe them, and ascertain their rela-
tive value both for coloring and fuel. If A. R. does
not mistake, when he asserts that a stick of Black
Oak will outlast four of walnut, and burn free and
bright, this oak must deserve cultivation for fuel as
well as its other good properties.

Michaux in describing the black alias Yellow Oak
says ' From the cellular integuments of the Black
Oak is obtained the quercitron, of which great use
is made in dying wool, silk, and paper hangings.
According to several authors who have written on
this subject, and among others Dr Bancroft, to
whom we are indebted for this discovery, one part
of quercitron yields as much coloring matter as
eight or ten parts of wood. Ths decoction is of a

brownish yellow, which is rendered deeper by an
alkali, and lighter by acids. A solution of alum
causes a small portion of the coloring matter to fall
in a deep red precipitate of a bright hue.

'To dye wool it is sufficient to boil the quercitron
with an equal weight of alum: in dipping the stuff",
the deepest shade is given first, and afterwards the
straw color: to animate the tint the stuff" may be
passed, in coming out of the dye, through water t
whitened with a little washed chalk. A brighter .
color hi obtained by means of solution of tin. Quer-
citron may be substituted for woad, in giving all the
shades of yellow to silk : the proportion is one part
by weight to twelve parts of silk. In the advertise-
ments of Philadelphia for February, 1808, this sub-
stance is rated at 40 dollars a ton, and from that
city chiefly it is exported to Europe.'

American Silk.— Mr 1). M. Russell, of Plymouth,
N. H., has sent to the Farmer office a beautiful
specimen of sewing silk, manufactured at Plymouth,
N. H. by Mrs William Green. The latiUide of Ply-
mouth is fortythree degrees, fortyfive minutes, thir-
tyone seconds north. This proves that our climate
is not too cold, as some have supposed, for this
valuable article, which we hope will yet be a sta-
ple commodity in the Northern as well as in the
Southern States.

BRIGHTON MARKET FOR THE YEAR 1831.
First quarter ending March 28.
5207 Hcef Cattle, estimated sales, 186,452 00

3SI6 Stores, ' ' 7,920 00

9IH0 Sliei-p, ' ' 22,900 00

2lOii Swine, ' ' 8959 00

$226,231 00
Second quarter, ending June 27.
2^ili Beff Cattle, estimated sales, 100,836 00

■140 Slores ' ' 8,800 00

5S04 .Sheep ' ' 11,603 00

2f<70 Swine ' ' 12,227 50

$133,471 50

Thinl quarter, emling Sept. 26.
5610 Hcef Cattle, estijnated sales, 185,130 00

4300 Stores • ' 61,900 00

30229 Sheep, ' ' 67,879 38

5767 Swine ' ' 18,742 75

$332,652 13
Fourth quarter, ending Dec. 26.

20304 Beef Cattle, estimated sales, 507,600 00

10364 Stores, ' ' 126,368 00

33460 Sheep ' ' 66,920 00

16126 Swine ' ' 46,441 00

$747,329 01)

Beef Cattle,
Stores,
Sheep
Swine

^ECAPlTUl-ATION.

3.S922 980,018 00

15400 204,988 00

844.53 160,307 38

26871 86,370 25

Whole No. 160646 $1,440,693 63

1830— Beef Cattle, 37767
Stores, 13(585

Sheep, 132697
Swine, 19039 .^dv. and Patriot.

To Correspondents.

We are compelled to omit this week several able
communications, among which are Judge Elfl's valiia-
hle tabic of Pears— an article from Doct. Peck of Fox-
horough, on the late fatal epidemic among horses — fur-
ther remarks on ilitferent breeds of Live Stock — on the
Holly, as a plant for Hedges, &c. &c.

Vol. X.— No. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

207

Sweet Herbss &c.

FOR sale at tlie New England Seed store, 52, North
Miirket street — The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized,
ami packed in tin canriisters for domestic use, viz ;

Sweet Miujo-um, 37^ cts — Thyme, 33 cts — Summer
Savory, 2i cis — Sage, 17 cts, — per cannister. Also —
Black Currant Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 cts per
bottle. Tomato Ketcljup, 37i cts per bottle. janll

Wanted,

TWO or three copies of the 1st, 2d and 3d volumes of the
New England Fanner, for which a fair price will be paid
- — Apply at this office. janll

Elegant Camellia Japonicas & Bonquets.

THE Subscriber, Gardener to John Prince, Esq. at
Jamaica Plains, can furnish a constant supply of elegant
Bouquets — also superb double flowers of white, and sev-
eral other sorts of Catnellia Japonicas, at prices lower
than in former years. Also — very superior Mushrooms,
and a great variety of Green-House plants.

THO'S MASON.

Jamaica Plains, Jan. 10, 1832.

Grape Cuttings, &c.

WILLIAM PRINCE &. SONS, near New Yolk, offer
■for sale the following :

30,000 cuttings of the Isabella, Alexander, or Schuylkill
Muscadel, Catawba, Winne, Herbemont's Madeira, Bland,
Elsingburg, Elkton, Worthington, White Fox, Lufbor-
ough, Lon>;'s Arkansas, Missouri, Muncy, Norton's Vir-
ginia Seedling, Scuppernong, York Madeira, and other
native and foreign Crape Vines, at reasonable rates.

Scions of Fiuit Trees for ingrafting, which can now be
sent with safety to any part of the Union, will be supplied
— of all the various kinds.

Above 150 varieties of Double Dahlias, including the
New Anemone flowered, and Dwarf varieties, and also
several WJiite flowering varieties.

500 New Chinese Mulberry or Morus multicaulis, so
superior for silk worms.

500 lbs. Seed of the Locust tree, of the Long Island va-
riety, so noied for ship timber.

Orders for these arlicles, or for Fruit Trees, Flowering
Shrubs and Plants, Green House Trees and Plants, Bul-
bous Flower Roots, &c. will receive the utmost attentioi.
Orders can he sent by mail — and Catalogues will be sejit
gratis to all those who desire them.

Flushing, N. Y. Jan. 5, 1S32. 2w

A Gardener Wanted.

WANTED, a Gardener, who can bring good recommen-
dations ol his industry, sobriety and honesty. No one
need apply who has so high an opinion of himself, as not
to be willing to lollow without complaint 0/ scruple th
directions given to him, as it is not my intention to hire
a master over myself Good wages and kind treatmeiil
will be given, but entire obedience is expected in return
JOHN LOWELL.

Boston, Jan. 2, 1832. tf

Historical Parallels.

JUST published by Lilly & Wait, Historical Paril-
lels. Vol. 1 — being No. 20 of the Library of Entertaining
Knowledge, price 40 cts. Each No. contains more that
200 pages, and numerous engravings on wood, beautiful'
ly executed.

Lilly & Wait have also now preparing for press, and
will speedily publish — The New American Clerk's
Magazine, containing the most useful and necessary
Forms of Writing, which commonly occur between nun
and man; — and that will be found equally necessary and
convenient for the farmer, the mechanic, the clerk, the
apprentice, the merchant, the lawyr, and for every
man, of whatsoever occupation, who has any inleres; in
ordinary business transactions. Calculated for the use
of the citizens of the United States, and made conlorma-
ble to law. jan 3

Tea Wheat.

A FEW bushels of this very valuable variety of sprirg
Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russel's
Seed Store, No. 50i North Market street, from the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as the supply is small, and many were disip-
pointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
•was discovered in a chest of tea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1823, from which the present variety has beer
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. x, page 105 — am
•vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TRADERS in the country, who may wish to keep an a.s-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 50^ North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flower Seeds will be added oii the same
terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different sorts.

ITf'The seeds vended at tliis establishment, are put up
on ai\ improved plan, each package being accompanied
with nhort directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style.— Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

PRICES OK COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Cobbett's Advice to Young Men, &c.

JUST received and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed
Store, No. 50^ North Market Street, Boston—

.\dvice to Young Men, and (incidentally) to Young
Women, in the Middle and Higher Ranks of Life ; in a
series of Letters addressed to a Youth, a Bachelor, a
Lover, a Husband, a Citizen, or a subject. By William
Cobbett. Price 50 cents.

Also — A Ride of eight hundred miles in France, con-
taining a sketch of the agriculture, &c, of the country.
By J. P. Cobbett. Price 50 cents.

One copy only, just received from London, of Loudon's
Encyclopedia of Gardening, with many bundled wood
engiavings; new edition, greatly enlarged and improv-
ed. Price $11,00. Dec. 28.

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street—

A small lupply of fresh and genuine While Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Sl.ort directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Ammunition.

OF the 6es< quality ai.o JoHiesf /irices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
6; Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo retvnueu Jan. 1

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, ^c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. [CrWatfhes repaired and warranted.

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Black Currant Wine.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 ^
52 r<orth Market Street, Boston — •

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Prince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol. 5, page 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin states :
' Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
the early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, alter the
symptoms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
ceased It has been strikingly remedial in the low states
of typhoid and bilious fever. The late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years loTlowed the Eatavia trade, and
who had always sulfered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human life in that climate,
used to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not room to enu-
merate m.my other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for n.any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle.

Apples, russeltings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort,
Be.\ns, white, ....
Beef, mess

prime, ....

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk,
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay,

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality.

Lime,

Pl.4ister Paris retails at

Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern,

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, ^ths, washed,

Merino, half blood,

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed, .

Pulled superfine, .

1st Lambs,

2d, " ...

3d, " • • .

1st Spinning, .

barrel

3 00

ton

112 00

"

125 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 00

7 ,.

"

7 0(1

pound

ii;

''

6

bushel

1 12

barrel

5 87

"

6 31

"

5 75

"

5 50

bushel

70

"

67

"

95

'•

1 12

"

48

cwt.

65

"

9 60

"

1100

cask

1 00

ton

3 00

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

" ,

13 00

bushel

2 00

"

67

pound

8

cwt.

10 00

pound

58

"

65

"

52

"

48

"

45j

"

42

'•

62

53

40

"

28

"

48

FROM TO

3 50

115 00

130 00

1 00

10 50

8 00

7 50

18

8

3

1 50

6 25

6 50

5 85

5 7»

75

68

98

1 20

50

70

10 00

13 00

1 06
3 25

17 00

14 00
13 50

2 25
75
10

10 25
63
70
55
50
48
44
62
58
40
33
58

PROVISION

corrected by

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best p eces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, ^acco^ding to quality,)

MARKET.

MR HAYWARD,

pound

S

.<

54

''

6

"

4

"

7

"

12

"

16

dozen

50

bushel

..

37

barrel

4 00

15

18

67

1 17

1 00

40

6 00

Brighton Market — Monday, Jan. 9.

[Reported for the Daily AJvertiscrand Patriot. J

At market this day 312 Beef Cattle, 18 Slores,750 Sheep,
130 Swine. The Swine are the same we reported last
week.

Prices— Beef Cattle — An attempt was made in the
morning to advance the price, and was effected on some
qualities. We quote for extra $5 25 a 5 50, prime $5,
good 4 67 a 4 84, thin 3 50 a 4 50.

Cows and Calves — A few only were at market — no
sales noticed.

Ulieep—W'e noticed about 300 sold by the pound, alive,
at 4c. which was probably something less than their real
value. A lot of Cosset Wethers were taken at $4 58 each,
and a lot at about $6 each.

Swine — No sales.

A~ei/' York Cattle Market, i)<;c.30.— Beef Cattle — in
market this week 500 head, generally far superior cattle
to those last week, and sales have averaged 50c. per hun-
dred better. Prices $5 50 a 7 50 ; principal sales at ft)
50. Sheep and lambs — about 1500 in j proportion of
lambs very short; good sheep unusually scarce; sales
from $2 50 to S 50. andbrisk ; laiubs $2 a 3 50.— X». Jldt^

208

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jan. 11, 1833.

M 1 S C K L, L. A \ Y .

The followina beautiful Hymn waswiitten by the Rev.
J. Pieiponl, ol Boston, lor the recent dedication of a new
House of Public Worship, in Plymouth, Mass.

ORIGINAL HYMN.
The winds and waves were roaring ;

The Pilgrims met for prayer;
And here, their God adoring,

They stood, in open air.
When t*reaking day they greeted,

And when its close was calm,
The leafless woods repeated

The music of the psalm.

Not thus, 0 God, to praise thee,

Do we, their children throng:
The temple's arch we raise thee

Gives back our choral song.
Yet, on the winds, that bore thee

Their worship and their prayers,
May ours come up before thee

From hearts as true as theirs !

What have we. Lord, to bind us

To this, the Pilgrim's shore ? —
Their hill of graves behind us,

Their watery way before.
The wintry surge, that dashes

Against the rocks they trod.
Their memory, and their ashes —

Be thou their guard, 0 God !

We would not, Holy Father,

Forsake this hallowed spot.
Till on that shore we gather,

Where graves and griefs are not :
The shore where true devotion

Shall rear no pillared shrine,
And see no other ocean

Than that of love divine.

Stiivard. — Yes, poor geiitleiiiaii, lie took to his
bed as soon as lie heard of it.

Mr G.— Heard of what ?

Steward The bad news, sir, and please your

honor.

j[]r G. — What ! more miseries ? more bad
news .'

Stetvard. — Yes, sir; your bank has failed, and
your credit is lost, and you are not worth a shil-
ling in the world. I made bold, sir, to come to
wait on you about it, for I thought you would like
to hear the news !

HOW TO TELL BAD NEWS.

Scene. Mr G.'sRooin, at Oxford. Enter, his Father's
Steward.

Mr G. — Ha ! Jervas, how are you, my old boy ?
how do things go on at home .••

Steward. — Bad enough, your honor, the mag-
pie 's dead.

Mr G. — Poor Mag I so he 's gone. How came
he to die ?

Steward. — Over-ate himself, sir.
Mr G. — Did he, faith .•' a greedy dog ; why,
what did he get lie liked so well ?

Steward. — Horse flesh, sir ; he died of eating
horse flesh.

Mr G. — How came he to get so mucli horse
flesh?

Steioard. — All your father's horses, sir.
Mr G. — What ! are they dead too ?
Stctoard. — Aye, sir, they died of over-work.
Mr G. — And why were they overworked, pray ?
Steioard. — To carry water, sir,
Mr G. — To carry water .' and what were tliey
carrying water for ?

Steward. — Sure, sir, to put out tfie fire.
Mr G. — Fire ! what fire ?

Steward. — Oh, sir, your father's house is burned
do\vn to the ground.

Mr G. — My father's house burned down ! and
how came it set on fire ?

Steward. — I think, sir, it must have been the
torches.

Mr G. — ^Torches ! what torches ?
Steward. — At your mother's funeral.
Mr G. — My mother dead !
Steward. — Ah, poor lady ! she never looked up
after it.

Mr G.— After what ?

Steioard The loss of your father.

Mr G. — My father gone too ?

A CHINESE BRIDE.

The greatest rarity, however, after this feast,
was the sight of a Chinese bride. The son of our
host having been married a few days before, we
were honored (according to the usage of the coun-
try, during the honey-moon) with permission to
look at his wife, as she stood at the door of her
apartment, while we were passing out. The l»dy
was surrounded by several old women, who IkUI
tapers and lamps above and about her, that we
might have a more complete view of her figure
and attire. She was a young person, (perliaps
seventeen years of age,) of middle stature, \Tith
very agreeable features and a light complexion,
though she seemed to us to have used paint. She
wore a scarlet robe, superbly trimmed with gold,
which comidetely covered her from the shoulders
to the ground. The sleeves were very full, and
along the bottom ran a beautiful fringe of small
bells. Her head-dress sparkled with jewels, mid
was most elegantly beaded «ith rows of pearls,
encircling it hke a coronet ; from the front of
which a brilliant angular ornament hung over her
forehead and between her eye-brows. She stood
ill a modest and graceful attitude, having her eyes
fixed on the floor, though she occasionally raised
them, with a glance of timid curiosity, towards
the si)ectators. Her hands, joined together, but
folded in her robe, she Ufted several times towards
her face, and then lowered them very slowly. —
Her attendants, presuming that the guests would

Partiamentary (Qualifications. — A ramlidate by
the name of Chadwick, in standing for a seat in
the British House of Commons, sums up his ipiali-
ficatiuns thus :

' I am a man of family ; I am a man of no busi-
ness— I have never been used to it ; Init I ciui
shout, laugh, hawk and spit ; and cough, stamj),
hiss, hoot and huzza ; and what more can be
wanted from an M. P. ? I do not doubt but my
stam])iug, shouting, &c, would have as much ef-
fect in the House of Commons as most speeches
generally have,'

.Mr Fessenden — At a meeting of the Framingham
Lyceum this week, the question for discussion was — ' Has
a man a moral right, under ordinary circumstances, to
lead a single life ?'

On this question the inclosed communication was read
by the Vice President. You are at liberty to give it a
place in your poet's corner in the New England Farmer,
next week. W. B.

ON MATRIMONY.
Pray let a young lady, sir President, speak.
Though not versed in logic, or Latin, or Greek.
I 'ra sure you 'II excuse if for once we come out
On a subject where boys that are beardless will spout.
The question is this — ' Shall a man be excused.
If, waificard, or restive, he will not be noosed.'
Now who ever heard such a question as that .■'
You might just as well talk of noosing a cat.
Your sex would all marry, there 's not the loast doubt.
Could they get our consent to nose us about.
But not having got it, if we can unite,
I 11 tell you what rules we intend to indite.
First, — none shall consent to quit single bliss
Except on condition of something like this :
We jesolve to expunge that base term — obey,
For we think we can govern as wisely as they ;
But still, to keep peace, we' 11 consent to divide.
While they hold the helm, we 'II sit close beside :
Then, when we are bridled, they cannot complain
If we give them the bit, and hold fast to the rein.
And as to the whip, — h hen we ride for a dash.

be gratified with a peep at that consummatiop of '^'*'; '""'^''= »"= '" keep,-but we 11 give them the lasl.

Chinese beauty, the lady's feet, raised the hem of
the mantle from her's, for a moment or two. —
They were of the most diminutive kind, and re-
(Utced to a mere point at the toe. Her shoes, hke
the rest of her bridal ajoparel, were scarlet, em-
broidered with gold. In justice to the poor crea-
ture, during this torturing exhibition, (as we
imagine it must have been to her,) her denie.aiior
was natural and becoming, and once or twice
something like half a smile, for an instant, showed
that she was not entirely unconscious of the admi-
ration which her appearance e.xcited, nor much
displeased by it. — Tyerman and Bennefs Journal.

Lord Broufrham. — There lives in England a
man whose daily labors last for twenty hours out
of the twentyfour, who presides in the House of
Lords and in a Court of Justice, who attends at
the Comicil, who gives audiences each day to
Barristers belonging to both kingdoms, and who
still finds time to write articles on politics and
jurisprudence in the Edinburgh Review, besides
elementary works, which are distributed gratis
throughout the kingdom, and who is the Director
of at least ten associations for the diffusion of use- Portsmmuk. N. H.

ful knowledge amongst the working clasess. We Port/aiirf.Jt/e. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller
need hardly to add that the person herein alluded L/^^J^°-pjg1 p"j Ho^.^land, Esq. Recorder Oflice
to is no otlier tlian Lord Brougham. Montreal, Ij.C — Henry Hillock.

So in all other matters — divide, and we 'II choose —
We will not unite if they dare to refuse.
Ill one thing we'll give them exclusive control,
And, standing aloof, we'll leave them the whole :
Should they sigh for a halter, we 'II never claim half.
One rope won 't accommodate more than one calf.

Belinda.

Published every VVednesday Evening, at 53 per annum .
fajable at the end of the year — but those wlio pay within
a.xty (lays from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.

Qj' No paper wiil be sent to a distance without payment
btingmade in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet th©
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. I?-
RtssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, North
.Market Street.

AGENTS.
Veio York — G. Thorburn ifc Sons. tr7 Liberty#-street.
ilbanij — Wm. Thorburn, 317 Market street.
!'hilattelj)hia — D. & C. Landkkth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer
Cincinnati — S. C. Pahkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
flushing, N. 1'. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Gardt"
Middlrtmnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hirlford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sfrinirfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Xncburyport. — Efenkzer Stedman, Bookseller.
J. W, Foster, Bookseller.

NEW ENGIiANP FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aokicultdral Warehodse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

NO. 27.

vor.. X

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 18, 1832.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAJ

DESCRIPTION OF SELECT PEARS.

I consider Lindlet's ' Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen Garden,' equal, if not superior, to any work extant, as a standard authority for the nomencla-
ture and relative value of cultivated fruits. This opiiiiou is formed not only from the high reputation of the author and piiblislier, but from the very
superior opportunities which tliey had of forming correct conclusions upon these subjects. This has induced me to concentrate, in a tabular form, the
most material facts, particularly in regard to the pear, for my private use and convenience. As the catalogue of pears has been greatly enlarged by Euro-
pean varieties of recent origin, which are but little known, and imperfectly appreciated among us, I have transcribed from my tables, and now send you,
descriptions of 50 varieties, old and new, which I have selected as most worthy of cultivation. These are all dessert, or eating fruits. I would have
added a few more, as also some varieties ada))ted for baking and stewing, but for want of room on my sheet. Among the best for the kitchen, however,
I will name the Bezi d'Hery, Chaptal, Franc-real d'hiver, Uvedale's St Germain, Catillac, Bellissime d'hiver, &c. To your readers who have not access
to larger works I hope the table will be useful.

. The time of ripening is graduated for the climate of England. The period of maturity with us is or will be probably two weeks or more earUer.

Under skin, the first line has reference to the ordinary color, when gathered, the other to the more ripe appearance, or extraneous circumstances. The
abbreviations may be explained, by the printer, if thought necessary. Mr Lindley observes, in regard to both summer and autumn pears, that, generally,
they will prove better, and keep longer, if they are taken from the tree before they are fully ripe. J. BUEL.

Albany Ndrsery, Dec. 26, 1831.

SECTION I.— SUMMER, ROUND FRUITED.

Name and Synonymns.i 'pg^^^"

Eye.

Stalk. Skin.

Flesh.

Juice.

In Use.

Described

Character, Origin, &o.

I. Ambrosia. Barli/

Medium,

R,Uher

tin. slendei, Smooth, fjr. &

Tender.

Rich, sugary Middle of

Lindley No.

Very good, but will not keep long.

Seurri,

roundish.

sunk.

a little bent yel.gr.specs

&. perfumed.

September.

1.

2. *Eab.ly Beroamot.

24 by 34

Depressed

1 } mod. thick, Gr. yel. ting-

Yellowish white

Abundant,

End of Aug.

Pom. M. 101.

A most excellent fruit, abundant bear-

roundish.

shall, cavity ed broadish

crisp and grit-

very rich and

beginning

Lindley No.

er, sent by M. Thouin to the L. H.

streaks.

ty-

sugary.

of Sept.

2.

Society in 1S20.

3. Green Chisel.

IJ each

Large,

J, straight, noQuite green,

Gritty.

A little sugary

Beg. & mid-

Lindley 6.

Branches short and erect. Fruit in

way glob-

prominent

cavity. faint bright

slightly per-

dle of Au-

clusters. An abundant bearer.

ulin-.

tinge.

fumed.

gust.

4. Summer Bergamot. Medium

Small.very

\, thick smallUreenishyel.

Melting.

Sugary, high

Beg. & mid-

Duh. 45.

One of the finest pears of the season,

Hamden'sBergt.BerglJ round.

shallow

cavity. russet and

flavored.

dle of Sep-

Lindley 13.

if eaten before it is too ripe. Ripens

d'iti, Mdaiiblanc,lfc)

basin.

specks.

tember.

at Philadelphia in July. — Coxe.

5. Summer Rose. |2 by 2.^

Open, shal-

I, slender, Yellow, rus-

White, juicy.

Rich &. sugary.

Middle and

Pom. M I02]A most excellent and beautiful vari-

Thorny Ruse, Epine round^nd

low, de-

small rouid set red.

end of Au-

Lind. 14. I etv. Bears well.

Rose, thorny Eose,Src,

depressed

pressed.

cavity. brown spots.

gust.

1

6. Jargonelle.

Epargne, Beau Pri-
sent. Saint Sampson
Gros Cuisse Madame,
Saint Lambert. Src

7. Madeleine. Citron
des Carmes,

8. Roi d'ete. Gros Rous
selet, Duh. 34,

9. ROUSSELET DE RhEIM!

Petit Rousselet,

10. Sabine d'ete.

U. Skinless. Pair Sans
peau,Pleurde Guignes

12. Summer Bonchre-
tien. Bonchretien
d'fli, Graciole,

13. Summer Francreal

Francreal d'iti, Fon-
dante,

14. Williams' Bonchre-

tien, Bartlttt.

15. "Aston Town.

16. Autumn Bergamot,

Common Bergamot,
York Bergamot.

17. Bezi de la Mott .
Bein Armudi, Beurri
blanc de Jersey,

18. Chas. d'Autriche.

3i to 4 ob.jOpen, withj2in.obliqiely
pyramidal long .«eg
of calyx

SECTION II.— SUMMER, CONICAL FRUITED.

n by 2.i
turbinate

3by24py
turbinate

H by n

pyramidal

19. Chasanne, Duh. 49.
Beurri Plat,

Medium
pyramidal

24 by U
pyramidal

4 by 3 ir-
reg. py-
ramidal.

31 by 3
turbinate.

3&4by2&
3 ir. pyr.

24 by 24
roundish
turbinate

24 by 24
globular.

t by 3
roun. tur.

Slightly
hollowetl
Small open
flat cro
iniallopen
flattish a-
pex.

Small,
hallow.

Slightly
dep. small

Small,
prominent
shall, ba-
sin.

Mod. de-
pressed,
connivant

Onsumndt
no cavity.

Small,
shallow.

Small.open
shallow
depress.

Small.open
sunk.

Inconfined
hollow,
not deep.

1 in. slender,
ob. inserted.

1^, slender
small cavity.

1 in. thick, no
aty

1 in. in shal-
low cavity.

14, slender rj.
crooked.

24, crookec,
ob. inserted.

1, very gross
and fleshy.

Greenish yel
low tinge
brown, red

Yel., green
tinge of red

Pale green
red, rus. sps

Greenish,
gray, & yel-
low russety
specks.

Smooth, yel.
scar. & dot.

Very thin

pale gren. red

Pale lemon,
small green
dots.

Green, nearly
smooth, yel-
low green.

Pale gr. mot.
yel. & red.

Yellowish
white, juicy &
melting.

White, melting

buttery.
Half buttery &

melting.
Melting, half

buttery.

White and melt-
ing.
Melting.

Yellowish,
breaking firm.

While, firm.

juicy, buttery,

melting.
Whitish.tender,

delicate.

Peculiarly
rich and
greeable.

Sweet & high

flavored.
Very agreea.

juicy subacid.
Very high fl

vored and

musky.

Abundant and
high flavored.

Most excellent
sweet k. per.

Abundant,
sweet and ex-
cellent.

Rich and ex-
cellent.

Sweet and a-
greeably per.

Middle and
end of Aug.

Latter part

of July.
End of Aug.

beg. Sept.
F^nd of Aug.

beg. Sept.

Beg. & mid-
dle of Aug

Beg. &. mid-
dle of Aug

Middle o
Sept.

Middle ol
Sept.

End of Aug.
mid. of Sep.

34 by 3 like
White
Beurr6.

!4 by 24|Smalldeep
rou. tur. I nar. basiu.l slender.

14 slender
protuding.

SECTION HI.— AUTUMNAL, ROUND FRUITED.

Short,
wide I

thick,
lavity.

1 inch bent;
strong.

IJ in. crooked

Pale greenish Tender, but-
white, russe- tery.
ty specks. |
Rough yel. Whitish, melt-
green, dull ing, little grit-
ty.

White & melt-
ing.

brown.
Yellowish

green, rusty

specks.
Greenish yel

full of brown

specks.
Greenish yel.

gray russets,

White & melt-
ing.

Extremely but-
tery &. tender.

Most excellent
saccharine ^
perfume.

Sugary and
richly per-
fumed.

Rich, sugary,
and high fla-
vored.

High flavored,
little perfum-
ed.

Plentiful, rich
& saccharine.

All October
Pear and
Quince.

All Oct. and
Nov. Pear
& Quince

All Nov.

Nov. & Dec.

Pom. Mi 1
Lind. 20.

Pom. M.
Lindley 25.
Lind. 31.

Lind. 32.
Duh. 32.

Lind. 33.

Lind. 35.

Duh. 35.
Pom.M. 14.

Lind. 36.

Lind. 37.
P. Mag. 106

Pom. M. 139
Lind. 41

Pom. M. 120
Lind. 4

!>angling branches, pubescent leaves-
Hardy tree. Fine fruit.

An excellent early variety, bearing
freely.

Cultivated among us as the Spice
Pear. We have hardly any sum-
mer variety surpassing it in excel-
lence.

Raised in 1819 by M. Stofl^es, of
Mecklin.

Tree and foliage of delicate growth.
— Coxe.

Wood long, flexuose or zigzag,
smooth with prominent buds, form-
ing a drooping tree, like the Jar-
gonelle.— P. M.

A valuable variety, coming in after
the Jargonelle. — P. M.

Branches slender, twisting, a most
excellent pear, constant bearer. —
Fruit resembling Crasanne.

One of the best pears of the season.

Pom. M. 143|[t is a most excellent new Flemish
variety.

L. H. S. A very fine and beautiful
fruit, raised by Van Mons and sent
to L. H. S. 1816.

A most excellent bearer.

210

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 18, 1832.

Name AND Synonyms.

Size and
Form.

Eye.

Stock.

Skin.

Flesh.

Juice.

In u.-iE.

Described.

Character, Origin, &c.

20. Gansel's Berga-

3 by 3i

Small,

Short and

Dull brown

While and

Veiy rich,

Mid. Nov

Lin.l. 32.

A most excellent pear, a native of

MOT. Broca's Berga-

ovate.

slioit

fleshy.

like brown

melting.

sweet and

Mid. Dec.

Pom. Maga-

England.

mot, Ives's Bergamot,
Bon Rouge,
21 Green Sylvange.

calyx.

Beurre.

high flavored.

zine, 35.

Somewhat

Small, in a

Short, slender

Ro'igh, br.

Green & white.

Sacc. & agree-

All Oct. and

Lind. 33.

An excellent pear, but tree rather

Sylvange Vert, Berga-

like Ber-

deep hol-

obi. inserted.

green, gray

soft and melt-

able flavor.

Nov. Pear

tender.

mot Sylvange, 1 gamut.

low.

spots.

ing.

andQuince.

22. Gray Doyenne. Rtta

2| to 3k

Very small

4 in. stout,

Cinnamon

Yellowish white

Sugary and

Last Oct, &

Pom Mag.

A very hardy and handsome fruit.

Doyenni, Doyenm'

ea

nh way

shallow

rather deep.

russet, red

rich melting.

excellent fla-

Nov. Pear

74. Lind. 54.

Oris, Doyenni houx,

turbinate.

impres-

next to sun.

vor.

& Quince.

d'^utomne Doyenni,

sion.

\

23. Swiss Bergamot.

2k

by 21

Small,

1 in. slendei

Green, stri-

Melting and

Bergamotte Suisse,

turbinate

slial. bas.

obi. cavity.

ped with red.

juicy.

Quince.

24. Ah! Mon Dieu. Man
Dieu, Poire iV.imour,

35. Belle Lucr.^tive.
Forulante d'Automne,

26. Bezi Vaet.

2by2Job.jSmall,
tuibinale prominent

3 by 23'Open shal
oblong. I 'mpres.

Similar to!.\ little

Swans egg; sunk.

1 by Sob- Small

SECTION IV,— AUTUMNAL CONICAL FRUITpD.

27. Brown Beurre
Buerri, Beurri Gris, long.
Beurre Rouge, Beurr '
dori, Beurri d'Anjou
Beurri d'Or, Beurri
d'AinblKUse, Beurri
d'Ainboise, Poire d'-
Amboise, Isambert,
Red Beurri, Golden
Beurri. Beurri du Roi,

28. Capiaumont. Capi-ii by 24
auinont, Beurri de turbinate
Capiaumont. '

29. DiLLEN. Gros Dillen,3i by 3

I ovate irr,
turbinate.

30. Duchess of Angou- 3^ by 3.J

leme. Duchesse d'- round ob

Angoulcnie,

31. Green Sugar. Sucre

Vert,

32. LoUISK-BoNNE.

33. Marie Louise.

34. N.4.POLEON. Midaille.

35. Seckle. JVew York
Red Cheek, Sycle, Red
cheeked Seckle,

36. Uhb.*,niste.

7. VerteLongue. Jl/oit

ille Biiuche, Muscat

Fleui,

3S. Swan's Egg.

39. White Doye.nne.
Doyenni Blanc, Doy-
enni, Beurri Blanc.
Bonne Ante, St Mi-
chel, Carlisle, Citron
de Septembre, Kaiser
birne, Poir cS courte
queue, Poir de Liinon
Poir de A~eige, Poin
de Seigneur, Poir Mon
sienr, Valencia, IVhite
Beurri,

■40. Easter Bergamot.
Bergamotte Bugi, Ber-
gamot dc Pdgues, Ber-
gamotte d'hiver. La
GriUiire, Paddington
Sarling, Serling, Win-
ter Bergamot,

41. German Muscat.

Muscat d'Allemagne

42. GiLoGiL. Gil-6-Gile.

Gros Gobet, Dagobert

43. Beurre d'Arembergh

Beurri d'Aretnbuet,
Due d'Arembergh,
Poire d^Arembergh
Colmardes Champs,

44. Angehque de Rome.

Ion
24 by 2A-

dong.
34 by n

pyramidal
n by 2i

ovate.

3| by 3 Ik,
a Col mar.

2J by 24 so,
turbinate.

34 by %

py. ovate
34 by 24
pyramidal

! long 1|
di,, oval
turbinate
34 by 25
I'ound ob
long.

shallow
depres-

Lcvel with
the ex-
tremity.

Flat only.

Deep in ir-
regular
hollow.

Sinall,open

1 in. stoutish

curved,
in. strong

curved.
.4n inch long

I rather stout.

liltle suni
Open obi.
inserted.

imall, lit-
tle dep.
Small,
open,
prominent
Little sunk
nar,cro
Small,
open,
brominent
Bmall,
;prom. sh
icalyx.
k^ery small
shallow,
depressed

3 or more
by 3 ro,
turbinate.

3 by 3 hr
turbinate-

3,i by 3k
obovate.

34 by 24
turbinate

24 by 2i

Small,
closed,
shallow.

Yellow andjWhite, lender,

red, dotted. |
Pale yel.wilh Soft, mellow &

een & red. tender.
Dull green. Yellowish melt-

Half an inch,
no cavity

1 in. stout.

deep in irr.

cavity.
\ stiong small

cavity.
\ straishi obi

tod.
14 in. obi. in

serted.

4 an in. thick,

straight.
4 ob. inserted,

sm. cavity.

1 in. ob. inse
moderate ca^
1 in. straight
no cavity.

J slender obi
inserted.

Short, thick,
af. inserted.

russety spots
Cireenish yel-
low through
a thin russet

Fine cinna-
mon bright
red.

Yellow
green, speck
brown.

Dull yellow
br. russet
patches.

Smooth, very
green,
'ale green
bee. yellow.
Greenish
bee. a rich
yellow.

Sm. bt. green

& pale green

Dull brown
red cheek.

ing.
White, with
reenish veins

Pale gr'n. gr
,*p.paches rus

Green.

Greenish yel-
low russety
specks.

Citron, yel-
low russet
specks.

Small sh. 14 slender.

basin. I small cavity.
Largedeepl deep.

plait, hole 2 lipped cav.
Small.

Very sml
sh. basin. |

1 strong,
strai

\ small cavity

Green, gray
specks.

bee. yellow-
ish gray

Covered with
russet.
Deep cl. rus
tinge br. red
Delicate paU
green, slight-
ly clotted
with russet

Rough, pale
red citron.

Yellowish melt-
ing, buttery

White, liti
core.

Rich, melting,
juicy.

Gritty, but
buttery.

Exir. tender &
juicy.

fellow, melt-
ing, juicy.

Melting & un-
lly juicy.
Tender, juicy,
melting.

White, deep'ng
to red'h. yellow
White, melting.jSacc. high fla-
vorei

Abundt. rich Hii. Sep Oct
& perfumed, ij'ear & qu

Ah't,sugary,sl.'Beg. middle
musky perf'd. V'^tober.

Remarkably jNovember.
sweet &

Rich and ex-
cellent.

Jctober.

Hid. Oct. 3
weeks. Pear
pnd Quince

October.

Very rich &
high flavored.

Slightly
musky.

High fl. mostlOct. & N

agreeably 1

perfumed.
.•\bdt. highly

swt. musky.
Sacc. & well

flavored.
Sacc & highly

Rich & agree-
able.

Pec. rich,
powerful, a-
greea. aroma

Very sweet,
little perfum.

1
TSM. & end

1 October
N\v. & Dec

Bej. midd
0«ober.

juicy.
Soft and melt

White, juicy
very buttery.

White,
buttery.

Pale yellow but
tery, melting

White juicy
breaking.

Whitish, firm

juicy, melting.

Yellowish, ten-
der, melting.

Very rich,
musky, :
charine.

Delicious.

Sugary, well
flavored.

Sugary, musky

perfumed.
Sweet and

pleasant.
Extraordinary

rich, sweet

and high fla

vored.

Sugary, rich,
fragrant flav

Middle and
end Oct.

End Sept,
mid. Oct.
Mid. Oct.

End of Sept.

beginning

Ociober.
I'.nil of Sept,

oeg. Oct.

Lind.

61.

Juh.

38.

jind.

64.

And.

68.

Jad.

71.

114.

Pom. Mag
69.

Lind. 73.
Lind. 77.

Pom. Mag.

76.

Lind. 80.
Lind. 42.
Duh. 68.
Dub. !)7.
Lind. 90.
Pom. Mag.

122.
Lind. 91.
Pom. Mag.
7.5. Lind. 94.
Pom. Mag.

72.

Lind. 101.
Lind. 103.

Duh. 73.
Lind. 104.

Jan. to May
P'r & quinct

Mar.tD May
P'r St quince
December to

April.
October til

February.

December to
Match.

Another new and good Flemish pear.

Raised by M. Parmentier and exhi-

■ bited at Hort. Soc. in 1820.

A highly esteemed and well knowa

old variety, tender and requires a

sound dry soil.

One of the best new Flemish peare
raised by M. Capiaumont, of Mons.

A fine battery pear of the 1st order,
and handsome from Van Mans in
1S17.

The very best of the late Autumn
pears, first noticed in 1815.

A most excellent pear, raised by the
Abbe Du Quesne, and sent to Eng-
land, 1816.

\d excellent variety, raised by Van
Mons. Sent to England in 1816.

One of the finest pears in cultivation.
Of American origin.

Raised by Compt Coloma and exhi-
bited to Lon. Hort. Soc. in 1823.

.\n old variety cultivated in America
under the synonirae of Mouille
Bouclie.

Its great certainty in bearing and the
excellence of the fruit render it an
universal favorite.

Cullivated in New Ycrk, erroneously,
under the name of Vergaleu. In
very high estimation. Good bear-

Duh. r>2.
Lind. 110.

Lind. 112.
Duh. 72.
Pom.Mag.65
Lind. 113
Pom. M. 83.
Lind. 119,

Duh. 108
Lindley,118

\n excellent variety.

This is also an esteemed old variety,

A valuable winter pear, though notof
first rate excellence.

This most excellent pear was raised
by M. Deschamps, and sent to the
London Hort. Soc. in 1820.

A very excellent pear, on a good mil
and favorable situation.

Tol. X.-No. 27.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

211

Name and Synonyms

45. Angelique de Bor

DEAUX. Pair Jlngeli-
qiie, St Martial, Uros
Francical, S(c,

46. Beurre Diel. Diel's

Biitterbirne, Dorothe
Royule, Pair de Melon

47. Beurre Range.
Beurre Epine, Har-
denpont de Printems,

48. Bezi te Cassoy.
Rousette d'.injnu. Pe-
tit Bnirri d'hiver,
JVutmeg pear,

49. Chaumo.ntelle.

Beurre d'Hiver, Bezi
de ChaumontcUe,

50. CoLMAR. Poire Atan-
ni, Bergt. Tardive, In-
comparable
Easter Beurre.
Bergt. de la Veiitecote
Beurri d'hiver de
Bruxelles, !fc,

52. Glout Morceau.
Gloux Morceau,

51

3i by 2^
py. turb.

ih by 34

.34 by 3 ob-

41ong.

14 by 14
oblong.

34 by 3
obi ong.

34 by 23
py. tur.

4 by 34 ro.
oblong.

4 by 34
oval.

53. Passe Colmar. Passe 34 by 3 ob

Colmargris, dit Precel, conical
Passe Colmar, Epin-
euT, Fondante de Par-
risel. Poire Precel, Col-
mar Epineiix, Beurri
Colmar gris,diV Precel,
Chapman's,

54. Vergouleuse. Bee-S^ by 24
jaleuf, Chambretie,' ob. pyra.

Poire glace, |

55. Winter Bonchre- 4 by 34 irr.
TIEN. Bonchretiend'-\ pyramid.
hiver, i

56. Winter Nelis. ^Ve- 3i by 2|
lis d'hiver. Borne de oval.
Alaliues, La Bonne'
Malinoise, '

Eye.

Small,
narrow
and deep
hollow.

Close.deep
surround-
ed by
knobs.

Small,open
sliglilly
sunk.

Very small
shallow
basin.

Small,dee|)
angular
basin.

Large,
deeply
hollowed.

Small
deep de-
pression.

Small,

deep ob.

hollow.
Open,

shghtly

sunk.

14, strong,
crooked.

14, strong,
woody, deep.

14 slender, no
cavity.

14, in a deep
cavity.

Short, deep,
angular cav.

1, thick, bent,
ob. cavity.

Short, thick,
deep cavity.

1, deep, cbl
cavity.

14, strong, ob.
cavity.

Small,
deep
sunk.

Medium,
in a deep
hole.

Open, nar-
row ba-

1, in a small
ob. cavity.

li a little bent
ob. ins.

14 in a deep
cavity.

Somewhat
yellowish,
It. purple.

Light green
to a bright
orange.

Dark green,
russ. speck:

Green and
yellow, spot-
ted with red

Yellowish
green pur-
plish.

Smooth,
green, yel.
gray specks.

Green, thick
russ. dots.

Pale olive
green russ.
specks.

Green, yel-
low spr.
with russet.

Tender and but-
tery.

Sugary.

Clear white Delicious, rich
melting, juicy, aromatic, sac-
liarine.

Greenish white
melting.

iuttery.

Melting juicy.

Greenish white,
very tender.

Yellowish, but-
tery, melting.

Whitish, firm,
juicy.

Yellowish,
melting, juicy

Delicious rich

flavor.

Very rich.

Sugary&high-
ly perfumed.

Abundant,
sweet, rich,
high flavored.

Extremely
high flavored

V'ery smooth,' Melting, buttry

grass green,'

to citron.
Yellowish
with a brown
tinge.
Dull gray,

green gray

dots.

Very tender
and breaking.

Yellow, white,
melting,butlry.

feOiuary till
April.

November
till January

December
to April.

November
to March.

November
to February

November
till January

Nov. to May

November
(0 March.

Very rich and
most excellent

E.tcellent, rich
and high fla
vored.

Plentiful, very
rich, sweet
and perfumed

Plentiful, su-
gary, rich
high flavored
and musky.

Duh. 88.
Lindley.HT.

Pora.Mg. 19.
Lind. 120.

Pom. M. 88
Lindley,121

Lind. 122.
Duh. 59.

Lind. 123.
Duh. 78.

Lind. 124.
Duh. 94.

Pom. M. 78
Lind. 126,

December
to January

November
to January.

January and
February.

DecemberSi
January.

Mag

Pom
64.
Lind. 137,

Character, Origin, &c.

Lin. 116.
Duh. 95.

Lin. 147.
Duh. 87.

A good pear. Tree rather tender is

England.

Thi s noble pear was raised by Dr Van
Mons, of Louvain, say about 1816.
A great bearer.

A very excellent pear, raised by
Counsellor Hardenpont, of Mons.
Sent to England in 1820, The best
late melting pear yet known.

\ most productive variety.

A very valuable fruit and good bearer.
A very good old variety.

The very best of late keeping peare.
Of recent introduction. A great
bearer.

This very beautiful and very fine va-
riety was sent to England in 1820,
by Van Mons,

A very superior pear, raised by Coun-
sellor Hardenpont. A most abund-
ant bearer.

This is a most excellent pear, requir-
ing a good soil

Undoubtedly one of the very bast
winter pears. Requires a good soil.

Pom. M. 126
Lind. 148.

This most exeellent and valuable
pear was raised by M. Nelis of
Mechlin.

LIVERPOOL S.VLT FOR BUTTER.

This salt presents a beautiful appearance to the
eye, has a powdery form aud its color is of siiow)'
whiteness. These qualities are very inviting to
purchasers who are not particularly acquainted
with its character. The Liverpool, or blown salt
is prepared on tlie Western borders of England by
boiling sea-water or salt spring water, saturated
with the rock salt of Norwich, in large, sluillow,
iron pans. It contains a nii.xture of foreign in-
gredients technically called slack and bittern, which
unite with the salt, and render it unfit for use, ex-
cept for culinary purposes. It is not used by the
people in the neighborhood of Liverpool, either in
preserviiig beef, pork or butter which is designed
to keep any length of time. If butter is jjacked
down with tliis salt, it is very hable to become ran-
cid, soft and gluey and otherwise much debased in
its quality, so that in a few weeks it loses its agree-
able taste and odor aud is unfit for the table. In-
stead of using the Liverpool as 4s now too general-
ly the practice, our farmers would receive a much
higlier compensation for their expense and labor in
making butter, if they would prepare it witli the
coarse Turk Island salt, which should be puri-
fied of all foreign ingredients by washing it, hav-
ing it thoroughly dried, and ground in a clean mill.
It should be used in the proportion of about six
pounds to every hundred weight of butter. Last
week, a gentleman who lives 40 miles from Ports-
mouth brought 400 pounds of Butter into our mar-
ket. It was made with Liverpool salt. On in-
spection, it was found to rank with No. 3 but-

ter, and he obtained only eight dollars per hun-
dred ; whereas, prime butter was then quick at
twelve dollars and a half We have known of
several other instances of the same kind within a
short time. Thousands of dollars are lost to
the farmers of New Hampshire every year in con-
sequence of the inferior quality of their butter,
which inferiority is to be attributed in part though
not altogether, to the use of Liverjiool salt in its
manufacture. — State Herald.

GENERAL MAXIMS FOR HEALTH.

Rise early. Eat suuple food. Take plenty of
e.xercise. Never fear a little fatigue. Let not
children be dressed in tight clothes ; it is necessary
their limbs and muscles should have full play, if
you wish for either health or beauty.

Avoid the necessity of a physician, if you can,
by careful attention to your diet. Eat what best-
agrees with your system, aud resolutely abstain
fi-om what hurts you, however well you may like
it. A few days' abstinence, and cold water for a
beverage, has driven ofFmany approaching diseases.

If you find yourself really ill, send for a good
physician. Have nothing to do with quacks ; and
do not tamper with quack medicines. You do
not know what they are ; and what security have
you that they know what they are ?

Wear shoes that are large enough. It not only
produces corns, but makes the feet misshapen to
cramp them.

Wash very often, and rub the skin thoroughly
with a hard brush.

Let those who love to be invalids drink strong
green tea, eat pickles, preserves, and rich pastry.
As far as possible, eat and sleep at regular
hours.

Wash the eyes thoroughly in cold water every
morning. Do not read or sew at twilight, or by
too dazzling a light. If far-sighted, read with
rather less light, aud with the book somewhat
nearer to the eye, than you desire. If near-sight-
ed, read with a book as far off as possible. Both
these imperfections may be diminished in this way.

Clean teeth in pure water two or three times a
day ; but, above all, be sure to have them clean
before you go to bed.

Have your bed-chamber well aired ; and have
fresh bed linen every week. Never have the wind
blowing directly upon you from opeti windows
during the night. It is not healthy to sleep in
heated rooms. "

Let children have their bread and milk before
they have been long up. Cold water aud a run in
the fresh air before breakfast.

Too frcipiett use of an ivory comb injures the
hair. Tlioroilgh combing, washing in suds, or
N. E. rum, and thorough brushing, will keep it in
order ; aud the washing does not injure the hair,
as is generally supposed. Keep children's hair
cut close luitil ten or twelve years old ; it is better
for health and the beauty of the hair. Do not
sleep with hair frizzled or braided. Do not
make children cross-eyed, by having hair hang
about their foreheads, where tiiey see it con-
tinually.— Frugal Housewife.

212

New ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 18, If^ait,

NUTTALL'S ORNITHOLOGY.

A work entitled ' A Manual of the Ornithology of the
United States and of Canada; by Thomas Nuttall,
A M , F. L. S., has just been published from the press of
Milliard & Biown, Booksellers to the University of
Cambridge. A work of this kind, well executed, is of
more importance to Cultivators than by some may be ap-
prehended. The feathered bipeds, which compose the
most beautiful part of the animal creation are mostly
either adversaries or coadjutors of the Farmer— they
either help him or annoy him. A knowledge of their
natural history, habits, manners, beneficial and mischiev-
ous propensities, is as useful as it is amusing, and every
rural economist ought to be able to lake advantage of the
one and to counteract the other. For these and other
reasons, which we have not time nor room to specify, we
were iifuch gratified with the appearance ol the work
named above.

The following extract from the Author's Preface, will
show his views and resources ; and his reputation as a
man of science is a guarantee fortlie faithful performance
of his undertaking.

' After so many excellent works have appeared on the
Birds of the United States, it may almost appear presump-
tuous, at present, to attempt any addition to the list. A
compendious and scientific treatise on the subject, at a
price so reasonable as to permit it to find a place in the
hands of general readers, seemed, however, still a desid-
eratum ; and to supply this defect has been a principal
object with the author of the present publication.

' Besides exploring the ever fruitful field of nature in
this delightful and fascinating kingdom, every available
aid has been employed ; and, as might be expected, in-
valuable assistance has been derived from the labors of
the immortal Wilson and of the justly celebrated Audu-
bon. In the scientific part of the Manual, constant re-
currence has also been had to the useful labors of C. L.
Bonaparte, Prince of Musignano, and also to the well
known treatise on European Ornithology by the accurate
and elaborate Temminck, as well as to other authors of
established reputation ; such as Brisson, BufTon, Latham,
White, and Pennant.

'To a number of obliging friends who have assisted
him in obfaining specimens, or relations concerning the
habits of our birds, the author offers his grateful acknow-
ledgments; particularlv to Chjrles Pickering, M. D., to
whom he is indebted for much valuable information on
their geographical limits ; to William Cooper, Esq., well
known by his devotion to the study ol ornithology ; to
Mr Oakes. of Ipswich ; to T. W. Harris, M. D., Libra-
rian of Harvard University ; to S. E. Greene, Esq. of Bos-
ton ; and to Mr Nathaniel J. Wycth, Mi James Brown,
Mr John Bethune, and Mr Russell, of Canibridije'.'
We subjoin an extract :

RUBY-THROATED HUMMING-BIRD.

{Trochilus colubris, L. Wilsom, ii. p. 26, pi. 10, fig. 3

and 4. Audubon, pi. 47. [a numerous group of old and

young ] Orn. Biog. i. p. 248. Phil. Museum, No. 2520.)

Sp. Chariot. — Golden-green ; tail forked, dusky ; 3

outer tail-feathers rusty-white at tip. — Male with a
changeable ruby-colored throat. — In the female and
young, the throat is nearly white, strongly inclining to
yellow in the young male.)

This wonderfully cliininutive and brilliant bird is
the only one of an American genus, of more than
100 species, which ventures beyond the limit of
tropical climates. Its approaches towards the
north are regulated by the advances of the season.
Fed on the honeyed sweets of flowers, it is an ex-
clusive attendant on the varied bounties of Flora.
By the 10th to the 20th of March, it is already
seen in the mild forests of Louisiana, and tire
warmer maritime districts of Georgia, where the
embowering and fragrant Gelsemium (Carolina
Jessamine,) the twin-leaved Bignonia,* and the
white-robed Mylocarium,] with a host of daily ex-
panding flowers, invite our little sylvan guest to
the retreats he bad reluctantly forsaken. Desul-
tory in his movements, roving only through the
region of blooming sweets, his visits to tlie North-
ern States are delayed to the month of May. —
Still later, as if determined that no flower shall
' blush unseen, or waste its sweetness on the desert
air,' our little sylph, on wings as rapid as Ihe
wind, at once launches without hesitation itto
the flowery wilderness which borders on the aic-
tic circle. 1

The first cares of the little busy pair are nqw
bestowed on their expected progeny. This instinct
alone propelled tliem from their hybcrnal retreat
within the tropics ; strangers amid.st their numer-
ous and brilliant tribe, they only seek a transic^it
asylum in the milder regions of their race. Willi
the earliest dawn of the northern spring, in pairs,
as it were with the celerity of thought, they darl,
at intervals, through the dividing space, till thei
again arrive in the genial and more happy region^
of their birth. The enraptured male is now as
siduous in attention to his mate; forgetfid of self-
ish wants, he feeds his companion with nectared
sweets ; and jealous of danger and interruption to
the sole companion of his delights, he often almost
seeks a quarrel with the giant birds which sur-
round him ; he attacks even the King-Bird, and
drives the gliding Martin to the retreat of his box.
The puny nest is now prepared in the long accus-
tomed orchard or neighboring forest. It is con-
cealed by an artful imitation of the mossy branch
to v.'hich it is firtnly attached and incorporated. —
Hluish-gray lichens, agglutinated by .saliva, and
matched with surroimding objects, instinctively
I'nrm the deceiving external coat ; portions of the
iiiiming architecture, for further security, are even
tied down to the supporting station. Within are
laid copious quantities of the pappus or other
down of plants ; the inner layer of this exquisite
bed is finished with the short wool of the budding
Plntnnvs, the midlein, or the soft clothing of un-
folding fern-stalks. The eggs, as in the whole
genus, are white, and only 2, so nearly oblong as
to pres^nit no difference of ends. Incubation, so
tedious to the volatile pair, is completed in the
short space of 10 days, and in the warmer States,
a second brood is raised. On approaching the
nest, they dart around the intruder, within a few
inches of bis face : and the female, if the young
are out, oflen resumes her seat, though no more
than three or four feet from the observer. In a
single week the young are on the wing, and in

this situation still continue to be fed with their
musing sweets by the assiduous parents. Crea-
tures of such delicacy and unconuuon circuiti-
stances, the wondrous sports of nature, everything

'Bigncnia capreolata.
tCalled the Buck-wheat tree.

ajjpears provided for the security of their exist-
ence. The brood are introduced to life in tho
warmest season of the year ; variation of tempera-
ture beyond a certain medium, would prove de-
structive to these exquisite forms. The ardent
heats of America have alone aft'orded them sup-
port ; no region, so cool as the United States, j)ro-
duces a set of feathered beings so delicate and
tender ; and, consequently, any sudden extremes,
by producing chill and famine, are fatal to our
Hiumning-Birds. In the present remarkably wet
summer, (1831,) very few of the young have been
raised in New England. In other seasons tliey
comparatively swarm, and the numerous and al-
most gregarious young are then seen, till the close
of September, eagerly engaged in sipping the nec-
tar from various showy and tubidar flowers, par-
ticularly those of the trimipet Bignonia, and wild
balsam, with many other conspicuous productions
of the fields and gardens. Sometimes, they may
also be seen collecting diminiuive insects, or
juices from the tender shoots of llie ]iine tree. —
While thus engaged in strife and employment, the
scene is peculiarly amusing. Approaching a flow-
er, and vibrating on the wing before it, with the
rapidity of lightning, the long, clefl, and tubular
tongue is exserted to pump out the sweets, while
the buzzing or hununing of the wings reminds us
of the approach of some larger Sphinx or droning
bee. No other .sound or song is uttered, except
occasionally a slender chirp while flitting from a
flower, until some rival bird too nearly ajiproaclies
the same plajit ; a quick, faint, and petulant squeak
is then uttered, as the little glowing antagonists
lide up in svvil\ and angry gyratiiuis into the air.
The action, at the same time, is so sudden, and tho
fliglit so rapid, that the whole are only traced for
an instant, like a gray line in the air. Sometimes
without any apparent jirovocation, the little pug-
nacious vixen %vill, for mere amusement, pursue
larger bird.s, such as the Yellow-Bird and Spar-
rows. To man they show but little either of fear
or aversion, quietly feeding on their favorite flow-
ers oflen, when so nearly approached as to be
caught. They likewise frequently enter the green-
houses and windows of dwellings where flowers
are kept in sight. Af\er feeding, for a time, the
individual settles on .some small and often naked
bough or slender twig, and dresses its feathers
with great composure, particularly preening and
clearing the plumes of the wing.

The old and young are soon reconciled to con-
finement. In an hoiu- after the lo.'-s of liberty, the
little cheerful captive will oflen come and siuk di-
luted lioney, or sugar and water, from the flowers
held out to it ; .ind in a few hours more it becomes ■
tame enougli to sip its favorite beverage from a
saucer, in the interval flying backwards and for-
wards in the room for mere exercise, and then
resting on some neighboring elevated object. In
dark, or rainy weather, they seem to pass the tiin« ■
chiefly dozing on the perch. They are also soon-'
so familiar as to come to the hand that feeds them.
In cold liights, or at the approach of frost, the pul-
sation of this little dweller in the sunbeam, becomes
nearly as low as in the torpid state of the dor- '
mouse ; but on applying warmth, the almost stag-
nant circidation revives, and slowly increases to I
the usual state.

Vol. X.— \o. 27.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

213

isasaiirs?a(Sii.'aii©srsa

HEATING BY HOT WATER.

Brookliiie, Dec. 'j8, 1831.

Mr Fessenden — In your paper of November
30th, Gen. Dearborn published a letter of mine to
him, on the subject of heating green houses with
hot water. At that time I had not put in practice
the mode I intended for warming my liouse ;
since then, however, I have been perfectly satis-
fied that this modt of heating is the best that has
been hitlierto applied to this purpose. My gar-
dener had been used to flues o>i7y, in heating a
house, and his prejudices were of course in favor
of that practice. Since he has experienced the
. good effects of the hot water mode of supplying
heat, he much prefers it to flues ; the weather has
been such as to give the experiment a fair test.

The following is his report to me in relation to
his operations the last week, ou 22d and 23d inst.

The fire was kindled under the boiler at 3
o'clock, P. M. ; at 10 o'clock at night, the external
air was 4" below zero ; the water in the boiler was
204" ; that in the reservoir, 87 feet distant from the
boiler, v/as lOli'^; the air in the house at same
time was 50" ; fuel was added at that hour, and
the house left, with the damper nearly closed. —
At sunrise, the following morning, the external
air was still at 4°, and the water in the reservoir
120° ; the air in the house 42°. The weather
during Friday was very severe ; the mercury in
the house continued to rise through the forenoon,
and was at 50° when I visited it. The air is
thought to be much more congenial to the growth
of plants, than that from flues, and the trouble
less in attending the fire. If I am correct in my
calculation, the area of the house contains 13,680
cubic feet of air, to be heated. The front wall
and upright sashes are 8 feet high ; the back wall
20 feet high 5 the length of the house 56 feet, and
the pitch of the glass 34°, or about what is called
one third pitch ; width of house 20 feet. This \vill
enable others to correct me if I have miscalculated
its contents ; the quantity of water to be heated in
the boiler, reservoir and pipes, is about 400 gal-
lons. When the fire has been lighted five or six
hours, there is a difference of about 8° between
the water in the boiler and that in the reservoir ;
when about ten hours, the heat of the water is
about the same in the reservoir as in the boiler.

Jan. 12th, 1832. I have deferred sending you the
above, that I might profit by the experience of the
present month — which confirms what has been
stated in the preceding.

Your obedient servant,

T. H. Perkins.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

DISEASED QUINCE TREES.
Mr Fessenden — Having read in your paper
the extract from the Genesee Farmer, stating the
loss of quince trees, and having experienced some-
thing of the same last sununer, although my know-
ledge of natural history is not sufficient to name
the depredator, I will attempt to give some ac-
count of a remedy. By some pains and expense,
I had obtained a quince tree in my garden, which
had come to maturity, and blossomed last spring,
and yoimg quinces had grown considerably ; but
I discovered one day as I passed by it, that the
leaves began to turn yellow, and decay, and con-
tinued so to do. But on examination the bark was
found to be dead just under the surface of the

ground, with the appearance of worms. The earth
was taken away from the tree two or three inches
below the surface, and a quantity of ashes laid
around the tree, and then a little mound of eaith
raised round the tree over the ashes. The tree
was examined two or three weeks after, when the
leaves ap|)eared to be as dry and as frangible as
though it had been cut down long before ; which
dissipated all hopes of longer life. I therefore
concluded in the fall to take it up, and not cum-
ber the ground with it ; but on examination, to my
surprise, life appeared to have been restored, and
some short limbs had vegetated, and probably
some new roots had grown out into the raised
earth, which was very pleasing, for although quince
trees are frequent in the old colony, they are very
scarce in this section of the country, perhaps not
another in town, except one other young one in
my garden. We think this method of treatment
would generally save them, for we frequently save
our decaying pear trees in the same way. We
would also recommend a timely application of
asbes as a preventive. S. C.

Minot, Me., Jan. 11, 1832.

Feooi the Harriaburgfa Chronicle.

FRUIT TREES.

Much good fruit has been introduced into this
neighborhood of late years, but the demand in-
creases faster than the production. It is as easy
to raise good fruit as bad or iudifterent and, when
the good is brought to market, it will bring nearly
double the price of the other. The frst cost of
fruit trees is the only difference in expense, but
the produce of a single season will amply remu-
nerate this.

Some difficulty is experienced with regard to
the time and mode of planting friut trees, to obvi-
ate which we make the following extract from Mr
Prince's treatise on the management of fruit and
ornamental trees, &c.

Seasons for Transplanlingi — Spring is the sea-
son when we find the most pleasure in making
our rural inqirovements, and from this circum-
stance probably it has become the general season
for planting trees, but experience has proved the
fall planting to be the most successful, especially
in those parts of the United States which are sub-
ject to droughts, as the trees planted in autunm
suffer little or none from a drought, when those
set out in spring often perish in consequence of it.

Notwithstanding, with regard to those fruits
that have been originally brought from warmer
climates — such as the peach, apricot, nectarine,
and almond, which are natives of Persia, Armenia,
&c. It is necessary for us to consult the opera-
tions of climate also ; and, from a consideration of
these attendant circumstances, I have come to the
following conclusions. In localities south of New
York the fall season is preferable for transplanting
all trees — north of New York, the fall is prefera-
ble only for the apple, pear, plum, cherry, quince,
and all other trees of northern latitude ; whereas
the spring is to be preferred for the peach, apricot,
nectarine, and almond, which for the reasons be-
fore stated, nfight, during severe winters, suffer
from the intensity of the frosts. Still I do not
mean to assert that trees of these kinds are cer-
tain to be injured by the winter, as in very many
seasons they are not in the least affected ; still they
are exposed to vicissitudes which may or may not
occur. Many gentlemen, however, of excellent
judgment, make their plantations in the fall, which

only serves to prove, that, even in the most intel-
ligent minds, a diversity of opinion exists.

Trees, Sfc, on their arrival at the place of desti-
nation As soon as the trees arrive at the place

where they are to be planted, let a trench be dug
in cultivated ground, the bundles unpacked, and
the roots well wet, and immediately covered with
earth in the trench, observing to make the earth
fine that is spread over them, so as not to leave
vacancies for the admission of air to dry the roots,
it having been found by experience that the thrif\-
iness of trees, the first year after transplantation,
depends much on the fine fibres of the roots being
kept moist, and not suffered to dry from the time
they are taken up until they are replanted ; their
increase, therefore, must depend principally on the
subsequent management on their arrival at the
place of destination : for, if", when the bundles are
unpacked, the trees are carelessly exposed to dry-
ing winds, the young fibres of the roots must
perish, and the trees, if they live at all, . cannot
thiive the first season, as they can receive little or
no nourishment until those fibres are replaced.

Manner of planting. — Let the holes be dug some-
what larger than is sufficient to admit the roots in
their natural position, aud of sufficient depth to al-
low the tree to be placed two or three inchei
deeper than it was before transplanting ; take care
to cut off any wounded parts of the root, and to
reduce the top full one third, by shortening the
branches or thinning them out. Let from two to
four shovelfulls of well rotted stable manure, in
proportion to the size of the tree, be incorporated
with the earth, and the whole made fine previous
to filling it in ; and, during the operation of filling
in the earth, let the tree be several times shaken,
in order that the soil may be admitted among the
finer roots ; and when completely filled in, let tlie
ground be well trodden down, and finish by mak-
ing a hollow or basin around the tree, to catch tlie
rain and convey it to the roots, or to receive the
watering which it will be necessary to give it,
should the season prove dry.

To caiise the trees to thrive. — The ground where
they are planted must be kept cultivated ; young
trees will not thrive if the grass is permitted to
form a sod around them, and, if it should be ne-
cessary to plant them in grass ground, care must
be taken to keep the earth mellow and free from
grass for three or four feet distant around them,
and, every autumn, some well rotted manure
shoidd be dug in and around each tree, and every
spring the bodies of the apple, pear, plum, and
cherry trees, and others that it is particularly desira-
ble to promote the gro^vth of, should be brushed
over with conunon soft soap, undiluted with wa-
*«-r ; this treatment will give a thriftiness to the
trees surpassing the expectation of any one who
has not witnessed its effect. Should the first sea-
son after transplanting prove drj-, regular water-
ing will be necessary, as, from a neglect of proper
attention in tl^s respect, many lose a large por-
tion of their trees during a drought.

Large Pears.— We have seen at the Boston
Athenoeum two Pears of the variety called Poimd
Pear, raised by Doct. Hildreth, Marietta, Ohio, one
of which weighed 38 ounces, and the other 34 02.

Antiquarian Socte/i/.— Christopher C. Baldwin,
Esq. of Worcester has been elected Libarian of thii
institution, which is to be hereafter continually opes.
Two wings have recently been added to the build-

214

NfiW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 18, 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jan. 18, 1832.

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

Lilly & Wait have this day le-pubUshed the
Quarterly Review, No. 9^, whicli is filled witli
elaborate articles on the following subjects : —
Croker's edition of Boswell's Life of Johnson —
Archbishop of Dublin's Lectures on Political Eco-
nomy— Royal Geographical Society — Jones on the
Distribution of Wealth and Sources of Taxation —
Jlonk's Life of Doct. Beutley — Papers relative to
East Indian Spasmodic Chokra — Moore's Life of
Lord Fitzgerald — Directions in Case of Pestilence
— Reform Question. Repubhshed (luaiterly at
Boston, at l*5 per annum.

Extract of a letter from a correspondent in Mancliester, England
dated Nov. S3, 1831, to the Publisher of the New England Faimer!

' I have lately had the pleasure of attending
Scotson's Great Sale of Improved Short Horn
Live Stock at auction, near Liverpool, wliich was
attended by fanners of every grade lioin Earls,
downward, and dressed in every fashion I ever
recollect to have seen. A great entertainment was
given, in which true old English bos|>itality was
exhibited in a favorable manner. I herewith
transmit you a catalogue, with the prices brought
by each animal. Tlie ])rices of Cows ranged from
£10 to £20 sterling each ; two years old Heifers
from 9 to £27 ; Yearling Heifers from 5 to £11,
and one for £22 ; Heifer Calves from £4 10s. to
£6 10s. ; Bull Calves from 10 to £20 ; Bulls from
11 to £15 — and one tine animal) " Young Magnum
Bonuin," roan color, 2 years and 5 months old, by
Heber, dam by Brampton, for £^7 ; Steers from 9
to £15, and one very large beef steer, red and
wlxite, 3 years old, for £50. Th^re were eighty
anunals sold, as you will perceive by the cata-
logue, which you will keep, as it may.be of inter-
est to breeders of cattle.'

Extract of a letter from a corrospnnde* in G:ilway, N. Y. to the Edi-
tor of the New England Farmer.

' Permit me just to say incidentally, that a Town
Agricultural Society has been recently organized
in this place, and that hopes are entertained by
numbers of our best cultivators, that if they can
bring their operations fairly into com parison, with

those of their brethren in vai-ious se
country, they shall not suffer dt:e|)ly
trast. In the construction jind use of

they expect to beai" away ihe i.alm — tnd jx'rhaps
will contend stoutly for the ci-'tlit if pi-oducina
the greate.st amount of proiit in tiie ( uUivation of
a few of the leading crops — such as ci ru, potatoesj
flax, &c.'

tions of the
by the co
the ])loiigl

convenience. For three years past all my shoes,
even of calf skin, have been so served ; and have
in no instance admitted water to pass through the
leather.

METHOD OF MAKING LEATHER IMPER
VIOUS TO WATKIJ.

Mr Fessende.v — The following mtood of pre-
serving boots tight agauist water, niiy be rflied
on as infallible, as I know from eight years' expe-
rience. It is used almost nniversaJly l)y New
England fishermen, and has been for more than
one hundred yeais.

A pint of boiled linseed oil, half a pound of
mutton-suet, six ounoes of clean bees-wax, and four
ounces of rosin, are melted and well mixed over a
fire. Of this, while warm, not so hot as may burn
the leather, with a brush, lay jjlentifully on new
boots or slioes, when they are quite dry and clean.
The leather is left pliant. Fisiiennen stand in
their boots in water, hour after hour, without in-

From the New Yort Farmer.

ON THE CHOICE OF SUITABLE LAND
FOR FARMING.

Ma Fleet — The remark will, at first view,
strike most persons as a kind of contradiction in
terms, that the very richest land is not that on
which farmers liave the best success, and yet notli-
ing is more certain. The first quality of landiis
generally considered to be river alluvion ; next |to
this, the richest upland, such as a fat and tenk-
cious loam ; then a sandy loam, or sand and clay ;
and finally a dry gravel. Of all these descriptions
of soil, 1st, 2d, 3d and 4th, the last is that pn
which we generally find the best farmers, not onjy,
but the most successful farming. I have traverspd
most parts of the United States, from Maine to
North Carolina, and between the great westtrn
Lakes and the Atlantic, and have evenwhfre
seen proof of the correctness of these remarks.—
The first choice of land in the settlement of evcfy
new country, talcing the qualities as designatid
above, is always in the numerical order, as tb^
stand ; and the 4th, after some 20 to 60 years,
always becomes, except in some very rare cas^s
of river alluvion, the first, and the whole order is
reversed ! Tliere may be particular exceptions,
hut as a general remark, the above observations
will be found, on the strictest examination,, to ute
sanctioned by general facts. Such was the cas^
in the early history of the settlement of this contiJ,
nent, such it has been, in every part of the coun-
try, and such it still is, as settlements advance,
everywlicre. One generation succeeds another,
the second iuvari,d)ly adopting iliflerent views from
the first, if continuing to reside on the same land ;
and yet all other.s, all of those who are uninstruct-
ed by personal experience and observation, or very
nearly all, advance to the wilds with the old fash-
ioned errors of opinion ! Were we to omit taking
into consideration the grounds of this mistake, the
general perseverance in it would seem to imjily a
strange ^vant of prudent foresight, or even a want
of common understanding. Let us examine this
matter a little, for it is one of very general im-
portance.

Laiads in a state of nature, wild lands, to wliich
so large a proportion of the young men resort, for
future farms, if clothed with timber, forest trees,
present very delusive appearances, such, exactly,
as would be Ukely to mislead the judgment. —
Excepting only the river alluvion, univei'sally
sought as of the first quality, almost without look-
ing at the soil, the three other quaUties are found,
the second and third, covered with a thick deposite
of vegetable matter, leaves, partly decayed, ' soft as
an binder bed,^ ' black as my shoe.^ Such is the sur-
face. On tearing up some handfuls of the ground,
this is well blackened of course, and little is thought
of looking for the sub-soil, as those invariably
do, who liave once been deceived by black muck,
and these soft beds of leaves. Brooks are plenty
in such woods, though they will be scarce, on the
same land, when opened to the sun, and the blan-
kets and bed of leaves are removed, so as to dry
the surface of the groimd.

On the 4th quality of land, the dry and warm
gravel, there is none of this great store of slowly

rotting leaves, because they rot rajiidly, and fires
often burn them up, the land being dry ; and
brooks, and springs, are even more scarce than
they will be when the woods are destroyed. The
gi-ound, having its surface uncovered, and the
woods generally more open, present an appear-
ance of nakedness, especially after having passed
over black muck lands, shrouded in leaves. With
an allowance for the far greater frequency of fires,
to burn off the leaves, and to destroy much of the
growth of wood, keeping the woods more open,
this land is condemned for liarrenness, and the
laiul of mnci is chosen, all blanketed and carpeted
with leaves. AVe may, on reading this, admitting'
it to be a true and faithftil outUne or delineation,
all agree that we would act more wisely, and yet
99 in a hundred of us, uninstructed by experi-
ence, would probably choose the carpeted land, as
99 in a hundred have done before, in all parts of
the United States. I would not, and did not, but
my father did, much to his regret, and I had the
benefit of his experience, as well as my own, hav-
ing been bom and bred on one of those carpeted
farms.

Land, that is cold and wet, may bear immense
growths of trees, as of the elm, ash, hasswood,
birch, beech, maple and hemlock ; and having a
very thick shade, the ground will be cold, and wet,
and the leaves must, of course, decay very slowly.
Hence the carpeting, which is invariably a sure
indication of either cold or wet land, or of both. —
If of both, it never will make a farm for grain ;
and grass, for pasture, and for hay, which grows
on such land, is always very inferior in richness,
to that grown on land that is warm and dry. The
difference is very great. The most nutritious
irrass grows only where the land is so dry, and
warm, that it must be sown fi-cquently with seed,
in order to keep uj) the sward. This i»what I
call a medium soil, good, alike for grass and grain.
Oil which I should no more expect cro])s of grass,
except from .seed, thiui of grain. One acre of
such ground, in pasture, or meadow, will keep as
much stock as one and a half, or even two, or
three, of your black muck cold and wet grass land.
The appearance, to lie sure, in pasture, will be
very different. The grass may be very long, in
your wet, cold land pasture, but very poor feed ;
in the other, it will he far more nutritious, short
and sweet, like a welf told story.

With land that is dry and warm, the good Iius-
bandman may always succeed in getting good
crops. He may even make the soil as fertile as
that of the very richest of land, and far more sure
in its crops. Good husbandry constantly enriches
the soil. But it is almost impossible to do this,
with hind naturally cold and wet. It has not
warmth enough, of temperament^ to be sensitive to
kind treatment, but is like some men, so phlegmatic,
a8 to otfi'r no princi])lc of life to act upon. Heat,
■•ind cold, are always antipodes. You can never,
by the utmost kindness, overcome natural antipa-
thies. The very cause of the muck, which mis-
leads so many in the choice of lauds, is a natural
coldness in the soil, where leaves are preserved
from decay, by cold, and by wet, not moisture, but
an excess of wetness. Such lands, when cleared,
will produce grain crops, while the muck lasts,
and is rotting- by the power of the sun, but is
sterile, ever afterwards, unless covered with a new
soil, made artificially and at more expense than
the cost of warm and good land. This can be
effected by trei'icli-i>loughing, imderdraining, quick

Vol. X No. 27.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

215

lime as a manure, bringing up the hard-iian, almost
always the only sub-soil of mucky laut's, but the
cost is too great for anything but experiment, and
on a small scale. It will be done, wlien lands,
from being scarce, shall be worth fitly dollars an
acre, but that time is far distant.

This is a long story, Mr Editor, as it will seem
to those of your readers, if any such there be, who
take no interest in knowing how to appreciate the
different qualities of land for farming. I venture
to say, however, that no topic yet embraced in
these papers, is of more general interest to your
agricultural and horticultural readers, and that
none of the Nos. will be more extensively and at-
tentively read by them, particularly the farmers,
than this and the three next, which I mean to de-
vote to tlie same subject.

I shall not attempt to speak of soils of all de-
.scriptions, land of every quality, but dwell princi-
pally on the two' leading characteristics, of cold
and lott land, underlaid by hard-pan ; and warm
and dry land, ])roperly the medium soils, however
constituted, closing with some observations on
good grazing and meadow land, for dairy and
stock farms.

Sweet Herbs, &c.

FOR sale at the New England Seed store, 52, North
Mnrket street — The followins Sweet Herbs, pulverized,
anil packed in tin cannisters for domestic use, viz ;

Sweet Maijoiuni. 37^ cts— Thyme, 33 cts — Summer
Savory, 25 cis — Sage, 17 cts, — per cannister. Also—
Blackcurrant Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 cts per
bottle. Tomato Ketchup, 37i cts per bottle. janll

Wanted,

TWO or three copies of the 1st, 2d and 3d volumes of the
New England Fanner, for which a fair price will be paid
— Apply at this olBce. janll

JElegant Camellia Japonicas & Bouquets.

THE Subscriber, Gardener to John Prince, Esq. at
Jauiaica Plains, can furnish a constant supply of elegant
Bouquets — also superb double flowers of white, and sev-
eral other sorts of Camellia Japonicas, at prices lower
than in former years. Also— very superior Mushrooms,
and a great variety of Green-House plants.

THO'S MASON.

Jamaica Plains, Jan. 10, 1832.

Important to Farmers and others.

THE Lite Gov. De Will Clinton, having, iu his an-
nual mes:iage to the legislature, recommended to the
people of the Slate of New York the culture of the
Golden Leaf Tobacco as a matter of great interest, and
intimated that the seed might be had in the Slate of Ma-
ryland, the subscriber, after sending, at much expense,
without success, (o diflerent parls of that State, has the
past spring procured some by means of the Hon. Wm.
G. Angei,; member of Congress; and the crop far ex-
ceeded all expectation. 1 have not been appiised th.it
any other person in the State has been able to gel the
seed ; I have saved a large quantity for the benefit of the
public, as will appear by the certificate of Judge Brooks,
and E. & J. S. Perkins, E^qi!-.

, m:. ■' ZERUBBABEL MATTESON.

Burliniton, Otsego co. Mnrch 31, J831.

Sir — Agreeably to your request, 1 have procured you
« small quanlily of the Golden Leaf Tobacco seed, by
means of a member of Congress, Irom Maryland, who as-
sured me it was genuine, and by far the best kind in
America.

Most respectfully, yours, W. G. Angel.

Z. Matteson, Esq., Exeter.

We certify, that the past summer, about 3 weeks after
we planted our common tobacco, we learnt that Z. Mat-
teson had planted of the Golden Leaf: we procured some,
and say that more than three times the weight of tobacco
was on each plant than were on the common kind ; was
as early and as pleasant for use as scon as cured as the
old kind is years old. We believe that a boy 14 years
old will raise a ton in less than a month's labor, and that
it is of high importance lo the noithern Slates, as they
might export, in a short time, millions of dollars" worth,
instead of paying it away. Thomas Brooks,

E. Perkins.
J. S. Perkins.

Exeter, Dec. 1831.

Any perron enclosing a dollar bill, directed to Matte-
son Mills, post office, Exeter, Otsego co. N. Y. post paid,
shall have a large spoonful of the above seed sent them
free of postage [sufficient for two acres ]

Jati. 18. HIRAM MATTESON.

Old Beans and Peas.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —

About 20 bushels of Peas and Beans of various sorts, of
the growth of 1830 — being a part of our stock for seed
left over unsold, and are now offered at a low price as
food for sheep. Jan. IS.

NuttaU's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston—

A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
of Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
63 engravings. Price $3,50. Jan. 18.

Grape Cuttings, &c.

WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, near NewYork, offer
for sale the following :

30,000 cuttings of the Isabella, Alexander, or Schuylkill
Muscadel, Catawba, Winne, Herbemont's Madeira, Bland,
Elsingburg, Elkton, Worlhington, White Fox, Lulbor-
oujli. Long's Arkansas, Missouri, Muncy, Norton's Vir-
ginia Seedling, Scuppernong, Y"ork Madeira, and other
naiive and foreign Grape Vines, at reasonable rates.

Scions of Fiuit Trees for ingrafting, which can now he
sent wiih safety to any part of the Union, will be supplied
— of all the various kinds.

Above 150 varieties of Double Dahlias, including the
New Anemone flowered, and Dwarf varieties, and also
several White flowering varieties.

500 New Chinese Mulberry or Morus multicaulis, so
superior for silk worms.

500 lbs. Seed of the Locust tree, of the Long Island va-
riety, so noled for ship timber. "^

Orders for these arlicles, or for Fruit Trees, Flowering
Shrubs and Plants, Green House Trees and Plants, Bul-
bous Flower Roots, &c. will receive the utmost attention.
Orders can be sent by mail — and Catalogues will be sent
gratis to all those who desire them.

Flushing, N. Y. Jan. 5, 1832. 2w

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street—

k small lupply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Historical Parallels.

JUST published by Lilly & Wait, Historical Paral-
lels, Vol. 1— being No. 20 of the Library of Entertaining
Knowledge, price 40 cts. Each No. contains more than
200 pages, and numerous engravings on wood, beautiful-
ly executed.

Lilly & Wait have also now preparing for press, and
will speedily publish — The New American Clerk's
Magazine, containing the most useful and necessary
Forms of Writing, which commonly occur between man
and man; — and that will be found equally necessary and
convenient for the fai-mer, the mechanic, the clerk, the
apprentice, the merchant, the lawyer, and for every
man, of whatsoever occupation, who has any interest in
ordinary business transactions. Calculated for the use
of the citizens of the United States, and made conforma-
ble to law. jan 3

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Tea Wheat.

A FEW bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
Seed Store, No. 504 North Market street, Irom the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as the supply is small, and many were disap-
pointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest oftea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1S23, from which the present variety has been
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. x, page 105 — and
vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14,

Apples, russeltings, .
.\sHEs, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
pi'ime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •

Flaxseed

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.

Lime,

Plaister Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1, .i

Seeds, Herd's Grass, .;

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, |ths, washed, .

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

Q f Pulled superfine,

S; -3 1st Lambs, . .

5=-|2<l, •' ■ .

|i.l3d, " . .■

^ (_lst Spinning, . .

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

barrel
ton

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

cwf.

cask

barrel

bushel

pound
cwt.
pound

FROM

3 00

112 00

125 00

90

10 00

7 75

7 00

II

1 12

6 50

7 2
6.37
5 75

1 25
3 25

16 00
13 00
13 00

2 00
67

8
10 00

TO

3 50
115 00
130 00

1 00
10 50

8 00

7 50

1 50

6 75

7 75
6 87
6 00
1 00

75

98

1 20

5(t

70

10 00

14 00

1 30

3 37
17 00

4 00
13 50

2 25
75
10

10 50
60
70

PROVISION MARKET,

corrected by MR haywar

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresii, best p eces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, tetail, .
Indiat, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

pound

8

"

5.k

"

6

"

4

"

7

"

12

"

16

dozen

25

bushel

<'

37

barrel

4 00

6i

15

18

37

1 17

100

40

5 00

Brighton Market — Monday, Jan. 10.

flteportetl for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.]

At market iMs day 423 Beef Cattle,47 Stores,5S3 Sheep,
and 125 Swinr. The Swine are a part of those we re-
ported some five or six weeks since.

Prices.- .Sec/ Cattle — More extra Cattle were at
market today llian is usual, say from 40 to 45. We shall
not alter our quotations from last week — extra !J5 25 a
5 50 ; prime 5, good 4 67 a 4 84, thin 3 50 a 4 50.

Cows and Cahes — We noticed the following sales —
$20, 21,24, 26 and 29.

Sheep — We noticed a lot of about 170 Wethers, which
averaged about |2 67 each, a lot of about 30 at $3 a 3 25
each ; also a lot of 150 at $4 17 each.

Swine — One lot of 25 a 30 were taken without weigh-
ing, and about the same number were retailed at 4c. for
Sows and 5c. for Barrows,

J\''eii' York Cattle Market, Jan. 13. — In market this
week about 1000 head of Beef Cattle, in addition to some
200 head left over of last, week, and about 1050 Sheep.
Demand very limited and sales generally dull. Beef
Cattle — Sales at |;.5 a 5 50, and some superior at $6 75
a 7. Good Cows $30. Sheep— Sales at $2 50 a 5 50 ; a
few at $6 50.— Daily Adv.

216

Nl W ENGLAND FARMER.

Jan. 18, 1832.

]>IlSCEL,L,Ai\Y

From tho Song3 of James Hogg.

THE MOON WAS A-WANING.

The moon was a-waning,

The tempest was over;
Fair was the maiden.

Ami fond was the lover ;
But the snow was so ileep,

That his heart it grew weary.
And he sunk down to sleep

On the moorland so dreary.

Soft was the bed

Sho had made for her lover;
White were the sheets.

And embroider'd the cover;
But his sheets are more white,

And his canopy grander,
And sounder he sleeps

Where the hill foxes wander.

Alas ! pretty maiden,

What sorrows attend you!
I see you sit shivering,

Wiih lights at your window ;
But long may you wait

Ere your arms shall enclose him.
For still, still he lies,

With a wreath on his bosom !

How painful the task

The sad tidings to tell you !
An orphan you were

Ere this misery befell you —
And far in yon wild

Where the dealh-tapers hover.
So cold, roUl, and wjn

Lies tho corpse of your lover!

I at a colisiilerahle distance, which iinfortiiiiately is <levotion in its infancy ; the virtue which, after
becoming too sure of victory, quitted tlieir military a time it produces, is virtue in its maturity ; the
array and disbanded themselves. By this incon- ] contemplation of Deity is devotion at rest ; the ex
siderate step they lost all that aggregate of force

which made the bird fly off". Perceiving their
disorder, he immediately returned, and snapped as
many as he wanted, nay he had even the impu-
dence to alight on the very twig from which the
bees had driven him. I killed him, and inmiedi-
ately opened his craw, from which I took 171
bees. I laid them all on a blanket, in the sun,
and, to my great surprise, 54 returned to life, lick-
ed themselves clean, and joyfully went back to the
hive ; where they probably informed their com-
panions of such an adventure and escape, as I be-
lieve had never happened before to American beeb !

SAGACITY OF BEES.

Anything relating to the natural history of Bees,
is particularly interesting at this period, when so
many of our intelligent countrymen are endeavor-
ing to introduce them among the farmers of New
England.

The following anecdote is extracted from ' a
letter from J. Hector St John, a fiirmcr in Penn-
sylvania to a friend in England,' first published,
we believe, in 1784.

The sagacity of these animals, whidi have long
been the tenants of my farm, astonishes me ; some
of them seem to surpass even men in memory and
sagacity. I could tell you singular Instances of
that kind. What then is this instinct which we
so debase, and of which we are taujht to enter-
tain so dimiuutive an idea ? My bees above any
other tenants of my farm, attract my atentioii and
respect. I am astonished to see that nothing i x-
ists but what has its enemy; one species pursues
and hves upon the other, Unforti nately >
king-birds are the destroyers of these industrious
insects: but, on the other hand, thesi birds ])re-
serve our fields from the depredatioi of crows,
rrljich they pursue on the wing with great vigi-
lance and astonishing dexterity. Thus divided by
two interested motives, I have long resisted the
desire I had to kill them, until last ypar, when I
thought they increased too much, and my in<lul-
gence had been carried too far. It waa at the time
of swarming, when they all came and fixed them-
selves on the neighboring trees, whence they
caught those bees that returned from the field. —
This made me resolve to kill as many as I could, —
and I was just ready to fire, when a bunch of
bees, as big as my fist, issued from one of the
hives, rushed on one of these birds, and probably
stung him, for he instantly screamed, and flew, not
as before in an irregular maimer, but in a direct
liae. He was followed by the same bold phalanx,

EDITORIAL DIFFICULTIES.

Next to poverty, delinquent subscribers aid
duns, to which most editors are subject, the
greatest difficulty is to please the public. For bo
great is the variety of public taste and feeling, that
had the conductor of a periodical paper as many
hciuls and as many pens as his paper has readers,
he could never hope to please all ; for they cannot
please themselves. Does he speak out in language
plain and simple ? it is mere common place ; the
taste of the learned is not gratified ; it is fit only
for the vulgar. Does he aspire to elegance? tlie
imlearned caiuiot understand, and tlie learned re-
gard him as a pedantic fellow, dabbhng in what he
has no real pretensions to. Does he show his
colors, and boldly contend for his ground ? he is
too severe. Does he hide him.self behind a mass
of equivocal matter ? he Ls a temporizing hypo-
crite. If he publishes extracts that are better than
he can write, he has no talents of his own to dis-
play ; and if he fills his paper with original mat-
ter, he might have given something better from
the works of others. If he attempts to philoso-
phize, it is dull mid uninteresting; and if he write
on i)lain and familiar subjects, everybody knew
them before. Does he attempt to instruct ? he
needs to be instructed. Does he use his endeavors
to amuse ? it is light and trifUng. People gener-
ally are fond of being praised, and one would sup-
pose this might satisfy them. But let an editor
try the expedient, and he will soon find out his
mistake. For such is the power of envy that no
one will thank him for praising /iim,and every one
will hate him for praising others. Most peo|)Ie
are fond of hearing their neighbors slandered ; but
if you attempt to point out either the vices or fol-
lies of mankind, every one will find something iiy-
plicable to himself; and here again you encoun-
ter the hatred of the whole muss. Every person
•an tell you how to conduct a paper to please
limself, and of course to offend every one else. —
These being stubborn facts, there is no alternative
but for an editor to please himself if he can, and
hazard the consequences. If he does this he will
be certain of satisfying one, which is more than he
can say if he tries to please ajl. — Upland Union.

' Let this idea dwell in our minds, that our
duties to God and our duties to men, are not dis-
tinct and independent duties, but are involved in
each other ; that devotion and virtue are not dif-
ferent things, but the same thing ; either in dif-
ferent stages or in different stations, in different
points of progi^ess, or circumstances, or sittiations.
What we call devotion for the sake of distinction,
during its initiatory and instrumental exercises,

edition of his commands is devotion in action. —
Praise is religion in the temple, or in the closet ;
inthistry, from a sense of duty, is religion in the
shoj) or field ; commercial integrity is religion in
the mart ; the conunuuication of consolation is re-
lii;iiin in the chamber of sickness; paternal in-
struction is religion at the hearth ; justice is re-
ligion on the bench ; patriotism is religion in the
public councils.'

Silk a Protection against Infection. — A silk cover-
ing of the texture of a common hanilkercliief is said
to possess the peculiar property of resisting the
noxious influence, and of neutralising the effects of
malaria. If, as is supposed, the poisonous matter
is received into the system through the lungs, it
may not be difficult to account for the action of this
very simple preventative ; it is well known that such
is the nature of malaria poison, that it is easily de-
composed by even feeble chemical agents. Now it
is probable that the heated air proceeding from the
lunrrs may form an atmosphere within the veil of silk
of power sufficient to decompose the miasma in its
passage to the mouth, although it may be equally
true that the texture of the silk covering may act
mechanically as a nonconductor, and prove an im-
pediment to the transmission ^)f the deleterious sub-
stance.

.SVrn-f. — Sir John Sinclair, author of the Code of
Health, strongly recommends the use of sage tea,
made liom common garden sage, as a remedy for
disorders of the throat which arise from a bad
state of the stomach. He tried the experiment on
himself, using a bath of vinegar and water for his
throat when sore from a cold — and the sage with
great success, when the other remedy failed. He
drank a pint of the tea in a day, in doses of a
wine-glass full at a time.

A young lady, who had been severely interro-
gated by an ill natured counsel, observed, on leav-
ing the witness box, that she never before fully
understood what was meant bv cross examination.

A printer, whose talents were hut indifferent,
turn«:(l physician. He was asked the reason of it.
'In printing,' answered he, 'all the faults are ex-
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NEW ENGLrANB FARMEffi.

VOL. X

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agbicoltdral Warehouse.) — T. G, FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

NO. 28.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 25, 1832.

(s©sasaw£ra>siisa(osr39

DISEASE IN HORSES.

Thomas G. Fessendex, Esq. — As there were many
opinions respecting the late epidemic which proved so fa-
tal to horses, I addressed a line to Dr. Peck of Foxbor-
ough, a gentleman of sound judgment, and an accurate
observer of facts, and who had lo5t a valuable horse by
the complaint, requesting him to give me his opinion res-
pecting the disease, and the proper treatment to be pur-
sued, and to make such remarks as he thought proper. —
The following is a copy of his answer. Should you think
it will be useful to the public, you are at liberty to give
it a place in that depository of useful knowledge, the New
England Farmer.

Vour obd't servant,
jVansfield, Jan. 1832. R. GREEN.

Foxborougli, Not. 8, 1831.

Sir — Numerous professional duties liave delay-
ed a compliance with j'our request, much longer
than was expected, when it was received. Tlie
demands of friendship, and the benevolence of the
object forbid me to hesitate in giving you my views
respecting the epidemic, which has effected so
great a loss of property, inflicted so much suffer-
ing, and occasioned death in so many instances in
that noble race of animals, the horse. It is net,
however, without embarrassment and diffidence of
opinion created by the novelty of the subject, and
increased by the want of leisure, and the means lo
ascertain wliat is already made public in books on'
veterinary medicine.

My opinions will be founded principally upon
the disease, as it occurred in the mare I lost in
September last. A concise history of this case
will afford you the best means of judging of their
correctness and prevent the necessity of introduc-
ing detached portions by the way of exiilanation.

On the 7th of September my boy took her from
the pasture a httle before sunset and harnessed her
in the sulkey. While standing at the door, I ob-
served she slavered freely and was stupid and
downcast, in her appearance. I discovered that
she was loath to go faster than tlie walk, and al-
though repeatedly urged forward by the whip,
would shortly resume the walk. Once or twice
on ascending a hill, she stopped for a moment, as
if fatigued, or in pain, and several times in descend-
ing small pitches she appeared in great danger of
falling from the very bungling manner of using
her fore feet.

She had been turned to grass lor a few weeks
to recover from an injury of one of her limbs, and
deprived of grain to wliich she had long been accus-
tonitd. This change in her living and want of exer-
cise, I thought at first might account for' her lack
of spirit and activity, as well as for the awkward-
ness of her gait. I therefore continued my ride
without discovering anything farther till the latter
part of the evening, except tliat whenever the whip
was appUed, a distinct interval was obvious be-
tween the tune it struck her and the time she per-
ceived the blow. When she did perceive it, the
effect was greater than was expected, for she start-
ed oft" as if surprise had been added to the usual ef-
fects of the lash. This singular plienomenon I
observed several times in the course of the evening.

I might also mention, that checking her up appear-
ed to cause pain and very much retarded her mo-
tion. On my return home in the latter part of the
evening, I experienced great difficulty in keeping
her in the road, on account of an obstinate and
constant tendency to the left, that required a strong
effort to counteract. She could scarcely be urged
out of the walk, and it was perfectly evident that
she was laboring under some alarming disease. — ■
I now made a careful examination and found the
wliole smface of the body cold and ti-emulous,
countenance dull and U.stlcsS, a leaning and step-
pii:g to the left, with so much appearance of gen-
eral weakness, as to induce the fear that she would
fall in the harness. With much ado I got home,
which was then but a short distance. She how-
ever grew worse very fast, and when she arrived
home, did not recognise her own stable. Sin was
now well rubbed and a gallon of blood taken from
the neck. While this was doing, and afterwards,
she often kicked violently with her left foot. About
11. P. M. I was called from home and did not re-
turn till ne.xt day about 2 P. M., when she was
down and incapable of rising. She was left in the
care of a fan-ier who had bled her again and given
her several cathartic medicines without effect.
Sh^ lay stretched out upon the floor Avith her head
drawn back and the muscles of the neck, abdomen,
anil limbs frequently convulsed. At short inter-
vals she would- revive, or attempt to get tip, but
could only get upon her hind feet, for her fore
legs appeared to' be completely paralyzed, fehe
V ould, however, make a powerful exertion to rise
forwards, and throw herself several feet ahead,
without regarding anytliing that might be in her
way. No material alteration took place till next
morning, except a gradual diminution of stremgth
and exertion. In the morning she commenced
moving her legs backwards and forwards, was gen-
erally convulsed and apparently in the greatest dis-
tress. This state of things contiimed till 9 A. M.
when s!ie expired.

From the first appearance of illness, her fore
legs were disproportionally affected. The retina
retained its sensibility to the last ; it did not how-
ever, appear to communicate any impression to
the brain.

Examination one hour after death. — The cavity
of the chest and abdomen were opened and each
visciis carefully examined : no disease was discov-
ered except a slight inflammation of the nmcous
surface of the urinary bladder, which probably re-
sulted from a retention of urine.

The vessels of the brain were remarkably turgid
and between the pia mater and arachnoid mem-
brane, numerous small collections of water were
found in the depressions upon the surface of the brain.
The water in the ventricles did not not much ex-
ceed half a gill. The cerebellum was suiTounded
with water inclosed in the membranes above men-
tioned and the effusion was still more abundant
around the medulla oblongata and medulla spinalis.
The interior of both cerebrum and cerebellum ap-
peared more vascular than I supposed to be natu-
ral. The head was separated from the trunk by a
section between the second and third ceroical ver-
tebrte, and the extremity of the spine being made
dependent, water to a considerable amount gradu-

ally dripped from h. The posterior half of the
processus tentoric was found completely ossified.
This circumstance I mention, not as having any-
thing to do with the disease, but as it was probably
a morbid deposit ; hence we learn how unimportant
was this affection of the animal, which, until this
illness had been perfectly good.

The morbid appearances discovered on dissec-
tion will explain the symptoms except the inclina-
tion to the left, which might have been owing to
an imequal affection of the two hemispheres of the
brain. The affection of the fore legs resulted, prob-
ably from inflammation of tlie spine.

Such were the symptoms and such the aiitopsic
appearances ; but the more difficult and the more
important of your inquirifls remain to be answered.
To .start an hypothesis oij to dictate a treatment
from the observations ma^e in a single case, would
seem a most hazardous, if not presumptuous under-
taking ; but from w hat I can learn of others, there
is a great uniformity of Nymptoms in cases that
have occurred in this quailter, and as it is evident-
ly an epidemic disease, thfre can be little doubt
that it exhibited its peculiar attributes, more or less
clearly, in all cases that occurred unmixed with
other compliints. If this be so, we are warranted
in drawing general conclusions respecting the na-
ture of the disease, frotn the case before us,
and in deducing therefrom the principal ob-
jects to be itept in view in the use of therapeuti<^
means.

In respect to the cause, numerous opinions are
in circulation Some impute this malady to the
watery quality of the grass arising from frequent
rains and heavy dews ; others to the great abund-
ance of it, supplying an excess of nutriment and
thence inducing an inflanmiatory diathesis ; while
others again, ascribe it to noxious plants and
poisonous insects eaten by the horse. The two
first of these although directly opposed to each
other, may be worthy of a passing notice. That
very wet and very dry seasons produce material
and opposite effects upon grasses, is well known
to every one. In very dry seasons, they contain
much more nutritive matter, in a given quantity,
than in very vet seasons.

The past setison has abounded with rains and
hence the quality of grass has been inferior to thai
of common years. I have heard many remark
that horses slivered much more than common.
No doubt an inferior quality of food and so copi-
ous a salivation may very much weaken the animal
and prepare bis system to be acted upon with
greater facilitj by morbific agents. In order to
show that it Avas of itself competent to produce
the disease, it will be necessary in the first place
to prove that tlia disease was co-extensive with
this deterioration of the grass ; but this I suspect
will not be ]M-ctcnoed. The second is less adequate
than the first, unlpss it be supposed that the excess
in quantity be mi^rc than sufficient to counterbal-
ance the deficien«y in quality. But were it even so,
the effect must be limited to a geueral effection or
of the system very diftcrent from actual disease
and the same objection might be brought against
it as against the first. Great and sudden changes
in the temperature of the atmosphere sometimes
produce epidemic diseases ; but this was not only

218

NEW ENGLAND FAKIMEIl,

Jan. 25, 1S33.

somewhat out of stason, but for too limited in
extent to bo attributed to this cause.

If malaria (miasma) be an adequate cause, and
if moreover, the symptoms and nature of the dis-
ease bear a close analogy to the known effects of
malaria upon the animal system, then certainly it
would be very unphilosophic to adduce others, ex-
cept as mere auxiliaries. I need not attempt to
>Iiow that this is an adequate cause, or that such
analogy exists. In looking at the history of the
case ytfu will at once recogmsc the most promi-
Hcnt effeets of this agent exejting its deadly pow-
ers in a manner too obvioii to require further
proof. Indeed it would seei* that this disease of
the horse, closely simulated some of those violent
forms of fever, which in different parts of the world
has destroyed great numbers of the human race. —

own is so limited, that I shall confine my remarks
principally to the management of blood-letting, the
most efficient, if not the only remedy worth con-
sideration. But before coming to particulars it is
proper to state that the objects to be regarded in
the treatment, are, the prevention of inflammation
when the earlier symptoms are noticed, and the
cure of it where it already exists.

When the fir^t symptoms, such as loss of appe-
tite, languor, and iudisi)Ositiou to motion, arc timely
observed, a warm bm well ventilated stable, a light
diet, and some mild cathartic, as neutral salts, may
perhaps prevent the further development of the
disease. My mare was in a pasture near the
house, and several of my family have expressed
their belief, that she was imwell two or three dal's
before I knew it. They drew this conclusion frojn

has destroyea great numoers oi xne nuniau laoc. — uckjic » nut., n. ^..^-j >"^ p-

You will recollect that history furnishes us with her standing about in a listless and unusual maji-

the account of several epidemics in which domes-
tic animals were simultaneously affected with man,
and that too with very similar diseases. From
these, we learn the suscejitibility of their systems
to malaria and its analogous effects in different
races of animals. But it is said the horse is not
.subject to idiopathic fever. Whether this propo-
sition be true or false, depends on the definition
given to the term fever. While some make fever
JO consist of inflammation, others say it consists of
a peculiar affection of the nervous system, asso-
ciated or not, with uiflammation. It is therefore
idle to contend upon this point, and all I wish to
say, is, that whatever we call it, its pat lology more
closely resembles the violent form of fevers tlian
any other disease with which I am acquainted. —
Adopting the older hypothesis of the tT\o, I regard
indisposition to motion, lassitude, and prostration
of strength, as resulting from the primary effects
of the deleterious influence of jiialaria upon the
nervous system, and inflanunation, when it occurs.

ner. Cold rigors with more or less delirium \vill
generally announce the formative stage of infl
mation. This will conunonly be followed by a
action more or less perfect, attended with coitus-
ponding heat and high vascular excitcmentj
When the heat of surface is nearly uniform, a li
opening should be made in one of the jugular ve!
and the blood allowed to flow, regardless of
quantity taken, till faintness is induced. Shotijd
the same symptoms continue, the hlood-lettwg
may be repeated in the same way, in 4, C, or eigjt
hours, according to the violence of the case, a4d
even a third or fourtli time, should it be necessary
to control the disease. An active cathartic aid
cold applications to the head and neck, a dafk
stable and the most perfect stillness may be re-
garded as valuable assistants.

These cases, in whieli the reaction is imperfect
and the extremities continue cool and the heat of
surface inconstant, will be found, by (ar, the most
unmanageable. When the cold stage is protracted

as it o-enerallv does in all severe cases, as the se- : friction, warm blankets, and warm aromatic drinks
quence of such influence. will be useful, and should these not succeed in a

According to this theory, the disease does not reasonable time, a small quantity of blood may be
consist in a simple acute inflammation of the brain taken to unload the congested organs, and spirit
as might be inferred from the autopsio appearances, ' diluted with warm water, may be frequently
but in an inflammation superinduced in a system ' administered till the object is gained, and stop as
greatly prostrated by previous affection. luflam- soon as the circulation is developed. As soon as the
mation may succeed so immediatelj as to afford circulation is restored, tlie treatment must bo the
no opportunity to mark that other aid primary af- same as above mentioned. The bleedings should
fection which laid the found.ition, or if I may so ever be small when there are frequent alternations
say, created the necessity of its occu -rcncc. Yet, of heat and cold, and proportioned to the degree
notwithstanding this rapid successioi, the fact of and permanency of heat. When no reaction takes
its existence, I regard as beyond rca onable doidit, place, or where it is long protracted every variety
and its admission made necessary in -xplaining the ' of treatment will fail.

phenomena of tlie disease. It is also of further Should the violence of the disease be subdued
importance in reference to the us; of curative | and the horse does not convalesce, blisters applied
means. Shoidd the physician, on dscovering in- I on each side of the ceroical spine, with laxatives.

flummatiou of the brain, stomach oi intestines in
typhus fever, adopt the same course as in ordina-
ry attacks of acute phrenitis, gastrit s or enteritis,
without regard to the complicated lature of the
disease, he would deserve very littla credit for hi;
skill. True, the same means might be necessary,
hut the measure and adaptation of tliem must be
widely different to insure success.

Having in a very hurried and imperfect manner,
given, thus far my pathological views, I shall now
proceed to state, in a general way, what I suppose
to be the most rational plan of treatment. The
constitution of tlie horse is kno^^•n to differ materi-
ally from man in respect to the inliuence of some
of the most energetic medicines we possess. —
Whatever may be the kuo\^ ledge of others in the j species to another,
use of medicines in the complaints of horses my ' Respectfully,

DocT. KOLAND GREEN.

rest, and light diet will be the ])robable means to
remove the remainder of the disease. Dm-ing
convalescence it will be necessary to avoid over
exertion, feeding, and exposure to cold.

If the vievTs taken in this paper be correct, it
will not be singular if other organs than the brain
were sometimes found inflamed.

Already hanng extended this paper to a great
length, I am compelled to omit many things worthy
of notice ; but I shall need to make an apology,
rather for what I have, than for what I have not
not written ; for I am free to confess, that however
satisfactory it may be, to reason from analogy on the
same species of animals, it is very liable to lead us
into error when this method is extended from one

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

WILD CHERRY TREE LEAVES.

T. G. Fessekden, Esq.

Sir — As there lias been much written on wild
cherry tree leaves, and your correspondents
appear to be in as much need of information on
the subject as myself after having lived almost half
a centuiy, I was in hopes that some one would
have come to the point, and saved me the trouble
of writing ; and nothing but the duty I owe to
the public induces me to undertake. As I am in
the habit of buying hides at all seasons, I bought
one which was taken from a beast that died by
eating wild clicn-y tree leaves. I observed to the
owner that if wild cherry tree leaves would kill
cattle, it was a wonder that there were any in
the country, as these leaves could be found on
almost every farm. I will give you his own
words ; ' they must be wilted to just such a pitch.'
He opened the creature, and found that all the
leaves stuck fast on the belly; and that a mortifi-
catiou had taken place under the leaves.

I asked a gentleman, a few days past, if he ever
knew wild cherry leaves to hurt cattle? He
observed that he knew a heifer of one of his
neighbors that died by eating them after they were
wilted. I asked him what efi'ect it had on her ?
lie said it disordered her stomach so that she could
not raise her cud ; but she was not opened.
A lother case was that of an ox that was turned
in:o a lot the next day after the cherry tree was
cut, and he came near dying, but recovered after
ten days. There is nothing that a cow can eat that
gives the milk such a disagreeable taste as these
leaves, and it will sour in half the time that it will
« hen the cows are fed on grass, which must of
coiM-se affect the taste of the butter or cheese ;.
and might be the cause of much scolding and
scalding about sotir milk, when the cause of its
sourness was not known.

If you do not receive any better communica-
tion on this subject, you may publish as much of
this as you may think will be of service to the
public.

Providence, Jan. 20, 1833. Calvin Dean.

P. S. I do not suppose that there is any poison
in wild cherry tree leaves made into tea, green or
dry. But it is the gluey substance in the leaf that
when eaten makes it adhere to the stomach or
intestines, and there is nothing to remove it. My
opuiion is that they are more hurtful in .Tunc and
July than later in the season. The cow died, I
think, in June; and the ox ate the leaves some-
time after haying; and when cherries were ripe,
I have seen the ground covered with the bushes,
in all stages from green to dry, and never knew
them to hurt any creature at that sea.son. C. D.

GARDNER M. PECK.

To those engaged in the maauractiire of Kiln Dried
Corn Meal, the following hints from the Journal of Com-
merce may be of use.

KILN DRIED CORN MEAL.

Kiln dried meal must be made of the best
yellow corn ; white would not sell. Hogsheads
should be made of the best seasoned white oab
stuff, 4 feet 5i inches long, and be 2 feet 3i inches
across the head. Four iron hoops on each hhds.
The rest of the hoops strong, smooth hickory.
The hhds. must be made tight, as they are sold for
rum hhds. in the West Intlies — the only market
for them.

The corn is dried in a large sheet-iron cylinder,
or in pans, (put in motion by the mill) in a heated

Vol. X.-No. 28.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

219

air-chamber of brick. Tlie meal is sifted; the year 1826, at the period when the cherry trees
cloth as open as the common middhngs cloth in a were in fruil, I noticed that this variety was by

sup-reel, and about 4 feet long.

The weight in each hhd. 800 lbs. and the hhd.
must be branded with the name of the maker and
kiln. dried corn meal, TVo. \. 800 lbs. The meal
must be of a bright yellow, aud smell strongly of
the kiln, or it will not pass inspection. Ten hhds.
per day is moderate work for a good pair of burrs
aiid a good kihi, sixteen bushels of good corn will
make a hhd.— old corn less. Ten to 12,000 hhds.
are made in N. York yearly for the West Indies.

It would not be safe for a new hand to conduct
a kiln, without the presence of an experienced
workman who has put theni up.— The sheet iron
pans are better than the cyhnders.

The price in New York varies from $13 to 1.5
through the year, when corn is plenty. The cost
of a complete kiln with pans, is $400 to $500.

The vegetative principle must be entirely
destroyed, and the point of sufficient dn'ness can
be easily ascertained by the smell of the nical while
grinding. Great pains must be taken in making
the hhds. wM, and of stuff long seasoned ; or the
meal will make them shrink so much that they
will fall to pieces before they reach the market.

From PriQce's Pomological Manual.

GRAFFION. Pr. cat. For.
Sigarreau. Hook. Pom. For. and of the English pub-
lications generally, and of .some American collections.
Jligarreau. Graffion. Lond. Hort. cat.
Cerise ambrce. Guindoux Mane. ? vr n i
t'erisier a fruit ambre , fruit blanc. \ tJU''-
Amber, or Imperial. Coxe.
Yellow Spanish, of most American collections.
Harrison heart of some English gardens, according ;o
Forsylh.

This tree is one of the largest of all the varie-
ties that belong to the same species ; its branches
are strong and vigorous, and form a handsome and
well supported head. The gro^vth of the young
trees is particularly thrifty ; their lateral shoots are
remarkable for taking an almost horizontal direction
and the bark is marked with small dots. The
fruit is the largest I have ever seen, except the
Prince's duke ; it is round at the extremity and
somewhat flattened at the base, borne upon pedun-
cles of from fifteen to twentyfour lines in length ;
the skin is delicate, a little firm before maturity, of
an amber yellow, partially tinged with red in small
spots when at full maturity, and especially on the
side exposed to the sun ; the flesh is white, bland,
and luscious, with a honied sweetness. This fruit
ripens in Jime, and if there are long continued
rains at the time of its maturity, it is apt to rot.
It is remarked in the New- Duhamel, that this
cherry is but partially disseminated in France, and
that it would merit culture more than any other,
on account of its excellence, if it were not for the
defect of its fruit not being apt to set well. On
this point, so far as my opportunities have allowed
me to judge, and they have been rather numerous,
as the tree is much cuhivatcd in this vicinity, I
have found it to produce good crops and to be a
constant bearer. Tliis tree was imported from
London, by the father of the author, in the year
1802, under the name of Yellow Spanish, and
one of the original trees is now growing in his
garden, where it produces abundantly, and there
is little doubt that from his stock have originated
most of the trees of this kind now in our country,
^'he has taken much pains to recommend it.
During a visit to the vicinity of Boston, ia the

some called the Bigarreau, and by others the Car-
nation, but the error has no doubt been corrected
ere this, through the great intelligence and accura-
cy of their Horticultural Society. There is another
European cheny, called Ambree or Amber, which
is far smaller than this, and also very inferior in
flavor ; its only advantage being that of ripening
at an earlier period.

CARNATION. Pr. cat. Law. Lang. Mil.

For. Lond. hort. cat.

Late Spanish. Wax Carnation. Wax Cherry.

Griotle d'Espagne, erroneously.
This fruit, which derives hs title from its color,
h of a large size, and nearly of a round form ; the
skin is a yellowish white, beautifully mottled with
red ; the flesh yellow, rather firm, and of a pleas-
ajit taste, but less sweet than many other varieties ;
tlie juice is sprightly and of a pale color. If
eaten before it is fully mature, it has a slight
degree of bitterness. This cherry ripens among
the late varieties in July, and is lield in high esteem
for preserves. The tree is of low statui-e, being
niore spreading than lofty, and its branches have
often somewhat of a horizontal or even a drooping
appearance. Its foliage indicates much vigor, and
tiie fruit is less subject to the attacks of birds and
insects than most of the other fine varieties of
cherries, and also remains without decay or rotten-
ness for a longer period than other sorts usually
do. The tree bears tolerably well, but not abund-
antly. A tree imported from London, some years
suice, as the Late Spanish, and one from the north
of France, under the title of Griotte d'Espagne,
have both borne fruit of this kind ; the latter
variety, however, is in fact a dark colored fruit,
and the above circumstance must have arisen from
eiTor.

to pay in ready cash the^highesl price for hemp-stem
as soon as delivered at the factory. '

From several experiments which have been tried
at the late Factory of Messrs. Haines & Winslow
we are convinced the business may be made a very
profitable one to the farmers of Maine whenever the
best methods of cultivation are resorted to.— With
these views and intentions the company will prose-
cute the business, trusting the Legislature and a
generous public will render them their aid.

I will only add— our Factory will be capable of
fitting for market annually, about one hundred tons
of Hemp. Several of the farmers in this vicinity,
who have used good management, have obtained
fifty or sixty dollars from one acre of Hemp. This
information we are willing should be made public,
that our neighbors may share with us this lucrative
business.

HEMP IN MAINE.

LivERMORE Hemp Company. — We understand
that Messrs. Haines and Winslow have disposed of
the works which they erected for the dressing and
manufacture of Hemp, and a company has been
formed of practical farmers who design to give the
business a fair trial. This they will be the better
enabled to do, as they will have large quantities of
hemp to be worked by their own machinery. The
water where the new factory is to be erected is of
a temperature favorable to its continuing in opera-
tion in winter as well as summer.

We rejoice to learn that such an enterprising
spirit prevails, and have no doubt that the under-
taking will be crowned with success, and that the
culture and manufacture of Hemp will become an
important and profitable branch of industry in Maine.

We subjoin an extract from a letter from one of
the gentlemen engaged in the enterprise :

I will give you a short history of our intentions
and the business generally, and you may make such
use of it as you see fit.

Well then to begin, a number of us (consisting of
fifteen) have formed ourselves into a company for
the purpose of dressing hemp — have purchased a
first rate water-power in the centre of Livermore,

and intend erecting a Factory, to be ready about , '^''^ P"'l'' of coals:has risen everywhere in Eng-
, _ ., ° .X-. ,•„. land. At Lewes It IS ten shillings a chaldron higher

the first of August next. It is the design of the I than the customary price before the duty of six shil^
company to invest such funds as shall enable them I lings was taken oft",

STEALING FRUIT.
An esteemed friend presented mo with Noah
Wehsttr's Elementary Spelling Book for examina-
tion ; and among the great number of useful re-
marks which this indefatigable author has selected
or prepared for the instiuction of children, I was
particularly pleased to find the following : ,

' It is no mure right to steal apples or water-
melons from another's garden or orchard than it is
to steal mcnci/ from his desk. Besides, it is the
meanest of all low tricks to creep into a man's enclo-
sure to take his property.'

For this sarvice, if I lived near JVoah Webster, I
would treat him to the earliest and best fruit of my
garden.

Much as I am pleased with the course taken by
our Legislature for suppressing the plundering of
gardens and orchards, and much as might be done
by editors and periodical papers, I am satisfied that
to eradicate the evil, the axe ought to be laid to the
root — that is, it ought to be imperatively enjoined
on all teachers who derive any part of their pay from
the funds of the state, to lecture their scholars on.
the leading principles of morality ; and as stealing
fruit is the nost common of all larcenies, that its-
enormities si ould be particularly pointed out. We^-
might then lope in a very few years that the fruit
in a garden, or an orchard, would be as safe as the-
clevis on a plough in the field, or an axe in the
door-yard.

It is said tiat a clevis or an a.xe would be more
easily detected ; and that it is harder to resist temp-
tation when J, leads to immediate enjoyment — let it
be remembered that the temptation is not greater
than what is hourly presented to the youth of a city,
and that a craving appetite is oidy one of the mo-
tives that leal to the plundering of fruit: a frolic,
and the idea of doing something smart or cunning
is no inconsidemble inducement with many grown
boys. Let pubfic opinion render this vice as dis-
graceful as tiie J-obbing of hen-roosts — which might
be done by proper lectures in common schools—
and one branch of iniquity would be lopped. — Gen-
esee Farmer. '•

220

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 25, 1832.

1 the Frugal Houaewifc.

FISH.

Cod has white stripes, and a haddock black
stripes ; they may be kno«7i apart by this. Had-
dock is the best for frying ; and the cod is best for
boiling, or for a chowder. A thin tail is a sign of
a poor fish ; always choose a thick fish.

When you are buying mackerel, pinch the belly
to ascertain whether it is good. If it gives under
your finger, like a bladder half filled with wind,
the fish is poor; if it feels ihard like butter, the
fish is good. It is cheader to buy one large
mackerel for ninepence, tSan two for fourpence
halfpenny.

Fish should not be put in to fry until the fat is
boiling hot ; it is very necessary to observe this. —
It should be dipped in Indian meal before it is put
in ; and the skinny side uppermost, when first put
in, to prevent its breaking. It relishes better to
be fried after salt pork, than to be fried in lard
alone. Peoide are mistaken, who think fresh fish
should be put into cold water as soon as it is brought
into the house ; soaking it in water is injurious. —
If you want to keep it sweet, clean it, wash it,
wipe it dry with a clean towel, sprinkle salt in-
side and out, put it in a covered dish, and keep it
on the ceHar floor until you want- to cook it. If
you live remote from tlie seaport, and cannot get
fish while hard and fresh, wet it with an egg
beaten, before you meal it, to prcveut its breaking.
Fish gravy is very much improved by taking
out some of the fat, after the fish is fried, and put-
ting in a little butter. The fat thus taken out will
do to fry fish again ; but it will rot do for any
kind of shortening. Shake in a little flour into the
hot fat, and pour in a little boiling water ; stir it
up well, as it boils, a minute or so. Some people
put in vinegar ; but this is easily added by those
who like it.

A common sized cod-fish should be put in when
the water is boiling hot, and boil about tweiuy
minutes. Haddock is not a.s good for boiling as
cod ; it takes about the same time fi) boil.

A piece of halibut which weighstfour pounds is
a large dinner for a family of si.x| or seven. It
should boil forty minutes. No fishi put in till tlie
water boils. Melted butter for sauje.

Clams should boil about fitk'cn t\ inutes in their
own water ; no other ncved be at ded, except a
spoonful to keep the bottom shells from burning.
It is easy to tell when they are dont, by the shells
starting wide open. After they ire done, they
should be taken from the shells, waihed thorough-
ly in their own water, and put in i stewing pan.
The water should then he strati cd tlirough a
cloth, so as to get out all the f -it ; the clams
should be, simmered in it ten or t [\een minutes ;
a little thickening of flour and wai?r added ; half
a dozen slices of toasted bread o^ cracker ; and
pepper, vinegar and butter to youi^ taste. Salt is
not needed.

Four pounds of fish are enough to make a
chowder for four or five people ; half a dozen
slices of salt pork in the bottom of the pot ; hang
it high, so that the pork may not burn ; take it out
when done very brown ; put in m layer of fish, cut
in lengthwise slices, then a layer formed of crack-
ers, small or sUced onions, and potatoes sliced as
thin as a fourpence, mixed with jjieces of ])ork
you have fried ; then a layer of fish again, and so
on. Six crackers are enough. Strew a little salt
and pepper over each layer; over th'' whole pour

a bowl-full of flour and water, enough to come up
even with the surface of what you have in the pot.
A sliced lemon adds to the flavor. A cup of
tomato catsup is very excellent. Some people put
in a cup of beer. A few clams are a (ileasant ad-
dition. It should be covered so as not to let a
particle of steam escape, if possible. Do not open
it, except when nearly done, to taste if it be well
seasoned.

Salt fish should be put in a deep plate, with just
water enough to cover it, the night before you in-
tend to cook it. It should not be boiled an in-
stant ; boiling renders it hard. It should lie in
scalding hot water two or three hours. The less
water is used, and the more fish is cooked at once,
the better. Water thickened with flour and water
while boiling, with sweet butter put in to meltJ is
the common sauce. It is more economical to tut
salt pork into small bits, and try it till the porli is
brown and crispy. It should not be done (oo
fast, lest the sweetness be scorched out. '

Salt shad and mackerel should be put into a
deep plate and covered with boiling water !for
about ten minutes after it is thoroughly broijed,
before it is buttered. This makes it tender, tajies
off" the coat of sidt, and prevents the strong iily
taste, so apt to be unpleasant in preseiTed fishj —
The same rule applies to smoked salmon. |

Salt fish mashed with potatoes, with good blot-
ter or pork scraps to moisten it, is nicer the second
day than it was the first. The fish should be
minced very fine, while it is warm. After it kas
got cold and dry, it is diflicult to do it lucely, —
Salt fish needs plenty of vegetables, such as onioOs,
beets, carrots, &,c.

There is no way of preparing salt fish for break-
fast, so nice as to roll it up in little balls, after it is
mixed with mashed potatoes ; dip it into an egg,
and fry it brown.

A female lobster is not considered so good as a
male. In the female, the sides of the head, or
hat look like cbeek-s, are much larger, and jut
out more than those of the male. The mouth of
lobster is surrounded with what children call
' pluses,' edged with a little fringe, if you put
your hand under these to raise it, and find it springs
back hard and firm, it is a sign the lobster is fresh ;
if they move flabbily, it is not a good omen.

Fried salt pork and apples is a favorite dish in
the coimtry ; but it is selilom seen in the city. —
After the pork is fried, some of the fat should lie
taken out, lest the apples should be oily. Acid
apples should be chosen, because they cook more
easily ; they should be cut in slices, across the
whole apple, about twice or three times as thick
as a new dollar. Fried till tender, and brown tn
both sides — laid around the pork. If you have
cold potatoes, slice them and brown them in tlie
same way.

A ScGGESTiopf. — As this is generally a season
of leisure to agriculturists, we would suggest that
an hour or two might be profitably employed in
recording some of the many observations they may
have made during the past season for publication
in the Fanner. There is not a farmer or a jjlant-
er in the United States but could thus add some-
thing useful and valuable to our stock of agricul-
tural knowledge. If all our subscribers would do
this, the observations of the whole would soon be
in the possession of each, and thus their own con-
tributions would return to them with several
thousand per cent interest. Is not this suggestion
worthy of consideration ? — Am. Farmer.

CULTURE OF RUTA BAGA.

A wish to have others profit by my experience,
induces me to send you, Mr Editor, half a sheet
of remarks on the culture of Ruta Baga, as a
food for domestic animals. I have cultivated from
half an acre to three acres of this root every year,
for thirteen years in succession, and feel com-
petent to give rules for its culture, and confi-
dence in recommending it as a valuable and pro-
fitalde crop.

The soil must be rich and dry ; and the more
it inclines to a sand loam the better. Clay is the
woist, and wet soils will not answer at all.

Prcparalions. — My general practice has been,
to manure well a piece of pa-sture, or clover ley,
from which the hay has first been cut, plough it
handsomely over, and harrow it well.

Smcing, Sfc. — I sow in rows, at two and an half
or three feet, with a drill-barrow. The sooner
the preceding operations succeed eacli other the
better. I have sown broadcast, but the expense of
thinning and culture is increased. A man will
drdi in three or four acres in a day. We allow a
pound of seed to the acre, though half this, proper-
ly distributed, is enough. Sow from the 2Gth June
to the 10th July.

Culture. — I use a cidtivator, that may be gradu-
ated to the space between the rows, drawn by a
horse, as soon as the plants can be well distin-
guished. This is repeated In a few days, back
and forward, and the implement carried so close
to the drills as to leave only strips of from four to
ten inches, which are then thoroughly cleaned
with a skim-hoc, and the plants thiimed to eight
and ten inches distance. The cultivator soon fol-
lows, for a third time, and if necessary, the skim-
hoe, when the crop is generally left till harvest. —
The great aim is to extirpate the weeds, and to d»
this while they are small.

Harvesting is jiostponed as long as the season
will permit. The roots are then pulled up, and
laid on the ground, the tops of two rows towards
each other. The pullers are followed by a man
or boy with a bill-hook, who with a light blow
cuts the toi)S as fast as three or four can pull. —
Three men will in this way harvest, of a good
crop, .'500 bushels in a day. The tops are gath-
ered into heaps, and taken to the yard, in carts,
daily, for the .stock, until they are consumed. An
acre will give from five to ten cart-loads of tops.
The roots are piled on the field, if di-y,- — the pits
two or two and an half feet broad, covered
with straw and earth, and as the cold weather
approaches, with manure, to j)revent frost.-
N. B. With a crowbar make one or more holes on
the crown of the pit, which must be left open, to
let oft' the rarified air, and prevent the roots from
heating.

Use. — The tops serve for autumn. As soon as
the mild weather of spring will justify, I break
through the frost, and take the contents of a pit to
my barn, and cover the roots with straw or hay.
From thence they are fed to my stock, being first
chopped u]) with a snick (Dutch meat chopper)
or spade. They are excellent for sheep, especially
for ewes that have young, — and hogs and horses,
eat them freely. Steamed, they are used in the
north of England, for horses, as a substitute for
grain. I have fattened sheep and bullocks upon
them with profit. They constitute, ])i;i vicularly
from February to June, an excellent cuUiiary vege-
table for the table. A bullock will thrive fast upon

Vol. X.-No. 28.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

221

two bushels a day, and will consume hardly any
hay, and requires no drink.

Product ajid cost. — My average crop has been
600 bushels per acre, though others have raised
much heavier pi-oducls. Tlie cost, in manure and
labor, when they are secured for winter, has been
from two and a half to three cents per bushel.

N. B. Cattle or sheep, fattened upon this root,
should be kept from eating them for eight or ten
days before they are slaughtered, otherwise the
maat will havo an unpleasant flavor. J. B.

Albany, Dec. 26.

HEDGING.

In a land so generally arable as the western
parts of New York, — where the inducement to
clear off the primitive forest is so strong, where
timber for fences is continually becoming scarcer,
and where good stone in most places is not easily
procured, — hedging is a subject of increasing im-
portance. Almost in the first settling of this coun-
try, some farmers foresaw the result ; and though
twenty years have elapsed since a few attempts at
this business were made, I know not of one
hedge in this region which serves to protect a
grain field.

I have doubted the propriety of employing er-
otic plants for this purpose. After continuing
many years in a flourishing condition, the privet*
or prim hedges of the southcjistern part of Penn-
sylvania, as well as those on Long Island, perish-
ed from some unknown cause ; and those of Eng-
lish thorn soon after shared a similar fate. Al-
ready fears are entertained that the hedgesf in
the vicinity of Philadelphia will not be durable.—
Some English thorns\ in tliis quarter have been
greatly injured by insects ; and a sweet briar
hedge of our own planting, which for a while was
very flourishing and beautiful, and which fully re-

* ' SincB the destruction of the prim and the English
black thorn, few attempts have been made to raise hedges.
In the town of East Hampton, in Suffolk county, by the
best computalion, at least two hundred miles of good prim
hedge died in the course of two or three years, which
was a greater loss lo the inhabitants than if every house
in the township had burned down at the same time. It
has not as yet been discovered what occasioned the de-
struction of ihe prim. The English black thorn in South-
ampton was nearly equal to the prim in East Hampton.
This has lately all died there, as it has in every other
part of the country where it grew. A certain fly makes
a hole throuf;h the bark of the thorn, and there deposits
its eggs.' — V Hommedieu in Transactions of the [New
York State] Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, &c.
(1794.') vol. 1, page 136.

' The prim did some years ago promise something of
the kind ; but this has been long since dead, and there
appears no probability (hat it will ever flourish again. —
The black thorn has been destroyed by a worm that preys
upon its twigs.' — Havens in the same vol. p. 288.

t In a letter from Bucks Co. Pennsylvania, dated 11
xno., 1, 1831, my correspondent says, ' The thorn hedges
near Philadelphia appear to be declining rapidly in con-
sequence of the ravages of some insect — 1 shall not be
disa|ipoinled if our hedges should die as suddenly as the
Privet (Prim) hedges did about the year 1765.' I have
not understood whether the hedges near Philadelphia are
of English, or of Washington, thorn. Neither the privet
nor the sweet briar are irTdigenous to this country.

X Genesee Farmer, Vol. 1, p. 373. ' Where the Eng-
ligh thorn was tried, that part of the hedge which was
clipped, was mostly destroyed by a small snow-white in-
sect, with which it was in many cases literally covered.
That which was not clipped did better" — because the in-
sects preferred the young shoots and leaves, and left the
older and more rigid leaves to perform their necessary
functions. Last summer my English and Norway maples
vere greatly infested by such an insect. Is it a native
tf our country?

alized my hopes in lessening the severity of the
bleak winds on the west side of my garden, is
visibly on the decline.

I have often admired the appearance of our wild
thorn in the old Indian clearings which remained
a few years ago in a waste state. Many of these
shrubs, in consequence of being nipped by sheep
and cattle, presented very thick, neat, and regular
sides from the ground upward, and were .several
feet in diameter. A hedge is evidently stronger
when each plant has room to attain a good size ;
and I have been disposed to question the advan-
tage of setting thorns so thick that they must ne-
cessarily be kept in a stunted state.

In elucidation of this view it may be observed
that a plant wliich branches and covers a given
space, will be preserved in better health and vigor
than several other plants of the same kind which
are crowded together in a space of the same di-
infusions. In cultivating the taller kinds of In-
dian corn, a few supernumeraries are destructive
to the crop ; and all are familiar with the sickly
aspect of culinary vegetables surrounded by weeds.
Now a stunted quick in a hedge, feeble from
starvation, must be less capable of recovering from
the ravages of insects, or of withstanding extraor-
dinary vicissitudes of the weather.

Light is essential to the healthy vegetation of
those plants ; and from this cause, neglected hedges
soon become open near the ground. The branches
which form the lower part of the hedge, ought
therefore to be but sparingly shaded. Witli this
olijec*. in view, the hedge is often trimmed with a
slope from each side, so as to form a sharp edge
at the height of five or six feet. For the same
reason from this point, the main stems ought to be
naked for two or three feet higher, and then the
top may be allowed to spread and extend itself
without any restraint.

A hedge, crowded with plants in the usual man-
ner and annually cut down to the level of five or
six feet, presents a collection of rods, which if not
interwoven, may be readily parted and passed by
unruly animals. If these rods are spiny however,
most of the live stock of a farm will be repelled ;
and if these are elevated on a good bank with
ditches, which breaks the force of heavy cattle, it
will be \ery effectual.

Although spiny plants have been commonly se-
lected for hedges, it is not quite certain that such
are always the best. In Hart's account of his
travels in the southeastern part of Germany, pub-
lished about the middle of the last century, he men-
tions hedges of horn beam which bordered the road
for miles in continuous lines. The hedge consisted
of two rows, bent in different directions. Where
the opposite trees were brought to touch, a piece of
bark was removed from each, and they were then
tied together by some single bandage. In the
course of a short period, they were firmly connect-
ed by the new w-ood.

The American horn beam (svi'amp beech) seems
to be equally well adapted for hedges ; and as far
as I have observed, it is less infested by insects,
and less liable to be injured by mice, than many
other shrubs. Some forest trees have this proper-
ty also in an eminent degree, and some have been
proposed for hedges ; but it may be well to consid-
er whether their great and vigorous growth will not
be difficult to manage and restrain ; and whether
such can be reduced to a dwarfish state without
impairing their constitutions or lessening their
durability .'

Some of the American thorns have been found
rather difficult to raise from the seeds ; but those
of the crab apple grow as freely as the seeds of the
common apple, and the plant is very formidable.
Very respectfully,

David Thomas.
Greatjield, Cayuga co., 12 mo. 20, 1831.

FEEDING CATTLE.

' In young growing animals the powers of di-
gestion are so great, that they require food which
is less rich, than sudi as are of mature age. They
also require more exercise. If rich food is supplied
in lilieral quantities, and exercise withheld, diseases
are generated, the first of which may be excessive
fatness: growth is iutpedcd by very rich food, for
experience shows, that the coarsest fed animals
have the largest bones. Common sense will sug-
gest the propriety of preferring a medium course
between very rich and very j)oor nutriment.' —
Loudon.

Regularity of feeding cattle is of prime impor-
tance. Three times a day precisely at a certain
hour, cattle, according to Mr Lawrence, should be
furnished with their food. Mr Dean observed,
that neat cattle and horses should not have so
much laid before them at once as will quite
serve to fill them. The hay they have breathed
on much, they will not eat up clean, unless they
are very hungry. It is best, therefore, to fodder
them twice at night, and twice in the morning.
Let neat cattle as \\cll as horses have both light
and IVesh air let iu upon their fodder when the
weather is not too cold and stormy to allow the
windows to be open. What one sort of cattle
leave should be thrown to another sort. Those
that chew the cud will eat the leavings of those
that do not, and vice versa.

Liverpool and Manchkster Raii. Road. —
The first year of travelling on the Liverpool and
Manchester railway has expired — during a part of
the time, however, there was not full accommoda-
tion for either passengers or goods, yet it seems
that 416,000 persons have travelled its whole dis-
tance, and about 34,000 persons short distances —
a total of 450,000— and whose fares reach £99,600
sterling — a prodigious sum. The exact sum pro-
duced by the carriage of goods is not ascertained,
but it is estimated at £90,000. This is surely a
convincing ]iroof of the utility of Rail Roads, and
the favor with which they are regarded by the
community. In this country we have no doubt
they will prove as profitable and popular.

THE WORLD S CHANGES.

Today is ours, yesterday is past, and tomorrovr
may never come. I wonder that people can so
much as for;et death, when all we see before us is
but succession ; summer dies and winter comes ;
the dial marks the change of hours, every night
brings death-like sleep, and morning seems a re-
sun'ection ; yet while all changes and decays, we
expect no alteration ; unapt to live, unready to
die ; we lose the present and seek the future, ask
much for what we have not, thank Providence but
little for what we have ; our youth has no joy,
our middle age no quiet, our old age no ease,
no indulgence ; ceremony is the tyrant of this day,
fashion of the other, business of the next. Little
is allowed to freedom, happiness and contempla-
tion ; the adoration of our Creator, the admiration
of his works, and the inspection of ourselves. —
Mrs Elizabeth Montague.

222

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jan. 35, 1833.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jan. 35, 1833.

WORKS OF A WOODPECKER.

James Vila, Esq. of Bedford, Ms. has left in our
office a sample of the labors of the Red-headed
Woodpecker, (Picus erylhrocephalus) wliich exhibits
a curious specimen of the power and industry of
that little animal. This consists of the branch of a
young tough white oak, between 2 and 3 inches in
diameter, perforated to its centre by the bill of the
bird. The liole is as neat and well defined as could
have been mortised by a mallet and chisel. The
object of the woodpecker, in this performance, was,
evidently, the attainment of a worm, probably one
of the species of the Borer which so often attacks
the apple tree. The worm had made a hole in the
branch about the size of a goose quill, 4 or 5 inches
below the place gouged out by the bird, and was
proceeding upwards wlien the woodpecker broke in
upon and devoured the depredator. That this little
despised workman, viz. the red-headed woodpecker,
with his head for a mallet and his bill for a chisel,
should make such a perforation is more wonderful
than the structure of the Pyramids or tlie Pantheon.
Yet boys and other bipeds, who think tlicy have
some claims to respectability, are in the habit of
murdering woodpeckers without provocation and
without remorse !

Mr Cornelius Cowi.vc, of Roxbury, once inform-
ed us that he found in the stomach of a woodpecker
no less than 23 borers, which had been recently ex-
tracted. The tongue of this bird is sharp pointed
and bearded, on which he impales the insects which
reward his labors. The efforts of the woodpecker,
however, are often misunderstood, and tliey are
stoned or shot for their good deeds by the stupid
bipeds in whose service they arc engaged. Tlic
perforations they make to extract ineects are, by
some, thought to injure the tree wlich they are
ridding of the worm in its vitals, and death is the
reward which ignorance inflicts on its benefactors.

Mr NuTTALL, in his Omilhology, ia speaking of
the habits of this bird, observes that ( The ancient
live oak, his cradle and residence, is clerishod as a
domicil ; he creeps around its pondertius withered
arms, views the passing scene with complacence,
turns every insect visit to his advantoge, and for
hours together, placidly reconnoitres tie surround-
ing fields ; at times, he leaves his lopy citadel to
examine tlie rails of tlie fence, or the ^oards of the
adjoining barn ; striking terror into hisilurking prey
by the stridulous tappings of his bill, ha hearkens to
their almost inaudible movements, and, discovering
their retreat, dislodges them from their burrows by
quickly and dexterously chiseling out the decaying
wood in which they are hid, and transfixing them
with his sharp and barbed tongue. But his favorite
and most productive retreat is to the adjoining fields
of dead and girdled trees ; amidst whose bleaching
trunks and crumbling branches, he long continues
to find an ample repast of depredating and boring
insects. When the cravings of appetite are satis-
fied, our busy hunter occasionally gives way to a
frolicsoBjQ or quarrelsome disposition, and, witli

shrill and lively vociferations, not unlike those of
the neighboring tree frog, he pursues, in a graceful
curving flight, his companions or rivals round the
bare limbs of some dead tree to which they resort
for combat or frolic'

FEEDING CATTLE, CALVES, &c.

' Oil-cakes,'' says the Farmer''s Guide, ' are of great
use for feeding cows before calving. Flax-seed
broth or jelly is much recommended for fatting. It
is made by putting about a quart of flax-seed to
seven of water, and then let it stand about fortyeight
hours ; after which it is to be boiled gently for two
hours, stirring it frequently, to prevent its burning.
When cool, it is to be mixed with meal, bran, or cut
straw, and fed out at the rate of about two quarts
a day to each beast, and it is said to make a great
saving in the article of food. It is also useful for
fattening calves.'

Sir Young says, ' I have for some time entertained
an idea, that skimmed milk might be prepared with
proper ingredients, effectually to answer the purpose
of feeding calves when the practice is to give new
milk from the cow, and at about a third of the ex-
pense. The articles arc treacle, [molasses] and tie
common linseed oil-cake, ground very fine, almost
to an impalpable powder, and the quantities so small
that, to make thirtytwo gallons, would cost no more,
exclusive of the milk, than about sixpence. It mixes
very readily and almost intimately with the milk,
making it more rich and mucilaginous, witliout giv-
ing it any disagreeable taste. Take one gallon of
skimmed milk, and in about a pint of it add half an
ounce of common treacle, stirring it till well mixed;
then take one ounce of linseed oil-cako, finely pul-
verised, and with the hand let it fall gradually in
very small quantities into the milk, stirring it in the
mean time with a spoon or ladle, until it be tho-
roughly incorporated ; then let the mixture be put
into the other part of the milk ; and the whole made
nearly as warm as now milk from the cow. After
a time, the quantity of oil-cake may be increased.'

PROPOSED IMPROVEMENTS IN THE NEW
ENGLAND FARMER.

We take the liberty to announce to our friends
and patrons that a solicitude to render our paper as
useful as it is in our power has induced us to pro-
pose fo publish, every week or two, short practical
original essays of one, two, or three columns, on the
best methods of cultivating many of the most useful
articles of produce, both in Garden and Field Hus-
bandry. By this means, we hope, in process of time,
to furnish a Cultivator's Dictionary, engrajted on the
stock of the New England Farmer. The Index, to
be presented at the close of each volume, will fur-
nish the reader with nearly all the facilities for
turning to and re-perusing any article, which are
presented by alphabetical arrangement.

CJ^" We earnestly solicit the assistance of our
intelligent correspondents, farmers and gardeners,
in carrying the above proposed plan into eflTect ; and
hope our esteemed friend and patron in Albany may
approve of, and contribute his very efficient aid in
enabling us to enrich our columns with the fruits of
hia extensive reading and results of that experience

wliich, under the guidance of judgment and science,

has placed him at tlie head of American cultivators.

Among other articles and subjects, we propose to

include the following, viz.

Apple,

Melon,

Apricot,

Mulberry,

Asparagus,

Mustard,

Bailey,

Nectarine,

Beans,

Nursery,

Beet,

Oats,

Broeoli,

Onion,

Buckwheat,

Orchard,

Butter,

Parsley,

Calibage,

Parsnip,

Carrot,

Pea,

Cauliflower,

Peach,

Celery,

Pear,

Cherry,

Ploughinff,

(Clover,

Plum,

Compositions for trees,

Potato,

Cucumber,

Pumpkin,

Currant,

Quince,

Divisions of a Farm,

Radish,

Fi-.

Rhubarb,

Flax,

Rose,

Flowers,

Rotation of Crops,

Forest Trees,

Rula basa.

Gooseberry,

Rye.

Grafting,

Sea Kale,

Grape,

Selection of Fruits,

Grasses,

Selection and Cultivation

Hardy ornamental Shrubs,

of Annuals, Biennials, &c.

Hedge,

Sheep,

Hemp,

Silk,

Hop,

Squash,

Horse Radish,

Strawberry,

Hot Bed,

Teasel,

Hot House,

Thistle,

ludian Corn,

Tomato,

Lettuce,

Turnip,

I.ocustTree,

Vine,

Madder,

Wheat,

Mangel Wurtzel,

Woodland, &c. &c. &c.

From the Gonesee Farmer.

Tomatoes. — As you have professed to bo fond
of Tomatoes, Mr Editor, I >vill tell you how to
lave thciii for use during the whole year. When
ripe gather and throw them into a strong brine ;
and wlien wanted for use, soak them in fresh water,
pi'ol .'uid stow them as if fresh picked, withholding-
salt. J. B.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO-
CIETY.
The Standing Committee on Ornamental Trees,

Flowers, Green Houses, &c. award the following

premiums for the year 1831 :

For the five best varieties of Chinese Chrysan-
themums, a premium of .$5 to Mr David Haggerston,
of Charlestown.

For the best half dozen of Tulips, a premium of
$3 to Mr David Haggerston, of Charlestown.

For the best half dozen of Ranunculus, a premium
of $2 to Mr P. B. Hovey, of Cambridge.

For the finest varieties of Pinks, a premium of $2
to Mr David Haggerston, of Cliarlestown.

For the best Carnations, a premium of $3 to Mr
John Lemist, of Ro.xbury.

For the finest specimens of Cultivated Native
Flowers, to Messrs. F. & J. Winship, of Brighton,
a premium of $3.

For the finest Roses, (including sixty varieties of
hardy Scotch Roses,) a premium of $5 to Messrs.
F. & J. Winship, of Brighton. /

For the best Hyacinths, a premium of $3 to M
Augustus Aspinwall, of Brookline.

Vol. X.— \o. 28,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

223

For the finest Dahlias, a premium of $5 to Mr
David Haggerston, of Charlestown.
Per order.

R. L. EMMONS, Chmrman.

Jj'Several corannmications are on file.

Farm for Sale.

FOR sale, an excellent Farm in the town of Peterbo-
rough, N. II. Said Farm is pleasantly situated about a
mile from the village ; formerly the residence of the late
John Smith, Esq. and contains about sixty acres of good
land, well walled, with a good House and Karn, and other
out-buildings. Terms re.isonable, and possession to be
given tlie lirst of April. For further particulars, inquire
of Dea. John Field, neir the premises, or at No. 3,
Kowe's Wharf, Boston. .St* Jan. 25

Guide Boards.

JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse, No.
51 and 52, Noilh Market street, a few more boxes of
Carter's patent Guide Board*. Members of the Legisla-
ture and others, are inviled to examine them. Every
town in the Commonweallh ought to pnsse.ss a set of the
above Boards, both for economy and convenience.

Jan. 2.5

Old Beans and Peas.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —

About 20 bushels of Peas and Beans of various sorts, of
the growth of 1830 — being a part of our slock for seed
left over unsold, and are now offered at a low price as
food for sheep. Jan. 18.

Jfuttall's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston—

A Slanual of the Ornithology of the United States and
of Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
53 engravings. Price $3,!;0. Jan. 18.

Sweet Herbs, &c.

FOR sale at the New England Seed store, .52, Norlh
Market street — The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized,
and packed in tin cannisters for domestic use, viz :

Sweet Marjorum, 37^ cts — Thyme, 33 cts — Summer
Savory, 25 cis — Sage, 17 cts, — per cannister. Also —
Black Currant Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 cts per
bottle. Tomato Ketchup, 374 cts per bottle. janll

Elegant Camellia Japonicas & Bouquets.

THE Subscriber, Gardener to John Prince, Esq. at
Jamaica Plains, can furnish a constant supply of elegant
Bouquets — also superb double flowers of white, and sev-
eral other sorts of Camellia Japonicas, at prices lower
than in former years. Also — very superior Mushrooms,
and a great variety of Green-House plants.

THO'S MASON.

Jamaica Plains, Jan. 10, 1832.

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street —

A small tupply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Sliort directions for its culture accompany the
3eed.

Wanted,

TWO or three copies of the 1st, 2d and 3d volumes of the
New England Farmer, for which a fair price will be paid
—Apply at this office. janll

Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.rt lotnest pricef, for sporting —
constanllv for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
6) liroad'Slrect.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbe reltmuea Jan.l

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) ■ and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than thev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Black Currant Wine.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51 ^
52 Norlh Market Street, Boston —

A further supply of superior old Black Currant Wine,
made under the inspection of John Pi'ince, Esq. Roxbu-
ry ; an account of its astringent and detergent proper-
ties in various complaints, will be found in the N. E.
Farmer, vol. 5, page 267, written by S. W. Pomeroy,
Esq. and the late Doct. J. G. Coffin. It is highly salu-
tary in many summer complaints. Doct. Coffin states :
' Its use has been attended with remarkable success in
tlie early stages of cholera morbus and dysentery — and
again also in the later stages of these diseases, after the
symptoms of inflammation or febrile excitement had
ceased. It has been strikingly remedial in the low states
of typhoid and bilious fever. The late Capt. Gilchrist,
who for several years followed the Batavia trade, and
who had always suffered an attack of the severe cholera
which proves so destructive of human lile in that climate,
us;d to say that after he had this wine with him, and
took two glasses of it every morning, he escaped the
disease. On one voyage, his mate, who had not taken
the wine, was seized with this complaint, when a bottle
or two stopped its progress. We have not rooiii to enu-
mtrate many other morbid affections in which this wine
has proved useful. In sore throat it has for u,any years
been considered almost a specific remedy. — Price 75 cts.
per bottle.

Tea Wheat.

A FEW bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
Seed Store, No. 50'i North Market street, from the vicin-
ity of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
call soon, as the supply is small, and many were disap-
pointed, in not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
Wheat, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest o( tea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1823, from which the present variety has been
disseminated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. x, page 105 — and
vol. vi. page 82. Dec. 14.

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TR.iDERS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 50J North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in smail
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
MENTAi, Flowep. Seeds Will be added on the same
terms, when o.rdered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of different sorts.

[Cf'The seeds vended at this establishment, are put up

on aD improved plan, each package being accompanied

ith short directions on its management, and packed in

the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-

»mine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Cobbett's Advice to Young Men, &c.

JUST received and for sale at J. B. Russell's Seed
Store, No. 504 North Market Street, Boston-
Advice to Young Men, and (incidentally) to Young
Women, in the Middle and Higher Ranks of Life ; in a
series of Letters addressed to a Youth, a Bachelor, a
I^over, a Husband, a Citizen, or a subject. By William
Cobbett. Price 50 cents.

One copy only, jasl received from London, of Loudon's
Encyclopedia of Gardening, with many hundred wood
engiavings; new edition, greatly enlarged and improv-
ed. Price $11,00. Dec- 23-

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime,

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed,

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow
Rye. . . .
Barley,
Oats, .

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, ....
Plaister Paris retails at
Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern,
Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, ^ths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
g f Pulled superfine
^ -a 1st Lambs,
£=<!2d, "
I g. I 3d, "
^ ^^ 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled Wool is

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best p eces, .
whole hogs, .

Veal

Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, . .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quaUty,)

from to

3 50

115 00

130 00

1 00

10 50

8 00

7 50

18

r

3

1 50

6 75

7 75
6 87
6 00

90

SO

98

1 20

50

70

10 00

14 00

1 30

3 37
17 00

4 00
13 50

2 25
75
10

10 00
60
70

barrel

3 00

ton

112 00

"

125 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 00

"

7 75

7 00

pound

1(1

"

6

bushel

1 12

barrel

6 50

"

7 25

':

6 37

«

5 75

bushel

85

"

75

"

95

'•

112

"

48

cwt.

65

"

9 60

"

13 00

cask

1 26

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

13 00

bushel

2 00

"

67

pound

8

cwt.

9.50

pound

55

**

65

"

52

•'

4S

"

43

"

40

I.

60

(.

55

>i

38

'<

28

"

45

about 5 cents less

MARKET.

pound

8

"

5*

''

6

"

4

"

7

«

12

"

16

dozen

25

bushel

«

37

barrel

4 00

6k

37
1 17

100

Knowledge for the People.

'LILLY &VaIT and CARTER * HENDEE, have

(his day published, 'Knowledge for the Pf.ople,
No. 5— or the plain Why and Because— on popular Che-
mistry.' Price 124 cts. They also continue to republish
the ' Library of Entertaining Knowledge,' a beautiful
work, which grows rapidly in public favor— price 40 cts.
each part. Publi.-hed under the direction of ihe British
Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge,— and
combining in a delightful manner, what should never be
separately attempted. Instruction and Amusement.

Fnropean Leeches.

The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.

Brightj.n Market — Monday, Jan. 23.

(ReporUd for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot. J
At market thiiday 272 Beef Cattle,92 Stores, 493 Sheep,
d 80 Swine. The Swine are the same which we havo
several times before reported, but were today all sold.

Prices.— £(f/ Ca(He— The number of Beef Cattle
at market today was quite limited as will be perceived
above, and a small advance was effected. We quote ex-
tra at $5 33 a 5 50 ; prime 5 a 5 25, good 4 67 a 4 84, thin
3 75 a 4 50. The number of extra Cattle was probably
about 30— one or two yoke brought something more
than 5 50.

Stores— Bat a few sales were effected.
Sheep — We noticed one lot taken at about 4 50 ; one
lot at 4 00 ; one at 3 80 ; one at 8 60, and one at 3 00 —
all of which have been 'stall-fed.'

Coics and Calves — We noticed several prime at mar-
ket, but no sales were effected.

Swine— One lot of Barrows was taken at 4c.; the re-
mainder Sows and Barrows to close, at 3c.

224

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MISCELLANY

From the Illinois Monthly Magazine.

THE PRAIRIE.
The prairie was clad in its richest array.
Its brightest of scarlet, and gayest of green,
And the sun seemed to pause in his luminous way,
And to sparkle with joy o'er the beautiful scene.

The flowers — though florists will hardly agree, "^
To a doctrine so strange and so novel to them —
Were blushing, and bowing, and making as free
As if each had a heart in its delicate stem.

Every gay little bud had a smile for her peers,

Though the violet certainly looked rather blue ;

And the blush of the rose seemed to glow through her

tears.
But perhaps, as 'twas early, the drops were of dew.

Had you seen them, dear Myra, you never again
Had been sceptic enough to deny that a Aoh er
Has tender sensations and pleasure and pain.
And sweet recollections of sunshine and shower.

The wild deer was gracefully bounding aloncr.
And tossing his antlers so proudly the while,
That the gay little blossoms he cantered among
Were restrained by good manners alone from a smile.

The prairie bird strutted about, with the air
Of a trajedy king, or a comedy lover,
While a pair of fond turtles, an amorous pair.
Were quietly cooing a love-lecture over.

Arid music— such music ! the air bore along.
As it swept the green hillocks, and shook the lone tree ;
The prairie bird's note, and the mocking bird's son"-.
And the hoot of the owl, and the hum of the bee.

And the cracking of twigs as the wolf trotted by,
-\nd the bark of the hunter's dog, far o'er the plain,
The report of the rifle, and the fawn's plaintive cry.
And the dirge of the crow, and the shriek of the crane !

And the cattle-bell tinkling, just heard, far away.
And a farmer's boy whistling, the time to beguile :
And a voice in my heart — what it was I can 't say.
That was warbling of Myra and love all the while.

And I thought how delightful a change it would be.
When disposed to forsake the clay form I inhabit,
To live upon dew like a delicate bee.
Or to gallop through grass like a deer — or ,3 rabbit.

Or to a chaste bud with an aspect of snow,
Or a dandy of flowers, a gaudy gay fellow;
On the wide sunny prairie to dance and to bow.
With a mantle of green, with a trimming of yellow.

And I thought— but I h.ippcned just thento awake-
How the best settled intellects somctimeswill rove.
And yet 't is a pleasant excursion to take,.
With Mab, o'er the prairies, when one is(n love .'

OLD SETTLERS OF NOVA BCOTIA.

The following extract of a letter fmin Lord Ed-
ward Fitzgerald to lii.s Mother is, taken from
Moore's life of that personage. Mr Moore say*
that this letter affords one of the instances where
'a OTiter may be said to be a poet TOthout know-
ing it.'

' My dearest Mother,— Here I am, after a very
long and fatiguing journey. I had no idea of what
It was : It was more like a campaign than any-
thmg else, e.xcept in one material point, tliat of
having no danger. I should have enjoyed it most
completely but for the musquitos, but they took off
a great deal of my pleasure : the millions of them
are dreadful. If it Iiad not been for this incon-
vemenee, my journey would liave been delightful.
Ihe country is almost in a state of nature, as well
as Its inhabitants. Tliere are four sorts of these •

the Indians, the French, the old English settlers,
and now the refugees from the other parts of
America : the last seem the most civihzed.

' The old settlers are almost as wild as Indians,
biit lead a very comfortable life ; they are all
farmers, and live entirely within themselves. —
They supply all their own wants by their contri-
vances, so that they seldom buy anything. They
ought to be the happiest people in the world,
but they do not seem to know it. They imagine
themselves poor because they have no monev,
witliout considering they do not want it : every-
thing is done by barter, and you ^rill often find a
farmer well suppUed with everything, and yet not
have a shilling in money. Any man that will
work is sure, in a few years, to have a comfortable
farm : the first eighteen months is the only hard
time, and that in most places is avoided, partieu-
larly near the rivers, for in eveiy one of them a
man will catch in a day enough to feed him for
the year. In the winter, with very little trouble,
he supplies himself with meat by killing moose-
deer ; and in summer with pigeons, of which the
woods are full. These he must subsist on till he
has cleared ground enough to raise a little grain,
which a hard-working man will do in the course
of a few months. By selUng his moose skins,
making sugai- out of the maple-tree, and by a few
days' work for other people, for which he gets
great wages, he soon acquires enough to purchase
a cow. This, then, sets him up, and he is sure, in
a few years, to have a comfortable supply of every
necessary of Ufe. I came through a whole tract
of country jieopled by Irish, who came out not
worth a shilling, and have all now farms, worth
(according to the value of money in this country,)
from £1000 to £3000.

' The equality of everybodj', and of their man-
ner of hfe, I like very much. There are no gen-
tlemen ; everybody is on a footing, provided he
works and wants nothing ; every man is exactly
what he can make himself, or has made himself
by industry. The more children a man has the
better: his wife being brought to bed is as joyful
news as his cow calving; the father has no unea-
siness about providing for them, as this is done by
the profit of their work. By the time they we fit
to settle, he can always afford them two oxen, n
cow, a gun, and an axe, and in a few years, if they
work, they will thrive.

' I came by a settlement along one of the rivers,
which was all the work of one pair ; the old man
was seventytwo, the old lady seventy ; they had
been there thirty years; they came there with
one cow, three children, and one servant ; there
was not a living being witliin si.xty milfes of then:.
The first year they lived mostly on milk and
marsh leaves ; the second year they contrived to
inirchase a buU, Ijy the produce of their mooso
skins and fish : from this time they got on very
well ; and there are now five sons and a daughter
all settled in different farms along the river for the
space of twenty miles, and all living comfortably
and at ease. The old pair live alone in the little
log cabin they first settled in, two miles from any
of their children; their little spot of ground is cul-
tivated by these children, and they are supplied
with so much butter, grain, meat, &c, from each
child, according to the share he got of the land ;
so that the old folks have nothing to do but to
mind their house, which is a kind of inn they keep,
more for the sake of the company of the few trav-
ellers there are than for gain.

' I was obliged to stay a day with the old peo-
ple on account of the tides, which did not answer
tor going up the river till next morning ; it was, I
think, as odd and as pleasant a day (in its way) as
ever I passed. I wish I could describe it to
you, but I cannot, you must only help it out with
your own imagination. Conceive, dearest mother,
arriving about twelve o'clock in a hot day at a
little cabin upon the side of a rapid river, the
liaidvs all covered with woods, not a house in
sight, — and there finding a little old, clean, tidy |
woman spinning, \vith an old man of the same
ajipearance weeding salad. We had come for ten
miles up the river without seeing anything but
woods. The old pair, on our arrival, got as active
as if only five-and-twenty, the gentleman getting
wood and water, the lady frying bacon and eggs,
and both talking a great deal, telling their story,
as I mentioned before, how they had been there
thirty years, and how their children were settled^
and when cither's back was turned, remarking'
how old the other had grown ; at the same time all
kindness, cheerfulness, aud love to each other.

' The contrast of all this, which had passed
during the day, with the quietness of the evening,
when the spirits of the old people had a little
subsided, and began to wear off with the day, and
with the fatigue of their little work, — sitting quiet-
ly at their door, on the same spot they had lived
in thirty years together, the contented thoughtful-
ness of their countenance, which was increased
by their age and the sohtary life they had led, the
wild quietness of the place, not a living creature
or habitation to be seen, and me, Tony, and our
guide sitting with them, all on one log. The
difference of the scene I had left, — the immense
way I had to get from this little corner of the
world, to see anything I loved, — the difference of
the life I should lead from that of this old pair,
perhaps at their age discontented, disappointed, and
miserable, wishing for power, &c, &c, — my dear-
est mother, if it was not for you, I believe I never
thoiild go home, at least I tliought so at that
Bioment.'

Jewelry, Watche.'s, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is conslanlly supplied with a good .assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kitids, Fancy Goods, J^c, ^-c, which he will,
dispose of at as low a rale as can be purchased in the
city, inr Watches repaired and warranted.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fifty cents.

inr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rossell, by I. R. Butts by whom

all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No 52 North
Market Street. '

AGENTS.
New York — G. Thorbukn & Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorbukn, 347 Market-street. - •

Philadelphia — D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhl'rst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince &, Sons, Prop.Lin.Bot.Garden
Middletniryj Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sprin^Jield, Ms. — E.Edwards.
Newhunjport. — Eeenezer Stedmak, Bookseller.
Portsmmith, N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
A'igiista. Me. — Wm. MaNK.

Halifax, N S — P. J Holland, Esq Recorder Offiee.
Montreal, L. C. — Henrt Hillock.

VOL,. X.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 5g, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural WARt:HOOSE.)- T. G. FESSENDEN. EDITOR.

BOSTOV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 1, 1832.

NO. 29.

(S(©sisa^sni®ii^ii(©srs9

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMEK.

BREEDS OF CATTLE,

Swine, Accide.nts from Fire Arms, TREAT.MBiVT

OF Diseased Horses, &c. \

Mr Fes.senden — 1

Dear Sir^Iii the last No. of your excellekt
periodical, I observed some remarks upon naive
stock, ill wliich your correspondent ' A. R.' frUn
very slight premises, jumps at a conclusion incoj-
sisteut with the experience of every breeder, wio
has had tlie good fortune to obtain stock of 'Jie
really improved breeds ; — and which coiiclusioi'i it
does appear to me from the trifling and insufi-
cient proof adduced, is, to say the least, ratlir
illiberal and far fetched.

The writer says that, a given pasture will fed
the same iceight of cattle whether large or smal,
that is, if a given pasture will feed 5 large co«s,
it will feed 10 smaller ones of the same weiglt.
But, says he, ' these small cows eat but one halfio
much as the large, therefore you may double he
number, you may keep 20.' But why stop thee ?
the same reasoning would permit him to keep <);
— would permit him to double his number arf tn^t-
tum. Really this would he exceedingly comfortate
logic for farmers if it would but hold good iu
practice. i

AVhat improved breed can it be which A. I.
has found and which possess such long legs. T$
reverse of that is in accordance with my observa
tion and experience.

The Ilolderness, short horned, Denton, and
Ayrshire breeds are certainly not long in the leg;
and are all of them superior to our native breeds
as milkers. There may occasionally be found
among the thousands of cows of our native breeds,
here and there, one possessing remarkable properties
as a milker. But every person who has given the
breeds above referred to, a fair trial, will, I doubt
not, agree with me that they are in general better
milkers than our native cows ; and that they are
by no means so destructive to the contents of our
barns as the remarks of A. R. would lead us to
suppose.

A brother-in-law of mine, Mr W. J. To\vnsend,
has on his farm in the vicinity of New Haven, a
cow of the short horned breed which in size, form,
and quality, is, I think I may safely say, second to
no other cow in America, either of native or
foreign breed. She was imported from London
by Henry Degroot, Esq., was purchased for him
there, by an eminent breeder and dealer in stock, as
the best cow in England. She brought since she
came into the possession of Mr Towusend three fine
calves. For months after bringing each of her
calves she has given 30 measured quarts of milk
daily and is with difficulty prevented from continu-
ing in milk to the day of her calving.

Mr Josejih Morgan, of Hartford, has four
uncommonly fine cows possessing different degrees
of the Ayrshire blood ; one of them, a half blood
Ayrshire, calved in the fall of 1830, and through the
winter of 1830—31 gave rrgularly, 20 quarts and
over of milk per day, and continued to do the
same through the succeeding summer.

I have now four two years old heifers from
native cows, by my full blooded Ayrshire bull,
which are held to be very fine and are not accused
of long legs. One only of them, (one of the
most delicate and pretty animals I ever saw)
brought me a calf last spring. She calved in June,
and through the summer, in ordinary pasture, with
my other cows gave me 12 quarts of milk per
day and now gives eight quarts a day.

Other persons perhaps possess better cows, and
better heifers, and I might mention many other in-
stances, but I 'adduce these which are within my
personal knowledge merely to show that inv
observation and experience lead to results opposite
to those wliich in the cases mentioned by A. R.
were so discouraging.

swine.

In December of 1830, I sold to my neighbor,
IMr Zelali Barnes, two pigs out of a sow of native
blood, by my imported boar of the KYorfolk thin
rind' breed. They then together weighed 45 lbs.
In A[)ril last tliey were estimated to weigh 50 lbs.
Mr Barnes is a person of undoubted veracity,
and he assures me that these pigs had no
extra food, or care, but mine were fed and treated
in all res])ects as he has been accustomed to feed
those which when killed at the same age usually
weigh from 350 to 375 lbs. each. These two pigs
were dressed on the 13th of Dec. last, then
thirteen mouths old and together weighed 902 lbs.
— The peculiarities of the breed are, a propensity
to take on flesh, and to dispose of it upon the best
points, small bone and hght offal, thin And and
ftesV of uncommon fineness of grain and delicacy
of texture.

While the ' Cacoethes scribendi'' is upon me I will
add ai.other to the thousand and one warn-
ings wlach are annually given of the danger of
trying fiie-arms in the vicinity of dwelling-houses.
A short time since I shot a hen in my barn vard,
ten rods from my house, aiming at the head. The
shot passed through the covering of t\f^': ;ow
house, were deflected from the course by Lo.itact
with a stick of timber, and entered the kitchen
through two windows, lodging in the opposite side
of the room. My vdfe and sister were both in
the room at the time, and were both protected
from injury by the wall 20inchesin width between
the two windows.

HORSES.

A correspondent of yours some time since
made, I think, some inquiries respecting a cure for
ri7ig bone in horses. — I am frequently called upon
to prescribe for horses and colts so affected. In
almost every instance blistering ointment, if per-
severingly applied, will be of service and in some
cases effect a complete cure. It stimulates the
liart so that the bony seci'etion is taken into the
tirculation and carried off.

The doctrine advanced by the writer in the
[American Farmer that bots are of no injuiy to a
horse, is not a new theory ; at least so far as he is
concerned, as will appear by a reference to the
' Farmer's Series' where the same theory is broach-
ed.

So far as I am acquauited with the subject,
horses taken suddenly ill, if doctored for the bots,
will be sure to die. I wiU mention only one in-

stance of the many which have occurred within the
course of my observation. A remarkably fine
family horse belonging to a neighbor of mine, had
as I should express it a violent attack of cholic.
During the day, under the care of those who
consider themselves skilful in the art, he was
made to swallow immoderate doses of medicine
which had 'never failed to kill the bots,' (horse ?)
Iu the evening a request was sent me, that I
would see the horse. I found him iu agony, covered
with a cold sweat and apparently in his last struggle.
His owner was persuaded that nothing could be
done for him and had given him over. I directed
emollients to be applied to counteract the vfTect of
the medicine he had taken— that he should be
carefully clothed, and be kept as quiet as possible.
The next day the horse was nearly well.

For almost every sudden attack of disease to
which horses are liable, bleeding, if immediately
effected, is a most excellent remedy and the only
one which in all cases can at once be employed.
A very valuable horse which I have (worth 2000
dollars) although apparently in perfect health the
preceding evening, was, when led from the stable
one morning, so affected by anticor as to be unable
to raise his feet from the ground. — I immediately
opened a vein in the insideof each fore leg and
in the course of the day took from him more than
12 quarts of blood. By dint of hand rubbing of
the muscles and repeated bleeding, in three days
the horse was well and he has never been in
the least troubled with that disease, although more
than a year has elapsed since that attack. Had I
temporized and tried other things, without copious
bleeding, the horse would have been ruined.

In the course of the last season my grooms
bled by my direction from fifty to one hundred
different horses, some of them repeatedly at
different times until they fainted, taking from the ju.
gular vein through a large orifice from lOto 12 qrts.
of blood, and in no single instance have I known
any accident or injury to arise from the practice.

A short time since I wrote a sketch of the
course I have adopted with complete success in
regard to my mowing land, which I intended at
the time to send to you for insertion in yom- useful
paper ; thinking that as I had derived jileasure
and profit from the statements there given by
practical farmers of the results of their own
experience, so others might be gratified and per-
haps some might be excited to pay more attention
to the subject by a description from me of the course
I have found so successful. I also wrote several

articles upon the subject of reclaiming land .

Doubts, however, whether these articles might
not derive the interest, which in my view they
possessed, from their relation to myself and wheth-
er, too, your paper might not be occupied by
matter more useful, more instructive, and more
entertaining to your numerous readers has hitherto
prevented me from forwarding them to you ; should
they in your opinion be worthy an insertion in
your columns they are at your service.

C. ROBINSON,
Soulhington, Conn. Jan.9, 1832.

We shovdd be happy to receive the above men.
tioned articles. — Editor,

226

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. I, 1832.

AMERICAN FOREST TREES.

Thos. G. Fessendfn, Esq.

Dear Sir — Agreeably to the desire of the
London HorticuUural Society, I last month trans-
mitted them, a collection of our native productions
comprising — 3'2 varieties of Apples, 12 varieties of
Pears, a number of varieties of Plums and Grapes
and a very interesting new double varitties of
Hibiscus Syriacus or Althca Frute.x, having origin-
ated the latter from seed. In addition thereto, I
presented them vi'ith the seeds of 50 species and
varieties of Oak, 18 species of Hickory, and with
several species of our most interesting Pines, and
as productions indigenous to our forests, offer a
proof so conclusive of the natural riches of our
country, I hereto annex a list of them. — The
number of varieties of the oak spread over the
immense expanse of teiTitory from Maine to Mexico
is so great, that the collection of the"m might have
been easily extended to one hundred varieties,
without including above 20 evergreen species,
natives of Mexico itself. Of the latter I have
three splendid species now flourishing in our
garden, in which are also concentrated the Spanish
Oak, which yields the cork, universally in use, as
well as the other European varieties ; and also a
most interesting evergreen species from the East
Indies whose growth a.«similates very much to
that of our Holly. Win. Robert Prince.

Lin. Bot. Garden, )

Flushing, N. Y. Jan. 1832. j

1. Quercus virens.

2. " V. divprsifolia.

This is the species ternieil Live Oak and it affords the
superior ship timber deemed equal lo the Teak of India

3.

"

tinctnria

4.

"

"

V. glande ohlonga.

5.

"

"

V. glande ohlonga striata.

6.

«

"

V. intermedia oblonga.

7.

"

"

V. glande ovata.

8.

"

"

V. glande ovata striata.

9.

"

"

V. glande depresso-globosa.

10.

"

triloba.

These

species

and varieties affoid the finest Quercitron

bark.

11.

Quercus

alba.

12.

"

"

V. glande minor.

13.

"

macrocarpa.

14.

"

bicolor.

15.

"

obtiisiloba.

16.

"

v. glande minima-

17.

"

olivffiformis.

These

species

afford excellent timber — also posts for

fenci

OR.

&c.

18.

"

rubra.

19.

"

"

V. glande oblongo-ovata.

20.

"

«

V. glande minor.

21.

«

"

v. gjande maxima.

22.

"

«

V. glande oblonga.

The bark of these varieties is very extensively used
in the tanneries.

23. " aquatica.

24. " " V. glande minor.

25. " " V. heterophylla.

These are sub-evergreen, often holding their folia
during the whole winter.
20. " palustris.

27. " cinerea.

28. " " var.

This species affords a brilliant yellow dye.

29. " catesbsei — a beautiful evergreen.

30. " coccinea.

31. " " V. glande oblonga,

32. " " V. glande minor.

The bark of these is often used at the tanneries in
lieu of the true Quercitron.

33. " hemisi)lierica

34. " phellos.

The wood is used by wheelwrights and is remarkable
for its sti-englh and tenacity ; the trees attain to the height
of 80 feet or more.

35. " falcata.

ThR bark of this species in high estimation for tanning,
and the wood is used by the wheelwrights.
3(5. " chinquapin.

37. " lyrata.

This species affords good timber.

38. " ambigiia.

The bark is used inand the tanneries and the timber
for knees of sliips, and also by the wbcelwrit^hts.

39. " nana.

40. " sericea.

41. " myrtifolia.

42. " laurifolia.

4,3. « castanea — forms a beautiful tree.

44. " maratima.

45. " ferruginea — affords excellent fuel.

46. " banisteri.

47. " imbricaria.

48. " " V. fol. serrata.

The wood of the two last is used for shingles, &c.

49. " discolor.

50. " " V. glande oblonga.

51. Juglans myristiciEfomiis.

This species it is believed does not at present exist in
any European, collection, the specimens called by the
name being generally the J. porcina v. ficiformis. AI
though I have made tbe most particular inquiries and
research for a period of twelve years, it was not until the
present one that I succeeded in discovering its native
locality and I have been often tempted to doubt its exist

joud health, while the bees ui the other were
dead, though there was a large supply of honey

in the hive. — What was the cause of their death ?

If some one of your correspondents will furnish

a satisfactory answer, through your paper, a

ptrticular favor will be conferred on,

OBSERVATOR.

52.
53.
54.
55.

56.

porcina.

" V. ficiformis.

" V. stibovata.

cinerea.
alba, vel. squamosa.

57. " sulcata.

58. " tomentosa.

59. " V. nuce subovata.

60. " V. nuce maxima globosa.

61. " V. nuce maxima quadrangu.aris.

62. " V. nuce oblonga.
6.3. " V. nuce maxima ovata.

64. " V. nuce minima.

65. " nigra.

66. " amara.

67. " aquatica.
iiB. " olivieformis.
(i9. Pinus pungens.

I discovered some trees of this very rare species in
1829 occupying an insulated position, the locality of
which is 4(10 miles north of the one recorded by I'ursh
and Michaux, and during the same year I transmitted a
large number of the cones to Paris and London.

70. Pinus palustris— the most valuable of all our

native species.

71. " rubra.
Michaux, though so estimable and accurate a botanist,

doubts the existence of this species and notes it as a
variety only, whereas no species is more distincllj
marked.

72. Pinus alba.
This is the most beautiful tree of all the class of Abies,

and seldom to be met with even in tliis, its native coun
"T- _^___

BEES — Inquirv.
Mr Fessenden — About the 25th of las
November, I placed four hives of bees on tht
same stand, with the places of entrance so fai
obstructed, that no one could escape from the hives.
I also closed the doors of my apiaiy. Near the
last of December, I examined my hives, and found
the bees in three of them lively, and apparently

EDUCATION OF FARMERS' SONS AND
DAUGHTERS.

Let me entreat farmers and their wives to edu-
cite their sons and daughters for their own pro-
fessions. All the idle and studious professions
art crowded to overflowing. Go through our cit-
ies, aud resist, if you can, the rising sigh over hu-
uan folly, when you see the streets lined with
\Ay-, beggarly Lawyers, Doctors, Jlerchant.s, un-
pad or half paid Clerks, unemployed Schoolmas-
tc's, aud Scriveners, seeking for places, &c, &c.
Cr where you enter the dwellings, and examine
tie condition of ftmiilies ; wnthout employment,
vithout any of the fruits of industry, importuning
hilf distracted fathers for finery aud gewgaws, who
ae borrowing notes, and begging for delays for
tlirty days more, hanging about brokers, in order
t( avert for a few months, a threatened destruction.
IVieg that farmers and their wives will reflect a
muucnt on the situation of our thousands of disap-
])(inted young men and women, whose parents' fol-
Ijhas thrown them upon the world, unqualified for
ay of those pursuits which will insure them a
c)mpetency. The illiterate clerk is begging for a
>-hool, which he is not qualified to teach. The
loarding school girl, who can tinkle the ]>iano ve-
y well, aud has said oft" set lessons in Stewart,
infield, Euclid, &c, so well as to procure news-
/paper puffs for her teacher, but is absolutely tm-
qualified to teach an A-B-C-darian school, is also
seeking a place as teacher without success.

How easy it would be for two or three wealthy
fanners in one parish, to revolutionize the state of
things in their vicinage ; other parishes would
witness their improvement and imitate their ex-
ample.

As I have long since passed my half-century
birth-day, have sons in several professions, and
daughters advancing in life, have been bred to farm-
ing in the goed old way, {which calling I fool-
ishly abandoned for the law, one of the learned
professions it is absurdly called) I ask for a hear-
ing among the respectable farmers along the
banks of the delightful Genesee. Should you
succeed in reforming the taste, and improving the
course of education there, so far as to become a
pattern for inutation throughout our country, the
waters ofthe Genesee would become as sacred in
America, as the waters of the Gauges are in In-
dia. Future poets woidd refer to it as the sacred
fountain, from which flowed the streams of true
science, industry, and con.sequently tlie most per-
fect terrestrial happiness.

As soon as your sons and daughters are old
enough to walk without tottering, put them to some
one of the numerous employments which your
situation will afford, where they may be able to see
traces of their first labors for a longtime. Sons
may have small patches of ground assigned them
as mimic farms. They may there raise their two
feet fields of flax, oats, barley, &c ; their currant
orchards, their ])otato ])atches, their cabbage
groimds, their wheat field.s, and meadows, may all
be laid out on a few rods of groimd.

Vol. X.-No. 29.

AiND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

227

Your (laughters may have their mimic cheese-
presses and churns. Their eight ounce cheeses
may be kept for their wedding tables ; sucli exer-
cises in mimic agriculture and house-keeping,
will lead children to make profitable inquiries,
and excite a love oflabor which can never be ex-
tinguishcd.

When your children are sufficiently advanced

cliemieal and philosophical, may be procined in
Troy, N. York, for a lower price than any oth-
er place on either continent. As I have no pe-
ciuiiary interest in the sales, I hope I shall not be
charged with partiality. I wdl give one examjjle.
A suit of mechanical powers sold at ten dollars,
has been considered very cheap : here a suit upon
a plan altogether more convenient, more periect,

in bodily strength, change their mimic labors to i and more clear in its application, may be had for
those of real gains. In addition to their labors three dollars, or any boy may be shown how to
in the service of their parenjs, let the sons always ; make it for himself. The scholars of the Rens-

procure their own pocjtel^. money, by cultivating
small poitions of ground assigned to each ; aid
while the daughters have an agency in the manu-
facture of their own homespuns, in kitchen coSike-
ry, cleaning and regulating rooms and fui'nitute,
let them procure all their extra ornaments by We
sale of stockings, mittens, &c, knit by themselves ;
by braids for hats, and other saleable articles, Ihe
produce of their own industry. Never fail to
inalie every son and daughter intimately acquaii)t-
ed with all your views and calculations. Farmers
slioidd have no secrets in their business, for th^
never proceed on a false credit. The father should
tell his sons how ranch he owes towards his fari,
and all his prospects and all his fears.

The mother should instruct each daughter in
all the details of her household managemefn,
with the precise value of whatever was consumed
in food and clolhing. Thus your sons and dau^-
ters are prepared to enter upon the theatre of life,
with all'Ihe advantages of experienced actors. \

Having said as much pn the first, and infinites
the most important part of the education of your
sons and daughters, as you may be disposed i)
read, I will give you a concise view of my opiii

selaer School make this and many other pieces of
apparatus for themselves.

I saw a suit of chemical apparatus (and I be-
heve there is now one of the kind in Rochester)
which was considered very cheap at fifty dollars,
(part of which was totally unnecessary) and all
the useful part could be purchased in Troy for
fifteen dollars. Ahnost all articles of apparatus,
of chemical substances, &c, can now be purchas-
ed at two thirds the cost of the same articles three
years ago. For example, the Dutch Prism of
eight dollars, can be had in Troy for three dollars
fifty cents — air |)unips of forty dollars, can be had
at twentyeight dollars, &c

I hope the farmers of the Genesee River, will
permit me to give them a little unasked advice, in
regard to the subject of learning most profitable
for their sons and daughters. As this will depend
much on the quantity of learning which the pa-
rent feels able to give, I will set down those sub-
jects, according to their degrees of importance.

After the alphabet and four or five pages of
spelling, just to learn the natural powers of letters,
let them begin to read. Never purchase a spell-
ing book. You will consider your own time lost,

ion, on the subject of their scientific and literar* while confined to the unprofitable exercise of
education. \ spelling, if you recollect you learned to spell by

Never send a son or daughter from home to be reading, not by spelling. Every child ought to
educated. If you expect to have your children read ijoud full two hours each day, as soon as a
make ^ny improvement, you will probably calcu- | he can begin to read at all.

late to be at the extra expense of board, dress, &c,| Next have your children taught to write as soon
for six months at least. Suppose you pay but , as possible — not in a painted school boy hand, but
$1 50 per week for board and the extra expense I in his natural way without ornament. If he is
for dress, travelling, &c, should amount to bntjtobea copy-writer, or a clerk, let him learn that
fifty cents per week ; the whole clear loss would kind of hand as he would learn the painter's trade.
be but $5'2. In this case the tuition is supposed ' The whole business of your sons and daughters at
to be the same at home and abroad. If two of' school, and when not at work at home, should be
you unite and advance $104, you can with this | reading good authors, and copying some of their
sum procure apparatus, books, &c ; by means ofi best sentences, and composing essays, &c, until
which a competent teacher will readily be induced! they can converse and write in good style, and
to come among you. The whole district may with facility — then, and not before, they are pre-

have their children much better educated at home
after this preparatory expense, than they would
be if sent abroad. Should there be any difliculty
in obtaining a competent teacher, a few individu-
als may unite, and send any common school-mas-
ter, to be taught at the nearest school of the kind
required. On his return he would soon be able to
repay the sums advanced for his instruction.

Much caution is required in the employment of
a teacher, when the object is to improve the me-
thod of instruction. We have more than a hun-
dred quack schoolmasters to one quack doctor —
especially of those modern ' standard raising'*
schoolmasters. In selecting apparatus, good ad-
vice should be taken.

If prejudice in favor of one's own place of res-
idence may be excused, I venture to say, that the
most economical and useful suits of apparatus

* So called from their conllnually using the phrase,
'raisu the Standard of Education,' though they are illit-
erate themselves.

pared for further advances. But their readin
should be judiciously directed — always intermix-
ing the elegant with the instructive, and the fan-
ciful with the profound. Elegant composition and
conversation give man or woman, more especially
woman, an ascendency which can be attained to
liy no other qualification. Among their reading,
let Geography and History constitute an important
part.

In early youth, before your children's bodily
strength enables them to be very profitable in the
field or kitchen, let them learn the names and
characters of natural bodies, from the mere dic-
tation of a competent teacher. To collect, pre-
serve, and label plants, at the age of six and seven
^ears is an excellent and very healthful amuse-
ment. It disciplines the mind to habits of atten-
tion, and stores it with useful materials. Miner-
als should be collected, also ; but the study of Ge-
ology is the best calculated to excite sublime emo-
tions, and elevate the heart above all unworthy views.

I will not tire your patience with a detailed ac-
count of my views of education. But I must be
permitted to give my opinions on the subject of a
winter course for your sons and daughters, after
they arrive at that knowledge of language (by
the proposed exercise in reading and writing,)
which shall enable them to nudcrstand scientific
authors. Let a warm room with very higli upper
ceilings, and its floor near a level with the surface
of the earth, be provided. Let a room be cut off
from one end of it by a cieling, and two wide
doors meet on a narrow middle post. This room
should be accommodated with shelves for appara-
tus, specimens, &c. A stove so constructed that
it might be used as a furnace occasionally, should
be set up on a very broad hearth in the room. —
This is always' to be locked, excepting when the
teacher is present. The outer part may be used
for a dayschool, for a town-house, or for any other
purpose. In this room, an evening course of lec-
tures should be given every year, from the middle
of November to the middle of March. The sub-
jects embraced in the course, should be Experi-
mental Chemistry, Natural Philosophy, Technol-
ogy, and Geology. Parents ought to attend with
their children as much as possible. Four lectures
in each week, in the proposed season of leisure
among country farmers, would not impose a heavy
burthen, while the advantages would be incalcu-
lable. A. EATON.
Rensselaer School, Troy, Dec. 15th, 1831.

Agncullure in England. — An American gentle-
man, a correspondent of the New York Observer,
and now in England, thus speaks, in comparing
Enghsh agricidture with that of this country.

From Manchester to Birmingham, with the ex-
ception of the coal regions of Wolverhampton, and
another few miles of poor land, the whole country
is a perfect garden. An American farmer knows
nothing of English husbandry. The difference is
too wide for him to be able to appreciate it. Se-
lect the most cultivated groimds of the rich on
Manhattan Island, or behind Brooklyn, or in the
immediate vicinity.of Philadelphia, or of Boston —
and they are only ordinary specimens of English
farming. A poor English cottager displays a taste
about his humble dwelHng, and gets a product from
his little patch, which might shame the wealthy far-
mers of the United States. I wish not to speak
disrespectfully of my country, or countniiien —
but I should like to provoke them by whatever
means, to more rapid ijiqnovements, both in agri-
culture and horticulture.

Planting Com. — I have for several years, been
in the practice of sowing my wheat fields early in
the spring with timothy and clo\'er seed ^ and the
next season I have ploughed the ground as late in
the spring as would answer for planting corn. —
By this time the grass would be like a meadow ;
and on examining the soil, I found it very much
filled with the roots of the grass, which kept it
unusually light and mellow, and always,productive.
The result of these experiments induced me to
sow my cornfield with grass seed, the present sea-
son, after hoeing the last time. This docs not ap-
pear to have injured the corn ; and I have no
doid)t but the field will be well clothed with grass
by the time for fallowing next year. Having full
confidence in the inility of these practices, I am
induced to invite farmers to try the experiment. —
Skaneatdes Columbian.

228

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 1, 1832.

FromNultall's Manual of Oi

AMERICAN

lilholojy of the U

MEADOW

STARLING,
LARK.

(Sturnus ludovicianus, L. Alauda magna, Wilson, 3,

p. 20. pi. 19. fig. 2. Philad. Museum, No. 5212.)
Sp. Charact. — Beneath and line over the eye bright
yellow ; a black crescent on the breast ; and with the
4 lateral tail feathers white.

This well knowu harmless inhabitant of meadows
undold fields is not only found in every part of the
United States, but appears to be a resident in all
the intermediate region, from the frij;id latitude of
5.3'^,* to the mild table laud of Me.\ieo,t and the
tropical savannahs of Guiana. In the winter, they
abound in. Alabama and West Florida, so that in
some degree, like the Jays, and tlie legitimate Star-
lings, they partially migrate in quest of food during
the severity of the weather iu the colder states. It
is not however improbable, but that most of the mi-
grating families of this binl, which we find at this
season, have merely travelled eastward from the
cold western plains that are annually covered with
snow. But although they are a»w seen iu consid-
erable numbers, any single flock is never greater
than a pair and their attendant brood, or from 6 to
a dozen, in the case of a second covey. The true
Starlings, on the' contrary, have all the habits of our
common Blackbirds ; they asseudjle in winter, like
dark clouds, moving as one body, and when about
to descend, perform progressive circular evolutions
in the air like a phalanx in the order of battle ; and
when settled they blacken the earth with their
numbers, us well as stun the ears with their chat-
ter. Like crows also, they seek the slielter of reed
marshes to pass the night, and in the day take the
benefit of every sunny and sheltered covert.

Our Starting, like the Americaij Quail, is socia-
ble, but scarcely gregarious ; and though many no
doubt, wander some distance after food, yet a few,
in Peimsylvania, as well as in this rigorous climate,
may be seen in the market after the ground is cov-
ered with snow. Wilson even observed them iu
the mouth of Febuary, during a deep snow,
among the heights of the Alleghanies, gleaning
their scanty pittance on the road, iu company with
tlie small snow birds.

The flesh of our bird is white, and for size and
delicacy it ise considered little inferior to the Par-
tridge ; but that of the European species is black
and bitter.

The flight of tlie Stumella is laborious and stea-
dy like that of the Q,uail, with the action of the
wings renewed at short intervals. They often
alight on trees, and select usually the main branch-

* According to Richardson in Franklin's Journal.
i Bullock's Travels.

raise 2 broods in the season. About the time of
pairing, m the latter end af the month of April, they
have a call like ^tship, twee, the latter syllable iu a
fine and slender tone, something again allied to the
occasional notes of the Red- winged Blackbird^ to
which genus, (Icterus) our Sturnellais not very re-
motely allied. Towards the close of June, little else
is heard irom the species, but the noisy twitter of the
female, preceded by a hoarse and sonorous 'j'imp or
'j'lp, accompanied by an impatient raising mid lower-
iiiL'ofthe wings,and in short all the imjileasant and
liiiulant actions of a brood hen, as she is now as-
siluously engaged iu fostering and supporting her
helpless and dejiendent off'spring.

Their food consists of the larviB of various in-
sists, as well as worms, beetles, and grass seeds ;
to assist the digestion of which they swallow a con-
siderable portion of gravel. It does not appear
tint this species ever adds berries or fruits of any
kiid to his fare like the Starling, but usually re-
n.iins the whole summer in moist meadows, and
ii wiuter retires to the open grassy woods, having
u) iucliiiation to rob the orchard or garden, and,
e-.cept iu wiuter, is of a shy, timid, and retiring
dsposition.

The length of the Stumella is lOA inches, its extent
1(A. Above, variegated with black, bright bay, and
oiVrcous. Tail wedged, the feathers pointed, the 4 out-
ernearly all white. Sides, thighs, and vent pale ochre-
ois spotted with black. Upper mandible brown, the low-
crbluish white. Iris hazel. Legs and feet large, pale
(I'sh color. In the young hitd the yellow is much faint-
ei, than in the adult, .\nolher species of this Subgenus
ij found at the Straits of Magellan, darker than ours, and
hnealh of a bright carmine red. They form truly a very
iMInct genus.

From tllo Gonesfec Farmar.

ON THE 3IEANS OF INDUCING FERTILITY
IN FRUIT TREES.

Fcom I.inilley'3 ' Guide to Uje Orclinrd nnd Kitclien G.inlen.'
Some fruits of excellent quality are bad bearers :
this defect is remedied by a variety of diflerent
methods, such as ] . By rinsing the bark ; 'i. hy
'tending branches downwards ; 3. by training ; and i.
iy the tise of different kinds of stocJts. (a) All
these ])racticcs arc intended to produce exactly the
fame eflect by dift'erent ways. Physiologists
icnow that whatever tends to cause a rapid diffu-
sion of sap and secretions of any plant, causes
also the formation of leaf buds instead of flower-
buds ; and that whatever, on the contrary tends to
cause an accumulation of sap and secretions, has
tlie cftect of jiroduciug flower buds in abundance.
(b) This circumstance, which at first sight seems
of the jealous disposition of his tribe, and, having I to be difficult to account for physiologically, is no
settled the dispute which decides his future condi- doubt to be explained in the ditterence between
tion, he retires from his fraternity, and, assisted by leaf buds and fruit buds themselves. In a leaf
his mate, selects a thick tuft for the reception of iud, all the appendages or leaves are in a high
his nest, which is pretty compact, made of dry, state of development, and the central jiart or
wiry grass, and lined with finer blades of the same. Ijxis, lu-ound which they are arranged, has a tea
It is usually formed with a covered entrance in the dency to extend it.self in the form of a branch as
surrounding withered grass, through which a hid- goon as the necessary stimulus has been com-
den and almost winding path is made, generally so municatedto the system, by the fight iuid warmth

es or topmost twigs on which to perch, though
their food is commonly collected from the ground.
At various times of the day, and nearly through
the winter in the milder states, their very pecuUar
lisping, long, and rather melancholy note is heard
at short intervals ; and, without the variations
which are not inconsiderable, bears some resem-
blance to the slender singing and affected pronun-
ciation of et se dee ah, and psedee etslllo, or tai se-
dilio in a slow, wiry tone, and sometimes differ-
ently varied and shortened. The same simple dit-
ty is repeated iu the spring, when they associate m
pairs ; the female also, as she rises or descenils, at
this time, frequently gives a reiterated guttural
chirp, or hurried twitter like that of the female
Red-winged Blackbird. I have likewise at times
heard them uttiu- notes much more musical and
vigorous, not very unlike the fine tones of the Sky-
Lark, which

' Shrill-voiced and loud, the messenger of morn.
Ere yet the shadows lly, [high] mounted sings
Amid the dawning clouds, and from their haunts
Calls up the tuneful nations,'
but I can by no means comjiare our lisping song-
ster with that blithe ' harbinger of day.' There is
monotonous aff*ectation in the song of our Lark,
which appears indeed somewhat allied to the jing-
ling though not unplea-sant tuuc of the Starling.*
The Stare, moreover, has the faculty of imitating
human speech, (which ours has not, as far as we
yet know,) and could indifl'erently speak even
French, English, German, Latin, and Greek, or
any other language within his hearing, and repeat
short phrases, so that ' " / can't get out, I can't get
out," says the Starling,' which accidently afforded
Sterne such a beautiful and pathetic subject tor his
graphic pen, was probably no fiction.

At the time of pairing, our Lark exhibits a little

well concealed, that the nest is only to be found
when the bird is flushed.

The eggs are 4 or 5, white, with a very faint
tint of blue, almost round, and rather large for the
size of the bird, marked with numerous small red-
dish brown spots more numerous at the greater
end, blended with other lighter and darker points
and small spots of the same,

* Sturnus pisitat ore, mfot, pwi«/ro<, was the cry ofi
the Stare to the ears of the Romans.

of spring. In a flower bud, the appendages or
leaves are in that imperfectly formed, contracted
state, which we name calyx, corolla, stamens and
pistilla ; and the central part around which they
are arranged, has no tendency to elongate under
the influence of the usual stimulus. Hence a flower
bud, or a flower, is nothingbut a contracted branch :
They probably often as is [>roved by the occasional elongation of the
axis in flowers that expand during unusually hot
damp weather late in the spring, becoming branch-

A'ol. X.-No. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

229

o.-^, bearing sepals and petals instead of leaves. It
is, therefore, easily to be understood why, so long
as all the motions and secretions of a tre& go on
rapidly, with vigor, and without interruption, only
rudiments of branches, or leaf buds, should be
formed ; and why, on the other hand, when the
former become languid, and the parts are formed
slowly, bodies of a contracted nature, with no
disposition to extension (or flower buds) should
appear.

It will be found that the process of the practi-
ces above enumerated, to which the gardener has
recourse, in order to mcrease the fenihty of his
fruit trees, is to be explained by what has just been
said. In ringing fruit trees, a cyhnder of bark is
cut from the branch, by which means a return of
the elaborated juices from the leaves down the
bark is cut ofi", and all that would have been
exjiended below the annular incision is confined
to the branch aliove it. This produces an accu-
mulation of proper juice : and flower buds or
fertility, are the result (c) But there is a defect
in this practice, to which want of success in many
cases is no doubt to be attributed. Although the
returning fluid is found to accumulate above the
annular incision, yet the ascending sap flows along
the alburnum into the buds with nearly as much
rapidity as ever, so that the accumulation is but
imperfectly produced. — On this account, the
second practice of bending branches downioard, is
found to be attended with more certain conse-
quences.— Theeftect of turning the branches of a
tree from their natural position, to a pendulous or
a horizontal one, is to impede both the ascent and
descent of fluids, in a gradual but certain manner.
The tissue of which branches is composed is
certainly permeable to fluids in every direction ;
and there can be no doubt that the vital action of
the vessels of a plant is performed both in the
natural and in an inverted position. So long as
that erect direction of the branches which is
natural to them is exactly maintained, the flow of
their fluids being subject to no interruptions, will
take place in the freest possible manner ; but the
moment this natural direction is deviated fi-ora, the
vessels become more or less compressed, their
action is impeded, and finally, if the inversion is
perfect, it becomes so slow that an accumulation
of the profuse juices necessarily takes place
through every part of the system, (d)

One of the objects of training is to produce
the same effect. Branches are bent more or le*s
from their natural erect position ; their motion, in
consequence of the action of wind upon them,
■which is known to facilitate the movement of the
fluids, is totally destroyed ; and hence arises the
accumulation of proper juice which is necessary
to their fertility. Nor is the influence of the stock,
of an essentially different nature. In proportion
as the scion and stock approach each other closely
in constitution, the less effect is produced by the
latter ; and, on the contrary, in proi)ortion to the
constitutional ditierence between the stock and
scion, is the effect of the former important. — Thus,
when pears are grafted or budded on the weld
species, apples upon crabs, plums upon plums, and
peaches upon peaches, or almonds, the scion is, in
regard to fertiUty, exactly in the same state as if it
had not been grafted at all. While on the other
hand, a great increase of fertility is the result of
graining pears upon quinces, peaches upon plums,
apples upon white thorn, and the like. In these
latter cases, the food absorbed from the earth by

the root of the stock, is communicated slowly managing plants is to conform tiiera to their natural soil.

and unwillingly to the scion ; under no circum
stances is the communication between the one and
the other as free and perfect as if their natures
had been more nearly the same ; the sap is inqjed-
ed in its ascent, and the proper juices are imi)eded
in their descent, whence arises that accumulation
of secretion which is sure to be attended by
increased fertility. No other influence than this
can be exercised by the scion U])0u the stock.
Those who fancy that the contrary takes place —
that the quince, for instance, commimicates some
portion of its austerity to the pear, can scarcely
have considered the question physiologically, or
they would have seen that the whole of the food
couununicated from the alburnum of the quince
to that of the pear, is in nearly the same state as
when it entered the roots of the former. What-
ever elaboration it undergoes must take place in
the foliage of the pear ; where, far from tlie
influence of the quince, secretions natural to the
variety go on with no more interruption than if
the quince formed no part of the system of the
individual, (e)

(a) Transplanlingand diminishing the system of roots,
have also, by lessening the flow of sap, a tendency to in-
duce fruit buds. A sizeable tree often shows blossoms
the second year after beiqg transplanted, though subse-
quently it may not bear for some years. J. B.

(ft) Knight's opinion in regard to the formation of
wood and fruit buds, is this ; That the natural efforts of
the mother tree are directed, 1. to the nourishment and
perfection of her progeny, the fruit; 2. to the production
of new wood buds, essential to the elaboration of food the
coming year ; and (these labors being finished) 3. to the
production of fruit buds for another crop. But as our
seasons do not afford time to perfect all these labors, it
happens that many varieties, particularly those which
produce great ciops, and 'can-y their fruit late, produce
fruit only every other year ; and hence, too, varieties
brought from a higher latitude, where the seasons are
longer, as the Siberian crab, and the process of vegetable
development more rapid, become in warmer climates,
annual bearers. The varieties that ripen their fruits ear-
ly, as most of the cherries, plums, &c, produce fruit
every year ; except that when the crop is heavy, a bar-
ren year, and ollen the death of the tree succeeds.

J. B.

(c) I dislike this method. It is robbing one part of the
tree of its food to pamper a pet branch. Several branch-
es of the plum, experimented upon, died the following
year; and branches of the apple broke ofl" with the
weigiit of fruit. J. B.

(d) These axioms in vegetable physiology will find a
confirmation in ovir orchards and gardens. The pendu-
lous and horizontal branches, will be found to abound
most in blossoms, and others much in the ratio of their
departure from an upright position — those growing erect
pioducing the last. Hence a crooked tree (particularly
the apple) bears better than a straight tree ; and a flat
spreading top is more beautiful than a tall pyraraidical one.
Hence too the practice of nurserymen, of removing the
centre shoot of the apple, when it has attained a sufficient
height to form a head. J. B.

(e) In the cultivation of the pear in the London and
Edinburgh Horticultural Gardens, advantage is taken of
both of these last methods, for a threefold purpose, of in-
ducing precocity and fruitfulness, and of saving ground.
Such of this fruit as takes freely, is worked upon the
quince, and trained en quenoille, that is, the branches
which are suHi^red to grow low, are thinned out, and those
left bent down so as to assume the form of a distaff, and
there fastened. Trained in this way trees are planted
four feet apart ; and the product of a given area of ground
is said to be greater, from dwarfs, in this, way, than from
standards, at the usual distance of planting.

After all, it would seem to be a law of nature, that the
food of the young plant as well as of the young animal,
shall go exclusively to enlarge and develope the individu-
al, until it has attained to natural puberty, and that the
contrivances of art to counteract this law, in inducing
precocity, or unnatural fruitfulness, shortens the period of
their existence. This also seems to be the tendency of very
high feeding and very rich manuring. Temperance is as
essential to the vegetable as the animal. The great art of

temperature and habits. The practice which I would
urge from the consideration of the preceding facts, is,
that men should plant both dwarf and standard trees —
the first for themselves and the last for their posterity.

J. B.

From Pii

! Pomol.igical .Ma"az

VILLENNES. Pr. cat.

Cerise de ViUenncs. Guindoux rouge. N. Uuh.
Cerisier a gros fruit rouge pale. N. Dub. Roz.

This tree is one of the very largest of its class
of Cherries ; tlie shoots are twice the size of those
of the precetling variety, and its leaves are ter-
minated by a long acute point. The fruit is
eleven lines in diameter, and ten in height, borne
on a strong peduncle, from ten to si.xteen lines in
length ; the skin is delicate, and of a light red
color ; the flesh white, succulent, shghtly acid, and
of a very pleasant flavor. This beautiful cherry
is one of the best for the table ; and Duhamel
remarks that it ought to be preferred to all others
for preserves. It ripens at the end of June or the
beginning of July.

COMMON MORELLO. Pr. cat.
Black Morello. Pr. Cat. 26th ed.

This tree attains but moderate dimensions, and
forms a round head, with innumerable small
slender branches ; the fruit is only of medium
size, but its flavor, when fully ripe, is peculiarly
sprightly, rich, and highly pleasant to the taste.
It is one of the finest for drying, and also for tarts,
preserves, and brandy, and when bottled may be
preserved for a long period, without spiritsor sugar.
It attains its maturity late in July ; is seldom
attacked by insects or birds, and often beeomes
shrivelled and dry, while still hanging on the
branches. It is unfortunate that this variety is
more subject than any other cheiTy to the attacks
of the same insect which so frequently stings
certain varieties of the plum, and which often
perforates the branches of this tree to such au
extent that they are covered with the numerous
knots and excrescences which arise therefrom.
The only remedy is to prune off all branches
thus attacked at the period when the insect or its
eggs are concealed therein, and to burn them
immediately, for if they are left to increase annu-
ally, they present a most disagreeable appearance,
and in time entirely destroy the tree. The same
course may be adopted with success for all other
trees attacked in a similar manner ; and if it was
adopted generally throughout our country, it would
in a few years nearly or quite annihilate this for-
midable dejiredator on our gardens and orchards.
Formerly this variety of the Morello was very
common in this vicinity, and frequently met with
planted along the sides of the highway ; but the
dej)redations of the insect referred to, and a total
inattention to all remedies have rendered it at the
present period quite a rare tree.

LARGE MORELLO. Auth.
English Morrello. Pr. cat. 26th ed. | Merella. Law.
.Morella. Lang. | Morella. Mil. Lond. Hort. cat.
Large English .Morello. Milan.

Griottier du nord. Die. d'Agric.

This tree attains a moderate size, with a round
compact head ; its shoots are stronger than our
common Morello, and the branches are never
attacked by the insect which so often perforates
the common variety, and causes large and numer-
ous excrescences to be formed. The fruit is of
large size, round, and of a dark red color, almost
black, and when perfectly ripe is tender and juicy.

230

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 1. 1832.

with a sprightly and pleasant acidity. In Enjrland
tliey preserve, the fruit on the trees till Scptenilur
and even October, and it is then highly esteemed
for the dessert. It is not, however, properly
speaking, a table fruit, but best suited for tarts,
])res2rve3 and cherry brandy. It ripens among
the latest varieties in July, and the tree is produc-
tive.

PLUMSTONE MORELLO. Pr. cat.

LON'D. HORT. CAT.

This is the largest variety of the Morello, that
I have yet seen, but it is stated that some of the
kinds from the north of Europe exceed it in size.
It is round in its diameter, somewhat pointed at
the extremity, and has a long stone resembling
that of a plum, on account of which circum-
stance it received the title here adopted. When
T)erfcetly ripe the skin is of a dark red color ; the
flesh very rich and high flavored, with a sprightly
and agreeable acidity. It is a most excellent fruit
for preserves, tarts, and brandy ; and as it ripens
late in July, after most other cherries .are past, it
also serves as a pleasing appendage to the des-
sert. The tree is thrifty, but, like the other
varieties, attains only a moderate size, being seldom
over twelve or fourteen feet in height, with a
round well-formed head ; it is quite productive,
and I have never seen it attacked by the insect
that depredates to such an extent on the common
Morello, which circumstance, together with its
great excellence, gives it high claims to that gener-
al estimation in which it is held.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Feb. 1, 1832.

ITEMS OF HUSBANDRY FROM VARIOUS
SOURCES.

rrepared by the Editor.

SHEEP FED WITH PEA STRAW.

Sir John Sinclair says ' there is no food of which
Sheep are fonder than pea straw ; and where cir-
cumstances are favorable to that crop, peas ought
to be cultivated, merely for the straw, from the ad-
vantages that would thence be derived by the sheep
farmer.' Mr Young also observes that 'the straw of
early white peas, applied to sheep is the most valu-
able return made by straw.'

PREPARING STRAW FOR CATTLE FOOD.

The ancients were accustomed to prepare their
straw for feeding stock, by keeping it for a consider-
able time sprinkled with brine ; it was then dried,
rolled up in bundles, and given oxen instead of hay.

MANAGEMENT OF GRASS LANDS.

Rolling was formerly considered to be indispensable
in the management of grasslands, tending to smooth
and consolidate the surface ; to prevent tlie formation
of ant-hills ; to promote the growth of valuable herb-
age ; and to render the eflects of drought less per-
nicious. But scarifying the turf with a plough,
consisting only of coulters, or harrow teeth, so that
the whole surface may be cut or torn is to be
recommended, when the pastures are hide bound.
That tenacious state rolling tends to increase ;
whereas by scarifying, the surface is loosened, and
the roots acquire new means of improved vegetation.
This operation seems particularly useful, when it
precedes the manuring of grass lands ; for if well

scarified, the ground is so opened, that any manure
spread on it, gets at once to the roots, consequently
a small quantity thus applied, goes as far, as a larger
one laid on in the old mode, and without such an
operation. Thus the force of objections to tlie applica-
tion of putrescent manure to grass lands is in some
degree obviated.

PASTCRE LAND.

Feeding sheep with oil cake and allowing them
to pasture on land over grown with mosses has been
found to be effectual for the destruction of moss
and the means of bringing up abundance of grass.

SOILING.

By soiling is meant the feeding of stock in a
house, shed, or fold, with cut green food, instead
of making the grass into hay or pasturing the field.
Working horses, or o.xen, derive great advantage
from soiling. They are saved the trouble of col-
lecting their food, after their work is over; can fill
themselves, much sooner, and consequently have
more time to rest ; and can take their repose much
better in a stable or shed, with plenty of litter, than in
an open field, where there are so many things to an-
noy them.

The experiments of soiling cattle have likewise
been successful. Young steers become more tracta-
ble for work ; nor is there any risk of cattle being
hoven, if their feed is mowed two days in advance.
For milch cows in particular, it is highly expedient
to soil them, at least in the middle of the day, that
they may not be tormented with flies in the field,
nor induced to stand in brooks or ponds of water,
nor in the shade of spreading trees or hedges, by
which much valuable manure is lost. The stock
are thus kept in a healthier state, and the milk is of
a superior quality.

LUCERNE.

Sir John Sinclair says of lucerne, ' This valuable
grass requires a dry and rich soil, which must be
thoroughly cleared of weeds hi/ two or three preinous
h oed crops. It may be sown cither broad cast, which
is the usual method, or drilled nine inches apart,
between rows of barley equally distant. It is bet-
ter to sow it with barley or oats thinly seeded, both
on account of the profit of the crop, and as the
grain furnishes some protection to the plants from
the attacks of the fly, which does great injury to it
when very young. If drilled, from 12 to 1,1 lbs. of
seed will do ; if sown broad cast, not less than 20
lbs. It may often be cut four times a year. Lu-
cerne is much superior to clover for soiling milch
cows, giving no taste to the milk or butter, and one
acre is sufficient for 3 or 4 cows during the soiling
season. In rich land, a quarter of an acre will be
sufficient for each of all sorts of large cattle taken
one with another ; but on moderate soils, half an
acre per head is the proper allowance. I/iicernc
requires to be kept thoroughly clean by hand hocirig
and scarifying between the drills. All other grasses,
should be carefully plucked out.'

It appears from the above, as well as from the di-
rections given by other writers on husbandry that
weeding is as necessary for lucerne as for Indian
corn, until the lucerne has obtained entire posses-
sion of the soil.

R. Livingston, it appears that with good cultiva-
tion and abundant manuring, from six to nine tons
of hay may be obtained from an acre of this grass
in a season. That gentleman asserts in substance,
that the ground must be highly pulverized to in-
sure a good crop. Twenty pounds of seed are re-
quired for an acre if sown broad cast. He advises
as the result of his experiments; 1. Never to sow
on ground that is not perfectly pulverized. 2. Not
to sow till the ground has acquired a degree of
warmth friendly to vegetation, viz. in May. 3. To
sow with no crop that will probably lodge. 4. If
sown with buck wheat to apply no gypsum or other
manure till the buck wheat is off. 5. When the
quantity sown is small and the farmer can aflibrd to
lose a crop, to give the ground one turn in the au-
tumn, another in April, harrowing fine, and a third
the beginning of May, and tlien if the weather
be mild and warm sow, if the ground be in perfect
tilth, otherwise give it another ploughing.

' When lucerne turns yellow it should be mowed,
and the plants will come up free from the disorder.'

CORRECTION.

In the list of the premiums that have been
awarded on Butter by the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Society, and Bostonians, for the last ten years,
t/ic first premium of sWO, awarded Oct. 24, 1828,
lo John L. Hciylstou, Esq. of Princeton, Mass. was
unintentionally omitted in the account published in
the New England Farmer, Jan. 14th, 1832.

Baltimore Rail Road. — Withiu eleven days from
the 3d of the present month, 3!li)7 barrels of flour
w ere ti'ansported from Fredericksburg, on the Rail
Road to Baltimore, an average of 357 per day.
The difference in favor of sending flour to market
by the rail-road instead of by wagons, is about
fjly cc)!<« per barrel, making in all a clear gain to
the lin-niers of nearly $2000. This is one of the ,
hai)py results of cheapened transportation.

From the Ge

I Fan

DETERIORATION OF SHEEP.

Plliloilelplili.i, Doc. 29, 1831.

During a recent visit to Baltimore and VVash-
ington, I had the pleasure to fonn an acquaintance
with William Jarvis, Esq. of Weathersfield,
Vermont, a delegate to the National Republican
Com ention. Mr Jarvis is a very respectable and
exj)erienccd wool-grower, and was indeed one of the
first who introduced merino sheep into the United
States. lie stated to me, that he deemed the intro-
duction of Saxony sheep into our merino flocks,
as, on the whole, unfortunate ; for though it had
increased the fineness of the fleece, it had dimin-
ished the size and healthfulness of the animal, and
materially impaired their annual reproductions.
He said that from a given number of ewes, be had
raised a much greater ))roporti()n of lambs before
than since the interiiihi;,'!!]!;;- of Saxon blood. His
opinion is, that we should im|irove the quality of
the fleece, by breeding from the first and best of
our merinos, and avoiding the Saxons altogether.
My own ex])erieiice would seem to give sanction,
iu one particular, to Mr Jarvis' opinion. For, in
proportion to my ewes, I have not succeeded in
rearing an equal number of lambs for several years
past, as I did before the intermingling of Saxon

sheep. I had not, however, suspected the cause
By some experiments made by the Hon. Robert which he assigns.

Vol. X.-Xo. 20.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

231

His opinion on the matter is certainly entitled to Sweet Herbs, &c.

. ■ If A..^ T t„l-^t).,. i;i.o-f„ ,.f „«..,„i„., FOR sale at tlie New England Seed store, 52, Norlli

sreat weitfit. Autl 1 lake the liuerty ot commiui- j. , . , , -ru i n • o . u i, i ■ j
fe'"' ' 1 1 \r- 1 ! Market street — The (oMowins Sweet Hern?;, pulvenzed,

Seating it for an eaily nnmber oi the stcond ' j,,,,, p^pi^gj ;„,;„ (.anni^lers for domestic iite, viz :
voluine of your Journal, to the end, that it niayj Sweet Marjo:um. 37^ cts — Thyme, 33 cts — Summer
lead to investigation and correspondence on a sub-f Savory, 95 cis— Sage, 17 cts,— per cannistcr. Also—

11 .1 „„..:„. .Wi.tMiito nf ,.,„„.„„„ Kin-.r i Black Currant Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 cts per
ject HI wluc 1 the agriculturists oi western iNew', ,,, „ ■ i- . i o-,r . i ..i • n

jBLi ill >....»-. I B boUle. Tomato Ketchup, 375 cts per bottle. janll

York are deeply interested.

It is well known that some large flocks along
the Genesee river, have, for some years past,
deteriorated rapidly ; and it is not unworthy of
inquiry, how fai" the cause assigned, may have
occasioned this deterioration. It will aflbrd ine
pleasure, to communicate, occasionally, for the
columns of the Genesee Farmer, any information
which my rural pursuits may enable ine to give
and which may be deemed interesting to the public.
Z. BARTON STOUT.

To Correspondents.

" Rustlcus" w U appear next week — we shall be pleas-
ed to hear from him irequenlly.

Elegant Camellia Japouicas & Bouquets.

THE Subscriber, Gardener to John Prince, Esq
Jamaica Plains, can furnish a constiint supply of elegant Chekse, new milk.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first soi*t,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess.

j)nme.

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspecterl. No. 1, new

BoiiqUL'ts — also superb double tiowers of white, and scV'
eral other sorts of Camellia J.iponlcas, at prices lower
than in former years. .'Mso^very superior Muslirooms,
and a great variety of Green-House plants.

THO'S MASON.
Jamaica Plains, Jan. 10, 18.32.

Errata. — In N. E. Farmer, paje 206, 1st column, for
' bushy' soils, read ' husky' soils — for ' fine' bark, read
' fine chopped ' bark, i.e. broken and rough in fine pieces.

Grass Seeds.
For sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market street —
GRASS SEEDS of all kinds,— Herds or Timothy, Red
Top, Red and While Clover, Lucerne, Orchard Grass,
Tall Meadow Oats Grass, ^c, &c, at the lowest maiket
prices, wholesale and retail. Feb. 1.

Farmer Wanted.

Waxted on a dairy Farm within thirty miles of Bos-
ton, a married man to lake the same on shares. Goal
recommendations will be required for capacity, inlegrilj
and failbiulness, as also experience in making butter.—
Inquire at this office. Feb. I.

Take Notice.

At a meeting of the Blue Hill Turnpike Corporation,
held at Randolph, January 2d, 1832, on a motion to con-
tract with some person to set up a wagon as a repaireraf
the road, ot the following dimensions, viz : rims of tie
•wheels not less than eight inches in width, one axeltne
sixteen inches long-er than the other, —to pass from Boi-
ton to New-Bedloid:

Voted, That the Director.^ contract with some persoi
or persons, lo run such a wagon, on such terms a< thcv
may think reasonable ; also, to correspond with towis
or individuals, as they may think proper, to accomplish
the oliject.

Any person disposed to contract as above, may apply
to NATH'L TUCKER, Milton, )

JONA. WALES, Jr. Randolph, )■ Directors.
OTIS SPEAR, " ^

Jan. 27, 1832.

The public are respectfully requested to give the
above their attention, and reflect whether this siibject
might not he worthy the consideration of the Legislature,
at their present session — especially as so much is now
doing throughout the United States to render travellimr
more cnmloi table and expeditious ; and it is a known
fact, that a large portion of our most public roads, al-
though constructed and repaired with the best materials
that can be obtained where said roads are located, ar^'
subject to the very great inconvenience of deep ruts. It
is presumed if the General Court would offer a bounty to
individuals, to establish a given number of the above
described wagons, to travel on the most public roads
throughout the Commonwealth, as repairers of the same,
and for transportation of goods, it would be the means of
filling the ruts, and save a large portion of the almost
useless expense of repairing roads, and also reconcile tlie
public to the utility of the broad wheel law. 2w

Fresh White Mulberry .Seed.

JUST reoeiveil at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street—

A small supply of fresh and genuine While Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s.ason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Nuttall's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston—

A Manual of the Ornithology of (he United States and
of Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
53 engravings. Price $3,50. Jan. 18.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimen-
sions, constantly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by

ALBERT FEARING & CO.
Jan. 31. eop6m

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TRADERS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are informed
they c.in be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 50J North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
(growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flowrp. Seeds will be added oii the same
terms, when oi'dored, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Corn, &c, of dilferent sorts.

irrThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on ap improved plan, each package being accompanied
ik iihort directions on its maHagement, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Old Beans and Peas.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —

About 20 bushels of Peas and Beans of various sorts, o(
the growth of 1830— being a part of our slock for seed
left over unsold, and are now olfered at a low price as
food for sheep. Jan. IS.

Farm for Sale.

FOR sale, an excellent Farm in the town of Peterbo-
rough, N. H. Said Farm is pleasantly situated about a
mile from the village ; formerly the residence of the late
John Smith, Esq. and contains about sixty acres of good
land, well walled, with a good House and Barn, and other
cut-buildings. Terms reasonable, and possession lo be
givin the first of April. For further pardculars, inquire
of Dea. John Field, near the premises, or at No. 3,
Rcwe's Wharf, Boston. 3l* Jan. 25

skimmed milk,
Flaxseed, .... bushel
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street, bairel
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Ballimoi'e, wharf.
Grain, Corn, Northern, . . bushel
Corn, Southern yellow
Rye, ...
Barley,
Oats, .

Hav, cwt.

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st qnaUly,

Lime, ..... cask
Plaister Paris retails at
Pork, clear, .... barrel
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . bushel

Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern, . pound
Tallow, tried, . . . cwt.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed, pound
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, ^ths, washed.
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
j; f Pulled superfine
S; rs' I 1st Lambs,
^=<!2d, "
I g. I 3.1, " ,.
■^ (^Ist spinning, .
Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less,

from

barrel

3 00

ton

112 00

•'

125 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 00

"

7 75

"

7 00

pound

It;

"

c

1 12

6 00

7 25
6 37
5 75

85

75

95

1 12

4S

65

9 60

13 00

1 25
3 25

16 00
13 00
13 00

2 00
67
"9

9 50
55
65
52
48
43
40
60
55
38

PROVISION MARKET.

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best p eces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

pound

8

5.J
6
4
7
12
16

dozen

25

bush,el

37

barrel

4 00

to

3 50

115 00

1.30 00

1 00

10 50

8 00

7 50

18

7

3

1 50

6 75

7 75
6 87
6 00

90
80

1 20

50

70

10 00

14 00

1 30

3 37
17 00

4 00
13 50

2 25
75
10

10 00
60

15

18

37

1 17

100

40

5 00

Guide Boards.

JUST received at the Agricultuial Warehouse, No.
fl and 52, Noith Market street, a few more boxes of
farter's patent Guide Boards. Members of the Legisla-
ture and others, are invited to examine them. Every
town in the Commonweallh ought lo possess a set of the
above Boards, both for economy and convenience.

Jan. 25

Tea AVheat.

A FEW bushels of this very valuable variety of spring
"Wheat is this day received, for sale at J. B. Russell's
Seed Store, No.SOJ North Market street, from the vicin-
\if of Lake Erie. Persons in want of it are advised to
cill soon, as tbe supply is small, and many were disap-
pointed, ill not being able to get the Black Sea Winter
iVheal, from the same source. One kernel of this wheat
was discovered in a chest oi tea in St John, New Bruns-
wick, in 1823, from which the present variety has been
inated. See N. E. Farmer, vol. x, page 105 — and

vol. vi. page S2.

Dec. 14.

Brighto.n Markf.t — Monday, Jan. 30.

[Rnporlcd for llie Daily Adveniser anil Patiint.J

At market Ihisday, 419 Beef Cattle, 662 Sheep, and 37
Swine.

Prices. — Beef Cattle — Sales did not vary much to-
day from last week, extra should have been quoted last
week at this week's price. We quote extra 5 50 a 5 75;
prime, 5 a 5 25; good, 4 50 a 5; thin, 4 a 4 50 — one yoke
were taken at §!6.

Cows and Calves— On\y one at market — Eale $23.

Sheep — The storm probably prevented several sales. —
We noticed one lot at 3 75, and one at $4 84.

Swine — No sales.

JVew York Cattle Market, Jan. 27.--A very short
supply of stock Ibis week. Beef Cattle — about 500 head
have arrived and all sold at an average of $1 per hun-
dreJ higher than last week ; we quote $5 a 7 ; a small
lot by Daniel Tolfey of Orange Co. at $8. Sheep from
$3 a 5 per head.— Daj7iy Adv.

[Ij°ln the N. York market only the quarters of Bee*^
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

2S2

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Feb. 1, 1832.

BIISCELLAiVY

From tho Salem Gazette.

A Fi.vE Young Elt.phant, belonging to Picker-
ing Dodge, Esq. came passenger in tlie sliip Rome,
wbichi arrived at Boston two weeks since. We are
informed that lie has enjoyed uninterrupted health on
tlie passage, always eating his allowance witli a
good appetite, although he suffered considerably from
the cold, notwithstanding all the precautions taken
by Captain Kennedy for his comfort. His daily ra-
tions were thirty pounds of hay, thirty pounds of straw
and twentyfive pounds of rice, moistened with twelve
gallons of water. On several occasions during the
passage, he displayed the sagacity and gratitude for
attention, for which the species is so remarkable. —
Before he was put on board at Calcutta, a house was
built for him, in the strongest manner, covered with
thick teak-planks, which were fastened to the frame
by stout iron spikes, clenched on the inside. The El-
phant was swung into the ship by means of a crane,
and straps around the body, as o.xen are prepared for
shoeing. His mahout guided him into the domicil
prepared for him, without any trouble, but in that hot
climate he soon found the exclusion of fresh air dis-
agreeable, and did not cast about long for a remedy.
In a playful manner, he applied his trunk to the stout
and firmly secured planks, wrenched them off as if
they hai been straws, and dashed them away. No
attempt was made at that time to replace them ; but
when the ship approached our coast, the Elephant
began to suffer from the cold. To shelter him Cap-
tain Kennedy resolved to make another endeavor to
cTose up this house. This time there was no attempt
on the part of the Elephant to obstruct the process.
He appeared perfectly to understand the object, and
to feel grateful for it. Nothing but tliin boards were
used, fastened with common nails ; the slightest blow
of his trunk would have shivered them to atoms, but
he cautiously abstained from toucliing them. The
whole was made air tight, as the seamen thought, by
filling the crevices with straw, but the quick eye of
the Elephant discovered several small fissures, which
he pointed out with his trunk, till they were succes-
sively filled. When the whole was completed, his
satisfaction appeared to have no bounds.

Before the approach of cold weather, a coat had
been made for him, composed of gunny-bags, stuffed
with straw. He suffered this to be tried upon him
and nicely fastened in every part; but no sooner was
the fitting completed, than he stripped it off in a uiO'
ment, and threw it aside. At length, however, the
cold became extreme, and the Elephant evidently
.suffered e.xceedingly. Captain Kennedy then had a
new dress made for him, and placed it on him in the
same manner as before. In this case, as with respect
to the covering of the house, the Elephant fully ap-
preciated the kindness of the motive,aud his gratitude
and satisfaction were manifested in the most intelli-
gible manner.

During the whole passage he was completely un-
der the control of his mahout, or keeper, and would
lie or kneel down whenever ordered by him ; but al-
ways slept standing. He would brace his head firmly
against one end of the house, and his side against
the wall, and whenever the ship shifted her cours

he altered his position to conform to it. He never
left his inclosure during the whole passage of more
than a hundred and si.xty days.

Some difficulty was anticipated in landing him, but
it was fortunately effected with ease and safety. A
flooring of double plank was laid from the ship's deck
to the wharf, and the Elephant, with the mahout on
his back, was released from his long imprisonment
and conducted to the gangway. He surveyed min-
utely the platform prepared for his egress, and placed
his foot upon it to test its strength. He was not en-
tirely satisfied, however of its capacity to endure his
great weight, and returned to his house. After a
while he was coaxed out again, and lines were at-
tached to each of his fore-legs. Again he placed
one of his feet upon the platform, and at that moment
the men who were holding the line drew it tight and
kept the leg stretched out. He then extended his
other fore-leg, and that was immediately drawn out
in the same manner. Finding there was compulsion
in the case, and that he must go, and judging, like
philosopher, that his weight was less likely to break
through when spread over a large surface than when
concentrated, he threw himself upon his belly and by
a muscular movement worked his way from the ship
to the wharf, to the great delight of tliousands of
people who covered the neighboring wharves,vessels
and stores.

(U^It can do no harm to mention, that not a drop
of ardent spirit was drunk on board Capt. Kennedy's
ship from the day of her departure to her return. —
Plenty of hot coffee and chocolate supplied its place
in cold weather, and the yankee switchell preserved
the health of the men in Calcutta, while half the rum
drinking crews there were in the hospital.

The Cliinese green tea ])lant (camelHa viridis)
has been successfully planted by Mr Rooisoy, of
Bristol, in a part ofBreckno(k.«liire, Wales, near the
source of the Usk, about 1000 feet above the level
of the sea, and higher than tho limits of the native
woods, consisting of alder and birch. It endured
the winter, and was not affected by the late frosts
of last May; and it has made several vigorous
shoots.

the root, below whore it was bitten ofi', I could
never find any part of it left, so that it is very pro-
bable it was eaten by them. I have by me several
trees so cut down, for the inspection of any person
who may be desirous of witnessing, with his own
eyes, the wonderful powers of so diminutive a
creature as the mouse in felling trees.' — Jim. Far.

Planting Mulherry Trees. — We are frequently
asked at what distance we would plant white mul- '
berry trees, for the purpose of feeding silk worms. '
If it be intended to form full grown trees, thirty ■
feet a])!irt each way, is probably the nearest that it i
«-uuld be advisable to ]>lant them. Where land is
abundant, forty feet would be preferable. The full
grown tree generally covers a circle of twentyfive
to Ibrty feet diameter. If the hedge form be pre-
ferred, the young trees may be planted one to two
feet apart; the tops to be cut off in the fall or win-
ter of every year. In this mode the great advan-
tage of gathering the leaves without climbing is se-
cured. The hedges might be planted fifteen to
tneuty feet apart, and thus an acre would produce
as niucli foliage as if occupied by large trees, and
there would be a great saving of time in the pro-
duction of the hedge, compared with that required
to produce the large trees. — lb.

Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.il lowest prices, for sporting —
const.-iTillv for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
S: 15ro;Ml Street.

N. B. If llie quality is not found satisfactory, it may
^e returned, and the money willbo reliinuca Jan. 1

Immense number of mice. — In a forest planted Iiy
Lord Glenbervie, the mice, threatened its entire
de-struct'on. The following is an extract from the
Horticultural Register for Aiigu.st, 1831.

' In short, lioles about two feet long and ten in-
ches broad at top, and somewhat larger every vaj
at the bottom, were made at twenty yards apjrt,
over about 3200 acres of plantation ; persons wtut
round early in the morning, to destroy such nii;e
as might be found in the lioles. In this way, b«-
sides w hat the owls, hawks, magpies, and weasck
took out of the holes (and several of these de]>re-
dators lost their lives in attempting to seize their
prey,) 30,000 mice were paid for by government,
nor were they extirpated until they had destroy-
ed, in four inclosures, amounting only to 170)
acres, the astonishing number of 200,000 five yea-
old oaks, together with an immense number of
acorns and young seedlings.'

' It is said by naturalists,' observes Mr Billinj-
ton, ' that the beaver will fell trees with his teetl,
but I have never seen an account of mice felling
oak trees ; yet I have seen many trees 7 or 8 feet
high, and an inch and a half in diameter, cut dovn
by them. When examining for the thick part if

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (liy .steam power) and
tonijued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and piice lower than Ihev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, do, Bioad street.

European Leeches.

The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
tine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
Kntion. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st, Apothecary,

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaled Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Irays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, 5-c, §-c, which he will
o'lspose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
<i'y- O* Watches repaired and warranted.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay withio
siity da)s from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of lifty cents.

inr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russeli., by I, R. Botts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be e.xecuted to meet th»
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RcssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62, North
Market Street.

AGENT.S.
New IVi — G. Thobbukn *: Sdns, 67 Liberly-stree*.
Alhamj — Wa. Thokbukn, 347 Market street.
Philaildphia — D. <fe C Lanoreth, 83 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Fanner.
Cincinnati — S. C. 1'akkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street,
Flushing. N. Y. Wm. I'rince& Suns, Prop.Lin.Bot.Gardea
Middletmnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hart/orrf— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
SpriiigfiM, Ms. — E. Edwards.
Neu^lntryport. — Eienezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Porlsmmtth. N. H. — i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland. Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
A"gnsta. Me. — Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Offise.
Montreal, L. 0. — Henry Hillock.

NMW E]^€J1.AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Agricoltobal Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 8, 1832.

NO. 30.

(S(E»SLisa'jfrs:ra^iiaa®srg9

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS, &c.

Mr Fess£\den — It was with imicli pleasure
that I noticed in your last No. your intentions of
inserting weekly in your valuable paper, original
commuuieatious on the general growth, manage-
ment, and cuhivation of the different varieties of
garden vegetables, and our most esteemed fruits.
Undoubtedly with the knowledge and zeal with
which some of our eminent and scientific men
are possessed, you will have plenty of able, and
intelligent contributors ; and will be able to furnish
much useful information, and add nuich more to
the already well earned reputation of your paper.
Of what advantage to the public is that which any
scientific man discovers, new and interesting, unless
it be widely, and extensively circulated ? and
thi'ough what medium can this be more properly
done than through that of papers, or periodicals.
Much has been, and much more can still be done ;
indeed, there is no end to the improvements which
are yet to be made iji jiractical, and experimeiital
horticulture. Few if any of the pursuits which
occupy the mind of man, have of late received
more attention, (especially in England) than the
study of this distinguished science. Look back
to the time, when those houses called conservato-
ries were heated liy making large holes in the
ground, and filling them with peat or ashes ; and
then look at the elegant, neat, .ind perfect system,
now coming almost universally into use, the heat-
ing of the same, or similar houses by hot water;
this is, however, but one, and almost the least of
the many, and equally rapid, and useful improve-
ments which are yearly and continually made.

I was led to make these remarks, on reading
in one of your late numbers a communication
respecting 'Agricultural Premiums.' I read it with
extreme pleasure, as my views were in exact
accordance with those of your correspondent.
No pains should be spared that will give encour-
agement, and stimulate our intelligent and
industrious farmers. Agriculture and Horticulture
may be said to go hand in hand together ; they both
have alike received the attention of rich and poor.
How often is it that we pass the humble cottager's
httle farm, and see his pastures clothed with green,
his fields with the ripening corn, and the blushing
grapes hanging in clusters from his little vineyard ;
and perhaps a little patch in front of bis dwelling,
blooming in nature's most vivid colors ?

But I have digressed from the course in which I
intended to have written at first. My attention is
to speak a few words in relation to ' horticultural'
premiinns ; not that I wish to dictate to any one
how, or what should be done, but merely to offer
a few suggestions with respect to the awarding of
premiums, and to point out what I think, gross
iuequalities in the lists for the last two years. In
the first place — take the list for garden vegetables,
and what do we find. A prize of one dollar for
a dozen Beets ; a dozen Carrots, &;c, &c, the
same ; Cucumbers raised in the open air, two dollars,
and those forced but one .' Is not here a great
mistake ? Why, does not almost every person who

knows anything of raising such vegetables, know
that to grow a Beet, or Carrot, requires but little
more than a mere novice — while to force a Cucum-
ber is one of the first requisites of a perfect
gardener .' What kind of a gardener would he
be thought (especially in England) who on inquiry
whether he could force Cucumbers, Grapes, and
Melons, what a one, I ask, would he be thought,
slioidd he say he could not ? Why, no gardener
at all, unless some jobbing one (and there are many
here and there) as lets himself to dig, milk, bake,
&c, (and as the phraseology goes) ' have no
objection to take care of a horse or gig.' The
same remarks will apply to the premimns on
grapes raised in the open air, and those forced.

And again, the flower lists present the same
mistakes ; here we have five dollars for Chinese
Chrysanthemums, and only three for Tulips, two for
Hyacinths, and two foi Ranuncules, that on
Chrysanthemums as much as that on Tulip and
Ranuncules together ; those who are adepts in
the art of raising these delightful flowers, those
I ask, which requires the most care ? Will a
Tulij), or a Ranunculus grow from a mere cutting
and perfect its flowers in one season ? Certainly
not ! and does not the compost in which Chrysanthe-
mums are grown, require at least to be mixed one
year before it is used in order that it may become
pure, and sweet, so as not to injure, or destroy
their splendid and beautiful colors .' Again I say,
certainly not ! All then must be aware that the
i;rii:es are here also very unequally distributed.
Undoubtedly, with many, it is not so much the
sum of the prizes, as the credit of being the most
skilful grower ; but there are many, especially
those who make a busmess of raising these ele-
gant plants, that like to be well paid for their
trouble ; and were they raised double and more
equally adjusted, it might compensate them more
fully for the care which is absolutely necessary, to
procure a beautiful bloom ; and would, I think, be
the only means, by which the society's, show
glasses will be filled so as to present any imconimon
assemblage of those elegant, and truly styled
queens of flowers.

There is also wanting a system in regard to
awarding premiums, a system like, or similar to
those now existing among the first horticultural
societies in England ; at least it is certain, that
some new method should be adopted, different
from that of the last two years ^ as it seems there
has not been general satisfaction given ; and unless
there is one adopted we may soon despair of ever
having but very few interesting or gratifying
shows. Let us imagine a show of fifty glasses of
Tulips, fifty of Hyacinths, and fifty of Ranuncu-
lus ; all this I think we might have, if everything
is managed as it should be ; to be sure the society
is yet but in its infancy, and will improve yearly.
The manner in which some of the Horticultural,
and Floricultural societies in England award their
premiums, (and this I have had from those who
have been present) is as follows. The pots,
lasses, or whatever the plants or flowers may be
in, are arranged in rows, or on the stands, and
every pot or glass is numbered as it is brought in ;

enter and make their selections, without the least
knowledge of either the owner, or grower ; and
they hardly, if ever, fail to give the utmost satis-
faction. And thus it frequently happens, that the
poor and hundjie cottager, who can find an hour
or two af^er his irksome day's work to s])end in
his httle garden, and attend to the delightt'id task
of raising a few Pinks, Carnations, Tulips, Ran-
unculus &c, is the successful competitor. But I
am taking up too much room in your useful paper,
to follow the subject any farther at present. For
myself, I should like to hear the opinion of many
gentlemen upon the same subject. And I again
repeat that these are but mere suggestions, and
are made with the only view of advancing the
true interests of the important science of Horti-
culture and Floriculture.

Should I be able to contribute anything in the
way of information through your paper, you may
perliaps hear again from your friend,

Cambridge, Jan. 30, 1832. RnsTiccs.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

CULTURE OF RUTA BAGA.

3Ir Editor — -I send you a few observations
upon the culture of the Ruta Baga ; if you consid-
er them worth publishing they are at your service.

The way that I think best for raising this crop,
is as follows. The year before, take a piece of
green sward in the spring, give it a good manuring
with green dung, spread it evenly over the ground
and plough it ■cder. At the proper time plant
with corn, taking particular care to let no weeds
go to seed during the whole season. After the
corn is gathered, there is no more to be done to
the ground, for I do by no means approve of fall
ploughing, though I once had a different opinion,
but now think it to be injurious to any soil suitable
for turnips.

The next spring, as soon as the ground is
sufficiently dry, it is ploughed ; then let it remain a
little more than three weeks longer, and plough
again, and at the end of three weeks more plough
the third time and give it a good harrowing. By
this time, if the land is what it should be, it is in
good condition to receive the plants, which sliould
be set as soon as possible after the barrowings.
The intermediate time between the ploughing
will give nearly all the seeds of weeds a chance
and time to sprout that may remain in the ground.
These operations will bring it to about the first of
July, which is not too early to insure a large crop.
To procure the plants the seed should be sown on
a separate piece of land in the early part of June,
but I should recommend to not sow so thick as is
generally practised. If the plants stand too thick
before trai]Si)lanting, they never take good roots
but are sickly and tender, the turnips will have
long slim necks and not grow near so large, round,
or handsome.

The form of setting is in rows two feet apart,
and the plants within a foot of each other in the
row.s. The most expeditious way of setting that
I have ever seen practised, is for some person to
go before and drop the plants singly at the distance

above mentioned ; he is followed by two others
the committee then being absent, they afterwards | with very small wooden shovels or slices, — with

234

NEW ENGLAND FAUMER,

Feb. 8, ISSa.

these they opcu a phice sufficient to receive tlie
roots, then with both liands press the soil round
the plant so that it will stand erect. In this way,
if the ground is mellow, they can he set very fast,
and ilMhe plants are good, there will not one out
of a hundred die. I woidd recommend however
never to transplant in wet weather, and when it is
fair, the dew should he off some tinie before the
plants are taken up.

The advantage of transplanting over planting
the seed iu the" field where they are to grow, I
think is considerable. In the first place, the
around is iu better condition, and it will generally l
save two hoeings. The first time a turnip crop
is hoed, when it is not transplanted, is a slow |
operation, and takes more time than it would to i
set it all out with plants after the ground has been |
prepared as before directed. With regard to the
best mode of preserving them from the frost I
think there is none so good or economical as a
good cellar under the barn. I had a cellar made
under my barn 7 feet deep, 26 wide, and 32 long,
this, if I am right in my figures, will hold upwards
of 4000 bushels. To dig and stone this cost me
40 dollars, digging and drawing the stone 20
more and 4 for pointing, making in all 70 dollars,
the interest of which is .$4,20. Now I know of
no other way that 4000 bushels of turnips can he
secured for $4,20, their hulk being 16 or 20 cords.
There is another very important consideration,
when they are in the cellar they are perfectly
secure and can be had every day through the i
winter when they are most wanted, wliioh is not ]
the case if they are covered on the field. With
regard to the value of the Ruta Baga for feeding
stock or fatting cattle, I think it is the most
profitable crop the farmer can raise. I consider a
ton to be worth more than a ton of potatoes, and
the expense of raising them is less than one half
of raising so many potatoes.

Respectfully yours, J. M.

^mesbury, Feb. 1, 1833.

subscribe three dollars towards the premmm, and
take twenty of the nectareens approved of by
the socictv, the price adjusted by them.

The fresh juice of an apple, having no taste of
pomace, would be palatable to most persons, and
having no inebriating qualities the cause of tem-
perance woidd be promoted by its use.— The tem-
perance societies might then repeal their edicts to
' give the orchards to the axe.'

Yo\u- most obedient servant,

MiB York, Feb. 6, 1832.

ADDRESS

B Y

President

E. B. G.

COUGH IN HORSES.

Mr Fessesden — I have seen several valuable
comnnuncations iu tlie New England Farmer,
respecting diseases of horses — but have no recol-
lection of seeing anything respecting coughs,
which have been very prevalent among them the
last summer and autumn.

I have a very valuable young horse, that has
had a cough for nearly a year, and I have been
imable to find a cure, though 1 liave foimd that air
slacked lune in small quantities, given with his
grain, has been useful.— If any of your corres-

M A L T H U S A . VV A K I) , M . D .

and GenUemen of Uie M»ss. Ili.rt Society:

It were strange, indeed, should one with my
feeble abilities, on such an occasion as the present,
attempt to address such an audience as that now
before nie, without experiencing some inward mis-
givings, and betraying some outward perturbation,
— without feeling the immediate necessity of say-
ing'something to secure an interest in their favora-
bli; regard, and predispose them to look with some-
what more of lenient candor on his (•Hurts to please,
than belongs to a rigid though aju^^t criticism. 1
know too well the value of your time to imagine
this may be done by a protracted exordium, how.
ever higldy elaborated, or gracefiilly uttered ; but I
cannot forbear alluding, as among the disadvantages
of my position, to the circumstance of its being but
two years, since, in this place, we were instnicted
and delighted with whatever, relating to the carlj
historv of our art, could be drawn from the stores
of a mind imbued with all the knowledge which i
profound investigation could bestow, and set forth

pondents can throw any light on this important I by a taste formed on a familiarity wiih the purest
subject I think it would be most thankfully | models in tlie walks of pidite literature; and ai
received by many of your subscribers, and one | our last anniversary, which seems but as yest^
in particular.

Boston, Feb.7,lS32.

II.

the present state, and future prospects of Horticul-
ture, particularly in our own country, were portray-
ed, in glowing colors, by one, whose ardent zeal
whose energetic and successful researches, have
made him a master of the subject he loves so well.
Were I, therefore, to pursue the track of thoss
who have preceded nie, it would be the highest
On the fourth dav P'"^^""'P'''°" '° suppose that any observations!
i- T 1 I . I 1 1 ,,^^ ^.^.-i.,™ nicrs: fi.p could make would deserve attention. It would be

of July last I pmchased two sj)rmg pigs, tlie », , c, • . r . i ■ r

■' ' " Ou the '■° °^'^^ '•'"' Society a few scanty gleanings, af-

ter the full harvest has been gathered in.

Other p'.ths are indeed open, where clusters of
the loveliest flowers and richest fruits are display-
ed in prodigal profusion on every siile ; but, to

Mr FESSEKDEN-For more than twenty years]
past I have fattened my own pork ; and have sup- j
posed that an increase of one, or one and a ;
quarter pounds a day was as much as could be
expected from good keeping
of July last I purchased
joint weight of which was 108 lbs
fourth day of January they were killed, and weigh-
ed when dressed, five hundred and eighteen

Mr Fessenoen — There appeared an unusual
fall of Apples from the trees through the last sum-
mer, a season when they are comparatively of
little value in market ; observing my trees prema-
turely dishurthened, I conceived that such fine
fruit might be profitably used in making a salutary
beverage during the hot season.

^Connected with this subject it might be thought
a desideratum in rural economy to construct a
portable apparatus, which would at once grind and
express the juice from a single apple at a time.

The summer apples are generally large, and
some of them very juicy ; two of such fruit would
yield a goblet of nectar which, while it slaked the
thirst, would delight the palate not vhiated by
alcohol.

This nectareen, as we may call it, need not much
exceed the size of an ordinary coffee-mill, and
like it might lie secured to a post, or if more con-
venient to the dinner table of the husbandman,
the maid in waiting having a basket of fruit at
hand, might by the twirl of a handle fill a goblet
as called for.

Should you think this subject worth notice I
would premise that your Horticuhural Society
offer a premium for the best and cheapest appara-
tus in wood, for the above purpose ; and as Mass-
achusetts is preeminently happy in such inventions
doubtless it would soon be forthcoming. I will

day gain. These pigs were a small breed, had
short legs, small head, andywhen we began to feed
them witii grain it was usually scalded. W. L.
J^ew Haven, Feb. 1,1832.

Projilahle Onion Bed.—Mv Ahlrich of Bmitli-
field, R. I. has obtained from an ouion bed 40 fi'^t j jy'^jj'y thrown upon'' closet naturalists"'.' I

make a happy selection and profitable appropria-
tion of them, requires the skill derived from a
series of attentive observations which I have never
made, an<i an inventive originality which I never
possessed. I am aware of the severe sarcasms
which are oflen, and, no doubt, in many instances,

by 20, a crop of onions, which after being washed
and tied up in bunches, sold for §7,83, not includ-
ing those used in his own family. The produce
of an acre, at this rate would amount to ui>wards
of $400. — The onions were sown in drills 14
inches apart ; the ground was often stirred shallow
between the rows with an iron rake, and kept free
from weeds. Mr A. has a large kitchen garden in
a thriving manufacturing village, and is thus en-
abled to bring his onions to a good market.

First Daily Paper. — The first daily paper ever
printed on the American Continent was ' The Penn-
sylvania Packet, orGeneral Advertiser' published at
Philadelphia, by Dunlap and Claypoole. The first
number was issued on the 21st September, 1784.
The title of the paper was soon after changed to
its present designation of ' The American Daily
Advertiser' — the present editor of which, (Mr
Poulson) says he remembers the occurrence, (the
commencement of the dady publication) perfectly
well ; it was noticed, at the time, in almost all the
papers published in America, as a most enterpris-
ing and hazardous undertaking.

the peculiar air of suspicion with which practical
men and ' out of-door students of nature,' regard all
communicaiions emanating from such a source;
and I am not ignorant of the exulting exclamation
so often and so triumphantly reiterated by LinnjE-

I us, ' I care not how Icnrncd my adversaries are, il
they be only so fro[n books !' yet, from the manner

I of my life, it is to tooA's and the observations of
others, that I must be principally indebted for the
entertainment, if any there be, in what 1 have pre-
pared to offer you at this time.

It is admitted that among the various pursuits
which occupy the attention of man at the present
day, few hold a more distinguished place than
Horticulture. Even in the primeval ages of the
world, before luxury had established its control
over every relation of human Jife, and the wants,
and the necessities of man were confined to the im-
mediate productions of his native soil, we even
then find that ' the garden' was one of the primary
objects of his industry, and an important surce oon
which he depended for subsistence. Now, if the
culture of the kitchen garden, as a means of 8ub-

Isistence, be one of the first arts attempted by man

Vol. X.-No. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

235

on enibrging from barbarism, so is the flower, or at
least the lamlscape garden, as an art of design, one
of the last inventions for the display of wealth and
taste in periods ofluxury and retiiiemcnt.

Lord Bacon observes that 'when ages grow to
civility and elegancy, men come to build stately,
sooner tlian to garden finely ; as if gardening were
the greater perfection.'

I propose to make this sentence the theme of my
discourse ; and crave your indulgent attention
while I attempt to investi;;ate the causes of tliis tar-
dy progress of horticultural impiovcment, and
point out the way to obviate them.

Notwithstanding the aversion most savages
manifest to working in the soil, and which in them
is but the result of education, the sentiment of the
love of a srarden is indubitably natural to man.
We see it developed in children at a very early
age. Both boys and girls, almost so soon as they
are masters of sufficient language to e.xpress such
a want, desire a few square feet — some nook of
the garden or courtyard, to be assigned them for
their exclusive tillage ; and they soon learn to em-
ulate each other in the taste and neatness with
which it is planted and kept. Often in the closest
lanes of the city, we see children of a very tatter-
demalion appearance sedulously nursing their mis-
erable little rose-bush, or sickly tuft of daisies.
This cannot be altogether referred to the propensi-
ty for imitation, or to the love of property, but
must be ascribed to another, equally innate, and
far more amiable principle. It is that the human
heart is prone to sympathy. It must have some-
thing,— some sensitive, if possible, or at least some
animale being, to cheris!i and look forward to with
hope. ' Even every Cockney,' say the Scottish
reviewers, ' must have his grtrJen, consisting of a
pot of geranium and a box of mignionette.'

Captain Lyon, after noticing a fact which might
strike some as very extraordinary, viz. that on
leaving his winter quarters in one of the most de-
solate, inhospitable regions on earth, where he had
been imprisoned for nine dark and dreary months,
his own sensations certainly bordered closely on
regret; — and giving as a reason, that, miserable
as it was, it had still afforded him a kind of home,
and some spots there had from habit be<'ome jios
eessed of many points of interest, — mentions 'the
garden' of each ship, as having been, of all such
places, the favorite lounge. These 'gardens'
were two small hotbed frames, which had been
brought out from England for the purpose, ami set
up on a sunny hill-side. 'The attempt,' says he,
'at rearing a variety of vegetables, succeeded to ad
miration ; l)y dint of coaxing, mustard andcre,-s —
peas two inches high, and radishes the thickness
Of threads, crowned our endeavors in the Heckla,
to the weiglit of three pounds when all mixed to-
gether. I5ut the gardens, nevertheless, answered
one excellent purpose, by making many of our peo-
ple walk to observe their progress, who otherwise
would have taken no exercise.' On their return to
England the next year, they passed near Winter
Island about the first qf September, and Captain
Parry could not resist the temptation, though at-
tended with some risk, of sending a boat ashore to
see what had become of their gardens ; and on
their return, they brought with them radishes,
mustard and onions, which had survived the win-
ter, and were still alive, seventeen months from
the time tirey were planted.

If this senlitnent was so strong in the breasts of

these sailors, where it scarcely could be the effect
of education and habit, how powerful must it prove
under more propitious circumstances ! The enjoy-
ment of a garden is, in truth, so congenial to our
ideas of happiness, as to be desired by all men, of
all ranks and professions. Those who toil hanl in
the pursuit of g«in amid the dust and- turmoil of
cities, commonly solace tliemselves by hoping, with
the poet Cowley, ' one day to retire to a sjnall
house and a large garden.' The care of a garden
is a source of agreeable domestic recreation, espe-
cially to the female sex, whose sen.sibilities are
keenly alive to the placid beauty of the objects it
presents to the eye ; and the air of retirement,
tranquillity and repose which settles on such a
scene, is favorable to contemplations full of tender-
ness and hope. ' Our first most endearing and sa-
cred associations,' Mrs Hotfland observes, 'are
connected with gardens ; our most simple and most
refined perceptions of beauty are combined with
them, and the very condition of our being compels
us to the cares, and rewards us with the pleasures
attached to them.'

To the valetudinarian the garden is a source of
health, and to the aged a source of interest ; for it
has been remarked of a taste for gardening, that,
uidike other tastes, it remains with us to the very
close of life. Where this has been duly nurtured
and suffered to produce its best effects, the grace
of a refined and practical wisdom will prove an
ample recompense for the loss of the livelier ener-
gies of youth ; and one glimpse of nature will re-
pay the mind for the failure of its early visions, and
tlie destruction of the airy architecture of romance.
What a redeeming, and, at the same time, beauti-
ful touch of natural feeling may be discerned in
Mistress Qiiickly's description of the death of the
inimitable philosopher, Falstaff — v.hom when all
the glories of unequalled wit, and the raptures of a
riotous sensuality were exhausted — we are told
that the white headed veteran of the world, even
in the last moment of his life, 'played with flow-
ers,' and ' babbled of green fields !'

Such, then, being the innate force and univer-
sality of this passion, we may well wonder at the
apparently inadequate effects which it has produc-
ed. The deficiencies of the ancients are certainly
very striking, if we compare their attempts in this
departrrent, with their glorious achievements in
poetry, eloquence, history and morals, — in sculp-
ture and architecture, — not only in those arts in
which chiefly the taste and imagination are con-
cerned, but also in those which demand a more
vigorous exercise of the understanding, such as
mathematics, logic and metaphysics. The writings
of Cato and Varro, of yElian and Columella, are
now almost useless on account of the want of pre-
cision in their descriptions of the objects and the
processes about which they treat; and it would
seem that during the sad lapse of time, of more
than fourteen hundred years which succeeded
them, the class of men whose minds were not al-
together oc<"pied with rapine and bloodshed,
scarcely ventijred to see with their own eyes ; or
rather disdained to condescend to aught lower than
the workings of their own fantastic iniaginations.
Mature, — the boundless exhibition of the inefi'able
power, wisdom, and beneficence of the Creator, —
was almost totally neglected, except for purposes
of poetic illustration ; or if referred to with other
views, it was rather to support some idol of the
mind, than to discover the true character of her
operations.

It is worthy of remark, however, that the early
religious devotees, who austerely secluded them-
selves from nine tenths of the enjoyments of life,
nevertheless permitted the pleasures of a garden;
and we are constrained to admit that the Catholic
clergy have in all ages rendered the most valuable
services to Horticulture. They not only wrought
with their own hands, but were the cause of indus-
try inolher. The monks of St Basil and St Benedict
restored many extensive tracts to feriility in Italy,
Spain and the south of France, which had lain in
desolation and neglect ever since the first incur-
sions of the Gauls and Saracens. No longer ago
than in 1826, the Curate of Montagano, in the
kingdom of Naples, gave as a penance to the far-
mers who confessed to him, that they should plant
so many vines, olives, or other trees in certain
naked parts of the country ; the consequence was,
that, in a very short lime, wliat before was a des-
ert, had the appearance and productiveness of an
orchard. A recent writer asserts that there proba-
bly would not have been a fruit-tree in Scotland till
the sixteenth century, had it not been for the la-
bors of the peaceful monks. 'Whoever,' says he,
' has seen an old abbey, where for generations,
destruction only has been at work, must have, al-
most invariably, found it situated U\ one of the
choicest spots, both as to sod and aspect ; — and if
the hand of injudicious improvement has not swept
it away, there is still " the abbey garden." Even
though it be wholly neglected — though its walls be
in ruins, covered with stone-crop, and wall-flower,
and its area produce but the rankest weeds, —
there are still the remains of the aged fruit-trees,
the venerable pears, the delicate little apples, and
the luscious black cherries. The chesnuts and
the walnuts may have yielded to the axe, and the
vines and the fig-trees died away ; — but sometimes
the mulberry is lefl, and the strawberry and the
raspberry will struggle among the ruins.'

The author of Waverley is allowed to be a fiiith-
ful painter of the manners of the times, and of the
scenes he represents in his novels ; and he tells us,
that an old monk, to beguile a tedious hour which
the impatient Quentin Durward was obliged to
wait at the palace of the Bishop of Liege, before
he could be admitted to an audience, led him
through the garden, where he was entertained
with an enumeration of the plants, herbs, and
shrubs pointed out to him by his venerable conduc-
tor,— oi^ which, ' some were remarkable for the deli-
cacy and brilliancy of their flowers, — some were
choice, because of prime use in medicine, — others
more choice, for yielding a rare flavor to pottage, —
and others choicest of all — because they pos-
sessed no merit whatever, but their extreme
scarcity.'

In comparatively modern times, according to
Humboldt, the Jesuits, in an incredibly short period
spread the knowledge and the enjoyment of all our
common culinary vegetables from one end of the
American continent to the other, and from the
shore of either ocean to the foot of the Cordilleras.
It seems but fair, therefore, to infer from these
facts, that, although Horticulture may have lan-
guished in common with all those branches of
knowledge whicli rest on the basis of experiment
and observation, yet we cannot accuse the ecclesi-
astics of the middle ages with paralysing and sup-
pressing it, as they undoubtedly did those sciences
the extension of which would either directly or in-
directly tend to the subversion of their power.

To be coBtiQued.

237

Ni:W ENGLAND FARMEU,

Feb. 9, 1832

TREATMENT OF THE HORSE.

The harshness and abuse with which we see this no-
ble animal, ami useful servant of man, daily treated in
our streets, give to the following remarks, on the educa-
tion and treatment of the horse, mucli worth and interest :
— They are by Thomas R. Vare, of London, and are co-
pied, by 'The Friend,' (a paper published in Philadel-
phia,) from the 'Sporting Magazine.'

' Biiffoii says, " horses iu their natural state are
by no means ferocious ; they are only wild ami
fiery ;" and it may be added with equal truth, that
they are not naturally vicious : for their ill tempers,
as well as manners, originate entirely from defec-
tive education, and rough handling.

' Harsh usage and punishment are of no avail as
corrections: for, under cruel discipline, the horse
becomes more obstinate, morose, and irritable, and
is very soon rendered dangerous of approach. If,
on the contrary, you use him kindly, and he finds
that instead of a tyrant, he has a friend about him,
he will be under your hands as tractable as a lamb ;
in fact so subservient that you may do anything
with him — for it is well known to those acquaint-
ed with the nature of the horse, that no animal is
more susceptible of soothing, nor more docile and
grateful for gentle usage, as he invariably evinces
cheerfulness on the api)roach of the person from
whom he receives kind treatment.

' An occupation for which I have always felt a
peculiar partiality, has been, the study of the tem-
per and disposition of the horse ; and, from the ob-
servations I have iu consequence made, am convin-
ced, that a multiplicity of errors are conunitted
from ignorance of his true character in the rearing
and tuition of that noble animal, which afterwards
falls heavily and very unjustly on him.

' Many horses have been intrusted to my care
for correction, under the supposition that they were
bad tempered, or viciously disposed, which, in
other hands, would, without doubt, have been act-
ed upon accordingly — i. e. rendered more faulty by
harsh proceedings. On acquaintance with them, I
generally found the poor animals to be only ner-
vous and irritable from ill treatment, rather than vi-
cious by nature ; in short, " more sinned against
than sinning:" for no soouer had I gained their
confidence, than the tremulous awe and timidity
they evinced on being approached, totally disap-
peared ; aud afler a short trial, I have returned
them to their owners, divested of the alleged com-
plaints, with this simple injunction, or something
tantamount to it, " Use him kindly, for vicious con-
duct makes vicious horses ;" at the .same time urg-
ing,them to bear in mind, " that the horse is natu-
rally of a gentle disposition, and much disposed to
associate with man."

' This may be exemplified by any gentleman re-
collecting the pleasure a horse seems to feel when
noticed and caressed by himself; yet, on scrutiny,
the same demonstrations of joy will not take place
on the approach of the attendant. Education
generally imparts humanity and feeling to its pos-
sessor ; and a gentleman enjoying these qualities
more eminently than his domestics, the animal's
discrimination causes him to recognise a difference
in the behaviour of each towards lum.

' Grooms are too prone to be harsh and hjisty
towards the horse ; whereas, if they would only
study to make a pleasure of their duty, they would
considerably abbreviate the routine of their labor.
In consequence of erroneous conduct, horses will
occasionally acquire a character for viciousness
among stable men, which cannot be substantiated
on reasonable grounds, the presence of the owner

being frequently a complete refutation to the
assertion.

' Horses usually evince attachment towards
those who use them Idndl}'. His late majesty,
George III., had a favorite charger named Adonis.
— Whenever the king, on visiting his stables,
chanced to pass near enough for Adonis to hear
his voice, the animal would commence whining
with joy, and his recognition of his master was
always accompanied with so much noise, that, to
quiet him, his majesty would invariably command
him to be saddled and led forth. Having rode
him for a few minutes round the premises, the
gratified animal would then return peaceably to
his quarters ; but had the king not humored his
wish, the animal would have become uproarious.
' Till within a very short period, I was not
aware any person had publicly treated on the sub-
ject of humanity to horses with the same views
entertained by myself; but I perceive with pleas-
ure, in a review of a work printed on the contin-
ent, that the author justifies my opinion, and
corroborates the truth of my remarks. One
extract I have preserved, which I cannot do better
than quote.

' " It is justly asserted, in the best works of rural
economy and the veterinary art, that no horses are
naiurally vicious. When they become vicious the
reason is, because we pay too little attention to the
horse, and do not study his nature sufficiently ;
and hence rather resort to the whip and spur, to
signify our wishes to this noble animal, than to
kind and gentle treatment. In a word, we know
not how to make ourselves intelligible to the horse,
It seems truly astonishing, that horses in general
are not more obstinate ; and that, in the conscious-
ness of their strength, they do not strive more to
rid themselves of their slavery, when we consider
how severely, cruelly, and barbarously, these
generous beasts are treated. How often are they
beaten and ill used, frequently without any cause !
and how seldom, on the other hand, are they
addressed in terms of commendation aiul encotn--
agement, aud still less rewarded ! and yet attentive
observers have ascertained, that the horse, like the
elephant and dog, possesses a sensibility of the
nerves which might be termed a sense of honor,
and which
blame."

which, iiuderjuilicious managcmeiU, would doubt-
less have been realized.

' For a long series of years I have been in the
habit of making observations on the errors coin-
luiited in the usual treatment and training of horses;
and I am convinced, from experience deduced by
long study of the nature of horses, and continual
intercourse with them, that mild discipline is the
sine qua nan of stable-mauagement, and it is the
interest of every proprietor to see it enforced.
Patience and good temper are carditud requisites
in a groom. Horses have very retentive memo-
ries, and seldom forget the unruly tricks or habit*
acquired from improper and hasty handhngs.'

1 Sulln

Morul Clusa Book.

INTEMPERANCE.

Let us look iu upon a gay conqiany of young
persons, around a table, and half concealed by
tobacco smoke. What sort of air are they
breathing ; what sort of substances are they casting
into their physical system, already bursting with
excess ; what sort of thoughts have they in their
minds; and what sort of words is flowing from
their lips? We could, but will not answer these
questions for them. Let us pass by this revel, and
go to the next day's morning. We might then
]Mopoimd some other questions. Are not their
luads heavy, hot aud throbbing? Are not their
eyes thick aud burning ? Are not their tongues
white and parched? Do not the nerves tremble?
Is not the mind muddy and confused ? In what
condition are they to perform duties to themselves,
to those they serve, to iustructers, to aflectionate
l)arents ? Is not this dear bought pleasure ? How
long can nature bear to he pleased in this manner?
This matter does not stop here. The same .scene
is repeated again and again. Soon, habit asserts
its awfid dominion ; and then the scene must be
repeated. The craving cannot be resisted. From
social drinking, the step is an easy one to solitary
drinking? These is no resting place for habit;
everything in this system of being must keep on, or
end.

It is believed that the sort of criminal excesses

to which we allude are not from the i)ronipting3
is equally susceptible of praise and j of nature. We venture to assert that they are
I entirely artificial in the beginning. It seems
' Vicious habits may likewise he ascribed to irrational that any one should like to take more of
imperfect training. For instance : a horse is I anything than nature requires ; and more .so that
eiurusted for that purpose, to the care of a person lone should naturally desire to fake burning liquids,
totally unacquainted with the manner of treating to the degree of intoxication, or perhaps to take
him, consequently incapable of judging whether them at all. It is believed there is no siu'h natural
the horse be qualified by nature to fulfil the propensity ; but that such liquids when first taken
intentions of the owiier. The age and strength afford less pleasure than pure water. The taste

of tlie animal have 'not been taken into consider
ation ; and his incapacity to undergo the fatigue
allotted to him, although proceeding from weak-
ness, has very incorrectly been ascribed to
stubborness and obstinacy. Resistance, as may
be expected, has been the natural consequence ;
harsher usage has followed ; the temper of the
animal has become soured ; and he has really
imbibed a vicious character, which, at the onset,
was only imaginary. The result has been open
warfare between him and his rider, in which the
latter seldom gained an ascendency ; and the former
has never been duly trained for the purpose for
which he was destined ; indeed he has frequently
been rendered quite unseniceable, and become
afterwards a drug in the market, though nature
had intended him to be useful in many capacities ;

for these articles is created by association, by
imitation, by fellowship ; and above all, because
there is a kind of tradition tliat it is manly to
drink. Songs in praise of the juice of the grape,
(we do not remember to have heard of any in
praise of brandy or whiskey,) have some effect in
the delusion of drinking. There is a fascination
in combined poetry and melody. Such combina-
tions are well known to have the most ])owerful
influence in national associations. They inspire a
feeling which bears men on to victory, or death.
The songs of Bacchus do the same. They conquer
the strength of those who sing, and of those who
listen to them, and sometimes lay their admirers,
not in the bed of honor, but of contempt. We
have nothing to say against poetry and music ; far
otherwise. We believe this world was made for

Vol. X.— No. 30.

AND nollTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

231

human liappiiiess. Poetry and music are means
to that end. We condemn them not, as we shall
hereafter show, but the use of them, as induce-
ments to intemperate drinking.

If one could get the ear of such a misguided
youth, he would not do much by reasoning with
him. He might do something by getting him to
reason for himself. It would be necessary to
bring to his view some facts from which he could
reason. He nmst be made to know what a won-
derful contrivance the disgestive power is, and liy
tehom it was contrived. That its purpose is to
take the inanimate substances, which natiu-e
provides for it, and convert them into living,
sensitive beings, and possibly into thinking power,
and immortal spirit. He must be reminded how
easily every human contrivance may be deranged,
and the more so, and irreparably, in proportion to
the minuteness and delicacy of construction. But
as one might fail to make a thoughtless boy com-
prehend the nature of the principle of life which
resides in his own bosom, because he cannot see
it, some illustration must be made. Unhappily
there is none which can be effective to this end.
The nearest that occurs, is this. Let us suppose,
then, one knows the use and the value of the
human eye in its physical, intellectual and moral
relations ; that he knows he must take care of it,
and frequently bathe it in cold water, as well to
cleanse it, as to refresh and brace it, so that it may
still be an eye to him when decline and old age
shall come. Let us further suppose that instead of
so using and so preserving this delicate organ he
should, when he first rises in the morning, let fall
into it a drop of burning spirit ; and at eleven
o'clock another, and so on, at the proper hours,
until he sleeps again : How long would the
power of vision remain to him, and how soon
will this organ of delight become a source of
insufterable pain? ft must be much the same
with the digestive organs as to the abuse of them.
If one could, in some such way, bring home to
the perception of an erring youth, the griev-
ous wrong wliich he is inflicting on himself, he
might be prepared to reason on his own case, and
might be asked some such questions as these : Is
it of any consequence to you to be free from
suffering and sorrow. As you must inevitably
keep company with yourself as long as you live,
is it of consequence to you to make of yourself,
a pleasant and agreeable companion, and not one
who will be continually complaining, and upbraid-
ing? Is health of any value to you? can you use
your limbs, and the faculties of your mind, as you
would like to do, without it ? Can you have
health, if your habit is to throw into that delicate
part of your system, whereon the action of life
depends, substances, which excite it to an unnat-
ural exertion, or deprive it of all power of exertion ?
Does not every part of your system sympathize
with the injustice which you do to your digestive
organs ? Will not your brain, and consequently
your mind, sufl'er by this violence ? Do you
expect to attain middle age, and old age ? Will
not the seeds you are now sowing come up, in
that space of time ? Will they come up in the
form of enfeebled muscles ; chronic aches, self-
reproaching thoughts ; the loss of the capacity to
enjoy the bounties and beauties of creation ? Will
they grow up to overshadow your moral sense,
and shut out the delights of intellectual power ?
Was life given to you for the few years in which
you can sing, drink, and ' enjoy yourself,' or, that

you may enjoy life in every stage of it, as a ration-
al being, and by rendering your homage to nature
in obeying her laws, and your gratitude to Him,
who ordained these laws, for your happiness ?
Do you not look forward yourself, to be at some
time a parent ? Have your own parents ever so
conducted themselves towards you, that you have
a right to punish and afHict them? Are you wil-
ling that your parents should see you, and know
you, as you know yourself? If you should be a
parent, are you willing that your children shoidd
be told witli whom, and in what manner, you,
' enjoy yourself?' Would you tell them how you
spent your youthful days and nights, and recom-
mend to them to take yourself as an example?

SNAKE FIGHT.

The late Major T. of the army, a gallant officer,
who was severely wounded, at the sortie of Fort
Erie, and died afterwards from the effect of his
woimd, while a representative from his native state
in Congress, used to relate the following account
of a battle which he once witnessed between a
black and a rattle snake.

He was riding on horseback, when he observed
two snakes in the road, a short distance ahead 6f
him. They were moving round in a circle, and
apparently following each other. A gentleman
who was with the Major, who had witnessed a
similar scene before, remarked that it was a pre-
lude to a fight, and worthy the loss of a little time
to witness. They accordingly stopped tlieir horses
and watched the snakes. The cautious mauceuvre
of following each other, in a kind of circle, was
pursued for some time, closing at each round,
laitil, when \vithin a few feet, the black snake
was observed to stop, coil, and place himself in
an attitude to strike. The rattle snake now passed
round his antagonist two or three times, lessening
the distance at each I'ouud when he also stopped
and began to coil. But before he was ready to
strike, the black snake darted upon him. His
evolutions were too rapid to be detected and when
he was again distinctly observed, both snakes
were stretched out at full length, the rattle snake
enveloped in the folds of the black, which had
also seized the rattle snake at the back of the
head and held him there. Afler a short interval
the black snake gradually unfolded himself, loos-
ened the grip with his mouth from the rattle
snake's head, and moved away.

On examination, the rattle snake was found to
be dead, and apparently every bone in his body
was crushed. The black snake is a constrictor,
and usually destroys its prey by enfolding and
crushing it. — Sporting Magazine.

intercourse with other nations. This, therefore,
is the great art, which every government ought to
protect, every proprietor of lands to practise, and
every inquirer into nature to improve.' — Dr John-
son.

Agriculture. — 'The labor of the farmer gives
employment to the manufacturer, and yields a
support for the other parts of the coinmimity : it
is the spring which sets the whole grand machine
of commerce in motion ; and the sail could not be
spread without the assistance of the plough. Of
nations, as of individuals, the first blessing is
independence. Neither the man nor the people
can be happy, to whom any human power can
deny the necessaries or conveniences of life.
There is no way of living without the need of
foreign assistance, but by the product of our own
land, improved by our own labor. Every other
source of plenty is perishable or casual. By agri-
culture only can commerce be perpetuated; and
by agriculture alone can we live in plenty without

From the New york Farmer.

ON THE RIGHT TIME TO CUT WOOD
FOR TIMBER.

Mr Fleet. — The right time, whenknowii, may,
in most cases, as well be attended to, as the mrong
time, or ' any time' — the latter often being equiva-
lent to no time : — but the main thing, is, to ascer-
tain it. — In cutting timber for fence posts, and
rails, and stakes, all Farmers agree that there is
quite a wide distinction in time and season of the
year, — and yet we are by no means well agreed,
among ourselves, as to the proper time. One rea-
son of this, may be, that the right time, for one kind
of wood, may not be the right time for another kind ;
or, possibly, for the same kind, but growing in dif-
ferent soils, countries, climates, and situations,
widely diverse. The trees of the mountain and
the valley, of the dry land and the wet, the cold
and the warm, the rich and the poor soil, though
of the satne name, are yet not exactly alike, in all
their constiutent parts and qualities, any more than
men are all alike, or the mere animals. Of the
extent of this broad diversity, few men are aware,
and yet we all know something about it.

Not only are Farmers, deeply interested in
knowing the right time to cut wood for timber, but
mechanics, artizans, builders, artchitects of all
classes, and governments, and hence much has
been written on the subject. I am not prepared to
discuss this matter, in relation to all sorts of uses
of timber ; such as in land and naval architecture ;
in fences, houses, and in dry and wet situations
and structures, in shi])ping, because of having
had no experience in the latter case, and but very
little opportunity for observation. I know, how-
ever, and so do all observing men, that the
durability of all kinds of timber, as well as its
strength, depend much upon their preserving, in
their dry state, or in that of their use when
wrought, whether wet or dry, a hind of life, adapted
to such a state. All men, of nice observation
have noticed, that the wood of one tree, as soon as
well seasoned, is dead, as to uses for timber ; while
that of another tree, perhaps of the same kind,
is not so dead, but retains in its texture a kind of life
still in preservation, firm, fibrous elastic and ponder,
ous. Much of this, I think, depends on cutting
at the right, or wrong time, and much, probably,
on the local situations in which each was produced.
There is hardly a greater difference, in the wood
of trees of different kinds, as to toughness and
brittleness, weight, elasticity, stifRiess, firmness,
strength, and durability, or in their value for
timber, than in trees of the same kinds, growing
on different soils, even in the same region, possibly
on the same farm. These are important facts,
though not new, certainly not among practical
men, and yet few have given to them due consid-
eration, and least of all, the writers on the subject,
national instructers, those who mark out places for
governments.

The great difficulty of adapting general princi-
ples or rules, to all the diversities of particular
cases, is known to all men of sense, experience,
and wisdom. As a general principle, applicable
to the case under consideration, wood for timber,
should probably be cut at such time, as will leave

238

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Teh. », 1832.

in it the least aptitude to iiiteitial changes, such
as fermentation, or any change or state of the saj)
or juices. My reasons for this remark, are, in short
that every change of this sort is a ste]) towards
decomposition, the decay following dealli : that if
tliis be prevented, the wpod is in a state of absolute
]irescrvation, in which it retains all possible lifo,
tliat is, life as timber, spoken of above. And
these remarks are founded no less on experience,
than on theory, general reasoning. Wood, in
which acetous fermentation has once commenced,
90 as to give it a sour smell, loses much of its
weight, strength of fibre, elasticity, and toughness ;
is even injured, very much for fuel ; and is totally
uniit for timber, in any case, or in any that has
come under my observation. The time, then, to
cut wood of all kinds, either for fuel or timber, is,
when it will have the least liability to this destruct-
ive process, a direct step towards decom])osition,
alisolute rottenness. And that time, I apprehend,
will be found to be when there is not only the
smallest possible quantity of sap in the wood, or
juices of any sort, but when what there may be, is
in its least degree of fluidity. This stale of the
sap occurs either when the new concentric ring of
the year is about to be, or is just formed; or in the
shortest days of winter, or in its greatest intensity
of long continued cold. There is, in the sap of
some kinds of trees, an abundance of saccharine
matter, the main cause of fermentation, ami of
what is called ' powder post,' at some periods of
each year, and almost none, or very little, at other
periods. The common walnut abounds in lliis,
while the sap is thin, and active, but has none in
its juices just after the new ring of wood of the
year is formed. If cut then, and stripped of its
bark, it never ferments, or gives out a sour smell,
and the wood never is assailed by the little worms
that cause ' powder post,' a common disease of
this invaluable wood, for many uses. In 1801,
or 2, the writer of these Nos. directed a cooper
who complained that his 'truss hoops' were all
powder-post, worthless, to adopt this idea in the
preparation of the walnut for that use; and he has
repeatedly told rac, years afterwards, that such
timber remained perfectly sound, of uncommon
firmness, aud life, as he called it. I Iiave
had many such evidences, aud all "ith Uke re-
sults.

We do not seem sufficiently aware of the range
of expansion and contraction of green and growing
wood, or tlie cvtelrt of variation in bulk, expanded
and contracted by heat and cold. When occupy-
ing the least space, the wood is of coarse most
dense aud compact, and it has then its least
possible quantity of sap in it. More than 50 years
ago, my father had occasion for a barn floor, for
use in the winter, the British having been so man-
aged that the farmers of the north could return to
their farms, on doing which his was destitute of a
barn floor. In the depth of winter, as the oidy
alternative, he cut down — felled, as the pa])er
farmers say, large red oak trees, had then sawed
into 9| inch plank, and laid his floor, perfectly
green, expecting to lay them over again when
they got seasoned and shrunk, as he supposed
they would do. This was all done in the severest
cold of a northern winter, and that floor has never
yet been overhauled, nor have the planks ever
opened a seam ! The sap was all in its ' winter
quarters,' in the roots, under the blanketing of the
muck, and of course could not be in the tree
which was then compacted into its smallest possi-

ble space. — The hoo])s of winter, in those days,
were driven with tremendous force.

From all these considerations, and facts, — I
could cite nniltitudes of similar facts, — I come to
the conclusion, that the proper time to cut wood,
for limber, is when the sap is least in quantity in
such wood, and when this is least likely to lead to
fermentation. The more of saccharine matter it
has in it, the more likely it is to lead to this pro-
cess, as well as, generally, the more sap. The
sugar maple, which abounds in this quality, if cut
immediately after the growth of wood of the year
and stripped of its bark, becomes even very dur-
able as fence-posts, if not set till thoroughly
seasoned. The same is true also of the hemlock,
and several other kinds of wood, but they nuist
be well seasoned, before being set in the ground
as all fence posts should be. Charring is good,
but perfect seasoning is better, though this is
digi-ession. I should have said, also, that when
wood occupies its least possible span, is a good
time to cut it, both for fuel and tind>er, of
which I have adduced, I think, ])retty good evi-
dence. My object, however, is more to call
attention to observation, and thought, than to
assume the oflice of a teacher, for which I have
not the vanity to think myself quali/ied.

sf3w asT^aiisriD iJiiasiasja

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Feb. 8, 1832

ITEMS OF HUSBANDRY FROM VARIOUS
SOURCES.

Prepared by the Editor.

An account of a welhod of ohiaining very early
crops of ^reen Peas. By Thomas Andrf.w
Knight, Esq. F. R. S. Sfc. Pres. of the Lond.
Hoii. Soc.

Mr Knight having a heap of oak leaves unem-
ployed, which had been collected for the jjurposc
of making hot-beds, for melons, had them formed
into a bed in the nfiddle of January, iiUo which
pots of about 9 inches in diameter, were placed,
at the distance of about one foot from centre to
centre. In each of these pot.s a couple of dozen
peas were put in a circular row, and around them
was planted a row of slender twigs, a foot above
the surface of the mould. In the middle of
March they had become 14 inches high, aud near-
ly in contact with the glass roof, which had been
previously raised a little. They were then trans-
ferred to the open border, leaving an interval of
9 inches between each pot of plants ; some
manure was given, and numerous sticks were
employed to afford them some degree of shelter.
This removal did not appear to injme them in any
degree, and in the end of March many of their
blossoms were so far advanced that they shed their
pollen. On the second of April, a very severe
frost occurred, with a considerable fall of snow,
which however, did not seriously injure them,
although in a high and cold situation ; and on the
aOth of April some of the pods were about an
inch and a half long, and were at least three
weeks earlier than any Mr Knight had ever been
previously able to raise.

Packins; Acorns for Transportation. — A writer
for the American Farmer, with the signature
'N. II.' says that in order to secure the growing of
acorns sent abroad, they ought to be packed in sand,
moss, or any other substance likely to keep them

from drying, and this ought to be done very soon,
say within two or three weeks at farthest after ,
they have been gathered. Without this precau- ]
tion not ten in a thousand will vegetate. This is
the case with many other kinds of seed, such as
chesnuts, walnuts, and other oily nuts. For want
of atteuticn to this object the kind intentions of
many persons are frequently defeated.

Operations for accelerating vegetation. — Quick-
ening vegetation by the form of suri'ace consists
in forming beds or banks in an east and west
direction, and sloping to the south, forming an
angle with the horizon, which, in garden soils,
cannot well exceed 45 degrees, because if made
more steep, the soil would be apt to crumble and
roll down. On beds so formed early sown crops,
such as radishes, peas, turnips, lettuce, broccoli,
&c, will come much earlier, and suftbr less from
severe weather than those on a level smface. The
north sides of such beds or ridges may be used
for ret.irdiug vegetation, when it is wished to bring
crops to maturity late in the season.

Hastening vegetation by shelter and exposure to
the sun, is the quickest and probably only primi-
tive mode of accelerating the vegetation of ])lants ;
and hence one of the objects for which walls and
hedges are introduced in gardens. A May-Duke
cherry, trained against a south wall, and anoth-
er tree of the same species, in the open com-
partment of a sheltered garden were found on
an average of years to dift'er a fortnight in the
ripening of their fruit. In cold, damp, cloudy
seasons, they were nearly on a par ; but in dry
warm seasons, those on the v^all were sometimes
fit to be gathered three weeks before the others.
It may here be remarked that though in cloudy
seasons those on the wall did not rijien before the
others; yet ifeir flavor was, in such seasons better
than that of the others, probably from the com-
parative dryness of their situation.

Accelerating by soils is eflfected by manures of
all sorts, especially by what are called hot and
stinuilating manures and composts, such as pigeons''
dung for cucund)ers, blood for vines ; ' and in
general as to soils, lime, rubbish, sand and gravel,
seem to have the power of accelerating vegetation,
to a mucli greatt^r degree than rich clayey or
loiuny soils, or bog or peat earth.

Acceleration by previous preparation of the
plant is a method of considerable importance,
whether taken alone or in connexion with other
modes of acceleration. It has long been observ-
ed by cultivators, that early ripened crops of onions
and potatoes, sprout, or give signs of vegetation,
more early next season than late ripened crops.
The same has been observed of bulbs of flowers
which have been forced, which will grow nuich ear-
lier next season than those which have been grown
in the open air. It was reserved to T. A. Knight,
however, to turn this to actount in the forcing of
fruit trees, as related in a paper, accompanied as
usual by what renders all the papers of that emin-
ent horticulturist so truly valuable, a rationale of
the practice.

' The period which any species or variety of
fruit will require to attain maturity, under any
given degrees of temperature, and exposure to the
influence of light in the forcing-house will be reg-
ulated to a much greater extent than is generally
imagined, by the previous management and
consequent state of the tree, when that is first
subjected to the operation of artificial heat. Every

Vol. S.— Xo. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

239

gaiflcupi- knows that when the previous seasou has
been cold anJ cloudy, and wet, the wood of his
fruit trees remains immature, and weak abortive
blossoms only are produced. The advantages of
having the wood well ripened are perfectly under-
stood ; but those which may be obtained whenever
a very early crop of fruit is required by ripening
the wood very early in the preceding summer,
and putting the tree into a state of repose, as soon
as possible after it§ wood has become perfectly
mature, do not as far as my observation has extend-
ed, appear to be at all known to gardeners ; thougli
every one who has had in any degree the manage
nient of vines in a hot house, must have observed
the different effects of the same degrees of tem
perature ui)on the same plant, in October and
Febrnary. Jn the autumn the plants have just
sunk into their winter sleep ; in February they are
refreshed and ready to awake again ; and when-
ever it is intended prematurely to excite their
powers of life into action, the expediency of
putting those powers into astate of rest early in
the preceding autumn appears obvious.

Improved Stock.

Three first rate, En^Msli atul Arabian Stallioms ;
Ten Holclenipss, Ayislure, Duiham improveJ Short
Horn, and North Devonshire Bulls — for sale or to let.
Also Cows and Heileis for sale— enquire of RALPH
WATSON, East Windsor, Conn. Feb. 8, 1832.

Grass Seeds.

For .sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 52 North
Market street —
GRASS SEEDS of all kinds,— Herds or Tiinothy, Red
Top, Red and White Clover, Lucerne, Orchard Grass,
Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c, &c, at the lowest market
prices, wholesale and retail. Feb. 1.

Early Asparagus. — We were presented en the 4th
uU. with a bunch of Asparag^us, forced, by Mr Toohey,
gardener to Mrs Gore, VValtham. Mr T. we believe,
has generally brought forward the first Asparagus in the
season, in this vicinity.

At the King's Dock, Kin;;ston, U.C. the St Lawrence,
a goveininent ship, vphich w.is built during; the last war
to cope with Com. Chauncev, and which cost about
1,000,000^., was sold at auction lor 25/.; and the riggincr,
&c, for about 1375/. No purchaser appeared for the
other vessels put up.

To Correspondents.

Several communications are received, and will soon
appear. We shall nest week commence the publication
of our series of original aijricultu'-al articles, with Es-
says on Butter — on the culture of Luna Beatis, Hurso
Hadish, ^tid Totnatoes, by Judge Buel of Albany; to be
followed by another on Mixture of Soil x, by Rev. Mr.
Allen of Pembroke, Mass., and another on Jhits anii
other insects iejurious in Agriculture, — and the most ef-
fectual modes of destroying them. We invite fuither
contributions from farmers and gardeners.

Farmer Wanted.

W.iXTEn on a dairy Farm within thirty miles of Bos-
Ion, a man led man to fake the same on shares. Good
■ecommendations will be required for capacity, integrity j Grain Corn Norll

Corn, Southern yellow

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russetlings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime.

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ...
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .

nd faithlulness, as also experience in making butter.-
Inquire at this office. Feb. 1.

Rye,

Barley,

Oats, .

Hav

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st qtiality.

Lime, ....

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TRADERS in the country, who may wish to keep an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds for sale, are inloimed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 504 North Market street, Boston, with boxes

containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly in n .11

used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as they j p^^'^'^f^'' ^■^'"' '''"'"'" ="
can be procured in this country, neatly done up in small 1 <^ > •

liapers, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flowfr Seeds wiil'be added on the same
terms, when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sv/EET CoR.N, &c. of different soits.

[I"FThe seeds vended at this establishment, are put up
on ar improveil plan, each package being accompanied
with iihort directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Farm for Sale.

FOR sale, an excellent Farm in the town of Peterbo-
rough, N.H. Said Farm is pleasantly situated about a
mile from the village ; formerly the residence of the late
John Smith, Esq. and contains ahuui si.xty acres of good
land, well walled, with a good House and Barn, and other
out-buildings. Terms reasonable, and possession to be
given the first of April. For further particulars, inquire
of Dea. John Field, near the premises, or at No. 3,
Rowe's Wharf Boston. 3t* Jan. 25

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

cask
ton
barrel

Take Notice.

At a meeting of the Blue Hill Turnpike Corporation,
held at Randolph, January 2d, 1832, on a motion to con-
tract with some person to set up a wagon as a repairer of
the road, of the following dimensions, viz: rims of the
wheels not less than eight inches in width, one axeltree
sixteen inches longer than the other, —to pass from Bos-
ton to New-Bedford :

Voted, That the Directors contract with some person
or persons, to run such a wagon, on such terms as thcv

ly think reasonable ; also, to correspond with towns

Guide Boards.

JUST received at the Agricultuial Warehouse, No
51 and 52, Noith Market street, a few more boxes of
Carter's patent Guide Boards. Members of the Legisla-
ture and others, are invited to examine them. Every
town in the Commonwealth ought to pissess a set of the
above Boards, both for economy and convenience.

Jan. 2.5

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Sireet —

\ small supply of Iresb and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the present srason, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
or individuals, as they rnay think proper, to accomplish ', necticut. Shirt directions for its culture accompany the

the object.

Any person disposed to contract as above, may apply
to NATH'L TUCKER, Milton, )

JONA. WALES, Jr. Randolph, S Directors.
OTIS SPEAR, " 3

Jan. 27, 1832.

The public are respectfully requested to give the
above their atteniion, and reflect whether this subject
might not be worthy the consideration of the Legislature,
at their present session — especially as so much is now
doing throughout the Unite<l States to render traveliin
more comfortable and expeditious ; and it
fact, that a large portion of our most public roads, al-
though constructed and repaired with the best mateiials
that can bt obtained where said roads are located, are
subject to the very sreat inconvenience of deep ruts. It
is presumed if (he General Court woulil offer a bounty to
individuals, to establish a given number of the above
described wagons, to travel on the most public roads
throughout the Commonwealth, as repairers of the same,
and for transportation of goods, it would be the means of
filling the ruts, and save a large portion of the almost
useless expense of repairing roads, and also reconcile the
public to tile utility of the broad wheel law. 2w

ed.

Nuttall's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston-

A Manual of the Ornithology of the United Slates and
of Canada. By Thomas Nuitall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
53 engravings. Price $3,50. JaiL 18.

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass, . . bushel

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, . pound
Tallow, tried, . . . cwt.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed, pound

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, Jths, washed, .

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

j3 f Pulled superfine,

5 TJ I 1st Lambs, . .

5= -I 2d, " . .

IS. I 3d, " . .

^ [_lst Spinning, . .

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

FROM
3 00

112 00

112 00

90

10 00

7 75

7 00

1 1

6 00

5 6:
8!
75
95

1 12
48
65

9 60
1100

1 25
3 25

16 00
13 00
13 00

2 00
67

■ 10
9-50

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best p eces, .
whole hogs, .

Veal

Mutton. ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

8

*'■

6

"

54

'*

6

"

4

"

9

«

12

"

16

dozen

25

bushel

«

37

barrel

4 00

to

3 50

115 00

1 15 00

1 00

10 50

8 00

7 50

18

7

3

1 50

6 25

6 75

6 00

5 75

90

80

98

1 20

50

70

10 00

12 00

1 30

3 37
l7 00

4 00

13 50

2 25
75
11

10 00
60
70
55
50
45
42
62
68
40
30
48

10

7

6i

8

8

12

15

18

37

1 17

1 00

40

5 00

Sweet Herbs, &c.

FOR sale at the New England Seed .store, 52, North
known I -'^'"''''s' street— The following Sweet Herbs, pulverized,
and packed in tin cannisters for domestic use, viz ;

Sweet Marjoruin. 37J cts — Thyme,' 33 cts — Summer
Savory. 25 c's — Sage, 17 cts, — per cannister. Also —
Black Currant Wine for medicinal purposes, 75 cts per
bottle. Tomato Keichnp. 37^ cts per bottle. janll

Old Beans and Peas.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer Office —

About 20 bushels of Peas and Beans of various sorts, of
the growth of 1830 — being a part of our stock for seed
left over unsold, and are now offered at a low price as
food for sheep. Jan. 18.

Brighton Market — Monday, Feb. 6.

flir>porlod for llie Daily Adverthjor and Patriot.J

At market this day ,294 Beef Cattle, 10 Cows and Calves,
and 710 Sheep. About 12 Beef Cattle and 300 Sheep
were reported last w-eek.

Prices.- ^ec/ Ca/(/e— The market to-day was very
lively and quick, and better prices were obtained. We
quote 6 or S Cattle at $6, extra at 5 62i a 5 75, prime 5
25 a 5 50, good 4 75 a 5, thin 4 50.

Cows and Calves — We noticed sales at $19, 23, 27,
28, and 32 30.

Sheep— SaWs quick ; w? noticed one lot of last week's
Sheep taken at 3 12^ ; one lot of Wethers at 4 25, one at
4 50, one (of 119) at 4 92i, and one at 4 34.

Su'tne— None at market, and none wanted.

A'etf York Cattle Market, Feb. 3.- -In market 750
head of Beef Cattle and in superior order, and about 600
Sheep. Beef Cattle, sales very brisk, and prices have
advanced accordingly — average $6; a few fine sold lor
$8 ; we quote $0 a 7. Sheep very inferior , very few
good ones in ; ?bout 60 sold at $7, with the esceplion of
this lot, prices ranged from $3 to 5,50. — Da. Adv.

240

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Feb. 0, 1832.

NATURAL, HISTORY.

THE SORA.

A question has lately been put in the papers—
Whence cometh the Sora and whither goeth it ? '
A writer in the Charleston Courier undertakes to
answer it.

The Rallus Virginianus, a small bird ofO inches in
length, is in Virginia called the Sora, in Pennsylva-
nia the Rail, in New York the Water Hen. During
the whole of the summer, scarcely a bird of this de-
scription is seen in the Middle States, when early in
the month of August, all of sudden the well known
cackle of the Soras is heard along the reedy shores
of the Delaware, Schuylkill, and James Rivers. So
abundant are they that it is not uncommon for a sin-
gle sportsman to bag upwards of a hundred that have
been killed in one tide, during three hours. This
war of extermination continues for several weeks,
and the markets are abundantly supplied with these
delicious birds, until about the middle of October,
when in a single night, they all disappear as sudden-
ly as they arrived. On the very marshes where the
day before hundreds were killed, not a single bird is
now to be found.

' Many persons contend that they bury themselves
in the mud, and remain inactive like amphibious an-
imals, till the following spring. Others believe that
they are chaniied mlo Frogs, and the skaters on the
waters of Virginia, seem at last to have made the
discovery, that thoy retreat under the ice, and thus
become fishes, (at least in their habits) during a part
of the year.

'The Rallus family contains several species, of
which the Sora is one, and oi^r common Marsh Hen
another, and there is a beautiful species in the inte-
rior of Carolina, that was overlooked by VViLsox, and
remains yet to be described. The land Rail and
the water Crake of Britain, are of the same family,
and the habits of all bear a very strong similarity.

'The Sora seldom breeds in the Middle States. —
The writer of this was shown some of the eggs of
this bird, that were found in the meadows bi'low
Philadelphia, he once found a nest along the Hudson
river, and saw two others along the marshes on Lake
Champlain, but it generally breeds much farther
North, as far as Hudson's Bay. He was informed by
an intelligent Trader, that in collecting the eggs of
the wild Goose (Anser ("anadensis) he found a great
number of the nests of the Sora. No sooner are
these birds well grown and able to fly, than they
mi'Trate southerly. By the time they arrive in the
Middle States, a species of reed (ihe Zizmia acquat-
ica of Elliott) begins to ripen its seeds. Of these
the Sora is very fond — feeding on it greedily, and
soon becoming fat. It is very susceptible of cold.and
the very first frost drives it reluctantly from its fa-
vorite reedy marshes, to seek a warmer climate. —
About the time these birds leave the rivers Delaware
and Virginia, they make their appearance in the
Carolinas in considerable numbers. They are scat-
tered among our marshes and grassy fields. They
are not easily made to rise on the wing, hence are
not frequently seen, but they are heard in every di-
rection, for several weeks. The writer of this saw
six that had been killed in a couple of hours, in the

salt marshes near Charleston, by an individual while
in pursuit of March hens ; and in the present year,
one was shot on James Island, near this city, as late
as the "10th of November. Very few of these birds
spend the winter in the territory of the United States.
They no doubt follow in the train of many of our
Swallows, Fly-catchers, and Sylvias, and remain
within or south of the Tropics, till the Spring invites
their return. Certain it is, that about the beginning
of March, and sometimes a little earlier, the Soras
pass through our low country, on their way back to
the North, and their well known notes are for a few
weeks heard again in our low marshy grounds : they
advance rapidly through the Middle and Northern
Slates, are seen on the rivers that empty into the
upper lakes, and retire still farther North, on their
way to their annual breeding places.

The Sora appears to be a clumsy flyer, but this is
merely a habit, which it has with many other birds,
who see best in the evening or at night, and fly awk-
wardly and with seeming difliculty in the day. Let
the observer only take his stand on the banks of the
Delaware or Schuylkill, in the month of September,
early in the morning or late in the evening, and he
will see it dart across the river, with the ease and
rapidity of the Snipe. It is as capable of migrating
as any other bird. In the Autumn of 1819, we saw
two that flew on board of a ship thirty miles from
land, and it is mentioned by Bishop Madiso.n, that
several Soras came on board of a vessel, upwards of
three hundred miles from the Capes of the Chcsa
peake. That this bird is not more frequently seen
in its migrations, is owing to the circumstance of its
flying by night, and of its being consequently never
seen making long flights by day. This habit of mi-
grating by night it possesses in common with the
Woodcock, i^Scolopax Minor) the Snipe, the Rice
bird, and many others.

That a few of these birds may from some cause be
overtaken by the winter in the North, and many un-
der such circumstances, hide themselves from the
severity of the cold, in hollow logs, drains, or even
under broken pieces of ice, where there is but little
water, is possible; but that they can under such cir-
cumstances, si:rvive the winter, or even a few days,
is highly improbable. If the writer in the Peters-

weeds under water, and dies there, but it more fre-
quently rises near the surface, and merely protrudes
a sufficient portion of its bill out of the water to ena-
ble it to breathe. We once in company with some
naturalists of Philadelphia, tried an experiment up-
on two Soras tliat had been slightly wounded in the
winii, to ascertain how long they could live under
the water. They were placed in a covered basket
which was sunk in the river. One remained 15 min-
utes in the water, the other 8 ; on taking them out
both were found dead ; we placed them in the bud
for several days, but they were never resuscitated.

The perplexities witli regard to the migration of
birds, are every day removing. Not many years ago
it was supposed that the swallows retired into hol-
low trees, or under the water, and there remained
dormant through the winter until the cheering sun of
Sprinj; revived them ; but any careful observer who
will place himself on the outskirts of our city from
August to November, and will look about him, may
easily unravel the mystery. There he will see the
swallows, from the purple martin down to the minute
bank swallow, sailing gaily through the air in pursuit
of their favorite food, and winging their way from
their breeding places in the North to the sunny south
where abundance of insects and balmy skies welcome
their annual return. And could he but have the
faculty uf seeing by night as well as by day, he
would find the now mysterious Sora pursuing the
same course, and with the rice bird, with which it
has associated on the reeds of the rivers in the mid-
dle States, going to spend the winter in a climate
more congenial to its tender frame.

A Lover of Natural HisTORr.
Charleston, Jan. 2.

Animaiiition.

OF the best quality ai.d lou-est prices, for sporting —
ronstaialy lor .-ale at fOPELAND'-S POW DER STOKE,
6; Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found ".atisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbu rel'mueu Jan. 1

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is conslanlly supplied wilh a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaled Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kiods, Fancy Gooils, ^c, ^c, which he will
dispose of at hs low a rale as can he purchased in the
burgpa'per means to convey the idea that the birds city. [D= Watches repaired and warranted.

he refers to come out of the water, from under the - - ^^^^

ice, where thoy had no access to the atmospheric air, I P^^'i^hed every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum,
' •' ... payable al the end ol tlie }ear — but those who pay w:lhin

ne must have intended it as a hoax on the natura..„..,| ^. ^^^^ ^.^^^ ^^^^ ^.^^ ^^

who are supposed to swallow but too greedily the i j^j^^jj^^ ^f gfjy pg„,g

marvellous tales of those v/hoaflerwards make them- ]

selves merry at their credulity. We might as soon

expect to see the Wliiting, the Mullet, the Perch, or

others of the finny tribe, skipping out from beneath

the furrows of the plough, as to see the Sora emerging

from under the w,ater, where it had quietly gone to

spend the winter among the fishes and amphibious

reptiles. Any one vvho will examine the internal

structure of this bird, m ust be convinced that it is
incapable of remaining under water beyond a very

short time. The habits which it possesses, with sev-
eral others of the same genus, of diving, and disap-
pearing for a considerable length of time when
wounded, has induced many persons to believe that it
could not be drowned. This hovvever is not the fact.
When wounded, it sometimes clings to marshes and

ubsciibing, are entitled to a

[HP No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rissell, by 1, R. Botts — by whom
all descriptions ff Printing can be executed to meet tlie
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, JNo. 52, North
Market Street.

AGEXTS.
iVt'io York — G. Thorburn iV Sons, 67 Liberty.-8treet.
Albany — Win. Thokbuk.v, St? Market street.
Phiiailelplua — D. it C, Laniirlth, 85 Chestnut-street.
liaUimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. Y. VVm. Prince & Sons, Prop.Lin.BotGarden
Middlebiiry, Vt. — Wight Chapman,
Hartford — Goodwin & Co, Booksellers,
Springfiefd, Ms. — E.Edwards,
N^whuryport. — Ei'Enezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. H. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
A'igusta. Me. — Wm. Mann.

liSi/ax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder GiBc*.
Montreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

vor^. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 15, 1832.

NO. 31.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

MAKING AND PRESERVING BUTTER.

Butter is an important article in household
economy ; and as upon its quality depends very
much the profits of the farmer as well as the com-
fort of the consumer, I send you, Mr Editor, a few
hints on the process of making and preserving it.

The art of making butter consists in separating,
with skill and neatness, the oil from the serum and
curd with which it is combined in the milk, and of
seasoning it to suit the palate. Tlie art of preserv-
ing good butter lies in so keeping it as to have it
retain its rich, sweet flavor. The best method I
know of effecting these objects, is embraced in the
following rules :

1. In the first place see that your cows are sup-
plied with a plenty of nutritious food. This is
the raw material from wliich butter is made ; and
unless this is good and aliundant, the manufactur-
ed article will be scanty and poor.

2. Let the milk be set in shallow broad pans, of
wooden, tin ors tone earthen ware, to facilitate the
separation of the cream, in a cool, clean apart-
ment.* Red glazed earthen is bad ; and 'cad is
often poisonous. 1 think the best temperatire is
about 50" of Fahrenheit.

3. Let the cream or niilkf be churned befo'-e it
has become rancid or bitter ; as at tliis stage itiiar
lost its finest rpialities for butter.

4. The operation of churning should be moder-
ately and regularly performed.J If too slow, and
at intervals only, the separation is tedious and un-'
certain. If violent, the cream is too much heated,
and yields a white insipid butter.

5. Put no water with your cream nor with your
milk. The flavor, I may say aroma, which gives

* A good practice prevails in Pennsylvania, of buildinj
stone milk houses over or near springs, v;liere a proper
temperature is maintained during the heats of summer.
This practice is worthy of 'imitation wliere springs are
convenient; and where they are not, a sulistitute wliici
I saw at Col. M'Allister's, at the Blue Ridge above Har-
risburgh, may in many cases be adopted. The Colonel
hsd built a neat underground room, in the side of tlie
hill, near his well, handsomely plastered upon brick or
stone walls, covered I think with earth, at all events
with a luxuriant Bignocia radicans, wliich when I saw it
wasiu full bloom. Around the sides were sinks or vats
for setting in iiis milk pans, so constructed that the water
passed offere it reached the rims of the pans, with plugs
in the bottom to let the whole off when desired. A spout
led from this pump into these sinks, through which the
water was conducted. By renewing this water occasion-
ally, according to the weather, an equilibrium was easily
maintained in the milk house at the desired temperature.

t In a great part of New York, the milk is churned ; in
New England generally only the cream. The Dutch
method I Ihink produces the most butter.

} The dog churn is in general use in many counties,
particularly upon the borders of the Hudson. In Orange
we hear this in operation in a summer morning at every
farmhouse. It is a great saving of labor to the family,
which has a barrel of milk tocliurn daily. In one place
I saw a sheep treading the diagonal platform, and another
tied at hand to relieve him.

to butter its high value is extremely volatile, is-dis-
engaged by heat, and jiidte rial ly dissipated by wa-
ter. Work the butter thoroughly with the butter
ladle, in a wooden bowl, which may be set in wa-
ter to cool the mass ; and while this operation is
being completed, mix pure fine salt* enough with
the butter to season it for the table, and set it by in
the bowl in a cool cellar till next day — at which
time the salt will be completely dissolved, when it
is to be thoroughly incorporated by again working
the butter with the wooden ladle until every parti-
cle of liquid is expelled.

The making process is now completed. Toprc-
sene the rich flavor which this process secures,
pack the butter nicely down in a perfectly tight
sweet vessel and none is better than a stone earth-
en jar, without aparlicle of additional salt ; smooth
the surface, and cover the top two inches with a
strong T^old brine, which has been made by boiling
and skimming the materials. If a pellicle or scum
is seen to rise upon the pickle, turn otf the liquid,
and replace it by fresh pickle.

I am accustomed to eat butter, of May, June
and Oct. made and preserved in this way, when it
is from six to twelve months old, without perceiv-
ing any material diflference between it and that
which is fresh made.

HORSE RADISH — Cochlearia annoracea.

This is a perennial plant, which is worthy a
place in every garden. The young leaves are used
for greens in the spring, and the roots, scraped in-
to shreds or grated, are very fine with boiled as
well Ks roast meats, in winter and spring, and it is
believed are, in moderate quantities, conducive to
health.

For the ordinary uses of a family, no directions
are necessary for the cultivation of this plant ; for
it will grow without care, in any garden soil ; and
all that is requisite is to plant the crowns or pieces
of the root, where you wish them to grow, and
keep down the weeds. But as it forms a profit-
able crop for the marjjet garden, it will not be
ami.ss to suggest a proper method of culture.

TVie soil should be a deep, rich, moist loam, but
neither wet nor stiff. In my sand soil, it grows
well on the north side of the garden fence, and in
the shade of trees, where, however, the ground is
rich and loose.

The preparation of the ground consists in dig-
ging, or otherwise loosening, and mixing it with
a good dressing of dung, to the depth of two feet.

The planting consists in placing the sets, twelve
inches apart, in the prepared ground, ten or twelve
inches below the surface. If too low, the sets
often will not grow, or grow feebly but ; if near
the surftice, the roots become too fibrous. The

* Liverpool blown salt will not keep butter sweet and
is besides deleterious to health, when used for culinary
purposes. See the analysis of this salt in an early No. of
the New York Medical Journal, by Drs Miller and
Mitchell. They ascribe to its use much of the sickness
which afflicts parts of our country. Pure alum salt should
alone be used, after it is ground or well pounded. The
salt made at Onondaga, by solar evaporation, and sold in
casks, for table use, is perhaps as pure muriate of soda as
comee into 'h» ;r.:irket.

sets are the crov\ n of an old plant, two or three
inches long, slit longitudinally into slips of the
size of one's thumb. This maybe done either in
the autumn or the spring. My prai^ice is to plant
the sets when I take up the roots for use, and in
the same ground.

The after culture consists in keeping the ground
free from weeds.

Tlie crop is taken when the plant has grown two
seasons. The roots intended for the winter mar-
ket, should be taken up in November and packed
in earth, either in a cellar or iu a pit, that they
may be had at all times. Those intended for the
spring market may be taken up as they are want-
ed. Families who are fond of horse radish, gen-
erally lay in a stock for winter use. J. B.

Albany JVursery.

THE LIMA BEAN— Pftaseoto limensis,

Is unquestionably the best bean, if not the best
of the legumes, that is grown in our gardens,
with the further recommendation that it may be
kept for the table, in tolerable perfection, during
the whole year. As it is rather tender for our
climate, considerable care is requisite to grow it
witfi success.

The soil should be rich, mellow, warm, and
rather dry. TVie situatiori open and fully exposed
to the sun. Tlie time of planting, May, when the
ground and weather are sufficiently warm to in-
sure a quick germination of the .seed, as this is
very liable to rot in a cold or moist temperature.
The manner of planting may be either that of or-
dinary pole beans, in hills two and a half to three
feet deep, or as follows: Dig holes three feet in
circumference and eighteen inches deep, and put
into each the best part of a barrow load of dung
or compost ; cover this with six or eight inches of
mould, plant the beans near the rim, and insert
four or five poles, retaining the branches, round
the hill. In either way, it is best to set the poles
when the seed is planted. Cover the seed half an
inch with mould, and if the weather is dry when
you plant, an occasional watering will be service-
able. The seed may be soaked a few hours, with
advantage, iu tepid water or milk and water, pre-
vious to planting.

The product is very abundant; though the en-
tire crop seldom comes to maturity in ordinary
situations. To make the most of it, however, it
has been my practice, on the first indications of
frost, to pick off all that have acquired a mature
size, and to have them shelled and dried. I gen-
erally reserve this bean for winter use, and sixty
hills have yielded four and five pecks of shelled
beans. Those that are ripe are separated for seed,
and to be used last. They lose very little of
their richness or flavor ; and both the ripe
and unripe may be cooked in the same way that
they are when taken fiom the vines, taking the
precaution to put them in cold water over night,
previous to cooking. They are particularly fine,
with dried green corn, in the Indian dish which
we denominate succotash.

There are two varieties of this bean, ivhich
differ in size nearly one half, of like habits, and
both very abundant bearers. J. B.

Albany JWirsery.

242

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Pell. 15, 1832,

LOVE APPLE— TOMATTO, Fr.

Solan utn lycopersicu m .
This is an animal, a native of Soiitli America,
tlie vines of which grow to the length of four and
six feet, and produce great quainitics of fruit.
VVlten once introduced into the garden, it propa-
gates itself by the seeds which are scattered upon
the groiuid. The tomatto is used as a pickle
when green, and in its ripe state, in confectionarj-,
as a preserve, in soups, and for a pleasant ketchup.
It is also eaten raw, when sliced and seasoned,
like cucumbers. But far the most extensive use
of this article is in the form of sauce, to be eaten
with meats. In the south of Europe, and in the
southern and middle States, its cultivation and
consumption are very great ; and its medicinal
properties are deemed liighly salutary to persons
of dyspeptic habits, aswell as to the sedentary and
studious. There are seven varieties enumerated,
diliering from each other in size, shape, or color.
Of these, the large red is considered best for culi-
nary purposes. A single plant will often produce
a peck of fruit. Few persons at first like the
tomatto ; but use soon renders it agreeable, and in
time, very desirable.

The tomatto will grow in any soil, but thrives
best in tolerably stiff loam. Although the self-
sown plants which spring up, will ripen their truit
in part, yet as it is desirable to liave an early crop
for summer use, the seed may be sown in a hot
bed in April, and the plants put in the open ground
when the season is so advanced as to have them
thrive. They may be readily transplanted with
the dibble. If tiie soil is rich, set the plants
three feet apart, keep the groimd about them loose
and free from weeds, and support the vines as they
extend, in an upright or sloping position, by stakes,
frames, or brush wood. In this way tlie liiiil
conies to earlier maturity and is more abundant.

To make tomatto sauce. Take half a peck or
more of ripe fruit, dip them separately in boiling
water, and divest them of the outer skin, which
separates then readily ; then slice the fruit, put it
into a sauce pan with salt enough to season, but
without any water or other liquid, cover the sauce
pan, and set it on embers to stew gradually.
When it has become a mass, take off the covej-,
that it may be reduced, by evaporation, to a projier
consistence for the table. Thus prepared, it is
said the tomatto may be kept, in tight bottles, for
winter use. J. B.

N. B. — Last season I pul a quantity of the ripe
fruit into strong brine ; and from partial ex|)eri-
ments made in soups, I judged and so published
in the Genesee Farmer, that it might be fresh-
ened and used for sauce. But on having the
experiment made, I find I was mistaken : It r
tained the a|:pearance, but had wholly lost the
flavor of the fresh gathered fruit.

Albany .Wirscri/.

Effects of whiskey in tlie .irmy S,-c. — The follow
ing appalling statement was recently made at
Washington, In' the Hon. Mr Wayne, member of
Congress from Georgia.

'In our little army of 5649 men there have been
it is stated, SSS'J courts martial within five years, of
whicli five sixths are chargeable to intemperance.
And also 4049 desertions, of which almost all are
chargeable to inlem])erance. Desertion alone has
cost the Uuitod States >:'i'5'i,(JlG, in five years. Add
to this the declension uf mpi-al feeling, the disease
and premature deaths produced, and what a hide-

ous aggregate docs it give of the ravages of iutem-
perance.'

The British government, ever attentive to the
true interests of their soldiery, and sensible of the
debasing and ruinous offects of ardent spirits in
the army and navy have lately issued a ^\arrant
annulling the s])irit ration which contains the fol-
lowing memorable words :

' Instead of the wine or spirits hitherto granted
as a component part of the daily ration of provi-
sions, an equivalent in money to be styled liquor
money,' shall in future be given on all foreign sta-
tions where rations of provisions are issued under
the authority of this warrant.'

Great cflbrts have been made to effect a refor-
mation among the navigators of the great canals in
New York. Mr T. Joy gives the following as the
result of his investigation as to the effects the last
season.

' While I acknowledge there is yet much
room for improvement among oiu" canal navigators,
I am happy to say the (mst season has been one of
wonderfid reform. Formerly it was the practice
of almost every " line" boat, to keep a bar on board
and the sale of liquor to passengers, was calculated
upon by the captain as a source of peciniiary pro-
fit. Now I believe I may say with certainty, tliat
these bars have been entirely abandoned, and no
liquor is now carried on board any of the fieight
boats, for the supply of either the iiassengers or
crews ; hands are now hired with an understand-
ing that no liquor is to be furnished them. Drivers
are now bound in the written contracts which are
made with them when liired, to abstain entirely
fi'om the use of ardent spirits, and a violation of
this condition is a forfeiture of a month's wages,
and a liability to be forthwith discharged. That
these rules are fully and strictly complied with ir
all cases, I do not ])rciend, but I trust, that the timr
is not far distant, when a departure from them in
the lea.st degree, will be looked upon as both dis-
honorable and disgraceful.

' It has been a sulyect of connnon remark, by
all who have had intercoinse with our canals du-
ring the past season, that more courtesy, quietness,
harmony and good feeling i)revailcd among canal
boatmen, that was ever before displayed.

' For one, I am confident that a more perce|)-
tible improvement cannot be named, than that
which has taken ])lace upon our canals during the
past season. Kindness and civility towards each
other among boatmen, has taken the place of quar-
rels and contentions. Amicable and friendly ad-
justment among themselves of disputed rights and
other grievances, has taken the place of petty law
suits and expensive litigation. And I am told by
the most respectable captains upon the canals, that
these improvements are attribiued, almost if not
entirely, to the cause of temperance. With such
encouragements before ns, I trust that this society
will not relax its exertions in the good cause, till
the use of ardent spirits shall be e.xterminated from
among om- canal navigators.'

Carrots. — There is reason to believe that carrots
will answer on fen or mossy land, if a sufficient
quantity of ashes be spread on the ground where
they are sown ; and it is probable that lime and
other manures may raise that valuable crop on
peaty soils.-^J'ormera' Magazine, (Scotland).

Grasshoppers were seen in abundance at Dennig,
Cape Cod, 15th and ICth ult. as active as in summer.

ADDRESS

FISTIV.L, SEITKMUER 21, 183..

BY M A L T H U S A . W A U D , M . D .

ContinueJ I'rom page 235.

The term ' Science of Horticulture,' as I under-
stand it, implies little else than a systematic ar-
rangement and application to horticultural purpo-
ses, of the knowledge derived from various other ,
sciences ; in other words, he is to be esteemed the
most sc?c«/i7(c gardener, other things being equal,'
who is the most profoundly versed in all those sci-
ences v.liich llirow light upon the various processes
of Ills art. Now these include not merely the dif-
ferent departments of general pliysics, but, in an
especial manner, the whole circle of Naturid His-
tory ; those causes, therefore, which retarded the
progress of N.ttural History, are, to a great extent
the same to which must be ascribed the slow ad-
vancement of Horticulture. These ar.; in general
all those grand sources of prejudice and error, to
which the mind of man was subject, before re-
leased from its thraldom, by the intro<luction ofthe
inductive philosophy of Bacpn, and many of which
arc but too prevalent even at the present day ; such
as those arising from the infirmities and wa) ward-
ness of lunnan nature itself; — the tendencies of
the judgment to be biased and corrupted by par-
ticular courses of study or lu.bits of life; the ini-
|)('rfection of language ; a blind reverence for anti-
quity ; the influence of the visionary theories and
r<inian:ic phdosophies which prevail in the world ;
and Ir.st, though not least, a slavish prostration to
the ruthority of great names.

L'ut Natural History was not one ofthe favorite
pu'suits of the revivers of literature; and it was
not till long after the effects of Bacon's method of
investigation had been fell in other sciences, that
any very sensible improvement took place in those
whose object is to make us r.cquainted with the
works of nature. And yet the scholars of that pe-
riod displayed a degree of industry in collecting
facts, or rather stories, (for a small part only of
them were true) which appears almost incredible.
Conrad Gesner, the most considerable of them, is
styled by Haller ' a monster of erudition.' Some
other cause must therefore be sought to account
for the |)henomenon ; nnd the grand secret uliich
explains the whole is the want of system, it is
system in the application of powers which were be-
fore often antagonising or inert, and in the ar-
rangement of facts and fragments of knowledge,
which, like the scattered syhillinc leaves, were
without meaning or use, that has been the grand
engine of advancement in the sciences, arts and
literature of modern times. But as we understand
the term, neither the ancients nor moderns, till to-
wards the close of the seventeenth century, had
any system in their study of nature.

It is for this reason, that of all the [jlants describ-
ed by Theophrastus and Dioscorides, not a single
one can now he satisfactorily identified. Pliny's
work is valuable, as collecting all that had been
done by the authors before him ; but his descrip-
tions are so vague, taken from such uncertain
marks, and from comparison with other plants of
wiiich wc know nothing, that, as a system of plants,
it is perfectly useless. And in this same way. Bo-
tany, which has perhaps always been in advance of
the other departments of Natural History, went on
for fifteen hundred years, till Lobel shadowed out
something like a system of classes, which was af-
terwardH improved upon by the two Bankins. But

Vol. X.-No. 31.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

243

the first really systematic writer is Ray, whose syn-
opsis was published in 1677, and is, strictly speak-
ing, a systematic work, having an iirrangemeiil
into classes, genera, and species, — though in this res-
pect still very imporlect. His classes are founded
on such indefinite distinctions as trees and shrubs ;
ills genera are formed upon sucli characters as the
shape of the leaf, color, taste, suioll, and even size.
His nomenclature is of such a foruiidahle and re-
pulsive character that none but the most studious
and laborious would ever undertake to master it.
It seems incredible to a young botanist, accustom-
ed to the concise precision of the present <lay,
which renders his study inviting even to the care-
less, the indolent, and the fashionable, that a pupil
of Ray, when he mentioned a plant, was obliged to
repeat, often, a line and a half of Latin description,
— which, as Miss Kent observes, would sound
much more like an incantation than a name. We
can imagine the overwhelming astonishment, with
which the vulgar and the genteel ignorant must
have listened, when he was pouring out these ' ses-
quipedalia verba,' to designate a common weed.
Well may we excuse them for replying, when urg-
ed to partake of tlie pleasures of such a study,
'The kernel of your nut, for aught we know, may
be very sweet, but the shell is too hard for us to
crack.'

Again, so long as tlie mind remained occupi-
ed in no other manner than the acquisition of
new plants, without knowing in what way to appre-
ciate their respective peculiarities, discoveries con-
tinued to be made slowly, and to be of little value
when made. As soon, however, as botanists arriv-
ed at the art of arranging upon philosopliical prin-
ciples, the materials they possessed, their attention
was strongly directed towards supporting their re-
spective systems by the addition of new objects
and new facts ; and the strenuous investigations,
instituted on this account, naturally brought them
acquainted with an aliuiidance of subjects, the ex-
istence of which the imperfection of their previous
knowledge could not have led them to suspect.

The following statistics will place this in a
strong light. The entire Flora of Homer amounts
to less than thirty species. In the Holy Bible, ac-
cording to Sprengel, seventyone plants are noticed
by najne ; and two hundred and seventyfour are
spoken of by Hippocrates, who was born four hun-
dred and fifty years before Christ. Theophrastus,
of about the same period, whose work is the first
expressly devoted to plants of which we have any
knowledge, enumerates somewhat less than five
hundred. Three humlred years later, or about the
time of Cleopatra, Dioscorides notices nearly seven
hundred ; and Pliny, in the first Christian century,
gives an account, collected, as he says, from more
than two thousand Greek and Roman writers, of
about one thousand .sjiecies, — the results of the in-
vestigations of forty centuries ! Forfuurteen hun-
dred years after I'liny, an increase of only five hun-
dred new species is allowed ; but in the next two
centuries, when the knowledge of plants was as-
suming a scientific form, upwards of four thousand
five hundred m.'w plants vere added to the cata-
logue ; — a number four times greater than had
been ascertained in all the preceding ages of
the world. So extraordinary was the advance of
botany under the auspices of LinnsBus, that, in a
few years, fifteen hundred other plants were add-
ed to the list ; and the whole number, actually de-
scribed at the time of his death in 1778, was
between eleven and twelve thousand. But since

that period, the increase has been so prodigious,
that the number of species of all descriptions now
known, according to an estimate given in a late
journal, is not less tlian one hundred thousand !

Such has been the effect of system on Botany —
or, at least, such an efiect never could have been
pioduced without it. Tlie mere Linnsean nomen-
clature is a gigantic effort, and itself a wonderful
instrument of order and perspicuity. In Chemis-
try, where there is not a tenth part of the iiulivi-
dual objects to be specified that there is in Botany,
the advantages of nomenclature have been most
remarkable in promoting facility of investigation
and clearness of description ; and we find, that
not only all the divisions of Natural History, but
several other sciences, to which the system of ar-
rangement and designation established by Linnae-
us have been applied, advanced with a rapidity
and e.xtent, irresistibly conclusive as to its power
and efficacy. It therefore only remains for me to
demonstrate the dependence of Horticulture, sci-
entifically pursued, upon Natural History, and I
trust I shall have acquitted myself of the first part
of my engagement ; as to the second part, if the
causes which obstruct the progress of gardening
are once well understood, the way to obviate them
will be too plain to require expatiating upon.

Natural History, in its broadest acceptation, en--
braces a knowledge and description of all the ob-
jects in the material universe. In this sense it
will include the heavenly bodies and their pheno-
mena. These, however, though in some respects
matters of observation, are yet so completely sub-
servient to the laws of mechanics, and the mode of
stirdying them is so diflferent from what he is usual-
ly accustomed to, that the naturalist long ago
abandoned them to the astronomer. And since
the abolition of the laws of judicial astrology, the
gardener is content with knowing the cause of the
seasons, and of day and night ; resting satisfied in
their being immutable, and that the devices of man
can never vary their order or their influence.

Meteorology, for somewhat similar reasons, has
also been conmionly excluded from the pale of
Natural History. But this science, in its whole
extent, has a most important bearing upon vegeta-
ble culture. Water and air are the very blood
and breath of life to plants. The different states
of the atmosphere as indicated by the barometer,
thermometer, hygrometer and electrometer ; — the
action of light and heat, whether solar or artificial,
whether accumulated or diminished, whetiier ap-
plied after long or short intervals ; — the influence
of the different winds, and the effects of exposure
to or protection from them ; — the phenomena of
clouds, fog, dew, frost, rain, snow, and hail, are
among the subjects which, most nearly affect the
operations of the gardener, and whose nature and
powers it behooves him thoroughly to under-
stand.

But some of the first considerations demanding
his attention relate to the materials of which the
surface of the earth, on which he operates, is com-
posed. The necessity of an acquaintance with
Mineralogy is here manifest ; — preparatory for
which a knowledge of Chemistry is requisite, as
well as for the analysis and composition of soils,
and also of vegetable products. Next, it will soon
be found that the properties of soils vary not only
with the elevation and aspect of the surface, but
are also greatly modified by the nature of the rocky
or other strata on which they rest, or with which

they are in any way associated. Hence, he, who
would most successfully cultivate them, must know
something of Geology, a vast and exceedingly in-
teresting field of in(|uiry, as yet but iuqierfectly
explored, and the importance of which to agricul-
ture and arboriculture is but beginning to be pro-
perly appreciated To know the kind of plant
which can be most profitably cultivated on a given
s<iil, is one thing ; but to prepare a soil lor the
best culture of a given kind of plant, demands
other and much more complicated considerations.
Indeed two of the chief points in the gardener's
art consist in the accommodatipn of the soil to the
nature of the plant, and in teiiching the plant to
accommodate itself to the soil and climate.

So nnmereiis and intimate are the reciprocal
relations between the .animal and the vegetable
kingdom, that no one of them can be thoroughly
understood without a pretty full acquaintance with
the other. Hence, a knowledge of Zoology^ Or-
7iitholosy, and Entomology must prove of high utili-
ty to the gardener; enabling him to distinguish
those quadrupeds, birds, and insects, which are
friendly, from those which are inimical to his inter-
ests ; for it is only by accurately discriminating
their kinds, and by studying their natures and
habits, that he can avail himself of the services of
one, or protect himself from the depredations of the
other.

There is no one class, in whose success the in-
terests of mankind are so much involved, as in that
of the cultivators of the soil. By this I mean, that,
as food is the first necessary of life, and fine fruit
one ofits greatest luxuries, every question which
concerns their production deserves serious atten~
tion.

Now it is well known that, every year, some un-
expected failure of crops, originating in the rava-
ges of the insect world, takes place ; — that the la-
bors of the farmer, and the hopes of the orchardist
and florist are continually destroyed by these mi-
nute and subtle enemies ; and that, often, local
scarcity, and sometimes individual ruin, is the re-
sult. With these evils upon record, and continual-
ly coming under our notice in one form or another,
any one would fancy that tliis portion of Natural
History, at least, had been well studied ;— that the
forms and appearances, the habits and economy of
all these scourges of vegetation had been well in-
vestigated and distinctly described. But, incredi-
ble as it may appear, no work professing to give
the horticulturist a right knowledge of the animals,
birds, insects, reptiles or worms, useful or injurious
to his labors, exists in our langunge !

It mostly happens, when a naturalist is applied
to for information on such points, by those who are
the immediate sufferers, and he begins to put the
question which alone can enable him to form an
opinion, he can seldom make out whether the thing
complained of is a beetle, a fly, or a moth. He is
told that ' it may have only two wings, though
possibly it has more ;' 'it may have very short'
wings, but perhaps none at all ;' and generally the
sum total that can be positively ascertained is that
' the creature looks very much like a grub.'
To becoiitiDued,

Sir Astley Cooper's Chilblain Ointment. — Take
one ounce of camphorated spirit of wine ; half an
ounce of the liquor of subacetate of lead. — Mix
and apply in the usual way three or four times a
day. It is very efficacious.

244

NEW ENGLAND I ARMl^R,

Feb. 15, 1832.

'<©3iaMiwEr:i>eiisa®£rs9

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE ON THE
FRUITFULNESS OF PLANTS.

Mr Fesse.\de_\ — In your paper of the 3d of
August last is an article extracted from the Montli-
ly Journal of Geology and Natural Science con-
cerning the influence of climate on the fniitfulness
of plants. Tlie pro])osition which the writer at-
tempts to establish is, that the cnlrivated plants
yield the greatest and most valuable products near
the northernmost limits in which they grow. The
author is evidently a man of talents and nuich ob-
servation, aud has collected many important facts
and observations upon the .subject on which he
treats ; and I was much pleased and instructed
with some of his remarks. 1 apprehend, however,
that a disposition to generalize has led him into
some material errors. It having been circulated
in your widely extended periodical ami having
seen it commented upon with much ap[>robatiou
by the editor of another, it cannot be altogether
unimportant to point out (though late) the errors, if
such exist.

Without any claim to the talents exhibited by
the writer of the article in question, I shall adduce
some facts aud stateiuents from various authors,
which I think will make it appear that the writer
has evidently been carried too far by a favoiite
theory, however flattering it may be to us, who
live in a northern clime to be taught to believe
that we are the favored sons of earth in physical
advaiitages (as we doubtless are in moral) yet we
should be careful not to adopt such opinions con-
trary to evidence, as they will lead to unhappy
results. That the proposition in question is cor-
rect with regard to some and probably many plants
I am not disposed to question but that it is not uni-
versally true, and that it is not true with regard to
some vegetables mentioned by the writer, I think
equally evident.

In the first place, it may be noticed that the
adaptation of many plants to difl'ereut climates de-
pends not merely on the mean temperature, but
likewise much, and in some cases, mainly, on the
variation of temperature. Indian Corn, for in-
stance, being an annual plant and depending most-
ly on the temperature of the summer mouths, grows
freely in Canada, but will hardly come to ]ierfec-
tion in the south of England ; while other perenni-
al plants are raised with much less difiiculty in
England than in New England. Of many vegeta-
bles likewise it is diflicult to assign any natural
limits, owing to the capacity they possess (so to
speak) of acclimating themselves in almost any la-
titude.

Cotton, the first production adduced by the
writer aforesaid, his proposition may be mainly
true, as I am not possessed of information suflicient
to determine whether it is owing to the poorer
quality, that cotton is not cultivated in the tropical
regions, or to some other cause. One or two facts,
however, would lead us to believe that the quality
does not degenerate until we go much south of
the cotton region of the United States. The first
is that of the upland cottons; the New Orleans, or
that raised in the most southern limit of this coun-
try is the finest. Another is that the Egyptian
cotton, raised probably in latitude from 30 to 31"
is believed to be superior to any except the Sea Isl-
and. Whether tlie protection of the seed from the

cold is any part of the design of the cotton wool,
may perhaps be questionable. One undoubted ob-
ject of it in common with the adaptation of the ap-
pendages of many other seeds, as the down of the
thistle, the wings of the maple, burrs and hooks of
various seeds, is the dispersion of them abroad.

Of Flax and Hemp I think the writer may be
coirect in his remarks.

With regard to Indian Corn ; in the first place,
Mr Editor, I am slow to believe that one hundred
and fifty bushels have ever been raised upon an
acre of ground. The assumption that the produce
of the lands in the northern states is greater than
those of the middle and western states is contrary
to almost all the statements of those well informed
of the facts. The soil of Kentucky is proverbially
fertile in Indian Corn. It is also said on good au-
thority, contrary to the statement of the writer in
question, that maize is extensively raised for food
in the West Indies. That the Indian Corn of
northern climates is heavier than that of southern
is a well known fact ; but that upon soils of eqtud
fertility the produce is greater in the northern than
in the nuddle and southern parts of the United
States, until further evidence is shown, I must be
I)ermitted to doidit. In other countries, of much
less latitude and warmer climate, Indian Corn is a
very productive crop. In Mexico, a writer in the
London Quarterly Review, vol. iii. p. 160, says
' the indigenous udiabitants who are satisfied with
the diflerent preparations of maize can supply the
demands of a family during a whole year by the
labor of a single individual for a day.'

Of Wheat, Woodbridge's Isothermal chart, con-
structed principally from the authority of Baron
Humboldt, gives the southern limit in north lati-
tiules, as ranging in different longitudes from S>)
to .37 degrees and the northern from 50 to 64 de-
grees. Suppose then it were true, as stated by the
writer, that the latitude of Pennsylvania and New
York produces the finest and most abundant crops,
it would still be nearer the southern than the north-
ern limit according to Humboldt and his authority
will be admitted to be far from disreputable.

But how does the writer's jjosition with regard
to the wheat of Europe bear the test of facts.
Sicily, in latitude 37" was formerly the granary of
the Roman Empire, and according to Doct. Blorse
it produces of some kinds of wheat 20 and 30 fold
and of one variety 60 fold! .\ccording to tlie
same authority the vale of Valencia in Spain in lati-
tude 39" to 40" produces of wheat from 20 to 40
fold.

In some parts of Mexico likewise wheat is a
very exuberant crop. Says the writer in the Quart-
erly Review, before quoted, ' We have been as-
sured by some who have been engaged in their
cidtivafion, that in the vicinity of the city of Gu-
anaxerato, there are large plains, where, with a
single ploughing, without manure, and aided only
by an irrigation which in the rainy season is easily
efl^ected, the increase of wheat is rarely less than
fifty for one, and more frequently is eiglity for
one.'

Of Grasses, especially of some kinds, the observa-
tions of the author appear to me to be correct and
judicious. It is however contrary to my precon-
ceived notions that the juices of the Sugar Cane
are either more abundant or richer near the north-
ern limits of its production than in the tropical
climates.

Tobacco, the writer brings forward as an in-
stance in support of his doctrine, on account of

the strength of the narcotic quality ; but the supe^
riority of the flavor of that grown in the warmer
climates, is familiar to every one.

'The delicious aud pulpy fruits,' says this writer
are in a still more striking way illustrative of our
principle,' &.C. In this paragraph are class<'d to-
gether fruits congenial to climates of very diflerent
tenq)eraturcs. The Peach, although it certainly
does well in our latitude, yet is hardly in perfection
north of New York, without the aid of the artifi-
cial warmth produced by the congregated buildings
of cities; audit is probably in its highest perfec-
tion somewhat south, at least as near the south-
ern as the northern linut of its growth, acconliiig to
the authority ofHiunboMt, who fixes the southern
limits, varying from 29" to 37" and the northern
from 40"to53". The apple,whicliihe writerclasses
with the peach, and states to have originated near
the tropics, is a pative of northern latitudes, and is
now found wild in England. It grows in perfec-
tion in our latitude in this country. In Europe as
well as in this couuti-y it produces well, nearer its
southern than its northern limit. Dr Rlorse says
that Biscay and Asturia, in Spain, abound in or-
chards and produce the finest cider in great abun-
dance.

With regard to Apricots, Nectarines and the
more delicate kinds of foreign Gra])es, it would be
a source of nuieh gratification tome, cotdd I be
satisfied that the climate in which our lot has been
cast, b}- a wise Providence, is well adapted to the
pcrfiction of these delicious fruits. But unliap-
])ily, the evidence to the contrary is so convincing,
that I am compelled to be satisfied with the expec-
tation of a merely precarious enjoyment of them.
It is a matter of notoriety, that although in New
England the trees grow well, the fruits of the ap-
ricot aud nectarine are rarely perfected, except in
cities where a factitious temperature is excited.

The apricot, it is well known, derives its name
from its adaptation to a warm climate ('a]iricus'
'sunny'). If 'the juices of the grape are best
matured for wine near the northern limits of
their growth,' as this writer afllrms, it is cer-
tainly otherwise with the flavor of the fruit for tlie
table. The a|)]»ellation of' vine clad,' bestowed
on Italy, is very nmch at variance with the writer's
assertion, that 'in no southern coimtry of Europe,
except Madeira, where elevation makes the difl(?r-
ence, is the vine in much repute.'

It might also be shown, did the limits of this
comnumication ])ermit, that there is equal reason
to doidit the correctness of the writer's remarks on
the Melon and the Orange.

It is also proper to notice here, (as tending to
show the incorrectness of so general a proposition
as that maintained by the writer referred to,) the
variety in the parts of vegetables appropriated to
use, and likewise the various qualities constituting
their value. Thus, while many are cultivated for
the seed, others are raised for the herbage, and
others, still, for their outer covering. It nuty,
therefore, very naturally be the consequence, that
while some are more productive of seed in a warm
climate, others used for the herbage may be most
productive in a climate farther north. As regards
the qualities, also, of plants, one is valued for its
productiveness, another for its flavor, &c.

All will, however, agree with the writer, that
proper attention should be paid to the influence of
climate on the productiveness of plants, in all the
operations of agricultural pursuit, and that much
time and expense might be saved, and much great-

Vol. X.— No. 31.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

24i

er profits realized if these were more generally
understood. But it is to lie Cared tliat he, wiio
essiuniDg tlie doctrine advocated by the writer
svliose remarks have been examined, to the fidl
extent maintained by Inni, shall attempt on an ex-
tensive scale, to cultivate the more delicate veget-
ables, near the most northern limit of their growth,
will prepare for himself much disappointment and
Vexation. I apprehend it will be found, upon a
full examination of this interesting subject, that no
general theory can be formed from the facts as
they exist, but that it will appear that the wisdom
of Providence has been exhil)ited in adapting veg-
etables to their respective climates, and that while
some of them appear to flourish best toward their
most northern limit, others, on the contrary, will
be found in the highest perfection towards the
southern ; aud that in determining the fitness of
places for the production of different kinds of
plants, we shoidd take into consideration the vari-
ous circumstances of soil, climate, &.c, without
regard to any particidar theory. M.

Berlin, Cl. Feb. 2, 1832.

DWARF TREES.

Mr Fesseivden — I have derived from your pa-
per so much valuable information, on all subjects
connected with horticulture, that I know not where
better to apply than to you for any information
on this interesting subject. I find frequent men-
tion made, in works on gardening, of dwarf trees; but
I have not been able to find any account of the
process by which these trees are produced, either
in the American Gardener or in any other woi-k
which I have consulted. In the New England
Farmer for February 1st, tliere are some incidental
hints on this subject, written, I presume, by Judge
Bnel of Albany, but no direct or detailed account.
The author concludes by advising his readers to
plant dwarf pear trees for themselves, aud stan-
dards for their posterity. As I have already done
the latter to a considerable extent, I should be
glad, if I knew how, to follow his advice in the
former respect, also. If the art of dwarfing trees
be not among the mysteries of the nursery, known
only to the initiated, I would respectfully request
Mr Duel or some other person acquainted with the
subject, to describe the process in your paper ; as
I doubt not it would be interesting to many of
your readers. Perhaps you can yomself furnish
the information desired, and thus oblige

A Subscriber.

PoHsmouth, JV. H. Feb. ]832.

By the Editor. — -We have seen no directions for
causing trees to remain of a small size, or become
dwarfs, more explicit than the following from
Loudon :

' The dwarfing of trees is a kind of artificial
beauty, much practised by the Chinese ; and
though the habit be kept up chiefly by withhold-
ing nourishment, yet the dwarf may be produced
by ringing a branch, enveloping it in a ball of
loam ; amputating it when it has made roots ; and
then pinching off all exuberance of growth, so as
to keep it in shape.'

Pear scions may bejrendered dwarfs by grafting
them on quince stocks, and all the larger kinds of
fruit trees by inserting them in stocks of a smaller
variety of the same sj)ecies. Perhaps cutting in
or clipping off the leading shoots, as in trimming
hedges, may generally answer the purpose desired.
We shoidd, however, be happy to learn the opin-

ion of Mr Buel and other scientific horticulturists
^jU this sul'ject.

DETERIORATION OF SHEEP.

Mr Febsenden — I noticed in the New England
Farmer, No. 29, of the current volume, a communi-
cation under this head from Z. Barton Stout, of
the opinion of William Jarvis, Esq. of Weathers-
field, Vt. that the progeny of the Saxony and Me-
rino were diminished in size and healthfidness ;
to which opinion I fully subscribe. The lambs
are less rugged aud more tender. Those which
are dropped in the winter mostly die. I have
calculated to have mine come in April, but some
had taken the buck before they were separated,
and out of twenty dropped I have only four or five
survi'vors; and those which come so late in April and
May, do not get sufficiently grown to stand the
winter much better. But there is another failiu-e
as bad, the Jleece is much drier and of course nuicli
lighter, and indeed there is a less quantity of wool,
aud the additional price will not produce so much
in value. I consider the most hardy race of sheep
to be those which are just half merino and half
native, and carry the largest fleeces, and such
wool as that would suit our flannel manufacturers.

Bridgeport, «. Feb. 6, 1832. B.

HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS— CULTURE
OF PLANTS.

Mr Fessenden — In your last No. I noticed a
communication signed ' Rusticus,' regarding the
' gross inequalities,' of the premiums awarded by the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and though
my usual avocations will not allow me to devote
much time to newspaper controversy, I beg leave
to offer a few remarks in reply.

As regards cucumbers, forced and grown out of
doors, I most cordially agree with your correspon-
dent ; but that the same remarks are applicable to
grapes grown in the open air and ' forced,' (from
this term I presume he means grapes grown under
glass,) is by no means, so apparent. For my ])art,
I have never seen what is considered a forced
grape, by gardeners, in America, excepting the fine
specimens of White Sweet Water grape from Ja-
maica Plains, last season, and those were not exhi-
bited until July. What are termed forced grapes
in England, are those grown by artificial heat and
ripened out of season. The vines are broke in No-
vember or December, and the fruit ripened in May
or June, and in some gardens nuich earlier. Tlie
grapes grown under glass, which obtained the So-
ciety's premium last season, I did not see ; but
the fine specimens of Black Hamburghs, for which
the grower received the premium in 1830, were
not shown untilthe middle of September, andeven
those were not considered by judges as fully ripe,
and could not therefore be denominated ' forced.'
The only use I Imve ever seen made of glass for
raising grapes in the vicinity of Boston is in creat-
ing an artificial climate more congenial to the
vine's tender habit, not by any means to forcetheni ;
and I know from practical experience that it re-
quires more skill and attention to grow specimens
of Black IIand)in-gh grapes, such as most justly
obtained the premiums last season, in our very
precarious climate, out of doors, than it does under
glass, unlsss the grapes under glass are ripened in
May or .lune ; therefore in my opinion, the com-
mittee on Fruits would be justified in offering a
higher premium for superior .specimens of grapes
grown out of doors than under glass, unless as before

stated, the grapes under glass are ripened by
the first of June.

Your correspondent's remarlcs on the premimns
awarded for flowers are equally erroneous. I do
not think he is much of a florist, at least I am con-
fident that he knows nothing of growing Chrysan-
themums. It is very well known to every good
grower of that most beautiful flower that the com-
])ost, to grow them well, requires as much care and
time in the i)reparation as the compost for Tulips
orRanuncules ; and allowing that they are struck
from mere cuttings, (as he says,) in the spring, say
the 1st of April, he must be completely ignorant of
the treatment of the plant not to be aware that it
it requires ten times more trouble and expense to
bring them to perfection than it does either of the
other mentioned flowers. If it will not occupy too
much of your valuable paper I will endeavor for
the information of your correspondent to point out
the method with which I have treated Chrysanthe-
mums and Tulips for sotne years, I flatter myself
with a good deal ofsucces.s, and leave him to judge
which gives the most trouble. Chrysanthemtiins,
when the cuttings are rooted, I put into one cent
pots — shac]e them for a few days, until the roots
get hold of the soil,— then plunge the pots in the
open ground in a sheltered situation ; water tliem
every day in dry weather, — and if very dry, twice
a day. They stand in this manner until about the
last of June when I re-pot them into a pot one
size larger ; they then imdergo the same process
of shading and re-phmging. The daily watering
is continued. In this manner they stand until
the last of August, with the exception of being
necessary to tie them to neat sticks to prevent the
winds frotn breaking them. At that time I re-pot
them into the pots to flower, (the size of the pots
in which I flower them are generally 4 cents.)
They have to be shaded again for a few days, then
set in some sheltered situation upon boards, to
prevent the worms from getting into the pots.
They must now be very copiously watered every
dry day, as they are now fortning their flower-
buds. If they are not well watered at this time,
thej' are sure to flower small — manure water
once or twice a week, will much increase the size
of the flower. They stand in this situation until
the second or third week in September, wlien I
move them into the greenhouse to flower.

I generally plant my Tulip bulbs in November.
I have varied the time from the first to the last of
the month, without perceiving the least difference
in the residt. The soil in which I grow them, I
do not take nearly the same pains with as I have
always done with the compost for Chrysanthe-
mums. After planting, I let the bed lie until the
first appearance of a severe frost, when I cover it
with litter, or (as I think the best covering,) with
the coarse grass, called sedge, from the marshes.
I have no more trouble with the bed until spring.
As soon as the frost leaves the ground I take off
the covering ; reserving a little on each side of
the bed, if possible dry and light, and in case there
appears likely to be a recurrence of frost, shake
a little over the plants, which are generally at this
time, an inch or two above ground ; taking eare
to remove it next morning. By the second week
in April all danger is over from cold. I take
away all covering, clean the bed neatly, and after
this I have no more trouble until the time of flow-
ering, with the exception of once or twice going
over the bed with a trowel or small hand fork, to
destroy the weeds aud loosen the soil. When in

246

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 15, 1832.

flower I shade them, with a tliin coarse tow cloth,
from the sun, froiii uhoiit 10 A. M. till 4 P. IVt.

The above is a just aud correct staleinciit of my
management of the plants I have mentioned, and
nuist convince every candid mind, whether con-
versant with the culture of plants or not, how much
•iiore ditBcult and expensive is the one case from
(he other. There is another thing which Rusti-
cus seems either to have overloolied or to be to- i
tally unacquainted with — the merits of the two
flowers. When in bloom, the Tulip must be
allowed to be a rich and beautiful flower, varying
almost without parallel from o»e si)lcndi<l color
to another; but it it is of very short duration,
seldom remaining \vith us in perfection for three
weeks. Tulips also flower at a time when we
have an abundance of Ifoses, in every respect a
fair cojiipetitor for beauty, with the advantage of
fragrance. Our gardens are likewise full of beau-
tiful perennial herbaceous plants. — This is not the
case with Chrysanthemums — they flower at a
time when there is no other lo be seen, and con-
tinue iu perfection for six or seven weeks, with,
in my opinion, equal beauty to the Tulip. I woidd
ask your correspondent if he ever attentively ex-
amined a Golden Lotus Chrysanthemum, and
found in any other flower the same surpassing
beauty of color aud delicacy of texture.

I think from wiiat I have said, that the ' gross
inequalities' of which Rusticus complains, will be
found to have existed only in his on-n imagination,
and that a further acquatntauce with the subject
will induce him to acknowledge his mistake.

I sJioidd like to see the time when Horticultu-
ral Premiums will be ' ten times thtir present
value ;' but that we can hardly expect for some
years, and for my own part I have as much pleas-
ure in competing for two, three, or five dollars, as
I would have for a larger amount ; still ' I make
a business of raising these elegant plants.' If
your correspondent can be patient for a year or
two, I am confident that he will not resort to his
imagination for a display of fifty glasses of differ-
ent flowers, but that, even under the system of
which be complains, we may be enabled to pre-
sent him the reality.

The system of numbering the glasses or pots
containing the different flowers for premiuins, is
universally practised at horticultural and flori-
cultural exhibitions in England, and I think it an
excellent jilan, ])drticularly where conqietilors are
numerous ; but I regret that your friend Rusticus
should be deceived in the idea that this is the cause
why the 'humble cottager' is so frequently the
successful claimant. We will be charitable
enough to believe hat the judges chosen 'by the
members, are skilful and honorable men, and not
likely to be biassed by a silver cu]) or a copper tea-
kettle, or whatever bajjpens to be the premium
on the occasion. The reason why the ' humble
cottager ' of England is so frequently successful,
generally proceeds from the unwearied care aud
attention he bestows upon whatever flowei' his
fancy leads him to cultivate. Many of them are
weavers, tailors or shoemakers, who have their
little gardens, immediately under the windows of
their workshops, aud when any favorite flower is
about to burst its bud, it is tended with incessant
care and anxiety, aiJd defended from the storm or
any other accidental misfortune, as if the welfare
of the family depended on its safety. And where
the occupation of the men has led them from

home, I have often known the same interest and
anxiety manifested by the wives and children.
This, and this alone, has given the cottager the
advantage of the jiractical gardener in England.
The various departments assigned to a gardener,
in a large establishment, prevent him from de-
voting such particular attention to indivi<!ual
]dants, and it consequently follows that the com-
petition does not generally result in his favor.

In concluding, let me hope that nothing I have
said may be mistaken for an intention or wish to
oflTend. Your intelligent correspondent has said
so nuich to please, that I could not possibly allow
a few trifling inaccuracies to betray me into any
feeling of which I should hereafter be ashamed.
A Practical Horticulturist.

Chmiestoivn, Feb. 13, 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Feb. 15, 1832.

filth, even when they escape cold and hunger.
' Cleanliness,' says a celebrated agricultural writer,
'is a principal requisite iu the feeding of cattle;
hence not only the mangers, but also the stalls
ought to be kept as clean as i)Ossible ; and the
former should be cleared from dirt aud dust, with
a blunt pointed trowel, every morning. After
cleansing their stalls, a sufficient quantity of fresh
litter shoidd be strewed over, which \vill invite
them to lie down. Rest greatly contributes to
fatten cattle ; and combing and carding their hides
every day, promotes their thriving more thaii
equal to the small portion of time thus consumed.
Every farmer had better visit his barn in per-
son, and su])erintend, himself, the feeding aud
management of his stock, without trusting to do-
mestics or hired lul[), who have little interest and
responsibility attached to their employments.

ON THE IMPORTANCE OF CULTIA'ATING
GOOD FRUIT.

Farmers in general are too apt to consider fruit
as a 7nere luxury, and therefore pay but little at-
tention to its cultivation. But, though fruit is not
absolutely indispensable to the support of human
existence, it is a very useful article, and may be
ranked among the best gifts of Providence. Mr
Knight, in one of his publications, has observed
that, ' The palate which relishes fruit is seldom
pleased with strong fermented li(]uors, aud as
feeble causes, continually acting, ullimately pro-
duce extensive effects, the supplying the jiublic
with fruit, at a cheap rate, would have a tendency
to operate favorably, both on the physical and
moral health of the people.' This view of the
subject gives an importance to the pursuits of the
orchardist, and elevates him to the rank of a pub-
lic benefactor.

It is as easy to cultivate the best kinds of fruits
as those which are of an inferior quality, and the
former me no doubt more wholesome, as well as
more i)alatable, than the latter. Besides, by in-
troducing fruits of different kinds into our markets
and furnishing them in plenty for the domestic
boards, we render their consumptiun more com-
mon, and cause the most [ileasant and most
wholesome articles of aliment to be those of most
general use. The i)hilanthropist, therefore, can
in no way better make known bis good will to the
human species than by using his best efforts to
cause the fiuit to be cheap, plentiful, and of an
excellent quality.

Attend to your Cattle, and see that your barn-
hold economy goes on like clock work ; and even
be more regular as respects real time, than the
sun, which is sometimes fast and sometimes slow
of the clock. You will, however, do well to be
punctual to a punctilio in- feeding those animals,
which depend on you for their daily food. If they
miss their accustomed meals, they will fret off'
more flesh in half an hour, than you can lay on in
a week.

Good shelter is also necessary as well as good
and regular feeding. If a cow, a sheep, or a pig
is uncomfortable, from cold, wet, or any other
cause, you cannot make it thrive on the richest
diet. Yet, some permit their cattle to lie down in
heaps of their own manure ; and they suffer from

Lambs. — The Farmer's Maimal says, it will
be needless to give any directions for the preser-
vation and management of weak aud feeble lambs ;
the best nursing for such lambs is, by keeping the
ewes well, either upon your best English liav,
particularly roweu, with potatoes, carrots, or
white beans ; these will insure you strong lambs,
with a plenty of milk, and save all the trouble of
nursing. Should any one be so unfortunate as to
want the proper means of insuring strong lambs,
as al'OAc, or neglect a proper use of such as he
may have, (for even barley, oats and corn will
answer as substitutes for the potatoes, carrots, or
white bcsuis, if given in small quantities, so as not
to excite fever, and thereby cau.se ticks and the
shedding of the wool,) let him remember that such
weak lambs should be treated, in all rei§i)ects, as
if they had been drowned, and you would restore
them to life. Apply gentle aud regular warmth ;
giv<^ warm milk frequently, in small quantities,
(the milk of the sheep is best,) and if the ewe has
luilk sufiicicut f(U- its support, you may generally
raise them; but if not, they generally die. It is
more work to save one such lamb lor twentyfour
hours, than to feed regularly 100 sheep for the
same time — take your choice.

The great amount of our capital and labor em-
ployed in the tanning business in this town, and its
consequent value in many respects, are generally
under.-'tood ; but we doubt whether its utility in af-
fording a very large and cheap supply of good fuel
is as highly appreciated as it deserves. Thousands
of loads of the ground bark which has been used in
tanning, are procured every year from the yards, at
no other cost we believe, than tiie expense of cart-
ing, and furnishing a species of fuel scarcely inferi-
or, for some purposes, lo the best wood. We do not
know whether the tan can be procured as plentiful-
ly and cheaply now as in the summer ; if it can, much
comfort may be dispensed at small cosl.— Salem
'■Mass.) Gazette.

A case has been decided at Mcadville, Pa. involv-
ing the value of a sow and eight pigs, in which $10
damages were recovered, while the costs amounted
lo over ifilOO.

To CoRHEsPONDENTs. — Several coinniuiiitations are
defened this week, among which are fine from Porls-
ninuth, N. H. on the culture of Ruta Baga, &c. — one
troni Tbcoiloie Sejgewick, Esq. comprising a horticul-
tural diary for Ibe pa.st season — and one from Albany,
on the cultivation of the Hop; we shall be glad lo
receive the remainder of this latter article.

Vol. X yo. 31,

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

247

The Iloi'ticiiltiiral Garden ofthe late Andrew
(•armeutier, is oll'ered for Sale.

THE ix-piilalion ol lliis establishment i:
not confined lo the vieiniiy of New Yoik
biit is well known throughout tlie Unitei
Slates, and diflei-ent parts ol' Europe. It !■
situated two miles from the city of New
York, at Brooklyn, Long NIand, at the junction of the
Jamaica and Flalbush Roails, and contains 24 acres.

The Grounds are in a very high slate of cultivation
and laid out with judgment and taste. The situation i;
very healthy and the view very extensive, commandinji
the bay, the city, &c. The Garden is enclosed by a
pointed stone fence, and inside of that is a hawthcu-n
hedge. The Nursery contains a fine and e.\ten.sive col
lect:on of Fniit, Forest, acid Ornamental Trees; also, ;
splenilid collection of Roses and Herbaceous Plants, —
the object of the late proprietor having always been to
collect every new variety.

On the premises are a Dwelling House, two Laborers'
Houses, seven Cisterns, and a never-failing Pump of ex-
cellent water; four Green and Hot Houses, containing
a rich variety of rare exotics.

The advantages lo be derived by any person who
wishes to engage in the occupation of Gardening, by the
purchase of this properly, are very great ; the business
already secured is very extensive, and the prospect ol
increased encouragemeut is such as to warrant the be-
lief that the purchase of the property will amply repay
4he enterprise of the one who may engage in the
business.

Terms will be made known by applying to Mrs Par-
MENTiER, on the premises.

N. B. — Any orders sent to Mrs P. will be promptly
and carefully executed. 6t

Feb. 16.

Situation Wanted.

A Gardener, who considers himself thoroughly ac-
quainted with his business, in all its branches, is familiar
with forcing fruits and ve:;etables, is desirous of a good
situation. He has a wife and two children ; has lived
upwards of seven years at his last place, and can pro-
duce satisfactory recommendations from his last and all
his other employers. Inquire at the Farmer office.

Feb. 15. 4t

A Farmer Wanted.

WANTED lo hire, in the vicinity of Boston, a man
of middle age, who is thoroughly acquainted with farm
ing in all its branches. Inquire at this office.

Feb. 15.

Bremen Geese.

FOR Sale, 3 or 4 pair of large Bremen Geese, of un-
doubted purity ol blood. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer
office. 4t Feb. 15.

Farm for Sale.

ON llie road leading from Newton, west parish
Meetinghouse, to Waltham Factory, containing troni 50
lo 75 acres ol Land, well proportioned into mowing and
tillage — also. House, Barn and Outhouses wiih the
same. Said farm is well watered, and has a valuable
fruit Orchard. Apply to Eph. McNamara.

Feb. 15. 6t

Seeds for Hot Beds.

JUST received at the Seed Store connected wilh the
New England Farmer Office, Nos. 51 & 52 North Mar-
ket Street, Boston,

The grealest variety of Early Vegetable and Flower
Seeds to be found in New England, many of which will
'he soon wanted for Hot Bed sowing. We have Ibis
week received from Europe per the Janus, the finest as-
sortment of Cabbage, Cauliflower, Broccoli, Sweet Por-
tuguese Marjoram, and Early deep Scarlet Short Top
Radish Seeds, &c. &c. Among the European Cabbage
Seeds are the true Early May Cabbage, (very early) the
true Early Salisbury Dwarf Cabbage, (very dwarf and
early,) also Early York, Early London Battersea, Savoy,
and other Cabbages— Early Curled Silesia, Teimisball,
and Royal Cape Head Lettuces, Mignionette, Long Tur-
key Cucumbers for forcing, (white and green). Early
White Dutch Turnips, Tomalos, Lima Beans, Early Peas,
Beans, &c. comprising every kind of seeds wanted in
New England — warranted of the very first quality.

— ALSO —

GRASS SF.EnSofall kinds,— Herds or Timothy, Red
Top, Red and White Clover, Lucerne, OrchardGrass,
Tall Meadow Oals Grass, &c, &c, at the lowest market
prices, wholesale and retail. Feb. 15.

Valuable Work.

G. THORBURN & SONS have in press for publi-
cation, the Plani'er's Guide, or a practical essay
on the best method of giving immediate effect to
wood, by tlie removal of large trees and underwood ; be-
ing an attempt to place the art, and thai of general arbori-
culture, on phylological and fixed piinciples ; interspers-
ed wilh observations on general planting and the im-
provement of rural laniNcape. By Sir llcnry Sleuai t,
Bart. LL.D. F. R. S. From the second English edition;
greatly enlarged and improved.

The work will be printed on fine paper, with new
type will form a handsome octavo volume of upwards of
4(11) pages ; the price will be $3, cloth bds. The work
will be illustrated with beautiful engrrvings; the fron-
tispiece on steel, by Sinilie, in the best manner, from a
superb engraved view of the park at Allanton House,
representing the improvemenls and scenery as called in-
to existence by means of the tiansplanling macliine. —
There will be also several wood cuts by Mason, one of
which is a plan of the machine.

The successful removing of large trees, of thirty or
forty ieet height, and four or five girth, without mu'tila-
ticm, or lopping the root nr branches, and selling them
out wilhonl support of any kind, .so that in one season
they possess all the beauty and vigor of trees raised from
seed, or of those planted out when young, may be consi-
dered as one of the greatest achievemeiiis of modern
times. With a knowledge of Ibis art, how many of our
bald and scorching streets and puhlii' places, cnuld be
immediately clothed and ornaminlod, which would at
once yield us refreshing and grateful shade. .The effect
of country residences and farm houses, which are in ex-
posed and unfavorable situations, can be inconceivably
improved by means of wood, which is so beauliful in it-
self, and which throws its own delightful character over
everything which it touches. In the language of the
author — ' If the ground be high it will give it shelter;
it tame and flat, variety of elevation; and if it be irregu-
lar and deformed, it will oftentimes convert those seem-
ing obstruclions into playful intricacy and unexpected
beauty.'

The subject excitcil so much attention in Scotland,
that the Highland Society appointed a committee of sci-
enlific genllemen to inspect the operation of Sir Henry
Stenart at Allanton Park, in transporting large trees and
underwood, and lo report Ihereon. In consequence,
five of the committee, consisting of Sir Walter Scott,
Lord Bslhaven, Lord Succoth, Lord Corehouse, and
Alex. Youngj Esq. assembled at Allanton House, and
after devoting some time to the various objects submitted
lo their exandnation, came lo the following conclusion :
' We conceive it lobe clearly made out, from what Sir
Henry has done, that all objects for wnodirig for pictu-
resque effect, ard for making as it is termed a place.
whether on the foreground, or the middle distance of the
lanilscape, may be effected at once, or at least within a
very short period ; thus, a man possessing the means,
and having within a reasonable distance the command of
a slock of trees fit for removal, may, in some sort, create
what it used to take a life-time, and sometimes two lives
to obtain, namely, a park richly clothed and sheltered ;
and Ihus the superlative luxury of well grown woods
which was supposed unattainable unless by the slow
efferts of time, is brought within the reach of science
and industry.'

Feb. 15. 2t

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russettingg, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Bekf, mess, ....
prime, . . . .
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Cora, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
I Plaister Paris retails at
I Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. I,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tali.ow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, 5ths, washed, .

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

2 f Pulled superfine,

j; -a I 1st Lambs, . .

£=-!2d, "

I S. I 3d, ■• . .

'^ 1^ 1st Spinning, . .

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

Improved Stock.

Three first rale, English and Arabian Stallions ;
Ten Holderness, Ayrshire, Durham improved Short
Horn, and North Devonshire Bulls — for sale or to let.
Also Cows and Heifers for sale — Inquire of RALHH
WATSON, East Windsor, Conn. Feb. 8, 1S32.

barrel

3 00

ton

112 00

'•

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 00

■ ■

7 75

"

7 00

pound

111

"

fi

bushel

1 12

barrel

6 iin

"

6 50

<:

5 75

"

5 62

bushel

85

"

75

'<

95

'•

112

at

48

cwt.

65

"

9 60

"

1100

cask

125

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

13 00

bushel

2 00

"

67

pound

10

cwt.

9 50

pound

55

"

65

"

52

"

48

"

43

"

40

'.

60

1.

55

>'

38

28

"

45

1 00

10 50

8 00

7 50

18

7

3

1 50

6 25

6 75

6 00

5 75

90

80

98

1 20
50
70

10 00

12 00
130

3 37
17 00

4 00

13 .50

2 25
75
11

10 00
60
70
55
50
45
42
62
58
40

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces,

Pork, fresh, best p eces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, ^accol•dillg to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

8

• '

6

"

5h

"

6

"

4

"

9

'<

12

"

16

dozen

25

bushel

..

37

barrel

4 00

1 17
1 00

,00

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street —

small lupply of fresh and genuine While JMulbeny
Seed, warranted the growth of the present s.-ason, from
one of the iri-eatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-'
neclicut. Short direclioiis for its culture accompany the

Nuttall's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston—

A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
of Canada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
53 engravings. Price $3,50. Jan. 18.

Brighto.n Market — Monday, Feb. IS.

[IVlioi-lcd for IhB Daily .Wvertiser and Patriot. J
At market this day ,497 Beef Cattle, 10 Cows and Calves,
and 147 Sbcep.

^ Pricks. — Beef Cattle — It was expected in the morn-
ing that the large number at market would have caused
considerable reduction in the price, but being short last
week, a large number of buyers appeared ; for the best
qualities former prices were well supported, poorer qual-
ities some reduction. We quote 3 or 4 yoke at $6, extra
at 5,62A a 5 75, prime 5,25 a 5 50, good 4,50 a 5, thin 4.25
a 4.50.

Coivs and Calves— We noticed one sale at $20, and
one at 30. Several other sales, of which we did not ob-
tain the pi'ice.

Sheep — The sale of only one lot was elTected at about
$4,75 each.

JV-fU' Vork Cattle Market, Feb. 10.— This week's

supply of stock unusually small, though very good in

quality, and an advance on ordinary prices has been paid

— 500 held of fresh Cattle in, all sold at an average of

0,25 per hundred. Beef Cattle — lor a few extra fine

have been paid, but sales in general havi ranged from

5,50 a 7,50. Sheep — owing to the small number in

rket, prices have been very high ; for some first rate

have been paid, sales averaged $5 ; we quote $3 a 7,

248

NEW ENGLAND FARr^IER.

Feb. 15, 1832.

M I S C E !>, L. A N Y ,

From the New Monthly Magazine.
THE PRAYER IN THE WILDERNESS.

BY MRS HEMANS.

Soul of our souls ; anil safeguard ef the wnrhl !
Puslaiu — Thou only cans^ — llio sit'k of heart ;
Restore their languid spirits and rei-all
Their lost affections unto Thee and Thine.

WOBDSWORTH.

In the deep wilderness, unseen, she prayed.

The daughter of JercisalfTri ; — alone.

With all the still small whispers ol the night,

And with the searching friaiices nf the stars,

And with her Goil, alone! She lified up

Her sad, sweet voice, while tremblino; o'er her head

The dark leaves thrill'd with prayer; the tearful prayer

01 woman's quenchless, yet lepentant love.

' Father rt' spirits, hear!

Look on the inmost soul, to Thee revealed ;

Look on the fountain of tlie burninf; tear.

Before thy si^ht, in solitude unsealed !

' Hear Father ! heat and aid !

If I have loveil loo well, if I have shed

In my vain fondness, o'er a moital head.

Gifts, on thy shrine, my God, more fitly laid,

' If I have sought to live

But in one light, and made a mortal eye

The lonely star of my idolatr\',

Thou that art love ! Oh, pity and forgive !

' Chastened and schooi'd at last, '
No more, no more my slrugj^lins; spirit burns.
Hut lix'd on Thee, from that vain worship turns !
— What have I said .' — the deep dream is not past !

' Yet hear! if still I love.
Oh ! still too loudly — if fur ever seen,
An earthly image comes my soul betwesn,
And Thy calm glory, Father, throned above :

* If still a voice is near,

(Even while I str;ve these wand'iings to control,)
An earthly voice, disquieting my soul.
With its deep music, too intensely dear:

' O Father, draw to thee
My lost alfeclions back ! the dreaming eyes
Clear from their mist — sustain the heart that dies ;
Give the worn soul once more its pinions free I

* I must love on ; 0 God !

This bosom tnust love on ! — but let thy breath
Touch and make pure the llnmc that knows no death,
Bearing it up to Heaven, Love's own abode !'

Ages and ages past, the wilderness

Wiih its dark cedars ; and the thrilling night

With her pole stars; and the mysterious winds.

Fraught with all sounil.were conscious of those prayers.

Huw many such liath itoman's bursling heart

Since Ihen in silence and in ilarkness breath'd.

Like a dim night flower's odor up to God!

it is as liiali as a man, and can even bite a man on
horseback. Mr Morreau de Joanes was once
riding throvigh a wooil, wlien his horse reared ;
and wlien the rider looked arountl to discover the
cause of the animal's terror, he perceived a Fei- de
lance viper standing quite erect in a bnsli of bam-
boo ; and heard it hiss several limes. He would
have fired at it with his pistol ; but the affrighted
horse drew back so ungovernably, that he was
obliged to look about for somebody to hold him.
He now espied at some distance a negro upon the
ground wallowing in his blood, and cutting with
a blunt knife, the flesh from the woiaiil occasion-
ed by the bite of the same viiier. When the
author acquainted him with his intention of kill-
ing the serpent, he earnestly opposed it, as he
wished to take it alive and make use of it for his
cure, according to the superstitious notion of the
negroes accordingly.

He soon rose, cut some lianes, made a snare
with them, and then concealing himself behind a
bush, near the viper, he attracted his attention by
a low whistling noise, and suddenly throwing a
noose over the animal, drew it tight, and secured
his enemy. 3Ir INIorreau saw this negro twelve
months afterwards, but he had not perfectly
recovered the use of his limbs bitten by the viper.
The negroes persecute these vipers with the great-
est acrimony. When they have killed one, they
cut ofl" his head, and bury it deep in the earth,
that no mischief m.-iy be done with their fangs,
which are dangerous after the death of the animal,
i\Icn and lieasts slum this formidable reptile ; the
birds manifest the same antipatliy for that, a.s they
ilo for owls in Europe, and a small one of the
loxia kind, even gives warning by its cry that a
viper is at hand.

THE HORSE AND VIPER.

By a report read before the Royal Institute of
France in 1830, it appears that the great viper
called Fer de lance is one of the most dreadful
scourges of the West Indies, but is found only in
Martinique, St Lucia and another small island.
The viper is so savage tliat tlie moment it sees any
person, it immediately erects itself and springs
upon him. In raising itself it rests upon four
rqiial circles, formed by tlie lower part of the
body ; when it sjjrings these circles are suddenly
dissolved. After the spring if it should miss its
object, it may be attacked with advantage, but th
requires considerable courage ; for as soon as it
erects itself again, the assailant runs the greater
risk of being bitten. Often, too, it is so bold, as
to follow its enemy by leaps and bounds instead
of fleeing from him ; and it does not cease the
pursuit till its revenge is glutted. In its erect
position it is so much the more formidable, because

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TRADERS in the country, who may wish tokepp an as-
sortment of ;;eniiiTie Garden Seeds lor sale, are informed
Ihey c.ui be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. 5lli North Market street, Boston, with boxes
contniuing a complete assoi-iinent of the seeds mostly
u-^cd in a. kitchen garden, on as favorable terms as Ihey
can lie procured in this country, neatly done up in small
lin|H'is, at 6 and 12 cents each — warranted to be of the
\;rowlh of 1831, and of the rery first quality. Orna-
mental Flowkp. SiJEDS will he added on the same
terms when ordered, .is well as Peas, Beans, Early
and S^EET CpR.N, &c, of different smts.

[t"' The seeds vended at this establishment, are put tip
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with j'lhort directions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested to call and ex-
amine for themselves. Nov. 12.

Farm for Sale.

FOR sale an excellent Farm in the town of Peterbo-
rough, N.Ii. Said Farm is pleasantly situated about a
mile fioin the village ; formerly the residence of the late
John Smith, Esq. and contains about si.xly acres of good
land, well walled, with a good House and Harn, and other
out-buildings. Terms reasonable, and possession to be
given the first of April. For further particulars, inquire
of Dea. John Field, near the premises, or at No. 3,
Kowe's Wharf, Boston. 31* Jan. 25

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required ilimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than thev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 6.5, Broad street.

We give the annexed extracts from the letter of
•T. J. Audubon, Esq. the Ornithologist, which were
omitted on Saturday. The amphibious habits of the
rattlesnakes at tlie South, are certainly novelties
in the history of that species of serpent. — Philadel.
Gaz.

' I have discovered a most extraordinary fact in
the habits of the rattlesnake which abounds in tliis
country— it is no less than the reptiles swim across
the salt rivers which divide in a continued line tlie
main fioni the sea islands ; — swimming in some in-
stances, fully one mile. I have indeed heard the
dubious assertion that they coiled themselves on the
water, on being approached by a man, as they do on
the land, without sinking. This I prefer to see before
I ran believe.

When wo leave this, I proceed to Indian River,
the whole of which, with its tributaries, I must
explore, lintend to be employed thus, about two
months.

I design, if possible, to go in the U. S. schooner
now at St Augustine, up to the head waters of the
St John River, and afterwards to Cape Florida and
Key West. If I should be disappointed in this, I
shall pro'bably be forced to return to Charleston, and
charter a small vessel for that purpose.'

A newspaper published in Indiana contains the
following notice from a candidate for office :

' Mr .Semans : You are authorised to announce

Reuben Putnam, as a candidate for County

Recorder. And, moreover, that / will roll out a
barrel of RUM on the day of election.

Lafayette, Dec. 13. REUBEN PUTNAJM.'

European Leeches.

The subscriber has made such arrangements abroad
as to enable him to be eonstanlly supplied with Ihe gen-
uine medical Leech. .Ml orders will receive prompt at-
tention.' EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-sf., Apothecary.

Ammnnition.

OF the best quality ai.n lotrest prieef, for sporting

constantly for sale at COPELANU'.S PO W DER STORE
6'> Broad Street. '

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the momy will ho reh^nueu Jan. 1

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.
\VM. M. IVESSON, Nn. 105 Washington Street.
Boston, is coiwtanlly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plaied Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds, Fancy Goods, ^c, fyc, which he wili
dispose of at ss low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. [CT Watches repaired and warranted.

Farmer Wanted.

Wanted on a dairy Fiirm wilhin thirty miles of Bos-
ton, a manicd man to lake the same on shares. Good
recommendations will be required for capacity, integrity
ind fiulblulness, as also ex|eiience in making butter.—
Inquire at this office. Feb. 1.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum,
payable at the end of the jear — bnt those who pay within
sixty d.ivs Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to
deduction ol lifty cents.

O" No paper will be sent to a distance witnout payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. RissELi,, by I. R. Bi;tts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52 'North
Market Street.

AGENTS.
Nm York — G. Thorbjkn it Sons, 67 Liberty-streeti.
Alba7nj — \Va. Thoheuk.n, 317 Market street.
Pki'aiMphia — T>. & C Landrlth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimnre — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
(•incymat! — S. C. P.irkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street,
Flusln„x- N.r. Wm I'rince& Sons, Prop.Lin.Bot.Gardea
Middlelntnj, 1(. — Wir.HT Cbapm \N.
Hartford — Goodwin tV Co. Booksellers,
Springfield, ..1/s. — E. Edwards.
Newlni.ryport. — Ehenfzer Stedman, Bookseller
Portsmouth. N. H — J. W. Foster, Bckselier.
Portla7id, ^/e. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Ai'gysta. Me. — Wm. Mann.
\Halifux, Ti.S. — P.J. Holland, Esq. Recorder OlBca,
Montreal, L. C. — Henry Hillock.

NEW ENGIiANB FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aouiculti uai. Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 22, 1832.

NO. 32.

ORIGI^AL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

J)5-Tho following is tho successful Dissertation, for which
author, the Rev. Morrell Allew of Pembroke, Ms. was awarded
a premium by the riymouth County Agricultural Society, at thoir
late anniversary at Bridgewater.

DISSERTATION ON THE MIXTURE OF
SOILS.

The Author of natiu-e constructed llic earth to
produce, spontaneously, a vast variety of plants
and trees. Uninhabited regions, with a few ex-
ceptions, are found covered with a vigorous growth
of some sort of vegetable substances.

When the hand of cultivation is first applied,
and the natural gro\vtli subdued to make room for
Kuch plants as are esteemed more useful, the soil
is always found in a stateof gi-eat richness to pro-
duce cultivated plants. It is in a course of im-
prudent cultivation, soils are ever rendered un-
productive ; by what is called severe cropping in
taking away the produce, and not returning a just
compensation. The art of successful agriculture
chiefly consists in devising and applying the most
effectual means of restoring to soils, those qualities
which are taken from them iu the removal of
crops. The perfection of this art is not to be at-
tained without very deep research in some of the
most intricate branches of philosophy.

It is nesessary to analyze both plants and soil, to
discover, with minute accuracy, what ([ualities are
best adapted to the vigorous growth of certain
plants ; but the art may be acquired in sutKciMit
measure, for the most useful purposes of life, by
observation and a course of experiments within
he reach of every practical man.

Diligent attention to the designs and operations
of nature, in the vegetable world, will qualify us
to make, iu many cases, certain returns to the soil
of properties which we shall perceive has been
taken from it, in a course of cropping. The veo--
etable substances which abound in newly cleared
lands, in different degrees of decomposition, and
cause the soil at first to yield crops in great abun-
dance, are in a few years exhausted ; after which,
some soils, especially those that arc warm, loose
and naturally favorable for grain, become extreme-
ly barren. Here it seems scarcely possible for
any man to mistake the cause, or err in his judg-
ment of the most eflicacious application, to restore
energy to the soil. It wants nothing but the stim-
ulus of decayed vegetables. This stuiiuluscan be
applied in various ways. It is applied with the
greatest iimuediate influence, in the form of ex-
crementitous manures, but these are not attainable
in the ordinary situations of farmers, to an extent
sutficient for all the purposes of an improving
cultivation. It is also apphed in mixing plants,
in the most vigorous state of their growth, with
the soil, and it is applied in mixing one kind of
soil with another. The mixture of soils, even
when there is very little apparent difference in the
qualities, is always attended with some good
eftects.

Particles in a soil, which had long been iu con-
tact, and, in consequence of long connexion, lost
much of the energy of their action on plants, are
separated in iriixiug soils, placed in new connex-
ions and act with renewed vigor. But the most

permanent and liest effects are always to be ex-
pected from the mixture of soils of different quali-
ties. When the object is to produce as much im-
mediate influence as possible, merely to assist one
short rotation of crops, to have the application we
make, act chiefly as manure, then we may take
our materials from any situation, where we know
vegetable substances have fallen and decayed.

We may go into forests, and, in certain stages
of the growth of the wood, without any percepti-
ble injury, skim the surface of the whole lot. —
This soil of the woods, carried in sufliciently large
quantities on to old fields, will restore them to
original productiveness. And this will sometimes
prove an inexhaustible i-esource for renewing
old fields ; for as often as the fields decline, the
soil in the wood-lot will be again renewed and fit
to remove. For the same purposes, the earth
should be carried from the sides of walls and
fences, where the leaves have been lodged from
the forests. It should also be carried from hol-
lows and temporary ponds, which, in certain sea
sons of the year, become dry and afford immense
quantities of vegetable matters, m different stages
of decomposition, and suitable to apply to any
kind of soil.

Where streams of water occasionally overflow
tiie banks, an abhndance of vegetable and earthv
matter is lodged on the meadows, which in many
cases, especially where there is not much extent
of meadow to receive the substances conveyed by
the stream, it is prudent to remove on to higher
land. It will there act as manure and at the same
time gradually alter the texture of the soil, render-
ing it more retentive of dew and rain, and easily
penetrated by the fibrous roots of plants. Of the
value of those substances which are carried iu
streams of water, to enrich soils, we have most
con^•inci^g proof in the unexampled productive-
ness of interval lands. It is not exclusively the
vegetable substances carried onto these lands, that
makes them so astonishingly productive ; there is
a portion of every kind of soil existing in the sur-
rounding country, annually carried on with the
vegetable substances. Intervals are composed of
every sort of earth the water can reach and re-
move. This circumstance may properly encour-
age the mixture of many kinds of earth, even when
there is no particular evidence that each kind is
especially adapted to remedy any deficiency in the
soil, which we would improve. There is less
hazard in administering medicines in great profu-
sion to cure the diseases in the soil, than in the
human body. What is always disgraceful in the
physician, viz. to boast tlie number of his applica-
tions and the judgment with which they have
been made, as it is impossible for them to do any
harm, if they do no good, may in the farmer, often
be a course worthy of praise. In stepping out of
the beaten ])ath of habitual practice, and calling
attention to experiments, which to some may look
very simple and to others very absurd, we may
become instrumental in the discovery of highly
important truths.

Accidental occurrences often produce results,
which show us that much useful knowledge might
be obtained in a course of new experiments. A

load of coarse sand, removed merely for the pur-
pose of clearing away an incumbrance and placed
in some hollow on the farm, will often show how
much that kind of soil can be improved by the
application of materials, which seem to be wholly
inactve and destitute of the food of plants. Many
other applications of accidental origin, may Icail
attentive observers into new discoveries in the true
philosophy, in relation to the mixtui-e of soils.

But we should not think the knowledge that has
been acquired through accidental occurrences, or
the speculations of theorists, which we have peru-
sed, can ever justify our neglect of other means
of increasing and ai)plying knowledge. New trials
and experiments are necessary, to carry forward
every important branch of agricultural knowledge
with the most speedy and certain success. Theory
may satisfy the speculatist, but practical men want
ocular evidence; they are not easily persuaded to
desert an old for a new path, till the obstacles are
manifestly well cleared away. By attention to
the constituent parts of soils through which
streams of water pass, and the kinds of ])lants
which grow most luxuriantly on the banks of them,
we can discover the causes of the extraordinary
richness of intervals and learn to imitate the oj)-
erations of nature. In the removal of alluvion, to
mix with other soils, the most important thing to
be observed is, always to place it where the soil
is somewhat different in texture from the soils
through which the stream of water had passed.

Tliis is a rule easy to understand and apply,
and the obst.rvance of it will insure success to this
sort of labor. The maxim of Kligogg, a famous
philosophical farmer of Switzerland, will j)rove
true in every region and climate : that ' every
species of earth may be instrumental to the im-
provement of another of opposite qualities.'

When alluvion is placed on a soil, different in
qualhy from that through which the stream jsass-
es, as far as composed of earth, it fomis a proper
and useful addition to the soil, and as much of it
as consists of vegetable matters acts with as much
energy in that situation, as it could in any other.
The same rule is important to be observed in the
application of materials taken from hollows and
the bottoms of temporary ponds. We should
consider what sort of earth has been washed into
them, and endeavor to incorporate it with that of
different texture. In this course, permanent im-
provements are constantly made in the soil, while
every possible advantage is derived Ironi the veg-
etable matters applied and acting as manures.

When soils are mixed, with a view both to per-
manent improvement and immediate influence on
crops, it is also important to attend to the natural
growth in the vicinity where our materials are
collected, and apply them where our purpose is to
cultivate i)lants, bearing some affinity to those
which nature had planted in the soil removed. —
If wo examine,' says the Farmers' Magazine,
' tracts of land, which have not been cultivated, we
find nature has adapted different kinds of plants
to most of the distinguishable varieties of soils;
and although some belonging to one, may from
some cause or other, be found on lauds of a difter-
ent quality, they seldom thrive or perfect their
seed so as to become general.

250

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 22, 1833.

The great care of the farmer ought, therefore, to
be, by proper mixtures to reduce his lands to that
state and temperament in which the extremes of
hot and cold, wet and dry, are best corrected by
each other, to give them every possible advantage
flowing from the benign influences of the sun and
air ; to adopt such kinds of plants as they afford, in
this state, the greatest nourishment to, and to re-
new their fertility by a judicious allowance of the
most proper manures. Where these things are
done, there are few spots so unfriendly to cultiva-
tion, as not to repay his expenses and labor with a
plentiful increase. But without these, the best
tracts of laud will in time become a barren waste,
©r produce little but weeds.

Alluvion, as it is composed of earthy and vege-
table matters, easy of access, and found in plenty
on almost every farm, may justly be considered as
our first and best resource in the admixture iuid
improvement of soils. But without any great diffi-
culty we can obtain access to many other mate-
rials, which will produce very permanent, if not
so immediate and perceivable good effects. We
need not confine our researches to the surface of
the earth ; a vegetative principle is found in every
stratum of it to the lowest depth penetrated by
man. In digging far into the earth for materials
to mix with the soil, we find those which, if ])ro-
perly applied, will produce very lasting good ef-
fects. We thus obtain a virgin mould, soon to be-
come the parent of a vigorous and numerous pro-
geny. Earth taken at some distance below the
surface, can be incorporated with any sort of soil
with some beneficial results, — because the influence
of the air upon the new earth will occasion so active
an operation of the vegetative principle, that any
kind of soil will be stimulated and assisted in that
operation. It is, however, advisable, even in the
application of pit earth, to regard the Swiss max-
im and place it on a soil of diflferent quality. The
different qualities of the pit earth and the soil
where we would place it, can be ascertained with
accuracy enough by inspection. It is necessary to
penetrate considerably below the surface of the
eaith to find several substances, which become ac-
tive and powerful, when mixed with suitable soils.

To t>ocontinuec].

HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS.

Mr Fessenden — A writer in your paper of the
8th insumt, under the signature of 'Rusticus,' has
pointed out, what he considers to be gross inequal-
ities in the list of Premiums for Vegetables, Fruits,
and Flowers, proposed by the different committees
of the Horticultural Society, for the two past years.
As I dissent from him in some ])oints of fact, as
well as the inferences to be deduced therefrom, I
propose to examine his objections.

Commencing with the list of Garden Vegetables,
he enquires, ' what do we find, a prize of one dol-
lar for a dozen beets ; a dozen carrots, &c, &c, the
same ; cucumbers raised in the open air, two dollars,
— and those forced, but one. Is not hero a great
mistake .' Vl'^hy, does not every person who knows
anything of raisiug such vegetables, know that to
grow a beet or a carrot, requires but little more
than a mere novice, — while to force a cucumber,
is one of the first requisites of a ])erfect gardener ?
What kind of a gardener would he be thought
(especially in England), who, on inquiry whether
he coidd force cucumbers, grapes, and melons,
should sav he could not ? Why no gardener at
all,' &c.

All premiums, I take it, are but means to an
end ; first, to create, or increase certain skill in the
competitors, tending to produce some desirable
ultimate result ; the object with these roots, as well
as other articles on the premium list, is precocity
of groAvth ; and Avhoever can cause a supply of
them to be had for three or four weeks earlier than
it otherwise would be, — as a substitute for the
wilted, decaying and unhealthy things of the same
kinds, which have been housed through the win-
ter,—renders an important service to tlie commu-
nity ; and, althougJi it is no very diflicidt matter to
grow a beet or a carrot, yet, a novice would find
sometbmg to do to insure the most successfid cul-
tivation of an early crop, — or, if he pursued it as
an object of field culture, our Agricultural Soci-
eties have, and no doubt with great propriety, of-
fered liberal premiums for them. And now. Sir,
I should be glad to learn of what value to us here,
is the skill used in forcing melons, that a high pre-
mium should be offered for it? In England,
where, as Cobbett tells you, a melon is a melon, —
and where they are carried, by twos and threes,
and with as much care as a new-born baby is car-
ried, and sold at a dollar to four dollars a-piece, —
it is, no doubt, of great importance ; but in a coun-
try where they are grown in such perfection in the
open air, and in such profusion too, that the whole
community are satiated with them diwing their
natural season, it is absolutely of no utility. Whq
would attempt to force melons for the market ; or
for any purpose, other than to please the taste of
an amateur cultivator ?

The same remarks will apply to cucumbers.
Many of our market gardeners understand th(! sim-
ple method of bringing tliem forward under what
arc termed hand lights, {not forcing them,) with no
other heat than that of the sun ; so as to have them
in so early, that the weather is sometimes cold
enough to give one a chill to think of such a thing.

As to grapes, if it is contended that it requires
less skill to cultivate them, successfully, in the
open air, tlian in green-houses, I have a different
opinion ; — and I will adduce, as evidence of the (iict
that it does not, what it is no uncommon thing to
see, that is, — while the grapes in the green-house
are in fine condition, those on the o])eu trellises are
languishing — and all muler themauagenient of the
same cultivator ; the reverse of this I have never
seen.

The importance, too, of growing grapes in open
air, should it ever be the ciLse that it may be more
constantly certain in the result, — I conceive to be
infinitely greater than that of forcing them ; and if
ever they should be so abundant as to become an
article of common indulgence as table fruit, it will
be by open culture; and I have arrived at this con-
clusion, partly, from the relative prices which this
fruit bears in the London and Paris markets. In
England, where the art of forcing fruit has reached
a greater degree of perfection than in any other
country,— with their infinite number of forcing-
houses, cheapness of fuel, and cheapness of labor,
we find the prices extremely high. In the reports
of the Covent Garden market, hot-house grapes are
quoted at 2.?. a 3s. dd., 4s. a 6s. ; and in March,
when they are said to be just coming in, as high
as 30s. to 40s. sterling, or S6 67 to §10 a pound.
While in the reports of the fruit-market of Paris,
the Chasselas de Fontainbltau, a leading ])opular
variety, is quoted in some months at 1.3 fr. 50c. |)cr
basket of ten and a half pounds, about 24 cents per
pound ; in others at 25 cents per pound.

The premium list for flowers is suid, too, to ha
out ol" joint ; but I doubt much, whether, if it wero
arranged in accordance with the views taken of it,
it wotdd make much practical difference in the
result ; for the truth is, the competitors have been
much more numerous for the premiums which it
is recommended to have increased, than they have
for those which it is recommended to lower.

It is said, too, a system is wanted in awarding
premiums ; and that general satisfaction has not
been given ; and you tu-e told, — what may have
been considered a piece of very interesting intelli-
gence to the benighted gentlemen who have acted
as adjudicators of premiums, — that, sometimes in
awarding premiums for flowers in England, the
pots, &c, are arranged in rows, and uimibered ;
and that, without the least knowledge of the grow-
ers of a single article, the persons, whose duty it is,
step in, and decide at once who are entitled to the
prizes, to the entire satisfaction of all concerned.
And is this the system which it is intended to be
understood that we want? Surely, Sir, those who
award prizes in future, iiuist be incorrigibly stupid,
if they do not go right with this luminous system
before them. I had previously thought, that in
England, it was considered rather difficidt, always
to decide correctly on horticultural premium.s ; and
I had thought so because I find it so stated to be
the fact, by those who have most ably treated the
subject in their periodical journals; — and as an
apology for such an opinion, I beg leave to .subjoin
some of the general rules laid down by them for
the adjudication of prizes. In the first place, they
sav, ' Horticultural Societies would do well to de-
cide as much as possible, between the result of
chance and the result of skill ; for it should ever
bi^ itorne in mind, that the merit for which a prize
oucht to be awarded, exists not in the production,
but in the producer; and therefore the merit of the
exhibiter is to be estimated by the degree of sci-
ence, care and skill exhibited in the cultivator.'
There is considerable difficulty in ascertaining
these qualities, because in very many cases, they
can only be inferred from the productions them-
selves. The best dish of cherries gathered in Jidy,
perhaps, from standard trees planted twenty years
ago, may imply but slender merit in the person
who produced them. The following good quali-
ties inherent in fruits are to be considered, as a
means of amviug at a correct result, viz:

Rarity of sort ;

Precocity of season ;

Magnificence of size and weight ;

Fineness of color ;

Excellence of quality ;

Extent of quantity sent for exhibition ;

Ingenuity of culture; and

Cheapness of production.
But of how little use are these considerations, when
you are at once provided with a system which ob-
viates the necessity of attending to the most im- "
portant of them at all. And now, sir, while I am
entirely willing to admit that your correspondent
' Rusticus,' was influenced by the best motives in
producing the essay which lias occasioned these
remarks, yet I must take occasion to say, that such
sweeping censure is not particularly acceptable to
those upon whom it directly reflects ; and the more
so in a writer, who fails, not only to propose any
remedies for the defects he discovers, but who seea
defects where in fact there are none.

Yours with great respect,

Dorchester, Feb. II. A Cultivator.

Vol. X.-No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JO^ RNAL.

251

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

REMEDY

FOR AN OX OR COW, WHEN CHOKED BT A POTATO.

Mr Fessexden — Perhaps the following remedy
for a creature choked with a potato, has loDg since
been noticed aijd extensively known.

Instead of breaking' the potato with a mallet, or
ramming it down the throat \vith a woimd rope or
beanpole, — which I have known to be practised,
to the no small danger and cruel pain of the ani-
mal,— take common soft soap, made with leached
ashes, mixed with warm water, and pour the same
down the throat ; probably a part will pass the po-
tato, sufficient, that in case the potato is not imme-
diately cast out of the mouth, to provide for it a
slippery passage downwards.

A neighbor of mine, a practical farmer in the
best sense, a few evenings since told me had known
the above practice successful in a great many in
stances, and had never known it to fail.

Yours very respectfully, L. M.

Maine, Jan. 1839.

ADDRESS

BY MALTUUS A. WARD, M. D.

Continued from page 243.

If we turn to books on gardening, even by re-
epecfable writers, how vague, and sometimea how
absuid, are the general directions for preserving
fruit trees ' from the slug,' and ' from tlie caterpil-
lar,' as if all slugs and all caterpillars were alike,
infested the same trees, appeared at the same time,
and were to be destroyed by the same means. In
this, as in medicine, the disease must be sedulously
watched from its commencement through all its
stages; — accurate observations must be noted down
even on the most trivial points ;— and finally, ^the
injury docs really originate in an insect, specimens
of that insect in all its stages must be preserved.
With snch materials the naturalist's advice may
be asked with some prospect of advantage. How
this subject has been so unaccountably overlooked
I know not ; but I do know tliat it deserves tlie im-
mediate attention of this Society, and might v/ell
be entitled to its highest premium.

The science, however, which sheds the stron-
gest and most widely diffused radiance upon the
labors of the Horticulturist, is Botany, iit all its
branches, but more especially that of I'liytology,.
which teaches the structure of plants, and the
functions of their several organs ; for the garden-
er, like the physician, has to deal with the vital
prinriple ; — and, like him, should understand the
anatomy and physiology of the subjects that come
under his care. This is essential, in order to en-
able him, in any other than the hazardous manner
of an emi»iric, to promote their health, to recog-
nise their diseases, and to apply the appropriate
remedies.

This, as a distinct branch of botanical science,
is not of a very remote date, and, notwithstanding
the immense force of talent which has been made
to bear upon it, is still in an imperfect .state. The
principal English wi iters in this department are
Grew and Hales, who treated of the solids and
fluids of plants ; Dr Priestley, who brought in tlic
aid of Pneumatic Cheniistry ; and ])r Darwin,
whose ' Phytologia,' notwithstandiug the unpleas-
ant coloring, which his peculiar philosophical no-
tions concerning vitality, has thrown over it,

ouglit to be carefully studied by every ui.e, who
would man;ige his garden well himsell", or know
when it is well managed for him by otIuMS ; —
and lastly, Mr Knight, of the extent and utility of
whose labors, it would be impertinent in me to
think I could inform this audience. The princi-
pal European laborers in this field, arc Malpiglii
Bonnet, Dubamel, Desfontaines and Dc Candolle
anil ])articularly the late French writers, Mirbel,
Turpin, Poiteau and Diitrochet, who, in this path,
are far in adv.Tnce of their English brethren. In-
deed, the latter advanced so far that he has been
obliged to retrace at last some of his steps, though
his iiierits on the whole are unquestionably very
high.

It is probable that many, though perhaps not
all, in this assembly, are aware that to Monsieur
Dulrochet was awarded the medal of the French
Academy, for his researches on the Motilite, or
cause of motion in plants, — particularly with re-
gard to the flow of sap. This he ascribed to a
sort of galvanism, or intracapillary electricity ; to
the two currents of which, or, more properly, to
the motions produced by them, he gave the melo-
dious epithets oi endosmose erosmose. His experi-
ments and his reasonings were, however, after-
wards sliown lo be fallacious ; and, with a degree
of candor and love of truth, more honorable to
him than many golden medals, he retracted his
opinions.

Another gentleman has still more recently come
forth with the publication of a series of experi-
ments and inferences, which are said to prove sat-
isfactorily, at least to himself, that caloric, in its
annual and diurnal fluctuations, is alone the cause
of movement in the sap. It were well, perhaps, if
both these gentlemen had been satisfied with
attributing the phenomenon to an inherent vital
action, without puzzling themselves with a vain
search after first causes, — which always leaves the
most successful inquirer exactly where he set out.
Although observation is the faculty principally
employed, in the study of Natural Hi.story, and
should always be on the alert to surprise Nature
in the midst of her operations, and thus detect her
secrets ; yet, in some cases, and to a limited ex
tent, experiments may be employed to extort them
from her. But the Naturalist cannot, like the
Chemist, regulate the conditions of the phenomena
he studies ; nor can he separate the elementary
parts from each other, in the objects he examines
Such objects usually come under his view in a
complex form ; and he can decompose them and
analyze their component parts only in thovght.
What a variety of conditions, for example, are
necessary to vegetable life! If, in attempting to
nalyze the nMlure of life, we were to separate
from it any of those requisite conditions, its dura-
tion must instantly cease, and the object of our
researches be frustrated ; so that, in matters like
this, the utmost we can ever expect to attain is
but an approximation lo the truth.

Mere observation will, however, avail but little
without comparison. We must observe attentive-
ly the same body in the various positions in which
it is placed at different times by Nature ; and we
must compare different bodies with each other un-
til we can recognise any invariable relations,
which may exist between their structure and the
phenomena they exhibit. Thus may such bodies,
when diligently observed and carefully compared
with each other, be considered as experiments
ready prepared by the hand of Nature ; who may

be supposed to add lo, or subtract from each, in
the manner the Chemist does in hi.s laboratory
with the inert materials subject to his control, —
and herself to present us with the result of such
additions and subtractions. In this way we may
arrive at some knowledge of the laws which reg-
ulate the phenomena of Natural History, strictlv
speaking, subject to our observation ; and whicli
are employed by the great Governor of the uni-
verse with the same determinate precision, as
those which arc opened to our view by the general-
sciences.

The reproduction of vegetable forms is unques-
tionably a vital process, but there is no reason ro
believe that more mr.y-not be known respecting it,
than has yet been developed ; and it is possible
future researches may throw such light upon its
different modes, and the modifications of which it
is su.sceptible from the varied conditions under
which it may take place, as will enable art lo
effect a proposed end, by supplying and arranging
those conditions. The whole surface of the globe
has now been so thoroughly explored, that we can
scarcely expect the discovery of any very impor-
tant addition to our kitchen, fruit, or even flower
garden ; our principal resource, therefore, for im-
provement in this respect, lies in the production ol'
new varieties. To avail ourselves of this, with
any deteriiiinate degree of success, requires that
knowledge to which I have just alluded. This
field is still open to the enterprising physiologist,
and promises a rich reward to him whose industry
and skill shall compel it to yield a harvest.

With regard to the other departments of botan-
ical science, viz. Glossology, which teaches tin-
names of the different parts cf plants; Phytogra-
phy, which treats of nomenclature, and the art of
describing plants, .so that they may be easily re-
cognised ; Taxonomy, or the theory of classifica-
tion and arrangement, applied to plants ; Botanical
Geography, which teaches the natural distribution
of plants over the earth's surface, showing their
relations lo tcnipcratui^, elevation, soil, &c, as
well as the several minor divisions adopted by
modern writers, such as Historical, Agricultural,
Medical and Economical Botany, — they may all be
studied with an advantage, often essential, and
always important, by every one who v^ould have
his ground or his intellect cultivated in the most
pleasant and useful manner. Picturesque or
Landscape Gardening, the period for the study of
which is now dawning upon our country, is a sub-
ject involving principles profoundly and intricately
connected with the most refined and ^vith the most
recondite .•ipeculations, which have occupied
the human mind. Conscious that no nolice i.
could now make of it, or of the studies connected
with it, V. ould convey any adequate or satisfactory
exposition of the subject, I leave it entire, for a
more convenient time and a more able hand.
To be concluded nc-tt week.

DOCT. ELMER'S GREAT OX.
The great ox. Leopard, owned by Dr William
Elmer of Bridgeton, N. .1. was recently weiglicd
alive, by a patent balance made expressly for that
purjwse, and his weight found to be three [thous-
and two hundred and eighty six pounds.

A large placard was liawkcd about in London,
recently, as follows : —

'Dram-drinkers must exjicct to be the first vic-
tims of the Cholera ! '

253

NF:W ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb.

1832.

®®sasa;wsrii>s4iaa©srsa

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Dedham, Ms. Feb. 17lh, 1832.
Deau S(R,— Inclosed is a letter to me from Wm.
Kohert Prince, Esq. and my reply, which I send you for
publication in your valuable paper. Should you, upon
perusal, think them worth spreading before the public,
you will much oblige your humble servant, by letting
them appear in your next paper.
Very respectfully.

Your obliged friend and Servant, J. H. COBB.
To the Editor of .V. E. Farmer.

Lin. Hot. GarJen, Dec. 15, 1831.

J. II. Cobb, Esq.

Sir,— Your fiivor of 20th October, in reply to
mine of 15th, came to haud on 13th ult. and I am
pleased to find that the explanation made and
your subsequent examinations, have produced
such conviction on your mind, as to authorize the
remark therein, that you are satisfied that we
' have the real Morits mxiUicaulis and were thejirst
persons loho sent it into Massachtisdts.' The cause
of your misapprehension we now fully under-
stand, and we feel also assured that you will ren-
der justice to our exertions to preserve an unde-
viating accuracy.

As we have been co-laborers in the same cause
with yourself, I avail myself of the present occa-
sion to make some comments on the subject. In
the years 1787 and 88, the present Wm. Prince,
sen. raised an immense number of silk worms
and made various experiments in regard thereto,
and in 1789 he had silk gloves manufactured at
Philadelphia. The worms being well fed and
attended to, spun their cocoons in twentytwo
days and they were of the largest size. The silk,
when prepared for the loom and boiled in soap-
suds made from the white soap, was perfectly
white and glossy, and proved very strong. He
constructed a reel of pasteboard, to wind two
skeins on at a time ; twelve of the silk worms
threads formed one thread of silk for each skein,
which passing through a wire with two holes or
rings, the wire being connected with the axle of
the" wheel, causes the thread to be wound in a
zinzag manner upon the reel. The silk, after
being doubled and twisted, contained 144 of the
natural threads; that number being requisite to
form a thread coarse enough to be woven by the
finest loom for stockings and gloves, then in Phil-
adelphia, according to a sample sent by the
weaver.

In the spring of 1826, when the subject of silk
culture created an universal interest among our
citizens, being myself desirous to concentrate every
information possible, relative thereto, I sent to
France for every pubUcation connected with the
subject ; and in return, received eighteen distinct
works. The Hon. Richard Hush, then Secretary
of the Treasury, being called upon about that pe-
riod by Congress, to prepare a complete Manual
upon that subject — my father, Mr Wm. Prince,
had the satisfaction of replying to a number of
communications from him and Dr Mease, and of
imparting the informaton desired from him in the
' progress of that work ; and some of the publica-
tions which I had imported, were also loaned tliem
at thpir particular request, they not being obtain-
able elsewhere. I ant happy also to add that our

found them useful to him in the course of his sci-
entific elucidations, and even at the present day
I beUeve duplicates of some of them are not to be
found in our country.

The same sentiment which dictated the impor-
tation of books, influenced me to import all the
requisite trees ; and I forthwith ordered from
France, Italy and elsewhere, every variety of the
Mulberry, used for feeding silk worms. The re-
sult was, that the Morns multicaulis, notv so called,
was comprised in those importations under arioth-
er name, and its culture had already been consid-
erably extended in our nurseries, before it had
received its present title or its superiority had been
made known.

Wishing to disseminate these new varieties, I
freely presented them to those interested in the
silk culture, and among others, to Gideon B.
Smith, Esq. editor of the American Farmer, and
if I mistake not, his tree of the Morus mtdticaulis,
which is only one of the ^rog-e?Hy from my original
trees, was sent him before the same kind had been
imported by any other person. That gentleman
recently stated to me, that he had near 150 fine
trees which he had raised from the single one of
the M. multicaulis, which I had sent him, and
that he had also reared a number from the other
varieties. I mention these facts merely to show
that we have not been guilty of culpable itidifFer-
ence to the great national object.

Supposing it may also be satisfactory to you to
test the respective merits of the new varieties, I
herewith transmit you six trees, each one of a
distinct kind, as per invoice annexed ; and as no
one can feel a more ardent desire for the develop-
ment of our country's resources, and for the
attainment of a perfect national independence, than
my father and self, no one will exult more at
that ample success, which we feel confident will
consummate the exertions which you and others
are making, to advance the silk culture.
Very respectfully,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

22, arose from misapprehension and from the
species not being sutficiently designated among the
great variety in your catalogue ; and on reference
tonhe invoice sent me, I find that the trees sent
are not therein designated as the Morus mnlticanlis,
but as the Broad leaved Chinese Mulbcrn/, by which
I understood to be meant the Morus multicaulis, i
but it appears that there are more varieties of the ■
broad leaved Chinese mulberry, than I was ac-
quainted with. I saw the trees from your original
stock, in the garden of Gideon B. Smith, Esq. of ■
Baltimore, during the last sunmier. I also saw,
as I suppose, some of the books which you had
the liberality to import and put into the hands of
the most eminent and respectable Dr Pascalis.
The iustructious contained in them for rearing
silk insects, are not well calculated for our coim-
try, though they furnish much valuable information.
I regret that Mr Wm. Prince, senior, your re-
spected father, did not persevere in his patriotic
labors in the culture of silk ; although for his
actual efforts he must be considered a benefactor
to his country. I fear it will be a great while
before we shall raise silk enough for home con-
sumption. I am obliged to use the China silk
chiefly in my maimfactory ; it is running- on my
spindles now. Instead of pursuing the old fash-
ioned %vay, of twisting one thread at a time, I have .
a throicsting milt of 1G4 spindles, and am now
throwing silk oft" from lU to 20 cocoons.

I hope to be able to supply my mill altogether
from American silk in a few years, but the art of
filature is so imperfect at present that I cannot
dri)end upon it, but use chiefly foreign raw silk.

Wishing you all success in the development of
horticultural resources, and particularly in the
culture of the vine and mulberry,

I remain, respectfully,

Y'our friend and servant, J. H. COBB.

Dedham, .Ms. Dec. 28, 183).

Wm. R. Prince, Esq.

Sir, — Y'ours of the 15th inst. was received sev-
eral days since and is now before me ; various en-
gagements have prevented me from giving a more
prompt reply. I have received, with great satis-
faction and pleasure, the trees which you have
sent, consisting of six different varieties of the
Mulberry, according lo the invoice, viz.

1 Morus multicaulis.

2 " constantinopolitana rozea.

3 " tartarica.

4 " lucida lobata.

5 " laciniata.

6 " macrophylla.
I have no doubt that upon further acquaintance

with them, important advantages will result. It
is by no means yet fully ascertained, what variety
of the white mulberry will best suit the different
pans of our extensive country, and it is only from
repeated experiments and careful observations,
that the most useful knowledge m the arts is to be
obtained. I know of but few to whom greater
credit than yourself is due, for early attention and
accm-atc observation in the important departments
of botany and horticulture.

I am satisfied that the mistake, as regards the
intelligent fellow citizen, Dr Felix Pascalis, has trees sent me and mentioned in my Manual, page

CULTURE OF RUTA BAGA, &c.

Portsmouth, N. H. Feb. lOlh, 1832.
To the Editor of tlio N. Iv. Fanner.

Sir, — Observing in your paper some remarks
upon the culture of Ruta Baga, and having made
an experiment in a small way upon it myself, the
past summer, I will give you the results of my
experience, and some of my ideas upon the sub-
ject. I most earnestly hope tliat nothing which I
say, will occasion an unfiiendly feeling on the
part of any ono ; it being my disposition and de-
termination to consider every one engaged in in-
creasing the e.xtent and precision of our agricultu-
ral knowledge, as a fellow-laborer in the cause of
truth.

The autumn before last, I took up, amongst
others, a ])iece of land that had not been ploughed
for some years, and was covered in some places
with a strong red-top sward, in others with a beg-
garly growth of clover, and in some places with al-
most nothing ; chiefly awarm, dry and rather good
gravelly loam than otherwise, and the rest of a
soft, reddish sandy one ; like most of the land
cultivated at present, of very bad reputation. The
cuiTent in this quarter is in favor, either of the
deep, strong clays, which are not uncommon in
this vicinity, and which grow for several years,
with very high manuring, fair crops of timothy ;
but neither potatoes, Indian corn, nor anything
else we grow, which is adapted to the really rich
land, of which there is also abundance.

This patch I ploughed in autumn to get it out

Feb. 22, 1832.

AND HOUTICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

2.53

oT the way. lam not a particular advocate for
plpugliiiig at that season. It made about five and
a lialf acres, out of upwards tliirtyfive wliicli I
ploughed, chiefly myself, that year. I hauled
upon four and a quarter acres of it, thirtythree
large cart-loads of sea-weed and rock-weed. I
learn from your paper, (to show the difference
of noin:?nclature at so short a distance,) that sea-
weed in the vicinity of Bostou, means eel-grass,
— here, it means kelp. This shows the impor-
tance of terms, to understand one another. Most
of this was put on before ploughing. I was una-
ble to discover much differeuce in the crop of
corn, where it was laid on, afterwards. I say this
as an acknowledgment to be fair with every body ;
as I am an advocate for all manures being plough-
ed in at all times. This patch was ploughed
nearly as I should wish to break up gravelly loam,
but not quite ; it just touched the sub-soil ; 1
should prefer turning a little of it on the top, if
ploughed in the autumn. I intended to have laid
on eight loads of sea-manure to each acre; but
had no time to haul more ; and one and a quarter
acres was left, on which I laid large loads of
slaughter-house manure in the spring. I planted
the sea-weed part with Indian corn, which I also
dunged in the holes. On this subject I have this
opinion. The season of 1 830 I believe corn was
the better for it. That of 1831, I am inclined to
believe it leally did as much harm as good, and
was a total loss of labor and manure ; forcing the
ears forward before their time. The remaining
one acre and a quarter I sowed with mangel
wurtzel seed, the beginning of May, in rows, and
it was done with extreme rapidity. I have always
had a high opinion of this root, and have now;
and it is stated by all writers, to be less liable to
the fly than the Swedish turnip. But now for
the facts : — The whole of them were destroyed,
totally, by some fly or bug, except a few plants,
which did not do extraordinaiily well after all ;
and on the 1st of July, I ploughed it lightly over
agrtin, with its weeds, and sowed it to the turnip,
broad-cast, as a waste crop. The turnips came
up beautifully, but the weeds still better ; and be-
iiia determined to see the issue, I set one of the
•neii to weed it by hand. He began at one end
and went on to the other ; biit by the time he had
got a third part of the way, it was too late. When
I sow the turnip again, I shall sow it the 1st of
June and hoe it regularly. From the one-third
of an acre which was saved, though sowed broad-
cast, I got at least, two hundred bushels ; and I
do not believe that the same land, with the same
culture, would have produced more than fifty of
potatoes. It had onit rather more than one load
of slaughter-house stuff, and no other manure.

As to the value of the turnip, as a crop, I agree
with Mr J. B. as to his inference ; so far as that,
I think it deserves a place as our third crop, with
Indian corn and potatoes. But I wholly difl'er
from him as to his premises. I do not think a ton
of turnips contains half the nutriment of a ton of
potatoes ; nor a bushel, a third part of a bushel of
potatoes. But now for other considerations: —
The seed costs but little ; it is, however, said to be
of the highest importance that it should be of the
best sort, (I believe the seed I obtained of Mr
Russell, to be of that character.) The sowing
costs much less time at an important season ; the
hoeings, the same. It will grow much better tliau
the potato on sandy land; but do not let me be
understood to .say that it requires land less rich

than the potato ; or that the potato will grow
best on stifi' land. It produces a great deal of
top, which may be fed in the field, and of which
all animals appear to be outrageously fond ; and
sheep are to an immense extent, 1 am told, fatten-
ed on the turnip in the field, without much trouble,
in various parts of England, and you get an im-
mensely large crop of the turnip then. To be
fair, again, however, I will state that my colts did
not like them ; and that though the cows gave a
great increase of milk, it was injured in taste ; as
also the butter, though of a beautiful color. The
turnip-husbandry, however, I take to rest on an-
other foundation, on which I shall explain my
notions.

The true intrinsic value of a crop to a farmer,
is in the nutriment it contaius, and in the propor-
tion between the exhaustion of the soil and tnhat
it returns to it. For instance, on good land, when
it does not blight, you may get twenty bushels of
wheat off of an acre. We hear of much larger
cro])s, but this is a good crop, on any but the very
richest land, or with high cultivation. You get,
then, perhaps, two thousand pounds of grain and
straw oft" an acre, which can be returned to the
soil. This is the smallest proportion of manure
to exhaustion, we know of; and wheat is of
little intrinsic value to the fanner. The price has
nothing to do with th? intrinsic value ; wheat will
always command the best price for bread, and in
a new coimtry it best bears transportation, from
the proportion of its price to its bulk.

On the same land, generally, you will get forty
bushels of Indian corn ; except, perhaps, that there
may be some difterence in the kind of land which
wheat prefers. On the sea-board, the propoition
of Indian corn to wheat, is greater ; even when
the wheat does not blight, you get then forty bush-
els of grain, nearly as nourishing as wheat and an
abundance of fodder; say 4500 lbs. of crop in all
off an acre, which is to go back; the soil being
no more exhausted than by the wheat, if it is as
much. Indian corn is then of far higher tn<n?isic
value to a farmer, as a crop, than wheat is.

On the same land with the various deviations
from this rule, from the crops preferring particular
kinds of soils, you will get two hundred bushels
of potatoes. You will, here, get generally more in
proportion. The two hundred bushels of potatoes
will contain about as much nutriment, as the forty
of Indian corn with the fodder ; but not so good
in its nature for stock. There is no substitute for
grain. That the crop of potatoes will weigh on the
ground 14,000 lbs. or nearly that, the roots alone,
which is to go back ; and though it is my belief
that they exhaust the laud rather more than the
Indian corn, and that they are not so good for
stock, (for horses, though I have frequently fed
them on them, I do not like them for continuance,)
yet the return to the soil is so vastly greater, as to
more than bring up the difference.

On the same land, you will get, barring the fly,
(of which I know nothing ; it is seen they let my
turnips go, and killed the beets, and which I forgot
to mention, for there was some turnip seed
among the beet seed, the fly or bug left the tur-
nip tvhen he took the beet ;) at least, 400 or 600
bushels of turnips. This crop with the tops, will
not more than equal the crop of ])Otatoes or the In-
dian corn in nourishment. I take care to claim
no more than I think the turnip deserves ; but I
think it better food than potatoes for them. But
now there is a great superiority in the return to

the soil of the turnip, over the other crops. The
crop of turnips, all told, will weigh from 22,000 to
34,000 lbs. all of which is to go back, and though
it may exhaust the soil more than either of the
others, yet the manure brings up the difference ;
and they reduce the soil to a great state of fine-
ness. I do not pretend that there njay not be a
great difference in the quality of the manure, but
to take the extreme cases, it seems imiiossiblc that
the 30,000 lbs. of turnip crop should not return
more to the soil, than tlie 2000 lbs. of wheat crop.
The best use of the turnip crop seems to be the
feeding them off in the field,with fatting sheep; hurd-
ling them on what they can eat at a time. This
system, I am told, I read, I am led to believe, for I
knoiv nothing of English farming, is practised to
an immense extent in England ; the next crop
in rotation being clover. No doubt some of your
readers are able to inform us about it. Our cli-
mate prevents this being done to the same extent
as it is there done, in the winter. The turnip may
stand slight frosts, but it will not stand hard ones ;
as I know by experience. It is notorious that the
county of Norfolk, with the poorest and generally
sandiest and marshiest soil in England, has been
said to owe its great agricultural prosperity for the
last half century, to the turnip-husbandry ; per-
haps the claying of land and general intelligence
helped the matter. This was before the Swedish
turnip made its appearance in England, whether
it now supersedes the Enghsh there, I do not
know ; but I understand the Swedish turnip has
the very highest reputation in England.

DISEASES IN HORSES.

As to coughs in horses, though I earnestly beg
not to be understood to affect an extraordinary
knowledge of the subject, though I once made a
good deal of study of horses, and have always en-
deavored to expose the system of quackery which
infects the United States, as well as other coun-
tries on this subject, I can state that there are no
safe remedies for common coughs, but those used
for human subjects ; that for. tlfe distemper the horse
should neither be worked nor fed; that for chronic
coughs there is no cure, only palliatives, of
which bleeding is not one ; and that young horses
sometimes have coughs for a year, and yet entirely
recover from them. JOHN L. ELWYN.

PRODUCTIVE PUMPKIN VINE.

Mr Fessenden — After seeing your account of
Mr Whiting's Squash Vine, of Lancaster, Mass.
which produced 228 lbs. I endeavored to persuade
Mr J. Cook of this place, to report his crop of
pumpkins, but he declines, as I presume from
modesty, or from an apprehension that it would
not be credited. I am therefore induced to give
the information, as I received it from himself and
the mendjcrs of his family.

The plant came up single, accidentally, among
his early potatoes, and as the potatoes were gather-
ed, occupied the whole space and continued to ex-
tend itself until the frost checked its growth, when
it contained, from the largest down to the size of
a lemon, upwards of one hundred and forty, (and
there were many more just set, with the blossom
unshed,) scventytwo of which were of good size
for use ; and twentytwo which were selected for
culinary purposes, weighed from 28 to 48 pounds.
It is to be regretted that they were not all weighed
and the length of the vine and branches measiaed,
which ran to an incredible length, and were pro-
ducing new sets faster and thicker, when the frost

254

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 33, 1833.

checked the plant, than at any other previ oiis time.
This pumpkin is ditfjrent from any which Mr
Cook had ever before cultivated or seen. Its
shape was, generally, like that of a cheese-pump-
kin, but the ribs were much more broad and deep-
ly scoriated ; when growing, of a lighter or duller
green; and when ripe, of a nankin color, or rath-
er darker, heavy for their size, fine grain and
small cavity for seeds. The one which he was so
obliging as to send me, though of a medium size,
with reference to the crop, is as much as I can
well lift with one hand, by the stem. The flesh
through the ribs, is three and a half inches thick.
BriJgeport, CI. B.

gives, is altogether wanting in that which is sea- for ],is niode of jircventing the ravages of the
soned with the other. bee moth. JOHN WELLES, CAatVman.

And thus as Liverpool salt is the remote agent

of so much loss, damage and misery in the United O" Models of Tliac'ier's, Barbour's, and Beard's
States, it is high time to cease both to buy and h<^«' B""^ Hive, may l.e seen at the Agricultural Ware-

' . 5' . , , „ .1 H .„ „<• house, North Market Street,
consume it. In its stead, salt from the Bay ot

Biscay, Portugal, Isle of May, or the Bahamas, AGRICULTURAL STATE CONVENTION.
may be employed with perfect safety. ^ convention of the delegates and other citizens

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Feb. 33, 1833.

INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF LIVERPOOL
SALT.

An article was published in the J\"ew York Med-
ical Repository, vol. 1, p. 241, new series, (an able
work, formerly conducted by Dr Miller and Dr
Mitchell,) on the subject of 'the spoiliri!^ of beef,
pork, and butter, when cured by Liverpool salt, &c.'
In a letter from Dr Mitchell to Charles Caldwell,
M. D. from which the following is abridged and
extracted; the bad qualities of that substance are
foicibly represented.

In the course of trade between America and
Great Britain, it has become the misfortune of the
United States to be visited with frequent cargoes
of salt from Liverpool. This article is prepared
on the western coast of England, where coal can
be bought at a low price, by boiling ocean-water,
saturated with the rock-salt of Norwich, in large
and shallow pans of iron. The salt which re-
mains, after the water has been evaporated by
force of fire, is called pan-salt, and is a medley of
saline substances. It is very diiferent in its qual-
ities from the pure muriate of soda.

The loss of ])roperty and life consequent upon
the employment of this salt, is prodigious. Ex-
perience, year after year, has proved it to he inca-
pable of preserving our beef from corruption.
Often has this important article of food been found
to be tainted, the very autumn in which it has been
packed in barrels. Besides the sacrifice of prop-
erty, we find that the employment of Liverpool
.salt in the packing of beef and pork, leaves them
liable to corrupt ; and the consequences of this
corruption are pestilential exhalations, stirring up
yellow fcver3 and other malignant distempers in
the neighborhoods, cities and vessels, where the

The fault of Liverpool salt, and of all other salt
obtained from sea water, by force of fire or by
boiling, is its admixture with foreign ingredients,
know n by the technical names of slack and bittern.
These usually adhere to the salt in considerable
quantities. They have no antiseptic virtues, but
nossess a directly contrary effect. Sea salt, form-
ed by natural evaporation and crystallization, has
very little mixture with these foul and foreign
ingredients.

Oj- The Trustees of the MassachuselO Society for
promoting Agvicullure, intending to publish another No.
of the Repository which will contain Iheir full Ki-porlB,
have given below only the names and sums to notify the
successful compelilors.

PREMIUMS AWARDED BI THE SEVERAL COMMITTEES
OF THE MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOU HKOMO-
TING AGRICULTURE.

Tlie Committee on vegetable and grain crops award

To Mr Payson Williams of Fitchburg, Twenty
dollars for the greatest crop of potatoes, being 584
bushels on an acre.

To Mr Joseph Perkins of Newbury, Twenty
dollars for the greatest crop of onions, being G4(>J
bushels on an acre.

To Mr John Wilson of Decrfield, Twenty
dollars for the greatest crop of winter rye, bein
344 bushels on an acre.

To Mr Henry Sfrague of Princeton, for the
giratost crop of Indian corn, being 109 bushels on
an acre.the mode in which the quantity was
estimated differing from the mode required in
the offer of premiums — a gratuity of Tm dollars.
P. C. BROOKS, Chairman.

from the several counties in this state, met yester-
day afternoon, in the Assembly Chamber, to take
into consideration the propriety of establishing a
State Agricultural Society. J. Le Ray De Chau-
MONT, of the County of Jeflerson, was appointed
Chairman, and Jesse Buel and Amos Brigos
Secretaries. One hundred and four delegates
were i)resent, representing the Counties of Albany,
Columbia, Clinton, Diiches.s, Essex, Jefferson,
Monroe, Montgomery, Oswego, Oonndaga, Rens-
selaer, Saratoga, Steuben, Schenectady and Yates.
Various i)ropositions were submitted ; when the
convention adjourned until to-day.

Albany, J^.Y. Argus, of 15th inst.

Salem Lyceum. — During the present week, the
lecture before this institution was delivered by
the Rev. Mr Colinau. The subject was Eloquence,
which was happily and forcibly illustrated by the
speaker. Mr Colman being about to leave us as
a citizen, very properly took the occasion to ad-
dress to his fellow townsmen present there, a few
parting and pertinent words. We, and we believe
in conunon with all, sincerely regret the occasion
that takes from us, one who has bound himself to
us by some of the most useful and most endearing
qualities of human nature. — Salem Observer.

The Committee on Farms,

Report a gratuity to the Rev. Morrill Allen

Preserved Apples. — Mr Alexander Walsh, of
Lansinburgh, has presented the Editor of the N.
Y. Farmer some apples, the growth of 1830 — the
russet grown by MrWulsh, preserved in bran and in
sand. Tho.se in the latter were in the finest state.
Also a moderate sized red and white apple, raised
by a farmer east of Lansingburgh, and preserved
in sand by Mr F. Fordham, of the same place.
This was as fair, and in as sound a condition as
though the growth of last season.

of Pend>roke, of Fifty dollars, for the example he Hail Roads in France.-The Messagcr des Cliambres
■ <• 1 111- 1 1 • J' 11 »_ Ti „.,' says, ' VVc are much occupied at Paris wuli rail-roads. —

has set ol sk.lllul and judicious husbandry. Tliey ■ g^ Z,^^ „,^ ^^^^ f,.^^ ^,J^ ^^ p„„,„i,^^ „,^ ^„„,^^^, ^^

also report a gratuity to Jonathan Allen, Esq
of Pittsfield, of TViirly dollars, for the care he has
taken to introduce upon his farm, vegetable pro-
ducts and choice fruits, and especially his attention
in the cultivation of potatoes. Mention is also
made of the great merit of Peter Thacher, Esq.
of Attleborough, in subduing and bringing to a

bodies of those slaughtered animals are deposited, state of good cultivation a farm, which a few
The butter of New York market lias also been years since consisted of rough, exhausted and
rendered worse, if not absolutely spoiled, by the \ profitless land. WjM. PRESCOIT, Chairman.
same kind of salt. Beguiled by its fine and sho^vy

which has just been granted to Messrs Henry, Maflel,
and De Rushby, the companies have projected the mak-
ing rail roads from Paris to Lyons, and from Sirasburgh
to Paris. It is said that Sir Henry Parnell has proposed
a railway from Calais to Pariy. Should a similar commu-
nication be established between London and Dover, from
sixteen to seventeen hours would then suffice for the
journey from Paris to London.

The best oak woorl could be bought at three dollars per
cord ill Ballimop: on Friday last. So much for the rail-
road. »

exterior, the citizens have used it extensively in
our counties famous for grazing and dairies. In
many cases it has supplanted the old fashioned
coarse or sun-made salt. Wherever the substitu-
tion has been made, it has been with a pernicious
effect. The butter so salted, does not keep so
well, loses its agreeable flavor, and acquires rather
a disagreeable scent. The difference between
butter put up with this salt, and with natural
crystallized salt, is so great that our wholesale
and retail grocers can distinguish it at once, by
the smell, on piercing or opening a firkin. The
sweet flavor and nice odor, which pure sea salt

The Committee on Inventions, Experiments, Trees,

i,-c. report, though none of the claimants are

strictly entitled to a premium,

To James Thacher, Esq. M. D. of Plymouth,
a gratuity of Ten dollars, for the communication
of his interesting researches, with a view of pre-
venting the ravages of the liee moth.

To the Rev. M. Barbour of Byfield, Mass. a
gratuity of Ten dollars, (who has deposited at the
Agricultural Warehouse his ingenious apparatus,)
' for the more easy and effectual acquisition of the
labor of the bees without their extermination.'

To Correspondents. — " Rusticus" in reply to " A
Practical Horticulturist" was received too late for inser-
tion this week — an article from Doct. Green on Bols in
Horses, will soon appear — many other communications
are in the printer's hands.

Hj" We would inform our facetious legal friend, who
displays much acumen without acerbity, 'forthat where-
as ' we lately republished the following .sentence from
a useful and much read volume, ' It is cheaper to buy
a large mackerel for nine-pence than two for four- pence-
half-penny,' (the words ' small ones ' after two, being
omitted in the original,) that the error complained of is
a small one. And should lie meet us with a 'demurrer,*
and not permit us to ' amend the declaration,' we will
' plead to the jurisdiction of the Court ;' and prove that
his action was brought coram non Judice, of course PltT

To the same gentleman a gratuity of Ten dollarsi | will be ' nonsuited and taxed with costs.'

Vol. X No. 32.

AND nORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

255

New Work on Fruits, &c.

Jo"N B. RussKi.L and Caktkr ct HknI'KF, Boston ; G,
'J'hoiibukn & >oNs, New York ; Gkegg Si F.i.i.iott
and lAHY & flvnr, Philadelphia; S. U. I'akkhukst,
(Cincinnati, and Wm. Thiirburs, Albany, have in press,
and will publish in a few weeks,

NEW AMERICAN OKCHARDIST,

MOST VALUABLE FRLTIS AND VEGETABLES

ADAPTED TO CUI.TIVATION

CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

MODES OF CUl.TURF, AND »T » N A 0 FMENT ; Hr,»IF.niE8 FOR

THE MAIADItSTO WHICH TH ► Y A R K SUBJ ECT

TO FROM CANKER WOKHS, BORKKS, ET ,.

B T W U. K E N It 1 C K .

This work will contain particular descriptions of from

700 to 800 select varieties of fru t. ailapted to our

varied clirnatn, and will include the Olive and some most

useful tropical fruits which may be successfully cultivated

in our Southern territories.

The different modes by which the new varieties of
fruit have been obtained, will be described ; modes of
pruninij and tiaininff, by which trees, &c, are rendered
fruirful ; of giafting and inoculation ; and of the modes
of propagating usually a<lopled.

It will contain descriptions (besides old sorts) of from
100 to 120 new varieties of Pears of undoubted ex-
cellence; from 60 to 80 of which are not particularly
described and condensed in any one European volume
whieh has hitherto reached us; some American, but
chiefly the new and most approved Ficujish varieties.

The descriptions are partly from personal observation,
and from assistance received from some of the most in-
telligent horticulturists of New England ; fiom the best
writers of America, ami the best foreign productions ; the
desciiplions of Van Mons. the splendid edition of New
Duhamel,t)ie Pomological Magazine, the superb Pyrus
Mains Brentfordiensis of Ronald, and Lindley's Guide to
the Orchard and Kitchen Garden. From these it has
been the constant aim, to cull from their extremely varied
and select Hits, all that was beautiful, excellent, produc-
tive and jirnfitable.

From these will be formed another select list, of those
sorts already approved with tis, as the best and most pro-
ductive.

In regard to the new varieties of fruits of America and
of Europe, it will be the aim of the writer, to render this
woik particularly interesting, and adapted to the different
sections of our highly favored country.

The very best of late English works, we refer to those
just named, those celebrated works which are beyond all
doubt so admirably adapted to the climate and country
for zfhich they were principally designed, and as auxili-
aries tons, arc extremely deficient in regard to those na-
tive fruits which are with us so highly esteemed. We
will instance some; with others it is even still worse.

In their description of apples we find very fjw, scarce
half a dozen, of our frnc native varieties described
or even named : those fruits which agree so well with
us — the selections from the innumerable native orchards
of our country duringiwo cenlures.

Th*y describe but one variety of our native pears, and
in the pi. ice of those not described, they recoii:mend to us
other varieties, the very sorts we have long since rejected

They describe but ?u)o varieties of ournativ peaches, so
much admired by travellers ; some, the finest of the South
of Europe are equally unnoticed,^the fine selections
fiom thevast native orchards of this fruit at the South, for
distill, iiion, — all these, the productions of our own and otiiei
equally favored climates, are rejected from their lists as

^ worthless ;^ not being adapted to their hostile seasons
and latitude, and not coming to full maturity and excel-
lence, even on the walls to which their cultivation is con-
fined.

A few engravings may be furnished, such as a plan of
the Thomery mode of training Grape Vines ; the que-
nouillo mode of training trees, &c.

It will be comprised in one volume of about 300 pages
and will be furnished for about $1 per copy. Feb. 22.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russetfings, .
AsHEs, pot, first sort,

pearl, fii'st soi-t.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....

prime

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, -
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandi-ia, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northei-n, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Plaister Paris retails at

Hemp and Flax Seed.

C.\PH will be paid bv the suhscrtbjr for a few bush-
els ,d' fresh HEMP and" FLAX SEED, well cleaned, of
^f/Hfncan growth, for sowing ; lobe delivered iminedi-
•it.ly. J. B. RUSSELL," No. 52 North Market st.

Feb. 22.

The Horticultural Garden ol the late Andrew
Parmentier, is oflTered lor ijale.

THE rcputHiion ol this establishment is
not coirfined to the vicinity of New York,
but is well known throughout the United
Stales, and difierent parts of Europe. It i-
situated two miles from the city of New
York, at Biooklyn, Long l-land, at the junction of the
Jamaica and Flatbush Roads, and coiitams 24 acres. | _ „„.^ . ^„

The Giounds are in a very higli state ol cultivation, | Pork 'clear'
and laid out with judgment and taste. The situatinn is' ' JVaVy

vciy healthy and the view very extensive, commanrling Cargo No 1

the bay, the city, &c The Garden is enclosed by a Seeds, Herd's Grass,
pouited sloire fence, and insiile ol that is a hawthorn
hedge. The Nursery contains a fine and extensive col-
lect on of Fruit, Forest, anil Ovnamenlal frees; also, a

splendid ciilleciior. of Ro«es and Herbaceous Plants,

the object of the late propiietor having always been to
collect every new variciy

On the premises arc a Owelling House, two Laborers"
Houses, .seven Cisterns, and a never-failing Pump of ex-
cellent water; four Grepn and Hot Houses, containing
a rich variety of rare exotics.

Tlie advantages to be derived by any person who
wishes to engage in the occupation of Gardening, by the
purchase of ibis property, are very great ; the business
alieady seemed is very extensive, and the pro-pect ol
increased ei.couragemeut is such as to warrant the be-
lief that the purchase of the property will amply repay
the enterprise of the one who may engage in the
business.

Terms will be made known by applying to Mrs Par-
mfntier.oii the premises.

N. B. — Any orders sent to Mrs P. will be promptly
and carefully executed. 6|

Feb. 16.

Situation Wanted.

A Gardener, who considers himself thoroughly ac-
quainted with his busine-s, in all its branches, is familiar
with forcing fruits and veuetables. is desirous of a good
situation. He has a wife and two children ; has lived
upwards of seven years at his last place, and can pio-
duce satisfactory recommendations from his last and all
his other employers. Inquire at the Fanner office.

A Farmer Wanted.
WANTED lo hire, in the vicinity of Boston, a man
of middle age, who is thoroughly acquainted with farm-
in all its liran be^. Inquire at ihijoffic.

Bremen Geese.

FOR Sale, 3 or 4 pair of large Bremen Geese, of un-
doubted purity of blood. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer
office- 4t Feb. 15.

Farm for Sale.

ON the road leading fiom Newton, west pari.sh
Meetinthou-e, to VValtbam Factory, cnutaining from 50
to 75 acres ol Land, well proportioned into mowing and
tillage — also. House, Barn and Outhouses wiih the
«ame. Said farm is well watered, and has a valuable
fruit Orchard. Apply lo Eph. McNamara.

Feb. 15. 6t

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
&. 52 North Market Street—

A small tupply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seeil, warranled the growth of the past s asoi., from
one of the ereatest Mulhei ry orchaids in Manstield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
■eed.

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed

Merino, niix'd with Saxony,

Merino, 2ths, washed,

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

,-, f Pulled superfine

'Z-6 i 1st Lambs,

£=<!2d, "

5 i. I 3d, •'
^ 1_ 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled VVool is about 5 cents less,

barrel

.3 00

ton

12u (10

•«

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 50

7 75

7 00

pound

It;

6

bushel

1 12

barrel

6 00

6 25

'i

5 62

"

5 62

bushel

85

"

75

95

'.

1 12

"

4,S

cwt.

65

9 Oil

"

11 00

c.isk

1 25

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

l.>00

"

13 00

bushel

2 00

'•

67

pound

10

cwt.

9.50

pound

55

"

65

"

."^2

•'

48

, "

43

'■

40

60

55

"

38

'■

28

"

45

8 00
7 50

1 50

6 25

6 50

5 75

5 75

90

80

98

1 20

50

70

9 75

12 00

1 30

3 37
17 00

4 00

13 50

2 25
75
11

10 00
60
70
55
50
45
42
62
58

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best p eces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,
Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, ^according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

8

"

6

"

5*

'*

6

"

4

"

9

"

I'i

16

dozen

17

bushel

..

37

barrel

4 00

iOO

Seeds for Country Dealers.

TRADERS in the country, who may w ish lokecp an as-
sortment of genuine Garden Seeds lor sale, are inlormed
they can be furnished at the New England Farmer of-
fice. No. oOi North Market street, Boston, with boxes
containing a complete assortment of the seeds mostly
used in a kitchen garden, on as favorable lernis as they
can be procured in this country, neatly done U|i in small
papers, at 6 and 12 cents each— warranted to be of the
growth of 1831, and of the very first quality. Orna-
mental Flowitp. Seeds will'be added on the same
terms when ordered, as well as Peas, Beans, Early
and Sweet Cor.-h, &c, of different soits.

(ITThe seeds vended at Hiis establishment, are put up
on an improved plan, each package being accompanied
with i'horl direciions on its management, and packed in
the neatest style. — Traders are requested lo call and ei-
aiuine for themselves.

— ALSO —

GRASS SEEnSofallkinds.-HerdsorTi i:oihv,Red
Top, Red and White Clover, Lucerne, Orchard Grass,
Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c, &c, at the lowest market
prices, wholesale and retail. Feb. 15.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all *izes and dimen-
sions, coustautly foi sale at No 1 10 State street by

ALBERT FEARING &. CO.

■^ob

MISCEI^LANY.

From a late London pape

Court of Requests : Guildhall. — .4 Horse
Shaved. — A gentleman, named Wells, was sum-
moned before the Commissioners liy Thomas Field,
a hair-dresser, for the sum of thirty shillings, the
price demanded by the plaintiff for shaving a horse.
The plaintiff swore that the defendant brought
to him a horse to be shaved, for the purpose of
' showing a new coat ' upon tlie animal. The
horse had been attempted to be shaved by the de-
fendant, on part of the stern, but for want of skill
in the art, the poor beast was most miserably
notched. The defendaut got tired after fovu-
hours' work, and then handed over the job to the
plaintiff. The razors of the shop -were in great
requisition for ten days, during which time the
shaving w:.s going forward, and the plaintiff was
obliged, as he proceeded, to wrap up the bald part
to protect the horse from cold. The Commission-
ers, he said, could not possibly judge the difficulty
of shaving ahorse, from themselves. [A laugh.]
It is quite a different sort of business, and ho de-
fied any man to ' go over ' such a sized animal, for
less than three shillings a day, and to go over the
chins of his usual customers at the same time.

Mr Meyers (one of the Commissioners) asked
what objection was made to the charge ?

The defendant said that he considered the sum
of thirty sliillings, for merely taking tlie hair off a
liorse, entirely too much, especially as he (defend-
ant) had done a good deal of the job himself.

The hair-dresser declared that the part upon
which the defendaut had operated, was so badly
.lone, that if he had not been shaved again, the
coat would have been as rough as a hedgehog,
while all the rest was as smooth as a new born
baby. [Laughter.]

The defendant said that any horse cUpper would
have completed the business for a great deal less
money.

The hair-dresser said that it was quite impossi-
ble. He had never shaved a horse before, but he
was a regular sweater.

Mr Meyers asked the defendant what he gener-
ally paid for a shave, himself

The defendant, (feehng his chin,) why two pence
I think, is generally the price.

Mr Meyers. Ay, a penny a cheek. Now, how
many of your jaws would make up tlie size of a
horse? [A laugh.]

The <lefendant said that there was less delicacy
necessary in shaving a horse than a man.

Mr Meyers. Not a bit more than shaving an ass.

The hair-dresser. Look at the leather and the

chance of a kick ! [Laughter.] Besides, I went

over the beast as clean as possible. I turned him

out as smooth as my hand, down to the fetlock.

Mr IMeyers said that he was surprised at the re-
fusal to pay 30*. for the job. Indeed, he always
thought it impossible to perform a thing of the
kind, and he believed that to be the general be-
lief; for was it not unUsnal for people to say, when
they heard a bouncing fib, 'Next comes ahorse
to be shaved !' [Loud laughter.]

The hair-dresser said that it was a hard matter
to shave some parts of the horse, because the skin
here and there hitched very much. For his part,
he'd rather ' go over ' a whole regiment of soldiers.
The defendaut was then ordered to pay the
hair-dresser the 30s. and costs.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Cholera. — It seems unaccountable that the
Cholera sprea.'.s such terror before it, when both
in this country and in England there are many
evils existing, which are far more formidable.
The Cholera is a mere bagatille, compared with
intemperance. Consumption, which is chiefly the
result of improper dress and imreasonable expo-
sures, is really more dreadful in this country than
half a dozen choleras. If even tight lacing, alone,
could enter the lists with the Cholera, and if we
were in tlie habit of betting, we wouhl lay two to
one that the Cholera would be worsted. Tight
lacing usually does its work under cover of con-
vulsions, consumption, &c. — American Spectator^

Count Abensburg, who in Henry IPs progress
throui'h Germany, while the other courtiers came
with their treasures, brought his thirtytwo chil-
dren, and presented them to his sovereign, as the
most valuable offerings he had to bestow.

Feb. 22, 1832.

pointments may have been too severely felt ; op-
portunities may have been neglected ; and the
great maxim of business men forgotten, ' try
AGAIN.' — U. S. Gazette.

A bon vivant of fashion, brought to his death
bed by an immoderate use of wine, after having
been seriously taken leave of by Dr Pitcairn, and
ingenously told that he could not in all probability
survive 12 hours, and would die by eight o'clock
next morning, exerted the small remains of his
strength to call the Dr back, which having ac-
complished, with difficulty, his loudest effort not
exceeuiny a whisper, he said with the true spirit
of a gambler, ' Doctor, I'll bet you a bottle I live
till nine.'

The recorder in Loudon, at a city dinner, hav-
ing been called upon for a song, regretted that it
was not in his power to gratify the wishes of the
company ; a worthy alderman, who was present,
observed, that he was much surprised at the re-
fusal of the learned person, as it was notorious
that numbers had been Iranspoiied by his voice.

Tom Browne, having once asked a man how he
contrived to live so well in these hard times, was
answered, ' I live, as I suppose you do, by iny
wits.' ' Faith,' answered Browne, ' I have not the
talent to do a great business on so very small a
capital.'

Dr Robertson observed that Dr Johnson's jokes
were like the rebukes of the righteous, compared
in scripture, to excellent oil: 'Yes,' answered
Edmund Burke, ' but they are like the oil of vitriol.'

Farm for Sa'e.

FOR sale, an excellent Farm hi ihe town of Peterbo-
rough, N. H. Said Farm is pleasantly situated about a
mile from the village ; formerly the residence of the late
John Smith, Esq. and contains ahum sixty acres of good
land, well walled, with a g;ood House and Barn, and oilier
out-buildings. Terms reasonable, and possession to be
given the first of April. For further particulars, inquire
of Dea. John Field, near the premises, or at No. 3,
Kowe's Wharf, Jioston. 3t* Jan. 25

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (hy steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elj^ewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jn, 65, Broad street.

Henry VIII. having a quarrel with Francis I.
resolved to send an ambassador to deliver an an-
gry message to the French monarch. Bishoji
Bonner, being chosen for this office, told Henry
that the mission would cost him his life. ' Should
Francis dare to sacrifice you,' replied tlie enraged
king, ' I will immediately cutotfthe heads of all
the F'renchmen in my dominions.' ' So you may,'
answered Bonner, ' but will any of them fit my
shoulders ?'

Furopean Leeches.

The subscriber has made such arrangements abroavl
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the geii-
uine medical Leech. All orders will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposite Federal-st., Apothecary.
Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.ci lon-est prices, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELANU'S POWDER STORE,
63 Bioad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will bo relimUeu Jan.l

Jl good bread. — A mixture of two parts fiour,
and one potato, makes an agreeable bread, which
cannot be distinguished from wheaten bread. It
is said that not less than 300 tons of potatoes are
consumed for this purpose in London every week.

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is coiislantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, Ifc, ^o, which lie will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
city. Uj" Watches repaired and warranted.

Farmer Wanted.

Wanted on a dairy Farm wittiin thirty miles of Bos-
ton, a married man to take the same on shares. Good
recommendations will be required for capacity, integrity
and failblulness, as also experience in making butter. —
Inquire at this office. Feb. 1.

It is a truth, that the observation of all business
men will confirm, that gtnendly a young man of
steady habits, of a right education, of industry,
prudence ;uid economy, is as certain of becoming
rich, as is a stream of water of flowing to an out-
let. We exiiept, of course, the intervention of
circumstances not to be controled, long sickness
or death, reflected misfortunes, &c. Why, then,
it may be asked, are so many, truly worthy, and
remarkably industi'ious men, destitute of compe-
tency ? We reply, that they may not have had
a good education ; that they may have started
wrong ; they may have been less provident than
their circumstances demanded ; their _^rs< earnings
may have taken a wrong course ; single disap_

Published every Wednesday Evening, at J?3 per annum,
pay.able at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fifty cents.

inr No paper will be sent to a distance witnout payroeot
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RcssELL, at the Af,iicultural Warehouse, No. 52, North
Market Street.

AGENTS.
New York — G. Thokburn & Sons, G7 Liberly.-street.
Albany — Wm. Thorbukn, 317 Market-street.
PhilttiJelphia — D. & C. Landreth, 85 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinciimati — S. C. Parkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing, N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Garden
Middlebunj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sprin£_field, 3Is. — E. Edwards. i

Newhiryport. — Eeenezer Stedman, Bookseller.
Portsmouth, N. fl. — J. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Porlla7id,Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Augusta. Me. — Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Offic*
Montreal, h. C. — Henry Hillock.

NEW E]\GL.A]^D FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NOKTU MARKET STREET, (at thk Ackiculturai.'wap.khouse.)- T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 29, 1832.

NO. 33.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

DISSERTATION ON THE MIXTURE OF
SOILS.

ConcluJecl fioni page 950.

Beds of the most valuable peat often lie several
(eet below the surface. When this substance is
iruiovcd from its bed and exposed to the action of
the atmosphere, it readily yields to a fermenting
iiilUience, the first requisite to its becoming a use-
ful constituent part of soil. Peat should always
be applied to soils, which tend to an excess in fer-
mentation. At the same time that it opposes tlie
progress of that disease in a soil, it is gradually re-
duced to a state of decomposition, in which it con-
tains much food of plants. Marl, which is a very
rich ingredient in a judicious a[)plication of it to
noils, is also found at various distances from the
surface in the sulvsoil. Marl is a composition of
several substances, and the nature of those sub-
stances must be carefully examined to discover on
what sort of soil, a particular bed of it can be ap-
pUed with the greatest effect. There is what ag-
ricultural writers call shell marl. This is a suit-
able ajjplicatiou for almost any soil. It is compo
sed chiefly of animal substances and lime, and
therefore will act in any situation as a powerful
stimulant. Mr IJrown, in his treatise on agricul-
ture, says, ' It would seem that shell marl, from
the qualities it possesses, promotes vegetation in
all the different ways. It increases the food of
plants ; it communicates to the soil a power of at-
tracting this food from the air; it enlarges the
pasture of plants ; and it prepares the vegetable
food for entering their roots.

Shell marl is easily distinguished liy the shells
which always appear in it; but the similarity be-
tween earth tnarl and many other fossil substances,
renders it difficult to distinguish them. The com-
mon test, however, will be sufficiently certain for
all the purposes of the farmer. Earth, that effer-
vesces in acids, partakes of the character of inarl,
aud the degree of effervesence will pretty accu-
rately show to what extent it partakes of that
character. But we must not be governed exclu-
sively by the strength and richness of marl, in
our selection of situations to apply it ; we should
also attend to its natural tenacity and the character
of the earth about the beds which contain it. If
it be silicious earth or coarse gravel, then the
marl belongs to cold aud clayey soils. If
it be a compact and clayey substance, then the
marl should be placed on loose and warm soils.
When marl is projierly applied, almost any de-
sired degree of richness can be produced by it.
.\o other maimre will be necessary in the first
rotation of crops. But the same cautions are
imporlant in the use of this substance, v.liich are so
necessary to be observed in the application of lime.
Both marl and lime .stimulate the soil to unusual
exertion, and if nothing else for a long succes.sioii
of years be applied, there will follow debility, and
the land will be reduced to barrenness. This
effect is to be feared only in the imprudent and
exclusive use of these substances; under pruden;
uianagement they are powerful and highly impor-
lant agents. In a correct rotation of cropping and

with occasional supplies of other manures, neither
marie nor lime will ever prove injurious.

By digging deep into the earth, all the mineral
substances are found which may impart a new
texture to soils, or by acting on the animal aud
vegetable matter contained in them, in the decom-
position and solution of it, will assist in furnishing
food for plants. The fossils, which, mi.xed with
soils, will increase the richness and fertility ol
them, are very numerous and no more than im-
perfectly understood. Every extended advance of
the farmer towards the interior regions of the
earth, tends to increase our knowledge of the min-
eral kingdom ; as it is likely to furnish the chemist
with some new subject of analysis. Excavations
may sometimes be profitably made in the earth,
for the sole purposes, of mixing the materials ol)-
tained, with the different soils on the farm. E.x-
pcriments of this .sort, if they should not result in
any addition to the stock of general knowledge,
would certainly increase local knowledge, and
would impart more correct ideas of the constituent
parts of that poition of the earth in our possession
and under our immediate control. The substan-
ces taken out of the earth in the various operations
of society, should always be carefully examined
and experiments made with them. In deep re
cesses of the earth are hidden many precioui
treasures, and every generation of men have a part
to perform in the development of them.

We descend far into the earth for the fossil
nhich now warms so many of our houses, aud on
which we depend for lieat in so many of our
works of art. There, also, we can find the choi-
cest substances to enrich our land. All former
researches of this nature have been followed with
great reward, and there can be no want of motives
to perseverance in the work. The preceding re-
marks have been chiefly confined to suTjstances,
which, at the same time they improve the texture of
the soils, act on them as manures, either by their
stimulating influences or by imparting the food of
plants. Such substances form the principal re-
sources for enriching land, in the progress of
improvement on a farm. But there is also a mix-
ture necessary as the foundation of improvement
in many situations. There are sand barrens and
pure clays which produce nothing, and manures
applied in the conmion form and measure will
have scarcely any influence. A radical deicct ex-
ists aud a remedy must first be provided for that,
or all our applications will be as iueflectual aird
useless, as tlic administration of the most nourish-
ing food to a sick man. A soil chiefly composed
of sand is too porous; it does not retain enough
of moisture ; it admits light and heat so freely as
to cause a very rapid dissolution of all the vegeta-
ble matters that happen to be incorporated with
it. We call it hungry soil and say manure does
it no good. We conclude manure docs no good
because it never lasts till any crop is matured.
Its force is all expended, hke that of a prodigal
son, before the highest energies have ever been
demanded.

This soil we should not attempt to cure with
mere palliatives ; we should engage at once in the
work of changing, totally changing, the texture of

it. Many of the substances already enumerated
can bo applied in such portions, as will greatly
alter the cbaracter of a sandy soil. Alluvion, that
has been- collected by streams passing over long
beds of tenacious earth, with a portion of peat and
other vegetable matters, may possibly prove sufli-
cient to remedy all the defects of it. But there is
a more expeditious and much cheaper method of
accomplishing the object. Clay, extensive beds of
which are generally found in the neighborhood of
sandy soils, if mixed with them in large quantities
will immediately and permanently change their
character. The particles of tliese opposite sorts
of earth will mingle in such a manner, that dews
and rain will be well retained in the soil, and light
and heat will bo admitted in degrees sufficient to
decompose vegetable substances,as fast as the grow-
ing plants will require nourishment from them ; but
not so fast as before, when there was so rapid a
solution that plants were always left destitute of
food in au unmatured state.

The clay pit should always be the first resort in
the preparation of sandy barrens, to become fruit-
ful fields. No definite rules are necessary in re-
lation to the quantity of clay that should be applied ;
the eye and the hand will determine with sufficient
accuracy enough, when the clay is laid on in suffi-
cient portions to retain moisture, wliich is the first
aud principal object to be accomplished. Clay, in
an unmi.xed state, is represented as the most un-
friendly to vegetation of any of the primitive
earths. All the properties of it, with the excep-
tion of its power to retain moisture, are said to
counteract the vegetative principle. And some
writers have endeavored to discourage, wholly,
the use and application of it as an ingredient iu
soils. In poetic style it has been said,

' He that carls sand makes land.

He that carts cl.iy flings liis land away.'

This idea must have been originated in abstract
views of the properties of clay, and without any
attention to the defects of soils comjiosed chiefly
of the opposite earth. Clay, in its natural state,
retains too much water for the health and vigor of
vegetation ; it is too compact for the roots of plants
to extend themselves and collect nourishment ; it
powerfully counteracts the process of fermenta-
tion, and plants growing in it often sufler in want
of the necessary and proper food. Now all these
qualities render it a highly inq)ortant apphcaticn
on sand. Water passes too soon through .sand,
aud it is not compact enough to give shelter, firm-
ness, and the necessary protection to the roots of
plants. Sand powerfully promotes the putrefac-
tive process and often completes it in all the vegeta-
ble matter it contain.s, long before the time of
maturity in jilants.

In the language of Agricola, 'sand suffers water
to filter easily through its pores ; clay is highly
retentive of water ; sand promotes ])Utrefaction,
clay delays it ; .sand suft'ers the gases set at liberty
in putrefaction to escape ; clay absorbs the eases ;
sand opens an unobstructed path for the extension
of the roots of vegetables, clay gives them firmness
in their course and supplies the moisture, wliicli
sustains them. In fine, the two may be classed
among the contending elements, of which a union

•258

NEW ENGLAND FARiMER,

Tel. 29, 1832.

lieigliteiis their common Yirtues and subdues tlieir
defects.'

Clay aud saud am tlic principal earthy ingretli-
ents iu all soils. The operatious of nature have
combined the opposite qualities of them in such^a
variety of ways, as to [)roduce that diversified tex-
ture of soil which is found in every country. It
must ho absurd for us to tliiuk the course of na-
ture, iu this respect, cannot be usefully imitated by
art ; that where sand is founil in its simple state, it
cannot be reduced by tlie admixture of clay to a
good vegetable moulil. We cannot easily engage
in any work more certainly useful, or that will ulti-
mately prove more productive. The uphill to be
encountered iu this sort of labor shoidd discourage
no man ; every step brings gain and brightens the
prospect. In these operations the valleys are
raised and the hills are beautified. It is work not
necessary to be repeated every year or in any
<hoi-t s\iccession of years, but when once well done
it is done for ages.

The utility of mixing sand with clayey soil is
seldom questioned. « This is generally down-hill
work, and sand is carried in much larger portions
on to clay, than clay is ever carried on to saud.
Hence, probably the notion that it is good to cart
sand, but bad to cart clay. The effects must be
reciprocal and would arrays so ap])ear, if the
work in both cases were equally well performed.
Doctrines which demand few laborious duties
gain an easy currency, whether they relate to phi-
losophy, morals, or religion ; they arc^ likely to
grow too popular and to bi; carried into great ex-
tremes. This has been the fact in the estimates
made of the uses and in the ai)plication of saud ;
the results have been so manifestly and greatly
beneficial, when properly used, the conclusion has
been too hastily drawn that its influcuco must
everywhere be salutary, and someliniesit has been
used like the good woman's ' sugar, in everything.'
The common notion that sand is a suitable appli-
c.ition for low and moist lands, is correct only in
relation to soils of a particular tc.Mure. Many of
the low lands have a very loose and spongy soil ;
there may be defects in them, but sand cannot be
the proper remedy. Some low and moist lands
will be found, on examination, composed chiefly
of sand to the depth of several feet. iMi.v sand
with sand to any extent and the jiroduet can b<;
only saud. Sand-hills arc treasures, but like every
other sort of earthly treasm-e, valuable only in the
proper use of them. There can be no more ten-
dency in sand to stimulate a soil of similar quality
to renewed exertion, tlian there is in increiising
wealth to stimulate the miser to deeds of generos-
ity. The proper uses of sand in agriculture are
its application to tenacious soils, for the i)urpose
of opening aud destroying the rigidity of them ;
and to clay, for the purpose of reducing it to a
state in which the roots of jilants can travel and
rind nourishment. Sand should always be used
in compliance with the rule of mixing differeiit
([ualities.

In closing a discussion of this sort, it may not
be deemed strictly proper to present even a sunnna-
ry view of arguments, which, on a different occa-
sion, might be used in persuading farmers to an
early and persevering engagement in the work of
mixing soils. It seems to be the business of this
discourse to describe useful courses, rather than
urge the pursuit. It may, however, be allowable
to direct attention to the growing importance of
the subject we have been considering, in language

used about forty vears ago, bv the late lamented i
Dr Mitchell:

' Hitherto,' said that accurate observer and en- '
lightened friend of progressive improvement,
' Hitherto the American husbandman has cultivated
a soil, enriched for ages by the yearly addition
of a fresh stratum of mouhl. From the first ex-
istence of vegetation upon the dry land, decayed |
plants have continually furnished a supply of
manure, which the winds and the rains have lib-
erally spread abroad. As the supply was annually
greater than the consumption, the earth, unex-
hausted by its productions, increased in fertihty.
The thick lajer of vegetable mould which covered
the face of the earth, was a storehouse of food for
plants, and their quantity was greatly increased
by the conversion of wood into ashes, by clearing.
It is not wonderful then, that for some years, new-
ly cleared settlements should abound in proiluce
and require little more labor, than that of plough-
ing and reaping ; for during this period, the pro-
vision is wasting which for centuries had been
accumulating. But the time will come, and indeed
in many i)laces now is, when the land, repeatedly
wounded by the plough-share and exhausted of its
richness, shall be too weak of itself to make plants
grow wil^u their former luxuriance.

' This may be called the era of systematic
AGRicuLTrRE, when man, taking the earth from
nature's hand, bare of manure, is so to manage
and dispose it artificiHily, that it shall yield first a
subsistence and then an overplus to grow wealthy
upon. How far art may go in this species of im-
provement is yet unknown, as the ultimatum of
fertility has ne\ er yet been reached. As far a8
experiments have been made, we find the earth
liberally aff"ording its produce iu proportion to the
labor and skill bestowed in its tillage ; and as llio
ingenuity and invention of man may incro!L<e to
an unknown and incredible degree, so may the
improvements antl management of husbandry keep
pace therewith, until the most fruitful spot that
now exists may produce a ten-fold quantity, and
the land which now supports an hundred men,
give e(]ual enjoyment to n thousand.'

TE.MPERANCE.

There is one subject, closely connected with
the interests of every farmer, on which I feel fiilly
competent to advise ; without, however, arrogating
to myself any merit for having made any impor-
tant discovery or improvement, I can only re-
spond the sentiments of thousands of others,
familiar to all, but unheeded by many ; sentiments
which should be reiterated again and again from
one end of our continent to the other, till all, of
every clas.s, are constrained to sec their importance.

It is not my design to write a formal es-
say on temperance and its blessings, 5r to trace
the frightful progress and delineate the bane-
ful effects of intemperance ; but let me bo per-
mitted to add my veto to the yet too com-
mon practice with farmers, to resort to the bottle
for a spur, when the labors of an oppressive day
are drawing hard upon their strength. I can
speak with confidence on this subject, as mv
knowledge is the result of experience. I assert
then, without fear of contradiction, that ardent
spirits do not add permanently to the strength or
vigor of the laboring man, but their exhilirating
effects are sure to be followed by a corresponding
langom- of depression. Without some very power-
ful and conclusive reason, the farmer should be

tell last man to countenance or support a ].ractice
which he sees is making such ravages. Let him
look around him and impure for the cause why so
many farms are so badly managed ; why so many
buildings are going to decay, why there are so
many (blapidated walls and fences, and unruly
cattle ; why so many uneducated and ragged chil-
dren, and why so many estates are mortgaged to
merchants, lawyers and doctors ? be will generally
find the cause to be, not that their davs;litrrs an-
more fond of eitravagance and finery than of labor,
but that the occupants caimot labor in their fields
without the stinmlating, deleterious and disarrang-
ing aid of a bottle of nun. This is the canker
which is gnawing at the vital interests, not only of
the farmer, but of our common country.

And now, brother fanners, ])ermit me to direct
your attention to a few of the i)rimnry reasons,
why this practice ought, in my opinion, to receivi:
your unqualified disapprobation. 1st. No satis-
factory reason can be given why it ought not to
be discontinued. 2d. It has been discovered that
the idea that ardeirt spirits are necessary for per-
sons in health, or as a remedy for exhaustion
or fatigue, is a fatal delusion, which has caused
the ruin of thousand.s. 3d. That they possess no
one good quality which ought to redeem Iheni from
the execration of every virtuous member of so-
ciety. 4tli. That the good they ever have donc^
or ever can do, is infinitely insufficient to counter-
balance the evil. 5th. That they are entailing on
oin- posterity a curse, which has nothing but its
own shocking deformity to recommend it, as it is
totally incapable of being compensated by any sub-
stantial good. 6lh. They ccrtaiidy impair the
physical, the moral, and the intellectual faculties,
mid ))roduce premature indjecility and old age.
7ih. They eft'ectually eradicate the finer sensibili-
ties of our nature, love, benevolence, cheerfulness,
&c, ivnd make us susceptible of the grosser pas-
sions, such as anger, hatred, revenge, cruelty, &c.
8th. They drive reasonfrom her throne, prostitute
the dignity of intelligent man and transform him
into a brute. 'Jth. They fill our penitentiaries with
convicts, our jails with criminals and debtors, our
infirmaries with invalids and lunatics, our streets
with vagabonds, our country with drunkards, our
grave yards with premature victims, and our world
with wretchedness and wo. And to balance this
dark account, what good do they do ? You who
yet advocate tlieir use will say, pcrhajis, that they
are necessary for the laboring man in hot ^veather,
when the system is highly excited by heat, to drive
it out and cause a grateful and free jierspiration,
as well as to prevent the dangerous effects of cold
water. But I believe you would suspect the man
a fool, or beside himself, or trifling at least, who
should go into a tavern on a day like some we had
in December, rubbing his ears, kicking his boots,
and calling for a glass of spirits to drive the heat
out! Nor woulil you think much more favorably
of him who, in perfect health, iu the dog-days,
should wrap himself in his great-coat and swallovr
a dose of brandy and pepper, to keep him warm
or prevent his catching cold ! The ridiculous no-
tion that the nature of spirits changes wth the'
season, that they cool in summer and warm in
uinter, is too absurd to be cherished by the en
lightened farmers of New England.

But the most dangerous opinion, and which
should bo received with extreme distrust, is thai
which attributes to them the power of defending
the system from the injurious efli-cts of cold water ;ij

Vol. X.-No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

259

as IK) impression can be more fatally false tliaii
this. Tlie united testimony of many able and dis-
tinguished physicians, Tvho could have no ))arty
or sinister objects to promote, corroborate these
views. We have the opinions of Doctors Rush,
.folinson, Bradford, and a host of others, on tlie
subject, long before Temperance Societies were
thought of. I beg leave to quote a single sentence
from Doct. Johnson's ' Essay on the Injliience of
Tropical Climates '

' The same principles (that is, principles which
he apiihed to tropical,) will apply to our ovm cli-
mate in the summer, and to au error in this par-
ticular is to be ascribed a large portion of the sud-
den deaths, which occur at this period and which
are usually ascribed to the effects of au agctit,
which often plays but a second part in this opera-
tion, that is, cold ivaler. I do not mean to deny
(he continues) that death occasionally happens
from drinking water, when the system is in a state
of high excitation — but this very state is the dan-
gerous one, aud this, in iiinetyninc cases out of a
hundred, is produced by spirits.'

Setting aside, then, the gratification of a vitiated
and dejiraved appetite, I would ask, wliat apology
remains for their use ? The answer, if unswayed
by the love of rum, must be, no.ne.

As to au article of diet, they are no longer to
be tolerated ; as au article of luxury, if there is
any pleasure in their use, let it be enjoyed by tlie
idle voluptuary, whose time or continuance in life
is of but little consequence ; but the time and
life of so useful a member of society as the indus-
trious farmer, are too precious to be thus trifled
witli, at least so thinks your humble servant,

JNO. TOWNSEND.
Andover, Con. Feb. 18, ]832.

DISEASE IN HORSES.
Mr Fessenden, ,

Sir — We deem it a privilege of the greatest
public utility, that we are permitted to exchange
Bentiments through the medium ofyour interesting
paper ; especially when confllicting opinions are
expressed in a friendly and charitable manner.
We were much gtatified by Dr Peck's statement,
relative to the late sickness of his horse. We have
experienced something of the kind amongst us ;
though our cases carried the ajjpearance of a pu-
trid type, rather than that of an inflammatory one ;
and the result of practice was corresjjondent.
For those that were bled died, and those that were
not generally recovered.

Dr I'eck informs, that ' History furnishes us
with the accounts of severe epidemics, in which
several domestic animals were simultaneously af-
fected.' Which is really true. Witness the year
1711, when there was such a sweeping- mortality
timoug the black cattle of Europe. The writer
says it appeared like 'a malignant fatal fever,' and
there was a jilague among the jieople at the same
time. Also in the year 1714, the plague raged in
Holland among the cattle, till 300,000 diedr: and
the sj>otted fever ]u-evailed among the people, and
many died in the streets, until the magistrates
interfered and gave them assistance.

Also in 1734, wlieu horses were said to be taken
with a fever, and on the fifth day they had twilch-
ings, and on the seventh and ninth they had deli-
riums, and on the ninth and twelfth they died
raging. After the first two patients, I began (saith
the writer,) the cure of the rest with weak dilu-
ents, then gave them mild laxatives, and repeated

this course for the first 5 days. When the subsuUus
tendinum and light headedness apjicared, they had
the following powder : contrayerva, one scru|ile ;
radix serpentaria six grains, and camphor three
grains M. By which, convulsions, delirium, and
all dangers wore off. The fever weiit off the thir-
teenth or fifteenth day — no more died if this
course was taken. This was a fatal time among
age<l people, and immediately after set in the
cholera morbus, with convulsions, &c.

Undoubtedly the case of Dr Peck's horse was
epidemical, or rather epi-ipical, if we may be
allowed the expression. We are told that the
horse had ' an obstinate and constant tendency to
the left, which might have been owing to unequal
aflections of the two hemisiiheres of the brain,'
which we have no disposition to dispute, but
permit us to say in our opinion, it may proceed
from a spasmodic afl'ection on the left side, or
greater on the left side at least, which ma^- be de-
monstrated by a pair of wheels and axle-tree; if
the wheels are of equal diameter, give them a
IJiopelling force, they will move in a right line ;
but should they be of unequal diameter, they
would move in circular lines. In like manner,
should the muscles of the legs and neck, on the
left side of the horse be contracted, there must of
course be an obstinate inclination to the left, in
proportion as the locomotive faculty on that side
was impaired. The Dr observes, it might be well
to start a little blood to relieve the congested or
gans, which we believe is generally approved of
by our best physicians. But permit me to inquire
if that does not depend on the cause .' —
We recollect but three cases, viz. inflammation,
inaction, and leutor. Inaction may depend on
ateny or spasm, and they, on a paucity of blood.
Would not bleeding, in this case, increase the
cause rather than remove it ? Should the inac-
tion depend on plethora, undoubtedly bleeding is
indicated. lu case of lentor, would taking a part
of the best blood have a tendency to remove the
congestion? Would not diluents (which our au-
thor made use of in 1734,) do better .' The Dr
observes, the vessels of the brain were very turgid.
May not this proceed from a spasm compressing
the other part of the vessels as the application of
a ligature ?

The consideration of congested vessels, calls to
mind the anecdote of a man's curing a jiatient of
an obstinate headache, after several bleedings by
his attending physician bad failed. The jibysi-
cian asked him what he did to cure him? Why,
said he, what do you do when your ink is so thick
that it will not run ? Put in water and make it
more thin, said the physician. So did I give the
patient much water and diluents to drink, to thin
the blood to make make it circulate, said he.

We have had frequent cases of typhus fever,
cholera morbus, &c, the season past ; and the
physician's bleeding had the same effect as the
farrier's. Of the persons who were let blood,
a great proportion of them died ; and those who
were not let blood, generally recovered. This
leads us to suppose that the diseases of man and
beast were simultaneous and typhus. Some say,
to assert that pains i)roceed from inflammation in
typhus fever, would be a contradiction in terms,
according to the common import of the word
typhus, which is derived from the Greek word
tuphos, signifying ostentation, or smoke without
fire — so that typhus signifies the appearance of
fever, without fever or heat.

general ])ractice in post viurtem examinations, on
whatever ))arts are to be found traces of the disease,
to pronounce them the effect of an inflammation'
—but why, we are not able to say. Those daik
spots which appear on persons before death, call-
ed vib{ces,are not said to be the effects of inflam-
mation. ■ But, should they be found on any inter-
nal parts after death, they would be jirouounced
the effects of inflammation.

We presume it is very difScult to distinguish
the effects of inflammation, from the efl'ects of
spasms and contusions, in post mortem examina-
tions. Again, are not jihysicians too prone to
attribute all pains to the effects of inflammation,
which may produce pain, so will spasms without
inflammation ? Therefore pain, simply considered,
does not indicate one more than the other, and
we deem it impossible to know which, without
taking under consideration the concomitant symp-
toms ; and likewise regard being had to the effects
of practice, for letting blood will relieve inflamma-
tory cases, aud stimulants will aggravate them.
Stimulants will relieve spasmodic cases, but blood
letting will aggravate them. MEDICUS.

.Minot, Me. Feb. 15, 1832.

SUGAR FROM POTATOES.

I am informed that in the neighborhood of Jaf-
frey, N. II. there is now prejiaring an establish-
ment for the manufiicture of Sugar and Molasses,
on a large scale, from Potatoes. It is calculated
to pay for the potatoes their cash value there, 17
cents per bushel, and net a profit, above all costs
and expenses, of 20 cents ])er bushel. From each
bushel of potatoes, 7 pounds of sugar are made.

Let the friends of the abolition of slavery and
the amelioration of the condition of negroes,
throughout the world, consider V ell, and proclaim
everywhere, what would be the happy result of
supplanting or diminishing the consumption of
West India sugar, which would be in some meas-
ure effected, if every large agricultural town in
New England had its sugar works. Attentive
observers have noticed that when prices of West
India produce are low, their negroes are not over
worked and fare better. R. P. WILLIAMS.

Boston, Feb. 1832.

A detail of the jirocess of making sugar from
potatoes, is given in Sillimau's Journal of Jan.
1632. It is there said that

' A bushel of potatoes weighs about sixty pound.--,
and gives eight pounds of pure, fine, dry starch.
This amount of starch will make five pints of su-
gar, of the weight of nearly twelve pounds to the
gallon, equal to seven pounds and a half to the
bushel of potatoes, or a little less than a pound of
sugar to the pound of starch. The sugar is not
as sweet as the Muscovado sugar, nor is it actually
as sweet as its taste would indicate.

'This sugar may be used for all kinds of do-
mestic purposes. It ferments with great liveliness
and spirit, when maiie into beer, yielding a health-
ful and delicious beveiagc, and on distillation, a
fine cider-brandy flavored spirit. It would lio\v-
ever be most useful in making sweetmeats, and
may be used upon the table in lieu of honey, for
which it is a good substitute. It has already be-
come a favorite with most jieople who have be-
come acquainted with it. Its taste is that of a de-
licious sweet, and as an article of dietit is unques-
tionably more healthful and less oppressive to the
It appears to be a I stomach, than any other sweet ever used.'

260

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 29, 1833.

©cosa:siiwsja>jsii^a<©srs9

FOR THE NEW ENGI.AND FARMER.

ON RAISING OATS AND POTATOES.

Mr Fessendex— It is not with the vain expec-
tation of contributing anytliiug, thai will be either
very interesting or profitable to your numerous read-
ers, that I comply with the invhation in the 30th No.
of your useful paper. Should you deem the few
hasty remarks I propose to offer, of sufficient con-
sequence to occupy a place in your columns, (a
presumption which a censurable remissness on
the part of your more scientific and enlightened
correspondents and readers, will alone justify,) I
hope my contribution, like the widow's mite, will
not be appreciated according to its intrin.sic value,
but from the motive which induces it.

Should every practical farmer who reads your
paper, obey your 1-equest by communicating from
time to time, the results of his experiments, ex-
perience and practice, whether successful or ad-
verse, they would amount, in the aggregate, to a
fund of useful information which would be of
incalculable worth to that numerous class of your
readers, to whose interest your columns are chiefly
devoted ; and whose object is to profit by the
experience of practical farmers, communicated
through them.

As the sowing and planting season is rapidly
approaching, and as I have sometimes been accu-
sed of raising better oats and potatoes than some
of my neighbors, I propose to inform such of your
readers who know no belter way, my method of
cultivating these i)articulnr crops ; or rather, tlie
method which, after various experiments, I intend
to pursue in future, till I learn some more excel-
lent way, w^hich if known to any of your readers,
«hey will confer a favor by communicating.

First then as to oats, I shall sow them as
early in the spring as the state of the ground will
admit, on land which the year before was planted
with corn and potatoes ; that ])lanted with corn
first received from twenty to twentyfive cart loads
of stable and barnyard manure to the acre, which
was spread and ploughed in five or six inches
deep. The crop of corn was good, hut I am sat-
isfied it would have been better had the ground
been ploughed more shallow, or first ploughed and
the manure harrowed in ; the ground not being
drawn into hills, is now level ; I shall jdough it
evenly to the same depth as before and sow it with
a little more than two bushels of oats to an acre,
recollecting that ' he that sowcth sparingly shall
nlso reap si)aringly,' (which those nnist do, if any
were so unfortunate, who followed the mistaken
directions in a former communication of mine re-
specting wheat ; I said Jive pecks instead of three
as it was printed ; ) I shall plough them in with a
very light plough, or harrow them in. I have
practised both ways and have never discovered
any essential difference in the crop ; in either case
the roller is not to be omitted. The ground from
which a crop of potatoes was taken will be mana-
ged the same. It may not be improper to remark
here, that the potato crop in this section was uncom-
monly light, generally. Several who saw rny croj)
while gathering, pronounced it nuich the best
they had seen, I impute the difference principally
to manuring and seeding. I select the finest po-
tatoes for seed while gathering the crop ; choose
to plant them the latter part of May or early in
June, on greensward ploughed once shallow, and

apply from twenty to thirty loads of manure from
the hogyard, spread and harrowed in. The pota-
toes are cut into pieces, having two or three eyes
in each piece, and placed three in a hill. I choose

therefore, of confining one of them till the yoke,
ring, staple and all are fastened to his neck, and
then setting him loose with this frightfid append-
age rattling and flying about his head, fill the.

to plant shallow and near the surface. When they i poor animal, ' frightened out of liLs wits ' and ex-
are all well up I hoe ihern well, and before they hausled with running, stops and stands still for hi-s
be"in to top and fall down I hoe them again, form- mate to be served in the same way, by which time '

having recovered his breath, both are again set I
loose, tied tail to tail, to ])erform their \ cry inter- .
estjng and amusing evolutions ; they are now half j
subdued and the whip soon accomplishes the rest,
an<i teaches them to lead a team. Will not cattle
managed in this way, Irightcned, lacerated, abused
and provoked, be likely to remember it, and ever
after to be timorous or stubborn ? Right or wrong,
1 managed differently. My first care was to make
fast a chain to a post, having ready two j)air of
steady oxen near by. The yoke was then put on
to the first steer, to which the chain was imme-
diately fastened ; he made one or two cfi'orts to
get away, hut finding them unavailing soon desist-
ed ; the other was then yoked, and they were led
ofi"(piietly between the oxen into the woods ; they
were used in this maimer tliree days in succession,
they were not yoked again for several days on ac-
count of bad weather, when I directed my boys
to yoke them and put them forward in the team,
merely to exercise them ; this was done then and
several times since without the least difficulty —
they have neither deserved nor received a stroke
of the whip to hurt them.

1 am confident that our domestic animals may
be so taught, as to make the inhuman and abusive
use of the lash, so often witnessed, altogether lui-
necessary. Is not this a subject worthy of the pen
of some one of your humane correspondent.s, whose
practical knowledge enables him minutely to point
out the proper course to obtain the desired result?
JNO. TOWNSEND.
Jlndover, Con. Feb. 18, 1832.

ing a round, tiandsome hill, which by fall is gen-
erally well filled with fair, handsome potatoes.

I obtained some (as I esteem them) very valua-
ble hints on the management of plough land, from
an address published in your paper, some four or
five years ago, (before I was a subscriber,) deliv-
ered before the Saratoga County Agricultural So-
ciety, by Earl Stimson, Esq.* I take the liberty to
suggest the pi-opriety of republishing it. An in-
telligent and successful farmer in a neighboring
town, who obligingly lent me the papers contain-
in? the address, assured me that lie had been
giiided, and much to his advantage, by the direc-
tions contained therein.

It has been the practice of many farmers in this
and many other sections of Connecticut, to manure
both corn and potatoes in the hill, drawing the
earth into hills around the i>lants, and to split the
corn hills by striking one or two furrows length-
wise with the rows, (instead of harrowing them
down,) and then to sow oats and plough them in,
leaving the rest to nature, which must struggle
hard to bring forward a very abundant crop from
the cold depth where the seed hes buried.

I offer these brief remarks, not so much whh a
view to instruct as to elicit instruction from oth
ers, who have the advantage of more extensive
information and experience, and a more hai)py
talent to communicate them than I pretend to claim.
JNO. TOWNSEND.

Jlndover, Co7i. Feb. 18, 1832.

TRAINING CATTLE.

There is one subject connected with husbandry
which is of considerable importance, and which I
do not recollect to have seen noticed by any of
your correspondents. I mean the best method of
training cattle for labor. To be sure, every farm-
er's boy who is capable of handling a whip or goad,
imagines himself competent to break a pair of
steers. On this subject I confess myself wholly
unable to impart any instr-uction or advice, having
had but very little experience. I have generally
purchased my working oxen ready broke, of dif-
ferent persons, and have never bought two pair
which were alike with respect to their propensities
fi)r work ; I have found the difference to vary and
range from very good to good for nothing ; some
have been kind and docile, while others have been
timorous, or vicious and stubborn. What is the
cause of this wide difference? Has nature estab-
lished it? Is it to be found in their natural dis-
positions, or is it the result of education ? The
latter I am inclined to believe, and the more so
from my observations within two weeks.

Having often been unfortunate in purchasing I
resolved to train my own, and commenced last
week with a pair of steers coming three years old,
which from habit had become rather wild, llav-
iu"- had, as I before observed, little or no experi-
ence of my own, yet common sense taught me to
avoid the practice of some others, who profess to
understand the art and mystery of subduing the
most stubborn animal almost in an instant ; instead.

*See New England Farmer, Vol. v. page 244, 256.

GRAPE VINES.

Grafting grape vines is a new thing in this sec-
tion. But few have heard of it or tried the exper-
iment. The stock of the common wild grape,
numerous in Massachusetts and New Hampshire,
will answer for grafting almost any of the varieties
of the grape. A publication in a southern paper
induced me, the last spring, to try the experiment
of grafting at the surface, denuding the stock three
inches below the surface. The scions of the Isa-
bella grape, cut the fall previous and kept buried
in the cellar, were inserted at the surface, leaving
one eye above, tying a siring round the slock anil
drawing the earth to the stock. The scions
sprouted, but grew but little. It is said they will
grow over twenty feet the first year anil hear the
second. Rut my scions were probably injured by
being shaded, and by neglecting to cut off fre-
quently the s|)routs from the old and other contig-
uous stocks. I cut oft' another stock about three
feet above the ground, and grafted with composi-
tion, (one |>art of tallow, two of bees-wax, and
three of resin, prepared like shoemakers' wax,) in
the same manner that apple trees are generally
grafted. This Isabella scion succeeded well. In
the fall I measured as accurately as I could, with
a ten foot pole, the main and lateral branches, and
the length of each being added together amounted
to sixty feet, the main stock was twelve feet.
From this vine I anticipate this year a fine parcel
of grapes. The tops of the old stocks I cut into
more than fifty pieces, and planted them perpen-

Vol. X — No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

261

tJiculiirly and Ijorizontally, by the side of a stone
wall in rich soil. Moi^t of them took root and
sent forth branches, and will serve for stocks to
graft. I have more than a hundred old stocks
which I intend to graft in the spring. It is said
that the grafted vines will partake of the hardihood
of the native stock. No donbt many of the varie-
ties will endure our frosty climate. Should farm-
ers in Massachusetts and New Hampshire cultivate
vineyards of hardy grapes, no reason can be as-
signed to prove that they cannot make good wine
for domestic purposes. Respectfully yours,
WILLIAM CLAGGETT.
Portsmouth, AT. H. Feb. 13, 1832.

WOOD SNAPPING ON THE FIRE.

Mr Fessenden — Is it not a fact, that such wood
as hemlock, chesnui, &c, which grows in great
abundance in many parts of the United States and
Canada, would be more used for fuel if it were
not for its disagreeable and perhaps dangerous
fjuality, of snapping or throwing coals out of the
fire ? If such be the case, it may be well to make
it generally known that this quality, so far as re-
gards split wood, may be in a great measure over-
come by placing it properly on the fire ; tliat is to
say, by laying the inner side or that part which
was nearest the heart, towards the fire, for the
coals actually fly in that direction. A slight in-
spection of the grain at the end of the wood, will
show the side which grew nearest to the centre,
and this side should never be turned in any direc-
tion by which coals thrown from it can fall into
the room. A little attention to this circumstance
will enable many a thrifty housewife, to have a hot
fire made in an open fire-place, of wood which is
now considered almost detestable for that purpose ;
and perhaps she may learn, in time, to relish the
snapping sound, as Goldsmith seems to have done
that of the ' crackling fagot,' which he associates
in his ballad with the cheerful chirrup of the
cricket. Yours, C.

ASSOCIATIONS TO PROMOTE THE
CULTURE OF SILK.

To J U. Cobb, Esq ofDoilham, Mnss.

1 would beg leave to make to you a few obser-
vations, without signing my name.

I have seen your work, published by order of
the Massachusetts Legislature, and satisfactorily is
it proved to my inind, that the results of this
branch of industry may be of incalculable benefit
to the whole country, in time equaling, if not
surpassing, any other branch of our manufactures.
But, however much individual enterprise may do,
I cannot think its growth will equal its importance,
without associations formed in each county for the
raising of mulberry trees. I would suggest that
a paper be drawn up, setting forth the object and
giving to each signer half an ounce of the Mul-
berry seed. And every person thus a member to
pay some small sum (so as to admit all gratis in
agricultural i)ursuits,) yearly, itierely sufficient to
defray the expenses of the society ; this would
excite each and every one who has land, and
would make it one of the leading objects in the
country towns. Now is the time, while our legis-
lature are together, to endeavor by some means to
bring about a State Association, with the influ-
ence of the members of each county, who now-
more than ever, are looking at the subject. In
the county of Norfolk there would be no delay in

forming a society, each pledging himself to plant
half an ounce of Mulberry seed and raise an
orchard of trees. For myself and others, I can
say you shall not want our assistance ; but it is
necessary that the project should be started by
yourself, who have a theoretical and practical
knowledge of the subject.

Your obedient servant.

HOP BEER.

For one barrel, boil 1| lbs. of good hops and ]1
lbs. of ginger in 10 gallons of water, one hour.
Put 10 quarts of molasses into a barrel, to which
add the liquor hot, shake it well ; then add some
cold water and 1 pint ofyest, shake and stir it
again ; then add the whites of a dozen eggs finely
beaten and cold water sufiicient to fill the cask,
give it another stirring with a stick, bung it close
and let it stand one month. It should be made in
June or July — instead of half a pint or more of
rum per day, a moderate quantity of it should be
drank by the laborer, who will find it to add to his
strength and vigor, allay his thirst, and prolong his
life and consequently his usefulness. Try it and
see. J. T.

Andmer, Con. Feb. 1832.

HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS.

Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq.

Dear Sir — I did not intend when I wrote to
you a few days since, giving out a few hints and
suggestions in respect to horticultural premiums,
&-C, to l)*ve troubled you again ; at least so early.
The purpose for which I wrote has been fully an-
swered. That is, to call forth the opinions of
some of the most experienced and scientific gen-
tlemen, as well as 'practical horticulturists.' It
is a nmxim of J. C Loudon, Esq. (a gentleman
who has undoubtedly done more for the education,
information, and instruction of gardeners, than any
other,) that all gardeners should be readers and wri-
ters as well as practitioners ; that they may readily
and plainly communicate their thoughts to paper.
For what can we learn from those who have stud-
ied the theory only ? But I am occupying too
much room in your useful paper, to indulge in any
speculations. I am much gratified to find that my
communication has drawn forth the opinions of a
' Practical Horticidturis ,' and although he says
his ' avocations' are such as will not allow him to
devote much time to ' controversy,' yet I am highly
I)leased to find he is disposed to pay some little
attention to the subject.

I think your correspoirdent has furnished us
with quite a treatise and one which may be very
valuable to some of your readers. But to come
more immediately to the subject, I shall begin and
substantiate what I said respecting the ' gross ine-
qualities' which I spoke of in my communication.
As regards the remark I made in relation to cu-
cumbers, he cordially agrees with me ; but then
says the same remarks will not apply to grapes.
He says he has never seen, what is considered by
gardeners a forced grape, in America, excepting
sotne specimens from Jamaica Plains last season ;
and those not exhibited until July. I am sorry
that your correspondent and myself, did not alike
understand the word forced. What he terms, or
says Tire termed, forced grapes, are those grown
by artificial heat and ripened out of season. But
look a little further and what do we find ? he says
all the use he has seen made of glass, is to create

an ' artificial ' climate, &c, and does not this look a
little like a contradiction ? The usual season for
grapes to ripen in the open air in this climate, is
generally in September or the early part of Octo-
ber ; and therefore if grapes under glass,
are matured by the first of August, as many were
last season in the vicinity of Boston, they must
have been forced ; for to cut ripe grapes by the
first of August, will require the space of five
months to bring them to perfection, and accord-
ingly the vines must be broke by the first of March.
Now, if the vine will not break until May in the
open air, it follows of course, that they must be
forced to break, by making or anticipating an arti-
ficial climate of the temperature of May, in March.
At two or three difl"erent places last season, I tasted
ripe Hamburgh grapes in the early part of August,
and if he will take the ojiportunity to visit the
same places at the present time, (at least soon,)
he will find that the vines are already broken
and artificial heat applied. Can lie then say
grapes ripened at that season are not forced ?
Not having the premium list before me when I
wrote, I inferred it read forced ; but have since
looked and found it read 'grown under glass;' it
however makes no material difference ; the anal-
ogy is the same. He says, from experience, he
knows it requires more skill to grow grapes in our
precarious climate in the open air, than under
glass, unless ripened in June. But I still think not;
in fact, / knoio from experience that it does not.
Speaking with the gentleman who obtained one of
the premiums last season, for the fine specimens of
Hamburgh, grown out, he said he bestowed hardly
any care upon them, not even to prevent the
approach of mildew. I exceedingly regret that
our oi)inions are so far at variance.

My remaik.s on the premiums for flowers, he
thinks equally erroneous ; and thinks, or knows, I
ain no florist ; at least, is confident I know nothing
of growing Chrysanthemums. We will see how
his arguments prove. He has told us, what almost
every one knows, how to pot and water them ;
but has said very little on the particular point
where we differ. I spoke of the time, and prepar-
ation of the compost. And I am sure he has
never read Maddock's, Hogg's, or any other good
florist's directions,ifhe insists upon his point. I have
grown and have seen them grown, with as much
success as he flatters himself he has had in grow-
ing them, and have never myself, nor ever have
seen any one who thought of preparing the com-
post to put them in, until the moment they aro
ready to pot ofl". No one the least initiated, would
think of bestowing that care upon chrysanthemums
which the first sight of a tulip would denote.
Any who wish to have them can, and to great
perfection, with no other care or trouble than to
put them, as iie says, in any good loam, or loam
and vegetable mould, and keep them well watered.
As to watering them. once a day and sometimes
twice, it is unnecessary ; for they are generally
plunged in the ground in some rather shady
place, and twice or thrice a week is generally
enough, unless you wish to have them as large as
berberry bushes.

Let us now see if it is ten times more IroijMe
to raise chrysanthemums, than tulips, ranunculuses,
or hyacinths. 1 hope your correspondent has had
observation enough of animal nature, to know that
what is life to one is death to another; and the
same may be said of vegetables and i>lants. That

262

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 39, 1832.

wUich is life and health to plants in general, is
deadly poison to almost all bulbs. If he has ever
studied into the analysis of earths, he will be im-
mediately convinced of this. How many people
there are, who buy bulbs, with the idea that they
shall have a show of beautiful flowers ; they go to
work, prepare a bed, perhaps throw in five or six,
or more, barrows of fresh manure, to have them
grow large and thrifty. But alas ! they come up,
flower very weak and before another season, rot
and decay almost every one, as if tliey were at-
tacked with an epidemic disease. He has told us
only of tulips, and has said nothing of hyacinths,
or rauuncules. Tuliiis, he says, he sets out in
November, covers the bed on the approach of frost,
uncovers in April, forks over the bed with a trowel,
shades the flo\TCrs, &c. .This is very true, but is
it all ? has he given the deptli or distance, and a
liundred other minute particulars ? can the treat-
ment of such elegant plants be detailed in thirty or
forty lines, occupying in most florists' directions
as many pages ? More has been written upon the
growth and cultivation of tulips, and other choice
bulbs, than has, or J think ' ever will be, upon
chrysanthemums ; there are but very few people
who think it requires at least twelve months, for
the compost to lay exposed to the sun and air,
previously to using. So particular were many of
the great Dutch florists, upon the preparation of
their composts, that it was kept almost a piofound
secret.

How many have tried to cultivate tulips, rauun-
cules and hyacinths, to perfection, and how few
have succeeded. While almost every individual,
who is a lover of flowers, has chrysanthemums.
How many thousand roots of ranuncules have
been bought and planted, and come to nought.
And what care has been taken to raise them with
success. I even heard a gentleman say last sea-
son, he was told in New York, they should be
planted with the forks of the root up! As much
might be said of hyacinths ; but I will not take the
room, to enlarge upon them at this time. Enough
I hope has been said, to show that instead of
chrysanthemums being ' ten times ' the trouble of
tulips, &c, Ihey are a hundred the reverse.

Again, your correspondent seems to think, I am
no judge of flowers. I have not the vanity to say
my judgment is better than others ; but I cannot
yield to him. He says tulips last but three weeks,
and flower at a time when we have plenty of
roses, and perennial herbaceous plants. I think
he is here mistaken ; certainly he cannot have a
very retentive memory ! I will but refer him to
the last volume of your paper, where lie will find
that the show of tulips was on the 14th and 21st
of May, and roses on the 15th and 22d of June.
Indeed, here is a vast difterence ! Not a rose, I
think, was seen in bloom before the first of June,
{unless Scotch,) nor a tulip in perfection after the
23d of May. As to the perennial i)lants he speaks
of, I really cannot recollect any of great beauty
which flower so early. True there may be some
lilacs, &c, but few others.

I agi'ee with him, that tliere is a delicacy of
texture, a soft and satin-like ap])earance in the
lotus chrysauthenumi ; although I cannot think
of comparing it to a tulip. I have examined a
tidip, a hyacinth, and a ranunculus, and have
almost been enraptured in viewing such elegant
plants, hardly knowing which to admire most. A
bed of tuUps with their endless variety of colors,
60 evenly shaded together, may almost be contrast-

ed with the brilliant colors of the rainbow, so finely wo trace design and purpose in the -works of Na-
blended. I cannot say the same of ranuncules, ture, shall we not sym])athise the more with the
as I never had an opportunity of viewing a bed. fitness of means to end in human conduct ? The
But taking a single flower, that surpasses all | more we enter into the details of natural opera-
others, both in vividness of color and fineness of I tions, shall we not increase our taste for facts ?■ —
texture, and in fact all that belongs to a perfect i which is, in other words, the love of truth — the
flower. very foundation of justice and honesty ? The

1 cannot yet (and I hope no one can, who is at | venerable Bewich boldly asserts that 'a good nat- '

all acquainted with flowers,) be induced to ac-
knowledge, what your correspondent thinks exist-
ed only in my ' imagination,' or retract any from

uralist cannot be a bad man !'

It has been said that ignorance in ])hilosophy is
preferable to superficial knowledge ; but it is other-

what I first stated. He hopes to see the time wise in HtG study of Nature ; where every acqui-
whcu Horticultural Premiums will be ' ten times ' i sition is useful, from the simjtlest perception to the
their present value ; and I am glad to find that he deepest researches ; from the minutest detail to the
can take the same ])leasure in competing for two, ' most general views ; where there are jjroblems to
or five dollars, as he can for a larger amount ; ifjbe solved which may gently exercise the weakest
he will cultivate to i)erfection, it is all we wish ; ' or severely task the strongest, intellectual powers.

he thinks we can have what my imagination pic-
tures if we will only wait a year or two. I
hope I shall be blessed with patience.

lu regard to the system of awarding premiums,
I spoke of, he readily agrees with me, as an excel-
lent plan. But I am sorry he should so misunder-
stand me, as to convey the idea that I should cast
any rejuoaches upon the gentlemen, who compose

Indeed, it frequently happens, that the most in-
genious and apparently incontrovertible reasoning
. in Natm-al History is overturned or confirmed by
facts accidentally observed by the feeble and un-
scientific. Fortunately, a profound knowledge of
all, or even of any of its branches is not essential
to the horticulturist, however desirable it may be ;
and although a slight acquaintance may not enable

the committee. The thought did cot enter my 1 him to make many very valuable reprisals from tlie

yet too many are always ready to find
fault and not be content, if there is a doubt of the
least partiality. Undoubtedly he is right, in
speaking of the care which the ' humble cottager '
takes of his few plants ; and so far, it goes against
the florist. He will, if he is a skilful man, see
that his hundred i)lants are as well nurtured, as
the cottager's few ; many, however, work cuily for
the interest of their employer, and frequently let
their best varieties dwindle away in growth, till
they are completely ruined. A real florist and
admirer watches them with as niucli care as the
cottager, who only takes that peculiar care for
competing for the prize, while the admirer culti-
vates for his jileasure only.

I have written more than I intended at first, but

dark abyss of Nature's mysteries, or add much to
the advancement of science for the good of man-
kind, it certainly will do what is perhaps the next
best thing in the world, — it will incalculably pro-
mote his own enjoyments.

The prosperity of this Society hitherto, is, I be-
lieve, altogether unexampled ; and its future pros-
pects arc bright and exhilarating in the extreme.
Warned by the deplorable embarrassments of some
and guided by the happy example of other Horti-
cultural establishments, the strong and sagacious
iniuds which have conducted the affairs of ours so
felicitously, to the present moment, will not be likely
to err greatly in their management of them here
after. Slionld heaven iutercei)t some of them
from seeing all their wise and tasteful plans per-

as your correspondent has found so many faults , fectly accomplished, they may at least enjoy the
with my communication, and yet called them ! present confident assurance, that posterity will ap-
' trifling inaccuracies,' I felt it a duty to fully \ predate and be grateful for their labors. The
substantiate all doubts. With the hope that I have I amazing power of combinations is well known ;
not said anything that will be viewed as ungener- but has seldom been more agreeably illustrated,
ous, I remain yours, respectfully, | that in the formation of associations where the re-

Cambridge, Feb. 20, 18-32. RUSTICUS. i suits of individual exertions, experiments and

Ebr»t«. — In tijo former nriicle of Rusticus, first column, isili ' opinions are collected aud compared, corrected and
lhTt\l^?rt"l"'™^"'noV"'lhlL"d'^ '■">'": concentrated, aud the knowledge, thus acquired

. and i)reparcd, difliised in an attractive form among

the ma.ss of mankind by periodical publications.
It has been, and I think may again be confidently
a.sscrted, that 'more real, useful improvements
have been made in gardening since the formation
of- the London Horticultural Society, than have
been made in China within the last thousand years.'
To be conclLidcd next week.

ADDRESS

rtSTlVAL, (EITIMDEE 21, 1831.

BY M A L T n U S .\ . W A R D , M . D .
Continued from page 251.
Such then, gentlemen, are some of the most
prominent features in the science of Horticulture, —
and such its associated and auxilian stiulies. It
is unnecessary to ex])atiate upon the peculiar in-
terest t4iat is attached to such pursuits, even when
followed merely as a recreation ; on the pleasant
excitement which they kindle in the youthfid
uiiud, or the expansion they give to the heart in
more mature life; on the advantages they possess
in an eminent degree, of disciplining the intellect-
)Owers, — training us to habits of quick obser

A beautiful specimen of the Magnolia conspicua, a
native of Cliina, is now in t)lo^sorn at the botanic Gai'den
at Cambiiilge — It is but two feet high, lias nine flowers,
the petals of wliich are four inches long, perfectly white
and very fragrant ; and is well worthy the observation of
amateurs.

To CoRREsPoNDE.NTs. — We shall next week insert a
valuable article from Judge Buel on Dwarfing Trees —
alsoone fiom John Pbince, Esq. on the properties of
^ Liverpool and other Salts, and several others which we
vatiou, accurate discrimination, and methodical i have been obliged (o omit this week,
distribution of ideas ; or on the benign influence

which thev are calculated to have upon the moral L V°,'"''=''\'°''- " '^\* P''^"^'"'? "^ $20 awarded to
J . I ■ 1 I ■ ,- ... Col. John Wilson of Deeifield, as mentioned in our

sentiments and conduct ; which I believe to be far i^,, paper for Winter Rye, should have been for Winter
greater than is commonly suspected ; for the more ' Wheat.

Vol. X.— No. 33.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

263

Executive
Committee

NEW YORK AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.
The following gentlemen were on the 16th
inst. elected officers of this society for the ensuing
year : —

J. Lr. Ray De Chaumont, of Jefferson, President.
Edward P. Livingston, of Columbia, 1st V. P.
Ambrose Spencer, of Albany, 2d do.

Jacob Morris, of Otsego, 3d do.

Robert S. Rose, of Seneca, 4th do.

P. S. Van Rensselaer, of Albany, R. Sec'ry.
Jesse Buel, of do. C. Sec'ry.

Charles R. Webster, of do. Treasurer.
Henry W. Delavan, of Saratoga,
John TowNSEND, of Albany,

Horario Hiccock, of Rensselaer,

Committees of correspondence were also ap-
pointed in each county in the State, corresponding
witli tlie number of representatives in the assembly.

FARM SCHOOL.
A Coin'iiiUee consisting of Charles Jackson, chairman,
W. Prescott, J. Tnckernian, P. T. Jackson, J. Tappan,
S. T. Armstrong:, Closes Grant, George Bond, Georije
Tioknor, James Bowdoin, \V. C. Woodbridge, and E. M.
P. Wells, have submitted to the public a report relative
to establishing; a Farm School in the country, for the pur-
pose of giving a good moral and physical education to
t!ie idle and needv' childien, exposed to temptation and
acquiring bad habits in this city. Every friend to his
country and to humanity, must wish success to the efforts
of the public spirited gentlemen associated for the above
mentioned benevolent purpose.

White Mulberry Trees.

WANTED, a {(ew thousands of White Mulberry
Trees, two or three years old. .\ny persons having
them are requested to forward the necessary infoiniation,
with the prices, to the New-England Farmer OfiBce,
post paid.

Wool.

JAMES VILA, Wool Broker and Commission Mer-
chant, Nos. 3 and 4, Phillips' Buildings, has lor sale a
general assortment of

Russian, Saxony Lambs,

Smyrna, do. Sheep,

Jutland, Buenos Ayres,

Also, a large assortment of Domestic Fleece, Sorted and

Pulled Wools.

Feb. 28. If

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Notice.

A STATED MEETING of the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society will be held at the Hall of the Society,
on Saturday March 3d, 18.32. at 11 o'clock.

Feb. 28. R. L. EMMONS, Rec.See'y.

A Farm for Sale.

ONE of the best Farms in West Newbury, pleasant-
ly situated near the Merrimack river, on the stage road
from Newburyport to Haverhill and Lowell, containing
about one hundred and lifteen acres, well divided into
Mowing, Pasturing and Tillage. An excellent Farm for
Hay, having a l.irgc proportion of natural Mowing, and
a fine young Orchard. The Farm is composed of three
separate lot^, and will be sold together or in lots to suit
the purchaser. There is on the north side of the road
about sixtysix acres, with a large two story House, a
Barn, 104 feet by 30, Granary, Chaise-House, Sheds,
&c. convenient, and all in good repair. One lot on the
south side of the road, opposite the House, containing
eighteen acres.

Aiso, another Lot on the same side of the road, about
40 rods distant, containing about thirty acres, having a
good barn on the same, 51 by 28.

Also, a Lot of SALT M.'\RSH, about ten acres, very
handy to bo:it, and of the first quality.

If said Farm is not disposed of at private sale, before
Monday the 26lh March next, it will be sold on the
Wednesday following, at Public Auction, together with
the Slock of Cattle, Farming Utensils, about fifty Tons
of English Hay, 20 Tons Salt Hay, 60 bushels of Red
Top Seed, lot of Potatoes, and sundry other articles.

Sale will be positive. For further particulars inquire
of Iho subscriber on the premises, or at No. 12 Essex
street, Boston.

PAUL BAYLEV.

West Newbury, Feb. 20, 1832.

Farm for Sale or to Let.

WILL te sold or let, and possession given imraedi-
»lely, the Walerhill Farm, (so called,; situated in Lynn,
consisting of between 70 and SO acres of as good Lanil as
can be lound in the County of Essex, with between 2
and 300 large Apple, Pear, and Peach Trees, two good
Dwelling Houses, with ample Barns and out-buildings.
Said Farm is most pleasantly located, between the Bos-
ton old road and turnpike, and only ten minutes" walk
from the Hotel, affording an excellent opportiinity for a
Milk Farm or a Gardener.

i For further particulars inquire of Mr Wiley, near the
I Lynn Hotel, or of the subsciiber.
1 WiM. B. BREED.

I Lynn, Feb. IG, 1832. tf

New Publications.

LILLY & WAIT are preparing for publication, a
Practical Treatise on Breeding, Rearing, and Fattening
all kinds of Domestic Poultry, Pigeons, and Rabbits;
also the management of Swine, Milch Cows and Bees,
by B. Moubray, Esq. From the sixth London edition,
ailapted to general use in this country.

Library of Travels. — To appear in vols of about 300
pages each, comprising the most authentic and interest-
ing travels, into every quarter of the Globe, with accu-
rate and useful maps.

They have just published, Knowledge for the People,
price 12 1-2 cents.

Part VI. Sports, Pastimes, and Superstitions.

Also, the Library of Entertaining Rnowledge, just
published, vol. 7, Part 2.--Menageries: the Elephant.
The publication of Ibis beautiful work, which grows
rapidly in public favor, continued. Price 40 cents each
part.

Flooring Boards, «Scc.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.o lowest prices, for sporting—
constantly for sale at COPELANUS POW DER STORE,
6) Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will be relimOeu. Jan.l

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 105 Washington Street,
Boston, is coivstantly suppJted with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver and Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kinds. Fancy Goods, ^c, 4'c, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as can be purchased in the
cily. Qj" Watches repaired and warranted.

Situation Wanted.

A Gardener, who considers himself thoroughly ac-
quainted with his business, in all its branches, is familiar
with forcing fruits and vegetables, is desirous of a good
situation. He has a wife and two children ; has lived
upwards of seven years at his last place, and can pro-
duce satisfactory recommendations from his last and all
his other employers. Inquire at the P'armer office.

A Farmer Wanted.
WANTED to hire, in the vicinity of Boston, a man
of middle age, who is thoroughly acquainted with farm-
ing in all its branches. Inquire at this office.

Bremen Geese.

FOR Sale, 3 or 4 pair of large Bremen Geese, of un-
doubted purity of blood. Inquire at the N. E. Farmer
office. 4t Feb. 15.

Farm for Sale.

ON the road leading from Newton, west parish
Meetinghouse, to AValtham Factory, containing from 50
to 75 acres ol Land, well proportioned into mowing and
tillage — also. House, Barn and Outhouses with the
same. Said farm is well watered, and has a valuable
fruit Orchard. Apply to Eph. McN.amara.

Feb. 15. 6t

Liead Pipe and Sheet Lead.

LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimeii.
sions, constantly for sale at No. HO Stale street, by

ALBERT FEARING &. CO

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, iirst sort,

pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....

prime

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street.
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
I Baltimore, wharf, .

Gr.\in, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay,

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality.

Lime, .....

Pl.vister Paris retails at

Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. I,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .

Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, ^ths, washed.
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Nutive, washed,
r. f Pulled superfine,
^ -d I 1st Lambs,

| = ]3d, "

'^ l^lst spinning, .

Southern pulled Wool

FROM

barrel

3 00

ton

120 00

••

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 50

7 75

"

7 00

pound

IC

"

6

bushel

1 12

barrel

5 75

"

6 25

5 62

"

5 62

bushel

85

't

75

"

95

'.

112

■<

48

cwt.

65

"

9 00

"

1100

cask

125

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

13 00

bushel

2 25

"

67

pound

11

cwt.

9.50

pound

55

.<

50

<t

45

"

40

,.

58

53

«

38

1'

28

45

4 00

125 00

115 00

1 00

11 00

8 00

7 50

18

3

1 50

6 00

6 50

5 75

5 75

90

80

98

1 20

50

70

9 75

12 00

1 30

3 37
17 00

4 00

13 50

2 50
75
12

10 00

about 5 cents less.

PROVISION M
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .
whole hogs, .

Veal,

Mutton, .....
Poultry', ....

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail, ....
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes, ....

Cider, (according to quality.) .

pound

8

"

6

"

5i

«'

6

"

4

<'

9

"

12

"

16

dozen

17

bushel

37

barrel

4 00

12
15

18

20

1 17

1 00

40

5 00

BRIGHTON MABKET— Monday, Feb. 27, 1832.
Rfporled for tlie Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 358 Beef Cattle, 392 Sheep, and 9
Cows and Calves.

Prices. Beef Cattle — Salesquick and prices advanc-
ed. We quote a, few yoke at $6,25, extra at 5,75 a 6,
prime 5,62 a 5,75, good 5,25 a 5,50, thin 4,75 a 5.

Cows and Calves. We noticed the sale of two at $35
each, two at 30 each, one at 26, and one at 24.

Sheep. We noticed an extraordinary lot of 106, driven
by E. Hastings, Esq. of Heath, and fed by Col. Anderson
of Shelburne, which attrac;ed much attention; they ex-
ceed any lot we ever sa^v so large, probably any lot ever
driven to this market, sate not effected. We also noticed
a lot of 26, driven bg Mr T. Rice and fed by Col. Newell
of Conway, taken at ,f 9 each — also sales at 6, at 4,75 and
4,50.

j\tw York Cattle Market, Feb. 24.— About 700 heaxl
at Market, generally good, sales quick at an average of
$6,50 — some very fine cattle sold at 7,50 — we quote .5,50
a 7. Sheep — a very short supply this week, only about
200; they were all sold at 4 a.T.—Daihj Adc.

[0°ln the N. York market only the quaters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow arc
weighed as well as the quarters.

264

NEW ENGLAND FARIMER.

Feb. 29, 1832.

MISCEI^LANY

From the Boston Contiuel.

Mmrs Editors.— kmong my many scraps, I lately
(..•ind some lines of poelry by a PhiliKlelphian, occa-
sioned on the aloption of the Fedeial Const iluuon in 1787.
The ' 'Vcntion' met in a wooden meeting house, where
„ow stands Dr Channing's. 11 your v.ews ol restisrita-
lion are in unison with mine, the subsequent will lind a
pUce in the Centiuel. "'"O ""^^'O-

The 'Vention did in Boston meet.
But Slate House could not hold 'em ;
So then they went to Fed'ral street.
And there the truth was told 'em.
Yankee doodle, keep it up,
Yankee doodle dandy,
Mind the music and the step
And with the girls be handy.

They every morning went to prayer.
And then began disputing,
'Till opposition silenced were
By arguments refuting.

The 'squire Hancock like a man
Who deirly loves the nation,
By a concil'atory plan
Prevented much vexation.

He made a woundy Federal Speech
With sense and elocution ;
And then the 'Venlion did beseech
T' adopt the Constitution.

The question being outright put,
(Each voter Independent,)
The Federalists agreed t' adopt.
And then propose amendment.

The other party seeing then 7i
The People were against 'em,
Agreed like honest, faithful men.
To mix in peace Rinongst 'cm.

The Boston folks are deucid lads.

And always full of notions;

The Boys, the Girls, their Mams and Daas

Were filled with joy's commotions.

So straightway they procession made.
Lord ! how a nation fine. Sir !
For every man of every trade
Went with his tools — to dine. Sir.

John Fostek Williams in a Ship
Join'd in the social band, Sir,
And made the lasses dance and skip.
To see him sail on land. Sir.

Oh then a whopping feaot began,

.\nd all hands went to sating ;

They drank their toasts, shook hand and sang.

Huzza ! for 'Vention meeting.

Now Politicians of all kinds,

Who are not yet decided,

May sec how Yankees speak their minds;

Arc yet are not divided.

Then from this sample let 'cm cease
Inflammatory writings,
For Fbeedom, H.\ppniEss and Peace,
la betler far than fighting.

So here I end my Fed'ral Song,
Composed of thirteen verses.
May Agriculture flourish long,
,\nd Commerce fill our purses !

New AVork on Fruits, &c.

JoriN R. RussEi.L and C»rtfk & HKSi'Kk", Boston; G
Thohburn & .-^oNs, New York ; (Jkkco &. F.i.i.iott
and t'AKY & Makt, Philadelphia; .S. C. I'akkihikst.
Cincinnati, and Wm. Thobbur.v, .\lbany, have iu press,
anil wiU publish in a few weeks,

Rattle Snake adventure in Oregon. — A curious
incident occurred to one, of our men, named La
Course, wliich was near proving fatal. This man
had stretched himself on the ground, after the
fatigue of the day, with his head resting on a small
package of goods, and quietly fell asleep. While
in this situation I passed him, and was almost pet-
rified at seeing a large rattle snake move from his
side to his left breast. My first impulse wa.s to
alarm La Course ; but an old Canadian wliom I
had beckoned to the spot, requested me to make
no noise, alleging it would merely cross the body
and go away. He was mistaken ; for on reaching
the man's left shoulder, the serpent coiled itself
but did not appear to meditate an attack. Having
tnade signs to several others, who joined us, it was
determined that two men should advance a little
in front, to divert the attention of the snake, while
one should approach La Course behind and with
a long stick endeavor to remove it from the body.
The snake on observing tlie men advance in front
instantly raised its head, darted its forked tongue,
and shook its rattles — all indications of anger.
Every one was now in a feverish state of agitation

to the fate of poor La Course, who still lay hS';3,«irreL'ri;ti:(besides old sort-) of Iron,
slumbering, unconscious of his danger ; when the jqo to ]20 jieic rnnXiM of Peara of undoubted ex-
man behind, who had procured a stick seven feet celi.ence; from 60 to 80 of which are not particularly
in len.'th, suddenly placed one end of it under the Me-rribcd and condensed in any one European volume

., = ' , „I„j :.. ..:.,. I.: :. a^ ,.f wliich has hitherto reached us; some American, but

chiefly the new and most approved Flemish varieties.

The descriptions are partly from personal observation,
and from assistance received from some of the most in-
telligent horticulturists of New Kngland ; from the best
writer.* of America, and the best foreign productions ; the

NEW AMERICAN ORCIIARDIST,
MOST VALUABLK FRUITS A.NU VEGF.TABLEti

ADAPTED TO CULTIVATION

CLIMATE OF THE UNITED STATES,

MOPES OF CULTUBE ASD MANAGEMENT; BEMEDIES FOB

THE MALADIES TO WTllCU TllKY ABE SUBJECT

KBOM CA.SKER WOKMS, BOBEKS, KT.'.

Br W M . K E N R I C K .

This work will contain particular descriptions of from
700 to SOO select varieties of fruit, adapted to our
varied climate, and will include the Olive and some most
useful tropical fruits which may be successfully cultivated
in our Southern territories.

The dilfercnt modes by whicl: the new varieties of
fruit have been obtained, will be described ; modes of
pruning and tiaining, by which trees, 8i.c, are rendered
fruitful ; of grafting and inoculation ; and of the modes

reptile, and succeeded in pitching it upwards of
ten feet from the man's body. A shout of joy
was the first intimation La Course rcAieivcd of his
wonderful escape ; while in the meantime the
man with the stick pursued the snake, which he
killed. A general search was then commenced
about the encampment, and under several rocks
we found fifty of them, all of which we destroyed.
They l-.ave a strong repugnance to the smell of
tobacco, in consequence of which we opened a
bale of if, and strewed a quantity of loo.se heaves
about the tents, by which means we avoided their
visits during the night. — Mven. on Cohimbia river.

Mr Girard used to say that a man who would
leave off business because he thought himself rich
enough, had very erroneous views^that he at-
tached no more importance to wealth, than he did
to his old shoes, but that he looked upon active
employment, as one of the greatest duties of life.
He used to say that he would plant a tree today,
f he thounht he should die tomorrow.

.■? powerful argument in favor of Temperance. —
The Medical Intelligencer states, that from Regi.s-
ters of Societies of Friends or Quakers, it appears
as a consequence of their temperate habits, that
one half of those that are born, live to the age of
47 years ; whereas, says Dr Price, that of the gen-
eral society of London, one half live only 2^
years! Among the quakers, one in ten arrive at
70 years of age ; of the general population of Lon-
don, only one in 40. Never did a more powerful
aigument support tlie practice of temperance and
a virtuous life.

The following charade is said to be from the pen
of a worthy Alderman of the city of London:

' My first is a little thing what hops.
My second gives us good hay crops.
My whole I oats with mutton chops.'

Solution — Sparrow-grass.

iptions ol Van Mons, the splendid edition of New
Duhamel,the Poinological Magazine, the superb Pyrus
Mains Brentfordiensis of Ronald, and Lindley's Guide to
the Orchard and Kitchen (Jarden. From these it ha»
been the constant aim, to cull from their extremely varied
and select lists, all that was beautiful, excellent, produc-
tive and profitable.

From these will be formed another select list, of those
sorts already approved with us, as the best and /nost pro-
ductive.

In regard to the new varieties of fruits of .\inericaand
of Europe, it will be the aim of the writer, to render this
work particularly interesting, and adapted to the diflftrent
sections of our highly favored country.

The very best of late English works, we refer to those
just named, those celebrated works which arc beyond all
doubt so admiratilij adapted to the climate and covntri/
for which they were principalli/ designed, and as auxili-
aries tons, are extremely deficient in regard to those na-
tive fruits which arc with us so highly cstccmcJ. We
will instance some ; with others it is even still worse.

In their description of apples we find very few, scarce
half a dozen, of our fine native varieties described
or even named; those fiuits which agree so well with
U8 — the .^elections from the innumerable native orchards
of our country during two centuries.

They describe but one variety of our 7iative pears, and
in the place of those not described, they rccomniend to'iis
other varielies, the very sorts we have lung since rejected.

They describe buitwo varieties of ournative peaches, so
much admired by travellers ; some, the finest of the South
of Europe are equally unnoticed, — the fine selections
fiom the vast native orchards of this fruit at the South, for
distillation, — all these, the productions of our own and other
equally favored climates, are rejected from their lists as
'worthless;' not being adaptetl to their hostile seasons
and latitude, and not coming to full maturity and excel-
lence, even on the walls to which their cultivation is con-
fined.

A few engravings may be furnished, such as a plan of
the Thomery mode of training Grape Vines ; the que-
nouillo mode of training trees, &c.

It will be comprised in one volume of about 300 pages,
and will be furnished for about $1 per copy. Feb. 22.

It is an honor to their (the Spaniards) law.a, that
a man loses his testimony who can be pro\ed
once to have been drunk. — Sir William Temple.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay withiB
sixty da\8 from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fifty cents.

Jj^ No paper wiil be sent to a distance witnout paympnt
being made in advance.

]^EW

VOL. X.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL^N0^52^INORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk Aoriculturai. Wa«7^k.)-T. G. FESSENDENy EDITOR

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 7, 1833.

NO. 34.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL KSSAVS.

DWARFING TREES.

The art of dwarfing trees, consists in grafting
or budding the desired fruit, upon dwarf varieties
of the same genera. Thus the apple is dwarfed
by putting it on the paradise stocit, aiid partially
by working it on the wild crab ; the pear is dwarf-
ed by working it on the quince, or the hawthorn,
or wild thorn ; the cherry, by grafting on a dwiirf
variety termed the beach or sand cherry. Friiif
trees are also rendered comparatively dwarf riid
early bearers, by permitting the first side shoots to
remain at proper distances to become hearing
wood. By annually cutting off the lower hr^u-
ches, to produce standards or high tops, we pro-
portionally delay the season of fruiting. Van
Mons, in his successful experiments in producing
new varieties of the pear, loft the first branches to
grow, and thus often obtained iiuit in from four to
six years from the seed. In this way dwarf plums,
peaches, and nectarines, are produced on the stock
of the muscle plum. Whatever retards the
growth of wood, in a tree of beating age, induces
the production of fruit; and a tree seldom maives
much new wood while sustaining ^ heavy croi> of
fruit. The precocity of dwarfs is owing to the
diminished circulation of sap, consccjient upon the
sap vessels of the stock being moi<» limited or
contracted than those of the graft ; or by the ma-
turity of the branches which are sufFft-ed to re-
main near the ground.

It ;ipriii, -ja> loiiiafk, i"„„, „i.'Vearri <Jrtli uott^e
or do well upon the quince. The words pear, pear
and quince, in the table you published, although
not understood, and sent to you by mistake, indi-
cate the stock upon which the kinds may be work-
ed with advantage. Those with quince, in the
column of ripening, produce better on the quince
than on the pear. The breaking pears are gener-
ally best on the pear stock. I have liec6me so
sensible of the advantage of dwarfs for early
bearing, that we have sent an order to France for
three or four hundred of the best varieties of the
pear upon the quince, to supply customers to our
nursery. It should also be borne in mind, that in
dwarfs, the scion overgrows the stock ; and tliat
hence it is necessary to graft near the surface of
the ground, or under it. I have several pears
now growing upon the hawthorn, which were
grafted in 1827 ; but they have not produced, nor
do they promise much. Dwarfs upon the quince
should be planted in a quince soil ; that is, one
that is moist, and rather stiff than sandy.

Mbamj Mirseri/, Feb. 21, 1832. J. B.

the manure, that 1 have anywhere witnessed. I
saw it at the farm of Dr liosack, at Hyde Park.
The Doctor is nice in everything he undertakes ;
and my oiily fear is, that farmers will be deterred
fiom imitatiiig his example, from a fear that they
cannot equal it.

The Doctor's cattle yard is nearly a square, sur-
rounded by an extensive barn on the north, cattle
sheds on the east and west, the two latter termin-
ating on the south in two more elevated structures,
wliich serve for farm carriages, implements and
work-shops. The whole has a gentle slope to the
centre, which is puddled and gravelled so as to
become impervious and firm. Over this he has
a cheap octagon cover erected, about fortyfive feet
in diameter, supported by the centi-al and exterior
Jiarts and covered with boards. Poles extending
under this roof, constitute a comfortable roost for
his fowls. This centre forms a reservoir, |)rotect-
ed from the storms and the sun, for all the manure
ofthe yard and stables, including urine and hen-
dung, into which it is daily collected, when prac-
ticable. His stables are dcHible, that is, they ad-
mit two rows of cattle, their heads turned from
each other ; they are paved and sloped to the cen-
tre, from whence a paved gutter leads to the
stereorai-y, or central deposit. At a proper ele-
ration in the stercorary, a grate is fixed, opening
into a drain, into which the liquids ofthe sterco-
rary pass, and by which they are conducted to a
large«tank or cistern in the kitchen garden, which
is lower than the cattle yards. This cistern is
famished' with a ptitrip, fey tvhicli this liquidliia-
nure is afterwards raised into spouts which con-
duct it through the garden, pr it is taken from the
cistern to other grounds. In this way, the Doctor
has increased, probably one third, the quantity of
his vegetable food. J. B.

^Utamj JVursery, Feb. 23, 1832.

MANURES

Manures are to the vegetable, what grain and
forage are to the animal products ofthe farm —
the food which sustains and brings them to per-
fection. 1 do not see, therefore, wliy Swift's com-
mendation will not a])ply as well to him, who in-
creases the food of vegetables, as to him who
increases the food of animals, by causing a new
blade of grass to grow. Without, however, mean-
ing to raise a question upon this point, I jm
anxious to communicate to your readers, one of
the best contrivances for saving manure, andall

AGRICULTURE, HARVESTING CORN, &c.

Mr Editor — The science of agriculture is not
yet well understood in New England ; although
many intelligent farmers are beginning to devote
much of their attention to it ; and many valuable
improvements and discoveries have been made.
Farmers have much to learn, and much more than
they are generally willing to admit. To advance
this most important science and spread light among
farmers, the pid)licatiou of the "jVeio England
Farmer " has already exerted the most salutary in-
fluence, and we trust that the great variety of the-
ories, experiments, and useful remarks which
enlightened agriculturists may communicate for
your paper, will have a certain tendency to dissi-
pate the clouds of mental darkness, which still
hang over the prospects ofthe most useful class
of citizens in the community. After the lapse of
half a century, those who may then till the soil,
will probably look back with deep regret and as-
tonishment, at the gross ignorance under which
we now labor, in om- agricultural pursuits.

Those who have had an opportunity to examine
the fertile, fruitful fields in England,"France, and
some other countries, will not feel disposed to take
offence at my remarks. There the state of agri-
culture is, perhaps, half a century in advance of
its state in this country. The science of agricul-

ture is not of easy attainment— it embraces much
practical and theoretical knowledge, and the
knowledge of a great variety of subjects having an
intiniiilB connexion whh it; and much study, clds^
rillcctiim, and long experience are necessary 1o-
its ac(i/iisition. • In respect to myself, Sir, Iain
ready ^> confesS.my ignorance of this science ; and
the few years jn which I have been engaged in
agriculjiral pursuits, and the mformation acquired
in prof s.-',ionaJ studies, tend to force upon my
mind tje conviction of this ignorance ; and at the
same tjne I must admit that I can acquire but
very l^i'iled information, from mere practical
farmerij, who are resolved to follow the old beaten
IJath ill which their fathers trod. New experi-
ments^Mic best kinds of seeds, improved breeds of
cattle^ new- methods of obtaining manures, &c,
they generally aonsider silly notions of mere theo-
risis, and some even ridicule Agricultural Socie-
ties -H^ich have been attended with the most
auspicious results, in this as well as in other coun-
tries. I

Th*e, however, who make useful experiments
may, iossibly, by giving the same publicity, do
some/ienefit even to that class of farmers.

I (herefore, at this time, communicate to you
but two experimerits (new in this quarter, biitnot
so ii some of the southern and middle Slates,)
made on my farm in this vicinity.

I noticed a statement in the N. E. Parmer, by
which it appeared that the early topjiing or cutting
corn .);^-» Iks, proved, upon fair experiment, to b&
injtlViolfe to the ears of com, and that the com
not topped at all was heavier than that which was
topped. All tjie farmers in New Hampshire, I
believe, are in Uie habit of cutting the stalks while
the corn is. in the milk, or before the inner part of
the kernel is hard. A little reflection convinced
me that this practice is wrong. I this year raised
between two and three hundred bushels, and suf-
fered no part ofthe corn to be topped. After the
corn was fully ripe, I commenced by having the
corn cut close to the ground, tied in small bundles
and put into small shocks by the side ofthe corn
field, to dry, and thence conveyed to the barn ; a
practice which in common seasons will be benefi-
cial—but afterwards I found the com so ftdly ripe
and dry, standing in the field, that I had it cut
close to the ground and conveyed in small loads
to the barn, husked immediately and put into a
granary made for the purpose, standing on posts,
jiroperly ventilated. The result was that my corn
was very heavy, large, perfectly sound, and » as
sweet as a nut." Many cars were found from
twelve to fourteen inches in length. But I plant
a large kind of yellow corn ; the kernel is very
large. Many have expressed an opinion that they
never tasted bread, made of it, so sweet and of
such fine flavor. I have never known any com
equal to it, although it is well known that we
never had a season more favorable to corn. The
cattle appear to relish the stalks as well as those
cut green— there is no lofes in this particular— but
a gain, in respect to the under stalks, often left
exposed in the field after the corn is gathered.

There can scarcely be a doubt but what the
corn will ripen earlier and be heavier, by suffering
' the tops to remain until the corn is fultt/ ripe. It

266

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Feb. 29, 1832.

is not fiillv ripe until the inner part of the kernel
l)ecomes rather hard, or is " out of tlie milk," as
farmers say. Then the corn may lie t(i]ipeil with-
out injury. Nature does nothing in vain. It is
idle to say that the ear of corn derives no nourish-
ment, wliilc green, from the top stalks. Every
part of the stalk, leaves and all, are necessary to
the srowth and maturity of the ear, and the sac-
charine juice gently oozes into the coh, and from
the cob into the kernel until fully ripe. It would
be (IS rational to coutend, that the anipuiation of
an arm would not injure a man, as that ibc cutting
the green stalk would not tend to wither tnc gi-eeii
ear of corn. I am aware, Mr Editor, .hat this
dt)ctrine stands opposed to the prejudices of farm-
ers generally, yet I fully belie\e that ftiir expe-
rii.ients will, not many years hence, induce them
to supjiort it.

Another practice among farmers deserves cen-
sure. They often pile up their corn in laige heaps
in the barn, in order to have what iscallted" husk-
ings." In this pile there are greeu materials, green
stalks, green ears, and fold matter, whick, after
laying a short time, produce fermentatijn, the
whole heap becomes warm, and tainted vith the
noxious gases or ctl^luvia that penetrate evtry part.
The corn is afterwards husked, and oftei placed
in rooms not well ventilated. The corn wiy be
sound and look finely — the bread palatable and
called good, very good. But the question wheth-
er it might not have been rendered frf bdi-.r and
sweeter with proper management, sehlom, pe-haps,
enters the farmer's mind.

One of your corresiiondents, an enlighened
practical farmer, informed me that he was fully
convinced, that corn would not ripen so soon by
topping it while green. This is also agaijst the
general opinion, but not, thercl'ore. im-oVreCt. —
He also stated that he topped a portion of a corn
field, beforenhe corn was out of tlie milk, in order
to feed his oxen, a practice very common ; luul
that where he gathered his com, that portion so
topped, was inferior to his other corn in the same
piece, the soil being equal.

WM. CLAGGETT.
Portsmouth, JV. H. Feb-.' Vi, 1832.

ADDRESS

lalions always awaken, he is ready to exclaim ia
the language of the poet,
Naluie in every form is lovely still;
Nothing in her is menn, nothing 3\ipei'fluons.
How woiKhous is lliis scene ! whore all Is form'd
With niiuiber, « eight, iind measure ! — all designed
For some great end ! — whcie not alone the plant
or stalely growth; the herb of glorious hue,
Or food-fjil substance ; not the labeling steed ;
The herd and flock that leed us ; not the mine
That yields us sloies ot elegance and use ;
The sea that loads our tables, and conveys
The wanlerer man from clime to clime, with all
Those rolling spheres, that, from on high, shed down
Their kindly influence ; — not these alone.
Which strike even eyes incurious, but each moss.
Each shell, each crawling insect holds a rank,
linporlanl in the plan of Him, who form'd
This sc.ile of beings:

A blade of silver Iiair-grass, nodding slowly
In the solt wind ; — the thistle's purple crown.
The ferns, the rushes tall, and fungus lowly, —
A thorn, a weed, aninseci, or aslone,
Can (hrill us with sensations exquisite ;
For all is exquisite ; — and every part
Points to the niighiy hand that fashion'd it.

Then, as we look aloft with yea.rning heart.

The trees and mountains, like conductors, raise

Our spirits upward on their flight sublime.

And clouds, and sun, and Heaven's marrnorean floor.

Are but the stcpping-slones by which we climb

Up to the dreixl Invisible, to pour

Our grateful 'eelingg out in silent praise.

1 the New York Funnel.

FESTIVAL, SErXIMUER 21, iBJl.

BY M A L T H U S A.WARD, M . D .

Concluded from page 2G*2,

Even in the short space since the foundation (f
this Society, its influence has become strongly
marked, not only around the residences of its mem-
bers, but throughout this section of the country.
Never before was there so much inquiry for orna-
mental trees and for the choicer kinds of fruits,
among people of all classes. Never bsfore did
gardening and rural affairs engross so large a share
of common conversation, — ollcn entirely exclud-
ing those unprofitable and acrimonious discussions
on politics, and those religions coutroversies,which
are so apt to terminate only in uucharitidileness
and ill will. Never before was there an ojiportu-
nity for the interchange of such cheap but accepta-
ble civilities, as the offer of desirable plants, seeds,
and scions of favorite fruits, or the timely donation
of a delicious melon or basket of grapes. By these
means, harmony of neighborhoods has been jire-
served, valuable acquaintances acquired, unplea-
sant feuds have been suppressed, and many petty
ieaJpusies, wliich secretly rankled in the bosom.

have been allayed, and may soon be forgotten. If, In a spirit of that pure luUural religion, and full
within the last three years, there is a decided im- of those ennobling setitimenis which such contem-
provement in the grounds of men of wealth and
leisure, it is still more conspicuous in the gardens
anil court-yards of the middling class of citizens ;
and even the home of the laboring poor has, in not
a few instances, acquired an additional point of
interest, to attract him from the haunts of dissipa-
tion ; his leisure hours are pleasantly occupied ;
his mind expanded, and his heart!' warmed and
softened.

All this, it must be admitted, is more than well.
It is excellent. Had no higher benefits accrued
from the expenditure of the time, the labors, and
the funds of this society, the speculation must
have been accounted luost fortunate. It is not,
however, the simjile, the rude and uneducated,
who derive the most exquisite gratification from a
contetnplation of the works of Nature. It is the
mind, which, in addition to. -refined literary accom-
plishments, an intimacy with the fine arts and
the cultivated sensibilities of polite society, has ad-
ded a considerable attainment in those scientific
pursuits which I have been striving to recommend.
The uniform testimony of all who have walkeil in
tliese paths is, that they are ways of pleasantness.
Dr Elliott, to whom the Botany of this country is
so much indebted, anys, " It has been for many
years, the occupation of my leisure moments ; and
it is a merited tribute so say, that it has lightened
fi)r me many a heavy and smoothed many a rug-
ged hour ; that, beguiled by its charms, I have
found no road rough or difficult, no journey tedi-
ous, no country desolate or barren. In solitude
never solitary, in a desert never without employ
ment, I have found it a relief from the languor of
idleness, the pressure of business and the unavoid-
able calamities of life." " I have travelled through-
out America," says Mr Nutlall, " |>rincii)ally with
a view to becoming acquainted with some favorite
branches of Natural History. I had no other ciul
in view hut personal gratification ; ainj, in this, I
have not been disappointed ; for innocent a;nuse-
ment can never leave room J'or regret. To con-
verse, as it were, with Nature, to admire the wis-
dom and l)eauty of creation, has been, and I hope
ever will be, a favorite pursuit. To comnuinicate
to others a portion of the same amusement and
•rratification, has been the only object of my bota-
nical publications."

There is not, in fact, a flower in the garden, or
by the way-side, but has some beauty only unveil-
ed to the minute inquirer; — some peculiarity in
structure, fitting it for its destined place and pur-
pose, and yet not obvious to a casual glance. —
Many are full of remembrances and associations,
in which it is good for us to indulge. To the en-
lightened student, " a yellow primrose on the
brim" is .something more than a yellow ju-iinrose.
He is, to borrow the words of the author of the
Sketch Book, " continually coming upon some lit-
tle document of poetry in the blossomed hawthorn,
the daisy, the cowslip, or some other simple object
that has received a supernatural value from the
muse." And as his pursuits lead him into the
most wild and heautiful scenes of Nature, so his
knowledge enables him to enjoy tliem with a high-
er relish than others. They are " full of his
familiar friends," with whom he holds a kind of
intellectual communion, and finds from experience
that

" The meanest flower th.it blows can give
Thoughts that olt lie too deep for tears."

ON TKE CULTURE AND VALUE OF
LOCUST.

Among the great vsuiety of subjects discusseiJ
ire your vuUiahlo^liblicatiou, connected with agri- j
cultural pursuits, I have not seen any notices of
that most valuable of all the diff'ereut kinds of
wood known to our country, the common yellow
locust. The most valuahle, because of all the va-
ried productions cS our foncsts, no out; sp(;cies of
wood is in so many ways ]ircferahle to all othei-s.

In ship-building, and housebuilding ; for fi'nces
and for fuel, the locust is in almost all resjiects as
good as any other, and in many iiarticulars so de-
cidedly superior, as scarcely to admit of compari-
son.

The value of this wood not being generally
known, as it is rarely found among our primifive
forests, and the cultivation of it but little attended
to in the new and recently settled parts of our
state, is probably the cause why it has attracted so
little of gecei-al interest. The soil in which the lo-
cust a|ipears to thrive best, is of the kind which is
generally found upon the necks aneT iironiontories
on the iiorlh shore of Long lsl.-.ii<I — a light ami
sjmewhat sandy loani. It thrives best in the deep-
est and richest "soils of this description, but grows
very well in those that are so gravelly and uiievwi
as to be of little or no value for the plough.

It may be grown from the seed, first subjected
to the action of boiling water, and pl.iuted iu nur-
series, to remain two or more years previous to
transplanting ; or when fallen, after having attain-
ed some size, nimierous sprouts may he obtained
by wounding or separating the roots with a plough,
which extend for a considerable distance from the
liody, and run near the surface. In this way an
icre may be covered with more than will arrive at
maturity, from a dozen well grown trees scattered
over that surface.

Vol. X.-No. 34.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

207

III the older parts oftlie state, where tlie i|iiuii-
tity ofwoodlaiKi is rodiiceil to the desiral)le limits,
this wood may he advantageously sul)stituted for
other kinds, hy introihicing it among the sprouts,
on woodland recently cut off, in which way, five
and twenty trees on an acre, and in a soil adapted
o their growth, would, at the expiration of as ma-
ny years, when the wood was again suhjected to
the axe, take the place of the other tiniUer, ifoare
were taken to destroy or retard the growth of the
sprouts.

For fence posts, the locust is invaluable, it being
durable beyond any other kind of wood. How
long it will last, Used in this way, is perhaps some-
what uncertain ; but it does not admit of a doubt,
tliat an originally sound post, of five inches in dia-
meter, will be good at the expiration of fitly years.

For sills, posts, and those parts of the frame of
a building that are subjected to dampness, or ex-
posure to the weather, it is perhaps as durable as
iron similarly exposed ; and if it should ever be-
come so plentiful, as to admit of being used for the
outside covering of buildings, as well as for frames,
stone itself would have but few advantages over it.

In ship-building, its value is well known, for
certain parts of the frame, and for trunnels, it be-
ing incomparably of more value than any other
kind of wood used.

For fuel, it is of equal value in all respects, with
waltmt, or the best white oak.

In a kindly soil, there are but few kinds of wood
that grow more rapidly than the locust. The wal-
nut, oak, elm, and other kinds of hard wood, are
decidedly inferior to it in that respect ; but the
chestnut and tulip tree, (the common wliite wood,)
particularly the last, will overtop it. Great care,
consequently, is required when it is young, and
growing among sprouts of this last description, to
prevent them from destroying it. In good soils,
in twenty years from the seed, and fifteen years
from good roots, it will attain a liberal size for
fencing uses.

The money value of the locust depends, like all
other productions of the soil, upon its proximity to
a market. On this island, a post five inches in di-
ameter, and six and a half or seven feet long, which
divided, will make two five-rail fence posts, is
worth at least fifty cents : ten and twelve feet long,
for yard posts, seventyfive cents. Trees from
twelve to eighteen inches in diameter, are worth
from fifty to seventyfive cents per cubic foot ; and
it is no unusual circumstance for the standing wood
on an acre of fair growth, to sell for two hundred
and fifty and three hundred dollars.

The leaf of the locust possesses an eminently
enriching quality, as is evinced by the improved
state of the pasture on w-orn out soils, where this
tree is planted. Wlien planted out at regular dis-
tances, like a fruit orchard, the grass under and
around them on the most indifferent soils, is im-
proved rapidly, and converted into a beautifully
green turf, a favorite walk with cattle.

Among the various subjects which address
themselves to the attention of our enterprising
countrymen, but few are more deserving the inte-
rest of farmers and capitalists, than the cultivation
of the locust. What better method of invesling
money, than placing fifty dollars where, in fifty
years, it would be worth five hundred dnihrs ?
What better inheritance could a farmer providii for
his children, than a property of this description ?
Stick a tree in the ground now and then, wpsthe
advice of an old Scotch Laird in one of tlic tVa-

verly novels, lor, said he, " it will grow while ye
are asleep." R. W. M.

Queen's Co. Jan. .30, 1832.

From the Tn

■ipl.

SUPERIOR QUALITIES OP THE BLOOD
HORSE.

Mr Editor — Permit me to call the attention of
breeders of horses, to a subject in which they are
directly interested. I allude to the superiority of
the Blood Horse over all otliers. Very few per-
sons in New England possess any knowledge of
the power and ability of the blood, or race horse,
to perform a given service ; and, consequently,
conclude that race horses produce race horses, and
not workers. Nothing is more remote from the
truth, nor more easily disproyed.

The strength of the race horse and his ability
to carry high weights, arise from the solidity of
his bones, the close texture of his fibres, the bulk
and substance of his tendons, and from his whole
peculiar conformation. His superior speed and
endurance originate from his obliquely placed
shoulders, depth in the girth, deep oval quarters,
broad fillets, pliable sinews, and from the superior
ductility and elasticity of his muscular appendages.
It is also from the blood horse that we acquire
fineness of skin and hair, symmetry and regulaiity
of proportions, elegance and grandeur.' As a proof
of the latter qualities, the highest dressed horses of
the ancient emperors, were invariably of the high-
est cast of Arabian or southern blood.

The value of the racing blood, when crossed
upon the common cart breed, is also apparent in
making hiin su])erior in the plough and wagon ;
arising from quicker action and better wind, par-
ticularly in the long hot days of summer. There
is the same dift'erence of motion between the racer
and the common bred horse, as between a coach
and a cart. It is, moreover, a fact, although not
generally known, that no other horses are capable
of carrying with cxjiedition such heavy weights ;
and were " a thirty stone plate (420 lbs.) to be
given, and the distance made fifty miles, it would
be everlastingly won by the thorough bred horse.
There is but one way in which a bred horse would
he beat at high weights ; it would be, (to use a
queer phrase,) to make it a stand-still race. In
that case, I would back a cart horse ; I think he
would beat a racer by hours."

Is not a cross of the blood horse on the common
stock, indispensalile to produce light footed and
quick moving saddle horses ?

In former times in England their hunters were
only half bred horses; but iater observation and
experience have fully convinced them that only
those that are thorough bred (notwithstanding the
popular clamor of their deficiency in bone,) are
adequate in speed, strength and durability, to long
and severe chases with fleet hounds, particularly
over a deep country, and that they will always
break down any horses of an o])posite description
that may be brought into the field.

There can be no better test of ability to perform
hard service, than the racecourse and chase. Al-
most all the fast trotters that have and still figure
in the country, are high bred horses. As road-
sters, tlicy are decidedly superior, for reasons
already stated ; and when we remember the sym-
metry of their proportions, and the elegance of
their movements, their irrepressible spirits and
perfect docility, we wonder that any one can be

so lilindlo his intrn'sl,or so obstinately determined
ii] pursuing old customs, and adhering to exploded
o|ii]iiniis, as to prefer the degenerate stock oftlie
iiiniiHon hack, to the noble blood of the high bred
courser. GODOLPHIN.

CULTU51E OF SILK.

The following statement appears in the last
number of the American (Philad.) Quarterly'Re-
view, and conveys information which we presume
will be new to most of our readers. The subject
of the culture of silk, is one which heretofore at-
traet('d the attention of Congress and will proba-
bly again come up this session, when the facts
stated in the American Quarterly, will be of value
to its advocates. This periodical says : — Thtrsilk
of the United States has been judged by experien-
ced manufacturers in England, to be equal in qual-
ity .to that of Bengal. In France it has been
found equal to some of their best silks. We have
seen samples of gros de Naples, manufactured this
year at Manchester, in England, out of raw silk
sent from the filature in Philadelphia. It yields
to none in beauty and. lustre. The great charac-
teristics oftlie American silk, like that of Bengal,
are nerve and strength, in consequence of which
it produces less waste in reeling and throwing, and
the stuffs made of it will exceed all others in du-
rability.

The National Intelligencer of Blonday remarks :
— A measure of great consequence in our national
economy, stands for consideration in the House of
Re|)resentativcs today ; we allude to the bill for
|)romotiug the growth and preparation of silk in '
the United States. England imports fiom abroad,
annually, five millions of pounds of raw and
thrown silk for the use of her factories ; and one
third of the \ast amount annually used up in the
factories of France, she also obtains from other
countries. With a climate so well adapted to the
cultivation of silk, as that oftlie United States, we
might hi a few years eupiily a great portion oftlie
immense consumption of the French and English
looms. A vkst field, therefore, of domestic indus-
try and wealth, opens itself to our country, if we
improve the opportunity. Shall we embface it,
or neglect it ?

A bill has been reported in the Pennsylvania
Legislature, to promote the culture of silk.

The committee on agriculture, of tire Blassa-
chusetts Legislature, have been directed to consider
the expediency of exempting from ta.xation, lands
hereafter made nurseries of forest trees.

Curing of Hams. — In Spain and Portugal and
France, where the hams are remarkably fine fla-
vored, a large quantity of sugar is used along with
the saltpetre in curing them. Ft assists materially
in the conservation of the flesh, and renders it pe-
culiarly mellow. Sugar is there also very gener-
ally jnit into the watei* in which they are boiled,
and is found to render them tender. Though not
quite relevant to the subject of curing, it may also
be remark'-d that hams are much improved in the
dressing, by being only first lialf boiled and then
baked.

The BaltimCre Patriot, of Wednesday, says —
"three hundred cars for the transportation of goodf,
wares and merchandise, &c, are now engaged on
the Baltimore and Ohio railroad. At the opening
of the spring trade the uuuiber will be much
increased.

268

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 1, 1832.

(e®siLLsai3/Er;i^'ii'0}3i©viea

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND. FARMER.

SALT AND SHEEP

Jamaica Plain, Feb. ii, 1833.

T. G. Fessenden, Esq.

DjAR Sir— In your New Eiigliiiul Fanner of
22d inst. is an abridged artiele from the New York
Medical Repository, of a letter from Dr Mitchell, on
(as he styles it) the destructive qualities of Liverpool
salt. This charge is a very heavy one, and I
suspect not sufficiently well founded. I have been
looking, into " Holland's Views of Clieshire," pub-
lished in London, in 1813— (in that County almost
all the salt which is exported from Liverpool, is
produced or manufactured) — and in which, is a
very long article on the subject of the^r mineral
salt, salt springs, the maiuifacture of salt, and' an
analysis of all the sorts made there. ' Extracts
from which, I should recommend yom- publishing.
Great pains seems to be taken to make it as pure
as possible, and when we know from the publish-
ed accounts, the great length of time, and the im-
mense quantity manufactured and exported from
that county, it seems almost impossible that it can
possess the injurious qualities attributed to it by
Dr M.* We know that the Liverpool salt weighs
but 56 lbs. per bushel, and that from the Bahainas
84 lbs. per bushel — therefore in many instances
I doubt not damag^ may have taken place, from
using it by measure when weight would have been
more correct.

I intend to collect samples of the ditjerent sorts
of Liverpool salt, also of Spain, Portugal, the
Mediterranean dad the West Indies, as well as our
own sea-board ; and if I can procure any from the
Interiorof New York, shall add it — and I have the
expectation that an eminent chemist will analyze
them all ; in which case I hope to furnish you the
result for publication. ^

You will recollect, it is not long since I noticed
in your paper the losses I had sustained in a val-
uable flock of sheep, which I thought might have
been produced by their eating the leaves of the
wild-cherry. I begin now to suspect it may have
been caused by a too free use of salt. Last May
I put into the care of the Society of Shakers, at
Canterbury, New Hampshire, a small flock of
New Leic(;^ter sheep, which I had kept at Jamai-
ca Plain for two years, and were in perfect health.
Here, we have never given any salt to our ani-
mals. In December last, one of tiieir people qi^^,
came to me to ask what could be the matter with
these sheep, as some of the last spring lambs had
iied and they feared the loss of more, as they -
scoured very much, and they could not prevent
it. Two days paSt, one of their people came
again to say they believed they had discovered the
cause, and the sheep were now doing very well.
On opening the last one that died, they found
nothing but very thin slimy matter in the intes-
tines. They had had salt at nil times to go to ; and
by watching, they tbund as soon as they had eaten
salt they immediately went to drink; they then
took away the salt, and give it now but sparingly,
say once in ten or fifteen days, Mid since tlieu

doubtless were weakened by .so much drink,
(though of pure water.)

For about six .years, I have fmnished the min-
eral rock salt to my sheep in New Hampshire,
being mcire convenient and economical — they have
had it at all times to go to, in winter and summer,
and plenly of water at hand. But although for
several years past we have lost a great many,
(lambs more particularly under one year old,) we
had never thought of salt injuring them, which I
now believe must have been the cause ; and in
future shall allow only a small quantity, and not
oftener than once in ten or tifteen days. Previous
to procuring the mineral salt, the sheep had com-
mon Liverpool salt once a fortnight ; at that time
our losses were not many.

Yoms truly, JOHN PRINCE.

P. S. — Since writing the jireceding, a gentleman
has loaned me " Ure's Dictionary of Chemistry,
4th edition, 1831," in which I find a very particu-
lar analysis of the difterent salts of England, and
some foreign ones ; it will therefore be unneces-
sary to have it again done here, but I shall hojie to
obtain it of some others, particularly the American
sorts. I inclose you the analysis, with IMr Ure's
note ajipended. I have no doubt of the correct-
ness of his remark, that large grained salt is impor-
tant in salting meats and fish, in keeping the pieces
separated by being longer in dissolving, so as more
thoroughly to penetrate the meat. 1 can have no
doubt that the English salt for even' purpose, is as
good as any other, if the same state offincyiess and
weisht is used.

On my farm, where my own family butter for
winter use is made, I have always used the Liver-
pool bag or table salt, and it has always kept i)er-
fectly well, and in May we think is better than new
butter, (before grass feed.) I am well convinced that
the badness of butter is more owing to the want of
proper care of the milk, and in not thorousMy tr-
tracting the buttermilk, than in the salt ; for we
know the Dutch are famous for their butter keep-
ing well, even when sent to the East Indies, and
they use vert/ little salt.

From Ure's of Clieniislry,4lh edition, London, la?!.
ANALYSIS OF SALT, BY DR YOUNG —

ON 1000 PARTS.

count of their greater solubility, even better^
provided they be equally j)ure. His experi-
ments show that in compactness of texture, the
large grained British salt is equal to the foreign
bay salt ; their antiseptic qualities are also the same.

ON MANURES.

Mr Fessenden — Will you or some of your cor-
respondents, inform whether in all cases it is ne-
cessary to put dung under a roof or in a cellar, as
it is cleared out from the stall ; and if anything
should be done with it while under the roof or in
the cellar; and if it should be put immediately
from thence on the land and ploughed in, or made
first into compost. And if while under cover aiid
while kejit from the rain, there is any moisture
added to assist its putrefaction ? *

I know that Arthur Young says, that they who
spread their dung on the top of their grouud and
let it reniiiin theie, and those who leave their dung
heaps uncovered in the open air, do little more
than maimre the atmosphere. And, if I under-
stand Sir Humphry Davy, he says, that after
dung has gone through the putrescent fermenta-
tion, it is no longer manure, which I for one do
not exactly believe.

Is it yet a question whetlier the strength of
dung, or that part of it which is food for plants,
is in the exhalations or decoctions, or in both .'
Some say that " a very considerable quantity of
moisture is necessary in a dung heap, to excite
fermentation, to qualify it for a proper state as a
maiuu-c, and that what is not absorbed and re-
tained in it, is exhaled in as pure a state as when
it desceuded from the clouds ; and although that
which is spread on the top of the ground has be-
come tlry and hai'd some days after rain, yet it
retains all the strength, which has not drained
through it into the ground, when it was soaking
wet with ruin, and will continue to do so again
whenever it is thus wet; until it has gone to decay;
and I am sure I cannot disjiute the position. We
know that spirit is the product of fermented sub-

FORF.IGN BAY SALT.
y trace 3 3 23^

13 do. 3^ 3i

10 do.

191

4.i 38 40 %n

6 25 40), aw;

4J 235 35S 964j

nnlTISH SALT FROM SEA-WATER.

nmon)

114

15 I7J

J4

324 64
I64 29

mf<\

there has been no sickness among theno ; they

*In the year 1S05, upwards of 56,000 tons of rock or
mineral salt were sent down the river Weaver, to Liver-
pool; the principal p.irt of it was exported to Ireland and
the north of Europe, and ports in the Baltic, and in the
same year 178,000 tons of white or nianutactured salt.

4

Scotch (en

Scotch Sun<la.vj I do.

Lytiiiigtoii(common)9 do.

(cat) 1 do. D o 1 o
CHESHIRE S.VLT.

Cnishcil rock, 10 0.1-16 " 3-'0 O.J « —

Fishery, 1 O.l 0 3 1 HJ —

fommuii, 10] O.J I 144 -

Stovcd, 1 O.J O.J 1 15J — iOi JiJ ao.'S

That kind of salt, then, says this able chemist,
whiA possesses most eminently the combined
properties of hardness, compactness, and perfec-
tion of crystals, will be best adajited to the i)iir-
pose of packing fish and other provisions, Ijecause
it will remain pemianently between the different
layers, or will be gradually dissolved by the fluids
that exude from the provisions ; thus furnishing a
slow liut constant supply of saturated brine. On
the other hand, for the purpo.se of preparing the
pickle or the striking the meat, which is done by im-
mersion in a satiu-ated solution of salt, the smaller
grained varieties answer equally well ; or, on ac-

* jYotes by the Editor. We helieve there is no prin- (
ciple in agricultuie better established, than that dung
should be exposed as little as po.ssible to>un, rain, and
air, before its application to the soil. A slight degree of
ferineniaiion may be of use, by assisting to break dowa
and decompose the woody fibre, but too much fermenta-
tion dis-ipates anil destroys the most useful part of ma-
nure, and in its effects resembles combustion. Vou may
as well sulfur your hay to be luow- burnt, as your dung to
be in part con<urtied by feiiiienlalion.

Sir Humphry Davy says, " In the writings of scien-
tific agriculturists, a great mass of facts miy be found, in
favor of the application of dung in its recent ^.tate. Mr
V'oung, in his Kssay onMatiures, adduces a number of
excellent authorities to support the plan. Many who
have doubted, have lately been convinced ; and perhaps
there is no subject of investigation, in wliich there is such
a union of theoretical and practical evidence.

" Mr Coke has entirely given up the system formerly
ad.ipled on his far>'. of applying fermented dung; and
he "nlornis me that his crops have been since as good as
they ever were, and that his manure goes nearly twice
as far.

'■ When dung is to be preserved for soiio time, the sit-
uation in which it is kept is of importance. It should, if
possible, be defended fi om the sun. To preserve it under
sheds would be of great use; or to male the site of a
dunghill on the north side of a wall. The floor on which
thfcilung is heaped should, i( possible, he paved with flat
stones; and there should be a Utile inilinaiion from each
side towards the centre, in which there .-hnuld be drains
connected with a sitiall we'l, ftirni.shed wilh a pump, by
whi;h the fluid mailer may he collected lor the use ofth»
lanti. It too often happens that a dense mucilaginous and
extracUve fluid, is suffered to drain away fiom the dung-
hill, so'as to be entirely lost to the farm."

Vol. X No. 34.

AND HORTICULTUKAL JOURNAL.

269

stances ; Imt tlieu tlie question is wlicther if thpre
be spirit produced from fermenting nianuie, tliat
spirit would l)e necessary to the production of
plants ? or whetlier tliere be spii-it or any other
valuable property produced by fei-mentation, which
the atmosphere or the fermenting substance is
warm e<iough to exhale? We know that distillers
put tlifir syrup into a high state of fermentation,
and }'et they save none of the exhalation before it
is put into the still and a greater heat applied.*

It seems that Sir Humphry Davy, himself,
ascertained the quantity of nutritive matter con-
tained in each of two hundred kinds of grasses,
by boiling down the decoctions ; and 1 do not re-
collect that he took the exhalation into account in
any instance, f I am not, however, arguing
against housing or covering manure, for I cover
mine with black mould, or turf scraped from the
roadside, whenever I make a compost heaj), but
in the hope of having the matter generally kuown.
When the truth has been ascertained. And 1
hope, Sir, besides your own information on this
interesting subject, you will invite further inqui-
ries and obtain more information. For since our
most respected friend, Gen. Dearborn, has accept-
ed the presidency of our sister society, his atten-
tion has been so much engaged for their interests,
that we fear he has forgotten us farmers altogether.

It is a common practice with our neighbors of
Milford, who are said at this day to adhere in their
agricultural operations implicitly to the practice
of their British ancestors, never to carry the ma-
nure out of their yards, until they have done sow-
ing or planting in the spring ; and then it is drop-
ped in a thin bed, in a hollow, a short distance

* There are three sorts or stages of fermentation : the
vinous or spirilous, (which is the distiller's feriii entalion);
the acid or acetous, producing vinegar; and the putrid
fermentation, proilucing certain gases, principally ainmo-
niacal, (vhicii are food tor plants, liut injurious to animals.
The feniiciitation of fariii-yaid dung is almost exclusively
of the putrid kind. You can neither njake spirit nor vin-
eg.ir Ironi the exhalations ol a dunghill; but you may
manure plants with such exhalations. . Sir H. Davy, in
his lecture on manures, says that he introduced the beak
of a retort filled with lei menting dung, very hot at the
time, in the soil amongst the roots of some grass, in the
borders of a garden ; in less than a week, a very distinct
eflfect was produceil on the gi-ass; upon the spot exposed
to the influence of the matter disengaged in ferrrrentation,
it grew with much more luxuriance than the grass in any
other part of the garden.

t The experiments alluded to by our correspondent
were, probably, those wbich ar-e entitled " Details ol Ex-
periments on Grasses, by George Sinclair, gardener to
his Grace the Duke of Bedford," &c. and printed in the
Appendix to »ir Humphry Davy's Agricultural Chem-
istry.—The experiments extended to ninetyfive diffecent
sortsofur.isses orrly, though the introduction to the ac-
count given by Sir Humphry states, that there are "two
hundred and fifieen proper grasses, capable of being cul-
tivated in the chmate of Great Britain."

\\itlr regard to the "boiling down the decoctions,"
and the "exhalations," care was taken to avoid losing
nutritive m.itter by such destructive modes of analysis.
The account states that "for the purpose of obtaining as
far as possible, the nutritive powers of the diflerenl spe-
cies, equal weights ol the dry grasses or vegetable sub-
stances, were acted upon by hot water till all their solu-
ble parts were dissolveil ; the solution was then evapora-
ted to dryness by a gentle beat in a proper stove," &c.
If, however, extracts of the gases had been made by
boiling, the steam would have been a very different sub-
stance from the gases arising from a dunghill. Steam
as well as water, may combine with and conduct off oth-
er substances, and so may the different sorts of gases, but
•team and gas are as different, the one from the other, as
oil IS different from vinegar. When steam is cooled it
returns to the state of water, but gas cannot be rendered
•olid nor liquid by any degree of cold

froin the barn door ; where the hogs in the street
root it and the fowls scratch i all summer, entire-
ly uncovered until fall sowing, and what is not
then used, remaining until the next spring to dung
corn in the hill, which is their general |)ractice ;
and the dung is not then fit for the purpose unless
it is fine enough to measure in a peck, and yet
they have good corn, although in the estimation
of many the dung in this state would be destroyed.*
Bridgeport, Con. Feb. 1832. *B.

SQUASHES.

To raise winter squashes, the following method
is recommended : — Select a rich piece of ground,
rather moist, not much exposed to the wind and
true frotn shade. At the jiroper season, plough it
well three times ; dig holes in the earth about
eight feet distant, sufficiently large to contain iriore
than one bushel ; put into each, a shovel three times
full of strong manure and one pint of dry ashes or
slacked lime. The compost taken from the hog-
yard or slaughterhouse cellar, is preferable. Cov-
er this composition slightly with dirt ; after a few
days, take a hoe, chop it over, and mix with it a
sufficient quantity of earth to fill the holes nearly.
Let this exercise be repeated two or three times
in the course often, twelve, or fourteen days, as
the weather may be ; and plant the seeds taken
from large ripe squashes. The plants will soon
spring up, and then the enemy will appear in
great armies — I mean, small striped and large
black bugs ; anything that is oftensive to the
olfactory nerves of a huinan being, will retard
their operations, but the only .sovereign remedy is
to take life. The plants, therefore, should be crit-
ically examined at least twice each day, and the
hugs destroyed. Hoe them frequently, make the
lop of the ground in the form of a concave lens,
and leave only three or four thrifty plants in each
hill. The squash, like other vines, especially of
the genus cucurbtttt, receives much of its nutri-
ment directly from the rain, thfe air, and the dew ;
of course the leaves should be sustained in their
natural position. To effect this object, place
brush between the hills in every direction, just be-
fore the vines begin to spread ; and, with the
blessing of heaven, a large crop may be expected.

I am aware that this method of raising squashes

requires much labor and jiersevering attention ;
but the cultivator will be amply compensated. —
Last season I planted one hundred hills, and raised
between 4000 and 5C00 pounds, which, at the rate
they are usually sold, would amount to more than
sixty dollars. My yard was about eighty "feet
square. OBSERVATOR.

Andover, Ms. Feb. 20, 1832.

■" It is not uncommon for some folks to be a century,
more or less, behind the age they live in, as regards im-
provements in the useful arts. Exposing dung to rain
and sunshine is as decidedly a wasteful practice, as it
would be to expose hay, intended fur fodder for cattle, to
the same agents. It is well remarked in Lorain's Hus-
bandry, " Fresh dung, applied in the usual way, for the
growth of plants, affords double the quantrly of nutriment
for plants, that is obtained from it after it has been rotted
or decomposed. If I weretogrow a wager crop of maize,
or any other plant that is not readily injirred by a power-
ful application of manure, dung in a very high state of
fermentation and partially decomposed, would be prefer-
red by me. It would act more powerfully than fresh
manure in the beginning, and enough of it «ould perfect
the crop. This is, however, no ieason why a farmer
(who ought to have a succession of crops and the improve-
ments of his land in view,) should adopt this wasteful
practice, or that of decomposing his dung, until the
greater part of its nutritive properties is scattered in
the air." To these and many other authorities, may
be added that of Robert Smith, Esq. president of the
Maryland Agricultural Society, who in an address to
that society, observed, " With respect to stable dung, I
.shall for the present content myself by barely suggesting
that my experience strongly inclines me to the opinion,
that, however long, it orrght to be ploughed into the
ground without any previous stirring, and as soon as
practicable after taken from the farm yard."

See J\r. E. Farmer, vol. i, p. 55, 62, 86, 110, 174.

PRUNING TREES.

Mr Fessendek — Reading lately some remarks
on trimming trees, I was happy to see it recom-
nrended to have trees trimmed early in the season.
Some fifteen or eighteen years since, when I first
began to cultivate trees, I was very much taken
up with the recommendations of some scientific
horticulturists, on June trimming. As I am not
in the habit of carrying the slone to mill because
my father and grandfather did ; but, unlike many
other farmers, rather apt to err on the other ex-
treme ; and as the argument in favor of trimming
in June was rather a plausible one, (I say argu-
ment, for I do not recollect but one in favor of it,)
viz. that the wounds heal over sooner when the
sap flows freely, than if cut in the fall or winter.
This is undoubtedly true, if left bare to the influ-
ence of the sun and winds; but if covered over by
some kind of composition, as recommended in the
remarks above named, the evil is removed at once.
If we reflect on the subject, reason will teach ua
that any considerable number of branches cut
from a tree, when they are full of sap, destroys so
much of the nourishment of the tree. The sap
of trees is drawn from the ground by the fibres of
the roots, and ascends to the extremities of every
twig, a part of which contributes to the growth of
the leaves, blossoms anil fruit — the remainder re-
turns between the bark and the trunk, and forms
a new growth around every branch, trunk, and
likewise the roots. And if the limbs are removed
when they are full of sap, we destroy so much of
the nourishment.

I will agree that when a person pays proper at-
tention to his trees, from the time they are planted,
he can remove the small brancljes at any season
of the year, without any perceptible injury ; but
this is very dJflTerent from the common practice in
this country, for many of otir farmers do not trim
their trees oftener than once in five or ten years,
and when they do trim them they make a business
of it, and cut ofl^ a large quantity of wood. The
old adage is, that " au ounce of experience is bet-
ter than a pound of theory." Sad experience
compelled me to abandon the practice.

When I first began to graft, I emjiloyed a man
who used to cut the whole of the top off and all
the limbs ; as this was commonly done at the sea-
son after the trees had put out, the consequence
was the death of one half of my trees ; and those
that did live, many of them might as well have
been de.id. The next thing I observed, was some
young trees which were set out where I pastured
a cow, and which were boxed up ; but occasion-
ally the cow would reach up and break ofl'a limb.
Notwithstanding I cut them off smooth and cov-
ered the wound, I lost many of^ie trees and
might as well have lost the whole, for what did
live were so checked in their growth, that they
have not recovered to this day, but remain stunt-
ed things. Not so, when, by any accident, they
are broken in winter, for if the whole top was re-
moved in the winter, they would give out new
branches in the spring, and grow the better. for it.

270

Another ohjerlidii is, tlie fiiniicr is always hiisy
in May or June, anil if the trees are neglerted at
a leisure time in the year, they will proliably not
lie trimmed at all. A third and last ohjeetiou that
I shall make is, that without great eare in cutting
the Tiranohes, the bark will be started and many
of the buds and blossoms injured.

The composition which I used last spring,
to cover the end where the limbs were cut, was
made of the following ingredients, viz. one quart
of linseed; halfjiint of japan ; one jiound and a
half of Spanish brow?i ; fpiarter of a pound of
bees- wax; half pound of rosin ; and two pounds
of tallow. The three last mentioned simmered
together, and mixed with the paint, when hot, and
put on with a painter's brush, when warm. Where
wounds were covered last spring with this compo-
sition, it remains on, and has, so far, proved a com-
plete preventive from check or rot, and the wounds,
without exception, are healing over.

I have frequently observed that it was the prac-
tice of grafters to cut oft" too much of the tree,
when the scions are put in, and to set the grafts
too nigh the centre of the tree. My practice is,
when I wish to engr.ift a tree, to selgct out from
four to six or eight outside branches, the number
varying according to the size of the tree, which
are cut oft' at some distance from the body, ac-
cording to discretion ; having this in view, how-
ever, to save as much of the old wood as possible,
so as to save time in forming the new top, which
is engrafted ; and the remainder of the tree is left
untouched until the next spring. Then the
branches are removed around the scions, an<l
more sap flows into the grafts ; which ])ractice is
continued from year to year until the old wood is
all removed, and the wlioh' tup formed anew.
This conimonly takes place from two to four years,
according to the size of the tree. By this man-
agement you have an entire new head to your tree,
open in the centre, which answers two valuable
purposes, one to let in the sun, which gives health
and vigor to your trees, the other convenience in
picking the fruit. Yours, with respect,

15. WHEELER.

Framingham, March 2, 1S.'!2.
N. B. The composition mentioned above, I
have found excellent to paint all kinds of agricul-
tural implements. It fills up the joints and pores
of the wood much better than conuuon paint, and
is a complete preventive to rot. B. ^V'.

NEW ENGLA^D FAUxMER,

March 7, 1832.

4. What kinds o'f stone — of what shape and
size — are most suitable for the erection of stone
dwelling-houses?

5. How much hewing and hammering would
comfort and decency require that split blocks of
stone should undergo ?

C. What are the most important advantages or
disadvantages of building with stone in New
England ?

By the Editor. In the New England Farmer,
vo\. VI. p. 209, may be found some excellent re-
marks relative to the subject of the above queries,
by our able correspondent, .1. M. Gourgas, Esq. ol"
Weston, Mass. It would add to our numerous
obligations to Mr Gourgas, if he would resume this
to])ic with jiarticular reference to the above queries.

i?si^jy aEr-iJ2.iis?3) siisisiia^iQ

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Harch 7, 1832.

QUERIES RELATIVE TO STONE BUILD-
INGS.

Mr Editor — At the instance and request of
several frieiids, I have taken the liberty to address
you the following queries, concerning stone dwell-
ing-houses. If agreeable and convenient to ])ub-
lish and answer them in your useful publication,
you will, by so doing, render a very accejitable
service to the public and confer a special favor on
many of vour patrons, besides obliging vonr friend
and humble servant,- A DIN BALLOU.

Mendon, Ms. March, 1832.

QUERIF.S.

1. Are stone dwelling-houses more or less
healthful than wooden ones ?

2. W^hcrc stone is plentiful, are they more or
less expensive .'

3. How nuich less of wood and timber, finishes
a stone dwelling-house than a wooden one of the
aame general size and style .'

FARMERS' WORK FOR MARCH.

Take opportunity before the hurrying season
comes on, to select and purchase such neat cattle,
sheep, pigs, seed-wheat, potatoes for ])l.uiting, &c,
<is will be likely to prove most valuable on your
farm, having in mind the following maxim, viz : —
Choose those animals and vegetaliles to propagate
from, that possess the qualities which you wish
might distinguish their ofl'spring in Ihe greatest
|)erft'ction. Fanners are too a|)t to sell oft' their
best stock to the butchers, and keep the poorest to
breed from ; and to gather their seeds from vege-
tables, which were permitted to go to seed merely
because they were worth but little for consuniplion.
But we believe that more jiains have been taken
to improve their breeds of animals among those
who arc men of skill and science in tiie arts of
cuhivation, than to improve their sorts of vegeta-
bles. Still it is of (piite as much importance to
introduce on a fiirm or in a garden, Ihe best kinds
of ])lants, seeds, roots, &c, as it is to keep the best
breeds of animals.

Look to your water courses, clear out obstruc-
tions, an<l change their directions if necessary, so
as to distribute their contents to the best advan-
tage over your mowing lauds. By a little attention
in this particular you may oftentimes derive great
advantage from the wash of the highway, barn-
yard, and other receptacles of manure.

rRn.MNG FRUIT TREES.

According to the o])inion of some able and ex-
))erienced cultivators it is quite time to trim your
trees of all sujieitluous shoots, branches, &c. But
care should be taken not to cut away too many of
the branches of a tree at a time. Mr Wheeler's
article, jiage 2(itl, in this day's paper, appears to us
very correct and judicious on this to[)ic. His o[)ii
ions are coincident with those of a writer in tli
Genesee Farmer, who states, " It has been my
jiractice for several years past to prune in autumn
and winter, applying a coat of boiled tar and brick
dust, or of common paint immediately to the
naked wood ; and I have been led to believe that
no time is more favorable."

FENCES

Shoulrl be surveyed with a critical eye, and all
defects rectified before your cattle take advantage
of anything out of joint in that department of the
cultivator's province. " A stitch in time save
nine," and a little seasonable fence making or
mending may save more loss and trouble than

couM be calculated by the most able Professor of
Malheuialics that ever made a ligme. Train your
domestic aninials in the spring in the way they
shoidil go, and in sununcr an<l atituinn they will
not depart from it. But if they are once siifl'ered
tocoMunil Trespas.ie.<ion the Freehold, trying to" cor-
rect their waywardness will be " taking the hul Iby
the horns." »■

Post and rail fences are, probably, more used in
New England than any other ; and are, perhaps, in
many cases justly preferred. Mr Preston, ot
Stockport, Penn., recommends to set posts with
the top part in the ground ; and asserts, that they
will, in that position, last three or four times as
long as when they are set with the butt ends down.
He also advises, in making i)ost and rail fences
always to place the rails with the heart side up.
Souic farmers cut their posts so long, and mortise
them' in such a manner that when the lower ends
have become rotten they can turn them upside
down, and it is said that they will last nearly as
long again, when managed in that maimer.

OATS

Cannot be sown too early in the s])ring, after the
ground is thawed and become dry enough for |pw-
iiig. Three bushels of seed, according to Deane,
is the usual quantity sown on an acre. This quan-
tity will be rather more than enough on a rich soil ;
if the soil be poor the quantity of seed should be
greater.

Oats have strong piercing roots, and are called
hearty feeders, so that they can find their nourish-
ment in stifl' soils ; and for the .same reason they
sometimes produce great crops, when sown after
one plongliing. Some recommend cross jilough-
iiig and harrowing for oats, but when sWard laud
is well turned over, the sod ought not to be dis-
turbed until at least two crojis have been taken
from the field. Gypsum is said to bean excellent
manure for oats.

A very fine sjKcimen of the Rhododendron ar-
boreuin, a native of India, is in flower at the Green-
house, Charlestown Vineyard. It is considered
the most beautiful of the genus; and it is believed
this is the first time it has flowered in this vicinity.
It is well worth the observation of amateurs.

The committee of the 3Iassachusetts Horticul-
tural Society, on the products of the kitchen gar-
den, have awarded the following premiums for the
[last season : —

For the best early Peas, to N. Daven-
port of Milton, .$2,00

For the best earJy Potatoes, to Sanuei.
Po?;d of Cambridgeport, $2,00

For the best Lima Beans, to Richard
Ward of Roxbury, . * ' $2,00

For the best Mushrooms, to N. Daven-
port of Millon, $2,00
By onler of ihe committee,

DANIEL CHANDLER, Chairman.

His Excellency Levi Lincoln, Governor of
this Commonwealth, has, with the advice of the
Council, set apart Thursday, the fifth day of April
nejt, for Fasting and Prayer, throughout this State.

The Hereford (Eng.) Journal mentions that
18,000 tons of iron in rails, are being made in
Monmouthshire, for the United States. >■,

To Corrkspondents. Several able and useful arti-"
cles written for the New Engl nd Farmer, unavoidably
postponed.

Vol. X No. 34.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

271

Subscription

roR IMPORTING GRAPE VINE ROOTS FROM FRANCE,
AT A MODERATE PRICF, AND ENCOURAGING THE
INTRODUCTION OF THAT CULTURE INTO T&E

UNITED STATES.

MR ALPHONSE LOUBAT, having consUlerably
enlarged his Vineyard on Long Island, where he now
has, in fnll cullivalion, Ihiifyfive acres of ground, con-
taining 72,000 Grape Vine Roots, ol'which 22,000 are lor
his subsciibi'rs; having aNo the peculiar advantage of
being enabled toproeuie the best species of Roots from
his Father's extensive Vineyards and Nurseries, in the
districts of BorJdai.i, C/ernc, and /ii(ze(, departments of
Gironde and Lot and Garonne, in France, (45o N. Lat.)
proposes to the nunieious friends to the cultivation of ihe
Grape Vine in the United States, a subscription, which
was opeiudon the first of August, 1828.

Mr A. L. will engage to furnish subscriber's with their
Grape Vine Roots, in the course of March, and forward
them free of expense, to the different cities where sub-
scription lists shall have been opened. The roots will be
three years old, and will produce considerable fi'uit the
second year from the time of their being planted. They
■will be carefully classed and packed in boxes, with some
of the original soil in which they have been raised, which
will greatly fiicililate the thriving of the roots, when
transplanted.

Ordei-s will be punctually attended to : the subscribers j
designating the quantities and species of the Grape Vine
Roots they wish to have. They will engage to pay, for
1000 ro3ts, or more, at the rate of 12^ cents lor each root ;
■for less than 1000, at Ihe rate of 15 cents; and 23 cents i
per root for less than 50. Routs only two years old, sliall
be paid for at the rale of9 cents each, for lOOO or more ; j
12^ cents lor less than 1000 ; and 18 cents for less than
50 roots.

Payment to be made on delivery of the roots. Letters
not received, unless Post Paid.

SUBSCRIPTION LISTS ARE OPENED AT '

New York, with Alplionse Luubat, 85 Wall street ;
Boston, J. B. Russell ; Albany, R. M'Micliael ; Philadel-
phia, Van Amringe; ISaltimore, Willard Rhoads ; Wash-
ington City, Wm Pairo ; Richmond, Davenport, Allen,
& Co. ; Savannah, Hall, Shapter &. Tupper ; New-Or-
leans, Foster St Hutlon ; Charleston, T. & T. Street
&Co.

Mr A. Lonbat's Book on the Culture of the Grape
Vine, and on the Making of Wine, may be found at the
principal Booksellers of Ihe United Slates; and his
Agents will furnish them, gratis, to subscribers.

Assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens.

FOR sale at the .Seed Store connected wilh the New
England Farmer, SO.J, North Market street.

Small boxes ol assorted Seeds for Kitchen Gardens, —
Each box contains a package of the following seeds : —
Eai ly Washington Pe.is | Long Diilch Parsnep.
Dwarf Blue Imperial Peas Large Head Lettuce
Late Mariowfat Peas E.irly Silesia do

EailyMohawk Dwarf string Pine-apple Melon(ue»'?/_^ne)

Bea

Early Dwarf White Case-
knife Beans

Lima, or Saba Pole Beans

Long Blood Beet (truesort)

Early tuniip-rooled Beet

Early York Cabbage

Large Cape Savoy do (fine)

Red Dutch do (for pick-
li„g)

Early Dutch Cauliflower

EarlyHonr Carr'ot(ti«/'y^ne)

Long Orange Carrot

While Solid Celery

Curled Cress or Peppergrass

Early Cucumber

Long Green Turkey do.
Price $3 per Box.
At this Seed Store can be found the greatest variety of

Field, Grass, Garden, Herb and Flower Seeds, to be

found in New England, ol tire very first quality, and at

fair prices, wholesale and retail.

Also, Fruit and Forest Trees, Grape Vines, (of both

native and European origin,) and Ornamenlal Shrubs at

Nurserymen's prices. tf. March 7.

Watermelon

Large White Portugal Onion
Large Red do

Double Curled Paisley
Fl.it Squash Pepper
Early Scarlet short-top Ra-
dish
While Turnip Radish
Salsify, or Oyster Plant
Early Bush Squash
Winter Crook-neck Squash
Early White Dutch Turnip
Yellow Stone Turnip

POT HERB SEEDS.

Sweet Marjorum, Sage,
Summer Savory.

Catalogue of Grape Vine Roots that Mr Loubat pro-
poses to Import. The following Species are selected
as the best, the choice of which is hft to Subscrilers :

• TABLE GRAPES, OR FOR iMAKtNG STRONG WINE.

White Clover Seed.

JUST received at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 50^ North Market sti-eet, Boston.

1000 lbs. finest White" Dutch Honeysuckle Clover
Seed, imported from Rotterdam by the Janus.

[LTThe quality of this seed is considered superior to
any that has been offered in this city for many years,
being remarkably bright, pure, and free from that great
pest, Canada thistle, which is frequently Ibund in while
clover seed oi American growth. Farmers are request,
ed (0 call and examine it. March 7.

White.

1. Alicante.

2. Robin Eyes, with big
clusiers ; or, (Eu\\ de Tour,
grosgrain.

3. Do.MeIting,(or/««rfan()

4. Sweet GuiUant.

5. Muscat.

6. Do. Frontignan.

7. Muscadelle, from the
river Lot.

niiite.

18. Auvergnal.

19. Blanquelte.

20. Douclnelle.

21. Plant de Dame

22. Olivette.

23. Doucette.

24. Plant de Reine.

25. Burgundy.

26. Morillon.

27. Madere.

28. Bourgelas.

29. Picardan.

30. Chalosse.

8. Malvoisie.

9. Tokay.
10. Syrian.
U. Constanlia.
12 Malaga.

Red.

13. Large Muscat.

14. Malvoisie.

15. Red Foot, (Pied Ronge.)
16 Black Hambourg.
17. Conslantia.

FOR U'lNE.

31. Pause.
Red.

32. Claret,

33. Auvergnal.

34. St Jean.

35. Jacobin.

36. ftleunier.

37. Pineau.
33. Prinlanier.

39. Teinturier.

40. Bourgignon.

41. Bouteillant.

42. Suisse.

43. St Antoine.

White

44. Chassclas, (from Fon-

tainebleau.)

45. Do. Golden.

46. Do. Cracking.

47. Do. Musk.

48. Muscat Lezarde.

49. Do. Small Berries.

50. Do. (liom Jerusalem)

FOR THE TABLE ONLY.

1. Muscat (from Jur>)

52. Sauvignon.

Red.

53. Chasselas.

54. Muscat Rouge.

55. .iluscat Grey.
.56 Dainas Violet.
57. Darnas of Poquet.
5S. Early Magdalen.

Flower Seeds.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50.J North Market street, Boston ;

A large collection of the most showy and choice an-
nual, biennial and perennial Flower Seeds, collected
from every quarter of the globe. Many of the kinds are
new sorts and extremely beautiful, as the Great Mexican
Flowering Ar;genione, Blue Ccmmelina from Trinidail,
Beautiful Clarkea from Columbia river. Scarlet Malope
from Barbary, (continues in flovi'ertill freezing weather;)
Azure Blue Gilia from Colombia, Great Ali lean Hibis-
cus, Winged Thunbergia from the East Indies, Moun-
tain Fringe, a beautiful hardy indigenous climber, grows
20 feet in a season, (annual;) Mexican Blue Ageratum,
Siberian Spiraja, Oriental Poppy, &c. Price ol these new
varieties 124 cents a paper — all other kinds 6:J cents a
paper — ^5 for a hundred varieties, to comprise one of
each of the new sorts. — ^1 for 18 varieties, to comprise
three of Ihe new sor's. — Each paper is labelled with its
common anil botanical name, its native country, and di-
rections for its culture. March 7.

Prince's Pomological Manual.

The second volume of this work is now ready (or deli-
very, and the third volume is nearly coniph'tcd.

These three volumes contain all the Orchard and Gar-
den Fruits described by Duhamel, and other French
writers of high authority, and also all that are described
in Ihe iransacti'ns of the London Horliciiltnral Society,
the Pomological Magazine, Ihe Pyriu M.dus Brenlfordi-
ensis, and Lindley's Guide lo the Orchard and Kitchen
Garden, as well as the numerous choice varieties which
have oiiginated in our own country. In the preface to
Vol. 11. the " Introduction" given by Mr Liijdlry has
been iriserted entire, and great care has been taken, in
republishing his descriptions ot Fruits, to extend the sy-
nonyms, ai:d to correct the ei'rors which exist.

WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS.

Flushing, Feb. 21,1832. 2t.

I Situation Wanted.

I A Man who is pretty well acquainted with gaidening,
i and is willing to make himself useful in taking care of
horses, driving a coach, &c. is desirous of getting a situ-
jatioD. He will show the best recommendations for ho-
nesty and diligence. 4t. March 7.

Valuable Farm for Sale.

THAT valuable Farm, phasanlly situated in the North
Parish of Andover, one mile from the Rev. Mr Loring's
mectirg-house and Mr Pulnain's academy, on the road
leading from said meeting-house to Andover bridge, and
within halfa mile of good Saw and Grist Mills, and Black-
smith's Shop— 3 miles from the 'I heological Seminary, 4
n.iles (iom Melhuen meeting-house and factories, and 12
miles from Lowell — afl wliich places together with a
number of Factories in the vicinity, afford as good a mar-
ket for produce as may he fouird in Bo-ion.

There is on said Farm rising 300 Fruit Trees, half of
which are young, thrilty and grafied with ihe best kind
of winter apples, and fall and summer pears — 'he residue
furnishes a plentiliil crop of fall and cider apples. The
farm consists of 110 acies, more or less, of excellent land,
conveniently divided into lots of tillage, mowing, pasture,
rye-land and meadow, and well watered. 'Ihe load pass-
es through the centre of the farm, and is fenced on both
sides with firm stone wall, most of the Farm being fenc-
ed with the same material. The buildings are convenient
and in good repair — the house is nearly new.

The whole offers adcsi;able le.-^idence for a farmer, or
a summer retreat for a gentleman who wisiies lo retire in
that season of the year.

Purchasers are invited to call and view the premises.
The terms will be made known by Jhe occupant,

JOHN ENDICOTT,
OR Dh j. KIPTKEDGE.

The above Farm, if not sold before the' 25th inst. will
be offered at Public Auction on Tuesday, the 27th inst.
at 12 o'clock.

Andover, (North Parish) March 6, 1832. 31*

To Let.

THE Farm on which Ihe subsciibe- resides in Dra-
ctitt, within about three miles of tlie Lowi'll market,
containing about three hundred acres of cultivated land
of various descriptions, and all fenced witii a stone wall.
The buildings aie a good dwelling house, shed, cider
mill, liiiee barns 174 feet long, grain and ice house, and
are all in perfect repair. The farm is product. ve, and will
summer and winter 50 cows, and offers the best encou-
ragement for cariyingon the milk and vegetable business
at Lowell. It will be let from one to five years, with
the stock and tools, and immediate itossession given.

B. F. VARNUM.

March 2, 1832. 4i'*

Early Potatoes.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected wilh the New
England Fanner, 52 North Market Slieet :

A few bushels of ihe prime, early Potatoes, which
have taken ihe premium al the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society's Shows the two last seasons ; and are con-
sidered the earliest variety in this vicinity. March 7.

Hemp and Flax Seed.

CASH will be paid bv the subscriber for a few hush-
els of fresh HEMP and'FLAX SEED, well cleaned, of
Jlnierican growth, for sowing ; lo be delivered immedi-
ately. J. B. RUSSELL, No. 5l)A North Market st.

Feb, 22.

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, March 5, 1832.

Reported for the Daily Advertiser ami P.iltiot.

At Maiket this day 268 Beef Cattle, 184 Sheep, and 6
Cows and Calves;

Prices. Beef Cattle— The Cattle today were ofa
much better quality than is usual, and higher prices were
obtained, say 17 c. a 25 c. per hundred. We shall quote
as follows, viz. 4 or 5 cattle at 6 50, extra at 6 00 a 6 25,
prime 5 75 a 6 00, good 5 50, thin 5 00 a 5 25. The large
c.-itlle from Northampton were purchased by Mr T. W.
Bennett of Brighton, price not known to us.

Cows and Calves. Sales were effected at $25 and ,f 30.

Sheep. A part only of those at market were sold at
about 5 10 each.

^'ew York Cattle Market, March 2 —In market 750
heef Cattle. 400 a 500 Sheep. Demand lor stock of ev-
ery description, very good, and prices much higher than
the gener.il average. Beef Cattle on Monday last, 5 50 a
7 50 — since which lime they have advanced 50 c. per

hundred ; best $8, middling $7 a 7 50, common $6.

Sheep— no sales less than 3 50, andfiom this price to
!f;7 50.— Daily Adv.

0°ln 'he N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as (he quarters.

272

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

March 7, 1832.

MISCEI^LANY.

TO THE MEMORY OF THE GRANDSON OF SIB,
WALTER SCOTT ;

Known to the public as Hugh LilllejoVin,— for whose
use were written the Tales of a Grandfather. He was a
chilli of great mental promise, but afflicteil from an early
age with tlie disease of the spine. ~A'eu» Vork Atlas.

Boy of the laurel ! — go !

This earth was not for (hee !

The vulgar care?, that fret mankind,
Had grieved and galled thy gentler mind —
Thy fiailer form. No, no! — be free!
Boy of the laurel — go !

Thou worm-nipp'd bud, — thou blighted flower,
Is it a general doom

That to the gified ones is given,*
With niggard hand, the boon of Heaven,
A blessing birth-marked for the tomb,
A worm-nipp'd bud, — a blighted flower?

Babe as iheu wert — thy name
Is constellated here

With those to whom our language clings.
As glorious and immortal things,
Things worthy of the nation's tear.
Now hallowing thy name!

Ray of a mighty star!

Which cheer'dst the heart we loved.
The mind we venerated ! Thou
Couldst chase those care shades from his brow,
By the world's worship unremoved, —
Ray of our selling star !

Ah ! hover near him still!

Still whispering peace and love !
Thy feeble accents loved'in life,
Shall woo him from a world of strife.
To gentler, holier realms above,
Where thou wilt sooth him still.

Child of the laurel!— go!
Heed not the tears we shed.

Thine was the best of destinies ;
Affliction trained thee for the skies.
While Love upheld ihy fainting head !
Go I— gentle martyr, — go !

*The eldest son of Mr Canning was afflicted in a sim-
ilar manner. — Court Journal.

ing, and to iirodnoe a better looking bread from
defective niuterials.

Tbe wliole operation is as horrid as the caul-
dron scene in Macbeth. The cudgel of tlie law
should fall iieavily on the shoulders of such mis-
creants. It is loo true, however, that in barbarous
countries they administer the most complete and
inunediate justice. In Turkey, such bakers would
be lucky to escape roasting in their own ovens.
A quack there, who has killed a believer, is ])Ound-
ed to death in a huge mortar; and a baker, whose
loaves are less than the standard weight, is ntiiled
by his ear to a post. A similar custom in some
civilized countries would raise the price of nails.

The bakers very early found out the abuse of
alum, and have used it for eggs ; it disguises the
quality of bad flower, so that flower of beans, peas
and potatoes can hardly be detected in tliat of
wheat. Alum, to be sine, does not kill so fast as
the sulphate of copper — nevertheless, it is not so
good for the stomach. Chalk, pipe-clay, and
plaister, enter largely into the composition of a
loaf, but these are tolerable. Good white pine
saw-dust also makes a saleable loaf The effect
of alum on "panitication " is to make it, as the
bakers say, (and be hanged to them) swell large.
It would hardly be too great a punishment for
those offenders to make them eat their own loaves.
Luckily there is a ready test that will detect the
presence of the sulphate of copper. Apply to the
bread a dro|i of prussiate of potash, and it will
produce a rose color, even though the sulphate be
only part in nine thousand. — The bread, therefore,
I blush, although the baker has no shame.

The Horticultural Garden o< the late Andrew
Parmeutier, is oU'ered lor .Sale.

THE icpuldtiou ol Ibis tijl.ibli^linient is
not confined to the vicinity of New York,
Init is well known thioughout the United
Slates, and ditl'eient parts of Europe. 'It is
situated tivo miles from the city of New
Yoik, at Brooklyn, Long lOand, at the jum-iioii of the
Jamaica and Fbubush Roads, and contains 24 acies.

The Grounds are in a very high state ol cultivation,
and laid out with judgment and taste. The situation is
very healthy and the view very extensive, commaniling
the bay, the city, Sic. The Garden is enclosed by a
pointed stone fence, and inside of that is a hawthorn
hedge. Tbe Nursery contains a fine and extensive col-
lecton of Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental 1 ree" ; also, a

iplenilid collection of Roses and Herbaceous Plants,

the object of the late proprietor having always been to
collect every new variety

On the premises are a Dwelling House, two Laborers'
Houses, seven Cisterns, and a never-failing Pump of ex-
cellent water; four Green and Hot Houses, containing
a rich variety of rare exotics.

Tlie advantages to be derived by any person who
wishes to engage in the occupation of Gardening, by the
purchase of this property, are very great ; the business
already secured is very extensive, and the prospect of
increa-ed eiicourageineut is such as to warrant the be-
lief that tbe purchase of the property will amply repay
the enterprise of the one who mav engage in the
business.

Terms will bo made known by applying to Mrs Par-
MFNTiER, on the premises.

N. B. — Any orders sent to Mrs P. will be promptly
and carefully executed. 6l

Feb. 16.

From the Boston Couth

BREAD.

Siliman's Journal has, among many scientific
articles, a paper on the various saline materials
used in making bread. It is the worst of treasons
and conspiracies to poison a man at his own table
— the very wildest Arab would not do it, so ab-
horrent is it to nature to inflict death with the
staff of life. Yet there are heavy suspicions rest-
ing on the corporation of bakers, and " it will go
nigh to be thought," that if they can produce a
loaf light and fair, they care little for the digestions
of the consumers. In Belgium and the North of
France, the men of dough have mixed with their
other deleterious ingredients, the sulphate of co]i-
per. This, it seems, was begun in seasons when
the flour was of a bad quality ! — With the flour
they mixed pulverized beans, or saw-dust, and
consummated their atrocity by throwing in tUie
TLtriol. This was to diminish the labor of knead-

Tobacco and the Cholera. — The continent is pois-
oned with tobacco-smoke from one end of the
land to the other, aftd every hourof the twentyfoiir.
That .tobacco may kill insects on shrubs, and that
one stench may overpower another, is all jmssible
enough ; but that thousands and tens of thousands
die of diseases of the lungs, generally brought on
by tobacco smoking, is a fact as well known as
any in the whole history of diseases. How is it
possible to be otherwise ? Tobacco is a poison !
A man will die of an infusion of tobacco as soon
as of a shot in the head. Can inhaling tliis pow-
erful narcotic, in however small portions, bo good
for man ? Its operation in these small portions is
to produce a sensation of giddiness and drowsi-
ness. It inflames the mouth, and requires a per-
petual flow of the saliva, a fluid known to be
among the most important of the whole oconotiiy
of digestion ; it irritates the eye, corrupts tlie
breath, and excites the throat to perpetual thirst.
No doubt the human frame may grow so accus-
tomed to this drain, that the smoker may go on
from year to year, making himself a nuisance to
society ; yet there can be no doubt whatever, that
the custom is as deleterious in general as it is filthy
and un-English. A great portion of it has arisen
among us from the puppyish affectation of our
shopkeepers' boys and city dandies, for being
thought foreign Field Marshals. Every handler
of tapes and ribands turns a hussar, the mo-
ment he sallies forth from behind the counter ;
the easily applied moustache, the fur cloak, and
the cigar, furnish the hero ; and England rejoices
in her Count Calico and her General Gingham.
Monthly Magazine.

TVuih. — In all sciences the errors precede the
truths ; and it is better they should go first than last.

European Leeches.

The subscriber has made such arrangements abroaJ
as to enable him to be constantly supplied with the gen-
uine medical Leech. All orilers will receive prompt at-
tention. EBENEZER WIGHT,

46, Milk street, opposiie Federal-st., Apothecary.

Flooring Boards, <&c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern While Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (liy steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
gooil, and price lower than thev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.ii lotitest priee.g, for sporting —
constantly for sale at COPELAND'S POW DER STORE,
6,- Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it mSy
be returned, and the money will he rct"niieu Jan. 1

Jewelry, Watches, and Fancy Goods.

WM. M. WESSON, No. 10a Washington Street,
Boston, is constantly supplied with a good assortment
of Watches, Silver anil Plated Ware, Jewelry, Cutlery,
Trays of all kiuds, Fancy Goods, Ifc, /fc, which he will
dispose of at as low a rate as- can be purchased in the
<^'y- 0° Watches repaired and warranted.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at SS'perJannum,
|iaablc at the end of the year — but those who pay within
sixty dn\s Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deJuclion nf fifty cents.

tT No paper will be sent to & distance witnout payment
be ng made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Klssei.i., by 1. R. Edtts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be exeeutej to meet the
withes of customers. Orders for Printint; received by J. B.
R.tssEi.L, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62, North
Ma-ket Street.

AGENTS.
^feit York — G. Thorbukn &. Suns, G" Liberty-stree*.
Many — \V til. Thorbukn, 347 Market street.
P^itadelphia — D. ^ C Landreth, S3 Chestnut-street. ■
Baltimore — G. B. Smi'I'H, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinciimrili—S. C. Paukhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. V. Wm. Prince & Sons, Piop.Lin.Bot.Garde*
Middtehnry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
ihrlford— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
f^mig/eld, Ms. — E. EnvvAKns.
Nticbunrport. — Erenezer Stepman. Bookseller.
Pcrtsminth. N. H. — i. W. Foster, Bookseller.
Pertland, Mt. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
Augusta, Me. — Wm. Mank.

Hali/ux, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq.JBecorder Office
MoiUrenl, L. C. — Hkbri Hillock.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the. Acrkultdral WAfeKHOuSE.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

vor^. X.

BOSTOIV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 14, 1832.

NO, 35.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

REMARKS ON THE "NEW THEORY OF
BOTS."

By R. Green, Mansfield, Ma.

Many species of insects, by their depredations,
force themselves into notice. . Not a plant, how-
ever noxious, nor shrub, nor tree, nor any animal
of the higher classes, but probably has, like Jo-
nah's gourd, an assailant. Such are theii numbers
and their destruction of ]>roperty, that anything
respecting them, especially whatever tends to les-
sefl their increase or prevent their injurious etJ'ects,
is interesting.

In the 23d number, vol. 10, of the New England
Farmer, I observed a piece called, "New Theory
of Bots in Horses." To this, I paid particular at-
tention— but, I saw nothing in it to alter my form-
er opinion, which was founded on observation,
experiments, analogy and facts. I did not doubt
tlie good intentions of the author; but, to use his
own words, I thought that " prejudice had, in spite
of himself, got the better of his judgment." I
presumed that probably some, who are unacquaint-
ed with the general history of insects and had paid
little or no attention to the subject before us, might
draw wrong conclusions from the statements there
made. But when I saw the remarks of your in-
telligent correspondent of South Boston, I thought
further reply was unnecessary.

Since which, however, I have been de.sii>;d to
make some further observations on the " New
Theory," by a friend, Mr Russell, whose request I
could not well refuse. The few remarks which
shall be made, will be merely an ajipendixto those
made by your aforesaid correspondent.

It is not necessary to go. into every particular
contained in that paper — such a course would
swell this to some considerable lepgth, and be of
little use to the public. The whole sum and sub-
stance of the "new theory," are simply these po-
sitions : —

1. That bots are bred in the horse. This,
however, is not exactly said, but I consider it im-
plied, therefore requires a passing notice. 2. That
the insects " never kill the horse." That " the bots
never injure him," but are " harmless insects, —
doubtless necessary to his health." That they nev-
er prey upon the horse while living. 3. That "so
soon as the horse dies," they " knoiving the animal
to be dead, endeavor to make their escape, by eat-
ing a passage out, or eat a last meal from choice,"
of course many perforations are made in the
stomach.

Now all these positions are either contrary to
reason, to analogy, or to fact, or to all of them.

1. That bots are bred in the horse, is contrary
to fact. It is well known by naturalists, that in-
sects do not breed in the larva state. It is also
w^ll known, that the insects in question, inhabit
the horse's stomach only in that state ; therefore
they are not bred in the horse.

2. That the insects " never kill the horse, nev-
er injure him," but are "harmless." That they
never prey upon the horse " while living." All
these are contrary to reason, to analogy, and I be-
lieve, t<5 fact. We admit, for a moment, that the

liots do not prey upon the horse " while living." | still greater force. In many cases, if not in all
But in this case, we contend that they are essen- j that I have seen, the destruction of the stomach
tidily injurious to him. Can any one think that j most evidently appeared to be the work of time.

the plunging of their tentacula or hooks, into the
inner and sensible membrane of one of the most
important organs of the horse, the stomach, is no
injury ? Undoubtedly the morbid stimulus, caus-
ed by their hooks, is amply sufficient to account
for many diseases. Although this morbid stimulus
should not directly destroy life, yet it may bring
on diseases which end in death. The morbid
stimulus of ardent spirit on the human stomach,
does not at first destroy, but it introduces a great
variety of diseases, which terminate in death. —
Comparatively, very few die of intoxication, to the
great numbers which are carried out of time, by
diseases caused by the morbid stinmlus of rum on
the stomach. And probably few liorses die di-
rectly from bots, to the nimiber which die of dis-
eases caused by the morbid stimulus, produced by
the action of the insects. I have seen an aduit
l)erson greatly distressed at the stomach, with
constant nausea and frequent attempts to vomit,
but nothing was brought up but ahttle frothy mat-
ter— on taking waim water largely, several worms
(Ascaris lumbricoides) were washed from the
stomach and brought up in the current. On which
the vomiting and nausea ceased, and the stomach
became immediately tranquil. Will any one deny
that this disease was the effects of the morbid stim-
ulus, occasioned by the worms in the stomach ?
That the worms were the cause, there is no posi-
tive evidence ; but there is the strongest presump-
tive evidence — the very best evidence that the case
admits ; perfectly satisfactory and conclusive. We
ought ever to be satisfied with the best evidence
that can be in the ease.

What shall we say, when a horse moderately
used, well fed, with no apparent obstruction in the
intestinal canal, and in a season when no external
insect can annoy him, loses flesh, feils in courage,
now and then coughs, frequently turning his head
and with an expressive look views his sides, occa-

It is naturally impossible that the destruction
which is often seen on dissection, could be done
by the number of insects found in one hour, nor
in one day, nor in one week. The membranes
about the perforations, in some cases, had become
hard and callous, which could not have happened
had the injury been done within twentyfour hours
of death, much less after that event had taken
place. This alone, I consider, is conclusive. It
shows most clearly, that bots prey on the stomach
while the animal is living.

Horses are endowed with instinct which directs
them to pursue a certain course, without the in-
tervention of reason ; or in other words, it directs
them to avoid natural evils to which they are ex-
posed. They manifest a great dislike to the insect '
in its perfect state, especially the smaller kind
although no pain is caused by it. They will often
leave their food and run from place to place, to
avoid a single bot-fly. The liorse which I now
own, often when a bot-fly is buzzing about him,
becomes so turbident that I am obliged, when on
business, to stop and kill the insect before I can
farther proceed— he then is perfectly docile. By
this it seems that they, by instinct, are aware of
the fatal consequences of the insect. If nature
had designed these insects for the health of the
horso. we should not exjiect to see so much antip-
athy 'to tnem, as is exhibited by the animal.

Were bots necessary to the health of the horse,
then by analogy, we might conclude that worms
are necessary to the health of man ; that the borer
is necessary for the growth and fertility of our
fruit trees ; and that the curculio is necessary for
the jierfection of our most delicate fruits— all
of which, it is unnecessary to say, are contrary to
reason and fact. Insects are always injurious to
every living thing on which they prey.

The presence of bots in a healthy horse, does
not prove that they will never injure and eventu-

sionally biting or snapping as though an insect | ally kill him ; nor does the presence of the borer
was stinginff him ; and thus contiimes to do, more in a healthy tree, prove that the assailant will nev

or less, day after day and week after week, grad
ually growing worse ? I ask again, ^vliat shall we
say .' Shall we call it a cholic ? a disease which
the author of the " new theory " tells us, kills sud-
denly. What stronger evidence can be had, that
the (;ause is the morbid stimulus of the bots? It
is the best evidence that the case admits. If the
horse could be made to vomit, (a thing impossible)
and the bots be made to relinquish their hold, the
insects iriight be brought up to ocular demonstra-
tion. In man, the placing the hand on the stom-
ach, is an expression of distress in the organ ; and
the motions of the horse are not less expressive.
This case is not a solitary one. The writer never
practised, nor studied the 'veterinary art, but a
number of such cases have have fallen under his
observation.

But we do contend, that the bots do prey on the
stomach and perforate that organ, and frequently
in many jdaces, and this while the horse is living.
Undoubtedly the insects are carnivorous, and sub-
sist entirely on the horse. What has been said
respecting the morbid stimulus, applies here with

er injure and eventually destroy it. Disease and
death, in both cases, depend on the amount of in-
jury done and other attending circumstances.

Much more might be said, but I forbear. I will
close this head with an extract from a paper, writ-
ten on this subject, by Mr Clarke, a distinguished
natm-alist: — "It is fortunate for the animal infest-
ed by these insects, that their numbers are hmited
by the hazards to which they are exposed. Prob-
ably a hundred are lost for one that arrives to the
perfect state. The eggs often hatch of themselves
and the young larva without a nidus, crawls about
till it dies ; others are washed off by water— when
in the mouth of the animal, they have to pass
the dreadlid ordeal of the teeth and mastication.
Such are the contingencies, by which nature has
wisely prevented the too great increase of their
numbers, and the total destruction of the animals
on which they feed."

3. That " so soon as the horse dies," the bots
" knowing him to be dead, endeavor to make their
escape by eating a passage out," and hence the
perforations seen on dissection. This is contrary

274

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 14, 1832.

to reason and fart. Nature has furnished every
species of insect with an instinct, «liich is an
impulsive sagacity or nattirul inchnalion to pursue
a certain course, and this without variation. For
instance, the common was|) constructs her nest
witli a kind of lint, deposits an egg in each cell,
and feeds her young. She cannot huild her nest
like her neighhor, the mud-wasp, which forms her
cells of clay, and deposits her eggs in tlie midst
of half-killed spiders, leaving her brood to take
care of themselves. One can never pursue the
course of the other ; neither can the insect in
question pursue any course but that pointed out
by instinct. Now, what is this course ? It is this:
When they wish to lea%e the animal, they inva-
rialilv pass by the intestines. Instinct has taught
no other way, and they must pursue it or die.
Did the insect know the horse to be dead and
wish to leave the body, we should find them, on
dissection, instead of clinging to the stomach,
passing the intestines in crowds. But this is not
die fact. The author of the "new theory " ob-
serves, that " all insects that live on or near ani-
mals, endeavor to make their escape as soon as
the animal dies." This may be true with those
tliat are taught by instinct, not to taste of dead
matter — but this is not the case with bots. In-
stinct never teaches a direct road to destruction.
For them to leave the stomach in their unprepared
state, is death, and of course they cling to it as
their only chance for life.

While inhabitants of the stomach, they have
nothing to do but to eat and grow. They proba-
bly keep themselves gorged. They are not pro-
vided with the means necessary to eat hastily and
ravenously, nor do they, it is believed, have stated
times to riot on the animal. Their work is done
leisurely and gradually. They cannot eat more
ui one hour after death, than they consumed iIm^
hour before and probably not so much. But sup-
pose that they have the knowledge of the horse's
death, and wish not to " eat," but to gnaw out.
They have not the means to aecom|>lish the object.
But suppose still further, that they have the means;
llien, what becomes of the gnawings ? none have
ever been observed ; and who ever knew of any
animal or insect that wished to leave its place of
residence, and undertake the laborious task of
gnawing out, when a passage way was left wide
open, through which it might pass with ease ?

Lastly. However active the insects may be
while the horse is living, and however tenacious
of life, they do not well sustain the cold and are
found in a torpid state, on inspecting the stomach
soon after death. The reason isi evident. The
heat of the horse's stomach, while living, is said to
be 102 degrees of Fahrenheit ; and when the heat
is much reduced, as in fact it is soon after death,
they of course become torpid, as we commoidy
see them when exposed to the atmosphere. Yet
they still have animation enough to hang to the
stomach, as their last and only eftbrt. They can-
not, probably, know the animal to be dead, oidy
by the diminished temperature of heat, on which
they become less active and less disposed to riot
in a " last meal."

Without doubt, the insect in question (Oestrus
equi) is the most formidabh natural enemy to the
horse. About the year 1800, the insects in their
perfect state were in this vicinity, very numerous,
and many horses died in consequence of bots.
This circumstance led the writer to an investiga-
tion .of their habits, with a view to discover a rem-

edy for the apparently increasing evil. A number
of dissections and experiments were made about
that time, in order to complete their history, not
having seen any writer on the subject. The eifec-
tual means of prevention, as detailed in the result
of his inquiries, were put in practice ; since which,
the insects have beccome comparatively few, and
very few horses have died of diseases occasioned
by them, in this neighborhood, for several years
past.

In the close of this paper, I would remark, that
dissections and ex])eriments conducted by those
who are not competent for the task, often lead
into error. Often something is overlooked by
carelessness or want of knowledge, which would
have given, had it been noticed, a diflerent result.
In the prosecution of dissections and experiments
every part ought to be noticed, nothing overlooked,
and everything weighed without prejudice or par-
tiality, having nothing in view but the discovery
of truth.

Having extended these remarks far beyond
what I first intended, I ought to apologize to the
reader for detaining him so long. As the subject
is of some importance to those who are foiid of
and keep that useful animal, the horse, I hope to
be excused.

CULTURE OF GRAPES AND PLANTS.

Mr Fessenden — Contrary to my expectations,
I find your correspondent, "Rnsticus," has endea-
vored to substantiate his tbrmer remarks, respect-
ing the " gross inequalities" in the general award
of premiums by the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, :n a communication of some length ; and
wliih' I regret that he slioidd have written so much
without ajiin-oaching the point in view, or giving
us the least information on the culture of the
plants or fruits that are under discussion, I must
avail myself of your correspondent's polite phrase-
ology, and ai)ologi/e for " the room I am likely to
occupy in your valuable and useful paper," by mv
])resent conunimication, which will, I fear, be more
extensive and contain less useful information, than
I could have wished. It is, I am aware, the duty
of every correspondent to a periodical of useful
knowledge, to study the quality rather than the
(piantity of his remarks — yet, if I do not possess
your correspondeiu's persi)icnity and force of lan-
guage, I have the same right to your indulgence,
in a sincere desire to be useful, and, with his per-
mission, to be just.

Your corri'spondent regrets that we do not un-
derstand the word " forced," alike ; as the term
admits of but one definition when ap[)lied to veg-
etation, it is merely necessary to explain that ap-
plication, and to (!onvince him that to the *ery
grajies to which he has referred me to substantiate
his argument, the term is not at all applicable.

The grapes, vitis vinifeia, or wljat is termed
here the European or English grape, is a native of
Asia, and in its own climate, is cidtivated to great
extent. In the vicinity of Candia, where I have
understood grapes are grown to as great perfec-
tion in the open air, as in any part of the world,
the vines break about the first of Jlarcli ; the later
kind of grapes, such as the Muscat of Alexandria
and Tokay, are ripe the first of August; the Black
Ilandnn-gh and Frontignac, of course, three weeks
earlier ; and the Chasselas or white Sweet-water,
three weeks earlier than those. This will make
the first grape of the above kinds, ripe about the
middle of July. Their general vintage commen-

ces about the first of August. Now, according to
your correspondent':^ own calculation, this is the
very case w-ith tlie grapes we grow here under
glass. What must have made my iirevious re-
marks appear rather contradictory to him, is hia
evident want of knowledge of the difference be-
tween the a|)plieatiou of artificial heat to force any
plant, and merely to protect it from injury. On
the same grounds that he holds his argument, we
may say, wd force our camellias, geraniums, oran-
ges, or any other tender exotic that requires an ar-
tificial climate to bring it to perfection. In Eng-
land, where the only grapes they cultivate are
under glass, or at least, are brought to perfection,
forcinsc grapes is considered a very different pro-
cess tiom merely supplying by artificial means the
deficiency of climate — this is done in their peach-
houses, fig-house, and green-houses. If yourcor-
respoixlent, who presumes to answer for the capa-
bilities of the English gardener, had termed in that
country, the grape, grown in any of those depart-
ments, forced, that were not ripened before the
first of August, I am afraid his knowledge would
sutler in comparison whh the ignoramus he so
facetiously describes — who "engages to bake,
brew, and take care of a horse and gig," &,e. The
grapes that are forced, are either grown in vineries
api)ropriated to their culture alone, or as is more
frequently the case, in pine stoves, as the heat
necessary to grow pine-a])ples in ]>erfection, will
force grapes. In these de|iailmeut^, ripe grapes
are gatheied from March until they come to per-
fection in the houses above mentioned. These
arc properly termed /orccrf, because they are grown
and ri])ened at a season which their native climate
will not admit of If your correspondent will take
an Isuiiella, or any other native grape that does
not ripen in its own native climate until October,
plant it in his green-house and ripen the fruit in
August, he may then with jM-opriety say, that he
forces grajjes.

In my previous communication, I observed, that
I knew from practical experience, that it required
more skill and attention to produce good grapes in
the open air, in our jirccarions climate, than under
glass. This affirmation your correspondent knows
also from experience, to be an error, and with his
usual iiolite consideration, regrets that our opin-
ions should be so much at variance; at the same
time he sup|)lies us with no further information
upon the subject, than that one of the gentlemen
who obtained a premium last season, for the spec-
imens of Handjurgh, informed him that he did not
bestow any pains upon them, not even to prevent
the ajiproach of mildew. I am induced to think
that his experience is, in this case, as it certainly
is in many others on the same subject, merely im-
aginary. I have grown grapes under glass in
America- for nine years, and have never missed
ripening a crop without any difficulty, nor have I
ever seen a failure in any green-house in the
vicinity, to ripen a reasonable crop of fruit, if set
upon the vines, unless by some accident and then
oidy in one case. It is true, I have seen too much
fruit left on the vines ; the result was, its not
being so large or high-flavored ; still it ripened.
I have cultivated the vine four years, in the open
air, in a bearing state — [laid all the attention to it
I possibly could and use<l all the skill I was mas
ter of, still the best season I was not able to ripen
more than two thirds of a crop, and one season
scarcely any ; yet every spring I have had an
abundant show (if fruit, and this I know to have

Vol. X.-No. 35.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

275

bet'ii llie case generally, I may almost say univer-
sally, where they have been cultivated to any ex-
tent in the neighborhood of Boston. I beg to
remark, this observation does not include grapes
grown in the city or in small and completely shel-
tered gardens. I could produce a great many
more facts from practical observation, but I tliink
that quite enough has been said to convince every
horticulturist, that my former remarks were cor-
rect, notwithstanding the variance of opinion
which your correspondent was pleased so politely
to regret.

His arguments to substatitiate his remarks upon
the premiums for flowers, are equally chimerical,
and evince a greater paucity of knowledge than
he appeai-8 to possess, or is willing to shew, on the
subject of grapes. He observes that I " have told
him what every body knows, viz. how to pot and
water chrysanthemums, but have said very little
on the particular point where we differ." It may
be recollected, that he spoke of the time and pre-
paration of compost. I believe in his former com-
munication he asks, if the compost for growing
chrysanthemums required to be mixed, at least, a
year? and replies, with emphatic decision, " cer-
tainly rot." I think every grower must have felt
very much obliged to him for the information.
But further — he says, "now any one can have
them in great perfection with no other care and
trouble, than to put them in good loam and veget-
able mould." I would ask him, if he possesses
the art of decomposing vegetable matter, in one
minute, to a proper consistency for the growth of
plants .' as he says, that "he never thinks of pre-
paring the compost until the moment the chrysan-
themums are ready to pot oft'." If he has, I be-
lieve that cultivators generally, would be exceed-
ingly gratified for the information ; for my part, it
takes me nearly a year. The watering I recom-
mended, he says is unnecessary, twice or thrice a
week being sufficient, unless you want them as
big as barberry-bushes. This remark betrays his
perfect ignorance of the cultivation of this jilant,
for frequent watering obviates the very fault which
he asserts it causes. When the plants are |)lung-
ed, they are in very small pots and will in a short
time fill them with roots, which, if they are well
watered, will confine themselves to the pots and
cause the plant to grow dwarf, and cover itself
with foliage ; but whenever they want moisture,
they will strike their roots through, into the soil
they are plunged in, run up tall ; atid the conse-
quence is, when they are re[>otted, these roots are
from necessity broken off — the plant wilts, loses
its leaves ; and this or similar causes is the reason
why we see so many tall naked chrysanthAnums,
with a few half-grown flowers on the top. My
previous remarks on the growth of chrysanthe-
mums and tulips, arose from my own practice
without reference to any author. Maddock, I have
' never read ; but Hogg has not mentioned the cid-
ture of chrysanthemums at all. Speaking of the
tulip, he says, " It was introduced into England
in the year 1577, where it has been found to in-
crease freely and grow in the open ground, with-
out any extraordinary degree of care ;" and this
is undoubtedly the reason that the tulip ha-! pos-
sessed more of the attention of early writers, than
I tlie chrysanthemum sinensis, which was not
I brought into England until the year 1790 ; and
I then only the " old purple " — making a difference
of two centuries in their respective claims on the
Student. I also know that in 1821, there were not

more than ten varieties that had flowered in Eng-
land, and those in the hands of a few nursery
men in the vicinity of London. A little before
this time, the London Horticultural Society be-
came interested not only in the cidtivation, but in
the introduction of new varieties. Their success
was so great that in 1826, they had forty eight va-
rieties in flower in their own garden ; since that
time I have had no means of obtaining an accu-
rate account of the new varieties, but I have heard
of five. If your correspondent will be at the
trouble to examine the horticultural transactions,
he will find that they spared no pains or expense
in introducing it into general culture ; and he will
then, perhaps, condescend to acknowledge thyt it
has been estimated to deserve the same approba-
tion, and that it has been as nuich and as ably
written upon, as the tulip, their different ages
considered.

He also hopes, I have had sufficient observation
of animal life, to know that what is life to one is
death to another, and that the same may be sai<l
of vegetables and plants — for what is life to most
I)lanls, is deadly poison to bulbs. This remark
will convince the reader that Mr Rusticus is no
great cultivator or that his experience in the art is
miserably limited, for with the exception of a very
few natural orders of plants, such as the Apuntia-
cesee and Ericea;e, whose native soil is on the tops
of rocks, in dry sand or in heaths, or as the Nyin-
phfEcete tribes or other aquatics that grow in mud,
immersed in water, there are few other plants, but
the same soil that grows tulips, hyacinths, and
other bulbs will also grow. It is true that some
plants want more of one particular part of soil
than others, to grow them well ; for instance, a
China rose wants a richer soil than an amaryllis ;
and a geranium and chrysanthemum want a more
retentive soil than a tulip ; but still the soil is
composed of the same substances, only differently
distributed. Rusticus also asks how many have
tried to cultivate tulips, and how few have suc-
ceeded, whilst almost every individual in the prac
tice of rearing flowers, has chrysanthemums. He
could not surely have visited the horticidtural ex-
hibitionp last season or read the report of the com-
mittee, or he would have found the exact reverse
to be the case. The Society's glasses were filled
every exhibition day, during the season of tuli])s,
and there were several competitors for premiums ;
and if I mistake not, there was only one person
showed for the prize on chrysanthemums. Now,
judging from this, if he says every lover of flowers
has chrysanthemums, it must be imagined that
they either grow them so badly that they are asham-
ed to exhibit them, or that they would rather
show tulips for three dollars than chrysanthe-
mums for five. Again, he asks, how many ranun-
culuses, are purchased every year and come to
nought ? The reason is obvious to every person
acquainted with plants — the " many thousands,"
he mentions, are no doubt bought at auction ; sent
out from Holland to be disposed of in that way —
they are generally the weakest and poorest roots
left in the florist's hands, and after having supplied
his orders, he sends the refuse to bring any price
in foreign markets, they can command. He takes
no more trouble in packing them, than merely per-
haps to prevent them from actually rotting on the
passage. Many of them decay, and a dampness
spreads from those over the whole case, so much
as frequently to rot the paper in which they are
packed. The ranunculuses being the smallest roots

and very tender, are the first killed. This is the
cause that so very few ever start after planting,
and what Rusticus terms the epidemic disease to
the stronger bulbs, tulips, narcissus, &c, is nine
times out often contracted in crossing the Atlan-
tic and not to any cause he adduces. I think all
florists ought to be governed by the information
he received, through the medium of his friend
from New York, as to ])lanting the ranunculuses
with the "claws upward." He is really taking us
back into the lOlh century at once, when conser-
vatories were heated by making large holes in the
ground and filling them with peat or ashes, and
when the soil^n Holland to grow a bulb, was kept
a profound secret. He hopes, in conclusion, that
he has said enough to prove that chrysanthemums,
instead of being ten times the trouble of tulips
they are a hundred the reverse. Now I almost
fancy that my faculties are somewhat more obtuse
than formerly, for I cannot perceive that he has
shown any proof that either of them are difficult
or troublesome to grow, unless we are to rely upon
his mere assertion, that " everybody has succeed-
ed in chrysanthemums, and nobody in tulips, hy-
acinths, &c.

I will point out the compost that I have used
for the above jjlants. The original soil of my
tulip bed, is rather a strong and rich loam ; to ev-
ery square yard I api)lied a good large wheel-bar-
row full of well rotted leaf mould ; half a barrow
full of well rotted manure, and half a barrow full
of coarse sand. This must be well mixed, eigh-
teen inches or two feet deep, by turning it two or
three times before the bulbs are planted. In
planting, I take off' the soil all over the bed four
inches deep, make it perfectly level, mark the "ia-
tance of the bulbs from each other, (the rows
eight inches apart and seven inches in the row.)
1 then put a small handful of sand on the place
where I intend each bulb to stand; place on it the
root, the bulb in an erect position, and cover it
with another handful of sand. I then replace the
soil carefidly so as not to move the roots, and fin-
ish oft" the bed perfectly level. Where the soil is
light and not very rich, I would add half a barrow
full of rotted manure, and not put any sand, only
round the bulb. This is necessary in any soil to
keep them dry in winter. For hyacinths, the
compost will be better made lighter by adding
more sand, but must be equally rich. I plant
them the same depth, the distance eight inches
apart each way, and in the same manner. I man-
age them, after they are planted, in the same way
as recommended for tulips in my former commu-
nication. Ranunculuses, I have never grown in
America, but the same preparation for tidips will
grow them well. The method to plant them is,
after making your bed perfectly level, to draw
drills six inches apart and exactly two inches deep;
plant the roots, claws downward, in the drill four or
five inches apart ; cover them with a little sand,
like the others, and level your bed neatly. It is
necessary to protect them during winter, with a
hot bed frame, from the severe cold, and look at
them occasionally to see that they do not start and
draw up weak. Give them air in fine weather ;
in spring move away the frame, and when they
are coming into flower, shade them from the hot
sun and supply them plentifully with water —
care must be taken not to wet the flowers, or it
will immediately spoil their colors. One thing I
))articularly recommend, viz. to be very cautious
and certain that the manure you apply to all bulbs,

276

Ni:W ENGLAND FARMER,

March 14, 1832.

is completely rotten. If this cannot be obtained
and your ground is poor, bury your manure so
tliat it do not come iu contact with the bulbs, otli-
erwise it will be sure to destroy the colors ol the
flowers. If Mr Rusticus or any other person, will
procure good healthy roots (those from auction I
would not recommend to any one,) and follow the
above brief directions, I am confident he will be
successful and be convinced that there is no such
great art in growing any of the above bulbs, as he
would make us believe. The compost iu which I
grow my chrysanthemums is, four wheel-barrows
full of rich loam from rotten sods; one barrow
full of well lotted manure ; one barrow full of
vegetable mould, and half a barrowtiill of sand —
well mixed. If it lay a year after mixing it is
the better. Destroy the weeds by frequent turning.

Your correspondent observes, with imusual
modesty, that he has not the vanity to ihink his
judgment superior to that of others, but will not
give up to me. Allow me to reply, that I never
was ambitious of such a sacrifice on my account,
and would take very little trouble to obtain it —
bearing in mind the good old adage, that " one
man might lead a horse to water," &c. He does
not seem to recollect any flower being in blossom,
with the exception of a few lilacs, at the same
time with tulips; he censures the weakness of my
memory and then makes a further exception of
one of the varieties I mentioned. As the beauty
of difti-'rent flowers must be judged according to
taste, in which few horticulturists agree, and on
which I have known endless and most improfitable
disputes. I believe the respective merits of tulips
and chrysanthemums will find advocates enough,
wi^.hout Mr Rusticus or myself being over zealous
in^lheir behalf. I acknowledge his good nature
in being glad that I aui satisfied to compete for
small premiums. " If I cultivate to perfection, it
is all he wishes." Think of that, Mr Editor—
with such an enil in view, what would I not un-
dertake ? I can at present only wish that his
prayer for the blessing of patience, may be grant-
ed, for I am confident he can never be a success-
ful cultivator without it ; and to his regret that I
should so misinterpret his language, as meaning to
cast any censure on the gentlemen forming the
the committee, I reply, that I am not the only
one, by many, who has labored under the same
impression. After adverting to the ignorance in
which Euglish judges are kept, from not knowing
the owners of flowers offered for jjremiums, he
says, " and thus it is that the poor and humble cot-
tager is often the successful comi)etitor." Such
an assertion can bear but one inference, and Mr
Rusticus is remarkably awkward in his attempt
to conceal it. His compliment to Mr Loudon is,
of course, deserved; but his admiration in this
case, might have been usefully coupled with the
recollection that the practical correspondents of
the Gardeners' Magazine, neither advance sugges-
tions nor endeavor to substantiate them, Without
giving their practical experience.

In conclusion, Mr Editor, though I have no ob-
jection to exchange opinions on the culture of any
plant or fruit with which I may be conversant,
with any person, I desire no further controversy
with a writer whose only argutnent is contradic-
tion, without affording us the least knowledge of
any kind, but that he thinks himself wis .r than
other folks. I am, yours respectfully,

A PRACTICAL HORTIL DLTURIST.

Charlestown, March 5, 1832.

HEATING HOT-HOUSES AND GREEN-
HOUSES BY HOT WATER.

Although the subject of heating hot-houses, &c,
by hot water, may not, to a su^jerficial view, seem
to be of very extensive practical utility, yet an in-
vestigation of the principles of this branch of econ-
omy of heat, may lead to results of much impor-
tance, which the inquirer could not have anticipa-
ted. We hope; therefore, that our readers will
excuse us for dwelling somewhat in detail, on a
topic, apparently in some degree foreign irom the
great interests to which our paper is devoted.

Those green-houses, and other repositories of
untimely and exotic vegetation, in Europe called
forcing-houses, in which fire was made a substi-
tute for heat of climate, had been for two centu-
ries, heated soZe/i/ by brick flues ; that is, by the
lieat given out by the blaze and smoke of burning
fuel. That this mode had been entirely adequate
to its cn<l is proved by the yijc?, that at Kew, Paris,
Liverpool, • Leyden, Berlin, St Petersburg
&c, they have been able to produce grapes in
winter; pine-apples in spring; and to bring
into flower the rarest West and East India plants,
and even to ripen their fruits to great perfec-
tion.

When, however, the management of steam be-
came familiar to British mechanics, they applied
the surplus steam not required for their machinery,
to the heating of their work-shops. This soon led
to the employment of steam in lieating every de-
scription of forcing-houses, hot-houses, green-
houses, conservatories,' graperies, and pineries.^
They were the subjects of great praise, but, never-
theless, a great proportion of the practical garden-
ers revolted at them ; not, as we shall endea\or
to show, from well grounded objections to the use
of steam, but from the ahiise of it ; because, instead
of using it as an nuxilian/ power, the projectors,
vain of their discovery, insisted on its being an
universal remedy. It was like a quack medicine,
able to cure, equally well, all diseases, however
opposite their character.

The Hon. J. Lowell has, in our opinion, discov-
ered and put into useful operation, an important
improvement on the European modes of heating
hot-houses, &c. After having derived much
pleasure from the inspection of this improvement,
we requested and prevailed on Mr Lowell to
furnish us with the following notices, of the
origin and progress of his mode of heating hot-
houses, &c.

" I imported the horticultural transactions of
Europe, and found the parties divided with regard
to the comparative value of heating by steam and
by smoke flues. I said to my friends, these gen-
tlemen are so angry with each oilier, that they do
not perceive that the two modes of heating green-
houses, &c, may be very easily combined. Why
should the advocates for smoke flues, be so obsti-
nate as to reject the prodigious power of steam ?
And why should the new advocates for steam, re-
ject the heating effects of the smoke and the flame,
which must be at least equal to all the heat which
thev can force the ignited fuel to part with to the
ketiles ?

" I resolved to dejiart from the practice of heat-
ing by steam only. I placed my boiler within my
house, instead of following their examjile. This
alteration alone was a saving of one ton of coal.
I then resolved to continue my smoke Jliies in ad-
dition to my steam pipes. I soon perceived that I
had gained most important benefits. I found that

of one hundred and tweiily days of winter, there
were not more than thirty in the whole (one quarter
pari) in which it was necessary or even useful to
raise any steam whatever. Here let nie stop to
explain this. Steam will not rise to heat a steam
pijie, till your water in the boiler is lieated to 212
degrees. But before that happens, your brick flue
has been so heated as to raise the thermometer iu
your house, to GO degrees at least. Now as this
degree of heat is not only sufficient for your ])lants,
but a better temperature for their health than any
other, being about the average temperature of
summer, all artificial heat above that point is posi-
tively hurt/id. The practical gardener will com-
piehriid me, when I say that it forces plants pr«-
matiinly and they are weakly and sickly.

" Such was the state of our experience on this
subject, when we were told that hot water pipes
and reservoirs were adapted to cure all our evils,
and produce, not only economy of fuel but of la-
bor. I listened witli the deepest interest to the
accounts of this new discoveiy. The fact, un-
questionable in itself, that hot water parts with its
heat more slowly than any other substance, struck
my imagination. I resolved at once to try the hot
water system ; but, instructed by experience, I
resolved that if I adopted it, I would not give up
the smoke flue, which / kneie had given out, at
least, as much heat as either steam pipes or hot
water pipes could do — or in other luid plainer lan-
guage, in using either hot water or steam pipes
exclusively, you gave up one half of all yourpovv-
er — you reduced at once one pound of coal to half
a pound.

" Having made these replies to your inquiries, I
beg leave to ask you to republish the observations
of Mr Paxton, principal giu-dener to the Duke of
Devonshire at Chatsworth. His remarks were
made, iu reply to strictures of Mr Loudon, as to
liis, Mr Paxton's, refusal to adopt the hot water
system. Of Mr Paxton's abilities, Loudon hitnself
speaks in high terms. The public will judge of
the comparative capacity of the two parties to de-
cide, when they learn that Mr Loudon is an archi
tect and Mr Paxton, wliom he praises, has the care of
nearly //«>(?/ green-houses, hot-houses and pineries,
that he is the practical manager of one of the mo.st
extensive establishments in Great Britain. Mr
Paxton urges the .same objection which I have
urged to hot water apparatus, when used exclu-
sively, that it is a wasteful expense as to green-
houses and graperies, because there is not more
than twenty or thirty nights in the year, when you
ai-e obliged to get up your hot water pipes to their
maximum.

"I balieve fully, that if our improvemennt should
ever be admitted into Great Britain, it would su-
persede the present modes of heating. Its essen-
tial superiority consists in this : the upper pipes
without flanges, are laid along the top of the
smoke flue, and the lower are returned in contact
with the same flue. Thus the heating of the water
pipes is very essentially accelerated, and their
cooling as essentially retarded. At Rnxbury, on
the famous 27th of January last, the thermometer
in my hot-house did not fiiU below 5G ; and at
Gardiner, Me. in a very large green-house heated
on the same principle, on the same day, the ther-
mometer within the house stood at 39°, while
without it sunk to the degree of 20 below 0."

" P. S. I ought not to conclude these re-
marks, without adding that your apparatus for
heating rooms, embracing as it does, the principles

Vol. X.— No. 35.

AND IIOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

277

necessary to give a quick and durable heat, is, I
think, of great vahie.

T. G. Fesse.nden, Esq."

The observaiions of Mr Paxton, gardener to the
Duke of Devonshire, noticed above, were as follows:

" Question. How do you like hot water in
comparison to fire flues ?"

" Answer. So far as my experience has led me
to draw any conclusion, I will answer your ques-
tion. When hot water was first noticed in tlie
horticidtural transactions, I was almost in raptures
with the idea, and as soon as possible I sat about
heating those two pits you now see with it, and
although it was thought the pipes then put in, (a
double return,) would be more than sufficient for
the purpose of heating the pits, independent of
two large cisterns full of hot water, to my aston-
ishment, on the approach of severe weather we
had considerable difficulty to keep out the frost ;
and iu the severe storm, two years since, our pine
plants were so much injured, that they nearly all
started prematurely into fruit in the spring. You
are aware that water evaporates into steam at 213
degrees Fah. and, consequently, the pipes cannot
be heated to a greater degree. The difficulty in
hot water is, that while iu a severe frosty night,
the external atmosphere is continually lowering,
you cannot keep increasing the hot water to coun-
teract its effects, without putting up nearly double
the quantity of pipes that would be necessary un-
der ordinary circumstances ; when, with a well
constructed flue, you could advance to any degree
that might be required. Our houses are so con-
trived that we have full command of the internal
air, without in the least distressing the flues iu the
most severe weather ; and my foreman has re-
peatedly told me, that the only fire requiring
attention more than once in the evening, is that
attached to the hot water pit. I have offered him
a man to assist him, but he has always refused,
saying, he had no cause to visit the fires more
than once in the evening, except in very severe
weather. There are flues in the garden, erected
before I came to Chatsworth,tliat almost burn one
end oftlie house while the other is nearly cold ; but
these I do not now use for early forcing, and there-
fore have not altered them. All the flues I have
built, give out heat in so uniform a manner, that
there is no difference between one end of the
house and the other; and by the plan of having
an open canal of water at the front of the fires, to
give out moisture according to the heat required,
not the greatest action of the flue can in the least
injure vegetation ; being a self actor, it evaporates
more or less as the decrease or increase of the
fire becomes necessary. And on entering the
house, after a severe frosty night, not the slightest
unpleasantness is perceptible. This canal is made
of block tin, and when properly painted will last
a great number of years."

" Q. Do you mean then to discontinue hot
water for forcing?"

" A. By no means ; I have some alterations at
present going on for improving it if possible; all
I want is for it to stand on its own merits, and for
all persons who give their opinions, to speak from
experience."

We will close this article with a few brief re-
marks of our own. Blore or less heat is always
expended in and about a fireplace, during the
combustion of fuel. Of course it must be good
economy, as a general rule, to construct a fireplace

within the ajiartment to be heated. A smoke
flue is often pervaded by flame, as well as by
smoke and hot air, for many feet from the fur-
nace, and may be considered as a continuation of
the fireplace, adding much to its power of healing.
A hot water pipe ]>laced on or in contact with a
flue, receives heat from the latter and distriliutes
it more equably, than could be done by the flue
alone. This arrangement, together with a reser-
voir somewhat larger than the boiler, to make up
in quantity what is wanted iu temperature, may
serve to equalize, or nearly so, the warmth of
botli ends of the house.

The boiler, flue, pipes and reservoir, are receiv-
ers, carriers, distributors and depositories of heat,
and are all useful when judiciously employed.

There are three things to be desired in heating
hot-houses, &c. A quick heat, which may be
gained from brick flues or steam pipes. A dura-
ble heat, fiu'uished by hot water pipes and reser-
voirs. And a moist heat, obtained, as mentioned
above bj' Mr Paxton, by " open canals," or by any
kind of open metallic vessels containing water and
placed in a warm situation, or by perforated steam
])ipes and other modes now in use.

Mr Lowell's method of combining a quick
with a durable heat, appears to us to be a great
improvement, which might be advantageously used
for many other purposes, besides heating horticul-
tural edifices. Its value has been ascertained by
the infallible test of experiment ; and we think it
will be embraced with avidity by European as
well as American horticulturists.

We believe that the apparatus for heating by
hot water, constructed by S. G. Perkins, Esq. and
Col. T. H. Perkins, heretofore described in our
paper, are perfectly in accordance with the latest
English improvements in that branch of economy,
and think their enterprize and skill deserve high
commendation. Mr Lowell's apparatus, however,
appears to us to be an improvement on the greatest
advances of which we have seen any notices, in
Great Britain or the United States.

CULTURE OF SILK.

Mr Fessenden — I have seen the article in your
last paper, of an unknown correspondent, calling
on me to start associations of the State and Coun-
ties for the culture of silk, and offering assistance.
In regard to this business, I am willing to do all
that I can with safety, and have already proposed
my views to one of the committee of agriculture
in the House of Representatives. What seems to
be most wanting at present, to encourage our
farmers to raise silk, is that they should be sure of
some fixed price for the cocoons, if it were not
more than 25 cts. per lb. They would then go
on with confidence, and set out mulberry trees and
raise silk worms, knowing that if they could do no
better with the cocoons themselves, they could at
least ^ell them for that price. If the State Legis-
lature or some association, would encourage a
suitable person to give some standard price, for all
the cocoons that were raised in Massachusetts for
five years to come, there is no doubt but that an
abundance of them would be raised, at the end of
that time. The reeling is discouraging at first
and is attended with some expense and waste ; and
without some aid, as above mentioned, from Gov-
ernment or an association, I fear that few individ-
uals, if any, can be found to undertake it exten-
sively. My opinion is, that the Governor, or the

agent of an association, should have power to
contract with some responsible person to purchase
all the cocoons, raised in this commonwealth,
which might be offered to him for sale, and reel
and manufacture them, or sell the raw silk at his
own risk ; and that a resjjonsible person might be
found to do this, for five years, at the rate of .f 1000
per year, I have no doubt. This certainly would
be a trifling sum for the State to appropriate to so
useful and important a business, esjiecially when
it is considered what vast sums have been spent iu
other countries, to bring forward and foster this
branch of domestic industry. I believe the manu-
fiictming will go on wilhout encouragement, but
that will not help the agricultural interest so much,
while it is confined to the foreign raw silk.
Dedham, March 5, 1832. J. H. COBB.

GRAFTING FRUIT TREES.

Mr Editor — I strongly suspect that it is not
generally known that a great variety of trees, even
the walnut or shag-bark, may be successfully graft-
ed. The best kinds of the the plum tree will suc-
ceed well OB the common plum stock. And
although the pear will grow grafted upon the
thorn, and the quince upon the pear, yet as a gen-
eral rule, we think that they will flourish best
upon their kindred stocks. The peach is an ex-
ception. It is the general practice in England, to
graft the peach upon the plum stock ; such ought
to be the practice here — good reasons may be as-
signed. The plum tree is more hardy than the
peach, will live twenty or thirty years, and is not
so liable to be destroyed by worms at the root. —
It is said that peach trees grafted upon plum stocks,
will flourish thirty years, and are not so easily
affected by our severe winters. If the latter re-
mark be correct, and for the other reasons assign-
ed, I advise all farmers disposed to cultivate this
delicious fruit, to insert the peach scion upon the
plum stock; some prefer buddiug — the experi-
ment, should it fail, would cost but little. Peach
trees ought not to be pruned at all, after the tree
is well formed, or suffered to grow very high.
Ashes round the roots are useful as manure, and
to guard against worms. In this country I believe
fruit trees generally are sujiposed to grow too high ;
tliey are more liable to be injured by severe and
cold winds. The tops should be bent down and
confined, or cut off, while the trees are young.
This, I understand, is the common practice in
the fruit gardens of England.

WILLIAM CLAGGETT.

Portsmouth, JV. H. March, 1832.

BLACK CURRANT WINE.

The first knowledge I had of the virtues of the'
black currant, was from a paper written by the
Rev. M. Cutler and read before the " American
Academy of Arts and Sciences," and by them pub-
lished in their first volume of " Memoirs," A. D.
1785. In that paper, ajellyorrob was recom-
mended for sore throat, &c. I thought that if the
currant possessed so many virtues, that the wine
might be useful. Accordingly I made it, on a
small scale, and found it exceeded my most san-
guine expectations.

The shrub is as easily cultivated as any other
currant with which I am acquainted ; but the wine
is not so easily made as other currant wines, on
account of its pulp.

The currants should be fully ripe and collected

78

NEW ENGLAND FAUlMER,

March 14,1832.

ill ilry weather, freed from leaves, webs of
insects, and decayed or defective fruit. To a gal-
lon of currants add a gallon of water; break the
currants and press out the liquid by strong pres-
sure, but in such a manner as to detain as much
)iiil|i as possible. To every gallon of liquid thus
obtained, aild three pounds of good clean sugar ;
one fourth of an ounce of alum, pulverized; and
two gills of good brandy. Let the whole be well
incorporated together, put into a clean vessel and
placed in a cool situation, before the fermentation
commences. Place the bung loosely in for a few
days and then tighten it, leaving at its side a very
small vent, which in a little time more may be
stopped. All the utensils used in the process
should be perfectly sweet and clean, and the busi-
ness be carried on with expedition. The alum
jirevents a too rapid fermentation ; it should be
ailded in the beginning of the process and com-
))letely incorporated with the liquor, that its pecu-
liar astringency may be lost in the compound,
which is to be made by the vinous fermentation.

The above process, I communicated to Mr Otis
Pettee of Newton. He has made fhe wine ac-
cording to the rule above del.ailed. His wine, I
understand, has found its way into the market, is
much approved, and thouglit to lie inferior to
none. '^ R. GUEEN.

Mansfield, Feb. 10, 1833.

ground as brick ; it is covered with thick plank
and we drive loaded carts over it. Whole ex-
pense, about thirteen dollars. It ought, however,
to be larger, as it often runs over before we have
an opportunity to carry it out. I think it has been
perfectly tight from the first, as I have seen i
stand full, within an inch, for many days.

An Irishman who lived with me, said he had
lived in the neighborhood of a farmer who had a
large one, and used to tln-ow in every dead animal
he could procure, and would run it over land
drilled for potatoes, with as many tap holes in the
cask, as there were drill rows under it. B.

Bridgeport, Feb. 6, 1832.

MANURE.

Few farmers are aware of how much of the
strength of manure is lost and carried off, by
rains, from their barn yards ; especially w hen sit-
uated on the road and descending towards it, as is
often seen, and a stream the color of strong ley or
brown stout, constantly running from it. Bly
yard is about GO by 40 feet, and dishing towards
the centre — the cattle stalls under the hovel on
one side, with a clay bottom, also descend without
any obstruction to the same point. There is a
wooden tank sunk at one end, which will contain
eight puncheons, but no drainings can run into the
tank, until it is over eight inches deep in the cen-
tre ; and yet although the litter is generally a foot
thick, such is the quantity of moisture which accu-
mulates from the 1st of March to the 1st of July, that
•ne rainy day that will fill a puncheon which re-
ceives a quarter of the rain which fidls on the roof
of a house 40 by 40 feet, fills the tank after satura-
ting the litter. How much then would be lost
from a level yard or from one descending toward
the street ? and how much the dung must be de-
teriorated, after having such a quantity of its
strength carried off by every rain. This liquid
is drawn up into a puncheon, mounted on a horse
cart, thence conducted into a sprinkler, such as is
used for watering the streets of cities, and driven
over my grass lands nearest home until the grass
is half knee high, after which it is drawn out of
the cask in buckets and thrown on the compost
heap, which is generally in the highest part of the
field which is intended to be next ploughed or
broke up. My hired man can, when he chooses,
carry out and sprinkle the contents of the tank in
half a day.

Perhaps some of your readers would like to
know the dimensions, materials, and expense of
the tank. Material, the hea\y southern 1^ inch
pitch pine, joined by a straight edge as if to be
glued. Dimensions, 6 feet long, 4 wide, and 4
deep. I think this material will last as long under

INJURY TO FRUIT TREES.
Thomas G. Fessendeh, Esq.

Dear Sir — As I am the first to announce the
destructive effects of the past winter, upon ev-
ery species of fruit trees, I am induced to hope
that my suffering has not been extensively shared
in other parts of the country. Having been ap-
plied to by several friends in New Hampshire,
Connecticut, Maine and New York, for scions of
the new varieties of pears, I was surpiised and
distressed to find that the shoots of last year were
pretty uniformly destroyed. This led me to fur-
ther examination, and I am grieved to state that,
with ine, the peach, the cherry, the pear, and even
the apple, have suffered more severely, than with-
in my memory, a period of fortyseven years, since
my attention to these subjects. The whole of the
last year's growth is destroyed, so far as the ex-
amination of fifty young and old trees in every
variety of situation, enables me to judge. My
friends vsho have requested grafts from me, will
consider this as a general reply to all their re-
quests. I have not been able to find one pear
scion which I could send to a friend. Nor is this
the worst part of the case." The injury to the trees
will be far greater than if the scions had been re-
moved by the knife. They will become diseased
and one can scarcely tell where this disease will
terminate. All my hope is, that I have been
more severely visited than others. It will be time
enough afVer we have settled the facts, to discuss
the cause. I have no doubt that it is not to be
attributed to the cold of the late winter, but I should
rather look to the extraordinary and unnatural
heat of the last summer, which enabled gentlemen
to ripen the Black Hamburg grape, and even the
Muscat, on open trellises.

I said to a friend, who showed me some of those
tender grapes nearly ripened in the open ground,
last year, " My friend, I have a deep concern at
your success, because, if you live thirty years lon-
ger, you will never see the same success. It is a
misfortune to you."

The sap continued up and not inspissated till the
30th of November. The severe, unusually prema-
ture severity of December, burst the vessels of the
plants, filled as they were with a watery fluid.
Such is my conjecture, but what are conjectures
worth ? The alarming facts are the most impor-
tant to us. May these facts be limited in their
extent. " JOHN LOWELL.

Boston, March 9, 1832.

flJ'^Ye are fearful that the calamity described
above, has been very extensive as well as destruc-
tive, within the hmits of its visitations. We have
heard from Maine and many parts of New Eng-
land, and are told that many if not most of the

frbit trees have been seriously injured, if not utter-
ly ruined. — Editor q/'jV*. E. Farmer.

DAMAGE TO FRUIT TREES.

Mr Fessenden — I think it very desirable for
the ])ublic to ascertain, from New Jersey and the
middle States, whether the eflecis of the past win-
ler and autumn, have been so severe on fruit trees
there as in this segtion of the Union.

The damage done to the pear, cherry, peach
and apjile, (more particularly young trees) is in-
conceivable, in every part of New England, as far
as can be learned. Many young trees that appear
to be green and healthy at first sight, are found,
on removing the bark with a penknife, to be black
and dead. I lately examined a young orchard of
forty trees, every one of which was injured more
or less, many utterly ruined, with the exception
of two or three native cherry trees, that had never
been budded. It is desirable to know whether
native fruits in general have escaped, more than
foreign varieties. An intelligent farmer in a tovyn
in Middlesex county, where thousands of barrels
of winter apples are frequently raised in a season,
infiirmed me, he feared they should not produce a
barrel this year, nor a pint of cherries. As it will
be a long time before the trees can recover from
this shock, we may calculate on a great scarcity
of fruit, for ten years to come. 1 hope your cor-
respondents in various ))arts of the United State!,
will furnish information of the state of orchards
in their vicinity, through the New England Frtr-
mer. A. B.

Salem, March 12, 1832.

LARGE OX.

MrThom.ns T. Farnswonh of Worcester, Mass,
lately slaughtered an Ox of the Durham short
horn breed, originally owned by his Excellency
Gov. Li.«!COtN, which exhibited unequivocal tes-
timony of the value of that race of animals. His
weight was as follows : —

Alive, 2.525 ;

Quarters,

370

"

370

"

380

"

375

Hide,

150

Tallow,

118

Total, 17(1.3.

The Ox was five years old, only. He had no
meal, except five bushels last sjiring, and twenty
bushels of cob and corn meal since the com-
mencement of autumn.

Betrking the stetns af Fruit Trees. — A writer for
the Gardeners' Magazine says, in substance, that
his gardener in Holland, at the winter pruning,
siven in that country in February, cuts off with
his common pniniug-knifeall the outer bark,dowTi
to the liber, of his apple and pear trees, and vines,
above eight or ten years old ; not so deeply, how-
ever, with the young as with the old trees. This
man's practice is said to have been always success-
ful in producing larger and better flavored fruit,
than can be obtained without that process.

To Correspondents. We are obliged to defer thi»
week, the Proceedings ol the last stated nieetiag of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and many other,
favors.

vol. X.— No. 35.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

279

HA3IPJ)EN IIORTICULTUKAL SOCIKTV.

A incH'ting of about forty goiitlciiK'ii was lii'ld
at Springfield, Mass. last week, iu which suitable
arraugements were made for organizing a Hor-
ticultural Society, to embrace lueinlters from any
part of the County of Hani|)deu. We hope the
proposed institution will prove as flourishing as
its object is laudable. Tlie following gentlemen
were chosen officers : —

Robert Emery, President.

Charles Sterns, Vice President.

Henry Sterns, Recording Secretary.

yV. B. O. Peabody, Corresponding Secretary.

Elisiia Edwards, 'Treasin-er.|

These, with the following named gentlemen,
constitute the Executive Committee, to examine
horticidtural productions, award premiums, &,c.

Samuel Osgood ; Thomas Bond ;

Solomon Hatch; James Chapman.

Notice.

A collection of Seeds anil Cuttings will be distributed
at tlie Hall ol the Mas^s. Hort. Society on Saturday 17lli
iiisl. IMarch 14-

Grape Vines.

THE subscriber offers for sale, at his g;arden in Dor-
er, a few cuttiiifjs of the blick and while "Mosca-
tel " Grape Vines, just received by the brig Cora from
Cadiz, procured for liini by the Consul ol the United
States, resident (here. He writes, " I obtained these
cuttings from vines on whidi I have seen clusters of
grapes, weighing as much as Twentysix pounds." —
They contain several jeinis, and will be sold at 50 cents
eacfL

Also, some very thrihy vines of the Ferro] Grape, a
splendid black fruit, recently imported.

ALSO —

Isabella ; Barcelona ;

Catawba; Elands;

Constanlia ; Black Cape;

Black Hamburgh ;
3 varieties ol valuable fruits, obtained from Xeres in
Spain, and many other choice kinds.

Orders by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
al application at his office. No. 7.^ Congress street, for
any ijuanlily of vines Irom one to one hundred, will jiieet
with prompt attention. Z. COOK, Jr.

March 1-2, 1.S33. 5t

Durham short horn Stock.

FOR Sale, a few very superior halt blood Durham
short born Cows, sired by Admiral, — who was present-
ed to the Massachusetts Socii-ty forthe promotion of Agri-
culture, by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, — these Cows are all
warranted in calf by i'oung Comet, a hill blood Durham
shorthorn Bull, out of the imported Cow Annabella,
presented by Sir Isaac to the same Society. Annabella
has repeatedly given forlyeight pounds of rich Milk per
day, troin grass iced only. For particulars, inquire of
Mr J. B. Russell, at the Agiicultural Seed store, Boston,
or at the Farm of E. Hersy Derby, Esq, Salem, where
the Stuck can be seen. ' Salem, March, 1S32.

Farm for Sale.

A first rate Farm, laying in Dorchester, six miles from
the old State House, containing 90 acres; consisting of
mowing, pasture, orchard and wood; a few acres of it is
salt marsh, situated at South Boston.

There is a handsome two story house, in good repair,
finely situated on a hill, having a very commanding
prospect of the country, handsomely finished ; a large
barn with an excellont cellar under it for vegetables,
shed room, piggery, &.C, &c ; a farm house, nearly new,
and ice house — the whole combining as pleasant a situa-
tion for a (rentleman, as can be found in the vicinity ; ihe
land is in good heart, and would make an excellent mil'."
farm ; 60 tons of hay was cut Irom it last season, and 10
cows kepi on it ; it is the farm formerly owned by Jolin
Gray, E^q. For fur her particulars, apply at the New
England Farmer office. March 14.

Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, Dahlia Roots, &c.

THIS Day received by J. B. Russell, at the New
England Farmer Otlice and Seed Store, a choice collec-
tion of Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, Double Dahlia
Roots, Tiibeioses, Aiuarylles, &c. Particulars iie.\t
week. March 14.

Golden Leaf Tobacco.

SINCE nnlicinii- Golden Leal tobacco for sale, in the
papers, 1 have received orders for it from different parts
ol all the northern and eastern States and their principal
cities. Many inquire the profits per acre. 1 have just
received utters from Albany, which enable me to say
that the produce of fir^t rate cropi is worth from 200 to
iJlSIII) per acre, in that city. I have yet seed sufficient for
JUOO acres, which, for my own and the public's benefit,
I wi-h to di-spose of on the terms in the former notice.
HIRAM M.VTTESON.

Matteson's Mills, Olsego Co. N. Y. March 1, 1832.

[nr A few packages of the ebove seed for sale by J. B.
Russell, Boston — $1 per package.

Printers inserting the above, by sending me a paper,
Matte-son's Mill, Exeter, Olsego Co. N. Y. shall receive
seed lor their kindness. March 14.

Stallions.

THE following Horses are for sale or to let, the ensu-
ing season, — if not parted with, they will sland for Mares
at the farm of A. Dey, at Lodi, Bergen Co. New Jersey,
near i>Jewdrk bridge, under the care of Hosea Worthing-
ton.

Path Killer — chesnut; five years old ; sire, Amer-
ican Eclipse ; dam, Hyacinth, a puie thorough bred mare
of the English race breed, whose pedigree is verified up
lo the oriental horses, more than a hundred years; his
colts are remarkable for their size and bone.

N Av ARtiNO — blood-bay ; four years old ; .sire, Sir Har-
ry ; dam. Hyacinth.

Harpinus — beautiful blood-bay; upwards of sixteen
hands high ; siie, Hamtitetonian ; dam, Messenger Mare;
a great tiotter, and his colts large and fine, well calcula-
ted for c'ooch horses— for one pair of them, only 2 and 3
years old, $400 was refused.

The above horses will stand at $15, and (he mare war-
ranted with foal. If paid by the 1st of November, 1832,
$12,50 will be taken.

Jerry Leghorn — cream color; sixteen hands high ;
five years old; sire, imported horse Leghorn; dam, a
Defiance Mare. Tiiis breed of horses has proved great
travellers, and valuable as roadsters and for farming hor-
ses. Stands at $8, and the mare warranted with foal —
if paid by the 1st of November, 1832, $6 will be taken.
Bulls.

TWO Bulls of the imported short horned Durham breed
for sale, or to let the ensuing season. Enquire of A.
Dey, No. 27, Nassau street. New York.

March 14, 1832. 3t

Evergreens, Silver Firs, etc.

THE subscriber being engaged in the Seed business,
would be happy to receive orders for Forest Trees, ^eeds
and Evergreens from Maine, and being agent for J. B.
Russell, Boston, and Prince & Sons," Flushing, N. Y.
orders sent through them or otherwise, will be attended
to wilhout delay. Particular directions for taking up and
packing is requested. , WM. MANN.

Augusta, Me. March 14. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, &c, can be
seen at the New England Faimer office.

Farm for Sale or to Let.

WILL he sold or let, and possession given immedi-
ately, the Waterhill Farm, (so called,; situated in Lynn,
consisting ol between 70 and 80 acres of as good Land as
can be lound in the County of Es--ex, with between 2
and 300 large Apple, Pear, and Peach Trees, two good
Dwelling Houses, with ample Barns and out-buildings.
Said Farm is most pleasantly located, between the Bos-
Ion old road and turnpike, and only ten minutes' walk
from the Hotel, affording an excellent opportunity for a
Milk Farm or a Gardener.

For further particulars inquire of Mr Wiley, near the
Lynn Hotel, or of the subscriber.

WM. B. BREED.

Lynn, Feb 16,1832. tf

Bees for Sale.

FOR Sale by Emar.-on Wheeler, Brighton, about a
dozen Swarms of Bees in Beard's Patent Hives, from
I lo 15 each, including the hivea.
March 14. 4t*

Farm to Let.

A first rate farm ol about 120 acres, well proportioned
in mowing, till.ige and pasturing. It is capable of main-
taining 30 head of cattle, and is well calculated for a
Milk Farm, for which purpose it has been used a num-
ber ol years. There is aho one of the best orchards in
the Slate — a good dwel ing house, and three good barns.
For terms apply at 56, Commercial st. 4t" March 14

Valuable Farm for Sale.

THAT valuable Farm, pleasantly situated in the North
Parish of Andover, one mile from the Rev. Mr Loring'i
meeting-house and Mr Putnam's academy, on the road
leading from said meeting-house to Andover bi'i<lge, and
within half a mile of good Saw and Grist Mills, and Blacl-
smith's Shop— 3 miles from the Theological Seminary, 4
miles fiom Methuen meeting-house and factories, and 12
miles from Lowell — all which place-:, together with a
number of Factories in the vicinity, afford as good a mar-
ket for produce as may be found in Bo-lon.

There is on said Farm rising 300 Fruit Trees, half of
which are young^brilty and grafted with the best kind
of winter apples, and fall and summer pears — rhe residue
furnishes a plentiful crop of fall and cider Apples. The
farm consists of 110 acres, more or less, of excellent land,
conveniently divided into lots of tillage, mowing, pasture,
rye-land and meadow, and well watered. The load pass-
es through the centre of the farm, and is fenced on both
sides with firm stone wall, most of the Farm being fenc-
ed with the same material. The buildings are convenient
and in good repair — the house is nearly new.

The whole oflfers a desirable lesidence for a farmer, or
a summer retreat for a gentleman who wishes to retire in
that season of the year.

Purchasers are invited to call and view the premises.
The terms will be made known by the occupant,

JOHN ENDICOTT,
OR Dr J. KITTREDGE.

The above Farm, if not sold before the 25th inst. will
be offered at Public Auction on Tuesday, the 27th inst.
at 12 o'clock.

Andover, (North Parish) March 6, 1832. 3t'

To Let.

THE Farm on which the subsciiber resides in Dra-
cutt, within about three miles of the Lowell market,
containing about three hundred acres of cultivated land
of various descriptions, and all fenced with a stone wall.
The buildings are a good dwelling house, shed, cider
mill, three barns 174 feet long, grain and ice house, and
are all in perfect rep^.ir. The farm is productive, and will
summer and winter 50 cows, and offers the best encou-
ragement for carrying on the milk and vegetable business
at Lowell. It will be let h'om one to five years, with
the slock and tools, and immediate possession eiven.

B. F. VARNUM.

March 2, 1832. 41*

A Farm for Sale.

ONE of the best Farms in West Newbury, pleasant-
ly situated near the Merrimack river, on the stage road
from Newburyport lo Haverhill and Lowell, coiUaining
about one hundred and fifteen acres, well diviiled into
Mowing, Pasturing and Tillage. An excellent Farm for
Hay, having a large proportion of natural Mowing, and
a fine young Orchard. The Farm is composed of three
separate lots, and will be sold together or in lots to suit
the purchaser. There is on the north side of the road
about sixtysix acres, with a large two story House, a
Barn, 104 feel by 30, Granary, Chaise-House. Sheds.
&c. convenient, and all in gortd repair. One lot on the
south side of the road, opposite the House, containing
eighteen acres.

Also, another Lot on the same side of the road, about
40 rods distant, containing about thirty acres, having a
good barn on the same, 51 by 28.

Also, a Lot of SALT M.4RSH, about ten acres, very
handy to boat, and o( the first quality.

If said Farm is not di-;posed of at private sale, before
Monday the 26lh March next, it will be .sold on the
Wednesday following, at Public Auction, together with
the Stock of Catlle, Farming UlensiN, about fifty Tons
of English Hay, 20 Tons Salt Hay, 60 bushels of Red
Top Seed, lot of Potatoes, and sundry other articles.

Sale will be positive. For further particulars inquire
of Ihe subscriber on ihe premises, or at No. 12 Essex
street, Boston.

PAUL BAYLEY.

West Newbury, Feb. 20, 1832.

Buckthorns,

Gentlemen in want of this valuable plant for live
fences, can have young quicks about 3A feet high, for $3
per hundred, and plants 24 feet high, for .'§l2,50 per hun-
dred, by leaving their orders at the office ol the New
England Farmer. They are raised in the ^ icinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be weH
packed. A small chaige will be added for freight.

March 14.

280

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

March 14, 1832.

ai I S C E L. L, A N Y

From the Hampshire Gazette.

GOING TO LAW.

It is .«trange that men, especially farmers, do not
1 see the folly of going to law to settle disputes

between neighbors. The following article, from

the Keene Sentinel, exhihits the foolishness of

tliose who engage in lawsuits to a«ljust their diffi-

cidties or rather to gratify their passions. A qiiar- „ „ . , .• r

:.:'l":hout three shen>, cost the plaintiff 400 dollars | in^England__at.^equal Jo the^ Tt.l"^n£

and the defendant 100 dollars, and they were

LABOR.

TVie value of labor.— A pound of iron in a crude
state, is perhaps worth a cent. It is converted,
we will su])pose, into steel, and then into watch
springs. Now, according to a calculation made in
a work upon this subject, there are 7000 grains in
a pound weight, and every watch spring weighs a
tenth of a grain,— 70,000 watch springs, worth,
say, |2 each", $140,000 for the pound of iron, or
rather the labor expended upon it.

Economy of labor. — The steam engines at work

1,900,000 men, and are managed by only 30,000

finally necessitated to submit the cause to the deci-
sion of five persons' in the neighborhood. They
might have done this at first with little or no
expense.

Beauties of Litigallon.— A. sved his neighbor!},
(both living in this county) for trespass, in taking
three sheep from an inclosure, where a certain
number belonging to the defendant, had been pas-
tured through the summer. A. alleging that, to
make up his number, B. had got part of his that
had been pastured in an adjoining lot, and got
mixed with a large flock belonging to difterent
persons. The Justice gave judgment for the plain-
tift". Defendant appealed to the Court of Common
Pleas. The parties apiieared with many witnesses
at the January term, which was adjourned on ac-
count of the non-attendance, by reason of indispo-
sition, of the majority of the Court. At the ad-
journment the case was argued, but the jmy could
not agree. The parties were then persuaded to
submit the cause to the arbitration of five respect-
able individuals in the vicinity. The trial lasted
three days, when the defendant obtained a verdict.
The cost of this suit for the three sheep, wo are
told, amounts to nearly S,")00— about 400 of which
falls on the plaintifl".

A schoolmaster in Hampshire County, offered
himself for examination, only three months ago,
possessing the following rare qualifications:

1. He used very pure language. When told by
the committee, tliat they should examine him in
English Grammar, he said, " I am glad of that, for
lam a horse at Grammar."

2. He not only used pure language, but was
very accurate in his statements. When asked to
bound the United States, he said, " they are bound-
ed east by the ocean, and south by Florida, and
west by the valley of the Mississippi." When told
that the valley was part of the United States, he
said, " I don't know, there is a darn\l great chunk
of it off there."

His language and manners were in keeping
with each other. In all the studies except geog-
raphy, he was well qualified, but was rejected be-
cause he was a clown in language and manners.
The committee thought the school might as well
be without a teacher, as to have one who would
set such an example. — Hampden Gazette.

Price of labor.— 'Th\s depends upon principles
which seem to defy the researches of the most
scientific, the most philosophical minds. It can-
not be declared by the quantity of coin, earned by
a laboring man, since coin is only metal, with its
weight and i>urity determined by the mint. The
value is determined by the same principles that
determine the value of other things.

The Horticnltaral Garden of the late Andrew
Fanneutier, is ottered lor Sale.

'I HE rupntdlion ol llii« eslablislinient 19
not coiifineJ to the vichiity ol New York,
hut is well known tliioiighout llie United
iSlules, and dilleient parts ol Europe. It is
siliiattd livo miles from the cUy of New
Brooklyn, Long iilaiul, at the juiirtion of the
and Flalbush Roads, and contains 24 acres.
The Grounds are in a very high slate ol cullivation,
and laid out with judgment and taste. Tlie situation is
very lualthy and the view very extensive, commanding
the hay, the cily, &c. The Garden is enclosed by a
pointed stone Icnce, and inside of that is a hawthorn
htMlf;e. The Nursery contains a fine and extensive col-
lection of Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental Trees ; also, a
splendid collection of Roses and Herbaceous Plants, —
the object of the late proprietor having always been to
collect every new variety.

On the premises are a Dwelling House, two Laborers'
Hou--e?, seven Cisterns, and a never-failinj; Pump of ex-
ce.'lU-nt water ; four Gieen and Hot Houses, containing
a rich variety of rare exotics.

Ttie advantages to be derived by any person who
wishes to engage in the occupation of Gardening, by the
purchase of tliis property, are very great ; the business
already secured is very extensive, and Ibe prospect of
incrL'a>ed encouragemeut is such as lo warrant the be-
lief that the purchase of the properly will amply repay
the enterprise of the one who may engage in the
business.

Terms will be made known by applying to Mrs Pab-
MF-VTiER, on the premises.

N. B. — Any orders sent to Mrs P. will be piomptly
and carefully executed. 6t

Feb. 16.

Baltimore and Ohio Railroad. — A correspondent
at Baltimore, makes the following statement in re-
gard to the railroad.

" A stranger would be surprised to whness the
operations on our railroad, and see the amount of
business transacted on the sixty miles already
completed. More than 350 cars or wagons arc
now in operation, and this number is insufficient

for the demand for transportation. The road is , - 7 ,. r,- , .

ruj iiio i.it^iiiu..i. 1 . n ■ tonjjiieo or grooved, of anv requM-ed dimensions. Quality

now completed into the heart ot the city. Uurmg ^^^^i^ ^j^j ^^-^^^ |„„g,. ,|,;,„ „,„y ^^^ |,g djewhere had.
the first Ifi days of this month, (February) there Apply to E. COPELAND, ja, 65, Broad street,
arrived and departed 1,733 wagons, loaded inward Ammunition.

with flour, produce, &.c, outward with merchan- ^^ ,^^ j^^, ^^^,j,y ^^ ^ ,^,^,^^^ '^^.^^^^ ^^^ sporting-
dise. During the 16 days there arrived in the L,„„s(j,„,|y for sale at COPELANU'S POVVDERSTORE,
iiassenger cars 1,723 passengers. Among the ar- j 6 : Broad Street.

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
The road is 1 "'*'''^'' '" order, leady planed (by sieam power) and

tides which arrived on the cars during the 16
ays alluded to, there were 14,28S bbls. flour, 61
tons iron, 490 tons wood, 195 tons granite, 900
bushels grain.

" Neither snow nor frost has obstructed the cars
an hour this winter. The work progresses with
great rai)idity, and those who are acquainted with
the country, believe it will be completed to the
Ohio river within five years from this time."

N. B. If the quality is noi found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money will he rct"nuea Jan.l

Cultivation of the Mulberry tree— We are glad to
perceive that this important subject is likely to be
taken into consideration by our Legislature, and
that a bill was introduced into the Assembly on
Friday last, by Mr Van Schaick of this city, to en-
courage the growth of the mulberry tree and silk
worm in this State. This is a subject of great
i^iportance to the country, and is destined to add

,4/pi»ie Farmers. — The farmers of the Upper
Alp.s, though by no means wealthy, live like lords
in their houses ; while the heaviest portion of the
labor which is performed, devolves upon the wife.
It is no uncommon thing to see a woman yoked
to a plough with an ass, while the husband guides
it. lie accounts it an act of politeness to lend his
wife to his neighbor who. is oppressed with work,
and the neighbor reciprocates the favor when
needed.

j\/'astuiiium. — The blossoms of this plant have
been observed to emit electric sparks towards
evening, which was first noticed by the daughter
of the illustrious Linnaeus, who could not credit
the account until be had seen the phenomenon.
It is seen most distinctly with the eye partly closed.

White Mulberry Trees.

WANTED, a few thousands of White Mulberry
Trees, two or three years old. .\ny persons having
them are requested to forward ihe necessary information,
with the prices, to the New-England Farmer Office,
post paid.

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North .Market Street—

.\ small lupply of Irush and genuine While Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth ot the past siason, from
one of Ihe greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Retaliation.— When the late Marquis of Lon-
donderry was Secretary of State, a friend one day,
in familiar conversation, took the liberty of asking
him why, in his official appointments, he did not

„„,„,„ , promote merit? "Why," cried the Marquis,

kuotherbranchto our great and growing system. I" why, because merit did not promote me, to be

JVfic York Advocate. I sure."— Lorerfon paper.

Published every Wednesday Evenin;?. at 53 per annum,
pa>able at the end of the 3 ear — but those who pay within
sixty da\s Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction o( fifty cents.

[Ij= No paper wiil be sent to a distance witnout payment
being made in .advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R, Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, JNo. 32, Nortli
Market Street.

AGENTS.
AVro York^G. Thorbukn i^ Sons. 67 Liberly»stre»».
Albami — \V!.i. Thokbuun, 3-1.7 Market street.
Pliiadelphia — D. iV C. Lanoiikth, 83 Chestnut-street.
Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Pakkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street,
Flushing. N. Y. Wm. I'kince&. Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Garden
Middlehury, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin it Co. Booksellers.
Sprin^fie'd, Ms. — E. EnWARDs.
Nt'ipl'uryport. — I^rENFZKK STEnMAN, Bookseller.
Portsmouth. N. If. — J. W. Foster. Bockseller.
Portland. Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.
A"gnsta. Me. — W'm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S — P. J. Holland, Esq.^Recorder Offics
J/oiz/reu/, L. C. — Henry Hillock.

VOL. X.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at thk A.-kiculturji, War.house.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 21, 1832.

NO. 36.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

ANTS.

Bjr the Kditor.

These insects cohabit in numerous parties, anr!
maintain a sort of repubhc, not unHke that of bees.
Their nests are in the fortii of- an oblong sqiiaie
and contain paths which lead to different maga-
zines. Their method of constructing tliese liabi-
tations is truly vvonderful. Some ofthe ants are
employed in making the ground firm, by mixing
with it a kind of glue,to prevent iis crimibling and
falling upon them; others may be seen gathering
several twigs, wliich tliey use for rafters, by plac-
ing them over the paths to support tlie coverinn- ;
they lay others across, and upon these, rushes,
weeds, and dried grass, which they form into a
double declivity, and thus conduct the water from
their magazine.

For provisions they secure everything which
to them is eatable, and we may often observe one
loaded with a dead fly, sometimes several togeth-
er with the carcase of a May-bug or other larn-e
insect ; and, if they cannot transport it, they con-
sume a part of it upon the spot, at least so much
as may reduce it to a bulk aderpiate to their
strength. They lay up hoards of wheat and other
grain, and for fear it should sprout from the moist-
ure of their subterranean cells, they gnaw off the
end which would produce the blade. It is re-
markable, that if one ant meets another which is
loaded, it will always give way, or will help it if
it be overburdened. Indeed, the strength of this
little animal is astonishing, as one of them will fre-
quently drag a bin-den many times heavier than
itself.

On depriving a mouse or other little animal of
its skin, and jilacing it on an ant hill in a little box
perforated in several places, so as to admit a free
passage for the ants, it will be found, in a few
days, converted into the most perfect skeleton.

The ant deposits her eggs in tlie manner of the
common fly, and from these eggs are hatclied the
lar^a, a sort of small maggot or worm without
legs ; which after a short time change into chrysa-
lids, usually called ants' eggs.

The folloiving are among the methods of de-
stroying these destructive insects.

Forsyth says, "you may destioy many of them
by mixing quick lime with soot, and laying it along
their roads, where you see them thickest ; but
where you can come at their nests, the best way
is to put a piece of quick lime into them and pour
as much water over the Hme as will slack it, the
heat of which will destroy- them — when you have
poured in the water, cover the lime with a turf or
a little earth, which will render it liioie effectual
by confining the heat. You may slack the lime
with a mixture of urine and soap-suds, which will
render it still more ellectual."

If the walls of an apartment are washed with a
painter's brush, dipped in a solution made of four
ounces of corrosive sublimate in two gallons of
water, both the ant and the red spider will be
destroyed.

When you find their nests or other collections
of them near home, you m.iy pour hot water on

them. When a farmer manures his land, if he
uses aslic^ lime, or sea-sand, ho may be sure of
not being annoyed by ants.

An English publication asserts, " Ants that fre-
quent houses and gardens, may be destroyed by
taking flour of brimstone half a poiuid, and potash
four ounces ; set them in an iron or earthern pan
over a fire, till ilissolved and united ; afterward
beat them to a i)owder, and infuse a httle of this
powder in water ; and wherever you sprinkle it
the ants will die or flee the place."

Likewise, " corrosive sublimate mixed well with
sugar, has proved a mortal poison to them, and is
the most effectual way of destroying these insects."
Another remedy is as follows : Blake a strong
decoction of tobacco and the tender shoots of el-
der, by pouring boiling water on them ; then sprin-
kle fruit trees infested with ants or other insects,
with this decoction, cold, twice a week, for two or
three weeks, with a small brush ; which will eflect-
ually destroy the insects and preserve the fruit
and leaves.

To preserve dishes of meat in cupboards, &,c,
against ants, it has been reconnnended to take a
wine glass well cleaned and place it in your cup-
board or safe, upside down, and put the dish or
plate which contains your meat, on it. It may be
here balanced with the greatest safety, and it is
said, will be preserved from ants, provided care is
taken that the meat and dish be free from them
when placed in that situation.

Ants are unjustly accused ofdamaging fruit trees,
and are incorrectly supposed to be authors of mis-
chief accruing from the depredations of aphides,
alias plant lice, alias pucerous, alias vine freftcrs.
The excrements of these last mentioned insects
are sweet, and com])ose one kind of honey dew,
called svffusio mililn. Ants randile over trees
which are infested with these insects, for the pur-
pose of feeding on this sweet substance, and are
mistaken for the cause of honey dew, and the dis-
ease ofthe tree of which honey dew is a symptom.
The aphides, too, are often but erroneously sup-
posed to be the young progeny of ants, when in
fact there is no aflinity between these two species
of insects. Still, as ants feed on fruits, it may be
expedient to extirpate them by some of the above
mentioned methods.

DWARF FRUIT TREES.

Mr Fessenden— Observing in your No. 31
some queries respecting dwarf fruit trees, this may
inform that I have seen a garden bordered with
dwarf fruit trees, perhaps none taller than two and
a half feet ; the tops spreading very wide, and well
loaded with apples, pears, and peaches, many
touching the ground. The gentleman who ]>lant-
ed them being dead, I obtained no account how
the dwarfing was effected.

I have since been informed, through a channel
worthy of credit, that the mode of making such
dwarf trees is very simple and easy. On the
linjbs of fruit trees there are what I call forked
twigs, (fruit spurs,) say two or three inches long,
that bear fruit. Take and graft them into a piece
of root; i)ut on the wax, and plant it in the gar-
den, and it will grow into a dwarf fruit tree.

I have only tried one experiment, by setting

such a forked twig in an apjde stock. It grows
slowly "enough for a dwarf tree and produced ap-
ples. 1 arti now too aged, feeble, and trembling
with the palsy, to graft any more.

R.spcclfully, SAMUEL PRESTON.

Stockport, Pa. March 3, 1832.

( CIRCULAR.)

Albany, Feb. 24, 1832.

Sir— You will perceive, by the jjamphlet which
accompanies this, that a State Agricultural Society
has been organized, for the pin-pose of improving
our husbandry, horticulture and household arts, and
that you have been designated as one of a gen-eral
committee, to aid in the furtherance of these ob-
jects of public utility.

Without presuming to dictate, or to limit the
exertions of the general committee, I would re-
spectfully suggest, that the following, among other
subjects, will particularly merit their attention.

I. To encourage and promote the organization
of county, or local societies, of agriculture and
horticulture, as a means of exciting laudable emu-
lation, and of promoting habits of industry, econ-
omy of labor, and iiTiprovement in the moral and
social condition of society.

, II. To add to the numbers and means ofthe
State societies, by soliciting names to their con-
stitution, and contributions to their funds. As the
society pays neither salaries nor perquisites, its
funds will be exclusively devoted to public and
useful objects; jind it is believed the members will
receive an t:V|iuv^alen^/or their subscription in the
publications .they will become entitled to. The
benefits which the society shall be able to dis-
pense, will therefore be measured by the extent of
its funds.

As one ofthe most efiicient means of diffusing
information, and thereby increasing its usefulness,
the society contemplate the publication of a peri-
o'dical work, devoted exclusively to improvements
in the rural arts. The better to enable them to
fulfil their wishes in this respect, permit me,

In the third place, to solicit communication.s, as
well from others as from the members ofthe gen-
eral committee, of well attested experiments and
facts.

1. In Stock Husbandrj/ — In relation to the
breeding, management, habits, diseases and means
of prevciuion and cure, of all kinds of domestic
animals— methods of fattening, and choice of
breeds.

2. In Tdlage Husbandry — In relation to the
cultivation of grains, grasses, field vegetables, and
other useful products— manures and their appli-
cation, including lime, gypsum and marls— rota-
tion of crops ; improved implements ; new article*
of cuhin-e ; draining ; fences, including live fen-
ces; the orchard, and manufacture of cider.

3. In Horiicidlure — In reference to the culture
of fruit atui ornamental trees, shrubs and plants,

id methods of propagating them ; the diseases
to which they are inciilent, and the insects which
do tliem injury, and the methods of prevention and
cure; culinary vegetables, and the flower garden.

4. In the Household Arts — Emiiracing house-
hold fabrics; rearing of silk worms; manufacture
of butter and cheese ; of domestic wines ; the

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 21, 1832.

preservation of fruits, i\nd tlieir various prejiara-
tions in houseliokl econoiiiy, &c.

By collecting together the practical knowledge
of our l)est farmers anJ gardeners, in tlieir respec-
tive brandies of labor, a very valuable fund of in-
furniation will be obtained, which, while it iiiipov-
frlshrs not the contributors, cannot fail to enrich,
very greatly, the community at large. Such con-
tributions, like the offerings of charity, are blessed
to the giver as well as the receiver. It is a satis-
ihctiou, perhaps somewhat peculiar to the philan-
thropic tiller of the soil, that while he is improv-
ing by intelligence, skill and industry, his own
temporal and moral condition, he is, by his exani-
])le, benefitting those around him, and that his
benefactions, in this way, are co-e.xtensive with
the knowledge and importance of his improve-
ments.

Your name has been inserted on the general
committee, under the impression that the society
would find in you an etficient co-operator in their
labors of usefidness. Should you, however, un-
expectedly decline the duties which the appoint-
ment imposes, I beg to be notified thereof as early
as nun iiiicnt, that the executive conmiittee may
apjiiiiul another in your stead.

As the society propose to issue their first publi-
cation in the present year, it is desirable that com-
munications intended for the publication, the invi-
tation for which is intended to be general, should
be forwarded to me as early in the autumn as con-
venient. Very respectfully,

J. BUEL, Cor. Sec'ij.

should be made in .June, and in Jidy should be
(hank, &:c. It shoidd be made one mouth, at
least, before it is used, to give it time to ferment
and lose that quality which makes it deleterious
to many, while in a state of fermentation. I re-
conmiended to make it in .(une, that it may be
ready for July, when farmers and farmers' boys
(too many of them, at least,) think they must be-
gin to drink ruin, if they have not begun before;
a practice which cannot be too severely censured
or too quickly abandoned, as it has, in thousands
of instances, been the very nursery of intemper-
ance, that remorseless enemy of the farmer's hopes
and interests, whose very touch is pollution, whose
embrace is death. Yours very respectfully,
.INO.TOWNSEND.
Andover, Con. March, 1839.

ON PUESERVIXG CABBAGES THROUGH
THE WINTER, &c.

To those who are fond of fresh cabbages at this
season of the year, the following information may
be serviceable. To preseh'C theni, dig a trench
about six inches deep, in dry gro'und and wide
enough to admit the heads of the cabbage; lay two
sticks parallel with each other on the bottom of
the trench, for the heads to j-est on, to keep them
from the ground ; place the heads on the sticks
with the roots up, and surround them with straw ;
then cover them with earth six or eight inches
deep, having the ground sloping to carry oft" the
rains; they will come out in the spring sound,
fresh and tender, as they were when gathered.

Is it known, generally, that the sap of the biit-
teruut tree is better and richer, than that of the
rock or sugar maple ? I confess I was ignorant
of the fact till withiu two days past.

Two years ago last fall, I filled two flour bar-
rels with fine winter apples of diflerent varieties,
packed in sand previously dried with a good deal of
care in an oven, and set thein away in a di-y cool
room, designing to keep them till spring ; but long
before that time, I discovered to my mortification,
that my apples were nearly all rotten and spoiled.
Will gentlemen, who have been successful in |ue-
serving them in sand or otherwise, be so obliging
as to mform your readers of the precise method
to be pursued.'

I fear your printer has seasoned my hop beer
rather too high with ginger, to make it a cooling
driiA for hot weather ; it may be thought, perhaps,
to be too nearly allied, in some of its projierties,
to that kind of drink for which it is recommended
as a substitute — (instead of 11 lb. I said i lb.
which gives it an agreeable flavor.) You make
nie intimate that there are but two months in
twelve, when it may be made. I said that it

HORTICULTURAL PREMIUMS.
Mr Editor,

Dear Sir — It is w-itli much reluctance, that I
again trespass upon the patience of your readers,
(for they undoubtedly wish for something more in-
structive,) in giving my views in full, upon the
first remarks I made, respecting premiums, &c.
I cannot but think it of great importance to the fu-
ture success of horticulture, that all difference of
opinion, esp(>cially with those who are most par-
ticularly interested, should be as nearly as possible
adjusted. It is only by the combined efforts of
many, that our transactions can be brought to any
good effect. But I am now induced to mak(^ the
following remarks, on reading in your No. of the
22d inst. the communcaition of "A Cultivator," in
answer to my first essay. As your correspondent
says, he dissented very far from me in some |)oints
of facts, he has given it quite a thorough review,
in the form of an examination. I am heartily
glad he has ; for I wrote, or at least it was not my
intention to write, anything which would not bear
the most severe scrutiny ; and who is there better
able to review such a communication, than " A
Cultivator." I feed myself amply comiiensiited for
the little lime I have spent ; and certainly, I can-
not but feel highly flattered, in receiving the early
attention of " A Practical Horticulturist," and "A
Cultivator," in answer to the few hints and sug
gestions which I advanced. Your correspondent
admits, that he has no doubt I "was influenced by
tlie best motives," and most as.suredly I had no
other ; yet he says, that such " sweeping censure"
is not particularly acceptable, to those upon whom
he fhinks it directly reflects ; and accuses me of
not proposing a " remedy " for the defects I dis-
cover— where, he says, in fact, there are none.
After a long quotation from my communication, in
regard to cucumbers, &c, he goes on to " deduce
his inferences " and give us his objections.

All ])remiums, he says, " are but means to an
end." First — to increase " certain skill " in the
competitors, and produce an ultimate result. I
admit it. But what is /lis ultimate result ? The
object of the articles enumerated on the premium
list, he immediately says, is precocity of growth
And is this the result of " certain skill " in com
petitors ? Is it the result of any skill ? certainlv
not. " Precocity of season," is one thing intended
undoubtedly ; but I would ask, if a person were to
cultivate a cucumber, and ])roduce it on the first
Saturday in July, and it should be perhaps a small,
half-grown, premature fruit of no flavor; would
he be entitled to the " certain skill " of the one,
who should present one on the second Saturday,

lidl grin\ii, f)f good size and flavor, and beautiful
culor ? VVoidd the precocity of growth of the
first, predominate over the " certain skill " of the
other, who perhaps planted his seed quite as early,
but w as not favored with a jiiece of land particu-
larly fitted for the growth of early vegetables?
N(Uie would hesitate to say, he would not. The
very quotation he has taken from a periodical, an-
swers this question much more satisfaclorily than
lean. "The best dish of cherries gathered in
July, perhaps, liom standard trees planted twenty
years ago, may imply but slender merit in the
person who produced them." The good qualities
of fruits and vegetables are what is mostly to be
considered. As to bringing cucumber plants for-
ward under a hand glass, so as to make a week's
diftereiice, it is a fallacy ; they may be used to
cover plants in chilly nights, or a few hoops with
a cloth and a little straw covered over, may be
used for the same purpose ; but no other. The
heat of the sun through the glass upon the plants,
is of very little use, so early in the season, if there
is not heat underneath. The idea is not in keep-
ing with vegetable or animal nature. Would an-
imal (or vegetable) existence be kept in good
health, would perspiration go on in its proper
course, would not the whole system be vitiated,
were one half of the body situated in the temper-
ature of an ice cellar and the other in that of the
torrid zone ? I leave this for your correspondent
to solve.

Perhaps I have been led from a proper course ;■
and 1 shall go back to the first jiart of this com-
munication. He says, that "although it is no very
difficult matter to grow a beet, or a carrot, yet a
novice would fiuil s<unething to do, to insure an
early crop ; and if pursued as an object of field
culture," &e. Who is there who doubts that as
,111 object of field culture for insuring large crops,
and cultivating them as articles of fi.od for horses,
cattle, hogs, &c ; who doubts the propriety of a
premium? Who doubts the propriety of a very
large jiremiimi ? It is in this manner we find out
who tills his land to the most advantage, and who
is the most industrious fiirmer. But the Agricul-
tural Society, if I recollect right, sjiecifies no pre-
cocity of growth.

I come now to the most important part of your
corresponileirt's comnmnicntion ; the part which,
in fiict, almost alone ealle<l forth iny remarks at
this time. That is, to show his love and desire
(or the future advancement of the distinguished
science of horticulture. I could not have suppo-
sed, that there was to be found an individual who
has any regard for that science, who wishes for its
best interests and success, that would have indulg-
ed in such sentiments as "A Cultivator." We
should soon go back to the primitive age from:
which we have been so rapidly emerging. If, by
the beneficence of a Divine Providence, we live in
a country blessed with health, wealth, and pros-
perity ; if we live in a land where we never knew
want, and have the assurance, that "seed-time'and
harvest shall never cease," where the beauties of
spring revive in new splendor after bursting the
icy fetters of winter, and the warm days of sum-
mer clothe our fields and forests with green, and
scatter over the pastures a profusion of flowers ot
endless hues ; where the fruits rijien in such
abundance, nurtured without the hand of man >
where we have all these in plenty in the natural seaj
son; can we say that we should dispense with all lux-
uries ; can we say it is useless to have ripe niel-

Vol. X.-No. 30.

AN!) HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

283

ons in Bliiy, or oiicuiiibcrs in Maicli ; can we say
it is absolutely of " uo uliJity !" I hope not. But
what says your correspondent ? " I should he glad
to learn of what value to us here, is the skill used
in forcing melons, that a high preuuuin should be
offered for it?" Of what use is horticulture? lie
might as jjroperly ask. Dr M. A. Ward, in his
excellent address before the Horticultural Society,
has given a true synopsis of the word horticulture;
and if your correspondent will turn to it, he will
find it completely elucidated.

I would be one, to give the sum which is now
offered as a premium for forced cucumbers, to-
wards one of five or ten times the amount, to the
individiuil who should produce the best melons,
excelling in all qualities, during the month of May;
or for a cucumber, a good bunch of asparagus, or
a dish of strawberries by the first of April, all of
good size and excellent qualities. Is it showin
love for improvement, to depreciate the raising of
these at this season ? I look forward to the time
when we shall rival our transatlantic friends ; to
the time when every man who has amassed any-
thing over the necessities and conveniences of life,
will have his pinery, vinery, peach-house, fig-
house, cherry-house, strawberry pits, melon pits,
cucumber pits, and his aviary, apiary, ])ark, lawns,
&c. The work has begun, and we look forward
with pleasing reflections, to the time when it shall
be incorporated with all our necessaries iuducive
to hajipinoss.

As to the growing of grapes and the observa-
tions on flowers, he will find an answer (which it
■would be unnecessary to repeat) in my last, if it
meets his eye. It is said, there is " no accountina-
for tastes," and perhaps it is well there is not. If
lie can make himself content by living on carrots,
beets, and other vegetables, till the season for mel
ons, cucumbers, &c, comes in, he has an undoubt
ed right so to do; and without the thought of be-
ing " chilled." But your correspondent seems to
comment very severely on the system which I
proposed (he says, I did not,) as a remedy ; he
says, "Is this the system we want? those who
award the ])remiums must be incoi-rigibly stupid,
if they do not go right with this luminous system."
What system ? What system is he speaking of?
Certainly I do not understand him, unless he means
the one I recommended. He has thought, he
says, that it was rather difficult to decide correct-
ly on premiums, because he read in a late num-
ber of Loudon's Magazine, that some society had
adopted general rides. This is all true. But are
we advanced far enough to decide in this manner?
Indeed I think not. And in particular, if we should
follow his directions, we sliotdd never find one ca-
pable of telling the qualities of a forced melon
fcom a pumpkin.

I should not have gone at such length in my
remarks, were it not for the reasons stated ; and
the only apology I have to make is, that in what
little I have written, I have not conveyed my ideas
so minutely, as your correspondent's " essay " re-
quired. Yours with much respect,

Cambridge, March 7, 1«:J2. RUSTICUS.

Boxwood a suhstitvte fur Hops. — M. Du Petit
lately stated to the Philomathic Socictv of Paris,
that more boxwood than hops was emi)loyed in
making almost all the beer brewed in Paris. Box-
wood contains a powerful sudorific principle, with
a bitter taste, which has lately been se))arate(l and
is known under the name of buxina. — Bull. Un.

Ciirdining mid Gardeners in America. — A writer
for the Gardener's Magazine, who signs "P. C.
near Philadelphia," says, It is uo less strange
than true, that we have few or none of our natives,
gardeners. Even when brought up in our gar-
dens, they almost invr.riably ])refer the plough and
farming work, and have a strong dislike to weed-
ing, &c, &c. They are generally very dextrous
and handy with tools, and can do almost anything
required in the use of them. On the contrary, the
Eiuopean gardeners who come here, are generally
unaccustomed to any tools but the spade and hoe,
and care but little to learn the use of others. If
any alteration is required or mending wanted,
they immediately require the assistance of the
carpenter or the smith for trifling things, that one
of our boys could do with a hatchet and knife if
he could not procure other tools. This heli)less-
ness renders them the laughing stock of our work-
men ; particularly when they assume such impor-
tance, and consequentalairs, as they most general-
ly do on their first arrival here. A few years
since, a young gardener arrived here from Ireland,
without a friend or acquaintance, and having ])aid
his last guinea for his passage, I gave him em-
l)loyment until I procured a very good situation
for him, at one hundred and eighty dollars pei-
year, and board and lodging. His employe)- was a
quaker gentleman, who was nmch pleased with
him and treated him very kindly. His only care
was a small vegetable garden for the use of the
family ; and indeed it was the only branch of gar-
dening for which he was competent. Unfortu-
nately a tavern was too near, and here liquor is
too cheap ; he soon began to tip])le and neglect
his work. He had soon accunndated a hundred
dollars ; and had a crop of fine early potatoes,
amongst other things in his garden. Some friends
having arrived to dine with his employer, the <rar-
dener was requested to dig a few of his fine [)ota-
toes for dinner, as the boy was absent. The gar-
dener replied, swelling with indignation, " Is it
me. Sir, a thorough bred gardener, that you would
ask to dig potatoes ?" " Surely friend," replied
his employer, " thee hast toiled to raise them, and
it can be no disgrace to dig a few for one dinner ;
howevei', give me the hoe, and I will dig them
myself." The next morning he i)aid him oft' and
discharged him. This, Sir, is the manner in which
many of your gardeners conduct themselves,
on their arrival here ; and they are very frequent-
ly ignorant of their business. Still we are verv
far behind you in gardening, and willing to learn
all we can from such as come here. In this coun-
try, no white man calls another " master," * and
land is so cheap that a few years' wages is suffi-
cient to purchase a snug farm and stock it. The
natural love of independence and comfort, carries
nearly all the good gardeners to the western coun-
try, where they settle as farmers.

• In menlioning this term " master," which Is obsolete
here, i may remnrk, that I never knew a native Ameii-
can who wore a livery ; nor could extra wage* induce
them to put it on. I have frequently made the inquiry,
but always found that those in liveries were foreicrners.
Neither are there in America any steerage passengers
in the packet boats; there is one cabin for the ladies and
another for the gentlemen, in which all. whether master
or servant, mix on a fooling of perfect equality. It is the
same as to stage coaches, which have only one fare, and
neither (he coachman nor any of the servants at the inns,
receives a faitbing from the passengers or customers. —
All that lakes place between man and man in this coun-
try, is on llie principle of equitable exchange ; there is
considered to be no obligation on either side.

From thj Gardeiiei '3 Magazine.

CAUSE AND CURE OF THE AMERICAN
BLIGHT; in answer to Judge Buel.
Sill — Your respectable correspondent, Jesse
Bud, Esq. treating of trees and their diseases, so-
licits information respecting the causes of these
diseases aud their cures. He says, " We have
lost many of our pear trees, by what is termed the
blight." Now, what our English gardeners de-
scribe as the " American blight," and which here
particularly affects apple and pear trees, is evi-
dently thelarvEB of some insect, enveloped in a sub-
stance like white cotton ; but which larvse, I sus-
pect, are the consequence and not the cause ofthe
disease he writes upon ; that is, I believe the
blight never fixes, except upon parts of the tree
where the sap has exuded through or under the
bark, or where the tree has been cut or bruised,
aud has put on the ap])earance he describes, viz.
'tlie bark becomes dead in irregular blotches, con-
tracts, and ultimately separates from the wood.'
He says, farther, ' aiuything you can offer on the
subject ofthe preceding remarks, will be partic-
ularly interesting to your American readers.'
This leads me to mention, that about twentyfive
years since, I planted on the east border of my
garden, which was newly-raised land, a row of ap-
ple and peat trees, chiefly the former ; and found
that they all soon became affected with the disease
above described. The subsoil being, particularly
in winter, a morass, I planted the trees as high as
possible; but some plants of the same kind and
from the same nursery, planted in another and
drier situation, being exempt from the disease, I
considered that the other trees had become infect-
ed, from the absorption ofthe roots of too much
moisture. To obviate this, I planted within three
or four feet of them a row of willow stakes, which
soon became bushes and now are trees. I could
in a short time trace the roots of these willows,
completely under the fruit trees, and as thick, gen-
erally, as a mat. I began, consequently, to fear
that they would ultimately destroy them ; but I
was agreeably surprised by finding, from the peri-
od the roots became intermixed with those of the
apple and pear trees, that this disease in the fruit
trees giadually and I may say entirely disappear-
ed ; and for the last twenty years they have borne
plenty of fine fruit. Now, as Judge Buel consid-
ers his trees to be thus diseased, from the elabora-
ted sap, and to be most prejudiced in wet seasons,
I think I am justified in supposing we botliallude
to the same disease, and I shall be haB}gfifthe
remedial hint here given, should prove" successful
in America. ROBERT CAMELL, M. D.

Bungay, Sept. 20, 18.33.

The Wire Worm. — A writer for an English pa-
per, called the Country Times, states in suljstance,
that he has ascertained by repeated ex|)eriments on
a large scale, that by raising a drilled and hoed
crop of white mustard seed on a field infested by
the wire-worm, and keeping the ground clean by
hoeing, the insect may he extirpated.

The conductor of the Gardener's Magazine,
says, " The reason seems to be, that the wire-worm
cannot eat the roots ofthe mustard, most probably
from their acridity ; and there being no other
roots in the soil for them to live on, and no weeds
or other plants than mustard, permitted to grow
during the season, the insects necessarily die of
famine."

284

Njow England farmesi,

March 21, 1832.

I© o ivE sa w sr ;i ^' ii a a ® sr s a

FOlt THE XEV

SNGLAND FARMER.

An arc mint of the ProceeiKngs of tke Massachusetts ,
HorikuHural Sooielij, at the stated n\eeling, held
at the hall of the Institution, on the M and ad-
journed to the \Oth inst.

REPORT
MaJeliyZEBiDiECooK.jR. Isl Vi,e President ol Ihe Society.
Shire our last stated tiieeting-, notliing important
Itas traiispirod, that claims our particular notice at
the present time. The intermediate ])ortion of the
year that has revolved since onr last periodical
interview, being itnsuited to rural employments,
furnishes httle that is interesting to the general
cultivator ; but we may look forward with pleas-
ins anticipations to the season that is advancing,
when our hall shall again become the resort of the
scientific and the ])ractical, as well as of the beauty
and taste which have on former occasions, been
drawn liither to witness and to admire the display
of the riches and the luxuries of Flora and of Po-
mona, which have afforded gratification to the vis-
iters, and a becoming pride to the skilful and
tasteful cultivator.

We have the satisfaction of knowing, that our
institution is highly favored by the approbation
and support of an enlightened and liberal commu-
nity. We are stimulated by the public voice, and
by an increasing love for horticultural employ-
ments to go onward ; to render onr institution
what its early progress indicated, and its maturer
usefulness has so preeminently disclosed. We
could promise at its cominenceinent, but little, for
it was an expei-iment requiring time to develope its
resources and our facilities. As an experiment,
it was submitted to the consideration of our fellow
citizens, to be cherished and fostered, if it slioidd'
be found to merit their support ami coimtcnauce.
Of its ultimate triumph and acccptahleness, the
ardor and zeal of its friends was a sure and cer-
tain pledge. How that pledge has been redeemed,
and how far those expectations we entertaiued,
have been realized, are no longer problematical.
We have laid its foundation broad and deep, and
upon that we have reared a superstructure which
we have good reason to hope, will be enduring
and beneficial.

It, is a source of grateful pleasure, that nothing | ond .ind Ihinl annual festival:
■ has intervened to disturb the harmony nor mar the
prosperity of our association ; that differences of

a delightful association. There, in its sequestered im-ml.eisliip, and I have now the honor io intbiin you,
and silent avenues, "the broken in spirit " nuvy i '"'•''"!» '"''<='"'g "''l^^, '^.''•=7''^'= Council, l.eld a fevv
, 1 • I jt]. ■ I I diivs >uice, vou were admitted an Honoiaiy nlen.htr oi

retire, to mourn over the spot which affliction and ' ^^(^ ^^^j,,,^. . g,,,, ,he present occasion is improved to lor-
friendship will consecrate, as the resting place of 1 vv'aid yon its diploma, wiih the uceompanyinp pamphlets,
the loved ones that sleep beneath the umbrageous i beins; llie consliiulioii and by-laws, vviili the addresses de-
foliage, with which nature has beautified that unri- I "^''^ed at 'he comn.en.oraiion ot the second and tl.iid an-

vailed combination of " valley and hill." And
there too is the garden, in which the taste and in-
gemiity of man will be exercised, the flowers of
every clime and of every hue will be collected, to
furnish forth a treat hitherto unequalled in the
annals of our country

I have received letters from individuals upon
whom the Society has conferred the title of Hon-
orary and Corresjionding Membership, which are
herewith communicated.

1st. A letter from Madam Martha Johonnot,
the lady of George Johonnot, Esq. of Salem, a
gentleman to whose skill and assiduity, in the culti-
vation and agency in he origin of three valuable va-
rieties of pears, the community are gi-eatly indebted.

Salem, Dec. 19lh, IS3r.
Sir — Gratified by the honor ot being elected an Hon-
orary Mendier of the Majsachiisetls Horticultural Soci-
ety, permit me to say, that at an earlier period ot life, it
would have hd to exertions that might have bein accept-
able. I can now only offer my sincere wishes dial eveiy
hope and anticipation of the Society, may be realized. —
With thanks to tliem for their marked atlentioii. ami to
you in particular, lor the politeness with which it was
conveyed, I am with resppct, you

opinion upon subjects of minor importance, have
become merged in the considerations of its vital
interests, and that all are uniied in contributing
individually and collectively, their skill and indus-
try iu the promotion of its cnmnion objects ; im-
provement in the art of culture, the diffusion of
scientific and practical knowledge, and the promo-
tion of a taste for the delightful employment, which
have a tendency to make mankind the lovers of
peace, rather than of contention.

I cannot omit this opportunity to congratidate
you, upon the prospect that the coming season
promises, of the realization of hopes long enter-
tained, of the establishment of a Garden of Ex-
periment at Mount Auburn. That which the
united efforts of many have hitherto in vain at-
tempted, is now, by the influence of the Massa-
chusetts Horticultural Society, about to be accom-
plished, and this success is attributable to its orig-
inal founders and to them should ihe praise be ren-
dered. A cemetery and a garden. A sacred and

I am vviti:

M A KTH A' JOHONNOT
Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq. Dorchester
2(1. A letter from William Shaler, Esq. Con-
sul General of the United States for the island of
Cuba, residing at Havana. The recommendation
of his distinguished friend to the honors of the So-
ciety, has been promptly attended to, and at a re-
cent meeting of the E.xecutive Council, Don Ra-
man de la Sagra was elected an Honorary Mem-
ber ; the Society's diploma and the several ad-
dresses, with the rules and constitution of the
institution, have been transmitted to him, accom-
panied by a letter informing him of his election,
which follows in its proper order.

Havi.a, Jan.an, 1632.

Sir — I have the honor to acknowledge the receipt of
your official communication of the 16th ultimo, announc-
ing that the Hoilicultinal Society of Massachusetts, had
done me the honor to elect me one ol its Corresponding
Members, together with my iliploma, the constitution of
the Society, and addresses delivered before it at its sec-
1 am duly sensible of the
honor conferred on me by this election, and shall ever be
happy to concur by any means in my power, in promoting
the beneficent views of the Society. I am, however,
bound in candor to say, that these are subjects with which
I have but a limited acquaintance. Correct information
as to the botany and rural economy of this fine island, be-
ing of unquestionable imp.irtance to the Society, 1 take
the liberty, in this view, of respectfully recommending
the election, as a CoiTesponding Member, ofmyfiiend.
Don Raman de la Sagra, diiector of the Havana Botanic
Garden, who is a man of talents and great zeal in the
pursuit of science. Don Raman has requested me to pre-
sent to the Society, in his name, a copy of his Statistical
History of Cuba, which I have the honor to transmit
herewith. And I am, withvery great respect, Sir,
Your most obedient servant,

•ffM. SHALER.

To Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq.

Isl Vice President of the Mass. Hort. Society.

BosTOB, Feb. 22<i, 1832.
Dear Sir — Our mutual and highly respected friend,
William Shaler, Esq. Consul of the United States, resiiling
at the ciiy of Havana, has transmitted to nie your valua-
ble publication upon the statistics of the island of Cuba,
to be deposited in the archives of the Massacluisetts
Horticultural Society, and in the name of that institution,
I take leave to returu you my thanks for the same. —
Mr Shaler also took occasion to recommend to the Soci-
ety, the propriety of conferring upon you the title of

fthe second an
nual festivals, the edition of i hat pronounced at the first be-
ing wholly exhausted, which 1 very much regret, as it
was a peilbrniance of high character and would have af-
forded J on much plea ure in its perusal.

It Hill aftbrd me much gratification to hear from you
whenever it may suit your convenience; and if any of
die plants, shiiibs, or other productions of lliis section of
the Uiiiied States, would be deemed acceptable to you,
he pleased to advise me, and 1 shall promptly forward
them. 1 have the honor to he, dear Sir,

With great respect, youi very obedient servant,

[Signed] ZKB. COOK, Jr.

Don Raman de la Sagra, Havana.
3d. A note from John W. Boot, Esq. accom-
jianied by a package of seed of the Pinus Deoda-
ra, Rcxhurg, received by Mr Hoot by the ship
Dover from Liverpool. The following description
of I lie tree producing the .seed, accompEmied the
package :

"A most gigantic tree of vast dimensions, prop-
erly a species of cedar and very closely allied to
the cedar of Lebanon ; native of the elevated
mountains, confining the Henealayo to the north-
ward ; the wood exceedingly fragrant and dura-
ble. The seeds were brought from India by the
Honorable William Leslie Melville, and some pre-
sented by that gentleman to Doctor Wallich

Very many of these seeds have already sprung up
at the Horticultural Society's garden (at Chis-
wick,) at Lori Grenville's, &c."

4tli. A letter from John Howland, Jr. Esq. of
New Bedfiird, addressed to Samuel Downer, Esq-
with a bundle of Missouri grape cuttings.

The seeds and cuttings were ordered to be dis-
tributed among the members on Saturday, the 17th
inst. at the adjourned meeting.

The following were admitted members of the
Society : Hon. Charles F. Mercer of Virginia,
Honorary ; Hon James L. Hodges of Taunton, and
Mr Howland Cowing, Jr. of Roxbury, subscription
members.

All which is submitted.

ZEBEDEE COOK, Jr.

1st Vice President.

NEW-ENGLAND ASSOCIATION

OF FARMERS, .MECHANICS, AND OTHER WORKING-
MEN.

It may not be generally known, amongst our
farming brethren, that a delegation from several
townsand five different States, composing a body
of nearly one hundred, were lately assembled at
the Marlboio' hotel in Boston, who have announ-
ced their doings under the imposing name of the
" New-England Association of Farmers, Mechan-
ics, and other Working-men."

Mr TiUinghast, a respectable mechanic from
Fall-river, presided ; J. Frieze and G. W. Light,
secretaries. Before the adjournment, a permanent
organization was effected, and Dr Charles Doug-
lass of New London, Connecticut, elected presi-
dent.

The immediate object of the convention, ap-
pears to have been au improvement in the condi-
tion of men, women and children, who are engaged
in the various manufacturing establishments,
throughout New-England. I do not feel compe-
tent to judge of the propriety or of the practica-
bility of' all the measures proposed. So far, how-
ever, as they may operate to the benefit of work-

Vol. X.— No. 36.

AND nORTlCULTUUAL J(3iIRNAL.

285

ing men, women, or cliildren, if is to be hoped
they may succeed ; since no permanent benefit can
be bestowed on tliat class, without an ultimate
gain to their employers, and an increase to the
general happiness of both.

Another meeting is appointed to be held in
September next in this city, and associations of
farmers and mechanics throughout the New
England States, are invited to send delegates. It
being the wish of the convention that the whole
laboring population of New-England, should be
immediately represented ; and, as far as may he,
by those who can exhibit with other required
credentials, th»^ sign of industry which never
lies, the hard hand of labor.

It has been said by an intelligent Englishman,well
acquainted with the boasted free institutions of his
own laud, and with our republic of half a century's
duration before him, that " the natural right of
every individual to a share of the earth on which
God has placed him, (the people's farm, as it is
sometimes called,) has never been practically ac-
knowledged, insisted on, or enjoyed by any people.
On the contrary, there has always existed, in eve-
ry country, on one hand a party exercising an ex-
clusive de facto property in the land ; and on the
other, the bulk of the people, who must obtain
leave to cultivate it, or starve."

Perhaps we are entitled to some exception from
a declaration so sweeping and so truly melancholy,
yet I cannot avoid quoting a few lines from a let-
ter now before me, fresh froin the hand of a wise
and good man and a practical farmer, which cer-
tainly goes far to sustain its application here.

He says, "There is no class of men of equal
intelligence, who study their own interest so little
as our fanners. The encouragement given to their
labor is all-important ; it in fact regulates the wa-
ges of all other classes. The most alarming symp-
tom of the times is, that the title to real estate is
passing out of the hands of those who work upon
it. The whole economy of the government goes
to depress it. I could point out many ways in
which this is done, and unless relief is admin-
stered soon, we shall have a miserable and degra-
ded tenantry after a while. At present, they can
run away to the new countries, hut the same
causes will follow them there, and in the existing
circumstances there is to be no rest for the sole of
their foot. The real estate is now but a bob to
the kite of a factitious credit currency," &c, &c.

I am not prepared to say, that this view of the
state of our farming interest is entirely correct ;
yet the writer's intelligence, sound judgment, and
disinterestedness, entitle it to serious consideration.
No man however, among us, who will cast his
eyes abroad, can fail of observing that throughout
New England, the good land, indeed all the valu-
able property, both real and personal, is falling
into comparatively few hands ; and all of it, per-
haps, by legitimate conveyance, yet much of it by
precess that is considered ruinous and op|)ressive
by many good men and sound lawyers, who are
familiar with its operation.

The old saying is in every man's mouth, who
has been fortunate in acquiring property, — that
any one may get rich, who will be prudent and
industrious. I have some doubts on this point,
yet trust that all men will agree with me so far :
that there are many industrious men and excellent
citizens, in every part of New England, who are
seduced into liabilities, and by degrees led through
the process of mortgage, foreclosure and eject-

ment ; and finally degraded at home, or driven in
despair abroad, that under more indulgent provi-
sions, might continue valuable mendiers of society.
I will close my too greatly extended remarks on
this subject, by repeating the boast of a trader
from a town in the new State of Vermont, who
declared that he had, at successive intervals, held
the title and possession of every farm in the town
where he traded, three times over. He may tell
us that this was all done strictly and according to
law ; but I think all my honest fellow citizens will
imite with me in saying, that it might be piofita-
ble to submit such law to a revision.

There are many good men who feel deeply for
the interests of the whole people; but reform or
improvement, to be eflTectual or pcrmaneut, nuist
proceed from the people themselves ; and their
will must be expressed in a manner more direct
and less equivocal, than in that shape which pre-
scription sanctions by the reverential character of
legitimacy.

Frequent political excitements are salutary, and
only to be dreaded when set on foot by the ambi-
tious and designing. It may be useful, however,
at all times to bear in mind the excellent caution
of our immortal Washington :

" The real people occasionally assembled in or-
der to express their sentiments on political sub-
jects, ought never to be confounded with self-ap-
pointed societies, usurping the right to control the
constituted authorities, and to dictate the public
opinion."

Receipt for making Tomato Sauce. — Take toma-
toes when ripe, and bake them till they become
quite soft, and then scoop them out with a tea-
spoon, and rub the pidp through a sieve. To the
pulp put as much Chili vinegar as will bring it to
a proper thickness, with salt to your taste. Add
to every quart, one ounce of garlic and one ounce
of shallots, both sliced very thin. Boil it one
quarter of an hour ; then strain, and take out the
garlic and shallots. After standing till quite cold,
put the sauce mto stone bottles, and let it stand
a few days before it is corked up. If when the
bottles are open, the sauce should appear to be in
a fermenting state, put some more salt and boil it
over again. The sauce should be of the thickness
of rich cream, when poured out, and is, in my
opinion, far superior to the famous Bengal chat-
ting, to which it bears considerable resemblance.
Gardener's Magazine.

Economical Fuel. — A good fire on a winter day,
at a mere trifling expense, is of importance to a
poor man. One penny worth of tar or rosin wa-
ter, will saturate a tub of coal with trij)le its orig-
iurd quantity of bitumen (the principle of light and
heat,) and of course render one such tub of three
times more value, than it was when unsaturated.
— English JVewspaper.

We believe that the additional value said to be
acquired by coal, prepared as above mentioned,
must be greatly exaggerated. " Bitumen " is not
the only ])rinciple of heat and light ; it furnishes
more flame but less heat in proportion to its
weight, than some of the harder sorts of coal, of
which carbon is the principal constituents. But
something may be gained, and we wish the ex-
periment may be tried and its results made public.
Editor of .W E. Fanner.

Leaves of the Hawthorn as a substitute for Tea. —
Mr R. Abbey has lately taken out a patent (in

England) for preparing the leaves of the hawthorn
so as to make them a substitute for tea, and gives
the following directions for the process. "Rince
ihe leaves in cold water; steam them till they
change from green to olive, and dry them on hot
plates." The conductor of the Garilener's Maga-
zine says, " We should thiidv sloe leaves would
answer laucli better |)urpose than hawthorn leaves,
on account of the prus.sic acid contained in the
latter."

Light arable soils may be too much pulverized. —
A writer for the Gardener's Magazine says, " I
quite agree (from experience) with Mr Wallace
(vol. VII. p. 36,) in thinking light soil sometimes
injured, rather than improved, by too much dig-
ging, &c. I have for some years adopted the
plan, of sowing August turnips on ground hoed
and raked, in preference to digging ; provided the
ground be in good heart and not too much bound.
I find the seed vegetates much sooner and is less
infected with the fly ; and, as the plants grow
faster and bid defiance to the fly, they make less
top but better roots.

Potatoes planted ivhole. — A writer in the Gar-
dener's Magazine for Dec. 1831, states, " I quite
agree with Mr T. A. Knight, in planting potatoes
whole. As a testimony, I will state an experi-
ment of mine: I planted four potato slips, con-
taining two eyes in each ; and four, the crowns
containing, perhajis, four or five eyes each ; four
small whole ones ; four large whole ones. The
produce of the first four roots weighed eight
pounds; of the second four, eleven pounds; that
of the third four, sixteen pounds. I think this
will make it clear to any one, that the reverse of
what is generally followed ought to be practised,
namely, to plant crowns or whole potatoes in lieu
of a plant with two eyes. This is even the second
trial I have made, and found it the same ; but I
was not so particular in the first experiment as in
the second, having determined by my eye that the
dilFereuce was so obvious. This is of the greatest
importance to the agriculturist. If it holds good
for an acre, what a difference in the produce ! —
The diflerence of a little extra seed bears no com-
parison to the extra produce ; and besides, the
labor of cutting is saved.

Magnificent Cypress Tree. — In the gardens of
Chapultepec, near Mexico, the first object that
strikes the eye is the magnificent cypress, called,
the cypress of Montezuma. It had attained its
full giowth, when that monarch was on the throne,
(1520,) so that it must now be at least 4C0 yeara
old ; yet it still retains all the vigor of youthful
vegetation. The trunk is fortyone feet in circum-
ference, yet the height is so majestic as to make
even this enormous mass appear slender. At San-
ta Maria de Tula, in Oaxaca, is a cypress P3i En-
glish feet in circumference, which yet does not
show the slightest symptom of decay.

Ward's Mexico^

Lime-water for destroying Worms. — The use of
Lime-water for destroying worms, was lately dis-
covered in a garden near Edinburgh, by the over-
flowing of a brook .strongly impregnated with
alkali from the refuse lime of the gas-works. —
Wherever the soil of the garden was reached by
this water, it threw up myriads of worms, which
never returned again to their holes. — Scotsman,

286

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Ihc Augusta Journal.

LIVERPOOL SALT.

We would call the attention of those interested,
to the article on our last page, from the New En-
gland Farmer, (N. E. F. page 254,) in relation to
the use of Liverpool salt. The views there taken
of its qualities, appear to be corroborated in the
experience of^^ur fanners in other parts of the
country. TheTPortsinouth (N. H.) Herald says,

" Last week we were told hy a gentleman, who
lives in the interior of the State and who makes
several hundred pounds of butter every year, that
this season he had been very unfortunate in the
manufacture of his butter. He said that his fam-
ily made and packed it down as usual ; but that,
for the first time, they used Liverjxiol or blown
salt. Although the same care was taken in manu-
facturing and packing the butter, it was of so in-
ferior a quality, that he did not think it expedient
to bring it to market. This gentleman attributes
his loss to the Liverpool salt.

From the above, as well as from what we have
previously communicated, it would seem that the
salt in question, has not those antise])tic properties
which it has hitherto been thought to possess—
and upon further investigation, if this should prove
to be the case, it will be perceived that there is
great risk in using it in the manufactiue of cheese
also, as is now the custom with many of our farm-
ers ; nor would it be safe to use it in packing beef,
pork, &;c, because it will prove wholly' inadequate
to the preservation of these important articles of
food from decomi)osition, and thus render them
imfit for domestic consumption or shipping.

We have been induced to bring this subject
again before the public, at the suggestion of a
wholesale grocer in this town, who says that the
difTerence between butter ])ut up with this salt and
with the natural crystalized salt, is so great, that
he can generally distinguish it at once, by the
odor, on piercing or opening a firkin. We shoidd
be glad to receive the opinion of some scientific
gentleman, who has fiicilities for analyzing Liver-
pool salt and who can best judge of its autiputres-
cent qualities, when compared with salt brought
from the Bahamas, Isle of May, Portugal, and the
Bay of Biscay."

colors. He said that the country was in danger,
and every man ought to turn out and fight the
monster. Intemperance, he said, was the great
Goliah, and he had become so strong and so bold,
that, every day, he appeared on the roof of a dram
shop and dared the armies of the temperate, to
send out a man to meet him in single combat, and
they stood aghast and fled before him. He took
up the case of Slackhand, and told how he first
began his downward course and how it would
end — in the drunkard's grave. Mr S. was aiai-m-
ed, and passed by the tavern that night, without
stopping. He thought of his ways, anjl resolved
that whatever his companions might say or do, as
for him, he would leave oft" dr.nking ; and to back
up Ills resolution, as it were, with an oath, he
dashed his rum-jug against the stone wall, and
turned over a new leaf. It was wonderful to see
how soon the faces of his wife and family began
to brighten up. The broken windows were mend-
ed, the house newly painted, the garden fence re-
paired ; ami now the corn waves in his field, and
the flocks and herds graze upon his hills, and
peace and plenty crown his days. His wife ludds
up her head again ; and the children, neat and
clean, are among the first scholars in the village
school. Who has wrought this wonderful, this
almost miraculous change ? It was not Rum.
Rum and prosperity never yet were joined togeth-
er. Or if prosperity may have been somelimes
drawn, unwittingly, into the alliance, the partner-
ship was of short duration ; for he soon found that
his partner. Rum, was a spendthrift, and drew out
of the common slock faster than he could put in.
'" Temperance 1' others may say what they will,
but I say it is a good thing ; and for one, I am
ready to hear what the man has to say upon the
su hjcct." — DerJham Politician.

TEMPERANCE.

" Temperance ! " says one, as he casts his eye
upon this title, " yes, that's a good subject ; I wish
our newspai)ers would say more upon it. The
little that has been said for three or four years
past, has done a great deal of good. There is
neighbor Slackhand, (he has lately altered his name
to Up-and-doins;,) three years ago, his buildings
were going to decay and his farm running to waste,
the sun looked into his bed-room in the morning
and found him asleep, and nine o'clock at night,
which should find honest men at home, found him
at the tavern. Things were going on badly, and
but for a little stir about temperance, he would
have been a dead man before this time. Yes, and
his family would have been upon the town.

"Three years ago, there came a man into our vil-
lage and gave notice that he would deliver a tem-
perance address. A tempe,rance address! It is
a new thing. A temperance address ! what's that ?
said one and another, — and they all went. Mr
Slackhand among the rest, for he did not like to
stay in the bar-room alone. The stranger por-
trayed the evils of intemperance, in the blackest

March 21, 1832.

large proportion, of milk and bread, and well boil-
ed vegetables. Meat and fish ought to be used
sparingly, and only at dinner. You ai-e better
without coffee, tea, or chocolate. If you use any
of them, it ought not to be more than once in a day.

Emi^rnlion to Oregon Tcrilory. — It is stated,
that a detachment of along conteiiqilated emigrat-
ing i>arty for Oregon, is to leave New England '
the last of March ; and march by land to the :
banks of the Columbia river.

The U. S. Telegraph remarks on this greatest
of modern hnndiugs : —

" Of all the Quixotic expeditions ever set on
foot, we consider this the most Quixotic. Those
who knoAv anything of the character of the In-
dians, who range the country between St Louis
anil the mouth of the Columbia, know that it will
be impossible for the party to reach its destination;
and those who know anything of the fur trade of
the Rocky Moimtains, know that those who now
have j>ossession of that trade, will not permit a
rival interest to grow up, Aviihout pm-chasing their
location at the cost of an Indian war. To suppose
that a colony composed of emigrants, not one of
whom knows, personally, anything of its iiduOii-
tants ; without cajiital, and without the protection
of (iovernment, can maintain themselves at the
mouth of the Columbia, is to anticipate a degree
of Divine interposition in their behalf which re-
quires an unexampled credulity — a delusion the.
most extraordinarv."

HINTS TO MECHANICS AND WORKMEN.

If you woidd avoid the disease which your par-
ticidar tr.ades and work are liable to produce,
attend to the following hints : —

Keep, if possible, regular hours. Never sup-
pose that you have done extra work, when you sit
up till midnight, anil do not rise till eight or nine
o'clock in the morning.

Abstain from ardent spirits, cordials .ind m.dt
liquors. Let your drink he, like that of Franklin
when he was a ]>rinter, pure water.

Never use tobacco in any form. By chewing,
smoking, or snuffing, you spend money which
would hclji to clothe you, or would enable you,
if single, to make a useful present to an aged moth-
er, or dependent sister ; or if married, to buy your
wife a frock, or get books for your children. You
also, by any of these filthy j)ractices, injure your
health ; bring on headache, gnawing at the stom-
ach, low spirits, trembling of the limbs, and at
times sleeplessness.

Be particular in preserving yovir skin clean by
regular washing of your hands, face, and mouth,
before each meal, and of your whole body at least
once a week ; and by combing and brushing the
hair daily.

Always have fresh air in the room in which
you work, but not so that you shall he in a draft.

Take a short time in the morning, if possible,
and always in the evening or towards stmdown,
for placing your body in a natural posture, by
standing erect, and exercising your chest and
limbs by a walk where the air is the purest.
If confined in doors, let your food consist in a

Lact h'ork. — .iVn establishment called the Rhode
Island Lace School, has conmienced at Newport.
Notwithstanding its recent origin, no less than 700
females are actively enq)loyed by its proprietors.
The style of lace work is said to be the most in-
genious ofiis kind,and of that particulardeseription
with which the Eng-lish dealers in lace have had
to supply themselves in France, in con.seqflence of
the superior excellence of execution of their Gallic
conq)etilor.s. Several Englishmen are now settled
in France, where they em|iloy people to work upon
lace for the American markets, and it is calculated
that the people of the United States pay foreigners
in this way, not less than C or $700,000 annually,,
for what can as well be performed by themselves^
A regular and habitual occu[iation in these delicate
fabrics, must evidently lead to that beautiful state
of perfection at which they have arrived in France,
and some of the females engaged in the lace school
have already attained a high degree of excellence.

The Washington Globe states, that hy accounts
from several of our vessels of war on foreign sta-
tions, it ai)pears that more than half their crews
have voluntarily relinquished ardent spirits, and
accepted the comiuutation money allowed by the
government.

The Philadelphia papers state, that two ladies
belonging to highly respectable families in South-
wark, died 7th inst. sup|)osed from eating butter
colored with some poisonous substance.

To Correspondents. — We receivotl, too late forpub-
lioaljon this week, a letter lioni Springfield, giving an
account of the dre.idful destruction of truil trees in lliat
quarter — as far as we have yet learned, the destruction
has been great in every direclion.

Errata.— In our la*t, p ige 274, column 2d, line 6lh,
from the bottom, for " first" read last. Page 275,
column 2d, line 28th, from the top, for *' Apantiacea"
read Opuntiacece \ line 30 of the same column, for " in"
read on. — page 260, 2d column, line 7ih from the top,
for " top" read lop.

Vol. X.— No. 30.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

287

Kenrick Nurseries in Newton, near Boston.

For ISale at tlie Kenrick Niirseiies in Newton, an ex-
tensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Chenies, Apiicols, Neciaiines, Mulbcnies, Quinces,
Kaspbeniu'S, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and CurranI
Bushes, and ten finest varieties ol Strawberries, includ-
ing \^i|]r]Ot's Superb, Genuine Keens' Seeding, do.

Also about 200 varieties of the most orMairicntiil hardy
trees and sin ubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chcslnuts, iMounbiin Ash, Gum
Acacia, '1 hiee Thorncd Acacia, Bullernuts, Ailanthusor
Tree of Heaven, Elms, Su^jar Maples, Flowering Cilal-
pas, Weeping Willows, Napoleon, do. do. Honeysuckles,
and a superb variety of hardy Roses, &c. &.C. Many ol
the above soi-ts of trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Tiees by the 100 or 1000— for planta-
tions.

Isabella Grape Vines, either singly or by the 100, at
reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick,
Newton, and transmitted by tlie daily mail, or otherwise,
or if more convenient, left at the office ol the New En-
gland Farmer, where catalogues may be obtained gratis,
will be promptly attended to.

But purchasers are invited when convenient, to call
and examine the Trees, &.c. for themselves, and make
their own selections.

Trees, kc. will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for transportation, when ordered ; and when particularly
desired, they will be packed in mats with either clay or
moss for sea or land Iran-portaticn. Match 21.

Iiinna^au Botanic Garden and Nurseries.

Flushing, near A^ew York.

WM. PRINCE &, Sons. Proprietors, announce that
the great extensions made in their establishment, which
now covers near 50 acres, completely filled with the
clioicest Trees, Shrubs and Pl..\nts, enables them to
offer the various kinds at the reduced prices stated in (heir
new Catalogues, which will be sent to any person who
may apply tor them. The size and excellence of the
Trees exceed all former periods ; and the most scrupulous
attention has been devoted to their accuracy, v\ hich is
invariably an object of their personal attention. To
nurseries they will allow a liberal discount and conven-
ient credit, .-^s mauy persons are agents for different
nurseries, it is requested thai orders intended for us be
particularly specilied. Every invoice sent has a printed
heading and our signature, and such proof of origin must
be insisted on, as we take upon ourselves no responsibili-
ty unless such an invoice can be produced.

Their Tie;iti3e on the Vine, describes 2S0 kinds of
Grapes and thi-ir culture : — Their Treatise on Horticul-
ture contains descriptions of a great variety ol Trees and
Plants, and directions for cultivating them ; and their
Pomological Manual, or Treatise on Fruits, contains full
descriptions of above 1000 varieties of Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Apricot.*, Peaches, Nectarines, Almonds, and
other fruits, so that all persons can make their selections,
IVlh a ktiowtetlge of the qualities.

Their new Catalogues will be sent lo all applicants,
and orders sent to them per mail, will receive the most
prompt attention, and all letieis desiring information,
will be replied to by the first mail. 4w. Marcli 21.

Grape Vines.

THE subscriber offers for sale, at his garden in Dor-
chester, a few cuttings of the bl ick and white " Mosca-
tel " Grape Vines, just received by the brig Cora from
Cadiz, procured for him by the Consul ol the United
States, resident there. He writes, " I obtained these
cuttings from vines on which I have seen clusters of
grapes, weiohing as much as Twentysix pounds." —
They contain several jeiuts, and will be sold at 50 cents
each.

Also, some very thrifty vines of the Ferrol Grape, a
splendid black fruit, recently imported.

— ALSO —

Isabella ; Barcelona ;

Catawba ; Blands ;

Constantia ; Black Cape ;

Black Hamburgh;
3 varieties ol valuable fruits, obtained from Xeres in
Spain, and many other choice kinds.

Orders by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
al application at his office. No. 74 Congress street, for
any quantity of vines from one to one hundred, will meet
with prompt attention. Z. COOK, Jr.

March 12, 1832. 5t

To Let.

THE Farm on which the subsciibc- resides in Dra-
cutt, within about three miles of the Lowell market,
containing about three hundred acres of cultivated land
of various descriptions, and all fenced v\'ith a stone wall.
The buildings aie a good dwelling house, shed, cider
mill, ti.rce barns 174 feet long, giain and ice house, and
are all in perfect repair. The farm is product. ve, and will
suininer and winter 50 cows, and offers the best encou-
lagement for carryingon (hemilk and vegetable business
at Lowell. It will be let from one to five years, with
the stock and tools, and immediate possession given.

March 2, 1832. 4t* B. F, VARNUM.

Farmer Wanted.

WANTED, a young single man to do the work on a
small place, 3 miles from Boston ; no one need apply un-
less he can produce good recommendations for his hones_
ty and industry. Inquire at this olBce. 3t. March 21.

Farmer Wanted.

A steady, faithful man is wanted, to lake charge of a
garden and small Farm in Dorchester ; take care of a
horse, cow, &c. and make himself useful on the place.
.An American would be preferred. Apply to No. 173,
Washington street. March 21.

Notice to Gardeners and Nurserymen.

THE Subscriber being anxious to change his employ-
ment, wishes a person to take his place, and buy out his
interest in the Garden and Nursery of Samuel Downer,
Dorchester. For particulars please apply to Rufus
Howe. tf Dorchester, March 17.

Gardener Wanted,

A Man is wanted lo manage a com 'on Kitchen Gar-
den, about 20 miles southeast from Boston. He must be
temperate, industrious,ili-iposed to advance his employer's
interest, and have a thorough knowledge of his business.
'i'o such good encouragement will be given. An Ame-
rican would be preferred. Apply at the N. E. Farmer
office. 31 Maich 21.

Farm for Sale.

FOR Sale, a small and productive Farm in Roxbury,
containing 22 acres of Prime Land, in a good state of cul-
tivation ; it is well watered, and is calculated for raising
early Vegetables for the market,' being but 5 miles from
State street, — it has a large and thrifty orchard, a good
house and barn, and out buildings. Apply at the Farmer
Office. 3t March 21.

White Mulberry Trees,

1, 2, and 3 years old, for Sale. Inquire of Benjamin
Burbank, East Parish, Bradford. 81 March 21.

Durham short horn Stock.

FOR Sale, a few very superior half blood Durham
short horn Cows, sired by Jidmiral,— who was present-
ed to the Massachusetts Society Ibrihe promotion of Agri-
culture, by Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, — these Cows are all
warranted in calfby Voung Comet, A full blood Durham
shorthorn Bull, out of the imported Cow Annabdla,
presented by Sir Isaac to the same Society. Annabella
has repeatedly given forlyeighl pounds of rich Milk per
day, from grass feed only. For particulars, inquire of
Mr J. B. Russell, at the Agricultural Seed store, Boston,
or at the Farm of E. Hersy Derby, Esq, Salem, where
the Slock can be seen. Salem, March, 1832.

Farm for Sale.

A first rate Farm, laying in Dorchester, six miles from
the old State House, containing 90 acres ; consisting of
mowing, pasture, orchard and wood; a few acres of it is
salt marsh, situated at South Boston.

There is a handsome two story house, in good repair,
finely situated on a hill, having a very commanding
prospect of the country, handsomely finished; a large
barn with an excellont cellar under it for vegetables,
shed room, piggery, &c, &c •, a farm house, nearly new,
and ice house — the whole combining as pleasant a situa-
tion for a gentleman, as can be found in the vicinity ; the
land is in good heart, and would make an excellent mitk
farm ; 60 tons of hay was cut Irom it last season, and 10
cows kepi on it ; it is the farm formerly owned by Jolin
Gray, Esq. For fur her particulars, apply at the New
England Farmer office. March 14.

Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, Dahlia Roots, &c.

THIS Day received by J. B. Russell, at the New
England Farmer Office and Seed Store, a choice collec-
tion of Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes, Double Dahlia
Roots, Tuberoses, Aniaryiles, &,c. Particulars next
week. March 14.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.

LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimen-
sions, constantly foi sale at No. 110 State street, by

ALBERT FEARINti &. CO

Farm for Sale or to Let.

WILL te sold or let, and possession given immedi-
ately, the Waterbiil F,!rin, (so called,^ siluated in Lynn,
consisting ol between 70 ami 80 acres of as good Land as
can be found in the County of Essex, with between 2
and 300 large Apple, Pear, and Peach Trees, 'wo good
Dwelling Houses, wiih an. pie B.niis and oul-bnildings.
Said Farm is most pleasantly located, between the Bos-
ton old road and turnpike, and only ten minutes' walk
from the Hotel, affording an excellent opportunity for a
Milk Farm or a Gardener.

For further particulars inquire of Mr Wiley, near the
Lynn Hotel, or of the subscriber.

WM. B. BREED.

Lynn, Feb. IC, 1832. tf

Valuable Farm for Sale.

THAT valuable Farm, pleasantly situated in the North
Parish of Andover, one mile from the Rev. Mr Loring'g
meeting-house and Mr Putnam's academy, on the road
leading from said meeting-bouse lo Andover bridge, and
within half a mile of good Saw and Grist Mills, and Black-
smith's Shop— 3 miles from the Theological Seminary, 4
miles fiom Methuen meeting-house and factories, and 12
miles from Lowell — all which places, together with a
number of Factories in the vicinity, afford as good a mar-
ket for produce as may be found in Boston.

There is on said Farm rising 300 Fruit Trees, half of
which are young, thrifty and grafted with tlie best kind
of winter apples, and fall and summer pears — the residue
furnishes a plentilnl crop of fall and cider apples. The
farm consists of 110 acres, more or less, of excellent land,
conveniently divided into lots of tillage, mowing, pasture,
rye-land and meadow, and well watered. The road pass-
es through the centre of the farm, and is fenced on both
sides with firm stone wall, most of the Farm being fenc-
ed with the same material. The buildings are convenient
and in good repair — the house is nearly new.

The ivholeoirers adesiiable ie.?idence for a farmer, 'or
a summer retreat for a gentleman who wishes lo retire in
that season of the year.

Purchasers are invited to call and view the premises.
The terms will be made known by the occupant,

JOHN ENDICOTT,
OR Dr J. KITTREDGE.

The above Farm, if not sold before the 25th inst. will
be offered at Public Auction on Tuesday, the 27th inst.
at 12 o'clock.
, Andover, (North Parish) March C, 1832. 3t*

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, MiRCH 19,1832.

Reported for tfie Daily .Advertiser and Piitriot.

At Market this day 506 Beef Cattle (including 155 un-
sold last week,) 14 pair Woiking Oxen, 11 Cows and
Calves, and 4011 Sheep. About 145 Beef Cattle unsold
at the close ol the market. There are also about 225 left
within a few miles of the market ; making in all at
Brighton and within one hour's ride, about 370 unsold.

Prices. Beef Cattle — Market completely "glutted;"
sales were very uneven, and prices, particularly for the
mi. Idling and poorer qualities, reduced. We qu te extra
f.j,8S a 6, prime 5,25 a 5,62, good 5 a 5,23, ihin 4,50 a
4,75. One yoke was taken at 6,25 and one at 6,17.

Woiking Oxen.— Sales at $52.i, 55, 60 and 63.

Cows and Calves.— Sd\es at $li), 24, 27 and 32.

Sheep — Dull — a very few lots only were sold. We
were not able to obtain the price of a single lot Two
lots were driven out ol the market unsold.

The non-appearance of our report last week in season,
was occasioned by the carelessness of the person who
was charged with it from Brighton lo Boston,

J^ew York Cattle .Market, March 16 In market this

week, 800 Beef Cattle ; 100 Milch Cows and Calves, and
300 a 400 Sheep. There has been quite a decline in the
prices of Beef Cattle, sales not averaging over fe.50. One
yoke of extra fine cattle, fatted by Mr Isaac Peck, West-
chester CO. sold at $9 ; we quote sales from 5,50 a $7,50 ;
Cow beefs a 5^. Cows and Calves— Sales slow at $25
a 30. Sheep— Prices very high- sales at 5, 7,50, and 8.

[p=In the N. York market "only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as llie quartets.

2S8

NEW ENGLAND PARMER.

March 21, 1832.

MISCEL.L.ANY

prom tlie Springfield Gazette.

A VETERAN IN THE CAUSE OF TEM-
PERANCE.

There is now living in JM , a few miles from

this place, a man who is almost uinetysix years
old ; and who has never, as he can recollect, drank
a drop of spirit, wine, or cider— even the smell of
them is sickening. He has been sick only ouce
or twice in his life, and that since he was seventy
years old. He says he has done more work, or
worked more hours, than any man living. He has
always been well aniVable to work, and has loved
it. He has not only labored by day, but by night.
A man employed liiui to mow twenty days ; the
weather was fair, and he inowed every day till
night, then walked home two and a half miles —
and during the twenty night, he saved from the
hours of sleep, time enough to hoe two acres of
corn, to make a hundred rods of three pole fence,
and to pull flax enough to make a hundred pounds
when dressed. This was not a very uncommon
thing with him. He knew nothing of fatigue, un-
til he was more than fifty years old.

In consequence of his total abstinence from ar-
dent spirits, he has not only been remarkably
healthy, hut remarkably strong. When upwards

ed to with clock-like regularity — nothing is put off
till tomorrow which can be done today. Econ-
omy is wealth, and system affords ease. These
men are seldom in a hurry, except in harvest time.
And in long winter evenings or severe weather,
which forbids employment out of doors, one makes
corn-brooms ; another shoes ; a third is a carpen-
ter, cooper, or tailor ; and one woman spins ; an-
other weaves ; a third ]>laJts " Leghoni bonnets ;"
and a fourth makes lace. Little children, and
the aged and infirm, knit stockings! And the
families thus occupied are among the most healthy
and cheerful in the world. It is easy with them
to reduce their wishes to their means, if inconve- ; 40 yo^^i.i..Uco^<r^^^^tU>

, , . . ^1 • tiood barii on Ine s«anie, oi uy ^5.
nient or imprudent to extend then- means to then- ' ^ - - •- -•■

wishes. These are the " sort of people " who
fought at Concord and at Bunker's hill, Benning-
ton and Saratoga. Two hundred yankce freehold-
ers were on board the frigate Constitution, when
the flag of the enemy descended in homage to her
power. — Genesee Fanner.

A Farm for Sale.

ONK of llie best Farms in West Newbury, pleasant
ly siui.iieil near (lie Meriiniack river, ciii ibe stage load j
i'roTii Newbiiiyport lo Hnvei'bill anil Lowell, containing
alioul one buiitlted and hlteen acre-, well ilivnleii into
MowinK, Pasturing and 'I'ilhisc An excellent Karin lor
[iav, having a I nge piopoition of nalnrni Mowing, and i
a liiu' young Orchard. The f'arni is cornpo.-ed ot lluea
separale lots i""i w" ^ ""''l together or in lots to suit
the purchaser. There is on the north side of the road I
about sixty>ix acres, with a large two slory House, a
Barn, 104 loet by 30, (iranary, Chai^e-House. Sheds,
kc. convenirnl.and all in gotul repan. One lot on the
sonlb side of ihe road, opposite (he House, containing
eijsbleen acres.

Also, anoilier Lot on the same side of the road, about
cres, having a

A suhject for rejlcdion. — Agreeably to a memo
randumkeptby the Rev. I)r Catchcraft of York, h"«"^'' '^°-'^°"-

Also, a Lot ol SALT MARSH, about ten acres, very
hanily lo bo it, and ol die first quality.

If said Farm is not disposed of at private sale, before
Monday th,- -ieth March next, it will b3 sold on the
Wednesday following, at Public Auction, together with
the Slock of Cattle, Farming Utensils, about fifty Tons
of English Hay, 20 Tons Salt Hay, 60 bushels of Red
Top Seed, lot of Potatoes, and sundry other arlicles.

Sale will be positive. For further particulars inquire
of llie subscriber on the premises, or at No. 12 Essex

Pa. it appears that one hundred and jiiiic murders
were committed in the United States, within the
year 1831. Some of these were of the most ap-
palling kind, such as paienls by their children,
children by their pnn-nts, husbands by their w-ives,
and wives by their husbands, &c. Almost all of
of si.xty years old he was at an oil mill, where a| ||,eni nre regarded as the consequence of an intem-
load of flaxseed was being unloaded; on the cart 1 ^,<,,.„jc n^c „/ ardent spirits.

was a s.ick which all agreed they coidil not carry ; _

the old man said he could carry it ; he stei>pe.l to I TTie Book of G/on/.— If we judge from history,
the cart, took it upon his shoulder, carried it into . of what is the book of filory composed ? Are not
the mill and deposited it safely on the floor of the its leaves dead men's skins— its letters stamped in
second story. The sack contained seven bushels, i human blood — its golden clasp, the pillage of na-
weighing, I suppose, about four himdred and fifty | tions? It is illuminated with teai-s and broken
pounds. Since he was niuetyfive, he has carried i hearts. — London paper.

a bushel of rye nu:al a mile ujion his shoulder, mid ; L =

he says he can do it now. II
mowed much for a year or two past.

His hearing is very good ; eye-sight, much im-
paired. He never used glasses, and has been al
to read till within three or four years. He was
not when young near sighted, which circumstance
renders the continuance of sight more wonderful.
His memory is considerably impaired. lie is sel-
dom thirsty; has lived upon milk very much, and

PAUL BAYLEY.

West Newlniry, Feb. 20, 18.S2.

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Easlern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, leady planed (by sleani power) and
tongned or grooved, of any required <iiniensions. Quality
good", and price lower than tliev can be elsewhere had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, ja, C5, Broad street.

Ammunition.

OF the best qi;ality ai.u lou'est prices, for sporting —
ronstanllv for sale at COPELANU'S POW DER STORE,
6 Uroad'Stieet.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the money willbe rebmueu Jan. 1

says, he has not The Horticultural Garden of the late AndrCAV
' Parmentier, is offered Tor 8iile.

THE repulation ot this establishment is
not confined lo the vicinity of New York,
but is well known throughout (he United
Slates, and diflerent parts of Europe, ll is
situated two miles from the city of New
Y'ork, al Brooklyn, Long Idand, at the junclion of the
Jamaica and Flatbush Roads, and contains 2-1 acres.

The Grounds are in a very high state ol cultivation,
and laid out with judgment and taste. The situation is
remembers going a month fiequently, without | -y^a,,by.,d_...^iew^,^^xUjnsive,^^^^

drinking. | pointed stone li nee, and inside ol that is a hawthorn

The good effects of total abstine'nce are very \ hedge. The Nursery contains a fine and extensive col-
manifest in this old man's health, strength and iu- j lection of Fruit, Forest^ and Ornamental 'I recs • -' - -

,,, ,, . , .1 „,.„ ..„., |,„ splendid co locMon ol Roses and Herbaceous "

dustry. Were all men as temperate, there can be I I""-".'. ' "^"'. . . .....

no doubt that a gigantic race of Methuselahs would

Buckthorns,

Gentlemen in want of this valuable plant for live
fences, can have young quicks about 34 feet high, for $3
per hundred, and plants 24 (ret high, for !j;2,50 per hun-
dred, by leaving th-'ir orders al the office ol the New
England Farmer. They are raised in the vicinity of
Boston, are in Ihe very finest order, and will be well
packed. A small chaige will be added for freight.

March \i.

Farm to Let

A first rate farm ol about 120 acres, well proportionrdl
in mowing, liil.ige and pasturing. It is capable of main
laii:ing 30 head of caltle, and is well calculated for a
Milk Fa' III, tor which purpose it has been used a num-
ber of years. There is also one of Ihe best orchards in
the State — a good dwelling house, and three good barns.
For terms apply at 56, Commercial St. 4t" March 14'

Pla

shed ev

spring up, and fabulous deeds of valor would be-
come sober realities.

The old man says, when he was young, work
was done principally without rum, — some farmers

ing season. Buildings were generally raised with
out rum.

would purchase, perhaps, two quarts for the hay- wishes lo engage in the occupation of Gardening, by the

purchase of this properly, are very great ; the business
already secured is very extensive, and Ihe prospect of
increased ei.couragemeul is sueh as lo warrant ihe be-
lief that the purchase of Oie properly will amply repay
Ihe enterprise of the one who may engage in the
business.

Terms will he made known by applying to Mrs Paii-
MENTiER, on ll;c premi.ses.

jij B. — Any oiders sent to Mrs P. will be promptly
and carefully executed. 6t

Feb. 16.

Wednesday Evening, at .?3 per ann
the object of Ihe lale pionrietor having always been lo j pa\ able al the end nf ilie\car — but those wiio pay within
collect every new variety sixty daxs Irom the time of subsciibing, are entitled to

On the premises .ire a Dwelling House, two Laborers" deduction ol fifty cents.
Houses, seven Cisterns, and a never-failing Pump of ex- | [Cr No papi r wid be sent to a distance witnout paymenl
cellent water; four Green and Mot Houses, containing i being made in advance.

a rich variety of rare exotics. Printed for J. B. Rcssei.i,, by I. R.' Butts — by whom

The advantages lo be derived by any person who | all desciiptions ol j'rinting can be executed to meet the

wishes of customeis. Orders for Printing received by J. B,
RussKLi., at the AgiicuHural Warehouse, JNo. S2, North

FARMING.

Many thousand farmers in New England, rear
large and respectable families, pay all their debts
and taxes promptly, and live independently, well
clothed, and comfortably housed and provided for,
and lay up monej' — on farms of fifty acres. The
idea is, that these people labor severely. This is
a great mistake. They have much, because they
waste no time. With them, there is " a place for
everything, and everything in its place." Their
horses and cattle, tools and implements, are attend-

Bees for Sale.

FOR Sale by Emsrson Wheeler, Brighton, about a
dozen Swarms of Bees in Be.ud's Patent Hives, from
$S to 15 each, including the hives.

March 14. 4t*

Market Stn

AGENTS.

New Yoi/i—G- TnoRBjiiN & Sons, G7 Liberly-street.
Albany — W'm Thokeuiin, 347 Market street.
P/ii a<lel,,hw — D. >t C Landiilth, 85 Chestnut-street.
JSiiltimnre — C, B .Smith, Editor of the American Farmef
Cimimuiti — S C. I"a hkhukst, 23 Lower Market-street
Flushing iV }•. Wm. l■lil.^CE&So^s, Prop.Lin.Bot.Gardci
Middlehir-ri, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
//aW/or<i— Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Spriiigjied. Ms. — E. EliWAllDs.
Nni^huryport. — Ei'KKf.zer Stedman, Bookseller
I'ortsvwiUh. N. //. — J. W. Foster, Ro..kseller.
Portlajid. Me. — iinNVF.L CoLMAN, Bookseller.
\A'-gusta. Me.— Wu. Mann.

miifuLX. N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq.^Recorder Office
\MoiUreul, L. C. — Henri Hillock,

iii^ivM,

..JA.

VOT^. X.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 62, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. U. lESSENDEN, EDITOR.

JVO. 37.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 28, 1832.

© © sa saw sr j: ^ ii s a CO sr Sa

THE PLANTER AND FARMER:

A CONTRAST.

The traveller in passing tliroiigli llie eastern,
middle, and southern States, cannot hiit notice the
different modes ol'cnitivnling: the soil, in the soiitii-
ern and northern region. The planter and iiirni-
cr, though engaged in the same emi)loyinent, are
as distinct classes in our conununity, as any
amongst us. This is doubtless owing to a variety
of causes, some of which I will endeavor to point
out in this communication. The northern and
middle States were originally laid out into farms,
of from one to three hundred acres each ; and
these were transmitted to their children ; were
frequently divided into fifties, and in some instan-
ces, of late years, (more especially in the neighbor-
hood of the large cities,) subdivided into smaller
ones of from ten to thirty acres. In all these
changes and mutations, one thing is extraordinary ;
the income of these small farms, by a different
mode of culture, frequently exceeded that of the
large ones, and instances have occurred, where
less than ten acres, devoted entirely to fruit and
vegetables, have yielded a greater net income than
tliree hundred acres as formerly cultivated. In
tlie southern States, plantations were laid out from
five hundred to three thousand acres each, and
with slight and unimportant variations, remain the
same at the present day

I but is gratuitously bestowed upon every poor
child of the community. Here, I am sorry to say,
with many, education stops. The higher order of
sciences, a taste for reading and polite literature,
are confined to a few ; yet these few, when found
among the mechanical or agricultural part of the
community, are the pride and ornament of the
East. From such cottages s])ring the Websters
and the Adamses of New Enjriand. O.

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES.

Sprinokield, Mnrcti 17, 1832.

Mr Fbssenden — I have recently examined my
fruit trees, which I was induced to do, on reading
a cotnmunication from Hon. John Lowell, in the
last New England Farmer, upon that subject,
stating that he found the last year's growth, on the
ends of the limbs, dead and unfit for grafts. If
that should prove to be the extent of the injury
done by the last winter, to Mr Lowell's trees and
to the fruit trees generally, in the vicinity of Bos-
ton, yoi. may consider yourselves peculiarly fortu-
nate. I have this morning been with several of
my friends and examined hundreds of fruit trees
in \arious orchards and gardens, and in different
situations, and the result is disheartening in the
extreme. The Indian cholera has not been one
half as destructive in any part of the world, where
it h.TS j)revailed in the most malignant form, to the
liunan species, as this cholera or disease has been
This circumstance I or will be to our fruit trees, judging from our ex

with the juices that had not become sufficiently
insj)issated, to burst and diffuse their contents
throughout the stem of the tree, which will prove
as certain death to it, as the bui sting of numerous
blood vessels around tlie heart, would to animal
life.

There were from two to three hundred fruit
trees, various kin<ls, destroyed in this town the
winter before tliis last, by the same disease. I lost
nine, and one gentleman lost nearly a hundred
tine healthy trees, that had been growing several
years ; he thought some enemy had destroyed
them by applying oil of vitriol, or some acid, to
the bark, if this disease is not caused by the un-
common wet and heat of the last summer, togeth-
er with the severity of the last winter, horticultu
rists have much to fear in future. I hope the
nurseries in the vicinity of Boston and at Long
Island, are uninjured, so that we may obtain a
new supjdy of healthy trees.

Respectfully, your friend. Sec,

E. EDWARDS.

alone, in my opinion, will account in a great m<;j>..s-
ure for the difference of the two classes. The
fonder course produces a dense population, the
latter a sparse one. Towns, villages, and ham-
lets grow up with the former ; everything pro-
gressing ; not a year passes without its improve-
ments; the mechanic, the manufacturer, and the
tradesman, are continually employed ; look where
you will, and you will discover the marks of vigor
and enterprise. A scattered population is the
mark of the latter ; plantations, perhaps a mile
a])art, which remain the same from generation to
generation, the same round of tillage and old fields,
and with little variation, the same succession of
crops — if growing tobacco or indigo — impover-
ishing and exhausting the soil.

And now let us take a bird's-eye glance of the
inhabitants of these two regions. The phmterhas
much of the polish of refined life; he may justly
pride himself as a descendant of British ancestors.
In the main, he is liberal, intelligent, high minded;
in many instances, possessed gf a gi'aceful elo-
quence, and ever delighting in generous emotions
and in acts of hospitality. In acquirements, too,
he is respectable, as he has genei'ally a private or
a classical education. — The farmer has the rougli-
ness of the unhewn granite ; from his boyhood to
old age, his delig'it has been to till the soil vtith
his own hands ; labor has made him robust and
given strength and energy to his character ; he has
little of the refinement of com-tly manners, but he
needs it not, as he has that whidi is more substan-
tial, an honest simplicity and sound common sense.
Located amidst schools, education is a part of his
ordinary pursuit; and to read, to write, and to cast
accounts, is not only the privilege of the farmer,

soination, thus far. But the injury here is on the
body of the tree. Many trees, the limbs" of which
and buds, were green and apparently in good
health, on cutting away the bark to the wood I find
the inside bark, the growth of last year, turned to
a brownish color and in many instances entirely
detached from the wood. On many trees in tiiis
situation the scions of last year's growth are green,
aiid Ibave no doubt would grow,if inserted into good
healthy stocks. I should think, from present ap-
pcarmces, that I should lose from two to three
hundred of the choicest varieties of the peach, use
tarine, apricot, pear, cherry, plum, and ajjple
trees, that have been growing from four to seves
years, luxuriantly ; and many of them have yield-
ed their fruit for several years. I fear, that in
most of our gardens and fruit orchards in Spring-
field, there will not be one tree in ten alive, in
i833. I think most of them will fcafout, blos-
3ni, and perhaps bear some unhealthy fruit, the
coming season ; but I have no more hopes of their
lecovering or surviving, than I should have if they
|vere all hewn down and cast into the fire.

The damage and disappointment to horticultu-
Jlsts is incalculable; five himdred dollars would
iiot make good my loss in a pecuniary point of
|iew, and tnoney could hardly pay for the disap-
|iointment and vexation. The conjecture of Mr
Lowell, as to tiie probable cause, I hope will prove
■rue, and as far as my limited experience and ob-
iervation extends, I think it will. The trees con-
nued to grow till late in the fall, and the sap or
jUices remained up till the first of December, at
(vhich time the cold commenced with uncommon
ieverity and contmued through the month, and
jaused the veins of the bark, wliich were filled

BOTTOMS OF CORN STALKS FOR JIA-
NURE, COMPOST, &c.

Almost every farmer draws together the bottom
stalks of Indian corn, with his harrow in the spvitt'g,
gets them itito heaps and burns them, and scatters
the ashes, what little there is of them, though very
trifiing. Otiers draw what they can upon the
head lands, and perhaps throw some of them
into the road and some into their neighbor's
field, whore tiiey remain, an excellent nursery
for weeds, and the reinainder is scattered by the
harrow and bush, over the oat and barley ground ;
where remains of them may he seen for three
years after ; which gives the impression that they
will never rot. But this is a mistake, tliey will
rot itr a barn yard under cattle, as soon as straw.
I get out the contents of my yard as soon in
the spring as the ground is thawed. I cast in
and litter my yards with the bottom stalks obtain-
ed from five to seven or eight acres, which, with
the trampling of cattle, (which are not driven out
of the yard to water,) get broken up and saturated
with dung, Tduring the rest of the spring and sunv
nier nights, while the cattle are out of pasture, by
October or Noveml^er, so that they may be carted
out and stacked, and the yards relittcred for the
winter ; and the stalks thus stacked in a manure
bed, will be rotted and fine enough to plough in
the spring following. And why should not the
stalks thus rotted with the dung of the barn yard,
be good manure ? It is only the rind that re-
sists decay, and that does not resist long, when
combined with the contents of the yaril ; ail the
inside is like a fine sponge, which when green was
filled with ^saccharine matter. AVhen the rind is
broken by the cattle's feet, the sjiongy inside will
absorb a large quantity of juice, which for want of
some such absorbing substance would be carried
off by rains. They are very good for littering
beep folds, when levelled off and covered by a
thiii coat of araw, as the weight of the sheep will
not break thnugh them ; and their lying so open
admits the ran and leaves the surface dry.

It behoves us to use every means in our power

90

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

March 28, 1832.

to increase the <iiMntity of manure. Every blade
mid stalk wliich a farm pioduees and is not con-
sumed by some animal, should be returned to it
ao-ain in shape of ntanure. Our oat and barley
straw are eaten by some portion of the stock, in-
stead of hay. Some of our rye straw we cut to
mix with other provender, and the remainder is
all wanted for littering stalls. We must find some
substance with which to litter our yards, for which
purpose potato vines and the weeds growing among
them, if their seeds are green, must not be forgot-
ten. Instead of caning in loam and having the
trouble of carting it out again, 1 only use dry veg-
etable substances, as the loam can be added in the
compost bed. The sides of fences, where sheep
have lain about the farm, and under trees, in sit-
uations which would not benefit any crop, may be
ploughed up, drawn into heaps with a hoe or
shovel and left to ferment till the grass roots are
dead, and then spread on grass lands inunediatcly
after mowing ; or carried immediately to the com-
post bed, together with similar scrajjings of turf
and wear from the roadside, with peat and pond
mud. Mix as much yard dung with these scrap-
ings, &c, as will ferment and ripen, whit-li Mr
Phiitney says, and I think, correctly, "sliould be
one lo-rtd of dung to two loads of the othe.- mate-
rials. The difterent kinds should be dropi)ed from
the cart, as near together as convenient, and mixed
together as they are shovelled into the l)cd, four
feet thick and covered over level, or hollowing,
with another foot thick of mould. From many
pasture grounds, three or four ox-ctrt loads of
mullens might be pulled while iu bloom and full
leaf, with thistles and poke weed in full growth,
and worked into the com|)ost heap at its first tm-n
ing, in June. I had it done last year, and four
\veeks afterwaj-d, such was the hect of the half
decayed stalks, that they burnt the hands of the
person who was turning them. B.

BridgOfjort, Con March, I«32.

THE LATE WrXTER.

Mr Fesse.nden — The past winter has been long
and cold. It commenced the last of Novenfijer.
December was colder, in the aggregate, than any
previous one within the recollection of any man
with whom I liave conversed on the subject.
From the first to the last of the month, excepting
the 24th, there was a continued frost. On the
24tb, the thermometer stood, at sunrise, at 25 de-
grees above zero, and at 12 o'clock a little thawing
took place for two or three hours, and some rain
fell in the meantime. According to my thcrmo-
metrical register, there was, during this month.

1832, Jan. 2

ie:31, Dec. 1(), 5 A.M. 64 degrees below zero ;' the case when the limbs are green and fresh. I

wish to inquire, if it would not be advisable where
trees are young, to cut them down to the groimd
and train up new shoots ? If the-trees are suffer-
ed to stand and the sap should ascend in the sap
wood, as the bark' being dea<l, it would ]>ossess
no cliannel to return to the root, whether the tree
would not die, root and branch ? I have not ex-
amined any old trees that have come to their
crowth, and feel encouraged that they are not
injured ; but if the winter has been as fatal to frnit
trees in all parts of the country, as it has in
this vicinity, the injiu-y is incalculable ; and those

Feb.

18, sunrise 0

22, 9 P. M. 5

23, sunrise 2
31, " say lOJ.

2
23, « OJ.

26, 10 P. M. 7'

27, sunrise 12J.
sav 10

4i.

0

sav 0

28,

t>.

11,

17,

It has been said, that the latent fruit of the j who have sptnt the morning of their lives in

leach, cannot endure the cold so intense as to sink L-uhivating trees, in hopes of rca|)ing the fruit in

the mercury eight degrees below zero. Although 'hP'r <!eclining years, have met with a loss which

my peach trees promised much last autunm, yet, ' can never be rejilaced. Yoin-s, with lespect.

Peaches, none
Peaches, none

Framinghaii

B. WHEELER.

Marrh 24, 1832.

From tlie Gc

; Farmer.

as far as I have examined, the fruit is completely
destroyed.

For several years past, the greatest degree of
cold in this vicinity, was as follows : —

In 1828, 1 degree above zero. Peaches abun-
dant and fine quality.

In 1829, (i^ deg. below zero.

In 18-30, 10 deg. below zero.

In 1831, 6 deg. below zero.

, I-., ■ imv ideas of tlie correct mode. Having

and poor quality. -* , ,, • , o i-,, • , 1 •

, ,. 1 r ,1 ■ r> „ 1 number of vears in the ctate ol (jteorgia, and being

A few days of warm weather in Decenber or ■ . , , , . ,. ? ,.

T .111. 1 ., „o- . . conversant with the cuUivation ot that vegetable,

January, may cause the buds to make an effort to ,, , . , ,

.,■•11 1 1 r 11 • 1 . experiinenta ly, 1 am induced to give you some

evolve^ in which case, a less degree of cold might I .' . • , , . ,. ... ,. ,

(hstrny this delicate and delicious fruit.

THE SWEET POTATO.
Mr Goodsell — 1 have noticed in several num-
bers of your paper, some observations on the cul-

Peaches vcrv few i*'^ '"'""'*'' ^''® *"^^' potato, none of which meet
j mv ideas of the correct mode. Having lived a

Mansfield, March 10, 1832.

U. GREEN.

observations adapted to this clilnate, which, if
followed, I am persuaded will be attended with
full success.

About the 20th of March, make a liotbed in the
usual form, about four feet square, in which plant
your sweet potatoes about three inches apart ; let
them be treated as hot-bed plants during the month
of Ajiril, keeping on the sash, and no matter how
(irregularly comijrcsscd within the frame, provided

Since the above was written, I have seen the
alarming account of the damage done by frost to
liuit trv'es, by the Hon. Mr Lowell, whose obsr-
vations arc always correct, and to whom we aie
greatly indebted for his liberality and e,\ertioB»i
to extend useful information. I much regret his;

, ^ ■ .■ T c 1 .1 . .1 1 7 , 1 they are kept warm and in a growing state,

loss. On examination, I find that the last years {, .' . „ ,. .^ . " ,. ,

., .- 1.1 •,-. /• ■. . 1.1 1 About the first of May, take a Tiiece ot ground

growth of invvoung and thrifty fruit trees, althoiigh ,, •" ""^ "■ ■• J' i s

£ . ■ "' . 1 1 1.1 . 1 ! we 1 pout; K^il and prepared, make hills about three

at first view appear to be healthy, yet, are seriously ^ '^ " . , ' ' ,' , ,_..,_

injured, if not completely destroyed. On »omo^-

ing the cuticle, the true bark is found, more or less

black and dead. Those trees, whether peach,

cherry, pear, or apple, which were the most thrifty

and promising, have suffered the most severely.

Apide trees have suffered less and peach trees

more, than those of the cherry or pear. Two jicar

trees, trunks two inches in diameter, are . , ,, , , . , . , ■ , 1

, ,111/- r..i 1 .1 ,- r middle about three inches deep, leaving tlie ends
nearly killed from a tittle above tlie surface ot , . , , , , l 1 n
, " .1 . .1 ]• I 11 .1- r> about two inches aliove the ground, to each hill
the earth to the limbs, winch are yet alive. One , . ^ . ^ . . ., :„ _, .

of these, last year, was veiy thrifty and has re-
ceived the greatest injury. I observed one verj
sound and thrifty tree, trunk five inches in diameter,

feet apart in the row, and the rows about three
and a half or tour feet ajiart ; then take off your
sash from the hot-bed, and cut the vines about
twelve inches from the root, leaving the root in
the bed; remove the vines to your prepared ground,
and cut them into lengths about fifteen inches long;
take one ])iece of the vine, wind the middle about
the fingers so as to leave both ends out, ])lant the

more severely cold weathcT, in the whole, than in . , ,. , , , . . ,

1000 If III i.„.., .,„ .,,. seriously split by the frost and probably ruined

any winter since 1823, before which, I kept no ac- 1 J 1 .' i .'

curate account of heat or cold, January was a

cold month. February was comparativily mild.
March commenced cold, but soon moderated.
During the winter, snows were frequent but small.
From November 28th, 1831 , to Fe'iiruaiy the 28ih,
we liad twentyfour snows, say from one inch to
six inches in depth ; one in November, nine in
December, six in January, and eigh', iu February.
Whenever the mercury stands at ir below zero,
the weather may be considered sererely cold. —
The following table will show the very cold days
during the past winter, and the coldest part of the
day observed : —
1831, Dec. 8, sunrise 2 degrees below zero ;

]1,. « 2 «

13, " 4J

15, 10 P. M. G " "

Several valuable plants which have withstood tl
severity of fro-sts in former winters, in open ground
appear now to be dead. Rose-bushes appear to
be more injured, than at any previous time within
my recollection. R. GREEN.

'March 20, 1832.

INJURY TO FRUIT TREES.

Mr Rdssell — On examination of the fruit trees
in this vicinity, I find the injury murh more seri-
ous than was anticipated, in 3Ir Lowell's commu-
nication. Not only the last year's growth is dead,
of young trees, but a great part of the bearing
trees in this vicinity, appear to have no life ir,
them. On cutting into the inner bark, on the
trunk of the tree, I find the greater part of the
alburnum has turned black, in some places this is

about five |)ieces of vine in ojien order ; in about
ten days they will have taken root, and about the
first of November will have filled the hills with
large potatoes.

Then take the seed [lotatoes out of the hot-betl
and ])laiit one or two in the middle of each hill,
not in the same hills where the vines are planted,
but in separate hills. About the middle of June
the vines will have run a consirlerable distance,
when they may be cut again and planted in a sim-
ilar manner, in hills freshly pre|)ared, for seed for
the next year. By this method, the southern jilant-
ers bften raise from four to five hundred bushels
to the acre, from the first planting, of large and
fine potatoes for use ; and from the last planting,
which is usually done by them about the first of
August, they get plenty of small ones for seed,
which they call slips. It is very rare they plant
more than a quarter of an acre with seed, dejiend-
ing chiefly on planting the vine, which if done by
the ICth of June, is pretty certain to yield a large

Vol. X.-No. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

291

crop, and will fiiniJsli vines sufficient to plant, at
least, live acres.

To keep tlicni over winter, or for any length of
time for use, tlicy should be packed in such man-
ner as not to touch each other, being very liable to
beat like corn ; and kept secure from frost. As
good a way as any is to set them about half an
inch a]>art, covered with dry sand, in a warm dry
eel lar.

By observing the above directions, I have no
doubt, they may be raised with great success in
this climate. A sandy soil or loam is best adapt-
ed to their ctdtivation, but any dry muck ^il will
answer very well. I remain, &c,

R. M. WILLIAMS.

Middlesex, Jan. 30, 1832.

Prom Iho New York Memoirs of Agriculliire.

ON SWINE.

Little is necessary to be said on this subject, as
probably no branch of husbandry is better under-
stood in this State, than the raising of pork. As
tlie old thin long-legged breed still prevails in va-
rious quarters, the sooner another is substituted
for it, the better ; besides, it is a gaunt, voracious
animal, difficult to fatten, and liaving too large a
])ortion of bone.

In breeding, the sow should be selected with
great care : broad and straight backed, with wide
hips ; a great many teats ( short legs and fine
bone. Farmers difler much in their plans of rais-
ing stock for pork ; some permitting their shoats
to run at large eighteen months, till they are pen-
ned up to fatten, this is the most troublesome and
least profitable way ; others give them a range in
clover pastures and begin to fatten them earlier.
I apprehend there is a much more profitable way
and attended with less trouble, for those who have
the right breed. According to the quantity of
pork wanted, should be the number of breeding
sows kept over, and there should b6 no other hogs
on the farm, but the breeding sows. These, when
they pig the latter end of March, should be fed in
the most attentive manner v,'ith swill and shorts.
The pigs, from a full grown sow, will generally be
twelve in number ; these should be thinned to
eight; as soon as they begin to feed freely out of
the trough, should be weaned, and afterwards fed
regularly with green tares, clovers, boiled potatoes,
ground peas, unmerchantable corn, or any other
nourishing food ; turning them out every day into
a small yard, where there is a shallow pond for
them to lie in. A remarkable breed of pigs which
had been treated pretty mucli in this manner, were
exhibited at the last Duanesburg Fair ; when eight
months old, one of them was slaughtered, and
weighed exactly three hundred and eleven poimds;
they attracted universal attention, and I certainly
never saw such animals before. This method is
attended with little trouble, and leaves so small
a quantity of stock on hand to winter over, appears
to me to be more economical in every point of
view, than any other which is practised.

From the Journal of Health.

CHOCOLATE.

The editor of one of the eastern paper expati-
ates, in the most eulogistic strains, in favor of
chocolate. " The laboring man," he remarks,
"and jjarticidarly he who is exposed to the inclem-
ency of tlie weather, will find it not only a com-
forter, but the firm ally and supporter of his

strength. He will find it to be worth all the grog
ever distilled ; more powerful and bracing than
the strong waters of Cogniac ; more nourishing
than the rich wines of Madeira and Champaigne.
It gives strength and action to the stomach, when
distilled spirits have no power to aid either ; and
then it brings no evils in its train ; it engenders
no evil feelings, beats no wives, starves no chil-
dren, and makes beasts of no husbands or fathers.
Unlike cold water, it does not chill the vitals and
send the blood in a torrent back to the fountain of
life, often producing sj)asms and sometimes death
itself. Driidi it then, ye that are wise, and be
happy." — All this is very well said, and what is
far better, it is generally true. There can be no
doubt as to the nutritive and wholesome quali-
ities of the cocoa nut, and of its being far bet-
ter adapted to support the strength of the laboring
classes, and to enable the system when exj)Osed to
the weather, to resist the effects of cold and fatigue,
than either tea or coff'ee. To the traveller, a bowl
of good chocolate and a slice of bread, before set-
ting forth on his journey of a cold morning, will
really f)roduce all the good effects which have
been erroneously attributed to ardent spirits, or to
wine.

It is really a subject of regret, that the 'price of
good chocolate could not be so far reduced, as to
place it within the reach of every poor family.
It has been calcidated that one ounce of it, in sub-
stance, affords equal nutriment with one pound of
meat. This is probably, however, overrating its
value as an article of food. Nevertheless, when
properly jirepared, particularly when a large por-
tion of milk is added to it, it is equally pleasant to
most palates as coffee or tea, and affords what the
lattiT does not, a solid support to the system. —
From the very circumstance of its nutritive prop-
erties, it should, be taken with bread, either at
breakfast or at dinner, and but seldom in the even-
ing. It is, also, a more appropriate food for those
engaged in active pursuits in the open air, than for
the sedentary, or those confined within doors. It
should especially be avoided by those of full hab-
its and those who are inchned to an excess of fat.

The best way to prepare chocolate for persons
of delicate habits, or valetudinarians, is to boil it in
water, and allow it to grow cold ; then to take off"
the fat which forms on the surface, to reboil the
chocolate, and to pour it on cream and sugar —
made in this manner, it is much lighter and more
generally agrees with weak stomachs, than when
prepared in any other.

Some persons with very weak digestion, make
use advantageously of the shells of the cocoa, boil-
ed in milk, or even in water, if a still lighter bev-
erage be wanted.

ON PACKING ACORNS FOR TRANSPOR-
TATION.

Mr Smith — I take the liberty of proposing to
you, the publication of the following addition to a
piece signed "Jesse Buel," in the American Farm-
er of the present year. No. 2(), page 208, the ne-
cessity of which, that gentleman probably over-
looked. It is, that in order to secure the growing
of acorns sent abroad, they ought to be packed in
sand, moss, or any other substance likely to keep
them from drying, and this ought to be done very
soon, say within two or three weeks, at farthest,
after they have been gathered. Without this pre-
caution, not ten in a thousand will vegetate. This

is the case with many other kinds of seed, such as
chesnuts, walnuts, and other oily nuts. For want
of attention to this object, the kind intentions of
many persons are very frequently defeated.

Yours, with res|)cct, N. II.

ELA.STICITY OF FEATHERS.

The elasticity of feathers was well illustrated
by an experiment lately performed in the library
of the Royal Institution, London, of immersing
feathers, rumpled and bent in almost every direc-
tion, in boiling water, and on withdrawing them
they were seen to have resumed their regular and
natural form. This was accidentally discovered
by a specimen of a foreign bird, the plumage of
which had been very much rumpled, falling into
some hot water, which restored it ; and the pro-
cess ajiitears to be one that may prove of much
advantage to the preservers of those beautiful an-
imals.— Soutliei'n Agriculturist.

DISEASES OF POULTRY.

From a series of observations made on the dis-
eases of domestic poultry, Mr Flourens makes tlie
following conclusions : —

1. In these aninuds, cold exercises a constant
and determinate action on the lungs.

2. The effect of this action is the more rapid
and more severe, the younger the animal is.

3. When cold does not cause acute and speed-
ily fatal inflammation of the lungs, it produces a
chronic inffamination, which is pulmonary con-
sumption itself.

4. Heat always prevents the attack of pulmon-
ary consumption ; when the latter has taken place,
heat suspends its progress, and even some times
arrests it entirely and efl^ects a complete cure.

5. Pulmonary consumption is never, in any
stage, contagious ; fowls aff<;cted with that disease
were not only all day long with the healthy fowls,
but at night roosted in the same places, without
communicating their disease to them.

6. Lastly. The action of too long confined air
exposes these animals to abscesses of the cornea,
aud inflammation of the ball of the eye. These
abscesses and inflammations are also caused in a
still more cruel manner, by cold, especially when
accompanied with moisture. — Annales des Sciences
JVatwelU'S.

Prevention of the Mildew on Peach and JVectarine
Trees. — The following preventative of mildew on
peach and nectarine trees, has siniplicity, as well
as the experience of many years, to recommend it:
Take of sulphur and rain or river water, in pro-
portion of two ounces of sulphur to every four
gallons of water ; put the quantity which may be
required, into a copper or boiler, aud let it (after
it commences boiling) boil for half an hour; after
which, it may be taken out, or sutli'rcd to remain
until it becomes of a tepid state, when it ought to
be api)lied to the trees by means of the garden en-
gine or syringe, as in a common washing with
water. The time for applying it, annually, as soon
as the fruit is set and considered out of danger. —
Gardener's Mas;azine.

He that hath a trade hath an estate ; and he
that hath a calling hath a place of jirofit and honor.
A ploughman on his legs is higher than a gentle-
man on his knees.

If you do not hear reason, she. will surely
rap your knuckles.

Rather go to bed supperless than rise in debt.

292

NKW ENGLAND FARMER,

HORTICULTURE.

The followins extracts on Ihe subject of Horlicultuie,

weroei..b.ace.i i.. a letter which ai.pearedson.e time since
in the New Yoik Farmer, from Mr Alexander \J alsh ot
Lansinchurg, lo the corresponding secretary of the Al-
bany Hoiticnltuial Society, acknowledKms the honor
conferreil upon him, by constituUni; hira one of its com-
mittee of correspondence ;

"The knowledge acquired by individual horti-
culturists in our country, is undoubtedly consid-
erable. There is, however, wanting a combination
of action and correspondence of sentiment, so
essentially necessary to general intelligence
utility. It is not only the highly cultivated mind
that can bestow interest on the subject ; we are all
laborers in the great garden in which wisdom,
more than human, has placed us; the humblest
digger in it may possibly add something, although
biu'a mite, towards the maturing of nature's plan,
the perfection of a science indispensable to human
happiness, so supcreminent that professions claim-
ing superiority, are in many respects, dependent
on°it. The healing art owes no small share of its
power, to the laborious research of the botanist ;
die gardener and farmer are the pioneers of the
mineralogist; the sacred desk finds,in.the reflections
that arise in the cultivation of the eai-th, materials
to enforce and elucidate sacred truths.

« The portion of knowledge conferred on the
brute creation, as necessary to their support, was
given at once, and admits of no improvement.
The house of the beaver has undergone no change,
'in its architecture ; it is now, as at first, unchanged
in shape, size, or convenience. Man alone has
the capacity to impro-e and to alter everything,
so as to suit every change and purpose. The ca-
pability to improve is then wortliy of man's special
regard, and is more particularly the concern of
those engaged in the raising of plants and the sow-
ing of seeds ; for these pursuits are not only the
most natural, but also the most necessary.

" Oiu- country is comparatively new, its resour-
ces and caijabilities but imperfectly explored or
unkno\vn ; even the iininodiate tiller of the soil
knows not the wealth that its surface produces, or
is capable to sustain. For this there is a remedy
within our reach, and it is worthy of the citizen
and the philanthropist to apply it.

" It will not derogate from us as a nation, to
take lessons from other countries, where there is
aught worthy our imitation or adoption with which
we are unacquainted, or which we have not prac-
tised ; it will do us honor if we come up to them
in skill ; it would be still more to our honor, should
we outstrip them by our improvenients.

" The Horticultural Society of London is a re-
markable instance of industry and intelligence.
The British people, on other occasions, sufficiently
tenacious of personal r.tnk and distinctions, have
on this, submitted to the equality which nature
recocnises ; rank, weahh, and talent, the lord, the
mechanic, and the laborer, unitedly, constitute
more than three thousand members. By their
members and agents, almost every portion of the
globe contributes to increase the stock of plants
and seeds ; these arei cultivated in the grounds of
the Society and distributed throughout the island
and the colonies, and with an honorable liberality,
sent into various foreign nations ; our ow|ii partak-
ing of this noble generosity. While we should be
grateful for such and all similar kindness, it is suf-
ficiently evident that the benefit to be thus derived,
must continue toe limited for our wants and too
slow in its progress. We must set ourselves to

work at home, if we would arrive at any extensive
degree of usefulness.

" The cultivation of indigenous plants, deserves
a first place in the consideration of every people.
The principle a])plies forcibly to our country,
where, owing to its great extent, variety ol clime
and general fertility, the diversity of products is so
extensive. The great facility of communication
daily on the increase, removes every dilHculty
that nature would oppose to the transmission of
plants, flowers and seeds, to any of our horticul-
and I tural societies, where a scientific exaiuination of
their qiiality, or a practical experiment of their
n-rowth and produce, could best decide on their
value and the propriety of recommending their
general cultivation. This should not, however,
be acted on to the exclusion of exotics, few of which
of any coimtry would not find a congenial soil and
clini;ue in the United States. No country has an
opportunity equal to ours, for collecting valuable
exotics at so cheap a rate ; our commerce is co-
extensive with every sea ; our merchants are so in-
telligent and enterprising, that no port or haven is
left unvisited by their ships.

" What multitudes of sources have we to trans-
plant to our country, whatever is valuable in other
climes ? Every merchant should be united to our
associations, every commander of a sea vessel,
whether national or private, and be an actual hon-
orary member of our societies; through them, in
a few years, could be collected such a variety of
(^\otic plants, vegetables, flowers, fruit, and seeds,
as no one nation ever owned ; and that no nation
but ours is capable of collecting and naturalizing.
Horticulture and Botany should in some degree
enter into the education of children, in all our pri-
mary schools ; where practicable, small allotnisnts
of land should be' attached, that boys might have
practical illustrations of the theory. By paicellin
the ground among fhe young students, and lioldin
out premiums for superior cultivation and produce,
a most useful rivalry might be excited. One or
two hours thus daily occupied, would soon tend to
the promotion and preservation of health, and use-
fully relieve the tedium of unvarying apjilication
to letters.

" Every college and extensive seminary should
have its professorship of agriculture, horticiihiirc,
and botany, with its garden for practical illustra-
tions and experiments.

"Among our periodical literature, we have the
New York, New England and the Genesee Farm-
ers, and the Southern Agriculturist ; all of which
are doing much towards increasing a taste for the
cultivation of the soil, but their circulation is too
limited, and measures should be taken to have
them better known ; our horticultural and agricul-
tural societies ought to pay part of their premiums
in these valuable publications.

" To complete the great scheme of improvement,
an annual convention to consist of County dele-
gates, should be held alternately in each of the
four great districts of our State ; it would be in
the power of such an assembly to provide for a
State school, where horticulture in all its depart-
ments, would be taught theoretically and practi-
cally.

" Out of such a system a taste for the useful
and the ornamental would gradually grow, iinti
not only the gardener and farmer, the professional
florist and the nurseryman, but even those, who
like the writer of this, are engaged in diflerent
pursuits, would become from choice, or perhaps,

because it was the fashion, gardeners and botan-
ists ; until every dwelling would have its garden,
its parterre, and its nursery; until our country
would prcsait but one general scene of all that
would be agreeable to the taste, or fascinating to
the eye."

We

DOMESTIC ARCHITECTURE.

nnex a part of an ailiclc from the New England

Ma<'-.izine, which is worthy of the consideration of our
friends in the country.

Our houses are too "large for comfort, conve-
nience or beatify. The consequence of erecting
them of such dimensions is, often, that they remain
untinished and incomplete ; and, instead of the
neat rural villa, which almost every farmer might
own and enjoy, we see huge houses, the original
cost of erecting which, too often, has entailed up-
on its tenant a load of debt which he can never
remove during his life ; and he lives on toiling to
kecj) down the accumulating interest of the money
thus expended, for what he c;mnot enjoy ; with a
consciousness every year, that his chance of re-
demption is becoming less, and that his children
must, ere long, yield their paternal acres to some
straiiijer, who will enter to enjoy it, if he cat), tlie
mansion for which the tenant has sacrificed the
best years of his hfe and the best hopes of his .
family.

This weakness is, if we mistake not, a peculiar-
ity of New England and New England men. We
should look in vain for such an idle expenditure
of money, among the thrifty descendants of the
Dutch and Germans, in New York or Pennsylvania.
They luiderstand these things better. Whatever
they exiiend in the way of buildings, is put to ac-
tual use. They have large barns an<l large gran-
aries, because they can fill them, and if thc.y know-
not the luxury of a fine house, they know the
comfort of a full and warm one ; and never think,
while thus enjoying ease and competence, of vol-
untarily becoming the tenants of a griping land-
lord, and paying rent in the form of interest, for
money expended in enlarging their dwelling
houses, and contracting their means of enjoyment.
It has so often been our misfortune to aace the
progress of a farmer or a mechanic, who has, in-
discreetly, run into debt to build or purchase a
larger house than he has had occasion to put into
actual use, that we can almost infallibly tell at the
first sight, the precise stage of his career of ruin.
Here might very easily be formed a jiretty accurate
scale, by which we could determine the condition
of a stranger by the external marks, that meet the
eye of a traveller while passing by bis dwelling
bouse. If we see a large house, with Jiere and
there a tattered garment to sujiply the places of
broken panes of glass, we expect soon to see the
shingles and clapboards loose, the doors with bro-
ken hinges, the fences broken down or carried
away for fuel ; and we soon look for the last step
in his downward scale, a sheritT's flag hanging
from the premises, to tell the passers-by that tlie
tenant's etpiity of redemption in those premises, is
about to be sold to pay a store debt or settle a tav-
ern score. We might point out, too, the marks of
this progress of j)overty, with the doors of such
an estate'; but^ the dv.clling soon becomes too
desolate, and the wife and children too strongly
marked with the seal which ruin has set upon
them, 10 make such a spectacle anything but pain-
ful and melancholy.

Let no man imagine that this is a fancied pic-
ture. It may be seen in almost every town in New

Vol. X.-No. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

293

EngUind. Go with us to the registry of deeds of
any eoiiuty in JMassachusetts, and, we doubt not,
we can point to instances, in every volume of its
records, of mortgages of estates liiade to secure
the paymniit of money, borro' to renew or en-

large the buildings on those estates, and where the
wliole has been forfeited by the borrower, wlio,
otherwise, might have been tlie independent ten-
ant of th^ acres he luid purchased or inherited.—
Of the propensity to wliicli we have referred,
thougli it is the besetting weakness of our men of
moderate fortunes, it is difiicult to trace tlie origin
or tlse cause of tliis general prevalence. We are
willing to ascribe it to honorable and praiseworthy
considerations, but we think them unfortunate and
indiscreet.

There is a feeling of independence and of re
publican equality among our citizens, which, if
properly directed, makes them the best citizens in
the world ; but which, if misapplied, makes them
the verie~st slaves. And this feeling may be traced
in the style of our farm houses, as well as in ob-
jects of luxury or convenience. No man is will-
ing to be outdone, if he can avoid if, by his neigh-
bor. In the consciousness of acknowledged
equality, he cannot bear, with patience, to be sur-
passed in the externals of style or indei)endence.
Instead of converting this feeling into an incentive
to greater exertions, gradually to attain an actual
equality with his more fortunate neighbors in
Svealth and the means of display, too many begin
with assuming the appearance of this equality
which they cannot sustain, and thereby take a
load upon themselves that sinks them to the dust.
Fashion in this thing is a tyrant, to whom they
bliiidly submit, even with all their high notions of
independence which spurn every appearance of
control. They are dazzled by the hugeness of the
idol they worship, and lie down to be crushed by
the wheels of his car, the willing victims of their
own idolatry. We have,, again and again, seen
families of limited means, forego the very neces-.
sarics of life in order to keep up the appearance of
being able to enjoy its luxuries, and tliis, because
they were unwilling to be seen inferior to those
with whom they have been accustomed to associ-
ate injife.

The folly of an individual who has blundered
into a fortune, or acquired it at the sacrifice of all
pretensions to taste and refinement, often operates
in this way to the lasting injury of a country vil-
lage. His extravagance gives a tone to the fash-
ion of the place ; and the dimensions of his
Louse, as well as his style of expenditure, become
a sort of standard for others ; and many is the vil-
lage we could name, where a false style has thus
been introduced in the construction of their dwell-
ing houses, in which comfort, and fitness, and
neatness have been sacrificed to a false and ill-
grounded jealousy or pride. The active caj)ital
that gives life to business, is hereby absorbed or
withdrawn from general use, by being thus con-
verted into what cannot be profitably improved ;
and how often, where we see the marks of dilap-
idation and decay in a village, maybe traced to an
injudicious and misapplied expenditure of the
wealth of its iidiabitants in idle and useless show.

We might dwell upon this part of our subject,
and show by abundant exatuples, how this foolish
fashion of extravagance in building houses, which
prevails in New England, tends to private suftVr-
ing and to public loss. But enough has been said,
and the observation of every one would, of itself,

be sufficient to illustrate the truth of the proverb,
that " fools build houses, and wise men live in
thom."

THE SWEET POTATO. .

The sweet potato was successfully cultivated
perhaps more than thirty years ago, by Sam-
uel Falkexburg, of Romulus, Seneca county. —
The only difficulty he found, was in preserving the
" slips" through the winter; and when these per-
ished, in procuring others from the south, in time
for planting. Since those days, however, the fa-
cilities of intercourse with distant places, have
greatly increased.

I had long wished to cultivate this plant, hut
had failed in some attempts to procure the "seed."
Most unexpectedly, last spring, G. T. ofOwasco,
generously sent me a supply. Without delay, I
placed them in a hot-bed ; and by the time the
warm season was confirmed, I had sprouts in plen-
ty for my purpose. My success has been very
encouraging. On opening a hill at the request of
a fiiend, he exclaimed, " This sight is worth five
dollars ! I am now satisfied that we can raise
oiu' own sweet potatoes." One weighed twenty
ounces.

The soil in which these grew is not such as I
prefer ; and I have been much gratified with the
still better success of my friend, Dr S. Mosher, of
Union Springs. In his garden, one slip produced
eleven pounds. The largest potato weighed two
pounds ten ounces, and another two pounds six
ounces. The soil is a sandy loam, which was
dressed with well rotted manure in the spring.

Muck from the woods, mixed with common
earth, in equal portions, forms a-very light rich
soil ; but in this, the sweet potatoes though nu
merous and well shaped, were small. Unques-
tionably, a sandy soil is the best.

The red sweet potato is the kind we have both
cultivated ; but I observe that H. G. Spafibrd, in
No. G of his Journal, says, " The white are the
earliest and best for our climate." Again, in No.
18, he adds; " Two years' experience satisfies mo
that the white sweet potato is preferable for this
climate and my soil. The crop here is double in
quantity, .and the potato no way inferior in qual-
ity." Dr M'Chesney prefers the red and yelloic to
the white ; but the climate of his residence varies
considerably from ours. D. T.

From the Daily Alliany Argus.

The following, from a correspondent, is a de-
served tribute to the character of the respected
citizen, recently elected President of the New York
State Agricultural Society: —

LE RAY DE CHAUMONT.

In noticing the proceedings of the recent con-
vention in this city, which has resulted in the for-
mation of a State Agricultural Society, I am
gratified to observe that a venerable citizen of Jef-
ferson county, James Le Ray de Chaumont, has
been elected president of the society. This selec-
tion is a sure guaranty of the future usefulness of
the new Institiuion, for BIr Le Ray may be ex-
pected to devote himself to the duties of his station,
with a zeal and experience possessed jjcrhaps by
no other individual.

The father of this gentleman, early embraced
the cause of the American Revolution, and with
his bosom friend, La Fayette, was among those

who at the French court gave the first impulse to
public feeling, which led to the alliance of F;;:u'.;a
with the United States in achieving our indepen-
dence. His doors were open to r.U Americans ;
his house was the home of tiie American ministers,
and his fortune was devoted to the cause of Amer-
ica, in the purchase of some of the earliest sui)pli9S
of the munitions of war which came to our relief.

The early years of Mr Le Ray were spent in the
society of Franklin and Adams. In the year 1785,
at the age of twentyfive, he emigrated to the Uni-
ted States ; in 1787 he became a naturalized citi-
zen, and few have fidfiUed the duties 'of citizen-
ship with more fidelity.

Soon after his arrival in this country, in 1785,
in the spirit of enterprise which has distinguished
him through life, he conducted the first settlement
of the county of Otsego. In 179'J, Jefferson county
became the scene of his useful labors, and all his
energies have from that time been devoted to the
iui|)rovement of the country. To the opening of
roads, the construction of bridges, mills, and pub-
lic edifices, his time and fortune were devoted with
a liberal hand. 0])erating upon a country of
great natural capability, his labors were crowned
with success, and he was soon surrounded by an
active and intelligent population. In 1817, two
years before legislative aid was extended to county
agricultural societies, the eflbrts of Mr Le Ray
were successfully directed towards the formation
of Jeflerson County Agricultural Societj', which,
under his superintending care, as its president, has
sustained itself to this day, smviving the with-
drawal of legislative aid seven years. The influ-
ence of this society upon the agriculture of the
couiUy is obvious to the most casual observer. It
has excited emulation among fanners in regard to
modes of tillage, in the construction offences and
out-buildings, and in the selection of stock ; the
finest animals of the finest breeds being universally
sought for; and bringing farmers into habitual in-
tercoiu-se with each other, it enables them to form
a more just estimate of their value in the scale of
society.

Universally beloved and respected by the people
among whom he resides, the selection of BJr Le
Ray as president of the State Society, will be hail-
ed with delight by the county of Jefierson, and
will afford an assurance of the practical usefulness
of that institution.

A CITIZEN OF JEFFERSON COUNTY.

THE FLORIDAS.

Mr Audubon, the naturalist, who is pursuing his
researches in the Floridas, gives a very difterent
account of the face of that country, from his pre-
decessors. In the Philadelphia Gazette, is an ex-
tract of a letter written by him and dated " U. S.
schooner Shark, 100 miles up St John's river,
bound upwards, Feb. 17, 1832," he says: —

" I have only time to say we are all well. A
dreadlid accident to one of our sailors, (the shoot-
ing oft' of his hand,) gives me au opportunity to
send this to St Augustine. We have here a con-
tinuation of the poorest country on earth, with the
exception I supjiose, of the deserts of Arabia. —
No birds ; no i)lants that are worthy of attention.
Never «as a person so deceived as I have been by
the accounts of the Floridas ; not even a view
worthy of the pencil, has yet been observed ; no-
thing but the pine barrens, poorer and gloomier
than those on the Atlantic shore of the soiuheast
Jersey. If we shoot ten biids in a day, of the

9t

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Blarch 28, 1833,

most oomiiion sort, we look upon it as an ncliieve-
•iiflit bordering on the wonderful. Not a shell
have I seen since I left the St Johns. Alligators,
it is true, are fully abundant ; we have tvventyfive
or thirty, alive, on board to expcrinjent upon.—
How far we shall he able to proceed up this choc-
olate colored river, I do not linow; hut I feel ns il
to return to its entrance was the best occurrence
that could happen. It would take about five
years to inspect what I call the Floridas ; and af-
ter all, the report wo\ild be, '.Has, poor Yorick T "

Boston, Wednesday Evening, March 38, 1833.

BUTTER.

A writer for the Genesee Fanner observes, that
the quality of butter would be much improved if
ptn-chasers were willing to make a difference he
tween a good and a had article. " If housekeepers
would attend more to the purchasing of their but-
ter, making more diftcrence in ])ricc according to
quality, we tliiuk it would have a very good effect."

ASHES FOR SHEEP.

jNIr T. Stanton, in an articJe pid>lished in the
Genesee Farmer, says, " In consequence of the
long and severe winter, my sheep, especially the
last spring lamhs, became diseased, costive, and
undoubtedly affected with the worm in the stom-
ach, and were rapidly dying off. I then tried, and
with complete success, giving them ashes mi.\ed
with a small portion of salt, and immediately per-
ceived an iniprovemeut in the health of my
flock. Within fortyeight hours the alteration was
evidently for the better; since which, I have
scarcely suffered a single loss. The mixture may
be one fourth salt— feed twice a week "

PINE BOUGHS OR TAR FOR SHEEP.

Dr Deane observed, that " Wlien sheep have
colds and discharge mucus from the nose, good
feeding, together with pine boughs given them oc-
casionally, will cure them ; or tar spread over a
board, over which a little fine salt is strewed, will
induce sheep to lick up the tar, and this will cure
a cold."

DEAD ANIMALS.

Good meat and drink are not more necessary to
health and good living, than good air. You may
as well take noxious substances into your stomach
as into your lungs. You will therefore please to
omit a practice of some, who are more properly
cumherers than cultivators of the soil, who hang
dead lambs, cats, &c, on fruit trees, or expose
them about their premises, to generate poisonous
and pestilential etHuvia. Rather than suffer such
nuisances to annoy and defile your homestead and
neighborhood, you should cover all dead animals
with five or six tiines their weight of earth, (it
mixed with about a sixth part of quick lime the bet-
ter,) and the whole mass in process of time, will
become excellent manure.

CLEAKLtNESS AND COMFORT AS REGARDS ANIMALS.

Cleanliness is favorable to health, by promoting
perspiration and circulation. Animals in a wild
state, attend to this part of their economy them-
selves ; but in pro7)ortion as they are cultivated, or
brought under the control of man, this becomes
out of their power f and to insure their subservi-
ency to his wishes, man must supply by art, this,
as well as other parts of culture. Combing and

brushing stall-fed cattle and cows, is known to
contribute materially to their health ; though
washing sheep with a view of cleaning the wool,
often has a contrary effect from the length of time
ihe wool requires to dry. This often brings on
cold, ai^d aggravates the liver complaint so inci-
dent to those animals.

COMFORT.

An animal may be well fed, lodged and cleaned,
without being comfortable in every resjiect ; and
in brutes as well as men, want of comfort operates
on the digestive powers. If the surface of the
stall on which an ox or horse stands, deviates
much from a level, he will be continually uneasy ;
and he will be uneasy during the night, if the sur-
face is rough, or if a proper bed of litter is not
prepared every evening for him to repose on. —
The form of racks and mangers is often less com-
modious than it might be. A hay rack which
projects forward, is bad ; because the animal in
drawing out the hay, is teased with the hay seeds
falling into its eyes and ears ; and this form, it
may be added, is apt to cause the breath of the
anin)al to ascend through its food, which must af-
ter a time render it nauseous.

CllURiN.— INQUIRY.

]Mr Editor — Having accidentally met with a
churn, some years since, which was worked by
means of a weight, I am desirous of knowing
where they can be obtained ; as, also, the opinion
of those of your correspondents who may, by ex-
perience, he acquaints d with their merits. From
all the [icrsonal inquiries I have hitherto made on
this subject, I have not been able to obtain any
inforination whatever, respecting them. Probably,
to many of your correspondents, these churns may
be quite familiar ; and from such, I should be
obliged to he favored with a communication rela-
tive to them, through the medium of the New Eng-
land Farmer. Very respectfully, yours,

A Subscriber.
War Yonkers, .V. 1'. March 17, 1832.

The gentleman who signs " CuAosily," and ad-
verts to certain eminent statesmen, who were at a
loss to know the difl'erence between " Betf Cattle "
and " Stores," as used in the technical jihrascs of
Hrighton market, is informed, that the fi)rmcr term
means cattle fatted and fitted for the slaughter
house; the latter is synonjmous with cattle to be
ko])t a while on hand, or in store for milk, butter
beef, &c, as the case may be.

NEW SCIONS.
Mr J. B. Russell,—

Dear Sir — When I sent the fruit scions to the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society, last spring, 1
did not doubt but that the three old favorite and
celebrated Montreal apples, were in your vicinity,
having seen an account in the New England Farm-
er, of the exhibition of the Fameuse before your
Society ; hut I was informed by Mr Curtis, last
summer, that those ajiples were taken from this
place by him, and that he was certain the other
varieties hai\ never been introduced into that part
of the country. I therefore have the satisfaction
of forwarding them to you, for the Society, ami
hope that they will prove an acquisition. — No. 1,
is the Pomme Gris, our best keeping winter ap-
ple. No. 2, is the Bourassa, also a winter apple.
Yours tridy, HENRY CORSE.

Montreal, March 15, 1832.

(JJ=The above scions are deposited at the Hor-
ticultural Hall, and will be distributed next Sat-
mdav.

GARDENERS' WORK.

Lettuce may be sowed in the open ground as
soon as frost will permit. It may he sowed be-
tween vacant rows, intended for other plants, and
pulled out for use before the other plants are large
I'lHiugh to he encumbered by it. Early peas can-
not be jdantcd too soon after the ground is thawed.
Radishes may be sowed as soon as the seeds can
be raked in. Low cabbages, cucumbers, iTielons,
cauliflowers, squashes, &c, in hot-beds, under
glass, &c. Dig up vacant ground, applying ma-
nure. Dress borders, and clip edges of box.
Clean, relay, or make new gravel walks. Attend
to and turn over conqiost beds. Dress asparagus
,beds or make new ones, tlie latter part of this
month or the beginning of April. Select from
your cellar the best cabbages with heads, and set
them in some proper j)lace to stand for seed. Set
the different kinds remote from each other,to pre-
vent their mixing at the lime of blossoming. Like-
wise, set some of your best cabbage stumps for
early salad and greens.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Mast^achusetts Horticultural
Society, held at their hall on Saturday, the 24th
inst. George Russell, M. D. of Lincoln, and
Thomas Willet of Charlestown, Mass. were ad-
mitted members of that Institution.

QUARTERLY REVIEW.

Lilly & Wait have just republished the 32d No.
of this able work, which contains article on the
following subjects : Memoirs of Madame Junol
— Origin of the Latin Language and Roman Peo-
ple— Condition of the Laboring Classes ; Wilt-
shire Emigrants to Canada — Results of Machinery
— State and Prospects of Ireland ; Irish Poor —
Tithes— Works of Berajigcr — History of English
Dramatic Poetry — Tour in England, Ireland, and
France, by a German Prince — Progress of Mis-
government. Published quarterly, at .*5 00 per
annum.

Jj' Several communications received.

LARGE PRODUCT OF A GARDEN.

Mr Smith — The following is the product of
about half an acre of ground. The garden whence
the produce was obtained, although comprising an
acre of ground, yet the grass walks, slopes, &c.
occupy at least half an acre, so that we may fairly
estimate the year's crop, as being produced off the
quantity of ground above mentioned.

Exclusive of carrots, radishes, cabbages or
greens, lettuce, parsnips, and celery, the quantity
of these not being ascertained, I gathered : — cym-
lings, 442; cucumbers, 52; potatoes, 1110; ears
of corn, 548 ; beets, 108 ; citrons, 7 ; green globe
or cardoon artichokes, 12 ; green peas, 3J bushels,
being the produce of fifty five circles ; snap beans,
&c, 1 bushel and a peck ; tomatoes, 1247 ; pods
of fall peas, (green) 1219.

Having for the first time last year, tried the
method of planting peas in circles, I find it to an-
swer fully my expectations, the increase being
greater than could be obtained in any other way,
on the same complement of ground. J. F. B.
I Annapolis, Md. March 1, 1832.

vol. X \o. 37.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

21)5

Laud for Sale in Milton.

A very valuable tract of Land in the centre of (he
town, containing about 120 acres, located on the north
side of the old road leading from Boston to Taunton, and
opposite to the seal of Krancis Amory, Esq. consisting of
mowino-, tillage, frcsli meadow, and wood land, well va-
tereil. it is very pleasantly situated for iniprovemait,
and is of a supeiioi soil, well adapted to the cullivatioi of

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day rdceived at the New England Seed Store
50.J Norlh Market street, by .1. li. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oals Grass Seed, so
valuable on thin soils for either a hay crop or for grazing.
Col. T.^YLOH, a distinguished farmer, says of il, " It is
(he hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and frost, and heat and cold, betlcr than any I have eve

fruit. The atiove will ue sold together, or in lots (o !uit cultivated. It keeps possession of the ground in spite of

purchasers. It is well worthy tlie attention ofgenrte-
nien of taste, enierprising mechanics or fanners ; being
near the meeting-house, and literary irisdtution, aid
within eight miles of the city of Boston The terms wll
be liberal, and may be known by applying to

NATHANIEL TUCKER,

SAMUEL ADAM.S, or

ISAAC GULLIBER, near the premises.
Mihon, March 21;. dw

Valuable Farm in Brookliue,

On Wednesday, the 4lh of April next, at 3 o'clock, p. m
On the premises,
BY a license granted by the Court of Probate, in Ihi
county of Norfolk, the subscriber will offer for sale a'
public auction, forty-five sixty-fourth undivideil parts
(belonging to the five minor chihlren of Elista Penny-
man, late of Brookline, merchant, deceased,) of that valu

severe grazing. It furnishes better grazing early in the
spring, late in the fall, and in dro'ight, than any grass
known to me; and if cut before the seed lipens, its hay
is as phasant and nutritive to stock, as any grass known
to me." — See also llie opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii.
page 300.

Also, — Lucerne Orchard Grass, White and Red Clover,
Fowl Mead .w, Barley, Buck Wheat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &.c. iMarch 28.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

New American Gardener,— sixth edition.

This day published by J. B. Russell and Carter &
Hendee :

The New American Gardener, a treatise on the culture
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Strawber-
paragus, &c. &c. By T. G. Fussenden. assisteil

_ble Farm and premises, which was formerly owned by ''>' .'^"^cral gentlemen. Sixth edition. Price $1 GO.
Gen. Isaac S. Gardne»; situate in Brookline, on the road "^^^^ "^ think may be consiilered the most popular ana
to Brighton, containing about 70 acres ; of whiih 61 are oractical work on-Gardening, extant. March 28,

tillage, anil 9 of well watered pasturage land. The fen-
ces and buildings are in excellent order — the friit trees
numerous and very thrifly, and the land under (lie best
cultivation. Upon the premises aie a commoJiouiDwell-
ing House, two Barns, one 45 by 65 feet, built about
two years since ; the other 36 by 50, with shed, wood-
house, two wells, &c. Also, the right, title and estate of
the saire minors, being 45-64 undivided parts of a parcel
of Land, with a Barn and Corn barn thereon, adjcining
the estate of Benj. Guild, Esq. in said Brookline. This
latter parcel of land will be sold on the premises on the
same fouilh day of April, at haif-p.ist three o'clock, i.m.

For further particulars, recourse may be had to the
subscriber, on Front-street, in Boston. The terms of
payment will be made convenient and advantageous to
the purchaser. CHARLES HEATH.

March 5, 1831.

N. B. — The owners of the remaining nineteen sixty-
fourtlis of the said Farm and parcel of Land, will dispose
of their shares in conjunction with the 45-64 above men-
tioned at the same sale.

March 28. COOLIDGE & HASKELL, Auctnrs

Howard's Improved Cast Iron Plough.

Just received at the Agricultui'al W.uehouse, No. 51
nd .52, North Market street— a complete assortment of
lowaid's Improved Cast Iron Ploughs. There v\'as sold
te last .season, upwards of 300 of this kind of Ploughs,
vnich gave universal satisfaction, and are hiahly recom
mndcd by our best farmers, for doing the work in the
bst manner, and with less (earn than any other ploughs
nw in use.

street

How

Double Dahlia Roots, etc.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and 52
Norlh Market street, a fine collection of Roots of the
Double Dahlia, or Georgina, viz. Double Scarlet, Red
Dark Crim<on, Dwarf Red, Dwaif pale Purple, Yellow,
Nankeen, Black, Daik Purple, Curled Purple, and Brick
color, at 7.5 cents each. Also, Tube Roses and Ama-
ryllis, 25 cents each. Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes,
$1 50, and in six roots of difTei ent sorts — with the great-
est collection of Flower and Garden seeds. March 2S.

Farmer Wanted.

. Man with a family is wanted, to take charge of a farm
ir^ialem, on shares, or as may be agreed on. None need
aply who cannot produce good recommendations. Ap-
p at the Farmer Office. March 28.

Grape Vines.

THE subscriber offers for sale, a( his garden in Dor-

oster, a few cuttings of the black and white "Mosca-

" Gi-ape Vines, just received by the brig Cora from

'iz, procured for him by the Consul of the United

i-esident there. He writes, " I obtained these

[tings from vines on which I have seen clusters of

es, weighing as much as Twentysix pounds." —

y contain several joints, and will be sold at 50 cents

Iso, s'ome very thrifty vines of the Ferrol Grape, a
Sdid black fruit, recently imported.

A Stud Colt, and North Devon Bull.

A beautiful Colt, near three years old, dark Bay with
black mane and tail — being the first Colt got by the cele-
brated Horse Barefoot in this country, and from a supe-

or 'nd large nafivo mare — price 250 dollars.

A North Devon Bull, near 9 years old; was imported
by the subscriber fi-oni England, and is a fine animal. —
This breed are always in color dark red, therefore easily
matched for working cattle and are quick travellers, is a
sure Calf getter, in good health and condition, but from his
age will be told for $50.

Several superior Cows from the best Imported stock,
partly Halderness, Jlldernei/, and Durham short horns.
have Calves, or near Calving, by the North Devon
Bull; from 35 a 50 dollais. Apply to JOHN PRINCE.

Jamaica Plain, iMarch 27, 1832.

9Iaugold Wurtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just received at the New England Seed store, 50-
NorthMaiketstreet, by J B.Russell, "

_ 100 lb«. Large Mangold Wurtzel, of the very first qua-

lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Beet, imported di- fotice to Gardeners and Nurserjnnen

rect from France. 100 lbs. Ruta Baga, of the first TlSubsci iber being anxious to chanee his eniolov

itt'kJr'F'n ^r"""' '?-o'\'k '%f ''l"" -"^hes a person ,o^ake his place, artlbv out h^s
Flat Lngh-h Field furmp : loO lbs. Short Top inter n (he Garden and Nur.seiy of SamuelDowne
hcailet Radish, of English growth— very early, and of Dorcer. For ' ' ■ ojmuei uowne

deep scarlet color. March 28. I How

ALSO —

Barcelona ;
Blands ;
Black Cape ;

abella ;

iitawba ;

linstantia ;

lack HamburgI
Sliieties of valuable fruits, obtained from Xeres in
Sfi, and many other choice kinds.

llers by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
aljrlication at his office. No. 7^ Congress street, for
a«uan(i(y of vines from one to one hundred, will meet
wirrompt altention. Z. COOK, Jh

ich 12, 1S32. 5t

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, fii-st sort.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,

prime,

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk,

FL.iXSEED,

Fi^ouR, Baltimore, Howard
Genesee.
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf.
Grain, Corn, Northern,
Corn, Southern yr
Rye, .
Barley,
Oals, .
Hay,

Hog's Lard, first sort, ne
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, ...
Plaister Paris retails a
Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern
Tallow, tried, . .

Wool, Merino, fiill blood, washed
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed.
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
Q fPulled superfine
S; -d I Isl Lambs,
= =-!2d, "
I g. I 3<i, "
"^ l^lsf Spinning, .
Southern pulled 'Wool is about 5 cents less.

barrel
ton

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

bushel

cwt.

cask

ton

barrel

bushel

pound
cwt.
pound

FROM To

12o 00

125 GO

112 00

115 00

90

1 00

10 50

11 00

7 75

8 00

7 50

8 00

IS

19

6

7

3

1 12

1 50

5 50

5 75

6 25

6 50

5 25

5 75

85
75
95
1 1

48

65

9 00

1100

1 12
3 25

16 00
13 00
13 00

2 38
70
II

9 00
55
60
48
43
40
38!

• 58|
52
38
28
45

70
9 50

12 00

3 37
17 00

4 00

13 50
2 50

87
12
9 50
58
65
50
45
42
40
60
53
40

PROVISION MARKE.T.

Beef, best pieces.

pound

10

11

Pork, fresh, best pieces.

6

7

whole hogs, .

I'

10

Veal,

'<

6

7

Mutton, . . .

»

4

8

Poultry,

i>

9

12

Butter, keg and tub.

ti

18

90

lump, best,

><

20

Eggs, retail,

12

14

Meal, Rye, retail, .

bushel

1 17

Indian, retail.

'i

1 00

Potatoes,

"

37

40

CIDER, (^according to quality,)

_

barrel

4 00

5 00

Farmer Wanted.
NTED, a young .single man to do the work on a
sinUace, 3 miles from Boston ; no one need apply un-
lesi can prodiice good recommendations for his hones-
ty industry. Inquire at this office. St. March 21.

' Tarmer Wanted.

4ady, faithful man is wanted, to take charge of a
garland small Farm in Dorchester; take care of a
borrow, kc. and make himself useful on the place.
An prican would be preferred. Apply to No 173
Wa^gton street. March 21. '

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, March 26, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Adverliser and Patriot.
At Market this diiy 410 Beef Cattle, 26 pair Working
Oxen, 23 Cows and Calves, 175 Sheep, and 360 Swine.
AT)out 50 Beef Cattle and 100 Sheep were reported last
week ; GO Beef Cattle unsold. Of the number left with-
in a few miles of the market, 100 have been sold or driven
■to other markets, the remainder are included in the whole
number.

Prices. Beef CaH/e— A little better prices were ob-
tained on some qualities as will be.perceived by quota-
tat^^ons. W e quote one yoke at $6 50. and one yoke at
b 25, extra at 6, prime 5 50 a 5 75, good 5 25 a 5 50, thin
4 25 a 5.

Working Oxen.— We noticed six yoke from Shrews-
bury, driven by Mr Wyman, sold at.the following prices,
viz. $125, 105, 93, 82,75,70; also sales at 54 57 63
65, 80. I > >

Cows and Cn/»es.— Sales at $18, 21, 23, 27, SO and 31.
Sheep~V,'e noticed the sale of about 100 at §14 25.
Swine— In g^od demand ; lofs of 50 to 100 were (ake»

particulars please appl7 (o Rufus at 4^ f^ Sow a nT.^" f T °' '" '° '"*' 'T' ''^''*
If nr„v, ,,. ill 1 , "'"* "^ *i ■■ 'or Sows ; and 5^ for Barrows ; at retai , 5 c for

tt. Dorchester, fliarch 17. I Sows and 6 e. for Barrows . ^ c. lor

296

RIISCEl^LANY.

From the Nashville Herald.

^'^^^' ENGLAND FARr>iEIl.

ions, stars, sliowiiien, lecturers, teachers, ami liold-
ersfoith ;— but tbey are birds of passage ; tbey
pocket our cash, and then are otF by the first
steamer. We are fleeced by all the charlatanry,
and necromancy, and impudence, and craf\, and
knavery, and cockncyism, which can muster the
locomotive ability to teach this most giillil)le, trop-
ical, polar, non-descri])t and uniformly variable
territory of ours— whereof, Nashville is and ever

LETTER FROM A TENNESSEE SCHOOL-
MASTER.
The present winter will long be remembered on
nccoiint of the intense, and hitherto unparalleled,

^:S'^-11;^l'::^"have^L;'Lir'::;::;|.vinbe:th^ splendid, go.den, august, tnunificent,
us, and have played such fantastic tricks with our
Italian atmosphere tliat a Russian or a Norwegian
miglit here have fancied hiiuself some twenty de-
gre^es north of his accustomed latitude. We have,
indeed, had winter and summer in delightful con-
tact. One day oppressively hot ; the next as cold
as if the sun had been instantaneously annihilated.
Wliat think you, courteous Bostoiiian, of twenty
degrees below zero, liere in Nashville, forty miles
nearer the equator than sidtry Algiers? Tlie
2oth of January was die coldest average day we
ever experienced anywhere. We were nearly
frozen in riding a quarter of a mile on horseback.
And our juvenile greekiings looked so, that we
could not find in our hearts to scold litem for not
tlireadin;: the mazes of Euclid or Euripides. By
the way— Old Nick- was a fool, or lie would have
made Job a sclioohiw.stir ; and then, if he had not

refined, literary, freezing and boiling metropolis.

A PEDAGOGUE.

HISTORY OF GEORGIA.

The Charleston Evening Post, gives tlic follow-
ing information on this subject : —

"" The first newspaper publislied in Charleston
was comnu^iced in the same year that Geu. Ogle-
thorpe established his settlement, 17.32, and that its
numbers contain a connected account of events in
the early history of Georgia. Files of this paper
were obtjiincd 'by Mr Beujamiu Elliot, from the

March 28, 1832.

Stallions.

THE following Horses are for sale or to let, the enstl-
ini; seison,— if not parleil with, they will slaiul for Mares
»t the farm of A. Dty, at Lodi, Bergen Co. Mew Jer.-ey,
near Kewark brid{;e, under the care of Hosea Woithiu"-

tl)B.

>ATH KiLi.BH — ctiesnut; five years old; sire, Amer-
ic.i lirli|>se ; dam, Hyaciiitli, a paic thorough bied mart-
uf lie Eiuslish race breed, whose pi-digrce is verified up
10 ilie orioiital hiirpcs, more ihan a hundred years; his
C(ilts are leiiiatkable for ihcir size and bono.

iN AVARiNO — blood-bay ; four years old ; sire, Sir Har-
r\|: dam, Hyaciuth.

SIarpinus — beautiful blood-bay; upwards of sixteen
hinds higli ; sire, Ha-nbletonian ; dam, Mcssenijcr Mare;
a treat tiotlei, and liis colls large and fine, well calcula-
t(|l for coach boises— for one pair of them, only 2 and 3
yiars old, $-100 was refused.

" ]Thfi above horses will stand at $15, and the marc war-
j-iitpd with foal. If paid by the 1st of November, 1832,
.42,50 will je taken.

Jerry Leghorn — cream color; sixteen hands high
iVe years dd ; sire, imported horse Leghorn; dam, a
Icfiiincc Ware. This breed of horses has proved great
Ijaveller.s, iiid valuable as ro.idstcrs and for farming hor-
fs. Stanls at g.S, and the mare warranted with Ibal —
f paid by the 1st of November, 1832, $6 will be taken.
Bulls.

triumphed, we are no conjurors.

Th.tt our winters are gradually becoming mild-
er, and that our climate is ameliorating, we utter-
ly disbelieve. The clearing of our dense forests
will render the seasons more inclement and un-
certain. Our own experience satisfies us that the ;
cold is greater on tliis side of the mouutaius, than j
in the corresponding jiarallels of latitude along
the. Atlantic coast. Tennessee is most unfortu-
nately situated. It is liable to all possible changes;
to late frosts in spring, and to early frosts in au-
tumn ; to blasting heats by day and to chilling
damps by nights ; to every form and type of the
torrid and frigid zones, at all times and seasons. —
Nothing hero ever reaches perfection. We have
no good fruits ; no good melons ; no good sweet
potatoes, (nor Irish either) ; no good wheat, beef,
mutton, fish, fowl, or venison ; no good garden
vegetables ; no good butter, cheese, nor pumpkin
pies ;— nothing but cotton, tobacco, corn, whiskey,
negroes and swine, and these not worth the grov,-
in^. Everything degenerates in Tennessee. Doc-
tors are miide by guess, (anatomical dissection is a
penitentiary offence) ; lawyers by magic ; parsons
by inspiration ; legislators by grog ; merchants by
mammon; farmers by necessity; editors and school-
masters by St Nicholas, to do penance for the sins
of their youth ; mechanics are too cunning to lit*
^ amongst us. We cannot naturalize a shoemaker
" or a tailor. We import our ploughs and saddle-
bags. We send to England or Barbary for our
horses, and to Mexico for our asses, (a work of
supererogation in all conscience). We get our
notions from the Yankees ; our fashions from trav-
elling milliners and pedlars ; our flints, clocks and
nutmegs from Connecticut. Our colleges and
schools are like fires kindled upon icebergs, their
lio-ht is scarcely visible before they are extinguished.
All the. world here is migratory, and fitful, and
chaotic, like the climate. We have players, buf-
foons, jugglers, rope-dancers, harlequins, giants,
pigmies, caravans of wild beasts, circus-riders, fid-
dlers, tumblers, fire-eaters, steam-doctors, picture-
venders, tooth-makers, panaceists; all sorts of

descendants of Justice Lamboll, and are deposited, TWO Bulls of the imporie.l short horned Durham breed
in the Charleston Library. The first newspaper ((-p^ sale, or to let the ensuing season. Knquiie of A.
published in Georgia was established in 17li;}, ed-'ucy, Nc. 27, Nassau street, New York.

ited by James Johnston, probably a descen.lant oil MarcH4,1932. 3^

one of the first sehlers, as the first Anglo-Amcri
can female born in Georgia, was named Johnston,
It is worthy of remark, tliat at the end of the fir

century from the settlement of that State, the po|
ulation of Georgia was .louble that ofthepop^
lati(m of the whole United States, at the end of tl
same period after the first settlement."

The Horticultural Cnrden of the late Andre
I'arnientier, is ollcred for Sale.

TIIK repulation ol Ibis establishment
not confined to the vicinity of New Yo'
but is well known throughout the Unid
Stales, and difl'erent parts of Kurope. lis
situated two miles from the city of Nv
York, at Brooklyn, Long Idand, at Ihe juiiciionofe
Jamaica and Klalbush Roads, and contains 24 acres.

The Grounds arc in a very high slate of cultivati,
and laid out with judgment and taste. The siluati<i<
very healthy and the view very extensive, comnianig
the bay, the cily, &c. The Garden is enclosed a
pointed stone (ence, and inside of that is a hawirn
hed"e. The Nursery contains a fine and exlensivol-
Icct-on of Fruit, Forest, and Ornamental 'I rees ; a, a
splenilid colleclioi; of Roses and Herbaceous Plan —
ilie object of the lale proprietor having always bei to
collect every new variety.

On the premises are a Dwelling House, two Labrs"
Houses, seven Cisterns, and a never-failing Pump «x-
eellent water; four Green and Hot Houses, conting
a rich variety of rare exotics.

Tlic advantages lo be derived by any persorlio
wishes to engage in the occupation of Gardening, the
purchase of this property, are very great; the bucss
already secured is very extensive, and the pros|t ol
increased encourageineut is such as to warrant (be-
lief that the purchase of the property will amply pay
the enterprise of thp one who may engage the
business.

Terms will bo made known by applying to Jlr'AR-
MFNTiER, on the premises.

N. B. — Any orders sent to Mrs P. will be piptly
and carefully executed. 6t

Feb. 16.

Evergreens, Silver Firs, etc.

THE subscriber being engaged in the Seed Incss,
would be happy to receive orders for Forest Trecceds
and Evergreens from Maine, and being agent U. K.
Kussell, lioslon, and Prince & Sons, Flushin,N. \'.
orders sent through them or otherwise, will be 'mled
to without delay. Paiticular directions for takinp and
packing is requested. WM. MN.

Augusta, Me. March 14. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, Scan be
seen at the New England Faimer office.

Flooring Boards, &c,

OF iard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, ready planed (by sleani power) and
Imigufd or grooved, cf any required dimensions. (Quality
goml,and price lower than they can be elsewhere had.

Apdy to E. CDPELAND, ja, 65, Broad street.

Ammiinitioc.

Or" Ihe best quality ai.n lorrest prieen, for sporting

conitanily for sale at L'OPELAND'S POWDEKSTORE
6 . Ihoail Street. '

S.\i. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it nray
b; returned, and Ihe money will be ub'mieu Jan. 1

Buckthorns,

Gentlemen in want of ibis valuable plant for lire
fences, can have young quicks about 3^ feet high, for $3
per hundred, and plants 2i feet high, for .•J'2,50 per hun-
dred, by leaving th"ir orders at Ihe olhce of the New
England Fanner. They arc raised in the vicinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be well
packed. A small chaige will be added for height.

March 14.

Farm to Let

A first rate farm ol about 120 acres, well proportioned
in mowing, lill.ige and pasturing. It is capable of main-
taining 30 head of cattle, and is well calculated for ,•»
Milk Farm, for which purpose it has been used a num-
ber ol years. There is also one of the best orchards in
the State— a good dwelling house, and three good barns.
For teinis apply at 56, Commercial st. 4t* March 14.

Bees for Sale.

FOR Sale by Emarson Wheeler, Brighton, about a
dozen Swarms of Bees in Be.rd's Patent Hives, from
8 lo 15 each, including the hive.-,.
March 14. 4t*

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST received at J. IJ. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street—

A small supply of Iresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth ot the past si-asoi., from
one of the grealesl Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
ncelicut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at «;3 per annum>
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VOT^. X.

BOSTOIV, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL 4, 1832.

NO. 38.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

CUTTING CORN STALKS.

Mr Fessenden — I have made a small experi-
ment the past season, to ascertain the damage, if
any, that results to the corn crop, from topping the
stalks in the usual way. And, influenced by the
request of several individuals and tlie thouglit that,
perhaps, it iriiglit had to a hotter knowledge of
this im|)ortaiit branch oftagriculture, (the growing
of corn,) I am induced to forward the particulars
to you for publication. Although I am aware that
guessing enters largely, and [)erhaps necessarily,
into the calculations and business of the farmer,
I am also aw.ire that experiment cannot be con-
ducted with too much precision ; indeed, that e.v-
periment to he relied on, must be conducted en-
tirely without guessing. Therefore, I have been
somewhat particular in conducting tlii.s. And
lest some of your readers may be a httle scept-
ical in regard to the result, and perhaps unwilling
to allow that the course which has been pui-sued
by our ancestors, from time immemorial, is not the
best course, I will give the details ; and if au
apology be deemed necessary for being so very
minute, I can merely say, that as the e.\periinent
seems to me so deeply to involve the interests of
corn growers, it may he well to give a detailed
statement of the case, so that any interested may
be able to draw their own inferences. And if, in
your opinion, it is worthy a place in your useful
Journal, or likely to promote the interest of
New England Farmers, you are at liberty to pub-
lish all, or a part, as you shall think best.

For a few years past, I have not cut my corn
stalks until the corn was harvested, guessing that
it was a course preferable to the one coimuonly
pursued in this part of the country, of topping the
stalks while in a green st.tte. But for the i)urpose
of settling this point more clearly and with as little
trouble as the case would admit, I selected, about
the 5th of Sej)tember, a row of corn in a field of
about five acres, intenduig to take one that would
average in quality equal to the field throughout,
that I might at the same time be able to ascertain
with tolerable certainty, the product of the whole
field. The manure having been spread on the
surface of the ground and harrowed in length-
ways of the furrows, and the corn planted across
the furrows, made it a])parently less diflicult to
select an average row. On this row I cut the stalks
fiom half the hills ; beginning at one end and cutting
the first hill, then leaving the next uncut, and so
proceeding alternately, cutting one and leaving the
next uncut, through the row. [ had intended to
confine the experiment to this row, but finally was
led to extend it so far as to include four rows, and
iiund)ering them agreeably to the order in which
they were standing in the field, this row may be
called No. 2. Thei-e were ninetytwo hills in the
row and the stalks were cut from fortysix hills, all
of them in the manner that is here termed joint-
ing, (i. e.) cut oft' between the ear and the first
joint above the ear. I thought they were some-
what more ripe than is usual at the time of cut-
ting ; a few of them were nearly dry. The soil
was a sandy or gravelly loam, anciently covered
with pine, oak, and chesuut. In hoeing the corn

no hills were made, but some care was taken that
the surface of the groimd shoidd remahi as level
as possible, through the season.

My estim.-ite of the number of hills on an acre,
was made in the following manner, and if I am
wrong in my calculations, I shall be corrected
by some of your readers: —

In an area of 900 feet square (or 40,000 square
feet,) there were sixtytwo rows with tiftyfour hills
in a row, making 3.348 hiHs. This is equal to
.3tJ46 hills per acre, each hill occupying nearly 12
square feet of surface. There were about four
stalks of corn in a hill. In estimating bushels, I
have allowed the lawful weight of fiftysix pounds
to the bushel.

At the time of harvesting, the corn was husked
in the field. The fortysix hills from which the
stalks had been cut, gave fortyeight and a half
pounds of ears ; and the fortysix hills on which
the stalks had not been cut, gave sixtytwo pounds
of ears. The number of ears in the two cases was
about the same ; those from the uncut hills were
evidently the best filled out and the most hale, on
a large proportion of them the kernels were so
closely wedged in, as to make- it difficult toibejid
the ear at all without breaking it. There was
very little mouldy corn in either case, a fi=w ears
were gathered, mostly from the out stalks, but the
whole quantity was so small as to make it ques-
tionable whether cutting the stalks had much ef-
fect in this particular.

Both parcels were carefully laid aside in a dry
chamber for about six or eight weeks, at the ex-
piration of which time they were again weighed,
and the parcel of ears from the uncut hills had
lost in drying, about two per cent, more than the
other; aflibrding some evidence that the sap con-
tinued to circulate for a greater length of time, in
the uncut than in the cut stalks. The uncut hills
gave 49 lbs. 8 oz. dry shelled corn, equal to 14 oz.
191 gis. per hill, or 60 bushels and 8 poimds per
acre. The parcel from the cut liills gave 33 lbs.
7 oz. equal to 11 oz. 10 grs. per hill, or 47 bushels
and 18 pounds per acre. Making a loss of 19
bushels and 46 pounds per acre, by cutting the
stalks. Conclusive evidence, thiit while the sap
is iu circulation, nature does not assign the stalks
an unprofitable oflice. The product of this whole
row, taken together, cut and uncut hills, was equal
to .53 bushels and 41 pounds per acre.

The product of row No. 3, taken by itself (con-
taining ninetytwo hills, on one half of which the
stalks were cut on the same day tiie others were,)
would not show the practice of cutting stalks
quite so destructive in its eflects, as that exhibited
in row No. 9, its whole produce was 77 lbs. 9 oz.
dry corn, equal to 55 bushels and 10 jiounils per
acre, or 1 bushel and 9.5 pounds per acre more
than row No. 9.

Not satisfied with resting the experiment here,
I gathered the corn on the rows Ncs. 1 and 4, (i.e.)
the rows each side, next adjoining No. 9 and 3,
luid on which none of the stalks had been cut.
These rows, taken together, contained 186 hills,
and their product of dry shelled corn was 171 lbs.
13 oz. equal to 14 oz. 19J. grs. per hill, or 60
bushels and 8 pounds per acre, precisely the same
average yield as that part of row No. 9, on which

the stalks had not lieen cut ; this exact coincidence,
however, I think may be numbered among thosB
cases which rarely happen.

The (liflTcrence between the two rows <!n which
half the stalks were cut, and the two rows on which
none of the stalks were cut, was 5 bushels 38J-
poiMids per acre. If this difference arose from
cutting half the stalks (and I know of no other
reason,) then cutting the whole, would have re-
duced the croj) 11 bushels and 91 pounds per acre,
or from 60 bushels and 8 pounds to 48 bushels and
43 |)ounds per acre.

To recapitulate row No. 2, on which the exper-
iment was commenced, taken by itself, is as fol-
lows, viz. 46 hills on which the stalks had not
been cut, gave 49 lbs. 8 ozs. dry shelled corn, equal
to, per acre, GO bush. 8 lbs.

46 hills from which the stalks had
been cut, gave 33 lbs. 7 ozs. dry
shelled corn, equal to, per acre, 47 " 18 "

Loss by cutting the stalks, per acre, 12 bush. 46 lbs.
The four rows, taken tagether, stand as follows :
Nos. 1 and 4, on which no stalks were cut, gave an
average of, per acre, 60 bu. 8 lbs.

No. 2 and 3, from which half the
stalks were cut, gave an average of,
per acre, 54 " 25^ "

Loss by cutting ^ the stalks per acre, 5 bu. 38J^ lbs.
on cuUing .;dl the stalks, would I 9

make a loss, equal to; per

acre, 11 bu. 21 lbs.

The difference in the result of the two cases, is
1 bushel and 25 pounds per acre ; or, in the' two
exj)eriments (if it may be so termed,) there is an
average loss by cutting the stalks, of 12 bushels
51 pounds per acre ; a loss quite equal to all the
expense of hoeing and harvesting, especially when
we consider that in hoeing, the labor of making
hills was dispensed with.

If I had cut all the stalks and obtained a crop of
fortyeight bushels to the acre, the very fact o
having fortyeight bushels, would, I think, be con-
sidered by fariijers generally, in this section of the
country, as ju-oof positive that the stalks were cut
without injury to the crop. Or if I had gone one
step fiuther and made large hills, at an additional
expense of one dollar per acre, and thereby re-
duced the crop to forty five bushels per acre, the
fortyfive bushels would be considered sufficient
proof, that making hills (which, by the way, are
usually made equally large and high on wet or
dry land, without regard to soil or situation,) was
labor well laid out. For although you occasion-
ally give us a large corn story, swollen a little,
perliap.s, by guessing it oft'in baskets ; yet, judging
from what we see and know about raising coi-n,
we call fortyfive bushels per acre, a good crop.

A measured bushel, from the cut hills, weighed
57 lbs. 6 ozs. — one pound less than from the uncnt ;
the shrinkage being very near equal to the whole
loss in weight.

If this experiment is a fair test, it seems that
about twenty per cent, or one Jiflh part of tite crop is
destroyed, by cutting the stalks in tltc way they are
usually cut. If further experiment should estab-

298

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 4, 1832.

lisli this fact, I think there are few farmers that
will hesitate long in deciding which is the most
valnable, one acre of corn or five acres of top
stalks. But this twenty per cent, is not saved at
the expense of losing the stalks, they are worth as
much and I think more, all things considered, after
the corn is harvested, than they are, gathered in
the usual way. If after being bunched up in a
green state, they heat or become mouldy, (a case
of frequent occurrence,) they are utterly worthless
except it be for manure; I know of no animal
that will eat thenj. But after they have once
been dried by the frost and wind, a subsequent
moderate degree of mouldiness, seems to be uo
injury.

The course which I have pursued with them,
and for the present I know of no better, has been
as follows : In the first place, they are cut off
near the ground, and for this purpose a short scythe
is found the most convenient instrument. The
expense of cutting in this manner, however, is hut
a mere trifle, if any, more than cutting the stub
stalks in the spring, and may with proi>riety be
entered as an item of expense against the next
crop, for which it is preparing the ground. After
cutting, they are gathered into bunches of suitable
size for binding, and three good sheaves of rye
straw, if wet, will be sutficient to bind a ton. In
gatheringf them up and laying in bunches, an ac-
tive boy will do as much as a man. In this way,
the whole ex|>ense of gathering, binding and load-
ing, will not exceed 75 cents per ton. As they
are very bulky, for want of barn-room, I have
ihem stacked near the barn-yard; and I think I
may safely say, that my cattle eat more pounds of
stalks from an acre gathered in this way, than they
would from the same acre, if gathered in the usual
way. It may be objected to this, that they are
not as good and nourishing as others ; as to that
matter, I am not able to say; but if the cattle are
good judges in the case, (and I think they ought
to be admitted as such,) they are quite as good
and quite as nourishing, for they are eaten, appa-
rently, with quite as good a relish. In addition to
this, they are obtained without breaking off ears,
or breaking down hills in hauling out, occmrences
quite frequent in the other case. They also fur-
nish more than double the quantity of bedding for
the yard, an item of no small moment in the list
of "creature comforts," dm-ing our cold winters.
And last, though not least, they make more than
double (he quantity of mamne, the value of which
will be duly appreciated by every good farmeij
without argument. It may he said that the butt
stalks can be gathered after harvest, and furnish
the same quantity of litter and manure as in this
case; that is true ; but the expen.se of gathering
both parts in that way, from the butts being so
short and inconvenient to bind, would be three
times as much as it is to gather them whole. —
Thus viewing the subject in various points, I think
this method of managing corn stalks is much l)et-
ter than the old one ; and that a little observation
and experience will convince the most sceptical,
that this branch of agriculture is iiot yet brought
to a state of perfection, that there is yet room for
improvemeat.

In passing through a field of corn, about the
first of September, I noticed that my clothes con-
tracted a strong smell of smut, and not being
aware that I had come in contact with any smutty
ears, I was led to examine a little to ascertain the
cause. I foimd many of the corn leaves nearly

covered with rust (something similar to that ob-
served on the stalks of English grain, preceding a
blight,) and intermingled with the rust, was an
abimdance of very minute blisters of smut or some-
thing which had the appearance and smell of sitiut.
As I had never observed anything of the kind be-
fore, and snmt is said to be injurious to cattle, I
have thought that something of this nature might
have occasioned the dift'ereiice of opinion, enter-
tained by some of your correspondents, last fall,
in regard to the utility of feeding milch cows with
green corn stalks. Feeding cows with smutty
stalks, even if " fed to the full," would probably
tend to dry them up ; while feeding them plenti-
fully with healthy stalks in a green state, would
undoubtedly inci'ease their milk.

In conclusion, I would inquire, if you can
(through the columns of the Farmer) give us the
detail or result of any experiment made to ascer-
tain the damage sustained by pasturing or feeding
English grain on mowing land. I think this an
important subject of inquiry to every New Eng-
land farmer, and submit it for the purpose of ob-
taining information. That good crops are some-
times gathered after feeding, is well known ; but
facts are wanted, which will fairly exhibit the ef-
fect of feeding those lands. Although this prac-
tice is handed down to us with the claims of an-
cient usage for its support, and perhaps might
have been expedient in former days, yet, from
some years' observation, I have little doubt that
accurate experiment, particularly with English
grain and yoimg clover, will prove it to be a
species of farn)ing similar to that of topping corn
stalks, and equally disasterous in its efl'ects.

WM. CLARK, Jr.

.\'orthnmp(on, March, 18.32.

STONE BUILDINGS.

Mr Fessendex — In compliance with your re-
quest, in the New England Farmer of the 7th inst.
I shall ofler the following remarks res[)cciiiig
stone buildings. The advantages of them an; their
great durability ; their sehlom wanting repairs ;
their greater security against fire ; and their offer-
ing to the owners places of abode of greater com-
fort, both in cold and ^hot weather. Being nmre
solid and compact than wooden houses, the inside
of them is less affected by the changes of the
weather, and I conceive, on that account, better
calculated to protect the health of their inhabitants.
In the coimlries where none but stone houses .ire
used, there are various ways of erecting the same,
accommodated to the nature of the materials itiost
within reach of each particular spot, and of the
pecuniary circumstances of individuals ; I shall
briefly state them, as follows : —

No. 1. Are -houses suitable for wealthy indi-
viduals, the walls of which are raised altogether
with slabs of hammered stone, from the ground
to the roof; the foundations (being the walls of
the cellar) built in all cases with promiscuous
stones, well laid in mortar.

No. 2. Are houses, in the building of which,
hanmiered stones are used only for a basement
about two feet high, as a course next above the
soil, all round the house ; then for the four corn-
ers of the house, the whole height of the building,
in slabs of various dimensions and so interlaid that
the longest of them, say about two and one half
feet, or more, should answer the purpose of bind-
ing the work together ; tlien round the doors and
round the windows, being cills, and caps, and side

stones ; the main body of the walls to be raised
wiih promiscuous stones, chosen, to be well suited
for laying a face wall, and the stones to be care-
fully pointed between; for the beauty of such
walls, it will be desirable to have the stones, as
much as possible, of a uniform color.

No. 3. Are houses built as above, with slabs
of stone split straight, hut not hammered, and the
main body of the wall built with promiscuous
stones, but not suitable for a faced wall, and cov-
ered over with a rough cast of strong mortar.

No. 4. Are houses built without any slabs at
all, but altogether, with promiscuous stones well
chosen to lay strong work, reserving the stones of
the best shape and dimensions for the corners of
the building and to go round the dooiv and win-
dows. If the stones should be uniform in color,
tliey might be laid for pointing between, and if
not, then the whole wall should be rough cast.

No. 5. Are buildings erected as No. 4, but
with less choice for the materials and always
rough cast, suitable for inferior houses and for
barns.

The following remarks are applicable, equally,
to all styles of houses of the foregoing denomina-
tions:—

1st. On the top of the walls are to be laid suit-
able plates of timber, for the roof to be framed
upon.

2cl. The stone work round the doors and win-
dows must be laid in such a manner, that the
door and window frames may be placed and fast-
ened, back (^thc said stone work.

3d. Central division walls for the form.ition of
the rooms may be built on piers for the support
of the flooring timbers.

4(h. The inside of the walls of the building
may be laid carefidly and even, so as to be suit-
able to be plastered upon, for the finishing of the
rooms, which is the general method in old coun-
tries; and the plastering performed with the plas-
ter of Paris, of a good quality and fresh burnt,
which will make the handsomest and most dura-
ble work.

5th. The inside divisions for the rooms may
be performed jiartly by walls, and partly by joist
and boards, lath and plaster.

6th. On the outside of the windows, holes
should be drilled in the stone for the hooks of the-
blinds ; the holes should be a little wider at the
bottom part, than out, and the iron hooks fastened
by rcmnin^ in some melted leac|.

The power of the frost is so great and the chan-
ges in winter so sudden, in our climate, that it is
most essential that the whole work should be per-
formed with mortar of the strongest kind ; the
best lime shoitld be used, and coarse sand of an
even grit and perfectly clean. When extra
strength in the mortar is required, it may be pro-
cured by mixing with it a due proportion of iron
filings, which in our days may be easily procured
from the machinist's shop in every factory ; this
I kind of mortar is very superior and desirable for
pointing.

A great part of the cost of a stone building is
j the expense of collec'ting the materials ; therefore,
'the first inquiry of the builder should be, afler that
' kind of stone most abundant near the spot where
he wishes to build. Granite is a superior stone,
and if in suitable blocks and good to split, is all
that a builder could wish.

Ledges of shelly stone would be very suitable ;
sand stone of a mild soft grit, is very desirable,

Vol. X.-No. 3S.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

299

because it may be sawed l)y water niacliinery ;
such was the red sand stone fVoni Connectieut
river, which some yeare ago was much used in
Boston, and which has been superseded, in some
measure, by granite. Rocks of any kind, blown
by gunpowder, would also answer tlie purpose ;
and in fact, any stones that will lay a strong field
wall, may be made to answer a useful purpose for
building with mortar, if not a handsome house, at
least, a solid and lasting one.

If the materials should be collooted in winter,
or at any leisure time, and be handy to the spot,
it is presumed that the cost of a neat and handsome
stone house, wonld not exceed much, if any, the
expense of a wooden building, when the timber
and the boards are to be purchased and carted
from some distance.

I have endeavored to collect, as above, the re-
sult of my observation and the reminiscence of
yonnger daye, to satisfy in some measure, as you
wished, the inquiries of your friend ; from prac-
tical men he could obtain more precise and minute
information. A fact is evident to us all, which is,
that almost all over New Englaiul, the traveller
sees vast quantities of building stone, and almost
none but wooden buildings. Another fact, equally
certaiu, is, that the buildings in England, France,
and I believe the whole continent of Europe, are
tiled ; we have good clay almost all over New Eng-
land, and yet our buildings are ahnost all shingled.
Respectfully, yours, &c, J. M. G.

ffeston, March 26, 1832.

INJURY TO FRUIT TREES.
T. G. Fessenden, Esq. — Noticing several com-
niiinicatious from ditlerent sections of our country,
announcing the dire eftects on fruit trees, caused
by the past winter, I have made it a point to ex-
airiine its effects on our nurseries and on the or-
chards of this vicinity, and the result of these in-
vestigations has proved the injuries to be so trivial
in extent, that I have thought it well to communi-
cate the facts. Peach and apricot trees are gen-
erally deemed the most susceptible of injury by
cold, but I have not seen a tree of either species,
among all that are standing in our nursery rows,
that is injured; and even some peach trees, the
roots of which were buried in trenches last au-
tumn, have only about a third part of the blossom
buds killed, the others being green and perfect
■when cut open, although on tlie outside they have
the appearance of being somewhat affected. I
particularly examined the buds of apricots, which
had been inserted by inoculation the past season,
and found them perfectly ahve and uninjured. I
have seen no plum or apple trees the least injured.
In regard to nectarines, the same remarks will
apply as made above in regard to peaches. Cher-
ries have in a few instances been injmed at the
extremities of the young shoots, where the trees
are young and the growth has been rapid ; but of
the thousands in our grounds, I dont think there
are two hundred which have been injured, and
those to so small a degree as to be unimportant ;
and on no tree over two years from the inocula-
tion, have' I seen even a branch affected. Pears
have withstood the winter remarkably well, and
although we have more than forty thousand that
are of two or more years' growth from the inocu-
lation, there is not a single tree of them that is in-
jured in the least. The only instance of any injury
is about fifteen trees of one year's growth, that
stand in a shady location exposed to the north,

where the wood did not become well matured.
Ciuiufcs are entirely uninjured, but they appear to
possess, naturally, a very hardy character. Al
monds are also free from injury, except a ~few of
the tender twigs of the more delicate species.
Of the hibiscus syriacus, or the althea frutex, no
varieties are affected except the double white
and double deep blue, and these but partially so ;
and the varieties which we have originated here
from seed, appear to be exceedingly hardy. But
what surprises me most is the niorus muliicaulis,
which, contrary to my expectation, has not been
injured; this species, it is well known, continues
to vegetate to a later period in autiunn than most
other trees, and it is thence to he inferred that the
late formed shoots are more susceptible of injury,
hut even these appear to have been sufliciently
matured the past season, to withstand the rigor of
our winter.

I can only account for the small extent of the
injiu-y sustained by the diflTercnt species of trees
in our nurseries, on the ground of location ;
the land being mostly elevated* and exposed to
all winds; to those from the ocean, on the south ;
to those from the sound or East- river, on the
north ; and to those of Flushing bay. on the west.
From this free and open exposure, the wood be-
comes luore fully matured during the summer,
and acquires a degree of hardihood which renders
tlie trees more cai)able of supporting the rigors of
winter, and when thus hardened by nature, they
are found extremely eligible for removal to colder
latitudes. I am therefore of opinion, that elevated
situations are decidedly to be preferred for nurse-
ries. Taking into consideration the frequent va-
riations from the extremes of cold and warmth,
which have distinguished the winter just passed,
1 consider it the most trying one, in its influence
on trees and plants, that I have ever experienced.
Yours, respectfidlv,

VVM. ROBERT PRINCE.
Lin. Bat. Garden, March 24, 1832.

js will be pro-
in better con-

POULTRY.

Mr Fesse>'de.\ — Allow me to make a few re-
marks upon poultry yards. Poultry are very profita-
ble incumbents of a farm, but not unless consider-
able care is devoted to them, for if left to take care
of themselves, they are the most vagrant and vex-
atious creatures living. Now I say, the art of
keeping them to advantage consists in having for
them a proper and convenient yard. In the first
place it should have a pleasant southern aspect ;
they will not thrive in a severe exposure, for if it
is placed as it frequently is, on the north side of a
barn or in some cold situation, that it may not oc-
cupy a choice spot or be in the way, the poultry
suffer, do not thrive, and when let out for recrea-
tion, will not return. In our severe winters, hens
are sometimes frozen, and as the most profitable
kind (a mixture of a small and the large English) are
somewhat delicate, from not being quite hardened to
our climate, care should be taken that the yard be
in a warm situation, which they so much prefer,
that they will lay, thrive and flourish, sufficient to
repay the expense of the situation.

Next, a poultry yard should be in a dry situa-
tion, and for the simple reason that a damp and
wet ])lace is also generally cold, and fowls are fond
of light and fresh air. But I would observe, that
they should always have clean and fresh water, by

From one part of our nursery gromuls, the rocky pal-
lisades of the Hudson are plainly visible.

which a much greater number oft
(lueed, and the fowls themselves \y
dition for eating.

Next, the yard should be large ; well and high
fenced, of course. The size must depend upon the
discretion of the raiser; I should say, the larger
the better ; it would depend upon the quantity of
space to spare, and the nund)er kejit. If it is
large, it will admit of many conveniences which
could not be aflbrded in a small yard — for Instance,
a part should be supplied with gravel, lime from
old bricks, rubbish of that kind and clean shells,
which fowls convert to their use. A part should
be occasionally turned over with the spade, a few
minutes labor, and which furnishes much food ;
there might be a few bushes or shrubs planted in
a part, as fowls are fond, in a sultry day, of repos-
ing in their shade, and the many insects creeping
about them, serve for a ready food — all this would
not require much space, though the more the bet-
ter. I would say concerning the poultry house,
which should open upon the yard, that the princi-
pal thing to be attended to is, that it be kept as
clean as possible ; or the hens will wander, if pos-
sible, and prefer the sweet scented hay-mow for
their purposes. There is a double profit in keep-
ing the house clean, as the fowls not oidy thrive
better, lay a greater number of eggs easy to be
got, but the contents when swept out, are the
most useful of garden manure. The poultry
house, if in a conspicuous situation, might be of a
fanciful and tasteful form.

These remarks are the result of some experi-
ence, and are suggested on the consideration of
the high price of eggs in the market, generally,
and more esjjccially the past winter, and of the
high price of fowls, when well raised and well
cooked. W.

THE SEASON.

Extract of a letter to the Editor, dated Johnstown,
A'. 1'. March 23, 18.32.

We have had, thus far, a very severe winter
with us. The snow felj here on the 21st day of
November last, and the ground has not been bare
since. The snow is now on an average in the
wood about us, three feet deep, and the sleighing
very good. A gentleman who has been careful to
measure every snow that has fallen since Novem-
ber last, tells me that' we have had more than
twenty feet of snow. The thermometer in De-
cember was at eight degrees below zero ; in Jan-
uary, at twentyfour degrees below zero ; in Feb-
ruary, at twenty degrees below zero ; -and in the
present month of March, at sixteen degrees below
zero. This will give you rather a frightful picture
of the severity of our climate. Yet, the snow
having fallen early, there is but little frost in the
earth ; and many tender plants, to wit, the poly-
anthus, carnation, magnolia, and China roses, in
the open ground, will have escaped uninjured
from the severity of the frost.

Yours, &c, T. A. STOUTENBURGH.

Frnit Trees. — The editor of the Worcester Spy
says, from some observation and inquiry, there is
good reason to believe, that that vicinity has al-
most entirely escaped the evil which seems to
have fallen on other parts of the country. In
many orchards and nurseries, the trees look re-
markably well, and there is no reason to suppose,
that, throughout the conntiy, they have suffered
more in the average, than in common seasons.

aoo

o r t i c u 1 t H r e .

Ni:W ENGLAND FARMER,

city, as liaving becD lijoiiglit from Sordeaux,

! when investigation has shown it to Jiave been

From tho Genesee Farmer. brought frotii Pennsylvania. The Troy grape io

— generally there called the Hamburgh ; and we are

THE ISABELLA GRAPE. j now told, that Mr Veriiet, a Freiicii gentleman,

N. GooDSELL, Es(i. — Li your paper of the 31st resident at Norwich, called the Isabella "the lAs-

oi December, I notice, under the signature of hon grapt" and that it " was supposed to have

" Ulnuis," somo conmients on the Isabella grape, been brought by Mr V. from France or Cuba,

connected with a (luotation from the " Treatise on where, he had a plantation." And these claims

Horticulture," published by my father, Jlr Wm. ' to foreign origin are attached to productions as

Prince, in 1838. strongly and indelibly marked with the character-

My father received the scions of this vine in jstic distinctions of natives, as are the indigenous

1811), from Mrs Isabella Gibbs, lady of George monarchs of our forests or the untutored aborigi-

Gibbs, Esq. (uot Col. Gibbs,) then residing at i nes of our wilds and prairies. But there is anoth-

Brooklyu ou this island. That lady stated that i er circumstance that ])laces the native origin of the

she obtained lit from North Carolina, her native Isabella, &c, beyond the reach of cavil. It is the

State, and that it was originally brought from Dor- acknowledgment of the fact by foreign nations

Chester, in South Carolina. It being deemed a ■ themselves. AVheresoever they have been intro-

highly valuable variety, and no similar one having duced to other climes, they have tailed to be claim-

been previously noticed as cultivated in the gar-
dens of our country, my father gave it the name of
" Isabella gra|)e," after the lady from whom he
received it. His impression, as well as that of

ed as natural productions, or even as old acquaint-
ances. And the country of their origin has been
acknowledged in the ]iublications of their horticul-
tural societies, and in all others I have perused.

every other person who then examined the fruit, save one, which being an amusing exception, I
derived from the fact that no such variety had cannot fail from adverting thereto. In a cata-

been previously described, and the improbability
that so valuable a fruit would, if cultivated in other
gardens, have remained unnoticed, was, that no

logue of one of the most extensive collections of
grape vines in France, the Isabella is not only
enumerated as one of those producing the choicest

similar vine then existed under culture in any of ' wine, but has an additional note attached, which
our ganlenS. That opinion was (in the absence of ■ I translate hterally : " Lsabella, a variety newly

all proof to the contrary,) entertained by myself,
until the autumn of 1830, when a vine was de-
scribed to me as identical with the Isabella, which
had be«n growing for thirtythree years in a garden
at Newport, Rhode Island. Some of the fruit had
been presented to me, previously to the statement
of the particulai-s relative to the vine that produ-
ced it, which I pronounced at once to be the Isa-
bella. Being desirous to act cautiously, in every
point connected with the nomenclature of our
fruits, I declined commenting upon the circum-
stance until I should receive proof incontiovcrtihh,
not only as to identity, but as to the age of the
vine. In consequence, I visited the garden the
past season and examined the parent vine, togeth-
er with several of its progeny, growing near it.
The appearance of the old vine comports with the
age awarded to it ; the circumference of the main
stem is ten and a half inches. It is located in a
spot unpropitious to its de#;lopnient, being shaded
by largo trees that appear to correspond with it
in age. I made notes of many other particulars, but
I cannot at this moment find them ; the investiga-
tion, however, convinced me of its identity with
the Isabella grape, and I have hitherto deferred
publishing the facts, only from the hope of attain-
ing some additional light expected ou the subject.
The former occupant of the ground, states, that he
planted the viue in 1798, and that he received it
from New York. I am investigating the latter
point, and the result of such investigation, as well
as the contents of the notes above referred to, shall
be made public hereafter ; it having been the con-
stant desire of my father and self, to shed all pos-
sible light ou horticidtural subjects. The incon-
siderate practice of adopting foreign titles for our
native productions, has already caused much
inconvenience ; and I hope there is no American
so miserable a sycophant, as to suppose that any
product of our country, can be enhanced in its val-
ue, by the a[>plication of a foreign title^

The VVinne jrape of Albany, was announced
two years since in one of the publications of tliat

ntroduced to Europe, and which is said to aflbrd
the most excellent oriental wine; it also produces
extraordinary crops."

Your correspondent, Ulmus, states that the does
not believe the Isabella " is a native of our coun-
try, of original stock, as all the indigenous grapes"
that he has " ever yet seen, possesses the same
acid, hard pulp, and thick leathery skin, of the or-
dinary Fox or Bullet grape," referring, evidently,
to the varieties of Vitis labrusca, which are com-
mon in this State. In reply, I will simply remark,
that the varieties of Vitis astivahs, which are far
more rarely met with in our State, but abound in
IMaryland and Virginia, have a much thinner skin
and far less pulp ; and some of the varieties of this
and other species which grow abundantly further
to the south, such as the Bland, Beaverdam, iVc.
ha\ e as thin a skin as the foreign varieties ; and
the Bland, White Scupperuong, Catawba, and
many others, are devoid of the acid, hard pulp.
In regard to native grapes, there exists, perhaps,
in our vineyard, at the present jjcriod, a greater
number of varieties, originated tioni seeils we
have sown, than have been obtained by a similar
process in all the gardens of the Union, and the
friendly tributes of our fellow-ehizens, have con-
centrated iti the collection thus formed, the natural
products of every section of our country.

It may be well here to remark, that the Troy
grajjc appears to me to approach the Isabella, in
character, more nearly than any other variety that
has met my notice. And in conclnditig these re-
marks, I have to state, that I fully agree with
those of my fellow citizens who deem pomolot'i-
cal investigations, as regards our natural produc-
tions, to be yet but in their infancy ; and while in
connnon with others, I tender a few crude ideas
on such sidjjects, I view and intend them asgern)S
of inforination, which by the investigation of more
intelligent co-laborers, may attain to an ample de-
velopment. Very respectfully,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Lin. Bot. Garden, )

Flushing, N. Y. Jan. 1832. j

April 4, 1832.

llemarks nfihe Editor of the Genesee Farmer. —
We are nnich gratified with the communication
from Mr Prince, concerning the Isabella grape, as
called forth by VImiis. From the fiank and gen-
tlemanly manner in which he communicates what-
ever relates to Ameiican Pomology, which comes
within his knowledge, and from his mitiring zeal
in collecting and digesting- such information, the
public will receive great benefit.

As the cultivation of the grape is now becom-
ing, not only a matter of private interest, but of
national importance, tending to render us more
independent of other nations, and also more tem-
peiate within ourselves; we believe that whatever
relates to their history or cultivation in these Uni-
ted States, will be interesting to most of our read-
ers. As the Isabella grape ranks with the best of
om' indigenous varieties, which, by general con-
sent, are allowed to be superior to foreign ones
for vineyards, in point of profit, its correct history
is desirable, more especially as some have been
disposed to consider it an exotic.

That it may have been brought into notice at
some particular place, by being imported from a
foreign country, we will not deny ; but that its
general characteristics are truly American, we
have no doubt. That our native grapes were
early taken to JMigland, the following deKcri|)tions,
taken from Parkinson, will plainly prove. The
author published this work on plants, in 1C40,
which has been considered one of the early stand-
ard works of England. He arranges grapes under
five different heads, viz.

1st. " t'itis y'inifera. The manured vine,"
{meaning the cultivated.) Under this head he
enumerates many of the European grapes, which
are cuhivated at this time, and says, they are so
variable that he cannot describe them.

2d. " litis lacitiiatifolis. The Parsley vine,
or grape with thin cut leaves. The grapes of
which are white and great, are like unto the
White Muscadine grape."

3d. Labrusca, or Vitis Sylvestris Europea,
The wild vine of Europe. " The wilde vine iu
regard it is naturall, and therefore neglected,
lyeth for the most yarX on the ground, and thereby
is made lesse fruitefull, unlesse it meete with some
hedge or tree, whereon it may clime, and then
spreadeth as the manured, (cultivated,) being both
in branches, leaves, and tendrils like unto the ma-
nured vine."

4th. litis Sylvestris I'irginiana. The wild
vine of Virginia. " This one sort of vines of
Virginia, like all other wild sorts, runneth on the
ground and taketh hold of whatsoever it meetcth
with, being in all things like the former wild sorts,
but that the grapes are small and white, and
with little sappe or jnyce in them, and the ker-
nell twice as biggo as others. There is another
sort that hath bigger blew grapes, and sowrer in
taste. A third they call the Fox grape, and hath
a regged bark, a very broad Icafe, without any
division almost, but dented, and the grape is white,
but smelleth and tasteth like unto a foxc."

5th. Vitis Sylvestris trifolia Canadensis. The
wild vine of Canada. " This wilde viue of Cana-
da growctli like unto other wilde vines of those
parts, with slender reddish branches, cliining
where it can get whereon ; but the leaves on them
being litth^ more than half so large as the mann^
ed vine, hath only three partitions in every leaf,
but each cut is deepe, even to the long smoth stalk
whereon they stand, making them seeme as threa

Vol. X.-No. 38.

AND IIOIITICULTUKAL JOURNAL.

301

leaves, wliioh are of a darke greeiie colour, and
somewliat tliicke also, the friiite is like the other
wild sorts, having more skinne and kcrnell than
substance or juyce."

Thus it appears that Parkinson enumerated four
different species of American grapes, which had
been introduced into England at that time, cor-
lesponding with the number of species as laid
down by I\Ir Prince, in his Treatise on the Vine
Is it not possible that the Isabella was among those,
enumerated by Parkinson ?

DAMAGE TO FKUIT TREES.

In another part of this paper we have inserted
a letter from John Lowell, Esq. in relation to the
damage which fruit trees have sustained during
the winter just passed. We ha\'e been led to
make particular ixamination of the orchards and
nurseries in this vicinity, and have ascertained to
our great regiet, that our neighbors have suffered
in a similar manner. Of twentyeight twigs, cut
iudiscriminately, from four different nurseries,
from the apple, pear, peach, cherry, and quince,
twenty were killed. The bark on some trees, sev-
eral inches in diameter, appears to be killed near-
ly or quite to the ground. When cut open with
a penknife, it appears of a dark color and nearly
rotten. The growth of last year has been most
injured. We cannot but hope, that trees which
grew but slowly, having short shoots which usu-
elly bear blossoms, may have escaped the general
destruction, and will yet give us^some fruit.

The causes of this great calamity — for it is esti-
mated that millions of money will not repair it —
have been hinted at. Last year was one which
produced an abundant growth of every kind of
vegetable matter. Trees growed with an aston-
ishing rapidity ; and they grew tenderly. Tlie
cold winter came suddenly and severely, and found
the trees filled with sap. They froze and burst
the vessels containing the sa]), which is supposed
to have killed the trees. — Concord Gazette.

JIICE IN THE MEADOWS.

We are told, the short-tailed field mouse, has
made destructive ravages in the meadows. Whole
acres are ploughed up, the roots of the grass de-
stroyed ; and the trees, wherever there happen to
be aiiy, are divested of their bark in a most work-
man-like manner. In consequence of the snow
falling before the soil froze, they formed habita-
tions above ground and have muhiplied in prodi-
gious numbers during the past winter, in propor-
tion as three to one in ordinary seasons. These
mice are usually food for foxes, the weasel, the
long-tailed mouse, and often, when provision is
scarce, eat each other with avidity. Tliey are
often niost destructive to fields and fruit trees, eat-
ing up everything around them, existing in such
prodigious murdiers as to defy all possible precau-
tions. Should the meadows not be inundated this
spring, and the mass of them drowned, we fear
their ravages will be seriously felt by our frugal
husbandmen, the ensuing summer. — jVortliampton
Gazette.

THE CHOLERA.

The following article, which we extract from
a late number of the Boston Medical and Surgi-
cal Journal, would seem to indicate that a disease,
very nearly approaching the Indian Cholera, for-
merly existed in New England.

" In the history of disease in this country, we

recollect but one that appears to bear any analogy,
either in its general mode of attack, its great
fatality, or the means most clearly indicated in its
treatment, to the present Cholera of Europe. —
The disease to which we refe;-, is the spotted fever,
wiiicli prevailed in the Slate of Maine in the year
1814. Its symptoms were more various than
those of the cholera, and its fatal issue was iiot
quite so speedy. But the attack consisted in the
main, in a sudden departure of the blood fi-om the
surface, and an ajipalling prostration of the pow-
ers of life. Having been an eye-witness to this
epidemic, it has been recalled to our mind by. ev-
ery history we have read of the synqitoms of chol-
era. We have seen persons in the fullness of
health, suddenly fall under its blow, apparently
lifeless ; and the sudden and obstinate coldness of
the surface, in all cases, gained for the disease the
popular name of the cold plague. In no disease
have we seen so marked effects, from different
modes of treatment. Purgatives and venesection
were generally followed by fatal results ; where
calomel was given, the unhappy sufferer often
died whilst under its operation ; and in spite of
most forms of treatment, its ravages were unparal-
leled in that part of the country. It was at length
discovered that a treatment, from the first, most
phlogistic — stimulants internally and externally,
with an unsparing hand — exerted an entire con-
trol over the disease. This practice was pursued
with marked and almost uniform success, by Dr
Page of Hallowel, by that man of Ross, whose
benevolence will never be forgotten by the hun-
dreds of his townsmen, to whom it has ever been
liberally extended. In the small town of Wiscas-
set, containing about two thousand inhabitants,
2 or 3 (equal to sixty a day in Boston,) were dying
daily of this epidemic, until Dr P. was persuaded
to visit the place ; and after the day he entered
the town and introduced the mode of treatment,
that had been so successful at home, not an indi-
vidual died of this disease."

Hints respecting the Cholera ; with directions
which may be most safely followed, when medical
aid is not immediately to be obtained. — As it is
easier to prevent than to cure this dangerous dis-
ease, the following cautions should be observed.
Great moderation in diet and in the use of fer-
mented and spirituous liquors. Raw vegetables
and unripe fruit should be carefully avoided. The
state of the skin should be particularly attended to,
so that perspiration should not be checked sud-
denly. The feet should be kept dry and warm.
Flannel should be worn next to the skin, or at
least a flannel bandage round the body. The ut-
most personal cleanliness should be maintained by
frequent washing. Every room in the house
should be ventilated by opening the doors and
windows frequently, in the day-time. Gentle ex-
ercise in the open air is highly useful to preserve
the general health of i)ersons, who may be exposed
to the risk of infection.

When the patient is seized with the disorder,
he complains first of giddiness and nervous agita-
tion, and is extremely feeble. His features be-
come sharp and contracted, his lips, lace, neck,
hands and feet, blue. The fingers and toes are
contracted. The jiulse is so small as to be almist
extinct. The skin is deadly cold and shrivelled ;
the voice nearly gone ; breathing quick, the patient
speaks in a whisper; suffers cramps in his limbs
and body. The urine is totally suspended. He

vomits and purges a liquid like rice water or
whey.

A person so seized should have his feet put into
hot water immediately. lie should be wrapped
in hot blanets ; and friction all over his body,
with canqjhorated spirits and hot flannels, should
he used. Poultices of flour of mustard and lin-
seed meal, in equal parts, n)ixed with warm water,
should be applied to his stomach. He should
drink hot brandy and water, or hot water with a
tea spoonful of sal-volatile, or with ten drops of
oil of peppermint and some sugar in it. In case of
his complaining of much pain, from twenty to
thirty drops of laudanum may be given — but med-
ical assistance should be obtained as soon as pos-
sible. It is important to add, that when the pa-
tient shirts or the sheets of his bed are changed,
which should be done as frequently as possible,
the dirty linen should be plunged immediately in-
to a tub of cold water. — British Almanack for 1832.

ONONDAGA SALT SPRINGS.

The annual report of the superintendent of the
salt springs, and the inspector of the salt in the
town of Saliua, has been communicated to both
houses of the New York Legislature.

It appears by the report, that during the year
1831, there were 1,514,037 bushels of salt inspect-
ed in the town of Salina ; 189,000 bushels of which
was coarse salt ; 166,000 having been made by so-
lar evaporation, and the residue by solar heat and
artificial heat combined.

The cumber of manufactories of salt by artificial
heat, in that town, is 135 ; containing 3,676 kettles.
The manufactories making salt by solar heat or
evapor;rtion are, the Onondaga salt comi)any, the
Syracuse salt company, and Henry Gifford's
works ; in all, consisting of 1,303,034 superficial
feet of lots. — Albany Aigus.

The American Rail-Road Journal, published in
New York, gives the honor of the invention of
rail-roads, to Col. J. Stevens, of Hoboken, N. J.
In May, 1812, twenty years ago. Col. Stevens pub-
lished a pampililet, strenuously recommending a
rail-way from the Hudson to Lake Erie, instead
of the canal %vhich was then under discussion. —
In this pamphlet. Col. Stevens proposed the em-
ployment of steam power to propel cars or car-
riages, and made the following singularly prophetic
statement : " I 'should not be surprised at seeing
steam carriages propelled at the rateof40or50
miles the hour." But at that time, (1812,) Col.
Stevens was in advance of the age, and such en-
lighted men as Gouverneur Morris, Robert L.Liv-
ingston, and De Witt Clinton, considered the
project as visionary.

Cotton, to the amount of about .89,000,000, is
annually imported into Providence, and irianufac-
tured into cloth, which sells for about seven mil-
lions of dollars.

Bronzing. — The fijllowing method, which is
simple, may be useful to some of our readers: —

" After having covered the article with a coat
of gum-water, mixed with a little minium, take a
little isinglass, dissolved in spirits of wine by ex-
posing them to a gentle heat, and add to it some
saffron ; then take the filings or fine dust of any
metal which it is desired to imitate, and apply
this, when mixed with the isinglass, to the articl*
with a hair pencil."

302

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

AprU 4, 1832.

£ra~Njy laiTci^iiiisra) ©iiissii^aa

Boston, Wednesday Evening, April 4, 1832.

FARMER'S SPRING WORK.

Working Oxen. — It has been said, tluit laboring
cattle will perform tlieir spring work with much
more energy and alacrity, if they are fed two or
three times a day, with a few ears of Indian corn.
Some, however, prefer giving them small quanti-
ties of raw potatoes, which are said to be more
cooling than corn, and to answer the purpose of
physic as well as that of food. Perhaps it may
be well to change their diet occasionally, from the
roots to the grain ; and these, with regular meals
of good English hay, will, in ordinary cases, keep
their animal mechanism in good repair, and ren-
der them as .tctive and powerful, or thereabouts,
as steam carriages running on a rail-road.

Pasture for Swine. — A lot well seeded with
clover is an elysian field for swine, and will fit
them for the butcher much quicker than you could
qualify a dull boy for college. Besides, if the ug-
ly but useful ereatnres are accommodated wiih a
puddle and a clover 'patch, together with the fee
simple of a snug and dry dormitory, in which they
may enjoy their nap after dinner, like other epi-
cures, they will be as quiet as lambs and as fat as
aldermen, and will need but little more waiting
on than if they were already in the pork barrel,
well saturated with rock salt of prime quality.
But you must not allow them all these privileges,
without depriving them of the natural right of root-
ing, otherwise they will be as much out of place
in a pasture as a pig in a parlor, or a bad man in
office. A few sweet api)le trees in a pig pastitre,
will add utility to ornament, and prove auxiliary
to other means of bringing forward its animal |)ro-
ducts. Swine, however, should not become "pigs
in clover," till about tlie first of May, that the
grass may have a little time to get the start of
their voracity.

Top Dressing. — Lime, air slacked and well pul-
verized, is said to be useful as a top dressing in
spring, for winter grain. Ashes, too, either leach-
ed or dry, are very usefully applied about this
time, to grain or grass. Dry uuleached ashes are
best for manure, but leached ashes, particularly
soaper's waste, which has lime mixed with it, are
of use to accelerate and strengthen useful vegeta-
tion.

Drilling: Potatoes. — We do not insist on the cul-
tivator's i)lanting his potatoes in the drill method,
especially if his land is rough, strong, or hard to
cultivate. In such case the old metlu)d of plant-
ing in hills should doubtless be preferred. But in
a rich mellow soil, the drill method is much the
most advantageous. Dr Deaue observed, as fol-
lows : " One of my neighbors planted in his gar-
den, drills, and rows of hills, alternately, of equal
length and equally maninx'd ; w lien he dug them
he found the drill rows produced twice as much
as the others. It is not more labor to lay the
dung in drills than in hills, and the labor of hoeing
is hut little increased."

A British writer says, " The |)otatocs for seed
should be kept in a separate pit, which should
never be opened until the time when the potatoes
are to be planted, for if vegetation commences prc-
yious to that time, it is apt to cause the curl. The
sets should be placed about a foot distant from
each other. Many crops are spoiled from being

|)lajited loo deep in the ground. This ought to
be avoided.

The best time to plant potatoes for winter's use,
feeding stock, &c, is about the middle of May to
the first of June ; but it is good economy, gener-
ally speaking, to plant an early sort in early ground
to feed hogs before Indian corn is ripe, as soon as
the ground is thawed in the spring.

TREES.

Mr Editor — As the season to transplant fruit
trees is fast i'.p|)roaehing, I have thought I might
be doing some good, to comtiumicate to the pub-
he the following facts, and leave each one to draw
his own inferences.

In 1824, I procured some hundreds of apple,
pear, plum, cherry and peach trees, from France,
Long Island, N. Y., and Sherburne and Newton,
Mass. These trees were all set out on my farm,
in the vicinity of Boston. The first and second
seasons after transplanting, I perceived that the
New York apple, and the French ap|)le, pear,
peach and plum, did not do so well as the New
Englanders. My French cherry did well. The
New York pear, peach, cherry and plum, have
now grown pretty well. The French apple, pear
and peach, and the New York apple, I pulled up
the last season, and threw them on my wood pile.

O. G.

Fruil buds, Sfc. destroyed in the State of JVeto
York. — .Mr David Thomas, in a communication
writt<'n for the Genesee Farmer, states as follows:

" In my fruit garden, I have examined more
than a hundred blossom buds, of the peach, the
nectarine, and the apricot, and have invariably
found the petals, stamina and pistels, discolored
and dead. Of coiu'se we are not to expect the
trees to exhibit blossoms this season.

" The destruction is not to be ascribed to any
unusual severity of winter, but to the buds bcini;
started by the mild weather of last autunm. At
that time, I observed several bulbous plants in
flower, which commonly continue dormant till
spring; and the peach buds are now found to be
so large, that a few more days of warm weather a
that time, would .probably have brought them intn
full blossom."

To Restore the Germinating Power of Seed.i. —
The tact deserves to be extensively known, how-
ever torpid a seed may be, and distitute of all
power to vegetate in any other substance, if steep-
ed in a diluted solution of oxygenated muriatic
acid, at a temperature of 46'^ or 48^ of Fahrenheit,
provided it still possesses its principle of vitality,
it will germinate in a few hours. And if, alter
this, it be planted, as it ought to be, in its apjiro-
jiriate soil, it will grow with as much speed and
vigor, as if it had evinced no torpitude w hatever.
^Good^s Book of jVature.

ISABELLA GRAPES.
We have been favored by Mr. Jaine<i Hunewell of
Charleslowii, with a box of Isab lla Grapes in the finest
order, which had been packed down in dry siwd'ist since
last October, thus affording evidence that this delicious
fruit, if properly taken care of, can be kept till the last
of March. They should be spread upon a floor immedi-
ately after being picked in October, and dried moderate-
ly, before being packed. Mr. H, raised about 4^ bushels
from one vine, of which he packed down a tea chest full,
very few of which were spoiled.

PRIZE CATTLE IN ENGLAND.

A meeting of the Smithfield Prize Cattle Club,
was held at the Cjown and Anchor Tavern, in
London, on the 22d of December lust ; Lord Al-
ihrop, one of the members of the present British
cabinet, in the chair.

The attendance, according to the London pa-
pers, was iijuch greater than usual, as the club had
intimated their intention of presenting Lord A!-
tiirop with a splendid piece of plate, for his exer-
tions to promote the interests of agriculture. Af-
ter the removal of the clotli and the routine toasts,
Lord .Mthrop was presented with the piece of
I>late, which was valued at 200 guineas, (932 dol-
lars.) His Lordship in returning thanks, express-
ed his acknowledgements. As this was a meeting
to promote the purposes of science, he expressed
his hopes that politics would not be entered upon.
Ills Lordship then projiosed the health of the Duke
of Richmond, (P. M. general,) the new member of
the Club. The Duke of Richmond returneil
thanks in a short speech. He felt great pleasure
in bfM'oming a mendier of the Club, which he con-
sidered calculated to promote the interests of ag-
riculture. The health of the noble chairman was
drank, and his Lordship proceeded to distribute
the prizes awarded by the judges for the cattle,
&c, exhibited at the last show. Among the prizes
aw arded, we perceive the following : —

A prize of 20 sovereigns, in Class I., to Earl
Brownlow, for his, 4 years and 7 months old, Dur-
ham Ox, bred by his Lordship ; n silver medal as
the breeder of the same ; and a gold medal for the
best beast shown.

Prize of 15 .sovereigns, in Class V., to Lord Al-
throp, for his, 7 years and 3 months old, Durham
Cow, bred by L. Spencer ; and a silver medal, as
the breeder, to the Earl.

First prize of 10 sovereigns, in Class VIL, to
Mr W. Pawlett, for his three, 20 months old, Lei-
cester wethers; and a silver medal, as the breeder.

Second [)rize of 5 sovereigns, in Class VIL, to
Lord .\lthrop, for his three, 21 months old, Lei-
cester wethers, bred by him.

First prize of 10 sovereigns, in Class IX., to
Sir P. H. Dyke, for his three, 20 months old, South
Down, bred by him, who received a silver medal,
as the breeder.

TO COKRESPONDENTS.

We are under great obligations to Mr Clark for his
communication, commencing on the first page of this
day's paper. Theorists have supposed, and practical men
have asserted, that Farmers often are losers to a consi-
de ible an.ount, in consequence of cutting the stalks of
Indian corn at loo early a period ; but nobody had, so far
as we have learned, attimplcd to form any eslimale of the
amount of injury resulting from the practice, before Mr.
Clark instituted hi^ exact and conclusive experiments.

J. AL G. has, as usual, furnished facts worth knowing,
and merits the thanks of all who feel a due rey;ard tolhose
accoirimodalions which compose the real property, and
constitute the stable interests of the Commonwealth.

We are under obligations to " Rusticus," for another
elaborate attempt to rectify certain proceedin*;s with re-
gard lo" HortieuUnral Premiums," but it seems to us
tbesu!'jeet has been sufficiently canvassed. At any rate,
three sheets of letter paper, closely written on, contain
more matter than we can find room to display in our co-
lumns, unless the topics possess more interest, than is at-
tached to the controversy as it now stands.

We have other favors from correspondents, which
though necessaiily deferred, are not forgotten.

Vol. X No.38.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

30S

The full blooded Horse Sportsman.

THE Subsciiber has secured tlie full-blootled horse
f porlsinan, to stnnd the ensuing season at the " Ten
Hills Stock Farm," commenting April 10th, and ending
August 10th.

Terms— One Dollar to the Groom, and ten dollars for
the season, — rash, or a note on demand, or fifteen dollars
to ensure a mare in toal, by a conditional note at eleven
months.

Good keeping for mares, at one dollar per week, at the
risk of the owners.

Sportsman is not surpassed for spirits, and has as good
strains of blood, as any horse in this country. His dam
was a direct descendant from the best blood in England,
his sire, the full-blooded imported Arabian Horse ■' Bus-
sorah." It is with these strains of blood that England
has bid defiance to the tvorld on the /«;/and in the field,
for more than a century past.

Sportsman's get are very piomising, and may be seen
on the farm.

Satisfactory proof of the pedigree of this horse as given
below, is in my possession.

PEDIGREE.

Sportsman was foaled in 1823, the property of the late
Gen. Coles of Dosoris, Long Island, and sired by the
" Bussorah Arabian," out of Sportsinistress by Hickory,
her dam the famous laon^ mare Miller's Damsel (the
dam also of American Eclipse) by Messinger Grand Dam,
the imported PolSos mare, G. G. dam by Gin erack, &c.

Hickory was by Whip, his dam. Dido by Dare Devil,
G Dam by Wildair, G G Dam by Clockfast, G G G Dam
the Dam of the celebrated Virginia, '* Bucephalus and
Lady Teazle.

" Messinger" by " Mambrino," Dam hy Turf, G
Dam hy Regulus^G G Dam by Starling, Fox, Bay Bol-
ton, Duke of Ancastor's Turf, Byerly Turk, Taffolet
Barb, Place's white Turk, Native barb mare, PotSos
was by Eclipse, Dam Sportsniistress, by Warren's Sports-
man, G Dam Golden Locks by Oronoko, Panton's Crab,
Partner, &c. See 1st and 2d volume of English stud
book.

PERFORMANCE.

At three years he won the sweepstakes on the Union
course, Long Island, against five horses. On the same
course, the same season, he won a matchrncf against
Mr. Stevens' " Rattler". In the autumn of 1827, he ran
upon the same course, and won at three heatSy (three
mile heats) beating Richard 3d from Virginia, Misfor-
tune and American Boy. He has never given way in his
limhs or wind. These are all his public performances,
and he never was beuteti.

Ten Hills Slock farm, on the Medford Turnpike, two
and a half miles from Boston.

SAMUEL JAQUES,Jr.

Ten Hills Farm, April4.

Spring Wheat.

FOR Scle at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,

A few bushels of genuine Oilman Spring Wheat ; this
«brt is the most valuable one cultivated in New England,
is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by blight,
and is the kind which has for many successive years ob-
tained the premium from the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society. April 4.

Flower Seeds, 81 per Package.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50.^ North Market street,

Packagesof the most showy and rare varieties of Flow-
er Seeds, containing 18 varieties, among which are.
Geraniums (mixed)
Ten Weeks Stock Gilliflower.
Sensitive Plant.
Mexican Blue Ageratum.
Crimson Cypress Vine.
Forget- me-Not.
loe Plant.

I'leeant Coreopsis, &c. &c.
With directions for their culture. Each sort is label-
led with its English and botanical name, its native coun-
try, and mode of culture. Price $1 for the 18 sorts.
April 4.

Pruning and Budding Instruments.

JUST received and for sale at the .Agricultural Ware-
house, Nos, 51 and 52 North Market street, 20 dozen of
superior Pjuning and Budding Knives and Shears. —
Likewise a very general assortment of Horticultural In-
struments. J. R. NEWELL.

April 4.

Asparagus Roots.

JUST Received at the Seed Store connected with th
New England Farmer, 50^ North Market Street :

A few thousand Large Early Asparagus Roots, packed
in moss, in boxes of one, two and three hundred roots
each, — will bear transportation any distance — price :|I
per hundred for those 3 years old, 75 cents per hundred
tor the others. April 4.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Eneland Farmer, 51)4 North Market Street :

Fine large Vines of the Is.ibella (purple) ; Winne,
(dark purple); Alexander, (black) ; and (Catawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in moss, for transporta-
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts — price
50 cents each. April 4.

For Sale.

A Fine Stallion, from BelUounder, coming five years
old this spring, a noble animal, price 500 dollars. Valu-
able milking stock will be taken in exchange. Col
Jaques is acquainted with the horse, and will give any
information respecting him. Apply to J. B. Russell
Boston, if by mail, post paid. 4t April 4.

Market Man wanted.

A steady and industrious man, who is a good salesman
and ready reckoner, to take charge the present season,
of a Market Wagon to Salem, Lynn, and Marblehead
Markets. Preference will be given to one who is ac-
quainted with marketing in this vicinity. Application
may be made at the Reed farm in Lynn.

Lynn, March 28, 1832. 4t

Improved Green House Syringes.

agricultltral warehouse,
Nos. 51 & 52 North Market Street.
JUST received a further supply of Willis' Improved
Brass Syringes. This article is highly approved of for
preventing the mildew on Grapes,' and likewise for de-
stroying insects on trees, and is a useful article for Hiving
Bees. April 4.

Hitchcock's Plough.

-AN assortment ol Hitchcock's Cast Iron Ploughs, with
wrought Iron standard and square Colter edged shares,
may be had of the subscribers. These Ploughs are war-
ranted equal if not superior to any that have been offered
to the public. Try and See ! ^

DAVID PROUTY, Hanover.

April 4. JOHN MEARS, Dorchester.

Land for Sale in Milton,

A very valuable tract of Land in the centre of the
town, containing about 120 acres, located on the north
side of the old road leading from Boston to Taunton, and
opposite to the seat of Francis Araory, Esq. consisting of
mowing, tillage, fresli meadow, and wood land, well wa-
tered. It is very pleasantly situated for improvement,
and is of a superioi soil, well adapted to the cultivation of
fruit. The above will be sold together, or in lots to suit
purchasers. It is well worthy tbe attention ofgentle-
meil of taste, enterprising mechanics or farmers ; beino-
near the meeting-house, and literary institution, and
within eight miles of the city of Boston The terms will
be liberal, and may be known by applying to
NATHANIEL TUCKER,
SAMUEL ADAMS, or
ISAAC GULLIVER, near the premises.

Milton, March 26. Cw

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day rdceived at the New England Seed Store,
50^ North Market street, by J. B. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oats Grass Seed, so
valuable on thin soils for either a hay crop or for grazing.
Col. Taylor, a distinguished farmer, says of it, " It is
the hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and frost, and heat and cold, better than any I have ever
cultivated. It keeps possession of the ground in spite of
severe grazing. It furnishes better grazing early in the
spring, late in the fall, and in drought, than any grass
known to me; and if cut before the seed ripens, its hay
is as pbasant and nutritive to slock, as any grass known
to me." — See also the opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii,
page 300.

Also,— Lucerne Orchard Grass, While and Red Clover,
Fowl Meadow, Barley, Buck W'heat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &.c. March 28.

New American Gardener,— sixth edition.

This day published by J.J3. Russell and Carter &
Hendee :

The New .American Gardener, a treatise on the culture
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Strawber-
ries, Asparagus, &c. &c. By T. G. Fessenden, assisted
by several gf ntlemen. Sixth edition. Price $1 00. —
This we think may be considereil the most popular and
practical work on Gardening, extant. March 28.

Farmer Wanted.

A Man with a family is wanted, to take charge of a farm
in Salem, on shares, or as may be agreed on. None need
apply who cannot procjiice good recommendations. Ap-
ply at the Farmer Office. March 28.

Grape Vines.

THE suhscriber offijrs for sale, at his garden in Dor-
chester, a lew cuttings of the black and white " Mosca-
tel" Grape Vines, just received by the brig Cora from
Cadiz, procured for him by the Consul of the United
States, resident there. He writes, " I obtained these
cuttings from vines on which I have seen clusters of
grapes, weighing as much as Twenlysix pounds." —
They contain several joints, and will be sold at 50 cents
each.

Also, some very thrifty vines of the Ferrol Grape, a
splendid black fruit, recently imported.

ALSO —

Isabella ; Barcelona ;

Catawba ; Blands ;

Constantia ; Black Cape;

Black Hamburgh;
3 varieties of valuable fruits, obtained from Xeres in
Spain, and many olffer choice kinds.

Orders by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
al application at his office, No. 74 Congress street, for
any quantity of vines from one to one hundred, will meet
with prompt attention. Z. COOK, Jr

March 12, 1832. 5t

Mangold Wurtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just received at the New England Seed store, 50
North Market street, by J B. Russell,

100 lbs. Large Mangold Wurtzel, of the very first qua-
lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Beet, imported di-
rect from France. 100 lbs. Ruta Baga, of the first
quality, European growth ; 100 lbs. large White
Flat English Field Turnip : 150 lbs. Short Top
Scarlet Radish, of English growth — very early, and of
deep scarlet color. March 28.

Farmer Wanted.

WANTED, a young single man to do the work on a
small place, 3 miles from Boston ; no one need apply un-
less he can pioduce good recommendations for his hones-
ty and industry. Inquire at this office. 3t. March21.

Farmer Wanted.

A steady, faithful uian is wanted, to take charge of a
garden and small Farm in Dorchester ; take care of a
horse, cow, &c. and make hiuiself useful on the place.
An American would be prefcired. Apply to No. 173,
W'ashington street. March 21.

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, April 2,1832.

Reported for tlie Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 241 Beef Cattle, (including 55 un-
sold last week,) 27 pairs Working Oxen, 13 Cows and
Calves, Iin Sheep, and 780 Swine. About 25 Beef Cat-
tle remain unsold.

Prices. Beef Cattle— The Beef Cattle today were
of a belter quality than usual, and more were probably
sold for extra and prime ; prices were uneven, but at a
considerable ailvance. We noticed two yoke taken at
$6,75, extra at 6,25 a 6,50, prime 6 a 6,25, good 5,50 a 6,
thin 4,50 a 5,25 ; we noticed two voke taken at 4,00.

Working Oxen.— Sales were effected at $624, 65, 75,
78,80 and ins.

Cows and Calves.— SMes at $22, 25, 27, and 29.

S«v'»e— Sales were rather slow, but advanced. We
noticed one lot of 70 taken at 5c for Sows, and 6 for Bar-
rows,,ind one of 50 at 5 for sows and (i for barrows, one lot
of 30 large selected barrows at 6; one or two small lots
of selected barrows at 64, and one entire lot of 34, two-
thirds sows, at 5c; at retail 5,50 for sows, 6,50 for bar.
rows.

A'etv York Cattle .Market, March 30. — In markefcSSO
head Beef Cattle, and advanced prices were obtained;
sales averaging $7, we quote 6 a 8, for Cows 4,50 a 5,50.
Sheep very scarce and high piices are obtained, $3 a 7.

804

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

April 4, 1832.

MISCEJ-.LANY*

From the Salera Gazette^

The following Ode was written several yenrs ago, and
has been often published. But in this af;e of enterprise
and of activity in the pursuit of wealth, it may be well
sometimes to call in our thoughts and muse upon such
subjects. It is thus iutroduced by the aoilior of LacDn:

"There is so much of true genius, and poetic leelin»
of the highest order, in tlie following stanaas, that I can-
not withstand the teinplation of enriching my barren
pages with so beautiful a gem. This ode of Doctor Ley-
den's, in my humble opinion, comes as near perfection
as the sublunary muse (an arrive at, when a-sisted by a
subject that is interesting, and an execution that is mas-
terly. It adds a deeper shade to that sympathy which
such lines must awaken, to reflect that the spirit that
dictated them, has fled."

ODE TO A\ INDIAN GOLD COIN.
Written in Clcricnl, Malabar.

Slave of the dark and dirty mine !

What vanity has brought thee here;
How can I love tu see thee shine

So bright, whom I have bought so dear?

The tenl-ropes flapping lone I hear
For twilight converse, arm in arm;

The jackall's shriek, brrrsts on my ear
Whom mirth and music wont to charm.

By Cherical's dar-k wandering streams.

Where cane turls shadow .ill the wild,
Sweet visions haunt rrry waking dreams

Of Teviot lov'd while still a child.

Of castled rocks stupendous pil'J
By Esk or Eden's classic wave.

Where loves of youth and friendship smil'd
Uncursed by thee, vile yellow slave 1
Fade, day dreams sweet, from memory fade!

The porish'd bliss of youth's first prime,
That once so bright on fancy play'd.

Revives no more in after time.

Far from my .sacred natal clime,
I haste to an untimely grave;

The daring Ihouglit*, that ,=oar'd sirhlime,
Are sunk in ocean's soulherir wave.

Slave of the mine! thy yellow light

Gleam- baleful as the tornh-firc drear ;
A gentle vi.^ion comes hy night

My lonely widowed heart to cheer ;

Her eyes are dim with nrany a tear,
That once were guiding stars to mine ;

Her fond heart throbs with many a fear 1 —
I cannot bear to see thee shine.

For thee, for thee, vile yellow slave,

I left a heart that loved me true !
I cr-oss'd the tedious ocean-wave.

To roam in climes unkind and new,

The colli wind of the ctr-anger blew
Chill on my withor'd heart ; — the grave

Dark arrd untimely met my view —
And all for thee, vile yellow slave !

Ha! comest thou now so late to mock

A wander-er's banished heart forlorn.
Now that his frame the lightning shock

Of sun-rays tipt wilh death has borne?

From love, from friendship, courrtry, torn,
To memory's fond regrets the prey.

Vile slave, thy yellow dross I scorn ! —
Go mix thee vf ith thy kindred clay !

that good ' water lime ' will be found, eie loirg,
among us. We have seen specimens of excellent
lime stone from the region of Mt. Katahdin, and
also from the highlands on the Kennebec. We
have the best of granite ; near Harpswell and along
the coast, abundance of gcniss, &e, much used for
flagstones, for sidewalks; and plenty of slate.
Iron enough to supply half a dozen snrelting fur-
naces; on Ari'oirseag island, it is abundant; in
BitckfieUl, Oxford, Co. there is a hill full of it;
and in huudi-eds of other places, bog ore, &c,
may be fouird.

" Sulphuret of iron or copperas rock, sufficient
to make copperas enoitglr, when added to our ma-
ple bark, to dye all creation, black as the dark days
of Egyirt. Plenty of clay to make brick ; and
some white enough to make China for our belles
to sip green Hyson in. A mountain of graphic
Granite, which wc verily believe might be ntanu-
factured into Kaolin, aird the said Kaolin iirto the
best of porcelain. And while the spirit nroves us,
wo will prephecy that anthracite coal will one day
be dug iir our present territory.

rarm to Let.

A first rate farm ot about 120 acres, well proportion' d
in mowing, tiil.ge arrd pasturing. It is c.ipar)le of main-
tairiing .SO head nf callle, and is well calcrrhitod lor a
Milk Far iir, lor which purpose it hastecn used a irunv-
ber ol year-s. There is al-o one of lire host orchards in
the Stale — a good dwelling hou<c, and thieo good barns.
For terms apply at 56, Corrrmcrcial si. 41* Slar-ch 14.

Bees fur Sale.

FOR Sale by Eirrar-.«orr Wheeler, Brighton, abou^ n
do/en Swarms of Bees in Be. rd's I'aleirt Hives, from
8 to 15 each, including the hives.
March 14. 41*

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

.lUST received at .1. B. Russell's Seeri Siore, Nos: 61
& 52 North Market Street—

A small supply of hesh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warrarrted thi- growth ol the past s aaon, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchai ds in Mansfield, Coi»-
necticut. ShTrt directions for Its culture accompairy the
sceil.

An interesting experiment was tried at Newcas-
tle last week, on the state of the atmosphere. A
kite was sent up, having attached to it a piece of
butcher's meat, a fresh haddock, and a small loaf
of bread. The kite ascemled to a considerable
height, and remained at that elevation for an hour
and a rpiarter. M'hr'ii brought to the ground, it
was found that the fish and the ])iece of meat were
both ill a jnitrid stale, particularly the fish ; and
the loal^ wlren examined through a microscope,
was discovered to be pervaded with legions of
animajculic. It may be worth while to rejieat the
experiment, in other places to which the cholera
iiray unfortunately extend itself. — Kni^lish paper.

Flooring Boards, &c.

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fnr-
nisliid to order, ready planed (by steam power) and
tongired or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
gooil, arrd price lower than they can he el^^ewher'e haiL

Apply to E. COPEL.AND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

RESOURCES OF MAINE.

The Gardiner Standard niakes the following
enumeration of some of the natural productions of
Maine : —

" An abundance of excellent land, needing no-
thing but good culture. A hi'althy clinrate. An
extensive sea coast. Navigable rivers. Abun-
dance of lumber, (how long it will last, at the rate
it is destroyed now, is a serious question.) Plenty
of lime, both on the sea coast and in the interior ;
the most of that in the interior is somewhat im-
pure, mixed vyjth slate, &c. We have no doubt

Stallions.

THE following Horses are for sale or to let, the ensu-
ing season, — if not parted with, they will stand for Mares
at the farm o( A. Dey, at Lodi, Bergen Co. New Jeivscy,
near Newark bridge, under the care of Hosea Worthiiig-
ton.

PATri Kii.i.ER — chcsnut; five years old; sire, Amer-
ican Eclipse ; dam, Hyacinth, a pure thorough bred mare
of the English race breed, whose pedigree is verified irp
to the oriental horses, more than a hundred years; Iris
colts ar-e remarkable for their size and hone.

Navakino — blood-bay; four years old; sire. Sir Har-
ry ; dam. Hyacinth.

Harpinus — beautiful blood-bay; upwards of sixteen
hands high ; siie, Hambletnnian ; dam, Messenger M^re;
a great trotter, and his colts large and fine, well calcula-
ted for coach horses— for one pair of them, only 2 and 3
years old, $400 was refirsed.

The above horses will stand at $15, and the mare war-
ranted with foal. If paid by the 1st of November, 1832,
$12,50 will be taktrr.

Jerry Leghorn — cream color; sixteen hands high
five years old; sire, imported horse Leghorn; dam, a
Defiance Mare. This breed of horses has proved great
travellers, and valuable as roadsters and for farming hor-
ses. Stands at $8, and the mare warrarrted wilh lo.il —
if paid by the 1st of November, 18.32, $6 will be taken.
BuUs.

TWO Bulls of the imported short horned Durham breed
for sale, or to let the ensuing season. Enquir'eofA.
Dev, No. 27, Nassau street. New York.

March 14, 1832. 3t

Buckthorns,

Gentlemen in want of this valuable plant lor live
fences, can have young quicks about 3k feet high, for ,$3
per hundred, and plants 2J feet high, for $2,50 per hun-
dred, by leaving th°ir orders at the office of the New
England Farmer. They are raided in the vicinity of
Boston, are in the very finest order, and will be well
packed. A small charge will be added for freight.

March 14.

Ammuuition.

OF the best quality ai.u loirest prices, for sporting —
constariily lor sale at COl'ELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6; Broad Street.

N. IS. If the quality is not found sa'isfactory, it may
be rclrrrned, and the money willbe reb'iriieu Jan. 1

Evergreens, Silver Firs, etc.

THE subscriber being engaged in ihc .'^ocd business,
would be lia)>py to recei\-e orders for Forest Trees, 5*ceds
and Evergr-eens from Maine, and being agent for J. B.
Russell, Boston, and Prince & Sons," Flushing, N. Y.
orders sent through them or otherwise, will be attended
lo without delay. Particular ilireclions for taking up and
packing is r-equested. WM. MANN.

Augirsta, Me. March 14. 6t

A list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, &c, can be
seen at the Now England Farmer office.

Double Dahlia Roots, etc.

FOR .sale at the Agricultur-al Warehouse, Nns. 51 and 52
Norih Market street, a fine collection of Roots of the
Double Dahlia, or Gcorgina, viz. Double Scarlet, Red,
Dark Crimson, Dwarf Red, Dwaif pale Fuiple, Yellow,
Nankeen, Black, Dark Purple, Curled l'urplc,and Brick
color, at 75 cents each. Also, Tube Roses and Ama-
ryllis, 25 cents each. Lar-ge Scotch Gooseberry Bushes,
$1 50, and in six roots of difTcient soits — with the great-
est collection of Flower and (iarilcn seeds. Mar-ch 28.

A Stud Colt, and North Devon Bull.

A heautifirl Colt, near three years old, dark Bay with
black mane and tail — being the iirst Colt got by the cele-
brated Horse Barefoot in this country, and fiora a supe-
rior 'nd large native mare — price 250 dollars.

A North Devon Bull, nearfl ypars old; was imported
hy the subscriber from England, and is a fine animal. —
This breed ai'e always in color dark red, Iherelore easily
matched for working cattle and arc quick travellers, k
sure Calf getter, in good health and condition, but from his
age will be sold for $50.

Several superior Cows from the best Inrported stock,
partly Holderness, Jllderney, and Durham short horns,
have Calves, or near Calving, by the Norih Devon
Bull; from 35 a 50 dollars. Appiv to JOHN PRINCE.

Jamaica Plain, March 27, 1832.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at «f3 per annum,
pa\abln at the end of the year — birt those who pay within
sixty da\s from the tirrre of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.

[HF No pap( r will be sent to a distance witnout payraen-t
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Ri-ssei.l, by T. R. Botts — by whom

all descriptions of Printing cnn be executed to meet the

wishes of customers. Orders for- Printing received by J. B.

RussFLi., at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, (North

' Market Street.

H^W

\i ^iL AKi

PUULISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, AU. o^, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Ahkic ulturai. Waiu house.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

vor^. X.

Ho r tic u It

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL, 11, 1832.

NO. 39.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

Mr Editor — Ilaviiii:;, iliu-iiig tlic past season,
kept a jdiirnal oCsuiiie few horticultural operations,
I DOW sriiil it to you in the hope (imperfect as it
is,) that it may be of some use to your readers.
What I spikI is a copy, with the e.\ception of a
few omissions not important enough to he tran-
scribed. I send it to you. Sir, with great diffidence
as respects my skill in gardening and horticultural
accomplishiVients, generally, compared with those
of many of your ingenious correspondents; but
with entire confidence in my fidelity and most
anxious desire to advance our captivating, enno-
bling art, You will see that I have taken notice of
some of the most common, everyday operations of
the garden. This can l)e of no service to many of
your readers, but it may to some. There are al-
ways beginners, as I was, upon removing from the
city of Albany to the country, nine years since, to
whom even the simplest instructions are valuable;
indeed we must begin with A B C in every art
and science ; and tlie greatest error, perhaps, in
those who attempt to instruct is, that they consid-
er too many things as already known.

Besides, Sir, many of these common circum-
stances that I have mentioned, may give all your
readers some idea of differences of climate.

As to these particulars, they should know tlrat
my residence is at Stockbridge, Mass. thirty miles
from the Hudson, in the County of Berksliire, in
the latitude of Kinderhook on that river. I give
you, Sir, my name as a pledge of fidelity, and I
cannot but think that it would be more conducive
to the cause of truth and science, if the like were
generally done in such communications. I see
that many of your correspondents are anonymous,
with whom I should be ashamed to compare my-
self, either as a practical or learned gardener — it
is a fiilse modesty and injurious to our art. Mr
J6hn Lowell, who is our greatest benefactor in
this State, one of the greatest, certainly, to the
country, and whose general attainments, sound
judgment and pure life, are not surpassed, even by
his own great accomplishments, in our department,
has in this respect placed before even the humblest
of us, a tnie example. At a long distance from
him, I follow.

I have inclosed in brackets, observations noio
made upon the subjects mentioned in the journal.
The reader will see that the various absences men-
tioned, have rendered it more imperfect than it
might otherwise have Ijeen. .

THEODORE SEDGWICK.

IVest Stockbridge, Mass.

JOURKAL.

1831. March 11th. Sowed lettuce and pepper-
grass seed in hot-bed.

15th. Sowed, to be transplanted, in box No. 1,
Musk-melon, Green, [the name of an individual
from whom the seed was received ;] boxes Nos. 2,
3, 4, .5, Minorfti;.(3, 7, 8, large Ribbed Montreal ;
[these were sown in wooden boxes without bot-
tom, not having pots enough. The box is a bad
thing, as I was informed before I tried it — the

wood absorbs moisture very rapidly, and inde[)cn-
deutly of that, for the plants had moisture enough
the wood seems to be unfavorable to the root oi
the jilant.]

15th. SowedSpinach in hot-bed and on terraces.
24th. S|)inach in hot-bed up ; Lettuce ditto ;
Pejjper-grass about four days since.

'U'nh. Planted, in pot No. 1, Casaba, [said to
be excellent in the P.Iediterranean, but cannot give
the correct name ;] Musk-melon, 2d ditto ; Dela-
van, .3d ditto ; 4, Green ; 5, C, Minorca ; 7, 8, large
Ribbed Montreal; 9, 10, 11, Boston Cantelope.
Planted also Cucumberseed in eight Squash shells,
[these are shells of the large summer Squash ; the
]>lants flourished more in these shells than in the
J)oxes, or the pots. I find no difficulty in break-
ing them when the plant' is to be put out. The
bottom of the shell is cut out when the seed is
sown, to permit the roots of the plant to enter the
ground, their confinement in the pot seems to he
injurious. In the large shells I had the finest
plants, and have saved fine shells this year for this
purpose. It is 'proper to mention here, that the
numbers of my pots got into confusion, and my
plants, though put down in four different parts of
two gardens, of course became intermixed.

2.5th. Sowed Cape Brocoli ; Montreal ; ditto
early York, ditto purple Cabbages. [These Bro-
coli seeds were Cabbage ; all false.]

2Gth. Put out on terraces, in jjoxes, Kidney
potatoes to sprout for early potatoes, covered with
horse manure.

April 1st. Put charcoal refuse about Baltimore
Grape, on surface of the ground. [I call this
" Baltimore " because I received the plants from
a friend there, it is very much like the Isabella, if
not the very thing. As to names, I hope that Mr
Prince's book will prove valuable to us, and his
nomenclature. It is certain that we ara in great
confusion now. As to kinds, I have many of
those usually recommended at the nurseries, and
by friends ; several of these I have rejected as
worthless where I am, on account of climate, and
I can say with truth, that had my varieties not
extended beyond three or four, I should have been
saved a great deal of vexation.]

2d. Planted bishop and blue imperial dwarf
Peas ; sowed Cauliflower, Radish and Tomatoes,
in hot-bed. [These cauliflower seed, also entirely
false.]

15th. Took jip several sweet-water grapes and
transplanted thetn ; buds not started, and wood
does not bleed when cut, season not being forward
enough. Took up the box of pippin Apples,
buried below the frost on terraces, about three-
quarters entirely sound ; all somewhat mouldy
from dampness, but not injured thereby ; mould
wiped off. [Apples in my ground have deteriora-
ted greatly in a few years. For the three last
years, including the present, there has not been
one apple in a hundred, not stung by the insect ;
this year worse than ever. I found the mode of
burying more jjerfect than any other for preserva-
tion ; though for two years i)ast, I have put many
with great care in cut straw, a layer of apples and
then a layer of straw. The burying is trouble-
some and not to be recommended ; where apples
keep well, I prefer the straw.]

IGth. Uncovered some of njy vines and put by
them bass mats, in order to cover them at night
till the frosts are over. Tied all the limbs of the
vines, te.npomrily, to lower bar of trellises, in order
to cover without breaking young shoots, some
buds beginning to swell. [These mats I find very
usefid ; they come about Russia iron, and I have
bought the full size (new) for ]2i cents, and the
half size for 6 cents each.] — Fruit set on some
currant bushes. This is a mild rainy morning.

18th. Peas up. Pear blossoms sufficiently ex-
panded to be visible. Planted Kidney potatoes,
some of which had sprouted, having been put
down for that purpose. Forked one square, on
which are grape vines. Transplanted several
plum trees, budded last season from a Reine Claude
imported from France. [In all cases lately of
trees budded in my own garden, I have, besides
the bud, preserved some of the natural wood, in
order to get varieties. I transplanted these bud-
ded trees this year, in order to try the effect upon
the buds ; the buds failed ; at the time that the
buds would have come out, the season was more
unfavorable from drought, than I have known at
that period of the year.]

19th. A few strawberry blossoms appear on a
strawberry obtained from a neighboring garden,
and said to be a wild stiawberry ; these on terra-
ces. [These plants all males, not a single fruit ;
hII hoed up ; this is the second time that I have
had this mortification.] •

19th. Transplanted plum and peach trees ;
wastjcd ,,fb- hark of yoiuig pear trees with very
strong lime water, [one of these trees being in a
miserable state, covered with Aphides, (vulgarly
called plant-lice,) is nearly recovered. I have in
other cases since, tried strong soap-suds, and be-
lieve it to be better than the lime.]

19th. Transplanted Ilautbois strawberries, all
yovng plants of last year's growth, [this is essen-
tial.]

21st. Planted sweet corn, and Mohawk bean •
sowed onions and beets. [This Mohawk bean is
a speckled bean, white and flush, well known in
the shops, but I do not know by what name ; the
best eai-ly string bean that I have seen ; next best
as a string bean to the red cranberry, that is
very late.]

22d. Uncovered some foreign grapes on terra-
ces ; buds begin to swell, and a few are injured
in taking out, by pressing against the ground.

2.3d. Put down grape slips, sweet-water and.
Isabella.

27tli. Uncovered residue of grapes. Put char-
coal dust about an inch in thickness, about several
grape vines, in order to ascert.ain whether this
would accelerate the time of ripening, by increas-
ing the superficial heat, or had any other effect.
[No effect perceived as to maturing the fruit, but
I think the experiment is worthy of being contin-
ued ; whenever the ground was forked, I renew-
ed the dust.]

27th. After looking diligently, I cannot find a
single live bud on peach or apricot tree. [These
uids I presume were destroyed, either during the
fall or winter. As early as March, I examined
them, when I supposed them nearly all to be dead.]
Plums have very few buds ; Prince's large green

306

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 11, 1832.

gage has few, his yellow gage more ; a young
"green Claud.e," imported, lias few, [this is the
small kind, and bears the most delicious plum I
ever tasted.] A blue plum, called with us the
horse-plimi, an excellent plum, has many buds ;
a young damson, full ; [these buds matured into
fruit, which was entirely cut off in the early dry
weather.' I had not one plum, peach, or apricot;
as to the plum, a circumstance unexampled.]

May 5th. Returned from Albany, after an ab-
sence since 30th idt. Find vegetation very back-
ward. There appears to be more than a week's
ditierence between vegetation on the Hudson and
at this place. Buds of plums and cherries just
begin to open.

6th. Transplanted some musk-melon, and put
charcoal dust around some on the surface ; [these
plants appeared to be invigorated by the dust —
never so fine in my garden.]

i)th. Very cold ; fires all day ; snow nearly all
the afternoon, by turns. x\t 5 o'clock, P. M. be-
gan to cover all grape vines old enough to bear
fruit, with mats ; this done in one hour, being as-
sisted by two men for half that time, there being
about a hundred vines that were likely to bear
fruit. This from extreme caution, as the buds do
not seem forward enough to be injured. [Of
these one hundred vines, I had fruit only on about
one third part. The greater munber were not
more than two years old after transplanting ; many
being three years old from the slip ; at that age I
believe they do not generally bear.]

10th. At 5 o'clock, A. M. thermometer at freez-
ing ; ground stilf with frost, but nothing injured ;
iriany plants covered, melons, &c.

IJth. Some pears in blossom fairly out ; apple
blossoms not quite out ; early strawberries in full
blossom, on terraces. • •^

I'ith. A few blossoms of the Ilautbois.

13th. Pears in full blossom. Grapes on terra-
ces, in a few cases, in leaf. Thermometer, yes-
terday at 78, at half past eleven in the morning —
it being warm in the evening, the beetle first seen
on fruit trees. [As the ravages of this insect are
becoming more and more destructive,! have taken
great pains to ascertain facts in regard to it, but
thus far without success that has led to any satis-
factory results. In this part of the country the
evil is worse and worse ; .tlie plum, the apricot,
anil lately the apple, are its victims. I say the
heetk, for I suppose this to be the insect. The sug-
gestion was made to me by my friend, Mrs Grittith
of Brunswick, N. J. some years since ; a lady equally
well known lor her knowledge, skill, and admira-
ble enthusiasm, in the art to which she has princi-
pally devoted her time and talents. Unsatisfactory
as my efforts have been, they may perhaps supply
uset'ul hints to some more fortunate cultivator ; I
therefore. Sir, give you extracts from my Journal,
both of the last year and the present.

tjth May, 1^30. On the night of the 3d inst. 1
saw, for the first time, the beetle on my fruit trees.
Trees full of the insect, ajipeaied about dusk ; at
9 o'clock I shook from one tree about one hundred
and fifty, into a sheet. The two succeeding nights
ajipeared the same way, on plums, apricots and
cherries ; at the same hour on both nights, shook
all my trees and thousands came off; some enter-
ed the ground iiniuediately, others remained on it
nearly in a state of torpidity ; I could not perceive
that they rose again to the trees. On the 7tli
instant, the weather having come off" cold, wind
to the northwest, at 9 o'clock in the evening 1

could fiud none on the trees. During two nights
I protected a French plum tree, by covering the
half of it with a sheet ; there were no insects on it.

1830. May 14th. There having been a succes-
sion of cold nights, I have not seen the beetle
again till the night before the last, when the trees
were again covered ; at dusk they seemed
to be in motion generallj' ; at 9 o'clock they
had Settled upon the trees which jvere then sha-
ken, and I could not observe that they rose after
falling.

1830. June 10th. Having for several nights
made fires with shavings, in the hope of attracting
the beetle, I have failed ; a very few only flew
into the tire ; this insi^ct is yet in numbers on my
plum trees. I have not found shaking the trees
to effect the object of driving them away^, though
most for the time fall ; the.y now feed uponthe
leaves of the trees ; this I can see every night, but
T do not tee them on the fruit, though it is obvi-
ous that a large portion of the fruit has been stung.
The youi g plum trees which 1 put down last year
look very badly, which I attribute jjartly to the
season and partly to the beetle, having ascertained
that the beetle resorts regularly to' these young
trees. Some of my early apples look ipiite spec-
kled, as if they had been stung in several directions.]
Journal for 1831, continued.

May 13th. At 12 o'clock, wimu out with a lan-
tern and discovered the insect (beetle) on two Si-
berian crab-apple trees, saw them eat the blossom ;
took off' the stem and insect, brought them into
the house ; before tnorning the blossom was en-
tirely devoured ; after witnessing- their progress on
the crab, saw them afterwards on the plum.
Shook several trees, and saw the insect fall ; found
several on young green gages, eating the leaf, there
not bring any blossoms on those trees.

14th. Saw the beetle again at 9 o'clock, P. M.
on the crab and on the plum, but not near as nu-
merous as last year ; many much smaller. Saw
it on some young green gages, on which there was
not a blossom.

15th. Hung the two halves of a mackerel in
two plum trees, to try the effect of the scent of the
fish upon the insect. [This is a New Jersey pre-
scription, and though I am no great believer in
these ])ennaceas, we- are too ignorant of the laws
of nature to be authorised to reject, as quackery,
all such propositions.]

Ifith. Find the beetle at 9 o'clock, P. M. on
one of the trees in which the fish was. See very
few of these insects, though the night is warm and
fine. There are few, conqiared with last season.
Sweet corn, potatoes and beans, up. For the last
three days, have watered with liquid manure some
of my oldest grapes and some of my fom- years'
old vines ; watered also strawberries, cabbages,
lettuces, onions, &c. There has been no rain for
a week. Hautbois in beds, in full blossom. —
Thermometer at 58, at 10 o'clock, P. M.

17th. Beetle apjiears ; not so many by far as
last year ; find them again on the trees where the
fish was.

20th. Examined young nursery plants, found
some badly injured by the worm ; same worm
that destroys the peach tree ; several trees so batlly
injured as to be nearly girdled by the worm.

21st. Laid down lead pipes in garden. [In the
mode of delivering this water, there is a peculiarity
that is worthy of attention. The water proceeds
from a spring, that was supposed to be sufficient
for forty or fifty houses only. It being important

that there .'should be no ivdste water, it is delivered
through apertures in leaden pipes, not generally
larger than to admit the head of a common j)in ;
at iny house a common knitting-needle will not
enter the aperture, and still nothing has ever in-
terrupted the watt r, for more than a year, but
careless management in one or two instances.]

To be conclutled nesl week.

The followiiio; letter, from an eminent cultivator in
Maine, will prove uselul as well <is interesting to all who
have suffried by the destnictiou aiiioDg fruit trees, so
much deplored by hoiticulturisls.

Maine, M;irch -26, 1833.
Hor». John Lowell, Boston,-

Dear Sin — I have read, with regret, your in-
telligence on the subject of the death of the shoots
of certain fruit trees.* If the evil ])revads to the
extent apprehended, you will judge how Jar the
following exjiedient offers a chance of a partial
remedy.

\'arious botanists conceive that nature has pro-
vided trees with sets of imperfect buds, or latent
germs, ready to be brought into activity as exigencies
sli:ill require. Now I presume to suggest the cut-
ting off'tlie whole of the wood of the damaged trees,
which was generated in 1831, (so far as shall be
found requisite ;) and trusting to the exertions of
the shoots made in 1830, for providing you with a
stock of buds, or germs, to form new wood for the
present season, 1832. No evil seems to attend the
first part of the operation, namely, the removal of
the damaircd wood tiom your trees, but the con-
trary, and you may then as the residt of it, probably,
bring into play some of the buds or germs which
we have supposed to be laid up by nature for or-
ciis'onal usef, esjiecially if you employ the ordin-
ary means for provoking their appearance, sug-
gested by different authors. For experiment's
sake, however, it may be wise to leave some of the
damaged shoots of 1831, standing, to see whether
nature (who is fertile in resources) may not do
something unexpected for us, out of that very
wood, even though it has lost its primary ostensible
buds.

It will be observed, that the principal object in
the scheme above jiroposed is to luovide buds for
the present year, 1832. 1 shall proceed, therefore,
to offer to your notice two other auxiliary modes
for obtaining the very same object, namely, the
supply of buds for the present year, 1832.

The first of these auxiliary methods is founded
on a particidar within my own knowledge. Many
years ago, some Inindles of fruit scions came to
to me from England, late in tlie season ; and the
lower ends of the scions being well packed, many
powerful shoots (both terminal shoots and side
shoots) made their appearance. The bundles be-
ing forwarded to me in this condition by the mail
coach, a Postmaster in a neighboring village, who
was cmious as to fruit, cut off" some side shoots,
from which he look buds ; and he told me, that
on inserting these bufts in proper stocks, they grew.
Hence I ask, whether some of the various bundles
of scions, iyqiorted this year from Europe, may
not be pushed forward in their vegetation so as to
form powerful shoot?, from which shoots buds
may be taken and employed as above mentioned
liv the ]iostmaster. May not the same question
also be put, as to valuable scions received this sea-
son, from different parts of the United States .'

But I break off these queries to cofctinue my nar-

*For the documents to whicli reference is here made,
see New England Farmer for March 14th, 1832, p. 278.

Vol. X.-No. 39.

AND IIOIITICULTURAL JOURNAL.

307

rativc, as it will lead me to iiiiportaiit ilijf'cts.
— When tlic biiudles of scions arrived with me, I
had tliem opened in my presence, and found vigo-
rous shoots fioni them, as above particularised ;
but these shoots having been fortned in the dark,
their color was sallow, or in other words, (as some
would call them after the French botanists,) they
were tiiotated. I now committed them to the care
of a skilful English gardener, who had long lived
with me ; and I presume that they succeeded as
grafts, for I recollect nothing peculiar having been
uieiitioned to me to the contrary ; and it was an
obvious precaution to let iu the light of the sun
gradually to the scions, in order to furnish them
with their natural green color.* These may pos-
sibly be called refinements ; but facts, illustrating
principles, may often be useful, independent of the
specific applications made of the facts in question.

My second auxiliary method of providiru^ buds in
the ensuing season, 1832, rests on an invention
adapted in England about thirteen years ago, for
transmitting buds to great distanfcs by the post,
inclosed in letters. Directions for accomjilishing
this, are given in " The Transactions of the Lon-
don Horticultural Society," vol. 4, part 3, page 403,
by its president, Thomas Andrew Knight, in an
article read to the society April 3, 1821. The di-
rections are as follows: —

" Some experiments were made two years ago,
by Sir Charles Monk and myself, to ascertain the
most eligible method of transferring buds from one
part of the kingdom to another ; the result of
"ivhich has had the effect of saving me some trou-
ble, and my friends some expense. It has also led
me to adopt a better mode of using buds whi^h
have become somewhat withered, than I previously
knew. # * » »

" Several methods of packing buds were tried,
but tlie following, which was first adopted by Sir
Charles Monk, having proved at once to be the
most efiicient and most easy of execution, it is
needless to describe others. The leafstalks of the
bud were x-educed to a very short length, and the
young branch was tlieu inclosed in a double fold
of cabbage leaf, bound close together at each end,
and inclosed in a letter. It was found advanta-
geous to place the lower surface of the cabbage
leaf inwards, by which the inclosed branch was
supplied with humidity, that being the perspira-
ting surface of the leaf; (* * the other surface
being nearly or wholly impervious to moisture.)

" I did not (says Mr Knight) usually receive
the buds from Belsay Castle, the seat of Sir C.
Monk, in Northumberland, in less than fi\e or
six days ; and the leaf-stalk had often parted from
the bud, and the bark [of the bud] could not very
readily be detached from the wood ; the wood was
therefore sutli'i'cd to remain, but it was pared very
thin, particularly such part of it as extended above
the bud ; and as the loss of the leaf-stalk deprived
me of the usual method of holding the bud, I
foimd it necessary to sufier that to remain attach-
ed to the branch above it, or to a part of it, tiil I
had placed the bud in its proper position. The
bud was then severed from the branch with a sharp
knife; and the bud almost always succeeded as

• The change of color of whole forests in this coiintiy
fro:M Siillow (o f;reeii. alter wet and cloudy weather in the
proper season, is now well known to ob-^ervers. When
M. A. K. IMichaux was in this country, in a djy season,
which w.is fullowed by a sort of weather just nienlioned;
a grafted scion made vigorous shoots in the open air,
which anly gradually became green by means ol solar
light.

well as one recently taken from the tree could
have done." ,

I Thus far, Mr Knight ; the jilan described by
him being useful for all who are concerned in
budding, in the budding season ; though it requires
some modification in the United Stales, where the
climate in the budding season is much hotter than
it is in the Inidding season in England.
I For a plan of this kind to succeed to any extent
in the U. States, it ought to provide for coolness, for
economy, and for the presence of .i certain degree
and kind of moisture, (that is, of moisture free
from unhealthy dampness and from danger offer-
mentation.) The English plan of removing the
expanded leaves from their foot stalks, must also
not be forgotten, as preventing a needless expend-
iture of sa)), &c ; nor yet should the aid of the in-
ner surface of cabbage leaves be overlooked. But,
instead of using the inclosure of a letter, the lower
ends of the branches of scions should be included
in proper earth somewhat moistened ; or in coarse
damp linen, refreshed from time to time wth cool
water. A suitable -covering must then be provi-
ded for the whole, of a nature to resist beat and
to prevent damage from blows or pressure. •

In this shape, the English expedient for spread-
ing buds through a whole country in the budding
season, may be carried to any desired extent in
the United States. The plan is the more to be
recommended, as it is beginning to be felt, both in
this country and iu England, that grafted apples
can be converted into the finest cider, should such
fruit not meet a market in its natural state, or in
any of the forms into which it may be brought by
means of art. Let us conclude by observing, that
Mr Knight does not speak of his plan as applied
to buds of this or the other kind of fruit only, but
he speaks of buds g-ejitraWi/ ; (of course, meaning
to confine himself to the buds of such trees as can
be propagated by buds.)

Some short miscellaneous remarks will conclude
this letter. It being premised that we, like you,
had some intensely hot days in the summer of
1831 ; and a winter to follow it which not only set
in very suddenly, but was for some time pei-fectly
unrelenting, though not uncommonly remarkable
for the extremity of its cold. It should be added
that many of our buds for 1831, began to foriri
early in the preceding winter ; and that our spring
had in it some cold and damp weather. Thus
prepared, I leave you to make your own observa-
tions iu what follows, only occasionally offering
some remarks of my own.

1. A peach tree was early covered with beau-
tiful blossoms, which were soon followed by fine
leaves ; when, siiddenly, the border below became
strewed with the ruins of this noble appearance ;
saving that two large ruddy peaches remained, as
we thought, but one of the ends of each peach be-
came soft and the stones split. A second crop of
blossoms and of leaves cairie out on this tree, less
forward than the first, but no satisfactory crop of
fruit followed.

2. The heat of the summer made the leaves of
several of our apple trees wilt, curl, and stiffen ;
and though it was reported to me by a sensible
observer, that some of these leaves recovered them-
selves, yet, I myself noticed others which failed to
do this. Indeed, my present gardener has assured
me that in a former year, he has seen the fruit
itself, of the apple, wilt — and he is usually an exact
noter of such incidents.

3. Some of the leaves of our maple trees be-

canu' twisted on thi ir foot stalks, in the aiUiunn ;
the cause of which, I had not the oi]))ortunily of
observing; iior had I the opportunity of noticing
afterwards, any Elteratiou in theii ])osition.

4. Many of our blossoms, iu the spring of 1831,
had the appearance of having set, but the young
fruit fell. Various of our field and garden crops
suffered also, moie or less ; though in general, all
succeeded sufliciently well, exce]jting our potatoes,
which hiid too much wet. I must here remark,
what I have also seen in books, namely, that as
fructification depends much on the spread of the
farina of blossoms, such s|)read of it cannot very
easily occur in very misty weather. Hence we
have not to look at the coldness of our weather
alone, when the blossoms are setting ; but on the
dryness of the farina which is to bespread abroad.
It is possible, that a fierce wind also may prevent
the setting of the farina. Hence I have always
been used to attend, of late years, to the dryness
of the season when the blossoms are open ; to
wish for a gentle air to be then abroad ; and I am
glad also to see smishine at such periods.

The bunches of the currant tree seem to me, in
particular, to depend on favorable weather for the
])roper ripening of all their berries. I presume,
in short, to think that we want a regular series of
observations and experiments on this point. Such
are a few of the detached circumstances on these
subjects, which have presented themselves to my
recollection since the (all of the year 1830, up to
this date ; reserving myself for the fuller notice of
our buds of 1831, till mild spring weather shall
have taken possession of our orchards and gardens,
when you may possibly again hear from me. In
the mean time I may observe, that our trees at
present bear many buds which appear lively, but
are very small, having made no progress during
the winter.

By way of i-eview of the subject of this letter, I
beg to remark, that as jou seem deprived of many .
of the fruit buds and leaf buds, which you expect-
ed to find on your fruit trees at this season, (the
spring of 1832,) I have turned my attention to the
artificial creation (if I may so term it) of such buds,
and to the economical use of such as might be
found within your reach. Secondly — as the course
of vegetation between the fall of 1830 and the pres-
ent moment, has been peculiar, I have added the
mention of a few miscellaneous circumstances, af-
ter the example you have set me, leaving the
causes and effects of them to be di.scussed hereaf-
ter at leisure, I am, my dear Sir,

Most truly yours, .

P. S. — As some persons have affirmed that
much greater injury has been done to fruit trees
in some places, than you have represented in your
late statements, it is necessary to observe, that my
letter speaks only of the precise amount of evil
you have pointed out; namely, the destruction of
the leaf buds and fruit buds, generated in 1831, on
which you depended for the prolific powers of
your scions to be grafted in 1832.

Fruit Trees. — We learn from various directions,
that the past winter has been lamentably destruc-
tive of fruit trees in this State; the peach, pear,
and phun trees, in particular. In fact, very few,
if any, have escaped. We triist, however, that
litis calamity will not discourage their cultivation,
as it may be a half century ere another such
incessantly cold winter shall return upon us. —
Maine paper.

308

NKW ENGLAND FARMER,

April II, 1832.

MANGi:i. Wl'KTZEL AND SUGAR BEET.
Soil and preparation. — Tlie soil for these roots
should he a loam, inclining to clay, in good tilth,
well niunuretl, and made tine to a good depth.
John" Hare Pqwel, Esq. corresponding secretary to
the Pennsylvania Agricultural Society, in giving
an account of his mode of cultivating this crop,
says, " JMy soil was not naturally strong ; it has
heen gradually so much • deepened as to enable
Wood's plough, No. 2, drawn by four oxen, to
plough fourteen inches deep. Fresh barn-yard
manure was equally spread upon the surface, and
ploughed under in the early part of April, in quan-
tities not larger than are generally used for potato
crops in this country. Early in May, the land
was twice stirred with Beatsou's scarifier, harrow-
ed, rolled ; after stirred, harrowed and rolled again
in the opposite direction." The soil on which
Messrs Tristram Little and Henry Little, of New-
bury, Mass. raised their premium crop in 1824, is
a clay loam. In 1823, about three fourths of the
same was sowed with onions, and manured with
about eight cords of compost manure to the acre.
The other quarter was sowed with wheat without
manure. In the fall of 1823, there were about
ten cords of compost manure drawn on the lot,
and put in a heap. JIosi of said compost was
drawn from tlie salt mashes, when ditching the
same ; the other part was from the barn-yard. In
the month of April, 1824, the heap was thrown
over and well mixed,

Plantitig. — Col. Powel says, " The holes for the
seeds were made by a wheel, containing p('gs in
its circumference, which penetrated the ground
about an inch, leaving intervals of four inches ;
the rows were made two feet asunder ; two ca|)-
sules were dropped in each hole ; the wheel of a
common barrow was passed over them, thus com-
pressing the earth, and leaving a slight rut for the
retention of moisture."

Messrs Tristram and Henry Little ol)Scrve, that,
"Between the 8th and 11th of May, the land was
ploughed and sowed in the following manner : —
Aflin- one deep plougliing, the ground was furrow-
ed two and a half feet apart, and the manure put
into the forrows, and covered with a double mould-
board plough ; a roller was then passed on the
top of the ridge, and the seed dibbled in with the
finger over the manure, about six or eight inches
apart." The quantity of seed, according to Eng-
lish writers, is four pounds to an acre. Mr David
Little, in obtaining a premium crop, sowed four
pounds, but observed that he thought half that
quantity would have been sufficient.

Jlfter-cvlture.- — In raising Col. Powel's crop,
" A small cultivator, which I have contrived for
the purpose, was drawn between the rows soon
after the seed appeared ; a three inch triangular
hoe removed the alternate plants, leaving the oth-
ers at distances varying from eight to twelve in-
ches asunder. The cultivator was twice used
before the 20tli of July. The heavy rains of Au-
gust made another hoeing necessary, and surcharg-
ed the ground so much with moisture, that all
roots increased much less in that month, than du-
ring the same time in the two last years." The
Messrs Little, " in the course of the season, thin-
ned their plants, and left them from six to twelve
inches apart in the rows. They were once hoed,
and ploughed three times between the rows." —
IMr Powel, in raising a previous crop, had placed
the rows thirty inches apart, and left the plants six
inches apart in the rows. He says, " I this year

desired smaller roots, which might grow so close-
ly, as, by their leaves, to protect the soil as niudi
as possible from the rays of the run. My cultiva-
tor by its peculiar form, enabled ine to cut oft" the
weeds when the plant was so young, that, if I had
applied the plough, their crowns must have been
covered in many instances, by earth occasionally
falhng from its land side. The failure which at-
tends the cultivation of most root crops in drills,
proceeds from the neglect of weeds in their early
stages. Four or five days of delay, frequently
make the difference of fifteen days in the labor of
making clean an acre of ground. The weeds
which a boy with a sharp shingle could remove
at the coinmeucenient of one week, may, before
the end of the next, require the application of an
implement drawn by a horse.

" I ascribe my success, in great measure, to the
use of WooiVs extraordinary plovgh, which enters
the soil more deeply and ])ulverises it more per-
fectly, than any other I have ever seen, with equal
force, in any country ; to the use of cultivators,
which complete the production of fine tilth ; to the
destruction of the wpeds on their first ajipearauce ;
leaving the smallest space u])on which a horse
can walk, between the rows ; and, above all, to
planting the seeds of a proper kiiid upon a ^urjace
which is kept perfectly flat.'"

General remarks. — Agriculturists have not agreed
whether it is most expedient to plant the seeds of
this root, on ridges or on a level. Col. Powel
condemns ](lanting on ri,dges in this country, as a
practice not adapted to our soil and climate, in
which vegetables are very lialile to suffer by
drought. He says, among the various practices,
into which we have been seduced by the plausible
theories of the advocates of European husbandry,
there is none which appears to me more absurd
than that which has led us to drill or dibble our
crops on ridges. The English farmer wisely con-
tends with the evils produced by too much rain ;
the American husbandman should as anxiously
guard against his most fornudable enemy, drought.
I am inclined to think that there is no crop culti-
vated in this State, Pennsylvania, which ought not
to be put on a flat surface."

The climate of New England, especially its
northern part, is not so warm and dry as that of
Pennsylvania, and in that part of the United States,
perhaps the nature of the soil should decide the
question, if dry, level planting, or if moist, ridge
planting should be adopted."

We have heard complaints from American farm-
ers, that the seed of this root is slow and imcer-
tain in coming up. Perhaps the seed or soil, or
both, may sometimes be too dry at the time of
sowing. A writer in the English Farmer's Jour-
nal says, " I have of late years steeped my seed
for at least fortyeight hours. I made an experi-
ment with twenty st)und seeds not steeped, twen-
ty steeped twentyfour hours, and the same number
steeped fortyeight hours; every seed of the latter
produced jjlants, which came up two or three
days sooner than either of the others, and. some of
those not steeped did not come up at all." Mr
Cobbet, in treating of the culture of common gar-
den beets, (American Gardener, par. 198,) directs
to soak the seed four days and nights in rain water
before it is sowed ; and observes, that the mangel
wurtzel should be cultivated in the same maimer
as the other kinds of beets. American writers, so
far as we have observed, give no directions for
soaking the seedsof this vegetable before planting-

aiid it is possible that the omission of this i>art of
I hi' process, may cause the slowness and uncer-
tainly of vegetation, complained of. The capsule
or husk, which contains the seeds, is dry, and it
requires a long time for the moisture which it
may derive from the earth, to penetrate this integ-
ument, so as to cause the seed to sprout. But if
the soil be very moist at the lime of sowing, soak-
ing the seed had better be omitted.

Use. — The following remarks are from a paper
comn)tuiicated to the trustees of the Massachusetts
Agricultural Society, by J. Lowell, Esq. late pres-
i<lent of said society. They are derived, princi-
]ially, from a French pid)hcation, by the Abb6
Rosier : —

" This root is very little afft'cted by changes of
weather. It is attacked by no insect ; drought
affects but little its vegetation. It prepares the
land extremely well for other crojjs. It may be
sown and treated precisely like the common beet,
except that it ought to stand eighteen inches asun-
der.

" In good land, thev often weigh nine or ten
pnimds, and are stripped eight or nine times. In
a light, eandy, but well manured soil, they some-
times weigh fourteen and even sixteen pounds
each !

" The first crop of leaves in France is taken off"
in the latter end of June, or the beginning of July.
In this country, probably the latter period would
be preferable. The lower leaves, those which in-
diiii' towards the ground, are those which arc
takin away, and care nuist be taken to preserve
th(^ top leaves or the crown of the plants. The
leaves may be taken oft' every 15 days after the first
gathering. Oxen, cows and sheep, devour them
greedily, and fatten readily upon them. All do-
mestic poultry eat them readily, when chopped^
fine and mixed with grain. Horses will eat them
very well, mixed with chojiped straw. Hogs also
fatten upon them.

" Cov.s fed upon this root, solely, give a greater
quantity of milk and cream and of better quality,
for the first fifteen days, after which they grow
too fat and the milk lessens. The food of cows
must therefcre be varied. Oxen and sheep fatten
very well upon them. Cows shoidd have grass
in projiortion of one third to the beet leaves, or
every third day they should be turned to grass.
In this mode their milk will be excellent. The
trouble of gathering the leaves is less than that of
gathering any other green fodder. It niay be done
by children, while men are required to cut other
green food for cattle. It is the surest crop, since
the plant will stand the largest droughts. The
roots are gathered and treated like those of the
common beet. Tlie skin is very tender, and care
should be trken to handle them so as they may
not be wounded, as they will, in that case, not
keep so well. In order to preserve the seed in
purity, care should be taken to change the ground
in which the seed-beets are planted. The seed
can be preserved, after it is gathered, three or four
years, without injury. In giving these roots to
cattle for food, they are first washed and then cut
up into pieces about the size of a nut. It is al-
ways best to accompany them, when given to
horned cattle, with clover, or other hay or straw,
and if the hay or straw has been previously cut
fine, it will be preferable. If horses are fed with
this root, with a proportion of hay or cut straw,
(half of each,) they will be fat, vigorous and healthy.
If they are worked severely, a little oats or corn

Vol. X No. 39.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

309

may be added. It is tlius tliyy are treated in Ger-
many, where tin? root stands in the stead of mea-
dows or grass lauds, and whose excellent horses
are well known.

"Hogs, fed upon them raw, after they have
been cut up fine and mixed with milk or other
drink, fatten as well upon them as upon boiled po-
tatoes, by which, the fuel and trouble of boiling is
saved.

"As to the quantity given to animals, mucli
will depend on the ])roportion of other fodder
which you allow them. Cows fed twice a day in
winter, upon eighteen jjounds of these roots at
each time, together with four pounds of hay or
chopped straw, will give as much and as good njilk
as in summer, and they will be kept in the best
possible state.

" Oxen fed with forty weight of these roots per
day, with ten pounds of hay, for one month, and
after that with fifty weight per day of the roots
alone, will be fat enough for sale in two months
more.

" Any person disposed may, from the facts above
stated, calculate how many cattle will be support-
ed by a single acre of land on which this plant is
cultivated.

Men can eat this vegetable throughout the year;
it is agreeable and healthy. No insect attacks it,
and it suffers but little from the variety of the sea-
sons. The leaves of this plant form, alone, an ex-
cellent food for every species of domestic quad-
ruped, during four months in the year. Turnips
and other vegetables are, besides, liable to be de-
stroyed by insects, whereas this beet is not. The
roots can be preserved eight months in a sound
state, while turnips are of little value after March.
In some soils turnips will not grow, particulai'ly in
those which are very stiff or strong. The root of
scarcity grows everywhere. The milk of cows
fed on turnips, has a bad taste. That of those fed
on this plant is excellent, as is also the butter made
from it. This forage on green fodder comes also
at the hot seasons, when almost all other green
food is scarce, and sometimes not to be procured.
Cattle never get tired »of it. In many parts of
Germany, where it is raised with success, they
prefer it to everytldng else, to fatten those large
herds of cattle which they annually export to
France. In feeding cattle with beets, the same
dry food must be given which is usually given
with turnips."

Col. Powel observes, "My neat cattle prefer
mangel wurtzel to any other root which I have
offered to them. I have found its effects in pro-
ducing large secretions of good milk, very great.
I selected, in November, two heifers of the same
breed and very nearly of the same age, and in
similar condition ; they were ted in adjoining stalls,
and have been fed regularly, three times a day, by
the same man. One of them has had three pecks
oPmangel wurtzel, and four quarts of corn meal,
daily; the other, four and a half pecks of mangel
wurtzel. The last, which has had mangel wurt-
zel alone, is in the condition of good beef; the
otlier is not more than what graziers call half fat.

" The api)lication of mangel wurtzel as food for
sheep, is not the least important of its uses. Ewes
yean usually at the season when grass cannot be
supplied. The health of themselves and the thrift
of their lambs, essentially depend upon succulent
food being had. I am inclined to think, that no
small portion of the success which English breed-
ers have met, is to be ascribed to the large stores

of roots, which they always have at command. It
cannot be denied, that Indian meal ,v.ill, of itself,
in most cases, produce extraordinary fatness as
well as great size ; but I have been led to believe,
that diseases are generally engendered by this spe-
cies of forcing, which is always expensive, and too
often, eventually destroys the animal which has
been thus reared."

A writer in the Farmer's Journal says, " This
root is now generally allowed to stand eminent for
the excellence of its fattening qualities. Among
our field productions, parsnips and carrots may
justly be declared the most nutritious; Swedish
turnips, as holding divided empire with it ; while
white turnips and cabbages sink into insignificance
before it. The taste, both of the leaf and root, is
most gratefid to every description of stock — bul-
locks, sheep and hogs, instinctively h'y hold of
them, and, when once accustomed to their flavor,
they reject every other sort of green food, if they
have the election.

" No edible root has yet been brought into use,
which has an affinity to the one under considera-
tion, with respect to its imperishable pro|)erties.
The white turnip is in March entirely divested of
its fattening power ; the Swede in May becomes
shrivelled, and is almost refused by cattle ; the ])o-
tato, after this time, entirely sprouts away all its
vigor, diminishes in bulk, and dries up ; but not
so the mangel wurtzel. It is nof only ready for
use in the autumn, the winter and sjjring, but may,
if required, be continued with unabated advantage,
and in the following autumn it may be found in
full possession of its most valuable properties, un-
diminished in weight and abounding in saccharine
juices." It has, however, been thought by culti-
vators hi this country, that the ruta baga is more
easily preserved, and will remain useful to a later
period in the spring and summer after its growth,
than the mangel wurtzel.

Messrs T. and H. Little observe, as to the value
of the roots for feeding stock, "there is a variety
of opinions ; but, from a number of years' experi-
eijce, we think them a valuable addition, and high-
ly worth cultivating. Comparing them with En-
glish hay, — and we know of no better standard —
in our opinion, three tons of mangel wurtzel, or
potatoes, — of the two, we value the mangel wurt-
zel the highest, — are equal to one ton of hay, for
feeding stock generally ; but for milch cows, we
think two tons of equal value; for feeding store
swine, mangel wurtzel is the only root that we
know of, which we can cultivate and feed to profit.
Six bushels of raw mangel wurtzel we think equal
to one bushel of Indian corn."

Quantity to an acre. — The premium crop of the
Messrs Little was 33 tons, 10 cwt. and 14 lbs. on
an acre. Col. Powel, inclosed certificates to the
president of the Penn. Agr. Society, showing that
sixteen hundred and thirtyfour bushels of mangel
wurtzel, weighing seventyeight thousand four hun-
dred and fortyeight pounds, were produced upon
one acre and fourteen perches ; and a part of the
same field, containing thirteen contiguous rows,
produced at the rate of two thousand and si.xtyfive
bushels per acre, weighing 44 tons, 5 cwt. and 27
lbs. 'In Great Britain, it is said that upwards of
sixty tons have been raised on an acre.

Gathering and preserving. — -In gathering the
roots, care should be taken to cut off the leaves
about half an inch above the crown, as they will
not keep so well, if cut more closely. Messrs
Tristram and Henry Little say, " As to the best

mode of preserving them, we liave fried divers
ways — by pitting them, by putting them into a
barn anil covering them with hay, and by putting
them into the cellar ; the last mode we think the
best." Col. Powel observes, that one of his crops
was "piled in a cellar, in rows, as wood, and cov-
ered with sand." _ A writer in the English Farm-
er's Journal observes, that he practised with suc-
cess, the following inode of preserving this root:
" I packed it in long heaps, about seven feet wide
at the bottom. I begin by forming the outside
with the roots, not .stripped of their top ; tojjs out-
wards ; the internal part to be filled with roots
without leaves ; continue one layer over another,
imtil the heap is about six feet high, and about
two feet broad at top, which may be covered with
straw and earth ; the ends of the heap should be
covered in the same way ; the leaves form an effi-
cient covering against rain and frost."

Mr Hall, the editor of the Jerseyman, a Jackson
paper, is about to vacate his editorial chair in favor
of a Mr Robbins from Massachusetts, and devote
his time and talents to a cultivation of the earth.
May the "teeming mother " of us all be propitious
to her returning child, who leaves the creation of
paragraphs for the growing of parsnips, and drops
his pen to take up the pitchfork. May he find
potatoes more profitable than ])olitics, and peaches,
rather than peltings, ihe fruit of his application.

We applaud the resolution of our brother ; the
new profession, if it is as little productive of
wealth (which is scarcely possible) as that which
he has left, will, nevertheless, minister directly to
health, the mother of happiness. The rounded
visage, the firm muscle, the steady gait, and smile
of content, all owe themselves to rural labors ;
while dimness of vision, trembling nerves, bowed
frame, imeven tread and an early grave, come
from the editorial desk. Men may talk of exer-
cise as they will ; the best functions of the human
frame fail before these labors. Point to the man
who sits among newspapers, inditing paragraphs
and pasting selections, and you may designate one
to whom belongs, either in profession or short
perspective, decayed physical powers, the sunken
eye and sallow sickly visage. Early habits may
for a short time prevent these things, but " to this
complexion must he come at last."— [7. S. Gaz.

WHEAT AND CORN.

That like begets like, is a generally acknow-
ledged truth ; and yet how often do we see peo-
ple" in the every day concerns of life, denying in
eflect this important fact ; and to say nothing of
the absurd practice of sowing chess, tmwhere is
this inconsistency more apparent than among
many of our respectable farmers.

They seem not to be sufficiently aware that if
the)' sow poor wheat and plant poor corn, poor
wheat and poor corn they nmst expect to harvest.
So in all other productions of the farm. Our
mother earth is not so propitious as to return us
fifty, sixty, or a hundred fold, even of a better
quality than was entrusted to Iter care, and indeed
it would be an unjust expectation.

Some years ago, I took pains to select from my
wheat in the sheaf enough to sow about half an
acre, of the longest, fullest and most perfect heads
I could find.

I sowed it in the same field with my other wheat

310

wliich was very good, cultivated precisely in the
same manner, upon the same kind of soil, and
when harvest time came I was surpriscfl to see
the difiVronce.

It could be ])lainly distinguislied from the sur-
rounding wheat, at the distance of thirty or forty,
rods, liy its height ; it was muqh heavier, and the
heads were longer and better filled.

I once let out a piece of ground to a neighbor
to .be planted with com. Soon after he got it
jdanted, I found out that.he had taken the com
from the crib, "just as it come," without .selecting
or choosing.

In answer to my telling him that we should

each of us have been dollars better oti', if

he had planted good corn, he said, " Poh ! do you
'spose it makes any difference what kiud of corn
you plant ?" But harvest day told the story ; and
when lie saw sixty bushels per acre upou my field
adjoining, of good souiid corn, and foiuul upou
harvesting his, that he had but forty bushels per
acre, and most of that " pig corn " and " nubbins,"
he was forced to acknowledge with sorrow the
truth of my remark.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

FOR THE NEW ENGL-AND FARMER.

SUGAR MAPLE TREES.
Mr Editor — As the season for transplanting
the Rock Jlaple, or as it is more frequently called,
the Sugar Maple, is near at hand, I take the lib-
erty to offer a few remarks on the cultivation of
that useful and beautiful tree. I have long regrct-
ed, as I think every gentleman of taste will, when
travelling through our flourishing country towns,
to notice the almost miiversal neglect of shade
and ornamental trees about buildings and by the
sides of roads, where a little labor and expense, ju-
diciously bestowed at the proper season, would in
a few year.s, amply and doubly repay the cidtiva-
tor, by the additional beauty and absolute value of
his estate. And I do most ardently hope, that for
the future, more attention and better skill will be
bestowed on this branch of rural decoration. —
There seems to be a great want of knowledge of
the proper method of transplanting and treatment
of this tree. It is painfid to see them set out at
their fidl natural height, (often not larger than fish
poles,) with most of tlieir original tops left on,
dangling about in the wind ; for most of them will
die the first year, and those that live will have but
a sickly existeoee, a slow growth, and never be-
come handsome or useful. Thus lie who sct.s
them is discouraged, the attempt to decorate his
grounds is given up, and the spot remains vacant,
waiting for the next generation to try some further
experiment. '

The Sugar Maple is most successfully trans-
planted from the 1st of April to the 1st of May, or
even laler, according to the season. The best
time is when the buds are swollen and just burst-
ing into foliage. Fair, thrifty, young trees, of from
two to three inches in diameter, should be select-
ed, and taken up with about as much care as to
preserving the roots, as in removing othei trees of
the same size. The long roots may be shortened.
The stalk should then be sawed off smoothly, from
ten to twelve feet high, and no limbs or twigs left
on it. In setting, it is well to dig the hole deeper
than the roots require, and fill it partly with loa
or top mould. Care should be taken not to set
too deep, for this tree delights to send its latent
roots far abroad, near the surface of the ground.

Let the earth be well trodden in around it, to give
support and^keep the tree erect. When the buds
show themselves near the top, as they will in a
few days, if too numerous they must be rubbed
off, except from four to six, or so many as shall be
proper to grow as branches, which are best situa-
ted to form the top or head of the tree. All buds
or s))routs below arc to be rubbed off and the .stalk
kept clear during the season. Any time before July
will do for this. Sometimes the sprouts will grow
so fast, be so brittle and tender, as to,be blown off
by high winds. I have lost a, few fine trees in
that way, but they will mostly recover by sprout-
ing again. No further care is necessary except to
trhn the shoots at to]) with skill, so as to send
them up and out in proper form, occasionally for
three or four years ; keep them free from sprouts
below, and keep the trees erect. This latter is
very easy, except where cattle i-ub against them,
as having but small top, they are not liable to be
moved by the winds until the roots become suffi-
ciently established to afford a firm support. Afler
the first three or four years, the tree will grow
very fast and form for itself an elegant head. It
is a fresh, healthy looking tree. The loaves when
rotted, make rich food for plant.s, as may be seen
by observing the grass and other herbage about
these trees to be more luxuriant than elsewhere
in open grovmd.

It is believed that in tvventyfive years after they
are set, tlif^y will aflbrd a handsome income, in the
sweetest sugar and molasses which is jiroduced
from any plant whatever. They grow to a large
size, and probably live two hundred years. They
form a vjry pleasant shade in summer, and to
those who dehght to look upou beautiful trees,
there are none more pleasant to the eye.

The expense of labor for transplanting, exclu-
sive of transporting when brought fVoin a distance,
need not exceed ten or twelve cents each. I have
set within the last three years, on both sides of
the road "wliich passes the distance of a mile
through my farm, upwards of four Intndred of these
trees, most of which are in a thriving condition.
.Vlthough I shall not live to see them grown very
large, yet, somebody else will ; and I hope that
whoever may successively occupy the same place
hereafter, will not only see them of large size, but
have taste and feeling to enjoy their beauty and
preserve them for their usefulness. And why
should men delay to plant and cultivate all sorts
of good trees, because they may not live to see
them fully grown ? What can a man do better on
the face of the earth than to cultivate and beautify
%\'hile ever ready to depart, tlie lover of
beautiful trees .«hould act as if he expected to live
a thousand years. How pleasant it would be to
have our road-sides planted with trees for miles
together, instead of being overrun with brush and
unsightly weeds!

Now, Sir, I do hope yon will publish sometliing
in your valuable paper, which will excite more
attention and encourage more exertion for the cul-
tivation of this, as well as other ornamental trees.
RespectfuUv, yours,

ETHAN A. GREENWOOD.
Hubhardslon, March 31, 18-32.

April 11, 1832,

the room. I would suggest a better mode, thaf of
cutting the wood at a time which will prevent its
snapping at all. I am not much acquainted with
hemlock wood, and havi^ never tried the experi-
ment ; but chesnut wood, if cut hi the dark of the
mooti, that ig to say, on tiie day before or day on
which the moon changes!,will not snap mticli more
than oak or any other kind of wood. However
frivolous this may appear, and I am not |>liloso-
pher enough to give the reason, certain it is, that
the moon has an operation nj)onthe sap of trees.
Every ftu-mer who has been in the habit of peel-
ing oak bark for tanning leather, well knows that
it will not run except at or near the changing and
fulling of the moon. Fencing stufi' and tindier
are said to be much more durable, if cut in the
dark of the moon ; it will prevent the worms from
working between the wood and tlie bark which is
sometimes left upon the cornei^s of limber. Bush-
es, also, are said to be less liable to sprout again,
if cut in the dark of the moon.

This is an experiment easily tried by any one,
and if you think it worthy a place in your paper,
are at liberty to insert it.

Bij the Editor. — We are altogether an unbeliever
in the doctrine of the moon's influence on vegeta-
tion, &c ; and believe that planet has no more
agency in the snapping of chesnut wood, or any
other wood, than she has in tlie firing of cannons
or the blasting of rocks with gunpowder. The
cause .of the little explosions from wood when
burning, is the expansion of air.hi the cellular sub-
stance of the fuel ; which air, when heated, be-
comes dilated and bursts the cells wliich inclose^l
it, with a crackling noise, scattering small pieces
of its tiny wooden ()arrfers in the direction in
which they yield with most facility. The more
wood is interspersed with air cells the more it will
snap iu burning, provided the cells arc closed so
that the heated air calnnot escape without bursting
its integuments. Wood, however, may be light
and porous, and still not remarkable for crepita-
tion, because its pores are not closed, and the air
>vhich pervades it is not confined.

With regard to cutting timber, &,c, in any par-
ticular stage of the moon, we cannot at present
spare time nor room to discuss the subject ; but
will merely add, that we believe the less sap or
juice there is in the tree when cut, or the more
ilioroughly the sa]) is exhausted by peeling the
balk from the timber, when the juice will exude
freely, the less liable will it he to decay. But as
to the moon's having any concern in the matter,
we slihll wait for further evidence before we de-
cide against her as a trespasser in that particular.

SNAPPING FIRE-WOOD, &c.

Mr Fessenden — I saw in your paper of the
29th of February, an article giving directions how
to place chesnut and hemlock wood upon the fire,
to prevent its snapping and throwing its coals into

Fruit Trees. — A further examination, made
since our last, induces us to believe that the dam-
age sustahied by fruit trees in this vicinity, during
the past winter, is much more extensive than we
had supposed. In many instances, where the
twigs of the more tender kinds of trees look as if
they were in a healthy state, on cutting through
the hark, the wocul is found to be discolored and
will probably die. — Worcester Spy.

Seasonable Information. — Uandelions are said to
be a corrector of the bile, a fine laxative, andmoEt
excellent iu the liver complaint and dropsy.

The Baltimore [lapers state, that the Baltimore|J!
and Ohio Rail-road is now completed through thef
city nearly as far as Pratt street.

Vol. X.— No. 39.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

311

Morus Multicaulis.

FOR Sale at the Seed store connected with the New
England Fai-nier, 50^ iNoiih Market street :

A lew very fine ami viuorous plants of the celebrated
Chinese Mulbeny, so valuable lor Silk worms, original-
ly from the elevated regions of China — and introduced
into Fiance from the Phillippino Islands a few years
since. 'I'liese plants now ofiered for sale, have been re-
ceived direct this spring from Paris, and were selected
by Mons. Andre Michnux, author of the North American
Sylva, and are much larger than any that have hereto-
fore been otfeied here. Packed in moss separately lor
transportation, — price 1 dollar each. A particular account
of this tree by Gen. Dearborn, will be found in the New
England Farmer, vol. ix. page '2S. .Apiil 11^

Gooseberry and Currant Bushes.

JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house, Nos. 51 and 52 Noith Market Street, a good as-
sortment of the finest Large Scotch GoosL'berry Bushes,
in lots of six roots each, two of a sort; while, red and
yellow ; imported direct from Glasgow, Scotland.' Price
$1 50 per lot of six bushes.

Also, Lai-ge White and Red Dutch Currant Bushes, in
lots of six and twelve each ; packed in moss for trans-
portation. Price of the While sorts $\ 50 per dozen —
the Red, 75 cents. Specimens of the fruit preserved, can
be seen at the store. Also, cuttings of the Large Red
Currants — price 50 cents for a bundle of 200.

]>Iorus Multicaulis or New Chinese Mulberry.

WM. PRINCE & Sons ofifer for sale, 200 trees of this
valuable variety, from 6 to 7 feet high, and vigorous
stocks ; also several hundred of smaller sizes, the former
at 1 dollar each, and latter at 75 cents. Also — !■ ruit and
Ornanienlal Tiees, of the various kinds, of good size and
<if the most vigorous growth. Isabella Grape vines, 3
years old, at 25 dollars per 100. Alexander Grape 25
dollars per lOO, and other kinds in proportion.

N. B. None of the trees have been injuied by the
winter. It April 11.

Fruit Trees.

ORDERS for Fruit, Forest and Ornainentaf Trees,
shrubs, honeysuckles, &c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince.
Buel and Wilson, Davenport's, and any other respectable
Nurseries, received by the subscriber, and executed at
Nursery prices. J. B. RUSSELL.

New England Farmer Office. April 11.

Just Received,

AND for Sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51
nd 52, North Market street— a further supply of West-
field & Go's much approved Zinc Milkpans. These pans
highly reconmiended by those who have used them,
as being superior to any other pans usi'd for that purpose,
keeping the milk much longer, which produces more
cream fi'om the same quantity of milk. Likewise, a ge-
neral assortment of Zinc Kettles for culinary purposes.

Agricultural Implements.

FOR Sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and 53,
North Maiket-street, a general assortment of Agricultu-
ral and Horticultural Implements, among which are
Howai-d's double nrould Board Ploughs, and Cultivators;
Bigelow's wrought iron Ploughs ; Tice's cast iron do ;
Willis' improved Drill Bariows for sowing garden seed ;
Leavitt's do. do. do. do ; Eastman and Willis' Straw Cut-
ters; common hand do; Chandler's improved double
Harrows; Willis' improved Vegetable Cutter, for cutting
rutabaga, mangel wurtzel, turnips ami other vegetables;
Corn and Cob Cracking Machines; Corn Shellerl ; Grain
Cradles; 20 dozen very superior cast steel Scythes; 100
dozen Dudley's; Passinore's and Blanchard's steel back
and common Scythes; 20 doz Sickles; 100 doz Derby's
patent Rifles ; Grass and Garden Shears ; Hay !>nd straw
Knives ; Peat and Ditching Spades; Garden and Trans-
planting do; a general assortment of Pruning and Bud-
ding Knives and She.irs, some very superior ; Pruning
Saws and Chisels ; 50 dozen Ames' common and cast
steel Shovels and Spades : 50 doz Simonds and Co's do ;
Willis' inrproved best spring steel socket Manure Forks ;
100 doz Goodyear's and Perkin's two and 3 tine Hay
Forks ; 100 dozen Cass and Bakei-'s Scythe Sneaths.

April 11.

Cast Steel Scythes.

JUST received, a few dozen of extra Cast Steel
Scythes, which were highly approved of the last season.
Likewise, a few dozen of Cass' and Baker's Patent Scythe
Smiths, the most approved article now in use.

J. N. NEWELL,

April 11. No. 51 and 52 N. Mar. st.

Howard's Cjist Iron Ploughs.

FOR 5ale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 ami
52, North Market street,— Howard's improved Patent
Cast li-on Ploughs, of all sizes, with wrought iron stand-
aids. The above Plough, which has been in general
use the past season, is much approved by our best prac-
tical fatmeis, and considered by them the best Plough
now in use. The iron and wood work being finished in
the best possible manner, and the casting being ground
and closely fitted, make the Plough work very free and
easy, as will appear by the following cei-tificates.

CERTIFICATES.

Mr.'Newell— I have used the Nos. 1 and 2 Howard
Ploughs, which I purchased of jou, and am much pleas-
ed with them. I have used a number of different kinds
of cast iron ploughs, but have never Ibund one that did
the work so perfectly, with so little labor.

DANIEL CHANDLER.

Lexington, Aug. 27, 1831.

Mr. Newell— The Howard Plough which Capf. D.
Chandler introduced into Lexington, Irum your establish-
ment, I consider to be a first rate article. I purchased
a No. 2, lastsprieg, and turned over about eight acres of
very rocky turf sward land. 1 have likewise used it
through the season upon different soils, some of which
were very rough and stony, and find tb.it it holds well
and does the work easier and more perfectly than any
other plough I ever used on my farm, either wood,
wrought or cast iron. ,

April IJ.

Wanted.

50 cents will be paid for one ropy of No 35, vol. ix. of
the New England Farnrer. — Apply'at this office.
April 11.

Corn MiUs.1

A few of Willis' Improved Hand Corn Mills, just re-
ceived and for sale at the AgricuUural Warehouse, Nos.
51 & 52 North Market Street— an "article well adapted
for the Southern and West India market. April 11.

Grape Vines.

THE subscriber oHers lor sale, at his garden in Dor-
chester, a lew cuttings of the bl.ick and white "Mosca-
lel ' Grape Vines, just received by the brig Cora from
Cadiz, procured lor him by the Consul ot the United
States, resident there. He writes, " I obtained these
cuttings from vines on which I have seen clustttis of
grapes, weighing as much as Twentysix pounds." —
They contain several joints, and will be sold at 50 cents
each.

Also, some very thrifty vines of the Ferrol Grape, a
splendid black fiuit, recently imported.

ALSO —

Isabella ; Barcelona ;

Catawba; Blands ;

Constantia ; Black Cape ;

Black Hamburglr ;
3 vaiieties of valuable fruits, obtained from Xeies in
Spain, and nrany other choice kinds.

Orders by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
al application at his office. No. 7^ Congress street, for
any quantity of vines li-om one to one hundred, will nieet
with prompt attention. Z. COOK, Jr

March 12, 1833. 5t

Mangold Wurtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just i-eceived at the New England Seed store, 50
P+orth Market street, by J B. Russell,

100 lbs. Lai-ge Man.gold Wurtzel, of the very first qua-
lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Beet, imported di-
rect from France. 100 lbs. Ruta Baga, of the first
quality, European growth ; 100 lbs. large White
Flat English Field Turnip ; 150 lbs. Short Top
Scarlet Radish, of English growth— very early, and of
deep scarlet color. March 28.

Silkworm Eggs.
FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, 50,000
Silkworm Eggs, wan anted good, in packages of 5,000
each. Price $1 per thousand ; with short practical in-
structions for rearing them. April II.

Hitchcock's Plough.

AN assortment of Hitchcock's Cast Iron Ploughs, with
wr-ought Iron standard anil square Colter edged shares,
may be had of the subscribers. These Ploughs are war-
i-anled equal if not superior to any that have been offered
to the public. Try and See !

DAVID PROUTY, Hanover.

April 4. JOHN MEARS, Dorchester..

Spring Wheat.

FOR Sale at the Seed Stoi-e connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,

A few bushels of genuine Oilman Spring Wheat ; this
sort is the most valuable one cultivated in New England,
is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by blight,
and is the kind which has for many suc.cessive years ob-
tained the premium from the Massachusetts Agricultura
Society. April 4.

Flower Seeds, $1 per Package.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50^ North Market street,

Packagesof the most showy and rare varieties of Flow-
er Seeds, containing 18 varieties, among which are.

Geraniums (mixed)

Ten Weeks Stock Gilliflower.

Sensitive Plant.

Mexican Blue Ageratum.

Crimson Cypress Vine.

Foi'get- me-Not.

lee Plant.

Elegant Coreopsis, &c. &c.
With directions for their culture. Each sort is label-
led with its English and botanical name, its native couu-
try, and mode of culture. Price $1 for the IS sorts.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50^ North Market Street :

Fine large Vines of the Isabella (purple) ; Winne,
(daik purple); Alexander, (black) ; and Catawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in moss, for transporta-
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts— price
50 cents each. April 4.

BOSTON PRICE CURRENT.

Hops, first quality 20 ; second quality 18. Corn
northern 62 to C5 ; southern white flat .51 to 52. Rye
and OiTs, none of good quality in the market. Barley,

1 00 to 1 25. Flour, Baltimor<; Howard Street, 5 62 to
5 87. Beef, Mess, 10 00 per barrel. Pork, Clear,
16 00 per barrel. Lard, No. 1, Boston inspection, 9 to
9i. Seed, Northern Clovei', lltol2.^; Herds Grass

2 25 to 2 50 ; Red Top, 75 to 84. Woo£, prime Saxony,
60 to 70 ; American full blooded, washed, 50 to 55 ; su-
perfine Northern pulled lambs, 58 to 60. American
Tallow, 8^ to 9.

Early Potatoes.

FOR Sale at the Seed Siore connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street :

A few bushels of the prime, early Potatoes, which
have taken the premium at the Massachusetts Horticul-

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, April 9,1832.

Reported for Ihe Daily Adverliser and Patriot.

At Market this day 411 Beef Cattle, (including 25 un-
sold last week.) 23 pairs Working Oxen, 21 Cows and
Calves, 130 Sheep, and 239 Swine. 100 of the Swine
were " fatted," weighing about 260 each. 85 Beef Cat-
tle remain unsold.

Prices. Beef Cattle—Last week's prices were not
supported, particularly on the medium and thinner qual-
ities. We quote extra at $6 25 a 6 50 ; prime at 6 a 6 25 •
good at 5 25 a 5 75 ; thin at 4 50 a 5. '

Working Oxen.— Sales were dull and buyers scarce.
We noticed an exti-aoidinary yoke taken at $130, one at
63, one at 84, and one at auction at .54.

Cuws and Calves. — Sales were effected at S21 «3 05
and 29. v . . ,

Sheep.— We noticed one lot taken at Jft4 50 and one
at 5.

Swine— We noticed a prime lot of 60, all Barrows but
five, taken at a fraction over 6c. and a lot of 25 at 6c. for
Barrows and 5 for Sows. The "fat hogs" were contract-
ed for some four or five weeks since at 4 1-8 c.

Kew York Cattle Market, April 6.— At market this
week, as last, a very short supply of Beef Cattle, only 360
head; prices have advanced, the average of sales be-
ing f 7 00 per hundred. We quote 6 a 8 50 ; some extra
fine 9 a 9 25; Cow Beef 5 50 a 6. Cows and Calves
market well stocked, sales slow from $30 a 30. Sheep
scarce and prices very high ; 5 a T.— Daily Adv.

lEFln the N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included

tural Society's Shows the two last seasons ; and are coo- without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
idered the earliest variety in this vicinity. March 7. weighed as well as the quarters.

31:

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

April 11, 1S32.

MISCELiLANY

From the Salem Observer.

DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS.

The wanton desti-uction of birds aiul their eggs,
at this season of the year, cannot too forcilily be
reprehended. They were made to suliserve the
best purpose — the destruction of worms and in-
sects lliat prey upon trees, and vegetation gener-
ally. Now that our orchards are devastated by
that scourge, tlie canker worm, the snliject becomes
of great importance ; and if nothing else will
check this most injudicious and ruinous practice,
the strong arm of tiie law should be made to in-
terpose. Let every laud-holder, then, vigilantly
guard his grounds in this respect ; and punish ev-
ery interloper and destroyer of birds, with more
severity than he would the purloiner of fruit. A
correspoudent in the Marblehead Register, has
some sensible and timely remarks on this subjecl,
from which we make the following extract: —

" The millers or small butterflies, from which
the canker worm is produced, and the worm itself,
form the food of all the species of small birds
which frequent our fields and gardens ; aud in ev-
ery one of these which is wantonly destroyed by
boys, we lose an active and efficient friend. So
gi-eat indeed is the aid which they afford us, that
I have heard a gentleman declare that he would
give more for a wood-picker to work in his or-
chard, than for a hired man. The common
ground-sparrow and the robin, are also of the
most essential service in this way. Let parents,
then, impress these facts on the minds of their
boys, and if no other argument will do, let them
appeal to the self-interest of their children, and
explain to them, that if they like api)les, they must
not go gunning nor r6b birds' nests."

he was laid on the stage ' as dead as. Chelsea.'
But behold! in less than ten minutes, he began to
show signs of life — stretched out his hind feet,
raised himself on his fore paws, then, staring
wildly around, gave utterance to the feline ex-
clamation of moll ! and trotted off the stage, fol-
lowed by shouts of applause. A similar experi-
ment was tried on a fine sleek tabby, but not with
such decided success. Her ladyship perhaps be-
ing moj-c delicate than her predecessor, torn, was
operated on so violently by the poison, that it took
an hour to 'resuscitate her. — A wag in one of the
stage boxes, remarked, that the poisonous ingredi-
ent with which Mr Houghton experimented, was
more properly the piissic than the prussic acid. —
These things are almost beyond belief, and there-
fore we should say to the curious, go and see, and
be satisfied."

Cure for the Gout. — " Pray Mr Abernethy, what
is a cure for the gout ?" was the question of an
indolent and luxurious citizen. " Live upon a
sixpence a day, and earn it ! " was the reply.

A Stud Colt, and North Devon Bull.

A beautiful Colt, near Ihree years old, dark Bay with
black iiKiue and tail — being the first Colt got liy tlie cele-
brated Horse Barefoot in this country, and from a siipe-

ir Mid la'ge native mare — price 250 dollars.

A Nortb Devon Bull, near9 years old; was imported

by the subscriber from England, and is a tine animal.

This breed are always in color dark red, tberelore easily
matched lor working cattle and are quick travellers, is a
sure Calf getter, in good health and condition, but from his
age will he told for $50.

Several superior Cows from the best Imported stock,
partly Huhhrticss, Alderney, and Durham short homa,
have Calves, or near Calving, by ihe Nonh Devon
Bull; from 35 a 50 dollars. Apply to JOHN PRINCE.

Jamaica Plain, March 27, 1S32.

STUDY.
The knowledge we acquire in this world, I am
apt to think, extends not beyond the limits of this
Ufe. The Beatific vision of the other life needs
not the help of this dim twilight ; but be that as
it will, I am sure tlie principal end why we are to
get knowledge here is, to make use of it for the
benefit of ourselves and others in this world ; but,
if by gaining it we destroy our health, we labor
for a thing that will he useless in our hands ; and
if, by harassing our bodies, though with a design
to rendeY- ourselves more useful, we deprive our-
selves of the abilities and opportunities to do that
good we might have done with a meaner talent,
which God thought sufficient for us, by having
denied us the strength to improve it to that pitch
which men of stronger constitutions can attain to,
we rob God of so much service and our neighbor
of all that help, which, in a state of health with a
moderate knowledge, we might have been al.le to
perform. He that sinks his vessel by overloading
it, though it may be with gold and silver, and pre-
cious stones, will give his owner but an ill account
of his voyage. — Locke on Study.

The Norfolk Herald, speaking of the experi-
ments of Mr Houghton, the Yankee Fire King,
says: — " Mr Houghton then commenced his ex-
periments with Pj-ussic Acid. A goodly sized
grimalkin was brought upon the stage, and a dose
of the deadly extract administered to it ; the poor
animal was in a few minutes convulsed in the ag-
onies of death — the anti<lote was then applied, and

Interestins: Anecdote.- — In the debate on the re-
moval of Washington's remains, in the House of
Representatives, Mr Howard of Maryland, related
the following interesting historical anecdote ; —
"When the British fleet was passing up the Poto-
mac with hostile intent, dining the late war, the
commander directed that when he arrived opposite
IMoiint Vernon, he should be informed of the fact.
When he was lold 'that the ship was passing the
tomb of Washington, the officers assembled upon
deck and jiassed by uncovered and in silence."

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST re.eive.l at J. B. Russell's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 North Market Street—

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the past S!*asoii, from
one of tlie greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansiield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Floorinsr Boards, &c,

OF hard Southern Pine, or Eastern White Pine, fur-
nished to order, leady planed (liy steam power) and
tongued or grooved, of any required dimensions. Quality
good, and price lower than they can be elsewlieie had.

Apply to E. COPELAND, Jr, 65, Broad street.

Ammunition.

OF the best quality ai.u loifest prices, for sporting —
constantly lor sale at COPELAND'S POWDER STORE,
6 . Broad Street.

N. B. If the quality is not found satisfactory, it may
be returned, and the iiipiiey will be rel"tiaca Jan. 1

Evergreens, Silver Firs, etc.

THE subscriber being engaged in the Seed business,
would be happy to receive orders for Forest Trees, ^eeds
and Evergreens from .Maine, and he'ias agent for J. B.
Russell, Boston, and Prince &. .Sons,^ Flushing, N. Y.
orders sent through them or otherwise, will be attended
to without delay. Particular directions for taking up and
packing is requested. WM. MANN.

Augusta, Me. March 14. 6t

.V list of Mr Mann's prices for Evergreens, &c, can be
seen at the New England FatmerK)ffice.

Tlie full blooded Horse Sportsman.

THE Subscriber has secured the full-blooded horse
Sporisinan, to stand the ensuing season at the " Ten
Hills Stocl: Farm," commenciDg April 10th, 'Scd ending
August 10th.

Terms— One Dollar to the Groom, and ten dollars for
the season, — cash, or a note on demand, or fifteen dollars
to ensure a mare in ioul, by a conditional note at eleven
months.

Ciood keeping for mares, at one dollar per week, at the
risk of the owners.

Sportsman is not surpassed for spirits, and has as <rood
strains of blood, as any horse in this country. His dam
was a direct descendant from the best lilood'in England,
his sire, the full-bloo<led imported Arabian Horse " Bus-
sorah." It is with these strains ol blood that England
has bid defiance to the world on the turf ^nd in the field,
for more than a century past.

Sportsman's get are very piomising, and may be seen
on the farm.

Satisfactory proof of the pedigree o this horse as given
below, is in my possession.

PEDIGREE.

Sportsman was foaled in 1823, the property of the late
Gen. Coles of Dosoris, Long Island, and sired by the
" B'ls'^orah .Arabian," out of Sportsmistiess by Hickory,
her dam the famous racing mare Miller's l5amsel (the
dam also of American Eclipse) by Messinger Grand Dam,
the imported PotSos mare, G. G. dam by Gimerack, &c.

Hickory was hy Whip, his dam. Dido by Dare Devil,
G Dam by Wildair, ta G Dam by Clockfast, G G G Dam
ihe Dam of the celebrated Virginia, " Bucephalus and
Lady Teazle.

" Messinger" by " Mambrino," Dam by Turf, G
Dam hy Regulus,(3G Dam by Starling, Fo.x, Bay Bol-
ton. Duke of Ancastor's Turf, Byeily Turk, Taffolet
Barb, Place's white Turk, Native barb mare, PotSos
was by Eclipse, Dam Sportsmistress, by Warren's Sports-
man, G Dam Golden Locks by Oronoko, I'anlon's Crab',
Partner, &c. See 1st and 2d volume of English stud
book.

PERFWBMANCE.

At three years he won the sweepstakes on the Union
course, Long Island, against five horses. On the same
course, the same season, he won a matchrnre against
Mr. Stevens' " Rattler". In the autumn of 1S27, he ran
upon the same course, and won at three heats, (three
mile heats) heating Richard 3d from Virginia, Misfor-
tune and American Boy. He has never given way in his
limbs or wind. These are all his public perlorinances,
and he never was beaten.

Ten Hills Stock farm, on the Medford Turnpike, two
and a half miles fron^ Boston.

SAMUEL JAQUES.Jb.

Ten Hills Farm, April 4.

Pruning and Budding Instruments.

JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house. Nos. 51 and 52 North Market street, 20 dozen of.
superior Pruning and Budding Knives and Shears. —
Likewise a very general assortment of Horticullnial In-
struments. J. R. NEWELL.

April 4.

Double Dahlia Roots, etc,

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and .52
North Market street, a fine collection of Roots of the
Double Dahlia, or Georgina, viz. Double Scarlet, Red
Dark Crimson, Dwarf Red, Dwaif pale Purple, Yellow'
Nankeen, Black, Dark Purple, Curled Purple, and Brick
color, at 75 cents each. Als.i, Tube Roses and Ama-
ryllis, 25 cents each. Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes,
f 1 50, and in six roots of difTeient sorts — with the great-
est collection of Flower and Garden seeds. March 28.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
payable at the.end of the year- but those who pay within
sixty days Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fit'ty cents.

O" No paper wid be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by 1. R. Butts- by whtmi
all descriptions of: Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RussF-LL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No 52 North
Market Street. '

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the A.^kiculi uhai. Waiuhousk.) — T. G. FESSENDEN', EDIT(

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL. 18, I8S3.

NO. 40.

ORIGINAL AGRICULTURAL ESSAYS.

CULTURE OF THE HOLLY FOR
HEDGES, & c.

By the Editor.

Holly — (flex.) This is a small evergreen tree
or shnib, but little known in tlie United States.
It has shining, irregular anri spinous leaves, and
white flowers which grow in clusters round tbe
branches, and are succeeded by small red berries.

These shrubs, or dwarf trees, present very
agreeable picturesque objects to adorn a landscape,
and on that as well as other accounts, they are
cuhivated, in England, in gardens, shrubberie;. &.c.
4s a plant for hedges, holly is highly recomirend-
ed, and is said to be eminently serviceable. ' n
admits of being clipped or cropped, and rstains
its verdure and beauty through the severest win-
ters. Its growth is slow, but its duration is lon-
ger than that of most trees.

The wood of the holly is hard and has a close
grain, is much used in veneering, and is frequently
stained black to imitate ebony. It is advanta-
geously used in making handles for knives, cogs for
mill wheels, and other similar purposes. The
leaves in winter afford a grateful food to sheep and
deer ; and the beriies^ yield a subsistence during
this inclement season,' to the feathered tribes. In
some places the inhabitants use the seeds of the
holly as a substitute for coffee, but the beverage
thus made is inferior to that obtained from the gen-
uine berry of Mocha.

" The bark of the holly," according to Willich's
Encyclopedia, " is smooth, and replete with a strong
mucilaginous substance, from which the article
called bird-lime is made. For this purpose it is
boiled ten or twelve hours ; and when the green
rind is separated, it is covered up in a moist place
to stand for a fortnight. It is afterwards reduced
to a tough paste, and washed in a running stream
until no impurities are left. The next part of the
process is to suffer it to ferment for four or five
days ; after which, it is mixed over the fire, with
a third part of nut oil or some other oily fluid, and
is thus rendered fit for use.

"Holly deserves to be much more extensively
cultivated than it now is. Some years ago, a per-
son who purchased a holly wood in Yorkshire,
(England,) sold the bird-lime prepared from the
bark, to a Dutch merchant, for nearly the whole

sum of his original purchase. Bird-lime has an
adhesive quality very leniarkable, particularly to
feathers and other dry sid)stances. It is on this
account employed for the smearing of twigs, to
ensnare birds. In its elasticity and inflammable
nature it has much resemblance to India rubber ;
and, if any means could be adopted to harden it,
there is little douljt but it might be substituted for
that article.

"Among the ancient Romans it was customary
to send branches of holly to their friends, with
new years' gifts, as emblematical of good wishes.
We [in England] decorate our houses and church-
es with it at Christmas, to give an air of spring in
the depth of winter."

The Library of Entertaining Knowledge ob-
serves, " A holly hedge is a pleasing object, though
it is too often clipped into formal shapes. Evelyn
had a magnificent hedge of this sort, at his garden
at Say's Court, which he planted at the suggestion
of Peter the Great, who resided at his house when
he worked in the dock-yards at Debtford. He
thus voluntarily speaks of this fine fence : — ' Is
there under heaven a more glorious and refreshing
object of the kind, than an impregnable hedge, of
alHiut four hundred feet in length, nine feet high,
and five in diameter, which I can show in my
new raised gardens at Say's Court, (thanks to the
Czar of Muscovy,) at any time of the year, glitter-
ing with its armed and varnished leaves, the taller
standards, at ordinary distances, blusliing with
their natural coral."

The following receipt for raising holly plants, is
copied from a work by Mr Phillips, entitled Sylva
Florifera.

" The English nurserymen have collected fifty
different kinds of holly, all of which maybe prop-
agated by grafting in a common stock. The ber-
ries, like the seeds of the hawthorn, hang on all
winter, and remain in the earth two years before
sprouting, unless they have passed through the
stomach of fowls, when they vegetate in one year.
We have therefore only to give them a similar
fermentation, by art, to enable us to raise plants in
one year instead of two. For this purpose take
a bushel of bran, mix it with the seed in a tub,
wet it with soft water, and let it remain imdisturb-
ed for sixteen days, when the bran will begin to
ferment ; sprinkle occasionally with warm water
to keep it moist, and in about thirty or forty davs
the heat of the bran will put the berries in a state
of vegetation, fit for sowing in about a week after
the fermentation has commenced."

The American holly abounds, we believe, in
Hingham, Quincy, and Bridgewater, and many
other places, where seed can be procured.

CUTTING CORN STALKS.
Mr Fesse.nden — I was highly gratified with the
perusal of the leading article in your 38th No.
from the pen of Mr Clark, on cutting corn stalks.
Experiments like those he has detailed are of great
value to the farming interest, and richly entitle
those who make and publish them, to the appella-
tion of public benefactors. I'heg leave to suggest
the cause of the difference in the product which
resulted from Mr Clark's experiments.

There K: a striking analogy between the animal
and vegetable kingdoms. iFood taken into the
stomach of animals does not nourish, but is pre-
judicial to health, unless it undergoes the process
of digestion. Nor does foor] nourish the plant un-
til it has been elaborated by the leaves. Plants,
therefore, without leaves camiot grow ; but, on
the contrary','if defoliated in hot witf,thcr, the un-
elaborated sap becomes stagnant, fetments, and
destroys the, vitality of the plant. Thus when the
tops of corn are cut, the supply of food to all the
ears abov^ the remaining leaves, is cut off, nnd the
suj)ply is materially diminished to those below. A
diminished product must of course be the conse-
quence.

I very much regret that Mr Clark did not carry
his experiments oue step further, and ascertain the
relative weight of fortysix hills cut with tbe entire
stalks, at the time he topped his No. 2. It would
have decided whether the stalks aflbrd nmrimenj
to the grain, after they are sef)arated from the roots
and to what extent. This last has been my meth-
od of harvesting my crop, from an iuipression that
I lost by it nothing in the weight of the grain,
while I gained much in the quantity and quality
of the fodder. The objection that the stalks mould
is not tenable. They will not mould while tha
corn is upon them, if tied above the ears. And if
not sufficiently dry when the corn is picked, they
may be left in stacks till perfectly cured ; and yet
be housed in far better condition than they are by
the ordinary mode of saving them. It is not the
drying rhit deteriorates their value for fodder, but
the drencM-ngs Which they get when left out till
the corn is picked, and the frosts, which diminish
very much their nutritive properties. If well
cured, and especially if cut and steamed, cattle eat
them freely, and I consider them nowise infe-
rior to hay. The grain from the crop secured in
my way, has weighed sixty and sixtytwo pounds
the bushel. It is a twelve rowed early variety,
which I denominate the Dutton corn.

I have remarked, that the modes of planting
corn, or rather the distance between the plants, is
different in different States. In New England the
distance is greater than in New York, and greater
in Pennsylvania than in the former. Mr Clark's
hills were four by three feet, which gave him 3646
hills, or by my estimate 3030, on the acre. Our
Mr Stimpson plants at two and a half feet each
way, and gets upon the acre C9G9 hills, or nearly
double what Mr Clark does. I once planted an
acre in drills, two rows in- a drill, the plants six
inches apart in the rows, the rows six inches apart,
and three feet between the centres of the drills,
quincunx, and had, if there were no vacancies,
30970 stalks, equal to 7742 hills on the acre. The
ground and entire product v.cre accurately meas-
ured and weighed While tlie Messrs Pratts, of
Madison, produced ]70 bushels on the acre, by
planting in drills, three rows in each, quincunx,
thus, ] • I . and four feet from the centre of
the drills. If the rows were six inches apart, and
the plants nine inches in the rows, the plants
amounted to 43,5(iO, equal to 10,890 hills. As-
suming as data, that in all the above cited cases
each plant produced an ear of corn, and that the
ears averaged one gill of shelled grain, their pro-

314

ducts would lie as follows, in bushels and qiif-ris;

Mr Clark's, 56 busliels, 13 quarts;

Mr Stinison's, 108 " 24 "

My own, 120 " 31

Messrs Fratts' 170 "
The close planting, whether in hills or drills,
requires high nianimng, and the two and three
row ed drills, extra labor ; and the ears may withal
be somewhat smaller. Yet I nevurtheless believe
that seventy or eighty bushels may be obtained
on an acre, with good manuring'S on a genial soil,
in our mode of ])lanting, with about as little labor
as twenty, thilty, or forty bushels, are obtainet' in
the New England or Pennsylvania open method.
I have detailed the preceding facts and calcula-
tions, not with a view to vaunt of our skill or the
fertility of our soil, but to show hoio the large
crops of corn have been raised in this State, which
have been noticed in the papers.

There is one fact connected with the experi-
ment of the Messrs Pratts, worthy of considera-
tion : there was not a plant missing, or deficient,
in their field. They quadrupled the seed ; and
pulled up, as the characters of the plants were de-
veloped, all but the requisite number, reserving
only the strongest and most promising. It is com-
mon to see corn-fields very deficient in jilants and
even in entire hills. This deficiency often
amounts to one fourth or one half The loss inci-
dent to this defect may be readily estimated, and
greatly counterbalances the expense of extra seed,
and the labor of thinning the plants. J. B.

.many, .V. I'., .']p>il 9, 1832.

I would suggest to your correspondents, who
notice the effects of the winter upon fruit trees and
plants, that they note, particularly, the soil upon
wliich the damage has been most ap])arent ; with
the view of developing the direct cause of the evil.
So far as iny observations enable nie to judge, the
injury has been the most severe on porous or
sandy soils, while upon clays it has been trifling
or harilly perceptible.

HEDGE ROSES.

T. G. Fessenden, Esq. — It has become gener-
ally known, that the rosa Ifi'ingaia or Cherokee
rose of Georgia, is admirably calculated to form a
hedge of the most interesting description, and
hence many persons in the eastern and northern
sections of our coimtry, incur the expense and
trouble of obtaining this soecies for that object,
with the supposition that it will succeed equally
well with them. I deem it therefore an act of
duty to dispel the illusion, as the plant is not suffi-
ciently hardy to answer that object even in this
locality, and it merely attains here to a moderate
size.

The best of all roses for the pmpr.sc of forming
a hedge in a northern cliuiate, is (as far as n)y ex-
perience goes) the rosa rnbifolia or bramble leaf
rose. It forms shoots of fiom ten to twenty feet
or move, with great rapidity, and is in July crown-
ed with exceedingly large clusters of flowers,
which present various shades in the same manner
as the Greville rose of China. This species is so
very hardy and rustic that it exacts no care in its
culture, and will withstand the cold of the most
northern parts of our countrv.
Your.s, respectfully,

WM. ROBERT PRINCE.

Lin. Bot. Garden, )

Fluahioj, N. Y. April, 183-2. i

N KW ENGLAND^ I' ARMEl^

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

l-oncludeil I'rom page 300.

1831. May 22d. This finest morning of the

season ; grape shoots, the longest about a foot.

For eight or ten days I have seen on my grape

vines, generally on the leaves, a small black insect

commonly about the size of the head of a very large

pin, some much larger than this; it eats the leaf'

which is ])erforated with small holes ; when toucli-

ed, it generally liops from the leaf as a flea hops ;

its body a shining black ; this insect not observed

before. For several days the air in the garden

has been swarming with a black fly, about one

third of an inch in length, a good deal thinner than

a horse fly ; they now fill the air, and may be seen

on every plant and tree in the garden.

25th. Cut down within six, eight, and twelve

feet of the ground, several peach trees, so badly

injured by the winter that I haveiittle hopes of

them. [Several of these trees recovered entirely.]

Many raspberries of three years' growth are greatly

injured by the winter, some quite killed. These

plants never looked so badly as this year.

29th. Thennoineter, at 10 o'clock, A. M. at 70.

With the exception of one week, this said to be

the wettest season remembered here. The small

black insect no longer to be seen on grapes, and

very few of the black fly before mentioned. To-
day, first a])pearance of the little yellow bug or fly,

th.it attacks the melon, cucumber, &c ; some young

|)lants, not covered with millinet boxes, full of

them ; [llie.se boxes I have found almost indispens-
able in a garden.] Upon looking over my plum

trees, one half of the fruit seems to be slung; the

appearance is generally that of a small piece taken

out of the fruit in the form of a crescent — I attrib-
ute this to the beetle. Thermometer this after-
noon at 80.

Having li'ft home on the 30tb of Slay, returned

the 18th of June; the following memoranda made

in my absence.

June (ith. Cucumbers in blossom ; Baltimore

grape ditto.

12th. lAIusk-melons in blossom. Strawberries I I'lge, the sun ha\ ing little chance to penetrate ; all

first picked, (Ilautbois.) i these bunches 1 have brushed with a fine painter's

13th. Beans in blossom. brush, so that they became bright ; this was done

14th. First peas picked. in half an hour. — Overlooked peach trees, found

During my absence the weather was uncom- "o worms. [The peach worm is a white worm,

nionly hot and dry ; for a fortnight there was no "hout an inch long, with a yellowish or brownish

rain ; having water in my garden, vegelables did i head, as all gardeners know. I have tried the va-

not sufli^r. Upon my return home, find musk- } •"'ous prescriptions recommended, but have ceased

melons and cucumbers in very fine order, plants i "• rely upon them, and have substituted in their

large and forward; charcoal dust has been strew- plaf'e a lre(pient examination of the trees, which I

beheve, in a long run, to be liir the most economical
mode. My trees are priiK-ipally in ploughed
grouud ; if in grass land, the turf is removed for
three or four feet from the body of the tj-eo in all
directions, and this ground is kept in garden cul-
tivation— it is dug or forked four or five times in
the season. Imincdialely rounil the body of the
tree the ground is in so fine a state, tliat the dirt
can be removed from the body of tlie tree down
to the forks of the roots, with great ease. I scrape
the body of the tree from the roots to the surface
with a single prong hoe, to dislodge any insects
that may be just forming. This is done four or
five times in the season ; the labor is nothing com-
pared with the object ; this I can truly affirm. I
have many young trees that have never been
touched by the worm. I have tried chamber ley
for several years, after it has stood in a vessel for
some days. This is an excellent manure for the
trees and a considerable protection against tha

April 18, 1832.

of the Seckle grafts, of which I have several very
fine in bearing ;] it seems to be a universal blight
over every part of the graft. A young pear, for-
eign, (Najjoleon) blighted, the whole to|) affected
and cut oft^ [since dead.] A young French
cherry which has borne fruit two years and had a
very vigorous growtli, is dving with blight, [since
dead.]

30ih. Strawberries in beds as abundant as they
have been at any time during the season. Cu-
cumbers about tlie length of tlie finger. Miisk-
liielous not formed.

July 4[|i. Picked cucumbers over large for the
table. Bush summer-squash in blossom. Last
week, for the first time, saw the rose-bug in my
sanlen, and yesterday on two grape vines. Nev-
er saw the rose-bug till I saw it in Pbiladnlphia
during my late absence.

4th. Syringed some old vines this morning for
first time. Currants fully ripe.

I'ilh. Picked the last strawberries for the table.
[The reader will See that my strawberries have
been in bearing a month. This is one of the ex-
ail'cnt qualities of this strawberry, (Hautbois) — I
culiivate no other ; it is also, in my garden, a most
abi.ndant bearer ; some people do not like the
Inu^k taste of it. This strawberry has a softness,
a n.ellowuess, adajned to delicate stomachs, which
( hake seen in no other ; my experience, however,
is viry limited. To my taste, tlie common straw-
berri of the New York and Philadelphia markets,
bear.- no comiiarison in excellence with it. But it
Would not, I think, answer for a market strawber-
ry, fur when dead ripe it is so soft and tender, that
it will often cleave asunder when raised by the
spoor in the dish.]

litli. Forked the ground around some grape
yiiijs, young and old ; dug in rich compost about
several bearing vines ; these vines look flourishing,
foliage very perfect, no insects visible. Rose-bug
not seen again. Upon many bunches of grapes
there appears an incipient mildew, this so only in
cases where bunches are much obscured by fo-

ed about nearly all of them, to which I attribute a
good deal of influence. Strawberries in tolerable
condition, only, fruit not near as large as last
summer ; this attributed to the drought, though
they have been plenliftilly watered. [My cro]i,
alter all, was very fine.] TJiose in beds, most
abundant ; fruit riper than tliat in hills. [I will
hereafter state my mode of raising the strawberry.]
Sweet-water grapes generally in blossom, but iiot
wholly; bunches small; many young peach trees
that were injured by the winter, greatly recovered ;
[these trees are now nearly all in admirable order.]
Not a single fruit of the peach to be seen ; nor
one plum. Pears in abumlance on old trees ; on
young trees have disappeared, generally. Apples
universally stung, supposed, by the beetle-, [my
apples this year, from this cause, wretched, hardly
a sound one or one of decent appearance.] Sev-
eral fine grafts of foreign pears, on very young
healthy trees, have perished ; [this in no case true

Vol. X.-Xo. 40.

Ai>JI). HOIITICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

315

woniJjLmt not equal to the c) c.tlie hoe,an(;l the knife.
Eveu with these, the worm will sometimes escape
detection. It appears princiiutlly in July, August,
nud September. There are statements as to the
time the egjr is deposited, but this I have no cer-
tain knowledge of.]

27lh. Find a very little iriildew on a few bun-
ches of grapes, on old vines; brushed these as be-
fore ; upon young vines, no case of mildew this
season.

29th. Picked first green-corn ; small sweet
corn. [This I find to be one of the best vegeta-
bles of the garden, and in my family, a perfectly
healthy vegetable ; it has now been used for six-
years without an instance of known injury, either
to young or old. It is on the table every day
during its season ; but then it is always eaten when
quite tender, and when the tough hull of the corn
has not appeared. For this purpose, I always
liave three or four successive crops ; the common
corn as it is usually eaten is a kind of poison. It
is a crime thus to trifle with health and spread hu-
man misery. The benevolent community who
are doing so much for the cause of temperance in
diitiking, can now do little more needful than to in-
struct the people on temperance in eating. As to
what, also, is the most healthful and economical
food, and the best preparation of it.]

30th. Sowed raspberry and strawberry seed ;
former all of the white Antwerp ; latter of the
common field strawberry. [These seeds sown for
new varieties ; plants have not yet appeared.]

August 3d. Syringed old grape vines with lime
and sulphur water, on account of the mildew
which has increased, but still in a small degree.
Weather for three weeks unfavorable, rains almost
every day, and the days hot. Notwithstanding
the appearance of mildew there is very little of it,
and I believe the brushing, heretofore, has been
useful.

8th. Mildew having increased much on old
vines, cut out nearly half the wood which is much
mildewed, so as to leave remainder very open —
no mildew on young bearing vines ; not a bunch
of grapes on those injured. Rainy yesterday and
today. More hot weather in last six weeks, than
I have known for a long time. Put compost
about some young bearing vines and dug it in. I
have found, for some days, many young shoots of
vines, young and old, entirely covered with eggs
of the black ant; saw the old ant on the shoots in
more than fifty instances ; cut off many shoots.
This ant I have never seen in this way before.

15th. Black ant in great numbers ; do not see
that it injures the grape vines. Mildew has in-
creased on the wood and fruit of old vines ; grapes
apparently all touched, more or less ; they still
appear, however, as though they would all ripen,
except a few bunches that were left untouched by
the brush, by way of experiment. Fruit on all
young vines yet uninjured.

16th. Cut off the entire head of a young win-
ter St Germain pear ; it having been attacked by
the blight in the branches some time since ;
but the blight has continued to destroy the tree.
Picked the first melons ; cantelopes. No rain
since Wednesday of last week ; weather very hot ;
most of the time, thermometer at eighty. Grapes,
sweet-water, begin to show ripeness ; in some
cases, soft to the touch. Ever since dry weather
came on, have watered daily one young sweet-
water, to see if it would ripen the fruit the sooner;
[no effect perceived.] Black ant increased im-

mensely, though not perceived that it has injured
the vines.

23il. Heavy showers this morning, after dry
weather since Wednesday of the week before last.
Black Cluster or Burgundy begins to turn black.
Some few berries of the sweet-water quite palat-
able. Larger berries on the young vines than I
recollect to have seen in my garden. Melons ripen
fast ; have watered these vines a very little during
the dry weather ; they have suffered from it ap-
parently.

September 1st. Some grapes, sweet-water, ripe
— i. e. what is usually called rijie, and such as I have
often seen brought to the table, and in the market ;
still, they are far from ripe ; many berries on the
bunch are still acid, and some bunches are still
entirely unripe, ftlildew apparent on every bunch
on old vines — i. e. on the stem of every bunch;
though in most instances the grapes are sound,
not perished or shrunk. On the contrary, berries
often larger and finer than usual ; not the bunches.
The wood of these vines all affected by mildew ;
I allude to the old vines before mentioned, nine in
nundjer. As to young vines, though the wood
is in a few cases partially discolored by mildew,
tliere is but a single bunch on all these vines, that
is injured by it.

3.5th. Sweet- water grapes now in perfection,
and many of them have been for some days; those
bunches turned to the sun have acquired the russet
color, which shows perfect maturity in the grape.
Burgundy or Black Cluster not ripe. [This grape
is a spirited fine grape, and in the books is
said to be earlier than the sweet-water, but in this
instance 1 have not found it to be so ; this may be
accidental; I have but three bearing plants of this
kind. In no instance was fruit ripe as soon as on
other vines. I have no doubt but that mine is
the true kind ; the description in the books is too
plain to be mistaken.] Isabella. not ripe ; indeed,
fat from it. [I must enter a solemn protest
against this grape in this climate ; unless cultiva-
ted in the most protected situation it will not ripen.
My friend, Mrs Griffith, has given it a bad name
in all cases. Ripened within the walls of Albany
and New York, I have found it delicious ; men,
women and children will attest to it. I do not
mean as delicate as the Chasselas or Froulignac,
but still excellent ; and I must say again, in its
sweetness delicious. And then as to fruitfulness
it is not surpassed.] For the first time and with-
in a few days, robins have attacked my grapes,
not the black otily, but the sweet-water ; having
shot five, the rest have disappeared. [Here was
an unexpected thief, and a horticultural mortifica-
tion not looked for. After watching, nursing, pro-
tecting these offspring of care, by night and by
day, as the mother does her children, now comes
the spoiler. What is to be done ? I had never
suffered one of these beautiful tenants of the bough
and the air, to be shot on my place ; but this was
too much ; iny humanity gave way, and the deadly
shot removed my fears and preserved my fruit.
Was I wrong? I commit myself to the taste,
judgment and humanity of the horticultural re-
public, and will abide its decision. As to the
white grape, it has been said that its color would
preserve it from the attack of birds, and till now,
I supposed that this was the fact. It may be so,
generally.] Trimmed six vines .is I intend they
shall remain at the next year's growth ; when cut,
the old wood bled a little. [This done as an ex-
periment ; Loudgn asserts that this early trimming

will greatly accelerate the fruit the next year ; even
two or three weeks.]

Here, Su', ends my meagre journal. On the
2Gth of September I left home and was absent
some weeks, and since that time I haCe not liad
leisure to note down the various operations, that
always go forward in the garden in the fall. Be-
fore I leave the subject, I will take notice of two
or three ])ariiculars.

1st. Grapes. The beauty, the delicacy, the
hcalthfulness of this fruit, early attracted my at-
tention, and I was determined to be successful, if
diligence would insure that result. My confidence
is not diminished, though I am aware that most
cultivators in the northern and middle States have
less hope. Mildew is the great enemy. The ex-
cellent lady I have mentioned, says, that two or
three good crops tiiay be expected from onr
young vines, but that, after that, we all "_/(6" about
our grapes. I will not plead guilty, and cannot
stand mute. I have given the reader a faithful
account of my vines this year ; my crop on the
old vines was poor ; the young vines were too
young to expect much from. For the first time,
my old vines were a good deal infected with mil-
dew ; this attacks the stem, the wood, and the
fruit. I think I can account for the mildews on
the old vines I have mentioned ; I sufl'ered a good
deal of wood to grow, much more than usual —
this was partly intentional and partly owing to an
omission to take oft' superfluous wood, as the buds
started in the spring ; the wood accumulated be-
fore I was well aware of how much was left on
the vines. In addition to this, we had very hot
and very wet weather during a part of the season.
Not expecting mildew, I was not prepared for it.
After all, upon these nine years old vines I did
not lose twenty bunches of grapes ; this I attribute
in a good measure to the brush. To my recollec-
tion, I have never in one season before lost ten
bunches of grapes from mildew, and I attribute
my success to these canses. To climate I cannot
say how much. 1st. I trim very closely during
the summer, by keeping the false wood always
down ; I shorten many bearing shoots, so that the
vine is left very open to a free admission of the
air and sun. 2d. I manure very highly, and dig
or fork my grape ground not less than four or five
times during the season ; so that the ground, being
a light sand and loam, is like an ash heap. My
grapes are now prepared for the next season, by
the richest manure from the hog pen. On the
continent of Europe, they speak of manuring \\ith
vegetable manure ; and I well recollect that the
late ingenious Mr Parmentier of Brooklyn, told
me that he preferred a good deal of vegetable ma-
nure. But I am satisfied that this will not answer
in my garden. I do not rely on the brush, nor
on lime and sulphur as practised in Boston. The
latter may be useful, and I once supposed from
the statements made, that it was a panacea ; but I
fear that there is none; that therefore we must
build our hopes, whatever ihey are, upon that in-
dustry and diligence to which are awarded the
greatest bounties of Providence. Let none, there-
fore, despair. I have mentioned that there was
no mildew worth regarding, on my young bearing
vines ; the best of tliese were taken care of, almost
exclusively, as to the trimming and disposing of
the trellis, by a young lady of the family, whom I
instructed as to keeping the vines open and expos-
ed to the sun and air.

2d. Strawberries and Raspbenies. There is

316

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

The
rewarded,

no fiuit tlitit I would sooner cultivate iu a garden
than these, except the apijle. These are Iriiits that
you can have almost of course, for six weeks in the
season, provided you have water; this the straw-
berry demands ; it will not bear drought
expense of raising these fruits is we
compared with that bestowed on other fruits. As
to the strawberry, I much prefer the bed to the
hills. In England, this plant is very nmch culti-
vated in hills, and they sometimes practise the re-
finement of suffering only a single plant in a hill,
and this plant to stand one year oidy. I now
speak of u.v own experience. The fruit is mud
larger in the hills, but not so fine ; and I thin„
the reason is, that our sun is too hot ; I am aware
that many will deny this. Those iu beds give me
ten times as much fruit as the same ground in
hills. I have now six beds, two and a half feet
wide, twentyfour feet long ; these beds were form-
ed thufe : young plants were taken up with a trow-
el or spade, generally four or five together, and
so put down in the intended bed, about one foot
apart each way. This was done partly late last
fall and partly last spring. The runners spread
in all directions. Those that at first spread out ot
the limits of the intended bed were turned in, so
that by the first of August, the whole ground was
nearly covered ; now the plants cover the ground
entirely. There is but one difficulty in getting
forward these beds of strawberries, that is, weeds ;
and here there is occasion for constant attention.
But this is all— a strawberry plat full of weeds is
a trial almost beyond human endurance. On the
other hand, the strawberry if permitted to run,
makes so perfect a mat, that if the gi-ound be at-
tended to the first three months, the difiicnlty is
over. And how much time is necessary for my
six beds? Seventyfive cents would pay all the
expense of keeping these beds clean the whole
summer ; not a weed is to be seen in them now.
Half of the work has been done by a female child
not seven years old. 1 do not speak of hoeing the
alleys ; that, however, is not female work. There
is now no more labor to be performed upon my
beds this season, but to cover them whh litter from
tbe horse stable. 1 do not cut the vines before
covering.

Having water in my garden, I am as sure ol
strawberries enough to Jill my house the next sea-
son, (as Cobbett would say of pork at Christmas,)
as I am of corn and potatoes ; and I will have
these strawberries for half of the iirice that will
obtain the same quantity from the field. My crop
is certain, the other is not.

I fear, Mr Editor, that half of what I have
written will not be read. I had intended to touch
upon some other topics, but I will not, farther than
to conclude with a few general observations.

When people hear a horticulturist talk of fork-
ing up grape vines four or five times in the season,
they say to themselves, this is monstrously expen-
sive, and we cannot aflbrd to have grapes upon
such terms. Now, Sir, there is no doubt that to
possess a good garden is unquestionable economy,
-with or without grapes. Again— look at the la-
mentable want of fruit in this country ; neither
Bahimore nor Albany are supplied, even with gar-
den raspberries or strawberries. I speak of these
cities because I know the fact. A man may travel
from Boston to Buffalo, and it is a chance if he
gets a dish of good fruit at an inn ; whereas the
intermediate villages ought all to be supplied with
fruits. There is no doubt, that even garden rasp-

d strawberries nyght be sold in every
considerable village. The demand is limited ; so
it is for onions and everything else. Abundant
fruits would be a new creation of property, greater
than v.e are now aware of. To produce them,
would give a new occupation to many old and in-
firm people, in light labor ; to many children who
are now more or less idle in every family, and
who might do three fourths of the labor of the
ganlen ; to many delicate females, also, whose
narrow circumstances are a sore evil. To find
proper and profitable occupations for this class is
a great difficulty ; certainly I do not recommend
hoeing and digging for them, this must be done
by men and boys. If gardening was put ujion a
proper footing, it would change the face of our
villages greatly and give a new impulse to the
whole society — nothing more so. Our children in
the coimtry ought to be educated foi the garden ;
nine out often are wild with pleasure in a garden,
they fly from flower to flower like the bees. In
our villages, at present, there are too many idle
people, there is too much of w hat Cobbett would
call " dawdling about." This idle time alone,

April 18, 1832.

CATTLE SHOW,

Exhihition of Manufactures, Ploughh^g Match, and .
public sale of Animals and Manvfactures, at
Pawluckd, R. I. on Wednesdaij, Oct. 10, 1837.
Ofiictrs of Rhode Island Socieiy for Encour-
agement of Domtslic Industry, elected September,
ISM :—

James Rhodes, .
Samuel Slater,
James T). Wolf,
Charles Eldridge,
WiLLiAji Rhodes,

President ;
1st Vice Pre
2d "
3d "
Treasurer ;

^idcut ;

well applied, would give an additional value of
twenty per cent to the land, in nine out often of
all the villages of the country. How then shall
we make fruit common .' There is but one way ;
there can be plenty in no article uidess it is bought
and sold. The rich may partially supply them-
selves, but then there is nothing for the poor or
middling classes. The gentlemen of Boston have
set the country an example ; their surplus {I speak
of many) is sent to market. In a republican coun-
try, to be ashamed of buying and selling, is really
a silly aristocratic air. To make fruit properly,
like other things, is the only means of breaking up
garden thieving — this will do it effectually. Let
gentlemen consider how nuich good they cau do
in rendering fine fruit as common as good veget-
ables— this is the merit of making two spears of
orass grow where there was one before.

Mr Editor, in respect to cultivation, I am but a
learner and have but a limited ex|)erience ; there-
fore, what I have said is with a just deference to
the judgment of others. While others are doing
so much for society, we horticulturists owe some-
thing!* though as members of a great comnumity
we are far apart, let there be hut one soul perva-
ding our bodies ! Let a man be ever so poor, if
he wears our badge, we will take him by the hand,
he shall have a free ticket in our republic. As
we are enjoying the bounties, let us dispense the
blessings of heaven. Such is the order of Provi-
dence ; while a man is toiling honestly for himself,
he labors also for his neighbor.

None can do more for the cause of temperance
than we can. Our delicious fruits are a natural
safeguard against the brutifying j)assion for intox-
icating liquors. Our calm pleasures tranquillize
the mind and secure it against the desire for ex-
traordinary excitements. To children we can
give motives to increased industry ; to the other
sex, to the poor, the aged, the infirm, appropriate
and profitable occupations ; to our country, im-
proved tastes, more health, enlarged enjoyments,
and a neio source of wealth.

THEODORE SEDGWICK.
West Stockbridge, Dec. 1831.

Richard Ward Greene, Secretary.

The Standing Committee of the Rhode Island
Society for the Encouragement of Domestic In-
dustry, ofl'er the following premiums : —

FOR STOCK.

For the best Bidl, to be kept in the State one
year after the lair, not to exceed three years of
age, $10 ; for the next best, same conditions, 8 ;
for the next best, same conditions, 6.

For the best Bull Calf, $6 ; for the next best, 4 ;
for the next best, 3 ; for the next best, 2.

For the best cows, not less than six in number,
which shall have yielded the best quantity of milk
in any thirty days previous to the 28th of Septem-
ber, a certificate thereof, didy sworn to, will be
required, and the cows nmst be exhibited at the
fan-, $15 ; for the next best cows, not less than
four in number, same conditions, 5.

For the best two year old Heifer, having had a
calf, same conditions, $C ; for the next best, do.
do. do. 4.

For the best heifer yearling, $i ; for the next
best, 2.

For the best pair of working cattle, to have been
owned in this State at least three months, not ex-
ceeding six years old, $8 ; for the next best, 6 ;
for the next best, 4 ; for the next best, 2.

For the best pair three years old steers, $6 ; for
the next best, 4 ; for the next best, 2.

For the best pair of two year old steers, $5 ; for
the next best, 4 ; for the next best, 3.

For tlie best Boar, to he kept in this State until
the 1st of April, 1832, $G ; next best, do. do. do.
4 ; next best, do. do. do. 2.

For the best Pigs, not less than six in number,
not less than four nor more than eight months old,
to have been raised in this State, $8 ; for the next
best, do. G ; for the next best, do. 3.

For the best Stud Horse, not less than three
years old, owned in this State, and having been
wholly kept for Mares in this State the season
previous, and to be kept for Mares the year suc-
ceeding the fair, $20.

For the best breed Mare (owned in this State)
and colt by a horse that may be deemed of the
best blood, $8 ; next best, same conditions, 6.

No slock (roin ilislillerie« or breweries will be entitled
to any prennum. No aniaial on wliicb a premium has
beretolore been awarded shall be entitled to a second
premium, exrept it be for an entirely disliiiet premium,
iind for qualities different from those for which tlie form-
er premium was awarded.

The eye of a master will do more work than
both his hands. Not to oversee workmen is to
leave them your purse o])en.

FOR GRAIN, VEGETABLE CROPS, AND AGRICULTURAL
EXPERIMENTS.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Indian Corn, on not less than four acres in
one piece of ground, and not less than seventy
bushels to the acre, $20.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of corn, on not less than one acre of land, and

Tol. X.— No. 40.

AND HOIITICULTUIIAL JOURNAL.

3[7

not less than one hundred bushels, $10. To
the person who shall raise the next greatest
quantity, and not less than seventy bushels on one
acre, $h.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Rye on two acres, not less than thirty bush-
els per acre, sf 5.

Next greatest quantity of Rye on two acres, $3.
To the persoti who shall raise the greatest quan-
titj' of Onions, in proportion to the land cultiva-
ted, $5.

Next greatest quantitj', $3.
To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Millet on an acre, cut and cured for hay,
the claimant giving evidence of the time of sowing,
the quantity of seed sown, and the quantity of hay
produced, $10.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of potatoes, not less than three hundred and
fifty bushels on an acre of land, $8.

Next greatest quantity, not less than three hun-
dred bushels to the acre, $4.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Beets, on not less than a qdarter of an acre
of ground, $5.

To the ])erson who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Carrots on not less than one acre, $5.

To the person who shall raise the greatest quan-
tity of Parsnips on not less than a quarter of an
acre, §5.

To the person who shall make the most satis-
factory exi)criment to ascertain the best mode of
raising Indian Corn, in rows, in hills, or in ridges,
not less than half an acre being employed in each
mode in the same field, the quantity and quality
both of land and manure to be equal and uniform
in each mode, and all to receive a cultivation re-
quisite to produce a good crop, $12.

To the person who shall introduce any Grass
not before cultivated in this State, and prove by
actual experiment, tested by satisfactory evidence,
its superiority to any other grass now cultiva-
ted, $90.

To the person who shall by actual experiment
prove the best season and mode of laying down
land to grass, and whether spring, sunnner, or fall
seeding be preferable, and with or without grain
on different soils, $10.

To the person who shall take up in the season
on his own farm, the greatest quantity of good
Hone}^, and shall at the same time exhibit superior
skill in the management of bees, $5.
For the best barrel of cider, $C.
[Shoidd the Society retain the barrel of cider
for which the premium is awarded, they will pay
'.n addition to the premium four dollars.]

()J= Persons claiming a premium must state in
writing the ]irocess of making and managing their
;ider, and the kind of apples used.

who assisted in measuring them, as well as a ceilificite
of a surveyor of the measuremenl of the land, togelljer
with a plat of the same.

FOR SHOP MANUFACTURES.

For the best side of Sole Leather, with a writ-
ten statement duly certified of the mode and time
of tanning, $4.

For the best Belt Leather, $4.

For the best white oak Hogshead, $4.

For the best white oak Barrel, $2.

For the best imitation Beaver Hat, $3.

For the best woollen do. $2.

Three dollars for each of the following imple-
ttrents :— best Cast Iron Plough ; best Corn Shel-
ler ; best Straw Cutter; best Ox Harrow; best
Vegetable Cutter ; best Horse Harrow.

Three also to each of the following, not less
than twelve in number: — Hoes, Axes, Scythes,
Rakes, and Iron Shovels.

Im|ilements of Husbandry and Articles of Shop Manu-
facture, of superior excellence, nut particularly enumer-
ated, may receive premiums at the discretion of the
Examining Conunittee.

BUTTER AND CHEESE.

For the best Cheese, all from the same dairy,
not less in quantity than one hundred pounds,
$8 ; for the next do. 6 ; for the ne.xt do. 4.

For the best Butter, not less than sixty pounds,
to be exhibited in firkins, $15 ; next best do. 10;
next best do. 8.

Next best, in boxes not less than twentyfive
pounds, $8 ; next best do. C ; next best do. 4 ;
next best do. 2.

HOUSEHOLD MANUFACTURES.

For the best piece of carpeting, 4-4 wide, and
not less than fifteen yards, $6 ; next best do. do.
4 ; next best do. do. 3. For the best woollen knit
hose at least three pairs, $2 ; for the best flax or
hemp knit hose, 2; for the best cotton do. 2 ; for
the best worsted do. 2 ; for the best silk do. 3.
For the best piece of woollen flannel, 7-8 wide
and thirty yards at least, 5 ; next do. 3. For the
best piece of woollen cloth, fulled and dressed,
.3-4 wide and sixteen yards at least, 3 ; next do. 2.
For the best woollen blankets 8-4 wide, 5 ; next
do. .3.

All to have been manufactured in this State,
within the last year, and a certificate thereof re-
quired.

milled to be driven fasier than iheir nalura! pace; ami
these piemiuins will be adjudged lor the best woik witt
tlie least expense of labor.

It must be undeistood, tliat in all cases, whether there
be any compeUlion or not, it is at tlie discretion of Ihe
Committees to wiihliold a prtmium, if in their opinion the
olijects so otfered are not woi thy of it.

Any attempt lo obtain premiums by unfair practices,
will be puniihed by a toifeiture of Ibe premium should it
bave bpen awarded befcre the discovery, and will also
pieclude the ofloiider liom being permitted to apply for
premiums in future. Premiums lo be demanded wilhin
six months after ihey are awarded.

RICHARD WARD GREENE, Sec';/.

From the Itoston Trangcript.

Competitors for the above premiums must furnish the
Secretary, on or before Ihe first day of December, 1S32,
vith written statements, certified by disinterested and
respectable persons, as lo the following parliculars :

1. The stale and quality of the land in the spring of
1832.

2. The product and general state of cultivation, and
quantity of -nanure employed on it the year preceiliiig.

3. The quantity of manure used the present season.

4. The quaiilily of seed used, and if potatoes, ihe sort.

5. The time anil manner of sowing, weeiling, and
harvesting Ihe crop, and the amount of product ascer-
tained by actual measurement, after the whole produce
for which a premium is claimed is harvested, and the
entire expense of cultivation.

The statement of crops must also be accompanied by a
>erlificate taken under oath of two respectable persons,

MULBERRY TREES AND RAW SILK.

To any person who may within the present sea-
son have raised on one piece of land the largest
number of thrifty mulben-y trees, not less than one
thousand, a certificate thereof being required, $5 ;
for the next largest quantity, not less than one
thousand, 4 ; next do. 3. For the largest quan-
tity of raw silk, 5 ; next do. 4 ; next do. 3 ; next
do. 2 ; next do. 1. For the best sample of sewing
silk, 5 ; next do. 4. For the best dress, manufac-
tured from silk made in this State, 10. Premium
of 20 dollars for the best barrel of potato starch,
made in this State.

PLOUGHING MATCH. — J\''o diivers allowed.

First Plough,

$9;

Fifth Plough,

$5;

Second do.

8;

Sixth do.

4;

Third do.

7 ;

Seventh do.

3;

Fourth do.

0;

Eighth do.

2.

The depth to be ploughed will not be less than five in-
ches, and the breadth of the furrow not more than twelve
inches.

The strictest regulations will be adopted, to insure the
proper management of the catde. Tliey will not be per-

SUPERIOR QUALITIES OF THE BLOOD
HORSE.

Mr Editor— It has been suggested to me, that
the term " blood horse " is not properly understood,
and that a common impression prevails, that the
w-ord blood, as applied to this animal, imports only
high spirits and vigor ; and that every horse, no
maiter what may have been his origin, is entitled
to this qualification, if he is young, high mettled,
and strong. Nothing can be more absurd, of in-
dicalive of greater ignorance on the part of those
who profess an acquaintance with the perfect qual-
ities of this noble quadruped.

A blood horse is one whose origin can be traced
to the " Arab steed," or "Barbary courser." To
he ol'pure blood, implies direct genealogy without
the least collateral admixture, from an Arabian
sire and a Barbary or Arabian dam. There are
no distinguishing attributes so perfectly charac-
terised, as those of the high bred or blood horse ;
and there is no animal, whether biped or quadru-
ped, that so certainly perpetuates its ancestral vir-
tues. The blood horse is the only legitimate aris-
tocrat. His pretensions to rank are undisputed.

The common objection of our breeders to the
hlood horse is, that their bones being small, there
must consequently he a deficiency "of power, as
compared with the common animal of the country.
I grant this appears somewhat reasonable at first
sight, but the contrary is susceptible of demon-
stration. There is the same comparative diflerence
of com))actness and strength, between the bones
of the blood horse and those of other races, ex-
cepting perhaps the hunter, as there is between
white and red oak ; the one being solid and the
other porous — less surface is required to produce
the same -power, either of support, resistance or
endurance.

I have said, that the bred horse certainly per-
petuates liis excellent qualities. As a proof of this
assertion, a remarkable anecdote is related in the
2d number of the first vol. of the Turf Register:
About the year 1777 or 78, Gen. H. Lee, of the
cavalry, and his ofiicers, had their attention drawn
to some uncommonly fine eastern horses employed
in the public service; horses of such superior form
and ajipearance, that the above officers were led
to make much inquiry respecting their history;
and this proved so extraordinary, that Capt. Lind-
sey was sent to examine and make more particular
inquiry respecting the fine cavalry which had been
so much admired, and with instructions, that ifthe
sire answered the description which had been giv-
en of him, the captain was to purchase him if to
be sold. Capt. Lindsey succeeded in purchasing
the horse ; when, on inquiry, he ascertained beyond
all doubt, that he had been the most valuable ani-
mal in the stud of the Emperor of ftlorocco, who
presented him to the commander of a British

318

frigate for the very important services reiulcrcd
liis son. The frigate visited one of ilie West In-
dia islands before she returned to Engliuid, and
the horse liaving been put on shore fnr exercise,
fell over some timbers in a lumber-yard and broke
three- of liis legs. In this state be was given to
tlie captain of a Connecticut vessel, who bound up
his fractured limbs, brought iiim to this country,
and succeeded in putting him on a goo<l footing.
The horse was known in Connecticut as the Ran-
ger, and in Virgiida as Lindsey's Arabian.

GODOLPHIN.

FOR THE NEV

*D FARMER.

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES.

Ma FessemdeiN — I have been repeatedly applied
to by cultivators, since the ascertainment of the
deep and extensive injm-y to fruit trees during the
late disastrous winter, for advice as to the course
to be pursued in a case so singular, and, as I be-
lieve, wholly unexampled in this country or in
Europe, I have no doubt, that the destruction
occasioned liy the late winter, whatever may be
the causes of it, is as wholly new as the Asiatic
cholera, which is spreading itself throughout the
world. I have been extremely embarrassed by
these applications for advice, as much so as medi-
cal men seem to be as to this new disease so
alarming to human life. It would be the highest
presumption for one so conscious of his own ig-
norance, to undertake to give advice in such a
new and unexampled case. But there are certain
general rules and principles, and certain fads
which are of more moment than rules, because
they lie at the foundation of all sound practice,
which may guide us in this case.

The mischief, in the present instance, has been
extended to trees and plants which have for two
hundred years, uniformly eudirred the severity of
the climate of Massachusetts. The peach tree is
the only exception. I think it may be affirmed of
the tender varieties of that tree, that it suffers from
frost in our Massachusetts climate, more or less
faiidly, in about one year in five. It suffers from
other causes more frequently, and I think, I haz-
ard nothing in saying, from fortyfour years' per-
sonal experience, that a good crop of tine and per-
fect peaches cannot be fairly relied upon, in more
than one year out of four. Ilappilv, the rapid
growth of that tree and its early coming into bear-
ing, is some recompense for its great tenderness.

But although the hardier fruit trees have always
withstood the severity of our winters, we have at
all times had among us trees and plants of a more
delicate and tender nature, which frequently suffer
by our too severe climate, such are the Madeira
nut or English walnut, the Bignonia, Catalpa, the
Bignonia raflicans, and many others. These are
often deeply and seriously affected by our winters,
and the treatment applied to them may be some
guide as to the course to be piu-sued with the
peach, nectarine, apricot, plum, pear, and apple,
in the i)resent disastrous condition of these trees.
Now, what is the most judicious course in such
cases? Not to prune before the tree shows the
e.'stent of the injury done to it. When the buds
break, (if they shall break, which is this year
doubtful in many cases,) to prune back to the first
vigorous and healthy shoot ; to disregard all feeble ]
shoots which have a sickly appearance; to cut oflf
fearlessly all limbs, however large, which exhibit
the appearance of decline or feebleness ; to en- i

NEW ENGLAND FARMi:il,

courage only those shoots which give promise of
future vigor ; to abandon the wish to preserve the
next year's fruit, at the expense of several years'
disease.

I am well aware that these rules arc loose and
so are all general rules. The good sense and
sound judgment of each individual must govern
at last. But this I would say, that where the new-
shoots are feeble, the bolder the jiriming the great-
er will be the success. I infer this from experi-
ence as to semi-hardy plants, which suffer every
winter with ns. Agricola.

Boston, March 31, 1832.

Note lo the nbove.

Curious and anomalous facts for the consideration
of philosophical fanners.

1. The semi-hardy plants have stood the
late winter better than the hardy ones. The
Magnolias, the Calicanthus florida, the -Bignonia
Catalpa, have not sufflsred ; while the roses of the
hardiest descri])lions have been cut down to the
surface. The Maclure Aurantiaca of the Arkan-
sas, has not suffered.

2. The slightest possible protection has secur-
ed plants, though the ground under that protec-
tion has had eighte<-n inches of frost.

3. Potatoes have been dug up at four inches
depth, in a finer and fresher state than those gath-
ered and stored in cellars.

These certainly are curious facts ; that they are
facts, the readers of this article may be assured.
They are not exceptions; they are nearly universal
on my estate. How are they to be ex[)lained ?
First, then, as to the i)lants of southern climates ;
they lost their leaves and soon after all their cir-
cidation.s, early in October ; cohl which was not
hurtfid to the pear leaf, was death to them ; their
Inids were cased in their wintry coating; thev
were not moved by the comparatively in\iting but
chilly warmth of November. Simide cold is rarely
destructive to a thoroughly well ri[)ened stalk or
bud. Hence all the Magnolias, the Calicauthas
and Biffuonias having no freexahle fluids in their
vessel.s, escapcfl ; while the ap])le, p(\-u-, cherrv
and i)each, continuing in a state of circulation till
the tremendous cold of early December, perished.
Such is my fancy.

2d and 3d. As to the two other facts referred
to, they have often excited my astonishment ; they
are not new but perfectly familiar to most of us.
They have never been ex[)lained, and what is sin-
gular, there never has been (so far as I know) even
an attempt at explaining them. They seem to
me to have been abandoned, as among the facts
above, or beyond our reach, as much so as the
cause of vitality and heal in animals and vegeta-
bles. It is undoubtedly owing to some power
like that which preserves animal heat in living
bodies, when dead flesh will freeze solid ; but we
are ignorant of the cause. That a potato should
be kept fresh, when the ground is frozen one foot
below it, is a matter, though certain, above our
reach.

SEEDING.

There are a great variety of opinions concern-
ing the time and mflnner of seeding lands with the
different kinds of cultivated grasses, as also with
regard to the grasses theioselves. Our object at
this time is not to combat those various opinions,
knowing that many fanners are in the practice of

Anril 18, 1832.-

sowing their grass seeds in the lettar jiart of win-
ter, while yet sufficient snow remains upon the
ground to indicate where it has been sown and
where not.

With regard to tlie varieties of grass seed which
are the most profitable, much depends upon the
soil u[)on which it is to be sown. In wet or low
grounds where they are unfit for ploughing, the
common red-toji, mixed with timothy grass (Phleum
pratense) is found to be very profitable, making a
tough and even surface, and enduring many years-
wiihout decreasing in (|ualily or quantity. There
is a material advantage to the farmer in having
some of this kind of mowing ground, that is, the
red-top does not arrive at perfection imtil after
wheat harvest, which enables him to cut more hay
with fewer hands ; but red-top should never be
sown on lands intended for ploughing, as it is very
diffii-idt 10 sididue, and the sods i-emaining green,
are apt to render the surface uneven when it is
again stocked down. For plough lauds, under a
proper rotation of crops, we believe Ujere are no-
grasses so generally apjnoved as timothy and red
cloM-r (Trifolium pratense.) These two grasses-
combine the properties of making excellent hay,,
and restoring strength to the soil ; for the last pur-
l)ose, red clover is better calculated than any other
grass in conunon cultivation, as from the shape and
construction of the leaves, it is ca],al)le of absorbing
a larger quantity of carbon from the atmosphere,
than almost any other grass. The major part of
seeding that is done at this season, is upon grounds
that were sown in aiuimin, with wheat or i-ye. It
sometimes happens when grass seeds are sown in
this manner, that there is an entire failure. This
happens when our first Wiirm weather in May is
succeeded by a drought, by which the roots of the
young grasses are dried, and the seeds or young
plants undergo the same jnocess as malting, which
entirely ])revents all after vegetation. To prevent
this is desirable, and one of the surest ways is, as
soon as the giound becomes sufficiently dry to al-
low a team to travel over it without sinking deep
in it, to i)ass a light drag or bush over the ground,
after which, roll it with a modeiatcly heavy roller.
This may be objected to by those who have not
tried the experiment, as being likely to tear up the
wheat or rye ; this will be the case to a small e.x-
tent, but the renjaining part will he sufficiently bet-
ter to (-ompen.snte ft)r those lost. When the ground
is intended for mowing, the rolling process should
never be dispensed with. There has been much
pid)lished respecting other varieties of Trifolium,
besides 1 he |)ratcnse of the Shamrock clover (T..
procunibens,) and the Italian clover, (T. incarna-
tum,) bin the red and white ap[)ear to be the only
varieties which arc counted profitable with us. —
There are various other plants which belong in.
the same class, which bear so strong a resemblance
to the clovers, that we will refer to them as they
are frequently mentioned. Both the Inccrn (Me-
dicago .sativa) anrl saint fain or holy hay (Hedysa-
rimi onobrychio) are grown in France, but we do-
not consider them calculated to suijjilant the red
clover and timothy in this country, for common
farming purposes, although they may be found
profitable near large towns, wheic early grass is a
greater object. Neither of the.se last form an
even sward, but as a manure crop they would be
like other clovers.

At the working man's bouse hunger looks in,
but never enters.

Vol. X — No. 40,

AiMJ HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

319

To CoRREspoKDEivrs. — We rcceiveil, too lale for
l)ublic;ition tliis week, an interesting letter from T. A,
Knight, Esq. of England to tile Hon. John Lowell,
;»ccouip.inying a lio.v of scions of new fiuit sent by him
to Mr Lowell. — .Usn several other coinniunicatiODs, some
of which arc in type.

Keurick Nurseries in Newton, near Boston.

FOR Sale at the Kenrick Nur.seiiesin Newton, an ex-
tensive assortment of Apples, i^ears, Peaches, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Mulberries, Quinces,
Raspberries, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and Cui-raut
Bushes, and ten iine'st varieties ol Strawhei'ries, includ-
ing Wihnot's Superb, Getiuine Keens' Seeding, do.

Also about 200 varieties of the most ornamental hardy
trees and shrubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chestnuts, Mounlriin Ash, Gum
Acacia, 'i'hiee Thorned Acacia, Butternuts, Ailanthusor
Tree of Heaven, Elms, Sugar Maples, Flowering C ital-
pas. Weeping Willows, Napoleon, do. do. Honeysuckles,
and a superb variety of hardy Roses, &c. &c. Many of
the above sorts ol'trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Tiees by the 100 or 1000— for planta-
tions.

Isabella Grape Vines, either singly or by the 100, at
reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to Jolin or William Kenrick,
Newton, and transmitted by the daily mail, or otherwise,
-or if more convenient, left at the office ol the New En-
gland Farmer, where catalogues may be obtained gratis,
will be promptly attended to.

But purchasers are invited when convenient, to call
and examine the Trees, &.c. for themselves, and make
their own selections.

Trees, &c. will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for tr.msportalion, when ordered ; and when particularly
desired, they will he packed in mats with either clay or
moss for sea or land transportation. March 21.

Iiinuican Botanic Garden and Nurseries.

Flushins;, near A'ew Vurk.

WM. PRINCE & Sons. Proprietors, announce that
the great exiensions made iq their o-tablishment, which
now covers near 50 acres, completely filled with the
choicest Trees, Shrubs and Plants, enables them to
otfor the various kinds at the reduced prices stated in their,
new Catalogues, which will be sent to any pei'son who
may apply for them. The size and excellence of the
Trees exceed all former periods ; and the most scrupulous
attention has been devoted to their accuracy, m iiich is
invariably an object of their personal attention. To
nurseries they will allow a liberal discount and conven-
ient ci-edit. As many persons are agents for different
nurseries, it is requested that orders intended for us be
particularly specified. Every invoice sent has a printed
heading and our signature, and such proof of origin must
be insisted on, as we take upon ourselves no responsibdi-
ty unless such an invoice can be produced.

Their Treatise on the Vine, describes 2S0 kinds of
Grapes and their culture: — Their Treatise on Horticul-
ture contains descriptions of a great variety ol Trees and
Plants, and directions for cultivating them ; and their
Pomnlogical Manual, or Treatise on Fruits, contains full
•descriptions of above 1000 varieties of Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, Almonds, and
other fruits, so thai all persons can make their selections,
wtha Inunuledire of the qualities.

Their new Catalogues will be sent to all applicants,
and orders sent to them per mail, will receive the most
prompt attention, and all lellers desiring information,
will be replied to liy the first mail. 4w. March 21.

Gooseberry and Currant Bushes.

JUST received and foi- sale at the Agriculluial Ware-
house, Nos. 51 and 52 .Noitb Market Street, a good as-
sorlment of the finest Large Scotch GoosebiTiy Bushes,
in lots of six roots each, two of a serl ; white, red and
yellow; imported direct Irom Glasgow, Scotland. Price
$1 50 per lot of six bushes.

Also, Laige White and Red Dutch Currant Bushes,
lots of six and twelve each ; packed in moss for trail
portation. Price of the White sorts $1 50 per dozen
the Red, 75 cents. Specimens ot the fruit pi'eserved, can
be seen at the store. Also, cuttings of the Larjje Red
Currants — price 50 cents for a biunlle of 200.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Fruit Trees.

ORDERS for Fruit, Forest and Ornainpntal Trees,
shrubs, lioneysuckles,&c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prii
Buel and Wilson, Davenport's, and any other respectable
Nurseries, received by the subscriber, and executed at
Nursery prices. J. B. RUSSELL.

New England Fanner Office. April 11.

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day rdceived at tlie New England Seed Store,
■504 North Market street, by J. B. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oats Grass Seed, so
Taluable on thin soils for eiiher a hay crop or for grazing.
Col. Taylor, a distinguished farmer, says of it, " It is
the hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and frost, and heat and cold, better than any 1 have ever
cultivated. It keeps possession of the ground in spite ,of
severe grazing. It furnishes better grazing early in the
spring, late in the fall, and in dro'ight, than any grass
known to me; and if cut before the seed ripens, its hay
is as phasant and nutritive to stock, as any grass known
to me." — See also the opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii.
page 300.

Also.— Lucerne Orchard Grass, White and Red Clover,
Fowl Mead .w. Barley, Buck Wheat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &,c. March 28.

Howard's Cast Iron Ploughs.

FOR 5ale attlie Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52, North Market street, — Howard's improved Patent
Cast Iron Ploughs, of all .sizes, wllh wrought iron stand-
aids. The above Plough, which has been in general
use the past season, is much approved by our best prac-
tical farmers, and considered by them the best Plough
now in use. The iron and wood work being finished in
the best possible manner, and the casting being ground
and closi-ly fitted, make the Plough work very free and
easy, as will appear by the following certificates.

CERTIFICATES.

Mr. Newell— I have used the Nos. 1 and 2 Howard
Ploughs, which I purchased of you, and am much pleas-
ed with them. I have used a number of different kinds
of east iron ploughs, but have never found one that did
the work so perfectly, with so liitle labor.

Daniel chandler.

Lexington, Aug 27,1831.

Mr. Newell— The Howard Plough which Capt. D.
Chandler introduced into Lexington, from your establish-
ment, I consider to be a first rate article. I purchased
a No. 2, lastsprieg, and turned over about eight acres of
very rocky turf sward land. I have likewise used it
through the season upon different soils, some of which
were very rougli and stony, and find that it holds well
and does the work easier and more perlectly than any
other plough I ever used on my farm, either wood,
wrought or cast iron. N. WILLINGSTON.

Gardener Wanted.

A Man is wanted to manage a conn-on Kilchen Gar-
den, about 20 miles southeast from Boston. He must be
temperate, industrious, disposed to advance his employer's
interest, and have a thorough knowledge of his business.
To such good encouragement will be given. An Ame-
rican would be preferred. Apply at the N.E. Farmer
office. 3t Maich 21.

Hitchcock's Plough.

.AN assortmont of Hitchcock's Cast Iron Ploughs, with
wrought Iron standard and square Colter edged shares,
may be had of the subscribers. These Ploughs are war-
ranled equal if not superior to any that have been offered
10 the public. Try and See !

DAVID PROUTY, Hanover,

April 4. JOHNIVIEARS, Dorchester.

Spring Wheat.

FOR Sde at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,

A few bushels of genuine Oilman Spring Wheat ; this
sort is the most valuable one cultivated in New England,
is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by blight,
and is the kind which has for many successive years ob-
tained the premium from the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society. April 4.

Market Man wanted.

A steady and industrious man, who is a good salesman
and ready reckoner, to take charge the present season,
of a Market Wagon to Salem, Lynn, and Marblehead
Markets. Preference will be given to one who is ac-
quainted with marketing in this vicinity. Application
may be made at the Reed farm in Lynn.

Lynn, March 2S, 1832. 4t

SilkAVorm Eggs.
FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, 50,000
Silkworm Eggs, warranted good, in packages of 5,000
each. Price $1 per thousand ; with short practical in-
structions for rearing them. April H.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. I, new,
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, '
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, BalUmorc, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow%

Rye, ....
Barley,

Oats, ....
Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality,

Lime, .....

Pl.^ister Paris retails at

Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .

Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed..
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, Jths, washed, .
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
£3 ("Pulled superfine,
j-d 1st Lambs,
■S=-l2d, "
° g. I 3d, "
^ (_ 1st Spinning, .
Southern pulled Wool is

I barrel

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

lo5 tlO
112 00

5.50
6 25

100
4,S
65

9 till
22 Oil

1 20

3 25
16 00
13 00
12 75

about 5 cents less.

pound
cwt.
pound

5 00

U)8 00

115 00

1 00

11 00

8 00

8 00

20

7

3

1 50

5 75

6 50
5 75

1 25
50
70

9 25
23

1 25
3.37

17 00
14 00
13 00

2 50
87
13

8 75
50
65
45

PROVISION MARKET.

Beef, best pieces.

pound

10

11

Pork, fresh, best pieces, ,

"

6

7

whole hogs, .

"

10

Veal

"

6

7

Mutton, ....

"

4

8

Poultry,

"

9

12

Butter, keg and tub.

'I

20

25

lump, best,

• '

25

Eggs, retail,

dozen

12

14

Meal, Rye. retail, .

bushel

1 17

Indian, retail.

'>

100

Potatoes,

"

37

50

Cider, (^according to quality,)

barrel

4 00

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, April 16, 1832.

Roportfd for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 347 Beef Cattle, 16 pairs Working
Oxen, 13 Cows and Calves, 359 Sheep, and 160 Swine.
50 Beel Cattle were reported la t week. 84 Beef Cattle
remain unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. £etf Cattle — No particular variation from
hist week, the Cattle generally of not so good a quality.
We quote extra at 6 25 a 6 50, prime at 6 a 6 25, goud at

5 25 a 5 75, thin at 4 75 a 5.

Worki7ig Oxen. — VVe noticed the sale of one yoke at
$62i, one at 70, one at 80, and one at 87 ; and one extra-
ordinary yoke from Northampton at SI 17 50.

Cows and Calves. — Sales were effected at $23, 24, 25,
and 30.

Sheep.— We noticed the sale of one lot of about 100
at 5 25 each, and a small extra lot at 8 75 each.

SiCiHe— In demand; lots were sold at 5c for sows and

6 for barrows.

Kiw York Cattle Market, Jlpril 13 At market this

week 400 Beef Cattle ; sales still brisk, and prices high ;
average $7 50 per hundred. One superior Ox weighing
from 16 to 1700, was sold at $12. We quote $6 .50 a 8 50.
Sheep, very few come to market, and for them high
prices are obtained, $3 a 7. Swine, sales brisk at $4. —
Daily Adv. *

NEW ENGLAND FARMEK

iiulepcudent of the advantages of a greater regii-
laritv,and consequently a more uniform and hca'tliy
growth of the plants.

Peach Pits are saved in the fall, and i)ut away
over winter, in hoxes mixed with earth, to keep
them from getting dry and hard. Pits that have
been drying all winter, will seldom sprout the first
spring, unless the shell is cracked. It is custom-
ary with nurseymen to plant them without the
shells. These are often sown in beds aiid trans-
planted.

Butler. — This important article in domestic
economy, is manufactured in the best manner. —
No water is put either in the cream or in tlie butter
after it comes from the ohurn. Judge IJnel con-
siders that much of the aroma, on which the
agreeable flavor of butter greatly dejieuds, is car-
ried off with water, jiarticularly when warm or
hot. Care is taken to have all the buttermilk
thoroughly worked out, and the purest salt well
incorporated with the butter. It is then put away
ill stone pots and covered with a little brine, in
order to keep it from the air, on which the pres-
ervation of its good qualities depends in a very
considerable degree, even after being made in the
best manner. Butter thus made and preserved, in
cutting it, neither sticks to the knife like soft wax,
nor crumbles or cracks like cheese. That of last
June's make is now apparently as mild and sweet
I as when first packed down,
washed, and put away for another season. Salt.— The salt manufactured at Syracuse and

Preserving Turnips. — It is not uncommon when Onondaga, put up in baskets or in sugar-loaf form,
turnips are buried, to have them sprouted in the ] jg .^ ,„og( beautiful and snow-white article. Its
spring, before it is convenient to take them out. ! p^^y\xy niakes it a valuable article for butter.
This is prevented by making a small hole through I Loss of Trees.— Judge Buel states, that they
the covering of the pit, with a crow-bar or similar' 1,^^^ suflered in the nursery a loss of young trees,
instrument, to let the confined and heated air j principally plum and pear, to the value of more
escape. than one thousand dollars. The cause lie is unable

The Dibhle.— This is a very useful little cheaj) , f,|i|y ,„ divi„e. Some of them, last sninmcr,
implement. It is generally made like the upper . dioppcd tlii-ii leaves prematurely. The eastern
half of a shovel handle sharpened to a point. It I papers complain of great loss, attributed to the
is used for transplanting. After a little practice, j gudden appearance and great severity of frost.
a person will use it with great faiulity, and set out j rp^ protect plants from frost. — It often ha])i)ens
a great number of plants in a short time. (j^f frosts appear in April or May, when vegela-

Transplanlins;. — ^Ir B. is in the habit of sowing I tion is considerably advanced. By having a fiw
in beds, and transplanting a great many kinds iil'i square frames, and a number of sashes with fi)ur
plants and vegetables. When taken out of the | panes of glass to fit the frames, many thousand
beds, the roots are immediately p'ut into a mixture , plants, in beds ])articnlarly, may be easily protect-
of soil and water, so thick as to adhere to the ed. These frames answer to protect and force
ropts. They are then transplanted with the aid ofj early sowings, and keep oft' insects,
the dibble, at any time of the day and in any Presei-ving Strawberries. — Mrs B. gives tlie fol-
weather. Should it be dry, they will require wat- lowing directions: — For every pound of berries
ering the first night. The advantages of sowing take one of sugar. Dissolve the sugar in water
in beds and transplanting are, that the plants are over the fire ; skim off the impurities that ri

3£0

MISCEI^LANY.

From the New York Farmer.
F.DITORIAL CORRESPONDENCE.

AN EVENING AT JUDGE BUEL'S.

One of the greatest enjoyments of society, is that
of friendly colloquial interchange of sentiments,
|i,irticularly when the conversation, from habit
and taste, takes a useful turn, uniting the utile et
dulce. And, since Providence has considered the
conversational powers of men, too limited in their
sphere of operation for the universal diffVision of
knowledge, I shall, I trust, stand excused by Mr
B. for committing a few hints and facts to the
press.

To protect plants. — The method wliich Mr Buel
adopts, to protect his young plants that are liable
to be injured by insects, is to nail four pieces of
thin boards or shingles, in the form of a square or
oblong, and of convenient breadth ; these are cov-
ered with cheap millinet. Thus made, it is put
over the plant, and by being pressed into the soil,
serves not only to keep otf winged insects from
the leaves, but also those worms or grubs that
crawl on the surface. If one side of the frame is
lower, or pressed down into the soil deeper, than
the other, and placed towards the soil, more sun is
admitted. The millinet is taken off" of the frames.

AprU 18,

Grape Vines.

THE sub^crilier offers lor gale, at his garden in Dor-
chestir, a lew cuttings of the bl.ick and while " Mosca-
tel ' Grape Vines, just received by Ihc brig Cora from
Cadiz, procured for bini by the Consul ol the United
States, resident lliere. He writes, " 1 obtained these
cuttings from vines on which I have seen clusters of
grapes, weighing as much as Twentysix pounds." —
They contain several joints, and will be sold at 50 cents
each.

Also, some very thrifty vines of the Ferrol Grape, a
splendid black fruit, recently imported.

Isabella ; Barcelona ;

Catawba ; Blaiids ;

Constantia ; Black Cape;

Black Hamburgh ;
3 vaiielies ol valuable fruits, obtained from Xeres in
Spain, and many olbei- choice kinds.

Oiders by Mail addressed to the subscriber, or person-
al application at his office, No. 7^ Congress street, for
any quantity of vines Irom one to one hundred, will meet
wiili prompt attention. Z. COOK, Jr.

March 12, 1832. 5t

Mangold Wnrtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just received at the New England Seed store, 50
North Market street, by J B. Russell,

lUO lbs. Large Mangold Wurtzcl, of the very first qua-
lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Beet, imported di-
rect from France. 100 lbs. Rula Haga, of ihe first
quality, European growth ; 100 lbs. large White
Flat English Field Turnip : 150 lbs. Short Top
Scarlet Radish, of English growth — very early, and of
leep scarlet color. March 28.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50^ North Market Street :

Fine large Vines of the Isabella (purple) ; Winne,
(dark purple); Alexander, (black) ; and Catawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in mois, for transporta-
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts — prrco
50 cents each. April 4.

Double Dahlia Roots, etc.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and .52
North Market street, a tine colleclion of Roots of the
Double Dahlia, or Georgina, viz. Double Scarlet, Red,
Dark Crimson, Dwarf Red, Dwarf pale Huiple, Yellow,
Nankeen, Black, Dark Purple, Curled Purple, and Brick
color, at 75 cents each. Als.>, Tube Roses and Ama-
ryllis, 25 cents each. Large Seotcli Gooseberry Bushes,
f 1 50, and in six roots of difi'eient soits — with the great-
est collection of Flower and Garden seeds. March 28,

more easily protected from insects, can be brought
forward earlier, require less labor to keep out
weeds, and are put into fresh ground at a time fa-
vorable for a healthy growth.

Iron Plough. — This is entirely of wrought iron.
It is sold by Mr Smith, seedsman, Broadway, New-
York. Sir Buel considers it a goo"d article ; it
turns a more uniform and a handsomer furrow
than others. It costs between twenty and thirty
dollars, and is of course very durable.

Potato Hook. — This is an imi)lement having
three or four tines, wider than those of a dung-
fork, and nearly at right angles to the handle.
Those who have many potatoes to dig, will find a

convenience and profit in using it in preference to

the hoe.

Drill Barrow. — When any considerable quantity

of seeds are to be sown in drills, the drill barrow

is a saving in the seeds and expedites the work

When boiling hot, scald a few berries at a time ;
take them out and put them intoa tumbler or sinall
jar. Thus continue until all are scalded ; putting
only a few into one vessel or jar, in order to keep
them whole. Boil down the syrup and pour it on
the berries.

Rhubarb Pies. — Adjoining the barn, Mr Buel
has three barrels without heads, placed over three
rhubarb plants. The tops of the barrels are cov-
ered with boards, and over the whole and on all
sides, stable manure is placed. About the S.'ith
of March, these three plants will fill the baiTels
with well blanched leaves, which will grow and
flourish sufficient for fif^y to a hundred pies.
These pies, when eaten cold, are very much like,
in flavor, to those made of gooseberries. Every

Flower Seeds, $1 per Package.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the Ne«
England Farmer, 50^ North Market sireet,

Packagesof the most sbowy and rare varieties of Flow-
er Seeds, containing 18 varieties, among which are,

Geraniums (mixed)

Ten Weeks Stock Gilliflower.

Sensitive Plant.

Mexican Blue Ageratum.

Crimson Cypress Vine.

Forgel-mc-Not.

Ice Plant.

I'lecant (""oreopsl^, &c. &c.
With directions for their culture. Each sort is label-
led with its English and botanical name, its native coun-
try, and mode of culture. Price fl for the 18 sorts.

Early Potatoes.

FOR Sale a( the Seed Sior.- cniiiiected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street :

A lew bushels of the prime, early Potatoes, which
have taken the premium at the Massachusetts Horticul
tural Society's Shows the two last sea'^ons ; and are con
sidered the earliest variety in this vicinity. March 7.

Published every VVednesd.iy Evening, at S3 per annum,
payable at the end of Iheicar — but those who pay within
sixtv da_\s Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to 9
deduction ot fifty cents.

pr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Butts — by whois
farmer could, without trouble or expense, provide all descriptions nl Printing can be executed to meet tbB

himself with them.

Mbany, March 20, 1832.

} of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B-
I Russell, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62, Noitll
Market Street.

'ALlJi^miJal^jLil,<

PUnLISHED UY J. B. RUSSELlTnO. 52, NORTH MARKKT STREET, (at the A<.kicc.lh'k,vi. VVakkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOf.. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, APRIL, 25, 1832.

NO. 41.

o r t i c 11 1 t

a* e

I " 11. Gloux Morccav, very large, of great ex-
— ! celli'nce, a Bolgic variety. I see your grafts failed.

NEW FRUITS. I "No. A. 9.3. Now, rather large, and very good

BIr. Fesseneen — Having received a box of i at //iw time, Feh. 13. As yet, not named,
grafts with the inclosed letter from Mr Knight, by " No. 44. Cola, pnlu yellow aiipronehing wliile,
the ship Lion, I shall plaee the greater part of j quite new and ?!0!0 ripe ; not yet named,
them at the ilisposal of the Massachusetts Agricul- I "T!io Monarch, al)ove mentioned, grows so fast
tnral Society, under whose dirccti<ins and sanction liuid bears so well, that I am i)lanting it for perry,
my correspondence with Mr Knight commenced, convinced it will make a very fine liquor,

many years snice. I publish the letter as afford-
ing a nsefnl original and authentic account of their
varieties, by the raiser of them. It will be valua-
ble fiftv years hence. Yours,

^pril 16. J. LOWEL'L.

■ . [Extract.]

" LloWRTOS, Fell. 13, 1832.

" My de.ar Sir — I have great ])leasiire in send-
ing grafts to you, because I have long known that
yon have been making the best use of them, and
because 1 view you in the light of an old friend,
who, I am sure, ardently wislies me well. I sliall
address the bo.\ to you, tliough as you will place
the contents to a great extent, i)robably, in the
hands of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society,
I hope I shall not cause you expense, of which
you liave already borne so nuich, for the good of
others. — [yVote. Mr Knight misunderstood n)v
meaning in asking him to send the grafts, not to
me, but to the Massachusetts Agricultural Society.
It was not to avoid expense, but responsibility —
for I had found, to my extreme mortification, that
I bad been held answerable for all my own pud
the blunders of everybody else. J. LowELtl.]

" I wrote you last spring, that I bad had the
good fortune to obtain from seeds, several very
excellent varieties of pears. 1 have now seen
these varieties a second time, some a third time,
and I feel confident, that for the climate of Eng-
land they are imrivalled. The ' Monarch ' and
the ' Althorpe Crassanne,' will not be excelled by
any other varieties in your climate ; both grow
rapidly and bear abundantly.

"list and concise description.

" Monan-h, (not numbered.) This, in my esti-
mation and that of a great many others, is without
a rival, though its high musky flavor oflends some
persons. Season, December and January here.

1.

" APPLE TREE GRAFTS.

Dotonton JVonpareil. — 2. Cornish Gilli-
Jiower. — Ickworlh Imperafrice, plum, keejis in per-
fection through the winter. Sincerely, vom-s,
"THO. A. KNIGHT.
" Hon. John Lowell, Roxbuiy.
" P. S. I have addx-'d two other varieties of
early pears, Dunmore, No. 13, and the Croft Cas-
tle, 14. See Ilort. Trans, of present year."

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES IN
BIAINE.

Thomas G. Fessende.v, Esq. — Since your no-
ticing the remarks of Mr Lowell, and others in
different sections of Massachusetts, I commenced
an examination of my fruit trees. I had one or-
chard containing about one hundred thrifty trees,
wliich had been set about four years; also another
orchard containing about one hundred more, set
last year. Besides these, I had about one hun-
dred of various kinds of apples, pears, and peaches ;
also about one hundred trees set out in trenches,
io preserve them for sale, which were sent me last
year from different persons, co\isisling of cherry,
pear and apple trees. The first of these bore
some fruit last year, and all were healthy and
thrifty in November. About the first of Novem-
Jer, I discovered some trees lousy, and I applied
1 portion of strong soft soap and the next day it
fained profusely, and I found the soap had efl^ect-
ed the object and destroyed every insect on the
Uees, and the bark became clean and smooth.

Before anything was said on the eft'ects'of the
winter upon trees, I went into my best and largest
orchard, and on examining some of the buds, by
jutting open, T found them all dead in the centre.
I could not find one which appeared to be free
from the disease. This led to further examina-

"3. Althorpe Crassanne, very excellent, rose '';"."' '""'"'""■"^ ^''f'^'l "-e^^ apparently injm-ed.
flavored; November. l '"""''^lately recollected the soap and fully be-

„, . „ , . ,,.T heved that mv soaping had destroved mv trees.

-i Belmont, very e.xcellent here m Novetn- ^he next number of the New England Farmer
ber. See Horticultural Transactions of this year,, j^^^,„,,j jj^ Lowell's account. This led to a
for an account of the above varieties. f^.„l,^^ examination ; and to view my orchard it

mnter Crassanne, very large and excel- looked in perfeA health, but on examination 1
lent pear ; season January. Boston Castle, season found my best orchard entirely destroyed, except
December. See Horticultural Transactions. two trees of early fruit, which stood on the high-

" 6. Pitford Pear, [If I read Mr Knight's diffi- est ground. These suffered some, the last

cult hand correctly,] a rich, melting pear ; season
November.

"7. Ickworth, melting, rich, rose flavored
March and Ai)ril.

Broome Park, a rather small but excellcn
variety, of whicli an account will appear in nex
No. of Horticultural Transactions.

" 9. Brougham Hall, an excellent variety her.

" 10. Pengethly Pear, a large dark brown pt-j,
quite new and now ripe, i. e. February, 1832.

year's growth having been injured, but I think
may survive. But all the others, consisting of
Baldwins, ru.ssetts, pippins of various kinds, with
various other choice fruits, are all destroyed. The
sliver, on cutting through the bark, was a dark
brown color. I pursued the business of examin-
ing, and foimd the damage almost universal. Out
of about 2.50 to 300 trees of my own, not more
than 20, if there is that number, can possibly sm-vive
the winter. With some particulars I shall now
close.

In one caSc,* tree about four inches in diameter,
burst the barlifciear the ground in a perpendieidar
direction at the length often to twelve inches, and
was entirely severed fiom the tree all around
the body. Several which were grafted a foot
from the ground, about the same size as the above,
appear to be dead down to the original slock. A
row of seedling trees sat out last year in readi-
ness to graft, appear to be in perfect health. A
number of greening trees received last spring from
Rhode Island and set out, appear to be but little
affected. About twenty seedling peaches, which
grew with great luxuriance last year, appear in
good heakh ; also four rareripe trees I received of
W. Kenrick ; but all these, except the greenings,
were shielded from the north winds.

I received a letter from Bowdoin college, stating
the effects in Brunswick, and in that town it is a
general destruction ; and I ftel that it will dis-
courage many from attempting the trial of rearing
fruit trees. I fully concur with your correspon-
dents in the cause, and hope no one will be hin-
dered from the object, altliough they are in this
vicinity much retarded in obtaining fruit. And I
would suggest to you. Sir, the idea of those who
are in a habit of sending trees at a distance, that
after so severe a shock I should hardly think it
prudent to transjilant trees the present spring, as
no one would be willing to purchase them if they
are diseased, being sure of a failure. And 1
should likewise hoiie, that no nurseryman would
put up any order unless he should be sm-e the trees
are uninjuit-d* as it would be a great means of
still retarding the progress of horticulture. Much
interest is felt on the subject, and Maine will ne-
cessarily have to condole with her mother State, as
well as others, in sufl(;ring this evil. I would add
one remark, that the apple trees which stood the
most exposed ajipear at present to be the least af-
fected. Now, Sir, I should like, through the me-
dium of your useful paper, to have you request
some of your friends to inform us what is the best
course to pursue in order to save the roots, that
they may sprout and grow. I am informed that
one gentleman has already cut off the tops of an
orchard and grafted them. Information on the
sidiject is nmcli needed and will be gratefully re-
ceived. I remain. Sir, yours, respeclfiilly.
Bath, Me. April 4, 1832. A. TYLER.

P. S. — Every day seems to develope more and
more of the destruction of fruit trees in this vicin-
ity. Since I wrote the above, I have heard of
several instances and I fear Maine has suffered
more than any other section of the country, in
comparison with the quantity of fruit trees.

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES IN
NEW YORK.

Mr Fessenden — When I read in your pappr of
IMarch 14th, Mr Lowell's account of the destruc-
tive effects of the past winter upon his fruit trees,
I hastened into my garden and orchard, and, mel-
ancholy to relate, I find all my trees more or less
injured ; the young ones, in a particular manner,
I fear are mortally afliscted. Upon these all, or
nearly all, the wood of last year's growth is dead ;
grafted trees appear to have suffered the most ; nil

322

the thrifty suckers or gormaiuls are dead quite to
the jjrouud, aud I liave examined a great inany
stocks which were grafted last spring and grew
well, hoth ill my own and neighboi's orchard, and
1 cannot find a single one that I think alive. —
Fears, apples, plums, and engrafted cherries, have
indiscriminately fallen victims to this destroying
augel, nor does thjs end the distressing catalogue ;
all the variety of raspberries, all my hardy roses
are dead almost to the ground. The old apple
trees which were never grafted, the connnon cher-
ri s and horse plums, 1 am in hopes are not so
universally injured ; while the gooseberry, the
crab apple, the currant and filbert, have escap-
ed with little or no damage.

This is a inisfortuiie, sorrowful, indeed, and un-
heard of before in this country. Hitherto we have
always thought that the apple tree, and many of
the variety of plums, were as hardy and would
sustaiu the severities of our winter as well as any
of the forest trees ; and as we had only a small crop
of fruit last year, this disappointment will be se-
verely felt, although the destructive eflects should
not extend beyond the present season.

Peach and quince trees have very frequently
suffered with me in the same manner, and 1 con-
chide from the same cause. The trees continue
to grow too long and until late in the autumn, and
the winter approaches before they fill or perfect
their buds, which are the vital parts and liyemal
lodge of these plants.

Besides, if these vernal arborous flowers should
fail to any great extent, may we not anticipate a
famine among our honey-bees ; for last summer
the long and frequent rains very much impeded
the labors of these industrious insects ; their stores,
consequently, were not as abundant as usual and
must now be nearly expended. Ought we not
therefore to bear this in mind, and ufl'urd them
seasonable relief. In this way, we may atone for
some of the cruel robberies committed upon their
species last fall ; and perhaps convince them that
to live in the neighborhood of man, is not always
a iiusfortuiie.

Our winter has been remarkably long and se-
vere. In November, before the ground was fro-
zen, there fell a great depth of snow, and grea"
and steady cold immediately followed. For more
tlian forty days in succession, previous to the 8th
of January, the mercury in Fahrenheit was at no
time above 39, and then for a few hours only.
On the 27th of that month it was depressed 25
below zero, and continued several days and nights
without rising 10 degrees. March has been a
tedious prolongation of winter, and our fields are
yet covered with snow. Yours,

S. REYNOLDS.

Florida, Montgomenj Co. A*. 1'. April, 1832.

PEACH TREES.

Mr Fesse.nde.n — Having sufiiered much from
the depredations of worms on fruit trees, and hav-
ing tried everything recommended in this section
of country, without destroying the worms or en-
tirely preventing their depredations, I had almost
despaired of ever succeeding in raising peach trees
to perfection, until accident throw me in a way of
acquiring some information, and learning a rem-
edy, at least new to me. On a recent visit to
Saybrook, I found T. Starkey, Esq. had applied
coal tar to his trees with the most decidedly ben-
eficial eflects. On examining the trees to which
tJiis application had been made, I found no ap-

Ni:W ENGLAND I ARMER^

pcarauce of worms and every tree is healthy and
flourishing ; the old wounds have healed, and 1
should think run no danger of another attack.

Mr Starkey procured his coal tar from Capt.
Champlain of the London packet ship President,
whose family reside in Saybrook. The flavor of
the tar is so strong, that the earth at the foot of
the tree on which the tar ran down during last
summer, appears to retain the strong flavor of the
tar itself. It is applied with a common paint
brush, about a foot in length on the lower jiart of
the tree. I believe the coal tar can be procured
at ship-chandlers, but whether as good as that
brought by Capt. Champlain, I have no means of
ascertaiiung. Yery respectfully.

Your ob't serv't, J. ELLSWORTH,

Kttch Mills, Conn. April, 1832.

THE SEASON.

Mr Russell — It may be interesting to some of
the readers" of your Journal, to know what intense
cold weather we have had to endure the jiast win-
ter, in Anson, Maine, latitude 44"^ 55' north. And
if you think this worth publishing you may give
it a place, when it will not exclude more valuable
matter. — The thermometer observed at sunrise,

1831. Dec. 18, below zero 12 degrees ;

20, " 27

22, " 12

23, " 28
28, « 2G
31, " 31

1832. Jan. 2, « 25

27, « 31

28, « 2!)
Feb. C, « 27

17, " 37

24, " 12

25, " 3!>
March 2, " 2U

2.3, " 12

April G, above zero 6
7, " 2

Yesterday I examined my small apple orchard,
that contains sixty young thrifty trees, and founj
them all alive ; but among one hundred scions
from New York that were set last May, I fouid
sixty dead. I find my mulberry trees all aliv.
ROBERT DINSMORE.
Anson, Me. April, ] 832.

CATTLE SHOW,

And Agricultural Exhibition for the County of
Bristol.
This will be held at Taunton on Wednesday
Oct. 3d, 1839. The Committee stale, that tlic
Bristol County Agricultural Society, " having beei
encouraged by the success of their eflxirts heretofori
made, for the promotion of Agriculture and Man
ufactures in the County of Bristol, and by the pat
ronage of the Commonwealth," ofler certain Pre-
miums, of which the following is an abstract.

STOCK.

For the best fat Ox, (meaning the one having
the most flesh produced by the least expense,) $8 :
second do. 6 ; third do. 4. Best fat Cow $3 ; sec-
ond 2. Best Heifer or Steer, not less than two
nor more than three years, $3 ; second 2. Best
Bull, not less than one year old, having reference
to size, form and disposition, $10 ; second 7 ; third
5. Best Bull Calf, not less than four nor more
than twelve months old, $4 ; second 2. Five best
milch Cows, all owned by one person, having re-

AprU 25, 1832.

gard not only to their qualities for the dairy, but
all other essrntial qiudities in cattle, $8, &:,c. A
uuuiher of three dollar ])reminms for Merino and
Saxon Bucks, and of any imported Ram except
Merino and Saxon ; six best Merino or Saxon
Ewes, &c. For the best Boar, &c, .$3.

A disposition to early maturity iu any of the
animals, [larticularly swine, will be a strong re-
commendation.

WHITE MULBERRY TREES AND SILK.

To the person who shall produce satisfactory
evidence of having in a course of cultivation, and
iu the most thrifty condition, the greatest number
(not less than one hundred) of White Mulberry
Trees, standing in rows not less than three feet
a|)ar(, and not less than twelve inches ajiart in the
rows, and not less than five feet high, §10 ; second
do. .5. To the person who shall produce satisfac-
tory evidence of having in a course of cultivation,
and in the most thrifty condition, the greatest num-
ber (not less than onelmndred) of Wiiite Mulberry
Trees, $10 ; second do. 5. For the best raw silk
or sewing silk, pryduced from the White Mulberry
tree, not less than four ])ounds, $4 ; for the second
best, 3 ; for the third best, 2. A pr()])ortionably
increased premium for a greater quantity of silk,
not exceeding ten dollars.

GRAIN AND VEGETABLE CROPS.

Indian Corn on an acre, not less than eighty
bushels, §10; next best, averaging not less than
sixty bushels jier acre, raised on not less than two
acres, $7. Potatoes, not less than 550 bushels, $8
and 6. Summer Wheat on a quarter of an acre, not
less than six bushels, $3 and 2. Rye, not less
than twenty bushels on an acre, $6. Barley and
Oats, .$4 each. Hay, principally Herd's Grass,
Fine Top, and Red Top, $6 and 4. To any per-
son who shall introduce any Grass not before cul-
tivated in tliis country, aud prove after actual ex-
periment its superiority to any grass now cultiva-
ted, .«llO. Premiums are also ofl^ered on Ruta
Baga, Carrots, Mangel Wurtzel, Onions, English
Turnips, Cider and Apples.

For the best cultivated Farm, $15. For the
second best, .filO. Competitors for the two last
jiremiums must give notice thereof to Roland
Green or Jacob Dean of Mansfield, or Alfred Bay-
lies of Taunton, (the committee on farms,) on or
before the first day of June next, that said com-
mittee may have time to view the same.

The premiums on Butter are $10, 6, 4 ; o»
Cheese $8, 6, 4 ; on Honey $4, 2.

With regard to domestic and household manu-
factures, premiums are oflered on cotton or linen
shirting, sattinet, carpeting, hearth rugs, flannels,
grass or straw bonnets, broadcloths, cassiniere,
woollen hose, blankets, broad lioes, narrow axes,
gentlemen's and ladies' palm leaf hats.

A Ploughing Match and trial of Working Oxen
are likewise to be exhibited, and premiums award-
ed to the successful competitors.

The notice of this exhibition (of which we could
find room for this abstract only,) appeared at
length in the Taunton Reporter of the ]8th inst. •
and is signed by James L. Hodges, Jacob Cliapin^
and Wm. A. F. Sproat.

HORTICULTURE.

Mr Fesse.nden— As the season has now arrived
for those who delight in the business of gardening
to commence operations, I take the liberty of send-
ing you a few observations upon this pleasing
smployment. And here I will premise, that I

Vol. X.-No. 41.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

823

make no inrttiitioiis to skill in llie art, all tlie little
knowloiliri' 1 piissc-ss liaviiig been acquired within
a few years past, by personal attention to a small
piece of ground attached to niy dwelling-house,
and to the variety of useful information which has
appeared in publications devoted to such objects,
ftud especially to the New England Farmer,
which, by the way, I think should be taken and
read by every man who has a rod of ground which
can be cultivated ; and I have no doubt he would
obtain that irdurmation, which would enable bini
not only to turn his rod of ground to good account,
but moreover, by leading his attention to contem-
plations and employments which are so well cal-
culated to benefit society, would be likely to make
him a more useful, and it certainly would a hap-
pier man.

I speak now experimentally, for uj) to the period
above mentioned, I had as little taste for a garden
as I had knowledge on the subject ; and if I ever
entered one, I scarcely knew a bin-dock from a
cabbage plant, or a grape vine from a thorn-apple.
But as it happened to be my lot to be possessed
of a very small garden spot, as before mentioned,
I set about cultivating it, though in such a rude
manner as for the first year to bring little or noth-
ing to pass. My trees and vines nearly all died
for want of proper attention, as well as care in
preparing the ground previous to plantiug them ;
so that the next year I had a great part o^ my
work to do over again, and all this for want of ne-
cessary information. However, having profited
by experience, I set about my work anew and
proceeded to replace the trees, &c, I had lost;
but as I soon found that, for myself at least, much
greater jirolit as well as ])leasure was to be derived
from the cultivation of the vine, I have turned my
attention principally to that, and thus far I have
had the satisfaction of being abundantly rewarded
for my labor, not only in partaking of its fruit, but
still more, I may^say, in its cultivation.

And who that knows the luxury of habitually
rising with the dawn, and feasting his eyes and
regaling his senses with the beauties and varieties
of nature, brought into existence by means of his
own labor, would envy him who is wasting bis
health and his time in unnecessary sleep ? The
former, while engaged in his wonted occupation,
enjoys a real happiness ; while the latter is perhaps
dreaming of it and wakes but to feel disappointed.

The employment of gardening had its origin
with innocence, and it has in every age occupied
the attention of the wisest and best of men. Who
does not know that our Washington was a suc-
cessful and practical cultivator of the soil .' And
history associates the names of many other emi-
nent individuals with his ; it is then one of the
most honorable as well as useful and pleasing em-
ployments, and to bring into practice what I here
recommend, requires but little, if any, of that time
which is usually allotted to business. The me-
chanic, the merchant, or the professional man,
may find ample opportunity, if he will, in those
odd hours and tnoinents which are too generally
spent to little purpose; and he would soon be as-
tonished at tlie amount which might be accom-
plished, as well as the enjoyment to be derived
from such labor. Neither does it require any
considerable extent of ground for the purpose ; al-
most every individual has attached to his dwelling
a few fi:et, at least, that he can spare, and even
this should not be neglected. Instead of this,
there are undoubtedly many acres of land included

in house lots, within the city and vicinity, that are
lying altogether waste.

A man will purchase an ample lot of ground,
and erect a spacious house and its appendages, all
which will be finished off iUja style of convenience
and taste, with spacious sidewalks and gravelled
yanls; but look into what should be his garden,
and you see it perhaps covered with thistles
and bramble bushes, or, if lie has attempted
at all to alter nature's course, you may possibly
see a few cabbage plants here and a few cucum-
ber vines there, and these almost lost among the
twitch grass and weeds, which are disputing with
them their right to the soil. How much to be
lamented is it, that a spot which might, by proper
cultiu-e, be made to look almost like a second
Eden, should be suffered to remain a constant
monument of that sentence which was pronounc-
ed to the first pair, " Cursed is the ground for thy
sake — thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth
to thee."

I am sensible we must depend upon our mar-
kets for the necessary supply of vegetables and the
more hardy fruits, which will always be brought
from the neighborhood in sufficient abundance. —
15ut, besides all the variety of flowers, there are
many delicate and very delicious fruits, which
may be more advantageously raised in our shel-
tered inclosures, in and near the city ; among
these, the grape stands ])re-eminent. This delight-
ful fruit has of late claimed much of the attention
of cultivators in this region ; and I believe it has
been clearly ascertained that our climate, though
a more northern one, is more suited to this fruit
than that of New York and other southern places ;
this may, however, be Jiartly owing to the nature
of the soil ; but whatever may be the cause, the
fact is certainly a very iuterestiug one ; and may
we not hope that the time is not far distant, when
the grajjc will become as common a fruit upon
our table, as the apple is at the present day ? —
Haifa century ago this would probably have been
thought a visionary idea ; but such has been
the progress within a very few years, in the cidti-
vation of this fruit, that such a supposition will not
now be deemed extravagant ; indeed, inany men
of good judgment anticipate with certainty, that
our tables will soon be abundantly supplied with
wine from our own presses.

There is no fruit, probably, of which so great
an amount may be raised at so little expense and
in so small a space, as that of the grape. The for-
eign varieties, particularly the White Muscadine,
Sweet-water, &c, have till very recently, been the
only ones which have been cultivated to any con-
siderable extent in our country ; because it has
been the general opinion, that our own native
grapes were too far inferior to the foreign ever to
come into competition with them, but this idea is
behoved to be erroneous. Many varieties of na-
tive grapes have been found of excellent quality,
both for the table and the wine press ; which,
when brought under good cultivation, do not suf-
fer in comparison with the best of the foreign, and
by some are even considered superior ; of these,
the Isabella and the Catawba stand in the highest
estimation, and truly these arc worthy of an Amer-
ican soil ; and it may yet be found that our moun-
tains and our valleys abound with others still,
which will ere long be sought out and transplant-
ed to our vineyards, till we shall no longer need to
seek in other climes for what has been abundantly
bestowed upon us in our own. But still I think

the delicate foreign varieties ought by no means
to be neglected as table grapes, nor will they be
by those who have had that experience in the
management of them, which enables them to over-
come the difficulties which attend their culture ;
these, to be siu'c, are great, especially from mildew
and the cold of our winters, but modern improve-
ments have nearly overcome these formidable ob-
stacles.

Having heeli for a few years past somewhat suc-
cessful in the cidtivation of the kinds last men-
tioned, I propose in your next ntindier to submit
somethings in relation to their management, which
my short experience has taught me.

Yours, &c, D. FOSDICK.

Charlestown, April, 1832.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

DIRECTIONS FOR THE CULTURE OF
THE STRAWBERRY.

Dig your ground well ; if not rich, put on some
well rotted manure before digging and mix it well
with the soil. Set the plants in rows, distance
from row to row two feet, and the plants a foot
apart in the row. Let the roots be firndy put in
the earth but not too deep ; do not water them
unless it is very dry ; keep the ground clear from
weeds and loose, that the young runners may strike
freely. D. H.

Cvre of Fever by Holly leaves. — M. Majendie
has made a very favorable report of the use of
powder of holly leaves, recommended by Dr Rous-
seau as a Clue for fever, it having been tried at the
hospitals in thirteen different cases. The doses
administered were from one to five gros per day,
and in every case the patients were cured after
about twenty days' treatment. The eflect of the
holly is not so quick as that of quinia and silicine,
but is a sure and excellent febrifuge. The only
thing necessary to make it thoroughly useful, was
to extract its essential properties, so as to avoid
the necessity of administering it in large quanti-
ties.— London Register of .firis.

Radishes. — To raise good early radishes, first
obtain good seed ; to do this, sow radish seed the
latter part of July, late in the fall take them up,
l)ack them in dry sand and put them in the cellar ;
mext spring set them out and gather the seed as
soon as ripe ; this seed, if properly managed, will
|)roduce fine radishes. But seed obtained the
same season they are sown will not give good
ones ; they will be hard, woody and wormy, and
immediately run to seed ; and the seed good for
nothing but to sell with wooden pumpkin seed. —
Genesee Farmer.

Maple Sugar. — A correspondent has transmitted
to us the following account of an improvement in
making maple sugar, first observed by Mr Orlando
Brunson of Dundee. He extracts the sap from
the i*ot of the tree, instead of the usual way by
cutting notches into the body of the tree. The
root- should be bored with a half inch auger and
a crooked tube introduced, by which the sap may
be extracted ; the end of the tube entering the
root, should be round. Mr Brunson thinks that
trees tapped in tliis way, yield more than double
the sugar to what they do if tapped two or three
feet high ; and he also thinks the tree is not in-
jured by this method. — jYew York Farmer.

324

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

April 25, 1832.

Agriculture.

BARLEY

i both ways; and those who liave a mller use it in
' t)ie finishing operation. It gives a sniootli surface,
In-eaks clown tlie lumps, hriiigs the earth in con-

The soil for barley should be such as will grow ta<=t ^^ith the see.l and if grass seeds have been
., , „ ;....i.,,K.,„ „in sown. Its use is douuJv lienencial. 1 steep mv

good turnips, or other green crops, including do
vers, and which embrace the varieties of loains
and sands that are not wet, or veiy dry and poor.
Indeed, I have taken my crops, and they have
been jiretty good, from my lightest turnip soils.—
Barley cannot be cultivated to advantage upon stiff,
heavy and wet grounds, or on such as are of a
cold and tenacious quality. This crop occupies
the ground but about three irionths ; and it is only
in a dry, light, mellow soil, that its roots can ex

sown, Its use is douUJy heneficial. 1 steep my
seeds twentyfour hotu's in a weak solution ofnitre,
the crude kind of which costs me only eight cents
per pound by the quantity, r'roni the analysis
and observations of Grisenthwaite, there is reason
to believe that this salt is peculiarly beneficial to
the barley crop, the grain yielding it on analysis.
I have made no comparative experiments, but I
think this step serviceable. 1 have apjilied to this
grain, as a top dressing, with singular success, the

facility, and snpidy the food i Po^'^'ered dung of pigeons and dunghill fowls, at

tend with suth

necessary to bring the grain to rapid and perfect

mafiuity.

Previous Crop.— Ci-o\>s that precede this grain
should be such as leave the ground mellow, and
free from weeds ; and for this reason hoed crops
are to be preferred, such as turnips, potatoes, peas,
beans, &c. Small grains should not precede it ;
they impoverish the soil, leave it fo.'d, and, besides,
it is contravening one of the most salutary max-
ims of husbandry, to grow two dry croi)S in suc-
cession. It may follow clover ; Init if the soil is
heavy, the ley should be ploughed in autumn. —
Barley is successfully sown upon the fallows in
England, (not suminer, but autumn fallows,) and
is sown sometimes after wheat ; but in the latter
case turnips are pulled, and previously fed upon
the stubble ; a practice which I think is not likely
to obtain here. I have generally sown barley after
ruta baga or potatoes, these crops having received
a good dressing of long, yard or stable manure.

Manure should not be applied to the barley, but
to the preceding crop. The short period that this
grain occupies the ground, does not alford time
for the manure to decompose and yield its food to
the plants ; and, if applied in excess, it causes a
too rank vegetation, and the straw lodges before
the grain is matured. Where a fallow or clover
ley is employed and ]>loughed in antiuim, dimg
may be previously em|)loyed and ploughed luider.
Preparation of the g-roiinrf. — Where barley fol-
lows a root or hoed crop, one ploughing will g<n-
erally suffice ; but in all cases, a complete pulver-
ization of the soil is necessary ; and to effect this
a roller is often of material benefit. If sown upon
grass leys, ploughed in autumn, the spring plough-,
jng should he shallow, so as to leave the sod re-
versed. But the preferable way may be to harrow
the fallow, plough in the seed with a light furrow,
and siuooth off with the harrow.

The seed and sowing. — Loudon enumerates six
species and sub-species of the barley. The kinds
uniformly cultivated here arc the two, four aiul
six rowed s])i-ing, [hordeum rulgarc, and li. dis-
tickon.) Thin-skinued, pale, plump seed, should
be selected. I sow as soon as the ground is suf-
ficiently dry ill sjjriug. The young grain is not
hurt by the ordinary frosts of the latter part of
April and Alay. I sow from six to eight pecks per
' acre, according to the richness of the soil and the
forwardness of the season ; the poorest ground and
the latest sowing requiring the most seed. In
England, the common quantity of seed is from
eight to sixteen ])ecks. Our climate being much
warmer than that of Great Britain, barley and
other grains till better with us, and consequently
we require less seed. We uniformly sow broad-
cast, generally on the fresh furrow, and harrow in

the rate of twenty to thirty bushels the acre

The crop admits of no after-culture when sown
broad-cast. Yet the application of the roller, when
the plants are two or three inches high, is no
doubt salutary, especially if there has been no con-
siderable rains. Rolling gives a salutary compres-
sion to the soil, which in the spring is apt to be
loose and porous, and full of cracks, by the alter-
nation of freezing and thawing, or of wet and dry
weather; it destroys many insects; and, above all,
it partially buries the ctowns of the plants, and
introduces a multiplication of seed stalks. I can
recommend the practice from experience. When
grass seeds are sown with barley, the luxuriance
of the young grass somelinies chokes the grain,
robs it of luitriment, and sensibly diminishes the
product. To obviate this evil, it has been recom-
mende<l to sow the grass seeds after the barley has
come up, and to cover them with a light barrow
and a rc?ier ; and it is said, and I think with truth,
that this operation will not materially injure the
grain. In dry seasons, the crop is sometimes at-
tacked by worms, while young. In this case, the
roller should be ajiplied and sufficient weight add-
ed, to require the draught of two or three cattle.

Time and method of harvesting. — When flie soil
is rich and the season propitious, this grain is very
liable to lodge. If this hajipcns aftei; it has blos-
somed, no mateiial injury is sustained in the ])ro-
duct. If before, the cro]) is greatly diminished.
This shows the danger to be a|)prehended from
making the soil too rich, and of a|)plyiiig fresh
manure. Barley is known to be ripe by the dis-
appearance of the reddish cast on the ear, or what
the English farmers term red roan; by the ears
beginning to droop, and bend themselves round
against the stems; and by the stalks becoming
brittle, and of a yellowish color. This is the par-
ticular period for cutting, as, if suffered to stand
longer, the heads break off and the grain wastes
with the slightest touch. And it may be cut with
the cradle, sickle, or scythe, according to circum-
stances. If it stands straight and is not too heavy,
the cradle is to be preferred ; if heavy, or lodged,
the sickle or scythe. But, as the grain is yet soft
aiul the straw contains much moisture, when it
ought to be cut, it should be suffered to become
well dried in the swath before it is bound in
sheaves, or carried to the barn or stack. If cut
with the cradle or sickle, it is bound in sheaves ;
but the more common practice is to cut the crop
with the scythe, rake the ground, and load it with
the barley fork.

Barley imjiroves for trialting by lying till Octo-
ber before it is threshed ; though it is often thresh-
ed immediately from the field. The great diffi-
culty in preparing it for market is to rid it of the

awns. This may be done with flails, after it has
passed once through the fanning mill. And,
where it is in great quantities, it may be spread
from four to six inches upon the barn floor, and
trodden with horses.

Produce and profts. — The average product in
England is slated by Donaldson at thirtytwo bush-
els per acre. The product in New York varies
from fifteen to seventy bushels, according to sea- •
son and soil ; and I think the average is somewhat
short of tluit of Great Britain. Compared with i
wheat, its product is as two or two and a half to
one ; corn|)ared with oats, about equal, provided
the soil is adapted to this grain. It is, however,
to be rejiiembered, that neither wheat nor oats'are
adapted to a barley soil ; the first requiring a more
slitt' and tenacious and the latter a more cold and
moist location. The average price of barley is at
least two thirds that of wheat — supposing wheat,
then, to be SI 12 the bushel, and the product fif-
teen bushels per acre ; aiul barley to be 75 cents,
and the product of an acre tliiity bushels, and the
expense of cultivation equal, the profits of the bar-
ley will be nearly as three to two, com]iured to
wheat. Barley, besides, is a less precaiioiis crop,
is subject to fewer diseases, and has fewer insect
enemies to encounter tlian wheat.

A correspondent of the Bath Agricultural Soci-
ety writes — "The last spring being remarkably
dry,»l soaked my seed barley in the black water,
taken from a reservoir, which constantly receives
the draining of my dung heaj) and stables. As
the light grains floated on the top, I skimmed
them off, and let the rest stand twentyfour hours.
On taking it from the water, 1 mixed the grain
with a sufficient quantity of sifled wood ashes, to
make it spread regularly, and sowed three fields
with it. The produce was .sixty bushels per acre.
I sowed some other fields with the same seed dry,
but the crop, like those of my neighbors, was very
poor, not more than twenty bushels per acre, and
mixed with green corn and weeds when harvested.
I also sowed some of my seed dry on one ridge in
each of my fields, but the produce was very poor,
in comparison of the other parts of the field."

From the Genesee Farmer.

HOTBED.

Mr Goodseli, — Most of our books direct these
beds to lie nuule from three to four feet high, to bo
composed of recent stable dung, of tanner's bark,
or oak leeves, with frequent linings to keep up the
heat, and to impregnate the blossoms by Ijand, &c.

All this may be proper and necessary, where it
is the intention to force fruits or vegetables to per-
fection dining the winter months, but is attended
with more expense and trouble than our gardeners
and farm* rs are willing to bestow on the subject.

A hot-bed, however, may be made eminently
useful in bringing forward many vegetables, at a
season much earlier than can be done in the open
air, and Avhen used as a seed bed only, is attend-
ed with comparatively little expense or trouble.

I am therefore induced to send you a few direc-
tions for preparing and managing such a bed.

About the 20th of March, get into your garden
of recent stable manure a sufficient quantity to form
the hot-bed ; select a spot for your bed open to tha
sun, set four sticks twenty inches above ground,
four feet three inches each way in a square form.
Begin to lay on the dung with a fork on the top of

Vol. X.— No. 41.

AND HOiniCULTURAI. JOURNAL.

325

tlie gi'oiiiiii, being careful to shake and mix it well
as it is put on, till the bed is raised to the t"p
tlie sticks, occasionally beating it with the back oi'
the fork, so as to make it as level and smooth as
|)ossil)le. When this is done, put on the frame
iin mediately and cover it with the sash ; in about
two days the heat will come on, and the bed will
liave settled to about sixteen or eighteen inches,
when the sash should be removed and the dung-
made as level as possible within the frame, and
about three inches of good garden mould or rich
earth from grass ground laid over the dung within
the frame, and the sash put on again ; let it re-
main about two days more to warm the earth.

If the heat is too great it should be let off before
sowing any seed ; this may be done by removing
the sash on the back side about an inch, by means
of a wooden wedge made as follows : Take a piece
of wood about three inches square, cut it to an
edge at one end like a wedge ; by introducing
which, at the back side of the frame, the sash may
be at ally time raised from half an inch to three
inches, to let oft" the hot steam or to admit fresh
air. When the temperature within the frame is
between seventy and ninety degrees, the earth
should be smoothed and the seed sown. Such as
Battersea and early York cabbage, cucumbers and
melons, cayenne pepper, lettuce, or any other
plant that you may wish to cultivate for early use
or curiosity.

In the choice of cucumber and melon seeds, I
should always prefer those of three or four years
old, as they are much less liable to run to vine, and
produce fruit much earlier than recent seed. All
those i)lants may be removed into the open air
about the tirst of May, being careful to select a
moist time to transplant them. After the plants
come up in the frame, they will frequently wairt
fresh air, and for this purpose the sash ought to
be raised an inch or two at the back side every
clear sunny day, from the hour of ten, A. M. to
three, P. M. being careful to shut it down at night,
and in the day time during cold or wet weather.
They will also want water about once a week ; the
water should be kept in the frame from twelve to
twentyfour hours before it is used, and then ap-
plied moderately about once a week.

The frame for the seed bed should be about four
feet square, six inches in front and twelve on the
back side, tapering towards the front. The sash
should be made to fit tight on the frame, and the
outside pieces about three inches wide, the slats
about an inch and a half wide, and set at such dis-
tance as to admit seven by nine glass, to be laid in
a groove on each side laping about half an inch at
the lower end, like shingles on a roof; this sash
should be ])rime(l like a window sash before the glass
is puttied in, and should have no cross pieces, as
it would tend to obstruct and collect the water on
the sash. A frame for the cultivation of sweet
potatoes should be deeper, say ten inches in front
and about fourteen on the back. These should
never be planted in the same frame with other
plants, as the vines will soon run so as to fill the
frame, and smother every other plant in it.

JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE — (Common AHichoke.)
This root may be made, under proper manage-
ment, very beneficial and profitable to our farmers
generally. Most of our farms contain gulleys and
other broken grounds inaccessible to the plough,
but frequently abounding with small spots of rich
alluvial soil, which, if planted with artichokes,

would in a few years aft'ord an excellent winter
range for store hogs. This root requires little or
no nlteulion after the first planting, and will in a
few years spread and fill the ground to overflow-
ing with an excellent winter food for lean bogs;
and when once well rooted in a loose and rich soil,
can rarely if ever be eradicated. They should be
allov/ed about three years to spread and grow be-
fore the hogs are turned upon them, after which,
ihe rooting of the hogs will only tend to make
them grow and spread faster, as the smallest piece
left in the ground will grow. Such is the result
of my experiece and observation on this subject.

PEAS.

I have found the pea a good summer food for
Store hogs, and if managed as hereinafter direct-
ed, will be found profitable to our farmers gener-
ally. About the first of April plough and prepare
about one acre of ground, more or less, according
to the number of hogs intended to be kept. Sow
on this acre about four bushels of common field
peas, then, about ten days after, prepare and sow
another acre, and so proceed at intervals of ten
days each during the ti^onth of April ; when those
that were first sown are in full l)loom and begin-
ning to form pods, the hogs may be turned npon
them ; and so of the after sowings when they
come to a similar state, in succession. The hogs
will be found to grow and thrive finely. Such is
the result of my experience on this subject.

BENE PLANT.

The seeds of this plant seem to have been in-
troduced into our southern States by the negroes
from Africa, and is cultivated by them in almost
every patch, or negro garden, to a limited extent ;
and is considered by them as a specific in all cases
of dysentery, diarrhoea, and cholera. For this pur-
pose, about two quarts of cold water are put into
a vessel, two green leaves are then taken iiom the
bene plant, and the water kept stirring with them
for about five minutes, by which time the water
will have assumed nearly the consistence of starch
perfectly colorless and tasteless. Of this water
the patient is made to drink freely and often, with
the most beneficial efl'ects in those complaints. —
In this climate, the seed should be sown about the
first of April in a hot-bed, and may be transplant-
ed into the open air about the first of May, in rows,
and about twelve or fifteen inches apart. As it is
only cultivated as a medical plaiit, a few seeds
will probably be enough for any one family.
Whether it will preserve its medical qualities after
it is dried, I !>m not informed.

Yours, &c, R. M. WILLIAMS.

Middhsex, M Y. Feb. 24, 18.32.

Cedar Hedges, as ornamental divisions, in a
neat farm, are much admired. I would recom-
mend those who have moist farms to attempt the
swatrjp cedar for hedges. Gather the cedar ber-
ries in Decendjer, ridi oft" the resinous matter, and
put them into unslacked ashes ; and after two
weeks put them in rows like peas, if the ground
should open, if not, as soon as the ground is open;
if well nursed they can be transplanted in two
years, and into a rich light soil fornjcd i'or the pur-
pose ; and in about seven years, by suitable trim-
nung, they will make a most beauiil'ul evergreen
hedge. — Genesee Farmer.

Salt for Peach Trees. — An intelligent farmer of
Brush wick, assures us that the application of corn-
more salt to the roots of his peacli trees has had a
good efl'ect, in keeping the miller from depositing
its eggs on the bark, and promoting the growth
and the fruit of the tree. — Long Island Star.

How to hend Iron Pipe ivithout cracking. — Fill
the pipe with melted lead, and immediately on the
lead ceasing to be fluid, and while it is yet warm,
you will find the pipe bend very kindly in any
form you please. By keeping up the warmth, you
may adjust the bend into any form you desire, as
iron will very readily bend at that heat. After
having obtained the desired curve, the lead can
be melted out. — JV. Y. Farmer.

Bog Meadows. — When you have an unproduc-
tive bog meadow, that will only produce coarse
wild grasses, spread on a thin layer of loam and
chip manure; let the weeds sjjring up; cover
them up in the same manner, and at the proper
time put on herdsgrass, and you will have a good
yield. In mowing, do not pare your meadows too
cJose ; the heat of the sun is detrimental in such
cases. — Genesee Farmer.

Gardens. — Do not spade up your garden groimd
for beds, imtil the ground is warm ; then let it lie
a day or two before you spade again. When the
ground smokes in the morning put in seeds; you
cannot much mistake. — lb.

Easy method of fne edging a Razor.— On the
rough side of a strap of leather rub a piece of tin,
or a common pewter spoon, for half a minute, or
till the leather becomes glossy with the metal. If
the razor be passed over this leather about half a
dozen times, it will acquire a very fine edge. — lb.

Potash for Manure. — A practical farmer of West
Chester County, who has in the course of his life,
given considerable attention to experiments, con-
siders Potash at .35 per hundred potmds, as cheap
a manure as leached ashes at 12J cents per bushel.
Will some of the readers of this paper give a state-
ment of the facts on this subject ? — lb.

The last number of Silliman's Jomnal contains
the result of some experiments made at Fort
Adams, R. 1. by Lieutenant T. S. Brown, to as-
certain the relative strength of white pine, spruce,
and southern or long-leaved pine. It appears
from these experiments, that with a given diame-
ter, white pine is about seven eights as strong as
spruce, and southern pine. Spruce is about two
thirds as strong as southern pine.

Bees. — In addition to the destruction of fruit
trees by cold weather and mice, we learn, that
from some unaccountable cause, most of the bees
in the neighborhood have perished the past win-
ter, in consequence of which the market has been
flooded with honey. We notice this rumor for
the purpose of obtaining further information. —
Concord Yeoman.

The Lou'ell and Boston Rail Road is in rapid
progress. The most difficult places on the route
have been broached, and allliough the work ap-
pears so great, that public spirit wliiih character-
ises our country and which is cajiable of grasping
the most difficult undertaking, will soon furnish
us with a Rail Road upon which we may ride to
Boston comfortably, before breakfast. We under-
stand it is to be completed next fall. — Lowell Mer-.

326

NEW ENGLAND FAUIMER,

Anril 25. 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, April 25, 1832.

Mistake Corrected. — In our acknowledgments to
correspondents, page 302, 3d column of the cur-
rent volume of the New England Fanner, we
stated that the excellent communication from Mr
Wm. Clark, Jr. published in the same pa])er, con- I beatliim off for a little while from their own prem
tained the lirst atteiii])t we had seen to form an ises. The interposition of government in this case

tie, known to be chief and generalissimo of the
formidable army of deleterious vegetable intruders,
has, during a series of years, been making inroads
upon the country, and this too at a ratio of in-
crease constantly accelerating. It now prevails
to an alarming extent and threatens a speedy and
universal conquest of the country. The efforts of
individuals against the enemy, can only avail to

he reads the elements of beaulv, the aliihabet of
visible gracefulness. The very inutility of flow-
ers is their excellence and great beauty ; for by
having a delightfulness in their very form and
color, they leail us to thoughts of generosity and
moral Iwauty, detached from and superior to all
seltishness; so that they are pretty lessons iu na-
ture's book of instruction, teaching man that he
livetli not by bread, or for bread alone, but that he
hath another than an animal life."

estimate of the amount of injury resulting from
cutting corn-stalks at too early a period. But the
N. E. Farmer, vol. vni. page 74, presents a state-
ment quoted from Lorain's Hiisbanilry., and sent
us, together with other valuable articles, by " S. X."
in which the difference in the produce between
rows topped and stripped and one left entire, was
ascertained by actual admeasurement; as follows:

" Produce of the row that had not been topped
and stripped, nine bushels and five eighths of corn
in the ear.

" One of the rows which had been topped and
stripped measured seven bushels and six eighths ;
and the other topped and stripped row measured
seven bushels and three eights of corn in the ear."

DESTRUCTION OF THISTLES.

Mr Dan Bradley, of Marcellus, N. Y. has pub-
lished in the Genesee Farmer of the 17th ult.
" An Appfnl to the Puhlic on the suljert of Canada
Thistles," in which he proposes " that a system
of tneasures for destroying the Canada thistles be
instituted by government, and be prosecuted under
its authority. It is certain that no other system
than such as will be authoritative, compulsory, and
highly energetic, will avail iu the least towards
effecting the object. It must also have a general
and indiscriminate application to the whole State."
He proposes that towns be compelled by law to
provide funds for this purpose. That " four or
five able and active men, su])plied with implements
well adapted to the work, should be entirely de-
voted to this business from the first of June to the
first of October," &c.

is absolutely necessary."

REVIVING PLANTS, &c.

The London Jlechanic's Register gives a meth-
od of reviving plants, &c, which may prove use-
ful to those who wish to revive scion buds, &c,
when their leaves and buds are faded, and their
bark and roots hard and nearly dry. The direc-
tions are to dissolve camphor to saturation in al-
cohol, adding the former until it remains solid at
the bottom of the latter ; a suflicient ([uantity of
rain or river water is then to have the alcoholic
solution added to it, in the proportion of four
drops to one ounce of water. As the camphor
comes in contact with the water, for a short time
the camphor will float on the water in small floc-
culi, but will ultimately combine with the fluid
and disappear. '

Plants which have been removed from the earth
an<l have suflered by a journey or otherwise,
should be plunged into this camphorated water,
so that they may be entirely covered. In about
two or at most three hours, the contracted leaves
will ex])and again ; the young, faded, and depen-
dent shoots will erect themselves, and tlie dried
bark will become smooth and full. That being
effected, the plant is to be pjaced in good earth,
copiously watered with rain or river water, and
protected from the too powerful action of the sun
until the roots have taken good hold of the ground.
If plants thus treated, are not restored in four
hours, their death may be considered as certain,
for they cannot be recalled to life by any artificial
means. They should, consequently, never be left
more than four hours in the camphorated bati

Recipe for jMildtw. — A writer in the Gardener's
Magazine, (John Haycroft,) recommends the fol-
lowing composition for fruit trees, as a remedy
against mildew. To four gallons of rain or river
water add two poimds of soft soap, one ])ound of
flour of sulphur, one pound roll tobacco, one
quart fresh slacked lime, and one pint of spirits of
turjientine ; mix the whole together, and boil the
mixlvire slowly for half an hour.

The writer applied this composition with
sponge, where it could be used with effect, and in
all the crevices and joints used a painter's small
soft sash brush. He does not say how often nor
at what times of the year he api)lied his compo-
sition.

To detect stolen posts, pahs, fagots of wood, ifc
— An English newsjiaper gives us the following:
"Bore holes in them and fill them with gunpow-
der, or crackers ; when the thief puts thtm in the
fire they will tell tales."

In speaking of the necessity for adopting some
measures for ridtling the country of these vegeta- ] because the exciting action of the camphor, when
ble pests, the writer says, " The subject is so im- \ it is continued for a longer period, may injure the
inensely important, that considerations of expense plants instead of doing good to them. It is not
should scarcely be allowed to have any bearing on i necessary to say, that the final prosperity of the
the case. The imi)ort of the question is little less j i)lants thus reanimated by camphor water, must
than whether it be possible to rescue the State of i depend on the particular i)roperties of the former,
New York from ruin. What then is it worth ? the state of their roots, and the pains that are la-

nd what may be paid for its ransom ? "

With regard to the modes of obtaining a remedy
for the evil complained of, Mr Bradley observes,
" I am aware that this plant is remarkably tena-
cious of life, and is not to be overcome without
persevering efforts. But as I hope ere long to
publish another essay on this subject, in which it
will be my principal object to exhibit the best
means yet known, for destroying the Canada this-
tles, I shall now waive these considerations. Cut
ting thisths, if done at propcV- times and in a prop-
er manner, will at least stop their further spread
by the dissemination of seed. This being done, [
apprehend it will not be dilficult to pursue a sys-
tem of operations, by which the Canada thistle
may in a little time be entirely overcome, and be
banished from the country
would be of much

ken with them. The camphor produces no other
effect than to restore life to |)lants nearly dead ;
after that, all proceeds according to the ordinary
laws, and their ullinjate state must be left to art
and nature.

Blue Color from Buck Iflieat. — The Lontlon Lit-
erary Gazette gives the following, as a method of
extracting blue color from buck wheat: — "The
straw should be gathered before the grain is quite
dry, and filaced upon the groimd in the sun, until
it becomes sufiiciently dry to be taken from the
husks with facility. The wheat having been re-
moved, the straw is to be piled up, moistened, and
left to ferment till it is in a state of decomposition,
when it will become a blue color ; this indicates
the period when it should he gathered and formed
into cakes, which are to be dried in the sun or in
a stove. Ou these cakes being boiled in water
it assumes a strong blue color, which will not
change either in vinegar or in sulphuric acid. It
may, however, be turned into led with an alkali,
into a light black with bruised gall nuts, and into
a beautiful green by evaporation. Stufl'sdied blue
with this solution, which is to he used the same
way as vegetable matters of sinular species, em-
ployed in dyeing, become of a beautiful and dura-
ble color.

Thoughts on Flotvers. — " Are not," asks the au-
thor of Atherton, "flowers the stars of earth, and
are not stars the flowers of heaven ? Flowers are
the teachers of gentle thoughts, promoters of kind-
ly emotion. We cannot look closely at a flower
without loving it. They are emblems and mat
testations of God's love to the creation, and lluv
are the means and manifestations of man's ]o\e to
his fellow creatures, for they first awaken in the

mind a sense of the beautiful and the good. —
Such an achievement j Light is beautiful and good ; but on its undivided
eater value to the State of] beauty and on the glorious intensity of its fidi
New York, than her celebrated and justly appre- strength, man cannot gaze ; he can comprehend
ciated canals." | it best when prismatically separated, and dispersed

There is a prospect of a good crop of peaches
The writer observes, that " The Canada This- ' in the many colored beauty of flowers ; and thus ' in the southern States.

Paper from Wood. — It has lately been discover-
ed, says an English Journal, that the best paper
for wrapi)ers, writing and printing, may be pro-
duced from wood shavings boiled in mineral or
vegetable alkali. One himdred pounds of wood
and twelve pounds of alkali, will produce a ream
of paper.

Ashes placed in the wood-house of J. Kent,
Esq. Pierinont, Ni 11., caused the destruction of
that gentleman's |)roperty, and the death of his
three daughters — ?o])|]ia, aged 28 ; Mary, 18 ; and
Jane, 15. Their remains were collected and
buried in one coflin. Five hundred persons as-
sembled at Mr K.'s barn, where the funeral obse-
quies were |)erformed !

Vol. X.— No. 41.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

327

Notice.

THE members of ihe cominitlee of She MassaclmsetU
Horficiiltural Society on the Products of the Kitchen
Garjen, are requested to meet at the Aairicultiiral Ware-
house, Bo^ion, on Saturday, 28th inst. at ^ past 2 o'clocli,
for llie purpose of proposing Premiums lor the ensuing
season. DANIKL CHANDLER, Chairman.

Lexington, April 19, 1832^

Winship's Nurseries.

AS tiie season is so far advanced, that all
5 injury to natural productions, occasioned hy
;§ the severity of the preceding winter, can
readily be asccitainc<l. persons in want ol
Fruit and Ornamental Trees, of various kinds
— of flovverirfg and showy Shrubs, Creepers and Vines,
including the elegant monthly or ever-blooming fragrant
Honeysuckles, eight or ten leet high, and such plants as
will produce a tine display of Flowers the ensuing season
— with a very superior assortment of Herbaceous Pei-en-
nials, that will also bloom, with proper management, this
summer, if removed within a week or ten days — together
with the new and lashionahle Scotch Roses, so much ad-
mired at the exhibition at Horticultural Hall last season,
constituting sixty varieties — are invited to visit the estab-
lishment and select for themselves.

inrOiders may be left with J. B. Russell, or sent
via, mail, to Messrs VVinship, Brighton, and tiie plants
will be furnished,, and sent out the following morning in
the city, if requested. 3vv April 25,

For Sale.

A half blood Durham Short-horn Cow, eight years old,
•with Calf by a full blooded bull of the same breed. Her
calves have been large and uncommonly fine animals.
CH.^RLES E, NORTON.

South Berwick, Me. April 25, 1832.

A Farm Wanted.

THE Directors of the Boston Farm School, have ap-
pointed the subscribers a Committee to select and pur-
chase a Farm suitable for the purposes of that institution.
Persons who are desirous of d'sposing of such property,
situated in the neighborhood of the city, are requested to
state the tertns and annex thereto a description of the
land, buildings, &c, addressed to

JOHN TAPP.AN, ) Committee of the
JOHN D. WILLIAMS, > Directors of the
S.AMUEL T, ARMSTRONG,) Farm School.
April 25.

Iiinuaeau Botauic Garden and Nurseries.

Fhisliing, near A'ew York.

WM. PRINCE & Sons. Proprietors, announce that
the great extensions made in their establishment, which
now covers near 50 acres, completely tilled with the
choicest Trees, Shrubs and Plants, enables them to
offer the various kinds at the reduced prices stated in their
new Catalogues, which will be sent lo any person who
may apply for them. The size and excellence of the
Trees exceed all former periods ; and the mostsciupulous
attention lias been devoted to their accuracy, v\ hich is
invariably an object of their personal attention. To
nurseries they will allow a liberal discount and conven-
ient credit. As many persons are agents for different
nurseries, it is requested that orders intended for us be
particularly specitied. Every invoice sent has a printed
heading and our signature, and such proof of origin must
be insisted on, as we take upon ourselves no responsibili-
ty unless such an invoice can be produced.

Their Treatise on the Vine, describes 2S0 kinds of
Grapes and their culture: — Their Treatise on Horticul-
ture contains descriptions of a great variety ol Trees and
Plants, and directions for cultivating them ; and iheir
Pomnlogical Manual, or Treatise on Fruits, contains full
descriptions of above 1000 varieties of Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, Almonds, and
other fruits, so that all persons can make their selections,
lolha knowledge of the qualities.

Their new Catalogues will be sent to all applicants,
and orders sent to them per mail, will receive the most
prompt attention, and all letters desiring information,
will be replied to by the first mail. 4w. March 21.

Fruit Trees,

ORDERS for Fruit, Forest and Ornamental Trees,
shrubs, honeysuckles,&c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince,
Buel and Wilson, Davenport's, and any other respectable
Nurseries, received by the subscriber, and executed at
Nursery prices. J. B. RUSSELL.

For sale, as above, a few Dwarf Apple Trees worked
on psradise stocks, packed in moss — price 25 cents each.

New England Farmer Office. April 25.

Kenrick Nurseries in Newton, near Boston.

For Sale at the Kenrick Nnrseiies in Newton, an ex-
tensive assortment of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Nectarines, Mulberries, Quinces,
Raspberries, Grape Vines, Gooseberry and Currant
Bushes, and ten finest varieties ol Strawberries, includ-
ing Wilmot's Superb, Genuine Keens' Seeding, do.

Also about 200 varieties of the most ornamental hardy
trees and shrubs, including the Double Silver Fir and
Double Spruce, Horse Chestnuts, Mounl;iin Ash, Gum
Acacia, Three Thorned Acacia, Butternuts, Ailanthusor
Treeof Heaven, Elms, Sugar Maples, Flowering Cital-
pas, Weaping Willows, Napoleon, do. do. Honeysuckles,
and a superb variety of hardy Roses, &c. &c. Many of
the above sorts of trees of extra sizes.

White Mulberry Trees by the 100 or 1000— for planta-
tions.

Isabella Grape Vines, either singly or by the 100, at
reduced prices.

Written orders addressed to John or William Kenrick,
Newton, and transmitted by the daily mail, or otherwise,
or if more convenient, left at the office of the New En-
gland Farmer, where catalogues may be obtained gratis,
will be promptly attended to.

But purchasers are invited when convenient, to call
and examine the Trees, &c. for themselves, and make
their own selections.

Trees, &c. will be delivered in Boston free of expense
for transportation, when ordered ; and when particularly
desired, they will be packed in mats with either clay or
moss for sea or land transportation. Match 21

A Stud Colt, and North Devon Bull.

A beautiful Coll, near three years old, dark Bay with
black mane and tail — being the first Colt got by the cele-
brated Horse Barefoot in this country, and from a supe-
rior :ind large native mare — price 250 dollars.

.\ North Devon Bull, near 9 years old; was imported
by the subscriber from England, and is a fine animal. —
This breed are always in color dark red, therefore easily
matched for working cattle and are quick travellers, is a
sure Calf getter, in good health and condition, but from his
age will be sold for $50.

Several superior Cows from the best Imported stock,
partly Holderness, Alderney, and Durham short horns,
have Calves, or near Calving, by the North Devon
Bull; from 35 a 50 dollars. Apply to JOHN PRINCE.

Jamaica Plain, March 27, 1832,

Gooseberry and Currant Bushes.

JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house, Nos. 51 and 52 Noith Market Street, a good as-
sortnent of the finest Large Scotch Gooseberry Bushes,
in lots of six roots each, two of a sort; white, red and
yellcw ; imported direct from Glasgow, Scotland. Price
$1 50 per lot of six bushes.

Abo, Large White and Red Dutch Currant Bushes, in
lots of six and twelve each ; packed in moss for trans-
portition. Price of the White sorts $1 50 per dozen —
the Red, 75 cents. Specimens of the fruit preserved, can
be seen at the store. Also, cuttings of the Large Red
Currants — price 50 cents for a bundle of 200.

Spring Wheat.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,

A few bushels of genuine Oilman Spring Wheat ; this
son is the most valuable one cultivated in New England,
is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by blight,
and is the kind which has for many successive years ob-
tained the premium from the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society. April 4.

Aspara^s Roots.

JUST Received at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 50.^ North Market Street :

A few thousand Large Early Asparagus Roots, packed
in moss, in boxes of one, two and three hundred roots
each, — will bear transportation any distance — price $1
per hundred for those 3 years old, 75 cents per hundred
for the others. April 4.

Emerson's Second Part,

OF the North American Arithmetic is this day published
by LiNCOLX & Edmands. The plan of this work is
such, that mental and written arithmetic are very hap-
pily and conveniently united. Although Rules are not
excluded from Ihe book, yet the illustrations which the
author has introduced, render the operations on numbers
so clear and interesting, that the learner is prepared
rather to make his own rules, than lo rely on them from
his book. Boston, April 23, 1832.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime,

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected, No. 1, nc
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed,

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, .

Barley,
Oats, ,
Hay, ....

Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime,

Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern,
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, |ths, washed, .

Merino, half blood,

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

jj f Pulled superfine,

'Z-6 1st Lambs, , ,

■£=<2d, "

|g. 3d, " ^ . .

1^ l^lst Spinning, . .

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

barrel

4 50

ton

105 00

••

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 50

"

7 75

7 50

pound

18

"

6

bushel

1 12

barrel

5 75

6 25

'=

5 25

«

5 25

bushel

61

55

"

85

'•

87

"

48

cwt.

65

"

9 00

"

22 00

cask

1 20

ton

3 50

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

12 75

bushel

"

75

pound

12

cwt.

8 50

pound

48

"

55

"

44

''

42

"

38

"

38

'•

56

• •

48

38

"

28

"

45

TO

5 00
108 00
115 00

1 00
11 00
8 00

8 00
20

7

3

1 50

6 00
6 50
5 50
5 50

63
58
90
1 00
50
70

9 25
23

1 25
3 75

17 00
14 00
13 00

2 50
87
13

8 75
90
65
45
44
40
40
58
50
40
30

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

10
6

•';

6

4

9

20

dozen
bushel

12

barrel

37

4 00

12

25

25

14

1 17

1 00

50

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday* April 23, 1832.

Reported for tlie Daily Advertiser anj Patriot.

At Market this day 2G2 Beef Cattle, (including 75 un-
sold last week,) 10 pairs Working Oxen, 28 Cows and
Calves, and 79 Sheep ; 8 or 10 beef cattle unsold.

Prices. Beef Cattle — Sales were quick and a little
better prices may have been obtained on some qualities.
We quote extra at $6,25 a 6,50, prime 6 a 6,25, good 5,50
a 5,874, thin 5 a 5,25.

Working Oxen. — Ordinary, sales were effected at
$60,65,68, and 72.

Cows ajid Calves. — We noticed sales at$16, IS, SI,
24, 26 and 30.

Sheep. — A sale effected, but price not known.

Swi)ie — None at market ; they are much inquired for,
and a thousand or two would fiud a ready market at good
prices,

JVew York Cattle .Market, April 20 —At market this
week, 500 head Beef Cattle; quality rather increasing;
sales brisk, prices about the same ; fair average of sales
$7,50 ; we quote 6 a 9. Sheep — about .300 in, prices are
coming down a trifle ; not sheared ,$5 a 8 ; sheared 2,25
a 5. Hogs— sales at 3,50 a 4. — Daily Adv. .

Uj^In the N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

NEW Ex\GLAND FARMER

the Exeter (N. H.) Nolvs Letter.

From Porter's Health Almanac.

PREVENTION OF DISEASE,

The following liighly judicious j)rtcautioDS, as
those propel- to prevent the occiirreiice of cliolera,
were addressed by tlie medical iiutliorities of the
place, to the inhahitawts of oge of the Russian
cities. They are equally well adapted to ward off
an attack of every other prevalent howe com-
plaint, or indeed, of any epidemic disease ; and
should be cautiously lulhered to by all who inhabit
or are obliged to visit a sickly district.

1. To avoid, as much as possible, the influence
of cold, or a sudden reduction of the temperature
of the body. During damp, wet, and ollierwise
inclement weather, to wear warmer or thicker
clothing than usual, and especially to defend the
feet and legs by woollen stockings and substantial
boots. The feet, in particular, should always be
kept dry, and the clothes immediately changed
when they have been accidentally wet with rain,
or in any other manner.

2. Never to sleep in the open air, or in a draft
during the night or day ; and especially to avoid
Bleeping on the damp ground, or in damp beds or
apartments.

3. To avoid loading the stomach with an ex-
cess of food, especially such as is indigestible ; —
consequently, it is strictly forbidden to eatciude
apples, prunes, melons, cucumbers, raw turnips,
carrots, iinishroonis, and sinnlar species of food.

4. To make as little use as possible of stimu-
lating drinks, and all aliment of a heating nature.
Especially to abstain from eating garlic.

5. To be very careiiil to preserve the body
perfectly clean ; to change the linen as often as
possible, and to observe the strictest cleanliness
not only in the houses, but also in the streets, courts
and alleys.

G. Never to allow the air to stagnate in any
apartment. To |irevent this, the windows should
be left open during the day, when the weather is
fine ; and when it is damp or rainy, a fire should
be lighted occasionally.

7. Never to go out in the morning fasting; to
avoid considerable fatigue in the labors of the day,
and to expose the boily as little as possible to the
direct rays of the sun.

8. To avoicf carefully the least despondency or
chagrin ; I'ut on the contrary, to preserve by all
proper means, a tranrpiil, confident, cheerfid dis-
position. This is all important for preventing an
attack of any prevailing disease.

JVovel Socidij. — There is in Albany a Society,
in the nature of a mutual insurance, for the relief
of the sick. Each member (jays one cent daily,
and when sick draws four dollars a week. In two
years, besides the relief affordeil, the society have
accumulated $700. Such a society must greatly
benefit the poor, as a small jiittance will insure
them against dependaiice in sickness ; and sooner
or later sickness overtakes all. Societies of this
kind should be encouraged, especially in large
cities. There are many relief societies of the same
character in Philadelphia, which, by monthly con-
tributions of twentyfive to fifty cents, from each
memb.er, afford to support him and his family du-
ring sickness, besides giving his widow forty or
fifty dollars in case of his death. — Philaihlpiiia
Saturday Bulletin.

Mr Sleeper — Seeing in your valuable paper a
a recipe to make boots and shoes water-proof, is
the cause of my ofl'ering one, as I think, much
more valuable, as it will not only render tin iii en-
tirely water-proof, but the materials used will be
a benefit instead of an injury to the leather. Put
four ounces of India Rubber cut fine into a tight
vessel, and add to it one quart of neats foot oil,
keep it in some place where it will be moderately
warm until the Rubber is dissolved, then a ply it
to your boots and shoes, and you need not be
afraid of wet feet, unless you get into water over

the tOJlS. ExPERIE.NCE.

Intercourse of the Sexes. — What makes those
men who associate habitually with the women,
superior to others ? What makes the woman
who is accustomed to and at ease in the comjiany
of men, superior to her sex in general ? \Vhy are
women in France so universally admired and loved
for their colloquial powers ? Solely because they
are in the habit of free, graceful, and continual
conversation with the other sex. Women in this
way lose their frivolity ; their faculties awaken ;
their delicacies and peculiarities unfold all tbeir
beauty and captivation in the spirit of intellectual
rivalry. And the juen lose their pedantic, rude,
declamatory, or sullen manner. The coin of the
understanding and the heart interchange continu-
ally. The a.^i<iili<h are rubbed off, their better
materials polished and brightened ; and their rich-
ness, like fine gold, is wrought into finer work-
manship by the fingers of woman, than it ever
could be by men. The iron and steel of charac-
ter are hidden, like the harness and armor of a giant,
in stubs and knobs of gold and precious stones,
when not wanted in "actual warfare. — .V. Y. paper.

Double Dahlia etc.

FOR sAe at tlic AgiiciilliMul Wiirchoiise. No<. .51 and 52
Norili Market stieut, a fiuti rdllfclioii cf liools of ihe
Doulile Dahlia, or Geornuia. viz. Double Sc.rlet. Reil,
Dark C^lll^ot., Dwart Ki-il, Dwaif p.ile I-uiple, Yellow,
Naiikcuii, Black, DaikFuiple, Curlftl rurpie.aiul Brick
color, ai 75 cents ei':li. Als.i, Tube Roses and Ania-

yllis. )io cents each. Laroc, Scotch Gooseberry Bushes,
^•1 oil, and in six roots of difleicnl so:ts— with the great-
est collection of Flower and Ganlon seeds. Jlarch 28.

Flower Seeds, $1 per Package.

FOU Sale at the Seed Sice roniiected witli the New
England Faiin-r, 31).i iNorlli Markelsreet,

Paoka^esof the inu-t showy and rare v.n ii Ues of Flow-
er Seeds, containins IS varieties, among which are.

Geraniums (mixed)

Ten Weeks f^tock Gillillower.

Sensitive Piafit.

Mexican Blue Aseralum.

Crimson Cypress Vine.

Foiset-me-Not.

Ire Plant.

Kle^ant Coi'cnpsis, &c. &.C.
With directions for their cullure. Each sort is label-
led with its Englisli and botanical name, its native coun-
try, and mode of culture. Price $1 for- the IS s its.

" JVo ^rcat loss without some small gain." — The
prevalence of the cholera in England, has given
a new impulse to the cause of tcinpetance in that
country ; it being a well ascertained fact, thct this
terrible disease traces out a drunkard \vith about
as sure a scent as a blood hound the object of its
pursuit. It is indeed a melancholy remer'y for
iiite[n|)eraiice ; yet, if Providence sees fit thus to
purify the moral elements of society, who shall
dare to complain ? l^et rum-drinkers in America
take warning, while yet the curse is a stranger to
our shores ! — JCssex Register.

Jl Sleepy Hat. — " Isn't your hat sleejjy ?" in-
quired a little urchin of a gentleman, with " a
shocking bad un " on. " No ! Why ?" inquireil
the gentleman. " Why, because it's a long time
since it had a Hoyi," was the answer.

Early Potatoes.

FOR Sale at the Seeil Store conuecled with the New
England Farmer-, 5:«<S'»rlb Market Sueet :

A lew busbels of die prime, early Potatoes, which
bave taken the premiirm at the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society's Shows llie two last seasons ; and ai-e cou-
sideied the earliest variety in this vicinity. March 7.

New American Gardener,— si.\th edition.

This day published by J. 13. Russell and Carter &
Hcndcc :

The New .American Gardener, a treatise on the culture
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Strawber-
ries, Asparagus, kc. i!tc. By T. G. Fessenden, assisted
by several gintlemen. Sixth edition. Price $\ 00. —
I bis we think may be considered the most popular ana
practical work on Gardening, extant. March 28.

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day rdceiv.^d at the New EiiRland Seed Store,
."itU North Market ^treet, by .1.4!. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oats Grass Seed, so
valuable on thin soils for eiihcr a hay crop or for grazing.
Col. Tay-lor, a distinguished fainiui-, .says of it, " It is
the hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and Irost, ami heat and cold, better than any I have ever
cultivated. 11 keeps possession of the giDund in spile of
severe grazing. It furnish.-s better grazing early in the
spring, late in the lall, and in drought, than any grass
known to nie ; and if cut belore the seed ripens, its hay
is as pbasant and nutritive to stork, as any grass known
to me." — See also the opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii.
page 300.

Also. — Lucerne Orcliard Grass, White and Red Clover,
Fowl Mead w. Barley, Buck Wheat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &.c. March 2d.

Mangold Wnrtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just received at the New England Seed store, 50
North Market street, by J B. Russell,

lUO lbs. Large Mangold Wurtzel, of the very first qua-
lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Reel, imporled di-
rect from France. 100 lljs. Ruta Haga, ot lire lirst
qualiiy, European gi-owth ; 100 lbs. large White
Flat Englivh Field Turnip : 150 lbs. Short Top
Scarlet Radish, of English growth — very early, and ol
deep scarlet color. March 28.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Euglanil Fanner, 50^ North Market Street :

line large Vines ol the Is.ibella (purple); Winne
(dark purple); Alexander, (black) ; and Catawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in moss, for transporta
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts — price
GO cents each. April 4.

Market Man wanted.

A steady and industrious man, who is a good salesman
and ready reckoner, lo take charge the present season,
of a Market Wagon to Salem, Lynn, and Marblehead
Markets. Preference will be given to one who is ac-
quainted with marketing In this vicinity. Application
may be made at the Reed furiu in Lynn.

Lvnn. March 28, Iti.ii. 4t

Silkworm Eggs.

FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, .50,000
Silkworm Egas, warranted good, in packages of 5,000
each. Price $1 per thousand ; with short practical in-
structions for rearing them. April 11.

ning, at S3 per annum,
t those who pay wMhin
bine, are entrtb'd to a

Published everv Wednesc
pa\able at the end of the \e
sixty da.\B Irom die time of
deduction ol fifty cents.

53= No papi r will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Rissei.l, by 1. R. Butts — by wboin
all descriptions iii' Printing can be executed to mret the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RussF.LL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, Noith
Market Street.

J.

j..^_^jj^ '\ii

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, i\U. o2, iNOUlH MARKET STREET, (at the AtiKituLTURAi, Warkhousk.) — T. G. Fi;SSENDEN, EDITOR.

vor^. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 2, 1832.

NO. 42.

i®5Esa^srj:>.siiii!acDsrS9

FOR TljE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

INJURED FRUIT TREES.

jMr Editor — Since tlie publication of Mr Low-
ell's remarks upon the destruction of fruit trees, J
liave been prevented by indisposition, from ascer-
taining tl)e extent of the cahimity in this quarter.
As far, however, as my own trees and a few ©tit-
ers ill tlie ■ neighborhood may be taken as speci-
mens, I am indticed to believe that much less
injury has been sustained in this, than iti other
places reported to you.

The fact noted by several of your correspon-
dents, that the sap wood and inner bark have be-
come already discolored, and in some cases (piite
black, may be considered as a sufficient confirm-
ation of Mr Lowell's opinion, as to the time when
the mischief happened. Had it been occasioned
by sp^ng frosts, a circumstance of frequent occur-
rence iii this climate, no appearance of disease
would have been detected at this early day. We
may therefore, I think, infer, that when no disease
is now perceptible, no danger is to be apprehend-
ed. Where there is no separation of the bark
from the wood in large trees, nor discoloration of
the sliver in small trees, they are probably safe.

If this conjecture be well founded, our lo.Ss is
limited, as far as I have seen, to small engrafted
pears in the nursery, which are entirely dead,'and
rto some partial injury to other very fast groviug
nursery trees. No injur)' has been discDiered
among bearing trees of any kind.

Familiar as I have been with the loss of trees
by unseasonable heats followed by sudden and se-
vere cold, this is the first case of the kind within
my observation, clearly referable to tlie earliest
■winter frosts ; and is the more alarming as being
less easily guarded against, than the dangers inci-
dent to the first a])proaches of warm weather.- —
In the latter case it is only necessary lo preserve
an uniforndy low temperature about tlie roots, so
as to prevent premature action of the sap vessels,
until all danger of severe frosts iiall have
passed away ; and this may be effected by heaping
about the tree, after the ground shall lave been
frozen, soi^ie non-conducting substance, such as
chip-manure, straw, saw-dust, shavings, turner's
chips, or the refuse of flax and hemp.

In our open cold winters, the earth freezes deep
and our trees always come out well ; bit under a
covering of several feet of snow the earti does not
freeze, and if previously frozen the fnst is ex-
tracted and the soil kept warm. On theapproach
of spring, the snow is first dissolved immediately
about the trunk, forming a kind of tunnel in which
the solar heat is reflected and concentratfd, induc-
ing strong action in the vessels and drculatirig
fluids. Sudden and severe cold in sucl circum-
stances, is usually fatal to the tree. Not, perhaps,
; merely by a rupture of the sap vessels; out possi-
bly by a more complicated process, in which the
wood is violently separated from the ban, and the
space filled with a pellicle of ice, which prevents
a re-union of the parts in time to repair the rup-
tured vessels ; and the dissolving frost is followed
by almost immediate putrefaction. But whatever

may be the particular process, the death of the
tree is believed to be certain and past remedy.
Heading down, as suggested by Mr Wheeler, may
save the root ; but of the trunk there is no hope.

The spring of 1839 was particularly disastrous
to the more delicate trees in' this vicinity. Of
more than fifty bearing plums of the finer kinds,
not one was' saved. Where the bark was wholly
detached from the trunk, I had the trees cut down
to the ground, and in many cases young and vig-
orous shoots were produced, liut a row of large
and fine green gages, having some stripes of ad-
hering bark about the trunk, and an encouraging
appearance of life in the branches, were saved
from the axe ; the loose bark was removed and
Forsyth's composition applied. The consequence
was, that a few sickly leaves came out which
withered almost immediately ; and before niid-
suriuner the trees were dead, root and branch.

The following circumstanae struck me at the
time, as going to prove the utter destruction of
the tree from the first touch of the disease. Of
a large niiiiiber of scions taken from all the various
kinds, before any indications of disease were per-
ceptible, not one sncceeded.

There is, I apprehend, a very important fact
connected with this subject, which I do not re-
collect to have seen distinctly alluded to by either
of your correspondents ; and that is, that trees and
even young grafts, raised in a similar or more
northern climate, suffer much less than those of
the same variety from farther south. And least
of all, those grown from seeds on the same farm,
and even in the same field.

The same remark is believed to be equally ap-
plicable to many other diseases and accidents in-
cident to fruit trees, and so fully am I persuaded
of its importance, that I place little value upon
southern trees otherwise than as producing scions,
which, when engrafted on native stocks and car-
ried safely through two or three winters; may be
so far acclimated as to deserve a place among the
fruits of the country.

Fine cherries from Kenrick's nursery are sickly
and short-lived. The same varieties from Hallow-*
ell are less so ; and scions from the latter, engraft-
ed on the native stock, are as healthy as our ordi-
nary forest trees.

In the severe season of 1829, several thousand
scions from New York and Pennsylvania, set the
])receding Jlay, all perished ; while those from
Montreal and from my own orchard, all came out
well, not a bud was injured.

Trees carried from north to ■Bouth grow slow
and ripen their wood early in autumn, which, as
well as their hereditary habits, prepares them to
encounter all the rigors of their native winter;
wliile precisely the reverse of all this happens to
such as are removed from south to north. And
hence the diSa])pointmei\t and vexation which
have usually rewarded the most judiciously con-
ducted enterprises of the kind.

I would not be understood as contending, that
any precautionary measures will protect us from
the recurrence of so unusual a ciilaiiiity, as that
described by Mr Lowell. But I cannot doubt that
much may be done to lessen its effects, to guard
against many minor accidents and diseases, and to

fill our orchards and gardens with more hardy,
healthy, productive, and durable trees.

Most respectfully, I am. Sir,

Your ob't serv't, JED'II HERRICK.

Hampden, April, 1832.

MOLES.

Mr Fessenden— Will you or some of your cor-
respondents inform me through the medium of
your paper, the most effectual reiixedy to prevent
mal,es injuring fruit trees. Also, if there be any
r^Bedy for a tree, whose bark has 1)een entirely
taken off by those troublesome animals.

Youis,- G. D.

Hampton Falls, 1832. ■

Willich's Domestic Encyclopedia observes, that
" Various means have been contrived for extirpa-
ting moles, such as irrigating the fields infested
with them, &c ; but the most effectual is that de-
scribed by Dr Darwin, in his Phytologia, and deri-
ved from the experience of a successful mole catch-
er. This man commenced operations before theris-
ing of the sun, when he carefully watched their situ-
ation ; frequently observing the motion of the earth
above their walks, he struck a S])ade into the ground
behind them, cut off their retreat and dug them up.

" It is, however, in our opinion, an undecided
point, whether these little quadrupeds that live
entirely on worms and insects, of which they con-
sume incalculable numbers, are not to be consid-
ered as harmless, nay, useful instead of noxious ;
especially as they have their formidable natural
enemies in foxes, martins, weasels, hedge-liogs,
serpents, and cats. Farther, it has been observed,
that fields and gardens where all the moles have
been caught, abounded with vermin and insects.
But if these burrowing creatures become too nu-
merous, and hurtful to the vegetation of plants or
dangerous to dykes and banks, the most easy meth-
od of destroying them is to expose a few living
lobsters in a deep glazed earthern vessel, the top
of which is somewhat narrower than its basis, so
that they cannot escape ; such a pot must be buri-
ed several inches deep in the ground and covered
with green sods, so as to be accessible to the mole
which is remarkably partial to that shell fish. No
sooner has one of the former entered the pot, than
others from the vicinity will hasten to the fatal
receptacle, in consequence of the noise made by
the cajnive ; and thus meet with inevitable de-
struction."

An English Magazine says, that " Moles are
such enemies to the smell of garlic, that in order
to get rid of these troublesome and destructive
guests, it is sufiicient to introduce a few heads of
garlic into their subterranean walks. It is like-
wise employed with success against grubs and
snails."

Some have advised, in order to preserve trees
in nurseries, &c, to tread down the snow as fast as
it falls or soon after each snow storm, Sbout the
stems of trees in nurseries, &c, so as to prevent
the vermin from forming their paths or avenues
under the snow, for their mischievous purposes.
This miglit answer on a small scale, but would be,
perhaps, too troublesome to be put in practice in
large collections of fruit trees, &c. It has been
likewise advised to smear the steins with Forsyth '•

330

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 2, 1832.

composition, or soiniuliiiig of the kiiul, which is
oft'ensive to the ilepreilators.

As respects a rciiieily for trees already injured,
perhaps iiolhiug belter can he done than to head
them down, or cntotf their stocks near the ground,
and train the best shoots or sprouts to form new
trees.

REMEDY FOR DISEASED FRUIT TREES

Mr FESSE?iDEN — I ask leave, through your pa-
per, to communicate to the owners of apple trees,
a hint, which may possibly be useful. I observe,
that some of my trees which are putting forth
leaves, and whose roots appear not to be injiu'ed,
are nevertheless entirely dead at and near the i
ground. The tops no doubt will continue mme I
through a part or all of the season, but they must
soon die, unless the method which I am about to
suggest will save them. It is the same melhod
which some of your reailers know, has been adopt-
ed to save trees from which mice have eaten the
bark near the earth. Five or six years ago, J had
an apple tree which had been stripped in that
manner, to the height of eight or ten inches ; it
was about two inches in diameter. At the season
of grafting, I took some twigs, four in number, of
the proper length, and cut oif the ends' obliquely,
making a suitable angle; One end was inserted
under the bark of the root, and the other under
that of the body, immediately above the place in-
jured. They were kept in place by a string
which was wound round the tree, and the
air was excluded by a plentiful application of clay, '
which was confined in the usual mamicr. I had
not much confidence of success, though I had |
heard that such things had been done. All tlie
twigs, however, took, and the circulation of the I
sap through them was sufficient to prevent the
tree from being much retarded in its growth. It
is now a flourishing tree. The twigs are from
three to four inches in diameter ; two of them
have grown firmly together, and the others will
])robably do the same the coming season. The
stock within has decayed, and given place to an-
other generation. So much for fact; and the in-
creduliius will be cured gratis, if they should pass
through this village, and will examine for them-
selves.

I have no doubt, there are thousands of trees,
now considered dead, that iriight he preserved in
the same manner. The number oftwigs or scions
ought to be increased in proportionto the size of
the tree. 1 should recommend, that they be small,
say one quarter or three eights of an inch in diam-
eter ; a larger scion will not easily bend so as to
be fitted to its place. It might facilitate the oper-
ation, to confine each scion by sta[)les made of
wire, before putting on the string, which may be
removed before the next season.

If this comnmnication should be the instrument
of calling back to life any deceased favorite in the
orchards of your readers, it will give me great
pleasure. Respectfully, vonr ob't serv't,

"JOSIAH ADAMS.

Framingham, April, 1832.

By the Editor.— This plan perhaps will answer
in many cases, but we fear that in general the
stocks or stems are killed or mortally diseased, too
great a distance from the roots, to admit of scions
forming the proposed channel of communica-
tion, between the root and the vital parts of the
tree.

CULTIVATING GRAPE VINES.

Mr Fesse.nde.n — .\greeably to my proposal in
your last, 1 now submit a few remarks in relation
to the cultivatiOTi and management of grape vines.
It should be remenihered, that in this as well as
all other undertakings, nuich depends upon a good
beginning. And first, grape vines should have a
warm and sheltered situation ; and it is equally
important that the soil should be of a suitable kind ;
in a cold clayey soil they will never succeed. My
vines are in a light gravelly soil, an<l to this cir-
cumstance I believe I owe much of my success ;
though it is true, that without constant care and
attention, this valuable fruit will not be fidly ma-
tured in any situation.

The best time I think to transplant vines is
early in the spring. The ground should be pre-
pared in the ])revious fall, by digging trenches
about three feet wide and two feet in depth, sep-
arating the stones from the earth that is thrown
out. In the bottom of -these trenches should be
placed a quantity of the richest manure, eight or
twelve inches in depth, and the remainder of the
trench filled with alternate layers of earth and
manure, and well mixed with a spade or fork.
Posts of wliitc cedar for the trellises, should also
be set near the centre of the trenches and about
six or eight feet apart, but the trellises need not be
finished for a year or two.

The best vines for transplanting are those of
two or three years' growth, but above all they
should be healthy and thrifty, without which, disap-
pointment will be certain. They should beset out
with care, about the middle of the trc^nch, and six
or eight feet asunder. If they are in good order,
several shoots will start the first season, all but
two of which should be rubbed ofl" as soon as it
can be ascertained which will be the strongest,
these two should be trained to a pole and suflered
to grow to their full extent, and in the fall, after
the wood has fully ripened, they should be cut
down to three eyes from the old wood ; a good
supply of rich manure may now be spread and
forked in aroiiiul the vines ; and early in Decem-
ber, they shoidd be prepared for the winter, by
covering with sea-weed, straw, or loam, to the
de]>th of three or four inches. The covering
shoidil not be removed until the beginning or mid-
dle of April, as it has been found that vines are
more injured by alternate frosts and thaws in the
spring, than by the cold in winter.

The next season, three or four stalks may be
permitted to grow, according to tlie strength and
vigor of the vine ; and in the fall proceed as be-
fore, to cut down, selecting, however, if the growth
be vigorous, one stalk for fruit the following sea-
son, wliich may lie left two or three feet in length
according to the strength of the vine, if too much
wood is left the vine will be injured.

A great error, I think, has been in taking away
too much wood at a time, in summer pruning,
when the vine is in its most rapid growth, and
thus a sudden check is given, by cutting ofl" the
natural channels of the sap to so great an extent.
If all superfluous shoots were taken away when
small, and the growth of others more frequently
checked at the ends, it seems to me this evil would
he avoided.

But the greatest evil which the cultivator of
grapes has to contend with, is the mildew which
makes its appearance more or less every season,
and has almost destroyed the ciops in this vicinity
for the two last years, and though I do not pre-

tend tiiat it can be entirely prevented, I think, tha'
with proper attention much of its evils may be
obviated.

I know of nothing better than a free tjse of sul-
phur and lime ; this is prepared as follows : Put
into a firkin or jar, two pounds of flour of sulphur
and a lump of good uiislackcd lime twice as large
as a man's fist ; upon this, pour a pail-full of hot
water, stirring it until the whole is well incorpo-
rated ; cover it close, and after it is cool pour the
whole into a barrel, fill the barrel with water, and
in a tew days it will be fit for use. When clean
it should be thrown U]ion the vines with a garden
syringe, in .<uch quantity as to comjiletely cover the
fruit and foliage, and this operation must be per-
formed once in about a week or ten days through
tli(! season, commencing as soon as the gra))es are
well formed and before there is any ajipearance of
mildew, for after it lias once ap])eared the mischief
has been accomplished, and all attempts to pre-
vent it, is like " locking the door after the steed is
stolen." Whenever it attacks the fruit ihe effect
seetiis to be to destroy the elasticity of the skin,
and the next wet season bursts the grape and it
is destroyed. I believe a proper attention to
this would prevent much disappointment aftjl loss.

Another thing of imporlaiice is to keep your
ground rich by ajiplwiig jilenty of manure in the
fall and spring, and it caiiuut well be too rich to
insure a full crop and an uninterrupted growth of
wood through the season, one of the best prevent-
atives against mildew, which never appears while
the vine is vigorously growing.

And now a few words in regard to fall pruning,
and I have done.

The time for this operation is when the saj) has
doBO flowing and after the wood is thoroughly
ripened, which will not be till after several pretty
smart frosts ; and as scarcely any two vines will
admit of the same treatment, it is obvious that no
rules can be given which will a|)ply in all cases,
some judgment is necessary, which can only l>e
acquirc<l by observation and experience. The
greatest error, however, I think has been to leave
too much wood, more especially on young vines;
the consequence of which is, mildew is encoura-
ged and :he vine is exhausted in attempting to
support ittelfand bring to maturity the fruit which
it has ]>ut;forth. There is little danger of pruning
too close, regard always being had, of course, to
the age and strength of the vine.

Sui)pofing vines to be six or eight years old and
in a thritiy condition, my own method' has been as
follows :-f-First, to encourage the growth of two or
three cai|es from near the groimd, which are care-
fully traijied anit peimitted to grow to their i:t nost
extent diring the season, these, in order to be un-
derstood, I will call Nos. 1, 2, and 3. Second, at
the timejof pruning, cut down to the ground all
the old vood but one or at the most two stalks,,
which Iwill here call Nos. 4 and 5; all the nevT
branches on these last are cut off" within two or
three cjes of the stalk. No. 1 is then cut down
t« three or four eyes, and Nos. 2 and 3 are left
from thite to six feet in length, and I liave in a
few instmces left them eight or ten feet long. —
These canes the next season will generally put
forth friit from the ground to their extremity; and
in orderlto insure this, I have found an advantage
in tyingthem round in the form of a hoop, until
all the fuds have broken, when they are tied up
in thei) proper position. These, together with
the spufs left on the old wood, will produce a»

Vol. X.-No. 42.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

331

niiicli fruit 9S the vine will sustain, antl much
moi-e, I tliiiik, than can be obtained by the usual
mode of Iriniining, as less wood and more fruit
buds are left.

1 have had on one vine about four years old, more
than a hundred bunches of good size which ripen-
ed fully; but this is more tlian any vine ought to
bear, and therefore it would be better in such
cases to take off part of the fruit soon after it is
formed. Two or three new canes, Nos. C, 7, and
8, are now trained up as before; and the next
pruning season Nos. 4 and 5 are cut down to the
ground, and Nos. 2 and 3 take their places and
are trinimtd as were Nos. 4 and 5 lust sea-
son ; and the new canes, G, 7, and 8, are cut as
before. In this way 1 proceed from year to year,
cutting away the oldest wood and sujipljing its
place with new.

It will be seen that the manner of proceeding I
have here stated, ajjplies to strong and thrifty
vines ; where they are not so, there may not be
a sufficiency of new and strong wood from below,
in which case a less number may be left and cut
shorter ; but there is generally enough new shoots
when the vines are rightly managed.

Yours, &c, D. FOSDICK.

May, 1832.

yOB. THE NEW ENGLAND FARfllER.

THE TOAD.

This animal, so odious in its general appearance,
is nevertheless a most faithful and devoted servant
to the gardener. [ have had occasion to remark,
■while opening and preparing tiie earth for seed,
the activity oPtlie toad in appropriating to its own
use the great variety of insects which infest our
grounds. From observations which I have made,
i have been led to the conclusion that it can dis-
tinguish its obje<-t at a considerable distance, upon
■which it fixes its piercing eye and towards whicli
it rapidly advances ; and when near enough for
its purpose assumes a stooping posture whicli it
preserves for a moment, then, with the quickness
of thought, it darts out its long fiery tongue, tran.s-
fixing its prey, which it immediately conveys to
its'' capacious mouth. Espying some of those
■\vorms used in angling, I occasionally threw them
to one of these animals near by, whose length
oonipelled it to use its feet for the better disposing
of the worm, in order that it inight be more easily
swallowed.

On another occasion, I'observed upon the side
of an out-building one of the largest species of red
ants, six or eight inches from the ground, which
was noticed likewise by my friend, the toad, who
generally casts its eye downwards in search of
sustenance, but when self-interest requires, can
look up and jump too, which it actually did
with complete success.

I have never discovered, neither been able to
learn, that they are injurious to vegetables, al-
though they frequently burow into and disfigure
our beds. I presume to say, that one half of tiie
labor of the gardener employed in the destruction
of bugs and worms, might be saved, if a number
of toads were placed in the vicinity of our vines,
with a shelter near, under which they could se-
crete themselves, from which they wojld issue
forth at the apjiroach of evening when our ene-
mies are out committing their depredations, and
devour them at their leisure.

PIONEER.

DIFFERENT' KINDS OF INDIAN CORN.

Mr Fessenden — Should the following be
thought worth notice, please to publish it : —

INDIAN CORK.

' Perhaps few crops are of more im))ortrince than
this to the farmer ; although an exliuusting crop,
it still finds an advocate on almost every farm.
It is found in a great variety of sizes, colors, &c,
and it is of no small consequence to the farmer
to select the best. But how shall this he done ?
By what criterion shall we judge ? These are ques-
ticus I am ds^sirous of having answered. A few
years since, I thought I was fully satisfied on this
point, having planted for twentyfive successive sea
sons a particular kind of corn which I then thought
equal to any other, and without making a single
experiment by way of com])aring different kinds.

I have lately compared by weight three differ-
ent kinds, as follows : —

1st. White corn, 8 rows, weight of bushel, C]i Uis.
Cobs from which it was shelled, 14|-

2d, Yellow corn, 8 rows, weight of bushel, ()2^
do. cobs, 13^
3d. Yellow do. 12 rows, weight of bushel, C3
do. cobs, 12.

These kinds were all of them' what might be
called middling size.

From this experiment it will appear, that of the
three kinds mentioned, the heaviest grain and the
largest cob were from the corn of twelve rows.
The quantity of cob being less, I have taken it
for granted that the fodder will , be accordingly,
and, of course, the land less exhausted in rearing
a given quantity of grain. Should any of your
correspondents, Mr Editor, think this subject
worth further notice, I should be gratified to learn
something of the corn, by some called Byffield
corn — ears of twelve rows, from which the husks
ftill before harvesting — particularly respecting the
quantity of cob to a bushel of grain. Also of yel-
low corn, generally, whether in reality it is more
nutritious (as many suppose) and of course more
valuable than white corn. Yours, respectfully,
E. F. WOODWARD,

JVt'wion, March 30, 1832.

To the Editor of the N. E. Farmer,—

Sir— In one of the numbers of your valuable
publication, last year,* yon inserted some ])articu-
lars respecting parsnips, to which you will please
to accept, of the following, as a sequel.

Your-s, respectfully, A. B.

Extracts (from the General T'iew of the Jlgricul-
ture of Hertfordshire, draum up h\j order of the
Board of Agricidlurc, by Mr Arthur Young, its Sec-
retary ; printed in 1804 ; ) on the subject of-
PARSNIPS.

" This plant makes a great figiu'e in the exper-
imental ground of the Marchioness of Salisbury ;
the crop is good and quite clean. Fatting oxen
consume them most advantageously ; their benefit
thus applied, is so great as to nearly equal, in the
opinion of Mr Stephenson, oil cake. They are
consequently excellent for all stock, but superior
in fatting bullocks."

N. B. — Under the headotbeets, Mr Young adds,
"the common red beet and the root of scarcity, are
cultivated successfully in the experiment ground
of the Marchioness of Salisbury. The former an-

' See volume ix, page 406.

swer greatly in flitting cattle ; almost as well as
parsnips, and better than carrots."

N. B. — The quantity of parsnips under cultiva-
tion in the above case was an acre and a half, and
the whole of the experiment ground consisted of
seventeen acres, pp. 11.5 and 2,32.

Ill the second edition of the General View of the
Agriculture of the County of Kent, by Mr John Boge,
published 1804, we find that parsnips sliced and
kiln-dried, succeed very well as a sea-store ; but
by the Board of Admiralty it was decided, that
parsnips could not be substituted for any part of
the diet of seamen in the British navy ; and that in
other respects, it was more convenient to serve out
lemun juice in preference to vegetables, as occupy-
ing less, room. pp. 227, 233.

SOAKING SEED CORN.

Mr Fessende.'v — I have noticed in your paper,
remarks ii-om several persons on the utility of soak-
ing seed corn in copperas- water, to prevent worms.
A little experience and practice on any subject
connected with agricultural pursuits, is far better
than theorising. liast year I soaked our seed
corn in very strong copperas-water, as near as I
recollect, from twentyfour to tliirtysix hours ; ev-
ery kernel was made as black as charcoal ; the
man who planted the corn, called me a fool and
said it would never vegetate. But every hill
planted came up well, and during its growth exci-
ted the remarks of all who saw it, as being the
most even field of corn they ever saw. Not one
hill in the whole field of seVen acres was injured
by worms ; and we had often in previous years
been compelled to replant several times, when it
had been cut down by the worms. We liad over
sixty bushels to the acre. Yours, respectfully,
J. ELLSWORTH.

Ketch Mills, Conn. April, 1832.

HORTICULTUR.E.

Perhaps no branch of cultivation, {says the Bos-
ton Couriei,) is so much neglected in New Eng-
land as this ; though much interest has of late
years been created in its favor. If gardens require
no exclusive attention, an hour at a time, and that
not daily, will amply repay the cultivator's care.
The earth is grateful, more grateful than all that
inhabit it ; and it will speedily reward a little at-
tention, a hundred fold. One half of a farmer's
support and more of his pleasure, should come
from a garden ; and his profits, too, might be
much increased by it. He need not raise mari-
golds and poppies, nor yet turnips or pimps, but
he can put in a vine that will give grapes to him
and his posterity. He may, with small expense,
plant a tree, that will for many years offer him the
best gifts of Pomona. There is no country under
the fruit ripening sun, in which horticulture is so
much neglected as this, except Russia ; and in the
South East, rich fruits are raised even there. —
We not only neglect fruits, but the esculent veg-
etables, that are so considerable and salutary a part
of food in other countries. To all those who, at
this season, ere it is too late, would turn over a
new leaf, we recommend a visit to the Messrs
Winship's nursery, at Brighton, where tliey will
see much both for profit and pleasure.

If you would be rich, think ot saving as well as
getting.

Handle your tools without mittens; as a cat in
ffloves catches no mice.

332

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 2, 1S32.

AN ADDRESS,

Delivered before the Society of Middlesex Hushand-

men and Manufacturers, Oct. 5, 1831.

By John M. Cheney.

I deem it among the liajjpiest efticts that have
i-e.siiltecl iVom the organization of Societies, such
as that whose anniversary we this day commem-
orate, that they have awaliened the puhhc to a
ticnse of the dignity aud importance of agricultural
pursuits ; and that the most ancient and useful of
the arts of life, that on which all other arts depend,
has drawn into its service the genius and talents
of the best men of the age, and has had consecra-
ted to its use, the treasures of learning aud the
discoveries of science and philosophy.

With the interests of agriculture, you have,
gentlemen, in the formation of this society, asso-
ciated those of manufactures — her sister and ally.
These two branches of industry are so mutually
dependent upon, and reciprocally beneficial to each
other, that the improvement of both is naturally
and properly embraced within- the objects of your
Society. To promote these objects, you have
come hither today ; to witness the result of each
other's experiments ; to explain each other's views ;
to interchange thoughts and opinions ; and if pos-
sible, to learu and communicate some new and
useful truth.

Your purpose is a high, a noble, a glorious one
— glorious, in the best sense of the term ; glorious,
because it is good ; and because he who discovers
the means of increasing a useful product of the
earth, or of multiplying and diffusing more widely
the comforts of life, is a benefactor of his race.

To him who loves his country or his fellow
man, it is a subject of rejoicing, that in a cause
like this, the dissensions of party and the revilings
of ])olemic strife are laid aside and forgotten ; that
a spot is here found, where our ears are no longer
assailed with the diu of political and religious war;
where men of all sects and of all parties, are will-
ing to make at least a teni])orary sacrifice of their
prejudices and their animosities, upon the altar of
the public good. It is a subject of rejoicing, that
a new field is here presented, where talents and
learning may achieve for themselves an honorable
and lasting renown ; and that when the thousand
immortal patriots of the day — those exclusive
friends of the peoiJle, whose praises are now rung
through the land, by the lying heralds of a
jiarty fame, the newspapers — are all dead and for-
gotten— the man who devotes himself to agricul-
ture, and to that literature and science by which it
is embellished and improved, may acquire a name
that will flourish and grow green through the
lapse of ages.

The increasing intelligence and more refined
moral sense of the times, is daily rendering more
certain and definite the elements of a pui-e and last-
ing fame. They are pointing to utility, rather than
splendor. Tlie wreath woven by the arts of peace
is cherished and honored, while that upon the
warrior's brow, is suffered to w-ither and fade a\\ay.
The time has gone by, when the occupation of the
farmer was deemed mean and servile. The hon-
est and intelligent yeoman has assumed the sta-
tion in society that belongs to him. He stands
erect and unabashed amidst the foremost of the
land. An art that wa^ ])atronized and practised
by the kings and emjjerors of the east — by the
princes and senators of Greece and Rome. An
art, upon which the most renowned poets and phi-
osophers of antiquity wrote, and which its great-

est and best men practised, has associated with it
too many cherished and hallowed recollections, to
be longer affected by the sneers of that miserable
substitute for a man — the creature of the tailor aud
the dancing master — the self-styled, hut misnamed,
gentleman.

In the best days of the Roman republic, her
learned and powerful men, her statesmen, her
generals and her scholars, devoted themselves to
the interests of agriculture. That it ever lost the
service of such men, and came at length to be es-
teemed a less honorable employment than some
others, is undoubtedly one of the many evils en-
tailed upon the world, by that long night of Gothic
barbarity and ignorance, that succeeded the fall of
the Roman empire; during which, intolerance and
superstition held their revels and performed their
orgies ; and all that the genius and industry of
man in former ages had done, to raise him above
the condition of the savage, was lost and forgotten.
For when light at length began to dawn, and truth
and justice to wake from their long and lethargic
slumber, a state of thVigs grew uj), altogether hos-
tile to the arts of peace, and especially so to ag-
riculture. A system of military tenures, denomin-
ated the Feudal System, jjrevailed throughout
Europe. Its spirit was essentially warlike, and
tuider it no occuj)atiou but that of arms was deem-
ed honorable. The successful warrior divided
the coiupiered territory among his followers and
vassals, to till only in the intervals of peace, and
upon condition, that at the sound of the clarion
they should buckle on their armor aud attend him
in his wars. He who tilled, had no permanent
interest in the soil ; the fee remained in the feudal
lord or baron of whom he held. The consequence
was, ou the one hand, a servile and dependent ten-
antry ; on the other, a fierce, haughty and warlike
aristocracy ; under whose joint influence every
species of usefiil industry was i)aralyzed. Not
only the cultivation of the earth, but every kind of
manual labor was despised ; and the working men,
in the ignorance of a rude and barbarous age,
were held in low repute by those whose batllcs
they fought and who lived upon the fruits of their
labor. Tlie featm-es of this system may still be
traced in many of our laws, customs, and institu-
tions, and to it we look for the origin of those er-
rors and ))rejudices, that have prevailed till wilhin
a few years, with' regard to the nature and char-
acter of manual and agricultural labor. From
these errors ami prejudices, principally by the
agency of our Agricultural Societies, we are at
this day in a great degree exempted ; and our
farmers and mechanics, the pillars by which
the whole fabric of society is sustained, are not
only acknowledged by others to be, but themselves
feel, that they are " born i'ree as Caesar."

The utility of these societies cannot, it would
seem, be longer doubted. The experiment has
been fully made. Their effects are known and
felt, not only in directing the attention of the pub-
lic to the subjects with which they are conversant,
and in giving to agriculture the respect and con-
sequence which it deserves, but in actual practical J
results, about which there can be no mistake. So
that whatever prejudices may have once existed
against the scientific, theoretic and book farming,
which it was thought they were alone calculated
to promote, none, it is believed, remain to doul't
their advantages; none, unless perchance it be
that class of sturdy doubters, who always "doubt
most where others most believe."

They have wrought a visible chailge in the ap-
pearance of the world around us. Over it, they
have thrown an air of neatness, elegance, comfort,
and fertility, before unknown. The worn out and
exhausted field, by the ploughing in of green crops
and other imjiroved modes of cnltivaliou, has been
revived and fertilized. The poorest aud most un-
productive hog-meadow, the nocturnal melody of
whose inhabitants (the mammoth frogs) was for
years our sunmier hdlaby, has been drained and
reclaimed, and is yielding to the enteriirising farm-
er a tenfold reward for his labor. New varieties
of grain, and grass, and vegetables are springing
up around us ; aud our granaries, barns and cel-
lars are crowded with new and hitherto unheard
of riches. Many of the lean and unprofitable
tenants of our stalls and pastures have di,^a|lpcared,
and the firmly built, portly and gentlemanly ox,
and the staid and matronly cow, have succeeded
to their place. Fruits, that excel in richness the
golden apjiles of the Hesperides, cluster and ripen
aiound us. Inventions and improvements in the
implements of husbandry have been multiplied,
till in many instances, what was once the painful
labor of a day, has become the recreation of an
hour ; nor are they left suspended in agricultural
repositories, like warlike trophies in the halls of a
feudal baron, but they are seen upon the farms
and in the hands of an active and vigorous yeo-
manry.

In the midst of all this apparent prosperity, while
the earth is rejoicing in renovated beauty, and the
labors of the husbandman are crowned with abun-
dant success, what harsh and discordant notes
arc; those that break in upon the general song of
joy and gratitude, that is heard along our hills and
valleys ? And who is he, that with his raven lock,
conies to mar the harmony of the the scene, with
the miserable cry of" hard times '}" Can it be the
industrious and intelligent farmer? No! Look
at his fields, they are laden with the rich rewards
of a skilful cultivation ; at his fences, substantial
and in good repair, they jirolcct his crops and in-
sure him quiet and peace in the hours of repose ;
at his trees, pruned of redundant wood and cher-
ished at the root, their graceful and symmetrical
forms not only embellish his grounds, but his fruit
spreads cheerfulness around his board and his
fireside. His stock, well selected, well housed,
well fed, and above all, well treated, are the living
proofs aud emblems of plenty and content. His
tools, all in order and in ))lace, are implements,
which in a cheerful hand, rob labor of its sting.
His barns and out-houscs, conveniently arranged,
judiciously constructed, and well filled, are his
treasury, wherein he has deposited the fruits of
his honest and honorable labors. His house bears
no marks of dilapidation or decay ; but neatness
and taste have fixed their impress upon it, and
upon all around it.

Shall we cntir and survey for a moment the
scene within .' Certainly. The wife, who, by her
industry and economy, has made the farmer's fire-
side what nothing else can make it, the centre of
his joys, the sanctuary of his happiness, will not
refuse to admit us. Not yet sufficiently fashiona-
ble nor gmteel, to he ashamed lo be seen at any
useful employuKnt, she will herself bid us \yel-
come. Over her little empire she presides in the
spirit of peace and gentleness. All is neatness ;
all is order ; all is quiet. Her family is her care;
her children, her jewels. Under her influence, her
daughters are growing up in tlie loveliness of virtus

Tol. X.— No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

333

— her sons, in niaulinass and strength. " She
looketh well to the ways of her household and
eateth not the hread of idleness. Her children
rise uj) and call her blessed ; her husband also,
and he praisetli her."

And is it the man who has.drawu all these com-
forts around him, that complains of hard times ?
Oh, 110 ! It is one of a very ditferent character.
It is either the man, who, from ignorance, ingrati-
tude, or cherished discontent, dashes away the
the cu() of good, which a boimtiful Providence
proflers to his lips ; or else, it is that thriftless and
beggarly being, who, lagging far behind in the
march of improvement, and wholly uninspired by
the spirit of the times, is seen at the resorts where
loungers " most do congregate," dragging himself
lazily about, to the tune of" hard times, hard times."

Let us look at his farm. A continuous and
unbroken line of brush aud briars, having in-
trenched themselves about his walls and fences,
are steadily advancing to the centre of his fields,
aud he looks with dismay upon the narrow extent
of territory that remains to him, and upon the
stinted and miserable crop that it produces. His
fences have decayed or fallen down, and upon
their ruins he lops a sapling birch or shrub oak,
with here and there the half consumed aud weath-
er beaten fragment of a rail or post, the remnant
of a better day, and ingeniously contrives to rear
a fabric so frail aud unsubstantial, that it luust fall
if even " the winds of heaven visit it too roughly."
It only serves to invite and provoke attack; and
if his cattle have any decent share of spirit remain-
ing, his stinted 'and miserable crop is destroyed.
The pruning of his orchard has been entrusted
wholly to his cows, and if among its scrubby and
entangled branches, fruit is found at all, it is of
those varieties that wdl give to the countenance of
him that eats it, the expression of an inujate of
purgatory. Thei'e is seen rambling about his pas-
tures, a beggarly account of nondescript animals,
denominated stock — gaunt, lean, houndlike skele-
tons— emblems of famine, images of leanness, at
which Pharaoh would have himg his head aud
blushed. Scattered about, as chance directs, are
found the broken and blunted instruments with
which he toils. And in keeping with the rest of
the scene, there is exhibited by the wayside,'a long
array of condemned and su])eraniuiated carts, and
carriages and ploughs. Through unhinged and
disjointed gates we approach his buildings. Our
path is obstructed at every step by nameless and
useless rubbish ; and the ma»s of vegetable and
animal matter, that fe' decaying around, like the
offence of Claudius, " is rank, it smells to heaven."
His barn seems to be made with special reference
to the accommodation of the four winds. Its con-
tents are neither sheltered nor preserved ; and its
tenants are left to cringe and cml before the blasts
of winter. His house, a strange combination of
boards and shingles, gives no promise of comfort
within. The winds sigh and howl through its
shattered roof and walls. The loosened clap-
board flaps mournfully against its side. Ancient
and time-worn hats, with garments not to he nam-
ed, from the scanty and tattered wardrobe of its
iumates, are thrust through its broken windows.

Shall we enter here, and contemplate the scene
of confusion and discord within ? No ! The
spirit of idleness, ignorance, or intemperance,
reigns here, and none are welcome but its vota-
ries. It is the man who calls this place home,
that talks of " hard times," of the smallness of the

farmer's profits, and of the advantages of emigra-
tion to the far West. It is he that is forever chant-
ing his Jeremiade over the fallen glories of Agri-
culture. And well he migh*, if the evils that at-
tend him were inseparable from his lot. But they
are not. They are the consequence of his own
bad management. No skilful and enterprisiug
cultivator can be found, who will say, he has not
full confidence in the success and profits of his
business.

To be concluded next week.

SHEEP.

A writer in the Gardner (Maine) Standard, in
answer to an inquiry as to the best mode and the
expense of keeping sheep, says : —

» Sheep do best in summer on high, dry, and
rocky land. In a pasture which has a more or less
northerly aspect and plenty of shade, they may
run in large flocks, for they seldom crowd togeth-
er in hot weather, where the shade is in different
parts of the pasture. They should have salt by
them to lick when they please. If two or three
pastures can be furnished, to change their location
ouce a week, so much the better. Hard stocking
ke,eps the grass short and sweet, and of this they
are more fond than after the seed stalk springs.
It is hardly possible to keep sheep through the
winter on hay alone, in as good condition as they
come to the barn ; they should have some succu-
lent food.daily, and tlie more the better, or they
lose flesh. To judge from my own experience, 1
should say, give a sheep dady four pounds Ruta
Baga, and as much hay as she will cat, which
wili be about one pound, and she carries her sum-
mer fat through the winter, and is much more sure
to raise her lamb than if fed on hay alone.

" Indian corn, in quantity of a gill daily, or even
half a gill is of great service. Every farmer is
more than paid for his corn in the weight of the
fleece alone, to say nothing of the benefit to the
animal.

" Last winter, as you know, I fed largely with
the turnip, there was not a sheep in the flock at
all disordered during feeding time. I a:n well
satisfied that a good proportion of succident food,
suits the stomach better than all dry food of any
kind.

" An acre of pasture will feed six sheep with
their lambs, through the season — most farmers say
seven or eight. I have weighed out two pounds
of hay per head to my flock, several days in suc-
cession, in clear cold weather, and found that alone
as much as a sheep will eat. This corresponds
with the experiment of Dr Daubenton in France,
although he does not inform us what breed his ex-
periment was tried with. We feed about one
hundred and forty days on an average. A ton of
hay will therefore winter eight sheep. If we es
timate die cost per ton af $2,50, the expense of
wintering on hay alone is thirtyone cents. But it
is better to winter at more expense, in order to in-
sure a good fleece and the life of the lamb."

DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS, &c.

Among the various examples of improvident
legislation, (says the Baltimore American,) may be
reckoned the laws in which our State legislatures
sometimes think it wise to encourage, by rewards,
the slaughter of birds, &c, which have unluckily
incurred odium with the farmers. The New York
American gives some examples of similar foolish
hostility among the people, to these luckless /er<£

naturee, the effect of which is generally to substi-
tute a greater evil, by a supposed removal of a less.
The ruinous increase of the Hessian fly some
years since, was attributed, and justly, it says, to
the groat previous destruction of the woodpeckers
and other birds feeding on insects. In one dis-
trict, a war of two or three camjiaigns Was valor-
ously waged against the owls ; and straightway
the fic'lds were overrun with field-mice. In an-
other, the garter snakes were put under ban, and
the consequence was, that the grass-hoppers, on
which the garter snake feeds, infested the fields in
clouds. It is not out of a mawkish humanity, but
from a belief thttt nature will manage this matter
best in lier own way, that we recommend to those
who would take it out of her hands, the lines of
Southcy to the s))i(lcr : —

I won't humanely crush thy bowels out,
Lest Ihou shouldst eat the flies.

The same journal very properly censures those
wholesale hunts, to which bushels of squirrels,
rabbits, partridges and other game, fall victims in
indiscriminate slaughter.

Savings of Tern perance'.-r— Before the formation
of the Temperance Society in the town of Hector,
Tompkins Co. N. Y., it is stated, that there was
scarcely sufficient grain raised for the supply of
the inhabitants. Nov/, after two or three years'
operation, sixt>i thousand htshels are supposed to
sent out of the town. This extra or increased
production is not, it is probable, to be attributed to
the former drinkers alone, but to that general
stimulus to industry and healthy state of the com-
munity, which follow such reformations. Will
the readers of the Farmer communicate facts sim-
ilar to the above.' — A". Y. Farmer.

To promote the grmvth of trees. — Some separate
the dry bark of fruit and forest trees to promote
their growth, and prevent the bark binding too
much. This disfigures the tree, making seams in
the trunk, and makes it grow in angles. The best
way is, when the sap is forced up by warmth of
spring, to scrape off all the scaly particles of the
dead bark, and wash the trees repeatedly during
the week with soap suds, Szc. Trees of consider-
able age will then have a youthful appearance ; be
more thrifty ; and in the caSe of fruit trees, the
fruit will make more cider than that grown on
scurvy moss-grown trees.

Put cindens, bones, stones, about the roots of
pear trees ; it will increase their growth one third
and save them from the blight. — Genesee Farmer.

Young Peaeh Trees. — Twenty years ago, peach
orchards flourished in many parts of the State of
New York ; they now seem to decline. The
cause may be ascribed to the grub or peach borer.
A neighbor of mine found six of these an inch long
in a tree near the roots, and the tree dying. He
put some of the worms into a strong solution of
corrosive sublimate, which di^ not kill them ! —
He then removed the dirt from some of his young
peach trees, and placed a little box around the
tree and filled it with tan bark. These trees did
well. It is a cheap remedy — try it. — i6.

Feeding Cattle. — When there is a white frost on
the grass, keep your cattle in the yard and give
them a little dry fodder. When the frost is melt*
ed off, turn them out and they will do welh — ii.

334

NEW ENGLAND FAUMEU,

May 2. 1833.

SimW JHET^ILilSriD I?ill3121I2ac

Boston, >Vednesday Evening, May 2, 1832.

DELICATE AI'PLE.

We have seen and tasted of a fine apple, called
the CratchfteU Jipplt, sent from Virginia to Jona-
than Winsliip, Esq; of Brighton, by George W.
Brimmer, Esq. of Boston, now in Virginia, a very
respectable, scientific and active mcndii'v of the
Massachusetts Horticidtnral Society. The apple
is fair to the eye as well as pleasant to the taste,
and that it has the pro[ierty of keeping well
through winter, is evident from the sound state of
those we have seen. We appreciate the exertions
of such public spirited men as Mr Brinnner, and
hope he will continue to iavor cultivators in this
quarter of the country, with specimens of plants
and other choice products of the South.

her paw upon the hole through which the air es-
caped, and thus prevented any more from passing
out of the receiver. All the exertions of the phi-
losopher were now .unavailing ; in vain he drew
the piston ; the cat's paw effectually prevented its
operation. Hoping to effect his purpose, he let
air again into the receiver, whicli as soon as the
cat perceived, she withdrew her ]iaw from the ap-
erture ; but whenever he attempted to exhaust the
receiver, she applied her paw as before. All the
spectators clapped their hands in admiration of
the wonderfid sagacity of the animal, and the lec-
turer found himself under the necessity of libera-
ting her, and substituting another in her place that
possessed less penetration, and enabled him to ex-
hibit the cruel experiment."

DESTRUCTION OF RATS.

Mr Fessenden — Permit me to inquire, through
the medium of your useful paper, the best method
killing rats. My object in making this inquiry, is
because my barn and corn-house has for some
time past been hifested by a large number of tins
very " unprofitable company," and how to get rid
of them I know not. Some of my horses are sick
almost every week, and 1 actually believe the sick-
ness is wholly caused by the rats being among the
hav and grain. If you or any of your corresjion-
dents know of a safe and sure remedy, I should
be pleased to have it made known in your paper.
By so doing you will greatly oblige

Api-il 21, 1832. A Subscriber.

By the Editor. — The following are among the
means recommended for the destruction of these
Tcrniin : —

Take one quart of oat meal, four drops of oil
rhodium, one grain of musk, two nuts of nuxvom-
ica powdered ; mix the whole together, and place
it where the rats frequent; continue to do so
while they eat it, and it will soon destroy them.

Another mode of destroying rats. — Take equal
quantities of unslacked hine and powdered oat
meal ; mix them by stirring, without adding any
liquid, and place a small quantity in any ))lace
infested by rats. They will swallow the prepar-
ation, become tliirsy, and the water taken will
swell the lime and destroy them.

Another mode of destroying rats. — A friend in
Salem, Mass. informs us, that rats are easily de-
stroyed by sprinkling a little of the powder of
Spanish flies on some buttered bread, or other
food of which rats are foud.

A plan for removing choice floirers from one pot
to another withont injury. — A writer in the Garden-
er's Magazine, ( M. Saul, Snlyard street, Lancaster,
Eng.) gives a plan for removing prize flowers from
one pot to another without injury to their vegeta-
tion, and examine the lower part of the plant, and
ascertain whether any slug or other insect is prey-
ing on the roots. A small p] ejection round the
inside of the sides of the pot, is made for the
moveable bottom to rest upon. " When I want to
remove the plant, I have a light rim the size of
the opening of the pot, with three upright spring
legs ; these are riveted to the rim and are cal-u-
lated to bear the weight of the ])lant aud earth ;
and by pressing on the ledge of The pot, the plants
may be raised to any height, or turned out of the
|)ot. By having pots made of certain sizes, the
bottoms may be removed along with the plant.

MERRIMACK COUNTY AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Directors of the Merrimack
County Agricultural Society, holden pursuant to
notice, at the Inn of John Stickney in Concord,
on Wednesday, the 8th day of February, 1833, the
following business was transacted, to wit : —
Present, Richard Bradley, President.
James Wilson, Secretary.
Joseph Low,

~irectors,

Joseph Low, \

Jonathan Atebs, > Dii
Reuben Johnson, j

Next best do. 1 OO

Best acre of potatoes, not less than three litindred bush-
els per acre, $1 00 and one year's subscription New
England Fanner.

Nt'xt I)est, one year's subscription do. do.

Best acre of wheat, one dollar and one year's do.

Next best do. one year's do. do

Best mulberry orchard, one dollar and one year's do.

Next l)est do. do, one year's do. do.
' Best mileh cow, 3 OO

Second do. do. 2 00

Third do. do. 1 00

The owners of cows presented for premiums,
will be required to specify what keejiing they have
had through the w inter ; whether anything more
than grass through the summer; the quantity of
milk given per day, and the quality, to he ascertain-
ed by the quantity of butter made from said milk,
sav at least seven days, either in June or Septem-
ber, particularly stating the keeping during said
time. JAMES WILSON, Sec'y.

Fio

I the Wc

Xg\3.

SAGACITY OF A CAT.
He la Croix relates the following almost incred-
ible instance of sagacity in a cat, who, even under
the receiver of an air pump, discovered the means
of escaping death, which appeared to all present
inevitable: — "I once saw," said he, " a lecturer
u])on experimental philosophy, place a cat under
the glass receiver of an air pump, for the purpose
of demonstrating that very certain fact, that life
cannot be supported without air or respiration.
The lecturer had already made several strokes
with his piston, in order to exhaust the receiver of
its air, when the animal, who began to feel herself
very uncomfortable in the rarefied atmosphere,
was fortiuiate enough to discover the source from
whence her uneasiness proceeded. She placed

Voted, That all farms and gardens ofiered for
I)remiums must be entered with the Secretary or
one of the viewing committee, on or before the
20th day of June next.

The following gentlemen were ai)pointed view-
ing committee on farms, gardens, cro|is, &c.

Joseph M. Harper, Chairman, Canterbury.

Joshua Fifield, Franklin.

Aaron Whittemore, Pembroke.

Moses Coffin, Jr., Boscawen.

Moses Tyler, Hopkinton.

John J. Ater, Coucnrd.

Charles Stinson, Dunbarton.

A'oled, To award for the best farm $S 00

Second best do. ' 7 00

Third best do. 5 00

For the best reclaimed meadow, not less than si.x acres,
and the manner of reclaindng ihe same, 6 OO

For the next best reclaimed meadow, not less than four
acres, 4 00

Best kitchen sarden, $1 00 and one year's subscription
New England Farmer.

Next best do. one year's do. N. E. Farmer.

Best field of corn, not less than ooe acre, $1 00 and
one year's do. do.

Next best do. one year's do. do. ^, ■

Best field of rye, one year's do. do.

WORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIET\^

At the Annual Meeting of the Worcester Agri-
cultural Society, on the llMli of April, 1832, the
following officers 'were elected for the current
year, viz.

Levi Lincoln, President.

Aaron Tufts, 1st Vice President.

Silas Holman, 2i1 Vice President.

Theophilus Wheeler, Treasurer.

Oliver Fiske, Cor. Secretary.

William D. Wheeler, Rec. Secretary.

TRUSTEES.

Jonathan Wheeler and John Batcheller, Graf-
ton ; Baniel Bacon, Barre ; James Draper, Spen-
cer : Jacob Conant, Sterling ; Sammd Daman,
Holden ; William Eager, .Yorthborough ; Jacob
Fisher, Lancaster ; Stephen P. Gardner, Bolton ;
Jerome Gardner, Harvard ; Jonathan P. Grosve-
ner, Paxton ; Isaac Sonthgate, Leicester ; Benja-
min Davenport and William S. Hastings, Mendon ;
Williaju Williams and Silas Allen, Jr. Shreu'sbury ;
Samuel Mixter, .N'eiv Brainlree ; Daniel Tenney,
Sutton ; Lovett Peters, Westborough ; Eli Warren
Uplon ; Samuel Read and Bezaleel Taft, Jr. Ui-
hridge ; Sylvanus Holbrook, JVortlibridge ; Salem
Towne, Charlton; Edwin B. Tmulor, Brookfield ;
Rnfus Barton, .Millbur>i ; Jacob W. Watson and
Benjamin Harringlon, Princeton ; Stephen Davis,
Oxford ; Asaph Andrews, Boytslon ; Da\ id WiP
der, Leominster ; Silas Brooks, Thomas Chamber-
lain, John Davis, Nathan Heard, John W.Lincoln,
Rejoice Newton, Samuel B. Thomas, and Benja-
min Butman, Jf'orcester. _

It appears by the Treasurer's account, exhibited
at this meeting, that the funds of the Society, well
secured on interert, amotmt to more than .$6,000,
and the Society is entirely free from debt.

It was voted unanimously, that it is expedient
to have a Cattle Show and Exhibition of Manufac-
tures,' on Wednesday the lOlh day of October
next, at Worcester; and^ the Trustees were au-
thorised to off'er Premiums for Stock, &c, which
it is understood will soon be before the public.

The Secretary was directed to prepare and pub-
lish in a pamphlet form, a correct hst of all the
members of the Society, arranged by towns. —
Those gentlemen who have not yet availed them-
selves of the privilege of becoming members of this
flourishing institution, and who intend to join, by
leaving their names and fee of admission with
either of the officers of the society, previous to the
21st June, will have their names in the catalogue.

Vol. X.— No. 42.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

335

DIRECTIONS FOR THE CULTURE OF
SWEET POTATOES.

(Convolvulus batatas.)
The slips, as tliey are culled, oi' sweet potatoes
shoulcl be iilaced in a hot-lied, to force out the
sprouts ; or, if no hot bed is attached to the prem-
ises, the following simple method will answer: —
Dig a hole two or three feet deep, which shoidd
be filled with horse manure anil well pressed
down, to give a bottom heat ; on this place about
four inches of loam ; in the loam place the slips,
■which in a few days will throw out luimerous
sprouts. The slips should then be taken up and
planted out wherever wanted, in a light and rath-
er sandy soil — tahing cart lo place them on the tup
of the ground, and draw the earth over them. But
little care is requisite afterwards, excepting to keep
the weeds down, and occasionally give the vines,
which run like squash vines, a twist round the
hill, to prevent them striking root at the several
joints, by wliich the size of the potatoes in the hill
is increased.

(U^The slips are so perishable in their nature,
that they must be immediately placed in a hot-bed
!is above directed, or they wiM soon be lost b}'
rotting.

l'.RIGliTON MARKET.

We understand that the market-day at Brighton
will be changed after the 1st of IMay, from Mon-
day to Wednesday. This arrangement will rem-
edy the evil to society, that has existed from the
trafficking which has heretofore been carried on in
the vicinity of Brighton on the Sabbath. The
importance of the Brighton market is not gener-
ally understood. It has been said by an observ-
ing traveller, that " it ranks as a cattle market sec-
ond only to that of Smithfield in England."

We are requested to give notice, that there will
be a quantity of Pear Scions of the celebrated Dix
Pear, and some other varieties, for distribution
on Saturday next, at 13 o'clock, at the Horticultu-
ral Hall.

Notices of Dr Brown's Siiva Americana, and
Paxton's and Harrison's Horticultural Register,
were prepared for this paper, but are unavoidably
deferred to our next.

' Sweet Potato Slips.

This day received at J. B Kussell's Seed Store, 51 and
52 North Market Street, Bosion, a good supply of Slip-: of
the Carolina Potato, in ^oot] order, and of superior qual-
ity. Printed directions for their culture and management
furnished gratis. Piice 62^ cents per hall peck.

May 2.

Winship's Nurseries.

AS the season is so fir advanced, that all
injury to natural productions, occasioned by
the severity of the preceding winter, can
readily lie ascertained, persons in want ol
Fruit ami Ornamental Trees, of various kinds
— of flovvt-ring and showy Slirubs, Creepers and Vines,
including the elegant monthly or ever-blooming fragrant
Honeysuckles, eii;ht or ten feet high, and such plants as
will produce a fine display of Flowers the ensuing season
— with a very superior assortment of Herbaceous Peren-
nials, that will also bloom, with proper management, tbis
Bumnjer, if removed within a week or ten days — together
with the new and fashionable Scotch Roses, so much ad-
mired at the exhibition at Horticultural Hall last season,
constituting sixty varieties — are invited to visit the estab-
lishment and select for themselves.

Jj'Orders may be left with J. B. Russell, or sent
via. mail, to Messrs Winship, Brighton, and the plants
will be furnished, and sent out the following morning in
he city, if requested. 3w April 25.

liinuiEan Botanic Garden and Nurseries.

Flux/ling, near AVui i'urk.

W.M. PRINCE & Sons. Proprietors, announce that
the great extensions made in their B>tablishment, wbiili
now covers near 51) acres, completely tilled witb the
choicest Trees, Shrubs and Plants, enables them to
offer the various kinds at the reduceil prices stated in their
new Catalogues, which will be sent lo any person w!io
may apply for tbein. The size and excellence of the
Trees exceed all former periods ; and the inostsciU|)ulous
attention has been devoted to their accuracy, which is
invariably an object of their personal attention. To
nurseries they will allow a liberal discount and conven-
ient credit. As many persons are agents for different
nurseries, it is requested that orders intended for us be
particularly specihed. Every invoice sent has a printed
heading and our signature, and such proof of origin must
be insisted on, as we fake upon ourselves no responsibili
ty unless such an invoice can be produced.

Their Treatise on the Vine, describes 2S0 kinds of
Grapes and their culture : — Their Treatise on Horticul-
ture contains descriptions of a great variety o( Trees and
Plants, and directions for cultivating them ; and their
Pomnlogical Manual, or Treatise on Fruits, contains full
descriptions of above 1000 varieties of Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Apricots, Peaches, Nectarines, Almonds, and
other fruits, so that all persons can make their selections,
wtha knowledge of the qualities.

Their new Catalogues will be sent (o all applicants
and orders sent to them per mail, will receive the mosi
prompt attenl'on, and all letteis desiring information,
will be replied to by the first mail. 4w. March 21

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

For Sale.

A half blood Durham Sliort-horn Cow, eight years old,
v.-ith Calf by a full blooded bull of the same breed. Hei
calves have been large and uncommonly tine animals.
CHARLES E. NORTON.

South Berwick, Me. April 25,- 1832.

A Farm Wanted.

THE Directors of the Bostoji Farm School, have ap-
pointed the subscribers a Committee to select and pur-
chase a Farm suitable for the purposes of that institution.
Persons who are desirous of disposing of such property,
situated in the neighborhood of the city, are requested "to
state the terms and annex thereto a description of the
land, buildinas, &c, adilressed to

JOHN TAPPAN, ) Committee of the

JOHN D. WILLIAMS, S- Directors oflhe

SAMUEL T. ARMSTRONG,) Farm School.
April 25.

Fruit Trees.

ORDERS for Fruit, Forest and Ornamental Trees,
shrubs, honeysuckles,&c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince.
Buel and Wilson, Davenport's, and any other respectable
Nurseries, received by the subscriber, and executed at
Nursery prices. J. B. RUSSELL.

For sale, as above, a few Dwarf Apple Trees worked
on paradise stocks, packed in moss — price 25 cents each.

New England Farmer Office. April 25.

Asparagus Roots.

JUST Received at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 50* North Market Street :

A few thousand Large Early Asparagus Roots, packed
in moss, in boxes of one, two and three hundred roots
each, — will bear transportation any distance — price .f 1
per hundred for those 3 years old, 75 cents per hundred
lor the others. • April 4.

App

Emerson's Second Part,

OF the North American Arithmetic is Ibis day published
by Li.vcoLN & Edmands. The plan of this work is
such, that mental and written arithmetic are very hap-
pily and conveniently united. Although Rules are not
excluded from the book, yet the illustrations which the
author has introduced, render the operations on numbers
so clear and inleiesling, that the learner is prepared
rather to make his own rules, than lo rely on them from
his book. Boston, Apiil 23, 1832.

Sprin? Wheat.

FOR Scle at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 52 North Market Street,

A few bushels of genuine Gilman Spring Wheat; this
sort is the mo*t valuable one cultivated in New England,
is very productive, seldom if ever attacked by blight,
and is the kind which has for many successive years ob-
tained the premium from the Massachusetts Agricultural
Society. April 4.

LES, russeltmgs, .
Ashes, pot, first .sort,
pearl, first soj-t,

Bfans, white

Beef, mess, . . . ;
piime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspecteiK No. 1, new,
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, ■
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandiia, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Pl.aster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd'^ Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, ^ths, washed, .
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
' Q f Pulled superfine,
'Zrs I 1st Lambs,
£=^2d, " . .

|§.!3d, "
^ l^lst Spinning, . .
Southtrn pulled Wool is about

barrel
ton

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

from to

5 00

108 00

1 15 00

1 00

11 00

c.isk

ton

.barrel

pound
cwt.
pound

10 50

7
7 511

6 25
5 25

48
05
9 00
22 00
I 20
3 50
16 00
13 00
12 75

75
12

8 50
48
55
4t

PROVISION
Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .

Veal

Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, ^according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

10
6

';';

6
4
9

20

dozen
bushel

12

barrel

37

4 00

1 5U

6 00

6 50

5 50

5 50.

63

58

90

1 00

50

70

9 25

23

1 25
3 75

17 00
14 00
13 00

2 50
87
13

8 75
50
G5

12
25
25
14

1 17

1 00

50

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, April 3i1, 1832.
Reported for tlie D.iily Advertiser and Putriot.

At Market this day 302 Beef Cattle, 6 paiis Working
Oxen, 11 Cows and Calves, and 225 Swine. About 30'
Beef Cattle unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. Beef Cattle— hast week's prices were not
supported, as will be seen by quotations. Extra sold at
$6 a 6,25, prime 5,75 a 6, good 5,25 a 5,75, thin 4,75 a 5.

JVoiking Oxen. — No sales noticed.

Cows and Calves. — Sales of ordinary at $16, IS and 23.
■ .SuvHe— Sales brisk — several lots were taken at 5,25
for sows, and 6,25 for barrows ; one lot to close at 5c for
sows ami 6c for barrows ; at retail 6c for sows, and 7c
for barrows.

.Veil' York Cattle Market, Jlpril 27. — Market this
we.k rather dull, and a general depression in prices hag
taken place ; still stock of every description sells well.
Beef Cattle— 500 head at market and all sold from $6 a 8,
.iveraging 7 ; a few first rate 8,25. Sheep — .30,1 in, sales
for those not sheared 3,50 a 8 ; sheared 2,50 a 5 50 ; lamba
2,50 a i.— Daily Adv.

Jj'ln the N. Tfork market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

S36

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 2, 1832.

BI I S C E J^ L A N Y

The following is from the Edinburgh Literary Jour-
nal, which vouches for its having been written •by the
noble author some years ago.

HVMN.

BY THE LORD CHANCELLOR.

"There is a God," all nature cries;

A thousand tongues proclaim
His Arm almighty, .Mind all-wise,
And bid each voice in chorus rise

To magnify his name.
Thy name great Nature's Sire divine.

Assiduous we adore ;
Rejecting godheads, at whose shrine
Benighted nations blood and wine

In vain libations pour.

Yon countless worlds in boundless space,

Myriads of miles each hour
Their mighty orbs as curious trace,
As the blue circle studs the face

Of that enamell'd flower.

But Thou, too, mad'st that flowrft gay.

To glitter in the dawn ;
The hand that tired the lamp of day,
The blazing comet launched avyay,

Painted the velvet lawn.

As falls the sparrow to the ground,

Obedient to thy will,
By the same law those globes move round
Each drawing each, yet all still found

One order to fulfil.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

BROTHER JONATHAN'S ADVICE TO

HIS SON.
Well, Charles, the long wished for day has ar-
rived ; from this time you are no longer under my
care an<l control ; you are now your cftvu man,
and the world is before you. Such has been your
obedience, industry, and deportment, during your
minority, that I have full confidence that you will
never willingly place a thorn in my pillow ; but
that you will, by industry, integrity and honesty,
play the man, and thereby establisli a character
for yourself.

As you have been educated in the habits of
temperance and industry, I need not say much on
that score ; yet it cannot be too often repeated,
that at all events, shun the haunts of idlers, dram
shops, and all places of dissipation, as it is not rep-
utable to be seen at such places e.\cept on imperi-
ous necessity.

For your general conduct in society : be pleas-
ant and obliging to your equals and inferiors; re-
spectful to your superiors and seniors; sincere
and upright with all. Avoid contention and strife,
and shun all bad company. Despise not the poor
and decrepit ; show pity to the unfortunate, and
extend charity to the needy, especially to those
who are worthy to receive it. Small injuries
treat with silent contempt — never retaliate, but
manfully defend yourself when necessary.

Regard virtue as the great ornament of man ;
govern your passions. Let your language be pure
and speak with deliberation. Shun the unfruitful
works of darkness of every kind, and let your con-
duct be such as will bear the light of day.

Should you be in the employment of another,

be faithful to the man ; remembering, always, that
is business is your business and that his interest,
in a sense, is your interest. Pry not into the se-
crets of your neighbors, but keep your own and
the man's with whom you may live.

Should you go into any business yourself— pur-
sue it early and late with resolution, and never put
off anything to be done tomorrow, that ought to
be done today. Never be above your business,
nor let your business drive you.; personally super-
intend it ; and let your uniform industry be a pat-
tern for those whom you may employ or have un-
der your care. Let your conmiands be under-
stood and promptly obeyed.

As to dress — let it be decent and according to | ~*^^
your employjnent. Be not anxious to follow the
fashions, but remember that cleanliness is a cardi-
nal virtue. Never judge the: character of a man
by his external appearance.

Punctuality is of the utmost consequence ; by it
you may draw money (should you wish) at any
time from your neighbor's pockets.

Let your accounts be accurately kept, both
debt and credit, and settle often. Reckon with
ourself once a year, perhaps about the first of
January is the best time. Make a close calcula-
tion and see in what latitude you are sailing ; see
where you have missed a figure, and let tliose er-
rors be as beacons and landmarks to warn you in
future. For the neglect of such reckoning, and
running on in a supp.bsed prosperous course, many
have been shipwrecked and ruined. Small debts
and interest are too often overlooked by debtors,
but creditors nevei' forget them ; hence bring
them all into the reckoning, whether for or against ;
they'often make a large item in the general ac-
count.

Should you build a house, let it be no larger
than is necessary for the piu-pose dcsignetl ; for
buildings in the country larger than are necessary
are jioor property ; but in any case, let the cellar
be as large us the frame.

Have an o])inion of your own, but ever keep
your mind open to conviction. Never despise a
man because he differs in opinion from you. As
to religious matters — be no stranger to your Bible,
and form your creed from its pages, but not from
the oj)inions of men. As to politics — endeavor to
understand in some measure, the government in
which you live, and the character and motives of
the men who direct it. Never give your vote to
a man who is unworthy to receive it ; and disdain
the man who would so disgrace human nature, as
to sell his vote for a glass of rum.

Should you have the misfortune, by miscalcu-
lation, ti-eachery of others, or otherwise, to fail,
compound with your creditors, be honest, deliver
up all and begin the world anew. But remember,
Charles, that a debt is not morally paid when the
creditor relinquishes, reluctantly, a part to save the
remainder ; therefore, I say, be honest, and should
you ever after be able, ])ay those creditors both
principal and interest to the last cent ; and show
to the world tliat you have acted the. man and not
the knave.

Lastly. Sliould you, some time hence, thiid? of
entering into a family state, be not in a hurry ; let
judgment control fancy. A thorough understand-
ing of the business of the kitchen is of the greatest
importance to any lady ; to say the least, the lady
who is unacquainted with this important accom-
plishment, is continually liable to imposition by her
servants. The sound of the gridiron to a hungry

man, is better music than that of the ])iano. Seek
one who is prudent and discreet, in v\ hum there
is neatness and good sense ; such a one is of
" great price." " Dignity and honor," in domestic
life, " are her clothing and on Iier tongue is the
law of kindness." But mark tlie reverse ; " It is
better," said the wise prince, "to dwell in the
corner of the house top," or, if you please, in one
end of the garret, where motherwort and tansey
and many useless combustible matters are promis-
cuously thrown together, " than with a brawling
woinan in a wide house," where all the capacious
rooms arc richly garnished with the best of furni-
ture.

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day nk-civtd" at the New EtiRlnnd Seed Store,
50h North Market street, by .1. li. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oats Grass Seed, so
valuable on thin .wils for eiiher a hay crop or for grazing.
Taylor, a distinguished farmer, says of it, " It is
the hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and frost, and heat and cold, better than any 1 have ever
cultivated. It keeps possession of the ground in spite of
severe grazing. It furnishes ^letter grazing early in the
spring, late in the fall, and in dro'ight, than any grass
known to me; and if cut before the seed ripens, its hay
is as pbnsant and nutritive to stork, as any grass known
to me." — See also the opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii.
page 300.

Also, — Lucerne Orcbard Grass, While and Red Clover,
Fowl Meadow, Barley .Buck Wheat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &.c. . IMarch 28.

New American Gardener,— sixth edition.

This day published by J. B. Russell and Carter &
Ilenilee :

The New .American Gardener, a treatise on the culture
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Strawber-
ries, Asparagus, kc. &c. By T. G. Fessenden, assisted
by several gentlemen. Sixth edition. Price $1 00. —
This we think may be considered the most popular and
practical work on Gardening, extant. March 28.

Market Man wanted.

A steady and industrious man, who is a good salesman
and ready reckoner, to take charge the present season,
of a Market Wagon to Salem, Lynn, and Marblehead
M.irkels. Preference will be given to one who is ac-
quainted with nrarketing in this vicinity. Application
may be made at the Reed farm in Lynn.

Lynn, March 28, 1832. 4t

Early Potatoes.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Ensl.md Farmer, 52 Nortli Market Street :

A lew bushels of the prime, early I'otatoes, which
have taken ihe premium at the Massachusetts Horticul-
tural Society's Shows the two last'seasons ; and are con.
sidered the earliest variety in this vicinity. March 7.

Published every Wednesd.iy Evfning, at^Sperannu
pavable at the end of tire .\ear — but those who pay withia
sixty days from the time of subsciibing, are entitled to a
deduction ot lifty ceirts.

(CF No-paper wid be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance. |

Triritcd for J. B. Klsski.l, by I. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printini; c.nn be executed to meet the
wishes orcusti>meis. Orders for Printrn!^ received by J. B.
Russr.i.i., attire Agricultural Waieliouse, No. 52, Nortii
Market Street.

AGKNTS.

A'ew York — G. Thorbuun A; Sons, 67 Liberty-street.

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Ballimore — G B. .Smith, 'Editor of the American Farmer,

Cimiimuti — S C. I'arkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street.

Fhishinc:.N. Y. Wm. I'rinck& Suks, Prcp.Lin.Bot.Garde*

Middlrliiiry, Vt. — Wight Chapman.

Hartford — Goodwin ifc Co. Booksellers.

Spriti^feld. Ms. — E.ElivvARDS.

Ni-irhi'niport. — K itNFZF.K Stedman, Bookseller.

PorlsmotUh. N. H. — i. W. Foster, Boi.kseller.

Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.

A'^gusta. Me. — Wm. Mann,

Halifax, t^. S — P. J. Holland, Esq.Tlecorder Office

MoiUreal, h.C. — Hekky HxLLocK.

NEW ENCJL-ANI> FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, VORTH MARKET STREET, (at the AnRicuLTURAi. Warkhouse.)— T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, 3IAY 9, 1832.

NO. 43.

® vo sa m; ^ ij Jt ^ ii le a ® i? Si»

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

SEASONS, PRODUCTIONS, &c, IN THE
STATE OF OHIO.

Mr Fessenden' — Through the medium of the
New Englaiul Fanriei- I have learned with sin-
cere regret, the ruinous effects of the past winter
on the fruit trees in the Eastern States. A com-
bination of unfavorable circumstances would seem
to have been concerned in producing this wide
spread ruin ; a very warm and moist summer and
autumn, and sudden, severe, protracted cold in the
winter. The wood of last year's growth must
have been as little prepared for enduring frost in
November, as it usually is in August and Septem-
ber of common years. Vegetable nature was
completely deluded by the elements ; and contrary
to her usual custom, continued to eliminate sap
and put fortli fresh leaves, When she should have
been curtailing her supplies and preparing to hard-
en the new formed laburnum for the coming win-
ter. The climate of these United States is marked
with strange vicisitudes ; the se.tsons sometimes
sport with their own productions, and fruits and
flowers of indigenous plants, to say nothing of ex-
otics, are often brought forth merely for de-
struction.

The past winter, in Ohio, has been one of unu-
sual severity, and the whole year of strange and
altered features. The summer of 1831 was cool am!
extremely wet, more so than ever was known since
the settlement of the State. The mean tempera-
ture of the summer months was "IJlflj degrees of
Fahrenheit ; greatest elevation 91* in June. The
mean temperature of the autunmal months was
52". In the year 1830, the mean temperature of
summer was '2j?gSj degrees, and that of autumn
STJjSj degrees ; making a difference of five and a
half degrees in favor of the autumn of 1830.

The mean of the winter months in the year 18.30
was 33 j5j''j^ degrees, while that of 1831 was 26 de-
grees, being seven and a half degrees colder than
the winter of 1830. The mean, for the last six
years, being SS-J^jL for the winter months. In the
summer months of 1831 there fell 26yyij inches of
rain ; 12yij-|j inches of which fell in July. In the
autumnal months there fell 8y',y^jy inches of rain ;
and iu the whole year o3JjAj inches, or nearly
four and a half feet ; a quantity equal to that of
the West India islands. In the summer months
of 1830 there fell 10 inches of rain ; in the autum-
nal months Q-^ip^j inches ; and in the whole year
37^jyS_j. inches ; making a difference of lOj-Jj in-
ches in favor of the year 1831. The mean annual
quantity of rain and melted snow being for eleven
previous years 4'2-j?yj inches, and may be fairly
assumed as the average quantity for this climate,
or about three and a half fcet per year. In the
\viiuer of 1831 there fell 48 inches of snow ; the
greatest quantity at any one time being 15 inches.
In 1830 there fell only 13 inches, which is about the
■ mean quantity for one winter. The mean tern
perature for the year 1831 was SO-jSJ^y degrees ;
while that of 1830 was 54^^^* degrees, and i;
about the annual temperature for this part of thi
State,

The ])ast \\inter comnjenced the latter ])art of
November, which is nearly a month earlier than
usual ; the whole month was cool, the mean tem-
perature being 40^^^^^^ degrees. We had but a
few days of that beautiful weather called "Indian
simimer," instead of the four or five weeks coiii-
nioidy allotted to us. Snow fell as early as the
21st of the month, and with high winds from the
west and northwest, continued to fall in small
quantities almost every day, to the end of the month.
The 28th and 29th of November the mercury fell
to 12 degrees; the rivers became filled with ice,
and navigation by steam-boats soon after ceased.
Hundreds of flat boats laden with the produce of
our farms, became frozen to the shores or forced
y the ice on the heads of islands, and their car-
goes, mostly composed at this early season of ap-
iles, cider, and potatoes, were destroyed by the
ntensity of the frost. The harvesting of corn and
potatoes had but just commenced, and nearly half
tie crops of both these articles were undug and
mgathered at the setting in of this Siberian winter,
"he whole month of December was uniformly
lold, and for several mornings the mercury was
;t and below zero. On the 18th it was 10 degrees
lilow for a short time in the morning, which is
tie greatest degree of cold we have had for several
jears. The fore part of January the weather be-
(ame moderate, and on the 8th of the month, after
I heavy rain, the ice, now from twelve to eighteen
iiches thick, was broken up by a rise of eight or
(line feel in the Ohio river, wrecking and destroying
nearly every boat not secured in some safe harbor.
The weather became very cold after the 25th of
tlw month and the mercury sunk below zero ; the
26th it was nine helow. February commenced
with mild and pleasant weather, attended with fre-
quent showers of rain and considerable thunder;
the thermometer rising on several days to 65".
There fell ten incftes of rain in this month, eight
of which were between the 3d and 12th of the
month, occasioning, together with the melted snow
on the high lands, the greatest flood in the Ohio
and western rivers ever known since the settlement
of the State; the bottom lands were covered from
eight to twelve fcet deep, and the Oliio appeared
a vast sea rolling its proud waves from hill to hill,
and bearing on its bosom the floating ruins offen-
ces, stacks of hay and grain, and numerous frame
and log buildings. Very few lives were lost either
of man or beast. The rise of water was so grad-
ual, from three to five inches per hour, that the
inhabitants had suflicient time to prejiare for their
own safety and that of their domestic animals.
The water was five feet and three inches higher
than at any former flood.

The spring, so far, has been cold and vegeta-
tion backward. Pear and plum trees are now in
full bloom, and contrary to my expectation, the
peach tree in situations a little sheltered and on a
light loamy soil, is full of living blossoms ; [ find
diat soil has considerable influence on the consti-
tution of trees and their ability to resist cold. The
fruit buds of peach trees on a clayey soil are gen-
erally killed, arid the wood much injured. It has
been conceded by writers on the subject, that a
degree of cold equal to seven or eight degrees be-
low zero, is fatal to the blossom buds of the peach

— and eighteen or twenty, ruinous to the tree itself.
In February, 1818, the latter degree of cold de-
stroyed all the peach trees in the western country
killing them to the surface of the snow, which was
then two feet deep. By heading them down to
the sound wood, fresh vigorous shoots were
thrown up, producing fruit in one or two years.
Cherry trees are beginning to blossom and bid
fair for an abundance of fruit. Aj)ple trees are
full of fruit buds, already opened in warm expo-
sures and apjiear not to be injured by the severity
of the winter. The apricot has suffered more than
any other tree, the branches being generally killed.
The foreign grape vines in my garden are ruined,
excepting such as I took the precaution to lay
down in the autumn and cover with straw. Even
the Bland grape is killed down to the old wood ;
it is not more hardy than the Madeira, and has ev-
ery appearance of being a seedling from that grape,
although Mr Prince, who is high authority, is of
the opinion that it sjirung frnm our native stock.

I made numerous experiments the last season,
for protecting the fruit of my plum trees from the
depredations of the "curculio," that feeble but
irresistible enemy to all horticulturists : one was
to suspend small bunches of rags dipped in Sen-
eca oil and sulphur, under the branches of the tree ;
to these they paid no attention, but deposited their
eggs in the fruit notan inch from the rags. An-
other tree was sprinkled frequently with soapsuds
mingled with sulphur, but with little better suc-
cess. On a tliird tree which crew near a shed

lixture of equal parts of fine tiour of suljihur
and wood soot, was scattered from a sieve over
the leaves and fruit, when they were moist wi(ii
dew or wet with a shower — this proved a com-
plete protectioi3. The fruit was not attacked by
the little destroyer, but attained nearly its full size
and began to change its color for ripening. I had
calculated on the fine eating we should have
shortly, when, lo, a new calamity appeared in the
form of numerous cracks and fissures, first appear-
ing on the upper surface of the fruit and in a few
days spreading to the stem, and exuding the gum
of the tree in small drops; they rotted and fell to
the earth without affording me a single ripe one.
The trees were the Orleans plum and blue gage.
The aisphcation had no influence in causing the
cracks, as the same thing happened to some branch-
es which were covered with tnillinet, and to which
none of the powder ^^as applied. It must arise
from an exuberance of sap, ])roduced by a soil too
rick for the healthy growth of the plur?G. It does
best ;n a poor hard soil, vi'hile mine is rich and
mellow. It is the same \yitli the pear tree. The
only healthy trees within my knowledge are grow-
ing on a poor clayey, or dry gravelly soil.

As the welfare of the honey bee is deservedly a
favorite theme with many of the writers in your
paper,I will close tliislong communication by a few
lines on that subject. They have flourished ex-
ceedingly with us for the last thirty years, and so
concenial is the climate to their health and prop-
agation, that the woods and prairies west of us are
filled with wild bees, uiqirotectcd and unassisted
by the fostering hand of man ; indeed he is there
their only enemy. Until the last season the bee
moth was unknown in this part of the State. Last

338

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

aiitiiiiin tlic larva' of tlje moth were first noticed
amongst the comb, but lew people had ever heard
of them. Three years ago, I heard of their ap-
pearing amongst bees, thirty miles above Marietta,
on the Virginia side of the river ; so that they
have been three years in travelling that distance
But Mrs Griffith's hives with careful attention, I
trust, may yet preserve to us some of this indus-
trious race, whose labors aftbrd so much profit
and satisfaction.

The canker worm, so destructive to your or-
chards, has not yet found its way west of the Al-
leghanies ; at least, I have not heard of any on this
side the mountains.

* Very respectfully, your ob't serv't,

S. P. HILDRETH.

Marietta, Ohio, April 16, 1832.

T. G. Fessenden, Esq. — In the New England
Farmer of the 2d inst. is a note from Mr Adams
of Fraininghani, on the subject of treatment of
apple trees injured by mice eating the bark near
the ground. I think his method of using the
scions whole is not so good as the one first recom-
mended by the late Luther Richardson, Esq. of
Roxbury, in June, 1810, and published in the me-
moirs of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society of
that year, and which I now send you, rccommend-
iug its republication in your next number, as now
is the season for attending to it. I have for some
years tried the method with full success.

Having suffered much the past winter in losing
very many trees, particularly some new sorts of
pears which were planted in the fall of 1630, and
made but little growth last year; the bodies are
killed from a few inches above the ground for
three or fom- feet ; the tops are alive and pushing
out to appearance, but kiiowing they Could not
live, and the roots being perfectly good, I have cut
them oflf just below the surface of the earth, and '.
taften scions from their own tops and grafted them,
covering them nearly over with earth. As the
trees are well fixed in the ground, I shall save
some years rather than planting new trees, besides
saving the sorts. In haste. Yours, very trulv,
JOHN PRINCE. *

Jamaica Plain, May 5, i8S7.

To the Hon. John Lowell, Esq.—

Sir — The very grc.it destruction of fruit trees,
occasioned by mice and moles, during the winters
of the two or three last years, has made it an ob-
ject of the utmost importance to discover the best
means of preventing the mischief, or to invent a
remedy for the evil after it has taken place. So
])rodigiously have these pernicious vermin multi-
plied of late, in some places, as to , threaten the
destruction, not oidy of fruit trees, but also of for-
est trees and the grass of our best mowing fields.-
During the winter of 1808 and 1809, they were
known in some places'jo. attack a whole copse of
small trees, leaving scarcely one ungirdled ; and !
in many mowing fields to gutter almost the whole I
surface of the ground, for many acres together, [
with their burrows and paths. Instead of molest- !
ing only the small trees in our orchards, as usual,
they have of late completely girdled apple trees,
in some instances, of nearly three feet in circum-
ference, and destroyed them.

As this mischief is seldom done hut in the se-
verity of winter, when these vermin are driven to
the roots of trees for shelter, and are deprived of
their ordinary subsistence bv the frost and snow

the most effectual way to prevent this injury is, in
the mouth of November, just before the winter
sets in, to clear away all the rubbish and furze
from around the roots of young trees, leaving the
ground bare, and then to put a coat of dry ashes
all around. The roots of the tree then affording
them no shelter above ground, and they having a
natural aversion to burrowing in ashes, they will
be driven for shelter to some other place, and your
trees will thereby in a great measure be preserved
from their mischief. The ashes, also, will abun-
dantly compensate you for the trouble and expense,
causing your trees the year following to thrive and
flourish exceedingly.

Another method of some use is, in the early
part of winter after the first snow, to shovel snow
around the roots of trees and then tread it down
hard, by which it will freeze and become solid like
ice, through which they cannot easily penetrate.
But this method is by no means sure, as they will
frequently burrow under the ice and sometimes
injure the roots underneath, and in the least thaw
pass up and injure the tree.

But after the injury has been done, and youi-l
tree is completely girdled, and all the bark eaten
off round the tree to the hard wood, I know of bu|
one remedy to preserve the tree alive, altbougl|
many e.xperiments have been tried. A tree gird-
led in this manner; having no means of conveyina
the sap and nourishment from the roots up into
the body and branches above, must wither ant'
die. The usual way among farmers is, in sucli
j cases, to dig uji the trees and set out new ones;
I Sometimes they are cut ofl' and headed down be-
low the place eaten, and new wood in length of
time will shoot out and make a second tree.
• But it occiMTe<l to me, that if any artificial way
could be discovered, to renew or make a commu-
;nication of the circulating vessels of the lower
I sections of the bark and sap eaten off, with the up-
per, so as to convey up the juices and nourishment
from the roots into the branches, the tree miglit
be made to live and flourish.

Accordingly, choosing a fine thrifty tree about
twelve inches in circumferenc*, as soon as the
snow was ofl' the ground in the spring, which had
been completely girdled by the mice and the
bark eaten off all roimd to the hard wood, more
than four inches wide, like a belt ; I took a sharj)
knife and evened the edges of the lower and upper
circle of the hark eaten off; then took a scion
from the tree, about the bigness of a pipe stem, and
an inch longer at each end than the space where
the bark had been eaten off around the tree, .s|)lit
the scion lengthwise, and shaved the split side
down so as to fit to the body of the tree, being
very careful not to disturb the bark of the scion ;
then cutting away the lower circle until it came
to fresh bark, made a perpendicular slit One inch
down towards the root of tlie tree, then crossed
this at the bottom with a horizontal slit, half an
inch on each side, as in budding ; then gently peeled
up the bark on each side, and fitted the lower end
of the scion in and scjueezed the bark down around
it; then fitted the upper end of the scion into the
ujipor circle of the bark eaten off, in all respects
as I had done the lower. In this manner Iplaccd
six scions all round the body of the tree ; then
covered it over, an inch ormore thick, with Forsyth's
composition, and hoed the dirt up all around the
roots of the tree to keep it moist. '

The tree did not put out its leaves so soon nor
so vio-iiously at first, as the othef trees; but by

May 9, 183'^.

tiie middle of summer it flourished very well, and
ill the fall there was no apparent ditl'erenre be-
(vvcen it and the surrounding trees. It bore some
fruit the last year, and is now covered with young
tuit, and appears as healthy and flourishing as any
|rce in the garden.

In the fall of the year, after this operation, I
Opened the roots of this tree and tore away th«
plaster, and to my sm])rise, I found that four of
the six scions had taken and grown to the size of
toearly an inch in diameter. The other two did
pot take, by which means the tree is a little flat on
bne side. I lately opened the tree again, and have
found that it will soon be covered with bark again,
(xcept the side where the scions did not take. —
fhis experiment I have known to have been tried
$veral times since, with equal success. Mr Isaac
Javis, of Roxbury, a very intelligent and and re-
fjjectable farmei-, in the spring of the year 1809,
Ireated in the same manner a large apple tree of
hiore than twentyseven inches in circumference,
which had been eaten off all round, for a space of
more than four inches. The tree flourished and
bore fruit the last year, and is now covered with
a great abundance of fruit ; and is extremely thrif-
ty, having recently examined it for the purpose of
ascertaining its present state. IMr Davis made
use of common claj' mortar in his experiment, in-
stead of Forsyth's composition, which he thinks,
answers as good a purpose.

Knowing, Sir, the interest you feel in everything
that tends to improvement in agriculture and hus-
biuidry, I have taken the liberty to address to you
the aforegoing experiments and observations,
which, if in your opinion should be deemed of
pidjlic utility, you are requested to communicate
in any manner you think most useful to societjr.
I am, with the highest sentiments of respect.
Your most obechent and very humble serv't,
LUTHER RICHARDSON.
Roxbury, June 10, 1810.

DIRECTIONS

For soicing the seed and rearing the plants of the
White Mtdbcrry Tree. Prepared in pursuance of
a Resolution of the A'cw York State .IgricultitraC
Society.

1. Prepare a piece of good garden soil, by dig-
ging and pulverizing it. Lay it out into beds
three or four feet broad, and rake it off smooth —
do this eiirly in May.

2. With a hoe, stick, or other instrun)cnt, pro-
ceed to make shallow drills across the bed thus
prepared, from twelve to fifteen inches apart, and
scatter the seerl in the drills as thick as you would
onion or parsnip seed, then cover half an inch
with fine mold and press it moderately down with
a hoe ; or, when the first drill is sown and cover-
ed, place upon it a narrow strip of board and stand
upon this board to sow the second drill, upon
which, when sown,j)lace the board in like manner
and sow the third drill, and proceed thus until the
whole is coni|)leted. The pressure of the earth
u])on the seeds is to bring it in close contact with
them, that they may be kept moist and germinate
readily. If the weather be diy or the soil very
light, an occasional watering at evening will be
beneficial.

3. The only further carerefjuired the first seo-
soD, will be to keep the ground free from weeds
and the soil niodcratelv loose.

Vol. X.-No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

339

4. Strong plants of one year's growth may lie
transplanted in y^ril, into nursery rows ; or the
whole may be left to grow a second summer, in
the seed bed ; the ground, as befoi-e, being kept
free from weeds and occasionally stirred.

5. After two summers' growth, all the strong
iiealthy plants should be placed in nursery rows—
•which may be done thus : The ground being pre-
pared as for a crop, draw a line and proceed to
open a trench of sufficient breadth and depth to
admit the roots freely, leaving the side next to the
line straight and perpendicular. Having assorted
the plants, and cut oft" the bruised and shortened
the tap roots, a man proceeds to place them in tin;
trench in their proper position, the heel of the
plant towards the line and at the distance of a font
apart ; while another man with a spade, or the
planter with a gardener's trowel, throws in ear|ii
to hold them in their place. The trench is then
to be filled, the ]ilants set upright and tread about
them. The other rows are planted in like man-
ner, three feet apart. The ground to be kept clean
during the season.

New England, there are extensive tracts of coun-
try of alluvial or diluvial soil; in which no rocks
are found, and in which a stone wall could not be
obtained without great expense. Such is the state
of the greater jiart of the old colony below Ply-
mouth, and of some parts of the county of Middle-
sex. But wherever wood fences are required, it
may be usefid to substitute live hedges. The
(piestion is, what has been our experience as to
the comparative value of the various plants em-
ployed in New England for live hedges ? In the
remarks which follow, I beg it may be understood,
that I do not intend to oppose the opinions ex-
ju-cssed by a learned and judicious horticulturist,
Judge Buel ; nor those expressed by practical gen-
tlemen at the south ; but simply the results of my
own personal experience and' observation, during
the last ]8 years, since the subject of live hedges
attracted the attention of our cultivators. Nothing
which I may say can in any degree impeach the
correctness of their statements, because the causes
of the failure of certain plants with us, may have
been entirely local. This would not appear re-

C. After standing two years in the nursery, the '"•■"kable, when we consider that the locust, (Ro-
plants will have acquired a sufficient size to plant '"'""■ Pseudacacia) is absolutely interdicted to us,
out in the ground where they are to stand ; and if ^^'"'^ " '^ ''^'^ favorite and one of the most valua-

intended to be grown in hedges or in bushes, they
may be taken earlier, even at two years old from
the seed bed. For hedges, plant the same as for
nursery rows, at eighteen inches, the ground hav-
ing been previously prepared by an ameliorating
crop, as potatoes. The precautions are necessary
with mulberry as with other fruit trees intended
for standards, as to distance in planting. Abroad
and deep hole partially filled with good surface
mold, will always repay for extra labor. When
intended to be cultivated as bushes, they may be
planted thick and left untriinnied, so as to occupy
the entire ground. The mulberry is generally grown
in the latter way in India and in some parts of
Italy. It facilitates the gathei'ing of the leaves
and affords an earlier product. '

The mulberry grows well on almost any soil
and particularly in one that is stony. Upon poor
dry soils it affords the best materials for silk. An
ounce of seed will give some thoiTsand plants, and
requires a bed four feet broad and forty to fifty feet
long. . %

Although it might be prudent to give the seed
sent to you to a tmsty iudividual, v>-ho would take
care of it and the plants which it produces, yet as
it is designed for general benefit, it would be prop-
er to yecpiire a stipirUuron,' that no greater charge
should be n^ade for the plants than would afford a
libeftil refnurieration for the labor bestowed in cul-
tivation. And I have it in charge from the Ex-
ecutive Committee, to request that you will advise
me, in th<; comnumication which you are expected
to make iu aiuunin, of the disposition of the seed
and the conilition of the plants.

J. BUEL, Cor. Stc'y.

.many, March 15, 1832.

From Ihe Massactiusetla Agricultural Repository and Journal.

LIVE HEDGES FOR NEW ENGLAND.

It is not my intention to recommend live hedges
for this rocky part of the U. States. Our own stones
furnish the host divisions we could ask for or de-
sire ; and on most farms the removal of them from
the soil would be economical, and the placing
them as partitions for fields is the cheajiest and
most natural mode of disposing of them. Still, in

ble trees of the south

Suffice it then to say, that the Virginia thorn,
introduced here by Mr Quincy, with whom it ap-
peared to succeed, is in most cases utterly useless
as a fence. This is chiefly owing to the ravages
afaworm at its root; Avhether it be the same
which attacks the apple and the quince, is a ])oint
not settled. The same objection is applicable to
the English hawthorn. And to tliis J'alal one is
superadded another, the appearance of a fungus of
a yellow color on the leaves, which utterly disfig-
ures them and strips them of their foliage in Sep-
tember. The Glcdttschia triacanthos is not suited
for hedges with us. If left to grow they soon
grow out of ail reach, if checked they are wintei--
killed. We are indebted wholly and entirely to
the experiments of Mr Ezekiel Hersy Derby, Esq.
for the possession of a plant, the buckthorn (Rh.am-
nus catharticus,) which, from ten years' trial, seems
to aftbrd every desirable quality for a healthy,
beautifid, and effectual hedge. We refer the pub-
lic to Mr Derby's account in the New England
Farmer, for particulars.

I can only say, and I feel it a duty to say, that
I have tried this plant for six years. It is hardy
and rapid in its growth, of impenetrable thickness,
and so far as that exteiit of experiment enables me
to judge, not subject to any disease, or the visita-
tion of any insect whatever. As it is very pro-
voking as well as expensive to cultivators, to be
led astray, and to find after five or ten yeais, that
they have been deceived, they would do well to
examine the growing hedges of the buckthorn, or
Rhanmus catharticus, at BIr Derby's, Mr Brooks',
Dr Jackson's, or at my place.

JOHN LOWELL.

ty, but which their incredulity would not allow
them to consider any other than the celebrated im-
ported Stilton cheese. This story may excite a
desire in some of our enter|)rising agricultmists to
imitate an article, which ranks so high among
professors of gastronomy ; and we will tell them
how we have ever understood the famous Stilton
cheese is made.

It is in fact cream cheese, the cream of the
night's milk being added to the morning's milk,
along with the rennet. The curd is not broken,
but put into a sieve to drain and very gently press-
ed ; when the cheese is sufficiently firm, it is put
into a wooden ring and kept on a dry board. —
These cheeses are mostly made in Leicestershire,
and weigh from six to twelve pounds. They are
not marketable until they become blue and moist,
which requires alftiut two years' keeping. A little
wine is sometimes added to the curd, to bring for-
ward the blueness earUer ; others place the cheese
in buckets and cover them with some moist sub-
stance. Indiviihuils have buried their cheeses
separately in the shore below high water mark, to
produce the desired qualities. A thicker sort of
this is called Cottenham cheese. — Boston Traveller,

STILTON CHEESE.

There is scarcely an article in which a greater
variety of appearance and taste exists than cheese ;
the inhabitants of almost every valley on the face
of the globe, make a different kind. A very good
anecdote lately originated in a Worcester pajier,
which has gone the rounds, of Gen. Knox, an
Englishman, and others, who were deceived at a
boarding-house in this city some years ago, iu n
piece of cheese actually made in Worcester coun-

STRAWBERRIES AND RASPBERRIES.

Mr Theodore Sedgewick, in a communication
in the New England Farmer, says, " Neither Bal-
timore nor Albany are supplied even with garden
raspberries or strawberries. I speak of these cities
because I know the fact." — If Mr Sedgewick will
pay us a visit at tlie strawberi-y and raspberry "ea-
sons, he will find our markets as well supplied
with both these fruits, as those of any other city
in the Union, we will not except any. So plenti-
fully are they supplied, indeed, it is a common
thing for large quantities of straA\berries to be
taken hence to Philadelphia. We do not hesitate
to say, that for both quantity and quality, there is
no city better supplied than Bahimore with any
kind of fruit. During the strawberry season, we
can find at the diffisrent stands, as many as a dozen
varieties on the same day, pines, hautbois, scarlets,
&c, with their numerous sub-varieties. And as
to raspberries, there is not a variety cultivated in
the Union with which our market is not supplied,
Antwerps, English, and indigenous. How Mr S.
should have made such a mistake, in so positive
a manner, ("I knoic the fact,") we cannot con-
ceive. We know thai such an impression prevails
" down east," and extends even to our vegetable
market ; and it has been the cause of gardeners
coming here to commence business — when they
have found that they would only be " carrying
coals to Newcastle" — and had to return where
they Avere more needed. — American Farmer.

POTATOES.

Let us call the attention of our good agricultu-
rists, to the importance of choice varieties of this
valuable crop. It is not every kind that w ill yield
the most per acre, that is the most profitable. —
The price in this market at this time, varies from
twrntyfive to fifty cents per bushel. Those who
raise potatoes for this market, woidd do well to in-
quire into the cause of this difference, and regulate
their crops accordingly. The pinkeye, Soult St
Marie, Mercers, and Foxites, at present are con-
sidered the most valuable. — Genesee Farmer.

May day.~We understand several parties were
prevented from going out flaying for want oCsnow
shoes. — Avgusta Courier.

340

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 9, 1S32.

AN ADDRESS,

Delivered before the Society of Middlesex HMhaml-

men and Manufacturers, Oct. 5, 1831.

By John M. Cheney.

Concluded from page 333.

Roiifjli as iiiiicli of our land is, and barren and
unproductive as it appears to be, I do not believe
there is in Middlesex an acre, upon which there
is any soil exposed to the action of the sun and
air, that by some mode of culture, known or un-
known, may not be ])rotitably tilled. It has been
said, that " we have yet to learn the immense pro-
ductive power of a single perfectly cnltivaied
acre." We have also yet to learn, what and how
much many an acre that now lies waste may be
made to produce. And while all this remains to
be learnt and profitably learnt, here in this coun-
try, a spot blessed above all others by its moral,
social and literary advantages, let not our young
men sigh for the luxuriant prairies of the West.
Let them remember, that a hard and stubborn soil
is favorable not only to the development of the
physical powers, but to the growth of manly sen-
timent and moral virtue ; that it is along the steep
end precipitous sides of the mountains of Switzer-
land, or on the rough and misty summits of cannie
Scotland, or among the rock bound and forest clad
hills of our own New England, that a stern but
merciful necessity has brought nearest to perfection
the physical and moral man ; that the ease and
luxury of a milder climate and a richer soil, so far
frogi being the blessings that they are imagined to
be, induce langour and disease, and oflen prove fa-
tal, not only to the vigorous and healthy action of
the body, but still more fatal to the growth and
expansion of the intellectual and moral nature.
Again, therefore, to the yoimg and enterprising sons
ofNew England, I would say, desert not this your
native land. Industry, intelligence and virtue, w
make you respectable and happy here ; without
them, you can be so nowhere.

Do you complain of labor, as a burden too griev-
ous to be borne — remember it is an immutable and
eternal law of our nature, that no permanent and
substantial good can either be obtained or enjoyed
without labor; that when man was -first placed
upon the newborn earthj then all fresh from the
hands of its Creator, it was not, that he might
stand an idle spectator of nature's operation, nor
merely to contemplate and admire the beauty and
grandeur of the works of God; but in the very
morning of his existence, and before the " primal
curse" was pronounced upon him and his pos-
terity, it was made his duty to till and cultivate the
eartii from which he sprung. If you ripine at la-
bor, therefore, the common lot of all our race, you
do but murmur at the decrees of Providence. Be-
sides, it is an undoubted truth, that agricultural
labor is more conducive to human happiness than
any other. The voice of cheerftdness and health
is heard most frequently within the dwellings of
the farmer. To the peace and quiet of rural life,
men of all professions have turned their eyes as an
. asylum, where they might escape the evils of a
vexed and disordered world.

I know that the laboring man sometimes looks
with envy upon the favorite of fortune, who need
not toil for the means of gratification, and whose
life seems to be passed in a round of pleasures —
but he knows nothing of the thousand nameless
and imaginary ills, the legion of diseases, the in-
tolerable listlessness and ennui, that torment the

miserable slave of pleasure or devotee of fashion, now be directed. It will avail him noihing
I know that he sometimes contemplates whh feel- hack " a longing, hngering locJ»," to the ui

..„- of discontent, the exemption from manual
hor of the professional man and the scholar, but
could he know what sacrifices of health they make,
what fearful responsibilities they incur, what in-
tellectual throes and pangs and anxieties they en-
dure, and

<■ How hard it is to climb ^^

The steep, where Fame's proud temple shines afar,

to cast
inexam-
plcd advantages that were enjoyed for the accu-
mulation of wealth, from the adoption of the Fed-
eral Constitution until the peace of 181.5. Let
him look forward, rather, to the sure and certain
rewards of an improved state of agriculture. And
let him not stand all the day idle, nor call on Her-
cules to help him, but put his own shoulder to the
wheel, and do what he can to render his art more
..scientific and more perfect, and consequently, more
sure I am, he would be satisfied that the labor of pig^.,papt gnd „,oie profitable.

the mind was no less severe and painful than that j^ would ill become me, to attempt to give in-
ofthe hands, and that the heights of professional I ^^1.1^^.^;^^ ^g ^^ assembly of intelligent and practi-
eminence or learned renown, are not reached, but i |.jjl j-jjj.i^pj.g^ ^.p^ subjects with which they are
at the price of many a sleepless night and of many 'jli.g,^ily fj,„,iiiar. But, gentlemen, you will in-
an anxious and wearisome day. j julge me for a moment, while I attempt to give a

There is, however, another objection to agri- ; Jhtle of practical and useful character, to this oth-
cultural pursuits, of a difl^erent and more impor- | erwise rambling and idle discourse, while I sug-
tant character, that is frequently urged u))on our jgest a few siinple iinproveiuents and recommend
notice. It is said that the profits of the business to your notice a few new objects of attention,
are so small, that there is no inducement to engage ' The first suggestion that I would make, relates
in it. A well estimated principle in Political to the introduction of hedge fences. One of the
Econoiuy furnishes a different answer to this ob-l most considerable expenses of the farmer arises
iection. " The rate of profit in agriculture is from building and keeping in repair his fences,
the standard rate, or the average rate of profits I If his land happen to be rocky or if timber remain
obtained from capital employed in agricultural in- nbimdant and cheap, perhaps the materials now in

diistry, must always govern the average rate of
those obtained from capital emyiloyed in every
other department." And this, for the simple rea

conunon use may be the best that he can employ.
But in some parts of the country these materials
are so scarce and costly, that the expense of a

son, that agriculture is that branch of industry up- ! fence constructed of them, bears no inconsiderable
on which all others depend, ai:d thcrefiire nuisl proportion to the value of the land inclosed by it.
and will be carried on at all events. Yet, in a Now, repealed experiments have proved, that from
community where there is a free and unrestrained 1 the hawthorn, Virginia thorn, and other shrubs,
competition in every kind of business, it will be, vvith a few years' growth and proper attention, one
easily seen that it would not long be carried on,' of the most perfect and durable as well as most
if its profits were permanently Ixlow the average | beautiful fences in the world, may be formed at a
of those in other departments of industry. The ; comparatively trifling e.xpense. A great variety
reason I believe, that this objection is so often ' of trees and shrubs have been successfully em-
heard is, that we are in the habit of looking hark ployed for this purpose. So that whatever may be
to those golden days, when from extraordinary the nature of the-eoil, some one may be found adapt-
causcs, we were placed beyond the reach ofthe e«l to it. If then, you can, for one half of what
ordinary principles of Political Economy. When you now pay, have a better and a handsomer fence
the neutrality of our flag, and the necessities of than you now have, it is certainly worth your
Europe, growing out of its successive, destructive while to inquire into this'matter and see if these
and desolating wars, gave such an impulse to com- things are so.

mercial enterprise and created such a demand for \ In the next place, I would have more attention
our agricultural produce, that the wo.-ld seemed paid to r-ural architecture. Our &j-m houses are
tributary to our success, and its wealth was poured many of them constructed with little regard to con-
in upon us without parallel and without measure, venienec or economy. Thejih^ve been built^with-
Wc retain, I fear, the extravagant. notions and ex- out first sitting down to count the cost, and of di-
pcnsive habits, induced by an age of unexampled mensions altogether dispropoflioned to.tjie wants
l)Ut fortuitous prosperity, while we forget the chan- ofthe occupant. The- expense of the first erec-
ces that have taken place in the state of the world tion and of keeping in /epair, (if they.1»«:ftp£ir to
and in our own condition, while we forget that the be kept in repair,) often consumes. thv hard'sarn-.
immense profits of tlie era to which I have allu- I ings of a life of toil. They become objtcis ofde-

ded, were but treasures accidentally driven to our
shores by the storm of a continued and universal
war ; and that now, in the sunshine of a univer-
sal peace, while foreign nations are busy in sup-
plying their own wants, and our commerce is con-
trolled by their restrictions and their competition,
we must rely upon our own internal resources,
and in every kind of business be content with
moderate profits. The age of dazzling successes
has passed. The evils that grow out of great
changes in the objects and applications of national
industry have, we trust, been mostly endured ; —
and nothing remains for us, as a nation or as iudi-

ision to the traveller, and thcii^aDpearancje is. such
as to aflbrd a fit theme for live Satirist. So inju-
dicious and extravagant is tlie expeliditnre upon
them, that it is no uncommon thiitg for the whole
farm, with all the buildings upon it, to be sold for
a less sum than the buildings alone cost the owner.
Now I am no advocate for mud-cabins nor log-
huts. I would have the farmer's dwelling neat, .
comfortable, and in a certain sense, elegant. But
I would have it understood, that this does not de-
])end upon the quantity of boards and shingles,
that are heaped together in its construction, but in
the adaptation of the parts to the purposes for

viduals, but with moderated expectations and which they are designed ; a jnoper rt-^ard for ar-
steady efforts, to develope and improve our iia- chiteetural proponions, and a correct taste in the
tional and individual resources. | application of a few simple architectural embel-

To this object should the attention ofthe farmer lishments.

Vol. X No. 43.

AND nollTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

341

It was I'ly iiitpiilion to s|)oak soinewliat in de-
tail of tlie cultiirt! of silk and of the vine, but tlie
wasting lionr will permit me to give these subjects
but a passing notice. Is it not strange, tliat wiiile
we are sending to Ilie four quarters of the earth
for new varieties of fruit, and importing exotics
from every climate under heaven, we should suffer
to perish upon its branches, that rich and delicious
product of our own soil, the grape, which nature
has scattered around us in almost wasteful- profu-
sion ? That wc should, age after age, send our
millions to the foreign vintager for his wines, and
trample under our feet th(! purple clusters of our
native vine, from which it may be made equal in
richness and flavor to the choicest that France,
Spain, or Italy can boast ? Yet this is the fact —
and I si)eak with confidence when I say, that wine
of as good a quality as any imported, and much
better than most that is imported, may be made
at a trifling expense, from our common wild grape.
It seems to me, that this is a subject that well de-
serves the consideration of tbe enterprising farmer;
not only because he may thereby turn into his own
coffers a large amount of money that is now sent
to foreign countries, but for the moral effects that
might follow from substituting a pleasant and sa-
lubrious beverage, in the place of those villainous
compounds, the distilled spirits, whose pernicious
effects we have so much reason to deplore. For
although the man who uses wine to excess, de-
serves, perhaps, to be as severely censured as he
who makes the same use of distilled spirits, yet,
experience has shown, that iuteinperance very sel-
dom originates in the use of the former alone.
In fact, in all those countries where the vine is
cidtivatcd to the greatest extent, the people have
been found to be the most temiierate on earth. —
Its cultivation may, therefore, well be urged as one
of the surest means of driving from the land, that
subtle enemy, that men are fools enough to " put
into their mouths to steal away their brains."

The importance of the culture of silk, in a na-
tionarpoint of view, may be estimated from the
single fact, that we annually import and consimie
silk for wliich we pay ten millions of dollars; and
the established certainty, that this article of a bet-
ter quality . and to an indelinite amount, maybe
produced at home. The mulberry tree flourishes
in every part of our countifi ; and the silk- worm
thrives as well here, as in the more sunny climes
of France and Italy. Will the American farmer
any longer consent to pay any part of this heavy
tax for a foreign luxury ? Or will he not rather,
not only supply himself and the home market
from his own farm, but make if, as he easily may,
a stajjle article of exportation ? Especially does
it become the farmer of New England to attend to
t'hls matter. The only agricultural products that
are exported from this country, to any considera-
ble amount — cctton; rice, and tobacco — his lanrls
will not jn-oduce. Of grain and the bread stufls,
New England does not grow enough for her own
consumption. Its exigencies seem, therefore, to
'demand some new application of its agricultural
industry. To what can it bo more profitably ap-
plied, than to the culture of silk ? The man who
has^nade the experiment, the farmer of Mansfield,
shall answer. He will tell you, that; from a mul-
berry orchard of a few acres only, silk may be ob-
tained, which, at a moderate estimate, v,\\\ be
worth more than the average profits of our small
farms. He will tell you, that with a soil not well
adapted to the purposes of agriculture, that little

town, alone, receives an income of about ,*2.'5,000
annually, from its silk ; while the labor by which it
is produced, is performed almost wholly by chil-
dren and females. These are facts, and to these
I demand your attention. It is not a mere theory,
a farming upon paper, that I am urging upon your
notice. I ask you to rest your faith in this ujatter
upon nothing short of well-tried experiments and
incontestable facts. Nothing, it seems to nie, could
be more nicely adapted to the situation of our
smaller farmers. All their present crops might be
cultivated as they now are, while this, a rich and
valuable one, might be added to their number
without any additional expense for labor. It
would afford to his children, and es])ecially to his
daughters, a pleasant and profitable employment;
and this too, at home and by bis own fireside, the
spot most favorable to moral improvement and to
the growth of the domestic virtues. And this is a
consideration not to be slighted, when from the
establishment of factories, the music of the spindle
and the loom has ceased to be heard in our
dwellings — and our daughters are many of them
subjected to the hard alternative of going into a
disagreeable and dangerous service abroad, or of
remaining in a useless and burdensome idleness at
homo.

The numerous specimens of household manu-
factures, and the exhibitions of female taste, inge-
nuity, and industry, which we have this day wit-
nessed, prove that the daughters of Middlesex
would not willingly be idle ; tliat they have a high-
er ambition than to bedeck and bedizzen them
selves, according to the ever varying caprices of a
French milliner, or the barbarous and unnatural
mandates to the tyrant, fashion — the ambition of
being useful ; and they will readily avail themselves
of the opportunity which the culture of silk will
afford, to make with their own hands, as of old,
" coverings of tapestry, and clothing of silk ami of
purple." Then, as has been well said, " our fair
Uiight, with something more of palliation, contem-
plate themselves in the minor, in the splendor of
a vesture, wrought and colored by their own in-
dustry."

Finally, gentlemen, in view of what has been
done and of what remains to be done, let ine con-
gratulate you upon the past and urge you to per-
severe for the future. Go on in the path upon
which you have entered — the path of usefulness
and honor. The earth is yours, with all its bound-
less capacities and endless resources ; and their
development and application will afford full scope
for the exercise of all your powers. No cfibrt
shall be lost, but of the increasing and exhanslless
treasures of the earth you shall be liberally re-
warded. The blessing of the Almighty is upon
the labors of the husbandman; and you have His
assurance, that while the earth endures, the sea-
sons shall continue to dance their round, and that
seed-time and harvest shall not cease.

Do you ask for a higher motive for your exer
tions ? Let it be found in your patriotism. Know
that every improvement you make upon your
lands, adds to the permanent riches of your coun-
try. The State has an interest in your success.
In proportion as your farms are well fenced, stock-
ed and cultivated, its resources are midtiplied and
its strength augmented, and you thereby lay the
foundation of its greatness and its power. Its des-
tinies are in your hands. With an industrious,
intelligent and independent yeomanry, it has noth-
ing to fear. Without them it has nothing to hope.

Dependent on no man's jiatronage for support —
above the rich man's scorn, or " the proud man's
contumely," the farmer is, in a great degree, be-
yond the corrupt influences that beset the paths of
other men. His daily toil leads him forth from
the haunts of men, into the. peaceful and tranquil
solitude of the fields. The fierce and frenzied
impulses which faction imparts to a crowded pop-
ulation, reach him not. The demagogue in vain
declaims to him of abuses, which his understand-
ing teaches hitn do not exist. The clamorous rad-
ical, or reckless partisan, though he come in the
guise of an apostle of retrenchment and reform, in
vain preaches to him of the political millenium
that woidd follow, if only the present incumbents
of office could be removed, and he and such as he,
put in their places. " Corruption of morals," says
Jefferson, " in the mass of cultivators, is a phe-
nomenon of which no age nor nation has furnish-
ed an example."

And here, gentlemen, strongly impressed as I
am, with the belief, that the fate of our country
must depend upon the substantial virtues of its
yeomanry, let me seize the moment to exhort you
to interpose, to save us froin the perils with which
we are threatened. The existence of faction you
cannot prevent. It is a weed that will naturally
and inevitably spring up in the rich soil of our re-
public. It is yours, as political farmers, to check
its growth and see that it does not overtop nor
root out the salutary and useful plant. Rut there
is abroad in the land, a spirit of wild speculation,
rash experiment, and reckless innovation. The
Constitution, the charter of our liberties, is assail-
ed, rudely assailed, for unhallowed and factious
purposes .Truth and justice are shamelessly tram-
pled under foot, in the career of a mad ambition.
The press has betrayed its trust, and become an
engine of falsehood and corruption. Virtue is
scoffed at in our high ])laces. Religion is becom-
iug a by-word. Sects and parties are multiplied
at the call of every man, or woman either, that
has impudence enough to assume the attitude of a
leader. Political and religious emissaries are in
every corner of the land, to rally partisans and
proselytes, to any aud every system of intolerance
and proscription. It has just been discovered,
that all the wisdom of past ages is folly, and that
all their institutions are radically vicious, funda-
mentally wrong. And the beardless boy, in this
school of modern philosophy, has learnt to sneer
at the credulity and bigotry of his hoary-headed
father.

Are not these things so ? And if so, to whom
shall we look to shield us from the storm of polite
ical and religious elements, that threaten to sweep
away in its fury, the whole fabric of society ? To
whom but the substantial yeomanry of the land —
the men, whose cool, unbiassed judgment and good
common-sense, will enable them to distinguish be-
tween the clamor of the demagogue and the elo-
quence of the patriot ; between a fair and dispas-
sionate exhibition of existing evils, aud a sweeping
demmciation of all established institutions ; be-
tween needful and salutary improvement and re-
form, aud the utter demolition of all law and or-
der. To them we must look in every hour of
peril to our country. And that we may do it wtJi
an unwavering confidence, let me urge upon you
the importance of fixing in the ininds of your
children, the eletncnts of knowledge and the prin-
ciples of virtue. It is not right, that those to
wliom is intrusted the fate of this repubhc, in

312

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 9, 1832.

_wliose li;inds is " llie keeping of the last liopes ot
liberty," should grow up in ignorance and vice-
It will be of little avail that you attempt to throw
beauty and fertility over the face of the earth, if
the mind and the lieart are left uncultivated and
waste. Intelligence and virtue are the vital prin-
ciples of this republic'; and if you would perpetu-
ate its existence, you must make those on whom
you devolve the responsibility of its preservation,
intelligent and virtuous. Then, to whatever dan-
gers we may be exposed, from the complicated
and jarring interests, the local prejudices and sec-
tional jealousies of an increasing wide spread i)op-
ulation, the yeo.Tianry of the land, the proprietors
of the soil, will form a phalanx for our safety and
defence, firm as their own hills, and immovable as
the oaks that crown them. " Corruption will
shrink at their kindling, indignant glance; and ty-
ranny in the ruler and licentiousness in the peo-
ple, ecpially find in them an inexorable foe."

'£tmw i3sr>a-aiisj52) j^iiaaiiaiUa

Boston, Wednesday Evening, May 9, 1832.

LIST OF OFFICERS

Of Ihe Massachusetts Society for Promoting

.Igrictdture, elected June, 1831.
His Honor Thomas L. Winthrop, President.
Hon. Peter C. Brooks, First Vice President.
Hon. John Welles, Second Vice President.
Hon. Richard Sullivan, Cor. Secretary.
John Heard, Jr. Esq., Treasurer.
GoRHAM Parsons, Esq., Recording Secretary.
Benjamin Guild, Esq., As.sistaiit Secretary.

TRUSTEES.

John Lowell, Esq. ; E. Hersy Derby, Esq. ; S.
G. Perkins, Esq. ; Hon. William Prescott ; Israel
Tlioriidike, Jr. Esq. ; Hon. John C Gray.

■ FARMER'S WORK FOR MAY.

We propose to utter some common-place admo-
nilions relative to the management of certain rural
attairs, in which ulilily rather than novelty will be
our object. If in Solomoti's time there was '^noth-
ing new under the- sun " we may well suppose that
iu our time every useful topic will be as common
as a highway to a mill, or a meeting-house. Still,
as lio man is so well versed in the lessons of life,
as never to need nor be betiefitted by a prompter,
we shall go on with our thrice repeated lectures
oil rural economy.

Mite-ology. — Make a war of extermination with
noxious insects. The following substances, sprink-
led over plants with a watering-pot, a syringe, a
garden engine, or other proper implements, are all
destructive to these destroyers, viz. The juice
pressed out, or decoctioris of elder, especially of
I lie dwarf kind; tobacco; wormwood; walnut
leaves ; pepper, and ollifcr plants which are bitter
and biting. Water alone, heated to about from
100 to 150 degrees, will, it is said, destroy insects
without injuring plants. Careful experiments on
this subject, to ascertain how hot the water may
]>.; made, to what insects its affusion would prove
fatal, as well as at what temperature it would best
promote the growth of vegetables, if their results
were published, (in our paper of course,) would
be of more use than altercations about polemics or
politics. The ])op-gun of the political partisan
we should be glad to see metamorphosed into the
syringe of the bug-destroyer.

With regard to the application of soap-suds for
the destruction of insects, it seems that simply
sprinkling plants is not always sufiicient.

The aphides or plant lice, for example, attach
themselves to the under sides of leaves, where
they remain " snug as a bug iu a rug," as a certain
(not very sublime) poet hath it. But if you can
contrive to dip the leaves infested into the rKjuor,
so that it may be sure to acconunodate the jiara-
sites with wet lodgings, they either die or resign
without more ado.*

Perhaps some practical cultivators, who may
Uavc the good fortune to read and profit by our
effusions about affusions, may not be so fully aware,
as out of regard to their interests we wish they were,
of the importance of soap-suds for the purposes
of rural economy. The Rev. Mr Falconer, one of
the correspondents of the Bath Agricultural Soci-
ety, strongly recommended this liquid both as a
manure and antidote against insects. He observ-
ed, " This mixture of an oil and an alkali has been
more generally known than adopted, as a remedy
against the insects which infest wall fruit trees.
It will dislodge and destroy the insects which have
already formed their nests and bred among the
leaves. When used in the early part of the year
it seems to prevent the insects from settling upon
them." This writer prefers soa))-suds to lime-
water, because lime soon " loses its causticity and
with that its efficacy, by exposure to j(ir, and must
of course be frequently applied ; and to the dredg-
ing of the leaves with the fine dust of wood ashes
and lime, because the same eft'ect is produced by
the mixture without the same labor, and is obtain-
ed without any expense." He directs to make
use of a common garden-pump for sprinkling trees
with soap-suds, and says, if the water of a washing
cannot be bad, a quantity of potash dissolved in
water may be substituted ; and that the washing
of Hees with soap-suds twice a week, for three or
four weeks 'i\i the spring, will be sufficient to se-
cure them from the apliides.

Manure. — We have been visited this season,
with so much uncommon, nngenial, uncomfort-
able, and nnheard-of weather, that we arc ai>prr-
liensive many diligent cultivators have not yet
cleared their barn yards, to manure their fields
and gardens This object of course demands im-
mediate attention ; and permit me to give you a
word by way of reminding you of some indispens-
ables, relating to the yborf of plants.

Imprimis, the man who pretends lo he b. farmer
and pays no attention to saving and making the
most of manure, is a fair candidate for an alms-
house, or on his way to a debtor's apartment with
closed doors.

Manure is as necessary to agriculture as light to
vision, air to respiration, water to navigation, food
to population, letters to education, language to
conversation, and so on through as many sine qua
nnns as you can find words for in AVebster's Dic-
tionary. Blanure, (or, more i)hilosophically, /oorf
for plants,) has three particular enemies which you
will please to look out for and guard against — to
wit, the sun which exhales it, the air which im-
bibes it, and the rain which washes it away. To
prevent any robberies from these elements, you
must either cover your manure, or put your manure
under cover. In the former case you throw eartii
over it, and in the latter case you throw it under
a shed, into a barn-cellar, or some such place.

where " the gairish eye of day," as Milton says,
cannot peer upon it. " He who is within the scent
of a dung-hill," says the celebrated Arthur Young,
"smells that which his crop would have eaten if
he would have permitted it. Instead of manuring
the land he manures the atmosphere ; and before
his-dung hill is finished he manures another par-
ish, jierhaps another country." It is well, like-
wise, if the eflluvia arising from rotting manure
heaps has not poisoned the family of their owner,
and instead of giving life to vegetables taken life
from animals. Some farmers' premises require as
much chloride of lime to make them tolerable, as
would serve to sweeten a pest-house. All this
might be prevented by proper topical applications,
as a doctor would phrase it, of fresh earth to the
sources of contagion, as we shall prove by what
follows :

The author of "Letters of Agricola " tells us,
that " Earth is a powerful absorber of putrefaction.
Put a layer of common soil along the top of a fer-
menting dung-hill, from twelve to eighleeii inches
thick, and allow it to remain there while the pro-
cess is carrying on with activity, and afterwards
separate it carefully from the heap, and it will be
ini]>regnated with the most fertilizing virtues. —
The com])osts which of late years have attract-
ed so univei'sal attention, and occupied so large
a space in all agricultural publications, orig-
inated in. the discovery of this absorbing pow-
er." Here then, instead of chloride of lime
or of soda, both excellent articles, we have, in
common earth, a substance at the command of ev-
ery cultivator, which will convert poison for ani-
mals into food for idauts ; and make you healthy
as well wealthy, provided you are wise enough,
and not too indolent to profit by its application.

THE GREAT NEW HAMPSHIRE STEER.
A very large and beautiful animal of the Ox
kind, is exhibiting in a temporary she<l at the west
end of Faneuil Hall, Boston. He is now but four
years old, and it is said, weighs nearly four thou-
sa7id pounds ! was bred in Greenland, New Hamp-
shire, is called Americus, and is the finest as well
as the largest animal of American growth, we re-
collect ever to have seen. If he continues to in-
crease in si/e till fully grown, at the rate he has
done, he will vei-y mu»h sur|)ass every creature of
his species, of which the annals of oxen have taken
honorary notice. No man that is worth nine
pence and has a cent's worth of curiosity, will'
hesitate to walk in and take a survey of the great-
est ox of his years that ever existed.

' See New England Farmer, vol. iii. p 9,

THE SILVA AMERICANA,

Or a Description of Forest Trees i7)di<>-enous to the
United States, practically and botanindUj consid-
ered; illustrated by more than one livndred en-
gravings. By D. J. Browne. Boston : published
by IVilliam Hyde Sf Co.

This work was announced in the New England
Farmer of October 9, 1831, as being in contem-
plation. It is now completed and before the public
in a handsome volume of more than 400 pages,
royal 8 vo. The subject of the work is of the
highest interest. "Trees," as the author observes,
in a well written preface, " independent of orna-
menting the earth and of furnishing us with tim-
ber and fuel, arrest the progress of impetuous and
dangerous winds ; maintain the temperature of the
air, by diminishing extreme cold and regulating'
extreme heat ; oppose the formation of ice, and

Vol. X.-No. 43.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

343

shelter the earth from tlic scorching rays of the
sun ; produce an ahundance of water in the stream
and oppose a barrier to washing away or under-
mining their banks ; preserve and enrich the soils or.
hills and rnomitains ; discharge the electricity of
the atmosphere ; and serve as laboratories for pu-
rifying the air we breathe."

Few people are aware of the iinportance of
trees to a country. War, famine, and pestilence,
singly or united, raging to any extent with which
they have hitherto visited civilized countries,
would inflict less calamitous and enduring evils
than wonUI originate in the total want of trees, for
shelt^, shade, building.*, ships, machinery, uten-
sils, fuel, bridges, &.c, &c, &c. The surface of a
country barren of trees, would soon become like
the deserts of Arabia and the wilds of Africa,
moveable and restless sand lieaps, as easily agita
ted as the waves of the sea, and filling- the air at
every breeze with clouds of dust, similar to those
ivhich always annoy and sometimes overwhelm
whole cai-avaus of African and Asiatic travellers.

We have not yetbeen able to give Mr Browne's
book a thorough perusal, but have read enough to
speak well both of its objects and execution ; and
propose hereafter to give such e.xtracts as our lim-
its will allow ; together with specimens of a use-
ful and much wanted work, on one of the most
important topics of individual and national econ-
omy.

HORTICULTURAL REGISTER,

vJnrf Gem-ral Magazine of all the useful and inter-
esting dlscoverii:s connected with JVatural History
and Rural Subjects. By Joseph Paxton and Jo-
seph Harrison.

We have received eight numbers of a work
with this title. It is a monthly publication, print-
ed in London, and conducted as above mentioned.
Mr Paxton is principal gardener to the Duke of
Devonshire, and has the caie of a very large and
magnificent establishment belonging to that noble-
man, at Chatsworth. We shall, from time to time,
transplant for the use of American cultivators, such
articles as bid fiir to promote their interest and
benefit the puljlic.

The Massachusetts ^Agricultural Repository and
Journal, Vol. x, No. iv, has just issued from the
pres.s of Stimpson & Clapp, 72 Washington street.
From a cursory view of its contents we thhik it
highly worthy of a diligent perusal. The " Intro-
ductory remarks" are well written, and the "Offi-
cial reports," miscellaneous matter, &c, abound
with topics of interest, handsomely discussed, and
meriting careful attention from all who practise or
wish well to profitable and scien'ific husbandry.

Transactions of the Essex Agricidtural Society
for 1831, \a\. ir, No. i. Published by order of
the Society, March, 183-2. Press of Foote &
Browne, Salem, Mass. — This is another useful:
pam])hlet of upwards of 120 pages, large 8 vo. An
excellent address, by He.nry Colman, is placed
at the commencement, and the whole tract is re-
plete with instruction based on experiments, which
appear to have been conducted with judgment and
detailed with precision.

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, May 7, 1832.
Rc-poited lor the Diiily Advertiser and Piitriot.

At Market this day 280 Beef Cattle, (i paiis Working
Oxen, 311 Cows and Calves, 35 Sheep, and 7fi Swine.

Prices. Beef Cattle — The qtiality of Beef Cattle to-
day was not so sood as last week, but abotit the same
prices were paid ; considering the qualily, the market
was a little higher. Extra sold at $6 a 6 25, prime at 6,
good at 5 50 a 5 75, and thin 5.

IVorlcing Oxen. — We noticed sales at $58, G2 and 75.

Cows and Calves. — We noticed sales of several, ordi-
nary at $17, 20 and 22 ; one at $24, one at 25, and one at
41).

Sivine — One lot was taken at 5 cents for sows, and 6
cents for barrows; at retail 5^ cents for sows and e^c for
barrows. ~»

[Having seen indifferent journals an "intimation" that
the day for holding Brighton Market would be changed
from Monday to Wednesday, commencing ihe first Wed-
nesday in May, and as it may mislead some, we state (or
the benefit of those concerned, that no cattle were driven
to Brighton Market on Wednesday last, nor did the Butch-
ers appear to buy. Should such a change take place,
(which we now think will not, judging from the number
of persons concerned opposed to it,) sufficient notice will
be given in the public journals, signed by some of the
most influential Drovers and Butchers.]

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

JVfUi i'ork Cattle .Market, May 4. — 350 head of
Beef Catlle in market, which is a short supply, and these
were generally interior ; good cattle scarce, but all were
sold, some few at $8 50 ; we quote from t) 50 a 8. Sheep,
not sheared, $5 a 8 for good ; sheared 2 25 a 5. Lambs
scarce and bring 3 a 4. Swine 5 a 4 25. — Daily Adv.

KTln the N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, Ihe hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

Gentleman's Pocket-farrier.

THE Gentleman's Pocket- larrier, shewing how to use
your Horse on a journey, and what remedies are proper
lor common accidents that may happen on the road. By
F. TuFFNELL, Veterinary 5urgeon. The remedies this
little tract prescnbes are simple and easily obtained, and
never fail of a cure where the disorder is curable ; there-
tore no man who values his horse should presume to
travel without it. For sale by J. B. RUSSELL at the
New England Seed Store, Norlh Market Street. Price
17 rents. May 9, 1832,

Fresh White Mulberry Seed.

JUST reeeived at J. B. RusseU's Seed Store, Nos. 51
& 52 Norlh Market Slreet—

A small supply of fresh and genuine White Mulberry
Seed, warranted the growth of the past season, from
one of the greatest Mulberry orchards in Mansfield, Con-
necticut. Short directions for its culture accompany the
seed.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimnfed milk, •
Fla.xseed, ....
Flouh, Balrimore, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow,

Rye, . . " .

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay,

Hog's L.\rd, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried,
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, |ths, washed, .

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,
. e f Pulled superfine,

S TJ I 1st Lambs, . .

£=<!2d, "

I 2.1 3d. " . .

^ l_lst Spinning, . . ,
Southern pulled Wool is about

FROM

barrel

4 .'iO

ton

105 110

•<

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

10 50

"

7 75

"

7.50

pound

18

'I

(i

bushel

1 12

barrel

5 75

"

6 25

"

5 25

"

5 25

bushel

61

"

55

"

85

'•

87

"

48

cwt.

65

9 00

"

22 00

cask

1 20

ton

3 50

barrel

16 00

13 00

"

12 75

bushel

"

75

pound

12

cwt.

S50

pound

48

"

55

"

44

''

42

"

381
38

108 00

115 00

1 00

11 00

8 00

8 00

20

7

3

1 50

6 00

6 50

5 50

5 50

63

58

90

1 00

50

70

9 25

23

I 25

3 7.5

17 00

14 00

13 00

2 50

Preventing Onions from sprouting or germinating.
— A writer in the Gardener's Magazine says, that
this may be efi'ected by simply applying a heated
iron for a few seconds, to the iiozle of the onion
whence the roots protrude.

Winship's Nurseries.

AS the season is so far advanced, that all
injury to natural productions, occasioned by
the severity of tlie preceding winter, can
readily be ascertained, persons ia want of
Fruit and Ornamental Trees, of various kinds
— of flowering and showy Shrubs, Creepers and Vines,
including (he elegant monthly or ever-blooming fragrant
Honeysuckles, eight or ten feet high, and such plants as
will produce a fine display of Flowers the ensuing season
— with a very superior assortiient of Herbaceous Peren-
nials, that will also bloom, with proper managem.enf, this
summer, if removed within a week or ten days — together
with the new and lashionable Scotch Roses, so much ad-
mired at the exhibition at Horticultural Hall last season,
constituting sixly varieties — are inviied to visit the estab-
lishment and select for themselves.

Uj'Oiders may be left with J. B. Russell, or sent
via. mail, to Messrs VVinship, Brighton, and the plants
will be furnished, and sent out the Ibllowing morning in
he city, if requested. 3w April 25.

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .

Ve.\l

Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

MARKET.
pound 1

dozen
bushel

barrel

.37
4 00

1 00
75

Fruit Trees.

ORDERS for Fruit, Forest and Ornamental Trees,
shrubs, lioneysuckles,&c. from Winship, Kenrick, Prince,
Buel and Wilson, Davenport's, and any other respectable
Nurseries, received by the subscriber, and executed at
Nursery prices. J. B. RUSSELL.

For sale, as above, a few Dwarf Apple Trees worked
on paradise stocks, packed in moss — price 75 cents each.

New England Farmer Office. April 25.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Encrland Farmer, 50.^ North Market Street :

Fine large Vines of the Isabella (purple) ; Winne,
(daik purple); Alexander, (black) : and Catawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in moss, for transporta-
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts — price
50 cents each. April 4.

Flower Seeds, $1 per Package.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50.1 Jvorth Market slreet,

Packagesof the most showy and rare varieties of Flow-
er Seeds, containing 18 varieties, among which are.
Ten Weeks Stock Gilliflower.
Sensitive Plant.
Mexican Blue Ageratum.
Forget- ine-Not.
Ire Plant.

f.Iegant Coreopsis, &c. &c.
With directions for their culture. Each sort is label-
led with its Engli.^h and botanical name, its native couu-
try, and mode of culture. Price $1 for the 18 sorts.
For Sale.
A half blood Durham Short-horn Cow, eight years old,
with Calf by a full blooded bull of the same breed. Her
calves have been large and uncommonly fine animals.
CHARLES E. NORTON.
South Berwick, Me. April 25, 1832.

344

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 9, 1832.

I N T E Bl P E R A N C E .

From the Newburyport Herald.

- An esteemed friend has placed in onr Iwinds a
copy of an Address, delivered hy Rev. Henry
Ware, Jr. now a professor in Harvard University,
and a distinguished gentleman of the Unitarian
persii^ion ; and has called our attention to one or
two passages v/hich he is desirous of'si'eing repiib-
lisheA* They are as follows; and the present ques-
tion as to the principle of total abstinence and the
pledge to abstain. The writer asks, " Is there rea-
sonable objection to either?" and then proceeds to
reply, as follows : —

" To the principle, certainly there can be none.
No one, who knows anything of the nature of the
evil in question, will dream of tiuding a remedy
in anything short of the absolute prohibition of the
intoxicating article. All experience proves, that
no man can be accounted safe who allows himself
to drink moderately. Dr Johnson once said, ' I
know what intemperance is, and I know what is
abstinence ; but I never yet coidd learn what is
moderation.' Thousands may say the same. They
can abstain ; but they cannot drink moderately.—
In abstinence there is no difficulty, comparatively
no self-denial, and there is safety. But to drink a
little, and stop as soon as the appetite is provoked ;
to deny an increasing gratification to a growing
thirst ; this is, for many men, too liard ; and to all
it is fearfully dangerous. There is no safety but
in resolute abstinence. What objection then can
there be to the principle ? Especially since it is
one of the demonstrated truths, that not a drop is
needed by any man in any circumstances, and t'lat
in most cases it is actually deleterious. How in-
deed should it be necessary, when the world went
on till within three hundred years without th(! in-
vention of ardent spirits ? And its use has been
common in New England less than ninety years.
" But it is not only this personal consideration
which justifies the principle. Every man nuist
recollect his relation to others. However impos-
sible that he shoiilil fall, he must consider, that it
may be essential to the very salvation of some
weaker neighbor, that he altogether abstain. But
he sees you take a litlk. Why should not he ? It
is hs innocent in him as in you ; and he is asham-
ed to betray a greater distrust of his own virtue,
than you of yours. If you risk it, he will; if you
brave the devil, he will not be so cowardly as
to retreat. Shall he alone turn poltroon, and run
away from a seasonable glass ? Not he ! and so,
for fear of beiug thought to think himself in dan-
ger, he drinks on and dies. Now, what right had
you to coimtcnance and abet the ruin of that man ?
Svhat right had you, by a foolish and uimecessary
gratification, to tempt him to sin and destruction ?
Remember the magnanimous declaration of Paul :
'If meat cause my brother to o!Tend, I will eat no
meat while the world stand'eth, lest I cause njy
brother to offend.' This should be the maxim of
every man ; and there can be no doubt, that if the
strong will act on the principle, they would con-
finri the moral courage and strengthen the moral
efforts of thousands, who would otherwise be lost.
For how many thousands are there, who have no
strength to run counter to example !

" Indeed it will not do to give up this principle
of entire abstinence ; it is the corner stone of the
cause ; on it rests all the success in which we re-
joice. Abandon it — allow men to drink moder

ately and to judge for themselves, as you must,
what is moderate drinking, and you restore the
dominion of the denten at once.

" But the pledge. Is that necessary ? Is that
expedient ?

" On this point, I am aware, there is great dif-
ference of opinion. I\Jany of the true friends to
the cause, advocates of the great principle, hesi-
tate about the pledge. I know their objections,
conscientiously and religiously entertained ; they
are to be treated with respect. But after the most
careful consideration I have been able to give the
subject, I am constrain|(d to' say, that I think them
founded in error, and such as offer no suificient
reason for refusing to join the combination.

" The error seems to be twofold : First, in sup-
posing that the pledge is always designed for his
sake who takes it, whereas it is often intended
chiefly for the sake of others ; and secondly, in
fancying that it contains a snare to his conscience,
by inducing him to act from unworthy itiotives.

" First, these persons say : We do not use
these articles ; why is not this enough ? Why
pledge ourselves to that restraint which we already
practise ?

" I answer, for the sake of others ; for the sake
of extending the knowledge and influence of your
.example. There is a large class of men almost
persuaded, who think on the whole, it would be
better to abandon to cup- altogether, who yet con-
tinue to drink habitually, though soberly, and who
thus encourage the intemiierate, because they are
not called to make an inunediate decision. Your
private example does not urge them to it any more
today than next year ; and they think that next
year will be more convenient. But when you
sign a paper and pass it to them, they are brought
to a decision on the spot. And it is precisely in
this way, that thousands, without a moment's hes-
itation, have been made practical advocates of the
cause. They were advocates at heart before ; yet
thev might never have become so openly, so as to
exert a wholesome influence, except they ha<l thus
been called on for an immediate decision. In this
way, therefore, your written engagement may
make your practice known to many, and thus tend
to influence many who never would otherwise
have learned what your practice is.

" But again, they say : We lay snares for con-
science, in thus surrendering oiu- liberty. We do
not think a little occasional indulgence injurious
to us, though we do not desire it ; and why should
we tempt ourselves by the prohibition ?

*' It is not strange that some should be affected
by this mode of viewing the matter. They relig-
iously dread to tamper with conscience and to put
its delicacy in jeopardy. But after all, are they
not mistaken as to the amount of the risk ? If
thev are accustomed to act on principle, is there
nuioh dp.nger that a)>petite or civility will get as-
cendency over it, because tl ey have told their
neighbors that it shall not ? for this is the amount
of it. Or suppose it amounted to something more,
yet should they not be ready to incur the risk for
the sake of the good which they may thus do to
others? For this is the point to be considered.
It is a question between a single regard to one's
own good, and a benevolent sacrifice to the good
of others. On the one side is a possible evil to
one's self; on the other, an inevitable evil to oth-
ers. Which is to be chosen ? To a conscientious
man who walks circumspectly, the personal dan-
ger is nothing; and he certainly cannot feel justi-

fied in refusing to ilo what might jirove an essen-
tial office of benevolence, on the selfish ])lea, that
possibly he might thereby injure his own nnnd.
The duty then seems obvious. It is determined
liy the maxim of holy writ, ' Let no man seek his
own, but every man another's good ; ' and by that
already cited, ' I will eat no tifWat while the wjjrld
standeth, lest I cause my brother to offend.'

" 1 would ask, also, why this objection should
be thought so peculiarly strong in this case, when
it is equally applicable to many other occasions on
which it is never brought forward ? ' We are prin-
cipled against making promises to do our duty ;
we choose to do it because it is our duty ; other-
wise we set snares for our consciences.' But you
do not act on this principle in other cases. It is
your duty to speak the truth in a court of justice,
vet you make a solemn engagement to do so. It
is your duty to pay your debts, yet you do not
hesitate to give a note of hand, promising payment.
It is your duty to be faithful to your wife, yet yoiv
did not refuse, when you took her hand lor better,
for worse, to engage to be so. And did you ever
find yourself less likely to speak the truth, pay
your debts, and honor your wife, because of these
promises ? Have you found them snares to your
conscience ? Certainly then there is no force in
the objection. It cannot stand before a candid
exiimination.

" It is to be said further, in defence of this requi-
sition, that experience has j.roved it essential to
the prevalence of the cause ; we can expect its
complete triumiih oidy through the power which
is by this means imparted to its operations. It is
undoubtedly a fact, that the vigorous and rapid
spread of just sentiments on this subject, has been
mainly owing to their having been pressed upon
the notice of society, by the steady and persever-
ing pledge of temperate men. It is through this
means, that such nniltitndes have been led, not
only to reflect, but to act, to net promptly, deci-
dedly, fearlessly, unitedly ; and if the former
course of simply reasoning on the subject, and act-
ing silently, as insulated individuals, had been con-
tinued, nothing approaching the same results could
have been witnessed, nor could we now look for-
ward with so confident assurance to complete suc-
cess. Whatever objection, therefore, may seem to
lie against this part of the system, a little examin-
ation proves it to be unfounded ; while to admit it
in i)ractice would be ruinous to the cnterjirise. —
No ; so long as we require onr magistrates to bind
themselves to fidelity in office, we must not think
it unreasonable to bind ourselves to this duty. If
every sober man would do it, not all the obliga-
tion assuincd and discharged by the officers of
state, would eflect so much fijr the virtue and pros-
perity of the nation. We should then speedily
witness the results at which we aim."

Silkworm Eggs.
FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, 50,noO
Silkwiinn Eggs, warranted good, in packages of 5,(100
each. Price $1 per thousand; with short practical in-
tructions for rearing them. April 11.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at gS per annum,
pavablo at the end of the year — but those vyho pay within
sixty da>s Irom the time of subscribing, are entitled to t>
deduction ol fifty cents. ■ .

113= No papi r will be sent to a distance without payment
beingmadein adyance.

Printed for J. B. Risski-l, by I. R. Butts— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing receiyed by J. B.
RussELi;, at the Agricultural Waiehouse, r<o. 52, North
Market Street.

NEW EJ^GIiAI^D FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 62, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural VVarkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 16, 1832.

NO. 44.

A g: 1* i c u 1 t u r e .

Prom the Horticultural Register.

ON SUPPORTING NEWLY-PLANTED
TIMHER TREES.

By Mr SxiFroRD, Gardener to Richard Arkwriglit, Est]., Willors-
ley-Cnstlo, near Cromford, Derbyshire, England.

Gentleme.v — Various have been tlie methods
resorted to, for supporting newly-planted forest
trees, but none that I have ever met with, seem to
equal the system I am al)out to e.vplain ; all the
usual methods have pioveil partly ineflcctual, as
they have invariably caused either a partial or to-
tal destruction of the trees they were intended to
preserve. To prevent the evils arising from the
friction of stakes and bandages, many plant their
trees so deep, that to avoid destroying them one
way, they actually do it another. By this improv-
ed method, the trees are not only fieed from that
danger, but the unsightliness of stakes, &c, about
a nobleman's or gentleman's ground, is entirely
done away ; the stem appearing as free from any
prop and yet standing as firm as though the tree
had been planted fifty years. Nothing can give a
clearer proof of the utility of this method, than the
newly planted trees I observed at Chatsworth,
which are six times larger than any I ever before
saw removed ; and yet these trees stand as erect
and are as completely covered with foliage, as
though they had continued there many years — and
all this, without the least particle of a support to
be seen. This, at once, gives the system a decided
advantage over every other ; for what could have
looked more objectionable than to have seen them
propped up with a parcel of huge stakes, to say
nothing of the extra expense and trouble which
such stakes and bandages would cost. The meth-
od, I understand, has already been sent into the
world as a new one, and I give the publishers of
such a system credit for so doing. My motive in
writing is to substantiate what they have made
known, and to show it as plainly as I can to your
numerous readers.

About twenty years ago, I was employed to re-
move some trees that had been planted and sup-
ported in this way, about thirteen years before,
■Nvhen I found the wood perfectly sound and the
support as firm as ever. For five succeeding
years, I was present at the removal of great num-
bers of large trees, which were planted in an open
lawn, as detached objects ; and I had the satisfac-
tion of seeing every tree keep its erect position ;
nor did I, during the whole of the five years, ever
meet with an instance in which the system failed.
I made every inr[uiry as to the origin of so com-
plete a plan, and found that the person employed
as the manager of the woods, had practised it lor
upwards of thii'ty years betbre at several noble-
men's and gentlemen's seats, to which he went as
an iustructer itj the art. Whether the invention
originated with Sir Ilcnry Cavendish, of Dove-
ridge, or not, I am not prepared to say ; but he
certainly introduced it into Derbyshire about that
time, and to his lasting credit, gave an entire new
feature to his domain by beautifying his grounds
with large trees, as erect and independent of the
storm as if they had been raised on tiie spot.

I have ineloseil a sketch of the support, which
consists of three straight pieces of wood, laid in a
triangular form, [fig. L] These pieces must be

1 a

proportioned according to the size of the tree, and
the three hooked stakes, [fig. 2.] Wiieu the tree
is placed in the hole, the roots spread out, and
the earth, after being broken and pulverized, well
shaken amongst them ; the three straight pieces
are placed in a triangular form round the stem of
the tree, .[fig. 3,] on the top of the ball ; and the
triangle made large enough for a hooked stake to
be tiriven in at each angle, (a) so as not to injure
the ball of earth at the root. The support thus
co;npleted,the earth is filled in, and the tree stands
perfectly fast. In some situations, it is advisable
t> make holes for the hooked stakes with an iron
b U-. The stakes must be driven down sufliciently
deep for the turf to be laid evenly oyer the top.

3

If appears to me, to be of little consequence what
kind of wood the supports are made of; I have al-
ways found that any sort would last as long as it
was necessary.

Nothing, however, that I can advance in favor
of so excellent af system, will be half so convincing
as the planting of a single tree ; and by properly
applying the materials, no person could have the
shadow of a doubt of the tree standing as securely
as when growing in its original situation.
I remain, gentlemen,

Yours, very respectfully,

GEORGE STAFFORD.
nUlersley, Dec. 10, 1S31.

From tlie Bucks County Intelligencer.

LIME AS A MANURE.

Mr C. Miner of the Village Record, some time
ago addressed a letter through the columns of the
Village Record, to the Hon. S. Van Rensselaer, of
New York. Tlie letter contained a number of
facts in relation to the profitable use of lime as a
manure, among the fiirmers of Chester County,
and some suggestions about introducing the prac-
tice to the more general notice of the New York
agriculturists. To this letter Professor Eaton re-
plied for his friend Mr V. R., and notices the fact
of carbonate of lime or pulverized limestone, being
used instead of the burnt lime. . The fact was
new to us, and may be to some of the farmers of
Bucks County, for whose information we extract
the letter. We believe. Sir Humphry Davy in
some of his writings, recommends unburnt lime
for particular soils.

To the Editor of the Village Record, West Chester, Tenn

Your address to the Hon. Stephen Van Rens-
selaer, in relation to the subject above named, we
thankfully receive. But one who has a million
and a half acres of land to sitjiervise, who gives
many thousands per year in aid of charitable in-
stitutions, education, &c, cannot attend to every
department embraced in his vastly extended cor-
respondence. I have taken charge of the agricul-
tural department for the last twelve years. There-
fore you will please to accept the following: —

Mr V. ii. ih familiar with the use of quick lime, .
to hasten the ]H'ogress of the decomposition of veg-
etable manures. He knows, also, that it operates
as a stimulus to vegetable organic action, like gyp-
sum. But his two manors do not abound in lime-
stone. Near the eastern side of his we.st manor,
limestone is abundant ; but the Hollanders who
occupy it, are not disposed to Vary from their fath-
ers' habits. *

Perhaps the Pennsylvanians, to whom we refer,
are not aware that more recent trials have proved,
that unburned lime (common carbonate of lime)
is more economical as a manure than burned lime,
(quick lime.) Quick lime is more efficient for
above three years ; common unburned limestone
is equally efficient from the third to the tiiirteenth
year, or longer. A manufacture of tabular spar
a delicate variety of carbonate of lime,) was set
up on lake Champlain two years ago ; more than
one hundred tons are now called for. I have no
doubt but quick lime will soon be abandoned, and
unburiii'd carbonate of lime be substituted. But
it is not a true substitute ; quick lime should be
used on what is called cold sour soil ; though it is
neither cold nor sour. But pulverized limestone
will supersede all manures, when it is well under-
stood.

Cakidaiion. — Four times the quantity of ground
limestone is required to equal quicklime, the third
year; but it will continue its efliiects unabated at
least ten tinu s as long. Quick lime loses its ef-
fect in about three or four years ; carbonate of
lime improves the first ten years, and diminu-hes
but little the next ten years ; and its effects may
be perceived fifty years.

Correct reasonines. — Fanners will never reason

346

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 10, 1832.

. , .laTl llioy subtnit to the eptablishrcl max-
^""■IfaV tlieir ciiltivatcd vegetables receive their
chief nutritious matter from the atmosphere. —
That, for example, the thick tuberous roots of red
clover (trifolium prateiize) is transmitted from its
herbage to its roots, from the atmosphere, in the
form of minute atoms of carbon, oxygen and hy-
drogen ; also nitrogen, in the case of the cruci-
fera?, as mustard, radish, turnips, cabbage, &c.
Plaster of Paris (sulphate of lime) stimulate vege-
table action, as a glass of brandy stimulates a hardy
laborer to eat an unusual (juantity, but it affords no
nutritious matter. Therefore, Indian corn, buck
■wheat, &c, impoverish land, by seizing greedily
upon all its food, when plaster of Paris is used.
But red clover imjjroves the land, by al)Sorbing
nutritious matter frotn the atmosphere and depos-
iting it in the earth in the form of clover roots.
Most respectfully, AMOS EATON,

Senior Prof. Rensselaer School.

for

the same paper.
I

with the

Another writer
signature " II. S." say

frames for cucumbers and melons completely
cleared of ants which infested them, by merely
confining a toad in them."

superior in flavor to those grown in dimg heat,
ive known common |Mr Knight has holes in the front walls of his pine
and melon houses, to adnjit air, which coming in
near the flue drives up the heat and causes a cir-
culation of air in the house, which passes off" near
the top of the back wall ; of course more heat is
required by ke(?i)ing a constant circulation of air.
The luHons also, in frames, heated with dung
linings, have air admitted through the finings up

aUICK LIME FOR THE DESTRUCTION
OF INSECTS.
Mr Johii Plant, a writer for the Horticultural
Register, informs, that " During the last six years, i\^p |,ed to the frame,

I have made use of quick lime in the spring, just
when the buds are opening. I take the advantage
of the trees being moistened with rain or dew,
otherwise I sprinkle the bushes with water by a
syringe or engine, and then with a quantity of
fresh, well-fallen lime, I give each a strong dust-
ing over the branches ; I repeat the operation in
the course of four or five days.

" Supposing that at the time the buds were
beginning to expand their foliage, the insects were
then hatching or about creeping from their hiding
UTILITY OF TOADS. places, I was in<luced to adapt the application of

A writer (Mr J. Stafford) for the Horticultural I lime, judging that it would not only destroy rlie
Register observes, that he has found no method so I young insects, but should any escape, it would, by
effectual for destroying ants, as that of giving ev- i adhering to the green buds or yoimg foliage, ren-

ery encouragement to the common toad. " I have
for several years paid attention to these reptiles
and so has every persou under my control, inso-
much, that I have had as many as three or four
dozen; some of which have become so domesti-
cated, that I have taken them in one hand and ex-
hibited their food in the other, which they have
taken with the greatest composure. So much do
my family, as well as myself, set by them, tluit my
two little girls are in the habit of bringirg tlicm
home in their hands, from the roads and fields,
with as much delight as they would the choicest
objects. Those 1 recommend are abojt three
ounces in weight, and, from observations I have
made of their progress, I should calculate about
five years old. This size appears more lively thau
the larger ones, and I have often known them to
remain for several days together, at the mouth of
the hole where the ants congregated ; and such is
their agility, that they will take the ants when on
the wing, as quick as they come within reach ; and
their instinct is so grent, that if you erect a habita-
tion for them, contiguous to the resort of the ants,
they will remain and consider it their dwelling ;
and should they be taken and placed in another
part of the garden or house, they will endeavor to
return to their old station again. The quantity of
insects they devour is immense, as they have a
very quick digestion.

" I have preserved and protected them for more
than twenty years. My reason for commencing
it, originated from the circumstance of a friend of
mine calling on me, who, on observing the hot-
beds so much infested, and concluding the crops
would be destroyed, advised me to introduce toads
as a certain remedy ; and to my great surprise and
satisfaction, I observed them the next day devour-
ing the ants as fast as 1 was able to count them.
From that time, I have observed with satisfaction,
that wherever toads are encouraged, ants will dis-
appear. I much regret that these usidlil creatia-es
should meet with the ill treatment they often do,
even from gardeners. I have often been almost
insulted for harboring them myself, and I have
scarcely met with one individual that half appre-
ciated their value. When trees are infested with
ants, confine the toads behind a board set on one
edge, until they become habituated to the spot

der the food of tlie insects poisonous. By atten-
tion to the mode described, I have never had any
Caterpillars on the bushes at a later season of the
year. It is my practice to prune the bushes

Mr Knight's potatoes are worthy of notice; —
the crop in the field was very strong, planted near-
ly three feet from row to row; whole potatoes
planted, and prettj' thick in a row. The soil seem-
ed very shallow, as nearly all of it was taken up
in earthing. Mr Knight said that he expected
seven hundred bushels to the acre.

Watering celery, at Downton, is done by caus-
ing a stream to run through the trenches ; and Mr
Knight's fine marrow peas I found attended bj
the same kind of watering, a drill drawn out on
one side of the row, by which means they ars
kept longer in bearing. F. H. S.

Remarks hy the Editor of the A'cu' England
Farmer. — The a])plication of hot water for the
destruction of insects, is not uncommon among
European gardeners. Loudon says, " Water heat-
ed to 150 or 130 degrees will not injure plants
autumn, and to have the ground about their i whose leaves are fully expanded, and in some de-
roots maimred and dvig. gnc hardened ; and water at 200 degrees or up-

" I have likewise found lime to be an excellent j warils may he poured over leafless plants."
preservative of small seeds, as broccoli, turnip. With regard to Mr Knight's mode of raising
radish, &c, from the ravages of birds. When I potatoes, we doubt whether it would succeed in our
sow a bed with seeds, I immediately give it a clitmite. In a moist climate, a dry and a shallow
strong dusting all over, to prevent the birds taking! soil "aid in ridges, is suitable for that plant ; but

what seeds may accidentally be uncovered, as they
will not eat the seeds when strongly covered with
the lime. When 1 observe the plants coming up,

in a dry and hot climate, every precaution is re-
quisite to guard against drought. Ridges and
protuberant hills are generally improper here,

I water the bed or take advantage of dew, and j though well adapted to a shallow soil and British
give the bed another dusting. If the weather be I climate, where excess of moisture is often im-
rainy, I repeat it, if required, till I perceive the ' friendly to this prime article of produce,
plants have got into rough leaf."

PRESERVATION OF BACON.
It cannot be supposed, that any mode of pre-
serving hams can' alter the original quality of the
article. All that can be anticipated is to prevent
its being injured by the heat of the warmer part of
the season. One mode is to pack it in oats; for
that purpose, the chest or cask in which it is pte-

Froni the HorticuUural Register.

Remarks on the Garden of T. A. Knight, Esq.,

President of the London Hortindlural Society, at

Downton Castle. By F. H. S.

Gentlemen — On a visit this autumn to Down-
ton Castle, our highly respected and worthy Pres- L'^^^'e'd should- be perfectly tight, and laised about
ident was so kmd as to show me many of his ex- I ^j^ i^^,,gg fy„„^ j,,g surface of the ground, and the

periments imder operation, .is well also as to state
his experience in other things, some of which may
be worthy a place in your Register.

oats packed in quite tight.

Another mode of preserving hams and all kinds
of smoked meats, recommended by T. Gould, Esq.

First then. Hot ffater, (don't be alarmed, though | c,rn,erlv President of the Berkshire Agricultural
L^fii-^"" '""^ ''"' T""' T^'^*' ,'"'",*"' '^'*'"^r*i ! Sof 'f^OS is this:— Take a tierce or box, and cover

the bottom with charcoal reduced to small pieces
but not to du.st ; cover the legs or pieces of meat
with stout brown paper, sowed around so as to
exclude all dust ; lay them down on the coal in
compact order, then cover the layer with coal, and
so on till your business is done, and cover the top
with a good thickness of coal.

Another mode is as follows : — A piece of canvas,
cotton, or other suitable cloth is sewed tightly
about the ham, and this is overlaid^ with two or
three coatings of lime white-wash, which is said
to thoroughly preserve the inclosed article.

A writer in the American Farmer states, that
he tried many ways to preserve ham from bugs,
worms, and rancidity, but succeeded in none ;

Mr Knight says, water heated to the degree of 150
will kill any insect on the ]iine — his gardener has
proved it under his own (Mr Knight's) observa-
tion. I understand they are watered with a sy-
ringe, and repeated two or three times. Though
Mr Knight has bad very little trouble with in-
sects on his pines, his fruiting house being a cur-
vilinear, I believe with him that the insects will
not increase so readily under a strong light.

The varieties of the Persian melons were very
fine, growing in a small house in pots, placed on
the flue in front, and trained up trellis work near
the glass ; the fruit of course resting on the trellis.
I was surprised at the weight of one of the fruit
I lifted up, and have no doubt they were much

'SeethecurrentvolumeofiheN.E.'Farmer, p. 161. 'though perhaps the methods he tried might an-

Vol. X.-So. 44.

AND MOUTICUI.TURAL JOURNAL.

347

svver in coUk'r climates. He then tried charcoal
and succet^dod perfectly. It is of great impor-
tance to liave the hams, &c, dried as early as pos-
sible, that they may be packed away in dry char-
coal made moderately fine. He observes, that the
" difficulty of getting the charcoal off, may be
made an olijection by the neat housewife, &c.
But if the legs or pieces of meat are covered with
stout brown paper, as recommended above, tlie
difficulty is obviated."

DrSEASES IN SHEEP.

I hear complaints of great mortality among
sheep, particularly among those which are in the
best condition, and late dropped lambs of last year,
without satisfactory cause being assigned for such
mortality. I beg leave, therefore, to suggest the
cause and to recommend a remedy for the evd.

The winter has been uncommonly severe, the
ground almost covered with snow, and sheep have
•consequently been precluded their ordinary exer-
cise, their usual supply of green food, and debar-
red also from access to the ground. They are
much in the condition of a ship's crew who have
subsisted, in a long voyage, wholly upon salted
provisions. I will not say that earths constitute a
food for sheep ; yet I am satisfied, that in the ab-
sence, at least, of green food in a long winter, they
are essential to their health. I will not attem])t
to explain their physical effects ; but it is evident
they take them in, in considerable quantities, from
the analysis of their dung, by Kirwan, who found
in 105 parts, 37 parts lime, sand and clay, while
cow dung gave but 13, and horse dung 16.

I am told on credible authority, that a gentle-
man who was losing his sheep without apparent
cause, had occasion to use some clay about his
house in the winter, and observed that his sickly
flock ate it with avidity ; he caused a load to be
placed in their yard, much of which was devoured
and his sheep speedily recovered. '

As a cure, therefore, I woidd recommend clay
to be placed in the sheep yard, which can, at
worst, do no harm, as the animals will not eat it
unless prompted by instinct ; or when it is practi-
cable, the boughs or branches of resinous trees, as
the pine and hemlock, may be given to the flock
in limited quantities. Roots of any edible kind
will also be highly serviceable. As a preventative
in future, I advise sheep-farmeis- to raise and lay
in, a good stock of ruta baga or other turnips,
which are not only the healthiest but cheapest
food for the winter consumption of sheep. — J\'ew
York Fanner.

From the New Hampshire Sentinel.

Messrs Editors — I have lately passed some
examination among my fruit trees, having trim-
med some of them, and examined others, far the
purpose of ascertaining the effect of the cold on
them the past winter. I have heard it remarked,
by persons much older than I am and many vears
since, that late in the fall of the year, the buils on
trees which would blossom the next spring, would
be swollen much larger than those that would not
blossom. Last fall I made some observations, for
the purpose of ascertaining the probability of a
blossom this spring, but was unable to satisfy my-
self at all on the subject.

The result of my examination this spring, does
not satisfy me as respects the blossom, although I
am inclined to think the trees are not much more

injiued than usual. I find the inside bark is not
dried on more liinbs or twigs this spring, than is
commonly the case; but the buds are much small-
er than usual for this season of the year. I can
perceive, however, that the buds have grovVn some
this spring, although remarkably slow. The above
relates to apple trees, of which I have perhaps
five or six hundred, located on different kinds of
soil and on what we call hill land.

Of pear and cherry trees, I do not find any
more dead limbs of last year's growth than usual;
neither do 1 find the inside bark turniil dead and
black, as is the case with those liiidjs which are
dying.

Of peach trees we have a few, some of which
have suffered frotn some cause or othir and some
are not injured, although the trees of about two
years from the stone, I think are mostly if not all
dead or dying. What I have written relates to my
own farm.

A partial examination in some of my neighbors'
orchards of apple trees, convinces me that they are
similaj' to mine. It must be evident to all who
are in the habit of making observations of the kind,
that trees of every description are more backward
this spring than they have been for many years.
At any rate, I think it cannot be satisfactorily de-
termined whether we shall have many or few
blossoms the present season. Marlborocgh.

From Porter's Health Almanac.

DISINFECTING AND PURIFYING
AGENTS.

The antiseptic and consequent preservative, dis-
infecting and pm-ifying properties of the chlorides
of soda and lime, render them highly important
agents in the preservation of health, and applica-
ble in various ways to the promotion of public and
domestic comfort. It is principally, however, in
the preservation and promotion of public hygiene,
that these salts become in the highest degree val-
uable, by decomposing putrid miasmata of every
kind and preventing the generation of epidemic
diseases, or arresting their progress when they
already exist. They are effectual in destroying
the poisonous exhalations from privies, sewers,
docks gr ponds, left bare at low water ; the putrid
materials accidentally admitted or incautiously al-
lowed to accumulate in vaults and cellars, store
houses, ifcc, — for disinfecting hospitals, prisons,
market-houses, gutters ; for purifying the air of
wells, mines, the rooms where silkworms are rear-
ed, the manufactories of glue, starch, catgut, &c ;
slaughter-houses, drains, stables, the holds of ves-
sels, amphitheatres, churches, theatres, hospitals,
infirmaries, the rooms of the sick, &o ; for the
preservation of dead bodies previous to burial, or
for removing the fetor and injurious exhalations
from bodies that have been disinterred for the
purpose of judicial investigation ; for washing the
linen and bedding of the sick ; for destroying the
fetid emanations from filthy clothes, and disinfect-
ing the stores and ware-rooms where second-hand
clothing and rags are kept.

The chloride of soda, which is liquid, is rather
more expensive but more powerful than the chlo-
ride of lime, which is in form of a white powder;
and hence the former is applicable to disinfecting
and purifying operations on a small scale. They
?re both used, mixed with more or less water, ac-
cording to the intention in view. If a body is to
be preserved before burial, add about a pint of the

concentrated chloride of soda to a bucket-full of
water, and cover the body with a .sheet dipped in
the solution, which must be sprinkled occasionally
over the corpse. Or if the chloride of lime is em-
ployed, make a mixture of about a pound of the
chloride with two buckets-full of water, and pro-
ceed as before.

For vaults, cellars, ifc, take two oimces of the
chloride of lime to three or four pints of water,
and sprinkle them from time to time, by means of
a watering-pot.

The solution should be thrown into the sink of
a privy, or into a well, the foul air of which it is
desirable to neutralize.

To preserve the health of workmen employed
in common sewers, a pound of the chloride of Hme
should be dissolved in three buckets-full of water ;
and a bucket-full of the solution should be placed
by the side of the workmen, to be employed by
them in washing their hands and arms, and mois-
tening their nostrils, and for sprinkling on the filth.

For ships, take a spoonful or more of either
chloride, add it to a bottle of water, and sprinkle
the solution freely on every part of the hold and
over the decks.

For purifying offensive water, mix it with the
chloride of lime in the proportion of one or two
ounces of the latter to about sixtyfive gallons of
the former. After being thus disinfected, the water
must be exposed to the air, and allowed to settle
for some time, when it becomes fit to drink.

In domestic economy. The chlorides may be
used for the preservation m summer of eggs, meat,
game, poultry, and other articles of aliment ; to
deprive vegetables, which are kept during win-
ter, of the unpleasant odor they frequently ac-
quire, and, finally to disinfect spoiled meat, fish,
&c. To preserve eggs, they are to be put into a
solution of one part of the chloride of lime in thir-
tytwo parts of water, their place being occasion-
ally changed. Meat, &c, may be preserved sweet
by wrapping it in cloth, wet wth a weakening
mixture of the chloride of soda and water. To
deprive vegetables and meat of any disagreeable
smell or taste they may have acquired, they are to
be immersed several times in water containing one
fortieth or sixtieyi part of chloride of soda, and
then well washed in pure soft water.

The manner of disinfecting articles in a state of
putridity, is by using a mixture of thirty or forty
parts of water to one of chloride, and enveloping
them in pieces of linen or cotton soaked in this
solution, or by sprinkling them freely and at short
intervals with it. By these means, the disgusting
odor and poisonous exhalations given out by pu-
trid matters are promptly destroyed, and the dan
ger which may result from them is entirely re
moved.

The chlorides of lime and soda may be procur-
ed of all our piincipal apothecaries; the expense
attendant upon their free use, is so trifling as to
place them within the reach of almost every indi-
vidual. As a means of removing the sources of
disease iu cities and villages, these salts demand
the attention of those who are constituted by law
the guardians of public health.

DRI.NK.

Rarely drink but when thou art dry ; the small-
er the drink, the clearer the head and the cooler
the blood, which are great benefits in temper and
business. — ff'iUiam Penn's Works.

348

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 16, 1S32.

Selections.

From the Naturalist.

THE CRANBERRY.

The cranberry, which is so much esteemed in
tarts, is a native of the turfy, iiiossy boirs, in the
mountainous and fenny parts of Europe, New Hol-
land and xVmerica, flowering from Jlay to July.
Few plants are more elegant. Its wiiy, shrubby
stems, creep among the bog moss with long, branch-
ing, fibrous roots, which often appear to imbibe
nourishment from the clear water alone.

There are four species of cranberry enumerated
in the Hortus Britannicus, the most important of
which are the long-fruited cranberry, Oxycoccus
macrocarpus, and tlie red-fruited craul>erry, Oxy-
coccus enjlhrocarpus, both indigenous to the United
States. They are the produce of damp swampy
lands only ; but the idea that they will not bear
transplanting is erroneous, for they have been trans-
planted from this country to England, and pro-
duced fruit beyond enlcidation. Mr H. Hall, of
Barnstable, Mass. has been engaged for twenty
years or more in the cultivation of this fruit ; and
his grounds have averaged for the last ten years,
seventy bushels per acre, and some seasons he has
had one hundred bushels. Mr F. A. Haydcn, of
Lincoln, Mass. gathered from his farm last year
four hundred bushelfe of cranberries, which he sold
in this city for six hundred dollars. It is well
known that cranberries are capable of being trans-
planted to Europe, without sufliering by the voy-
age. American cranberries are frequently sold in
London at eight dollars a bushel, as fresh as when
first gathered from the marshes. This informa-
tion may be worth the attention of those who have
marshy or brook land, as a matter of profit ; and
to those who have ornamental water in their gar-
dens or parks, it would be found an enihellishment
to the banks, it being an elegant little fruit on the
ground, where it trails and spangles the ground
with red and variegated berries.

Cranberries are of an astringent quality and es-
teemed good to restore the appetite. They were
formerly imagined elficacious in preventing pesti-
lential diseases.

Cranberries may be preserved perfect for sev-
eral years, merely by drying them a little in the
sun, and then stopping them closely in dry bottles
The red-fruited cranberry yields a juice which has
been employed to stain paper or linen, purple. —
These berries are of great value and importance
for diflferent culinary and well-known purposes,
as in pies, tarts, &c.

Cranberries may all be raised from seeds or off-
set root suckers, creeping roots and trailing root-
ing stalks. Those also growing with several root-
ed stalks and branches, may be divided in the
root and top into separate plants, in which way
they succeed very well. The seeds should be
sown, where that method is pursued, in autumn,
as soon as they are ripe and gathered, in a shady
border or in the places where the plants are to grow
and remain ; and when the young plants are up
they should'lje kept clean, and be removed with
earth about their roots, as there may be occasion.
The off-sets and root-plants may be set out in the
same season, in a soil resembling that in which
they naturally grow. It may hkewise be advise-
able, in many cases, to take the plants from their
natural situations with balls of earth about their
roots. Some, however, succeed in the common

borders and other ])arts. They may in some ca-
ses be removed in the spring season, but the other
is the better way.

TO DESTROY RATS.

3Ir Goodsell; — In your pajier of January 28,
your correspondent, Ulmus, complains bitterly of
the depredations and trespasses of the rats, upon
his properly. He is welcome to my experience
on the subject, without the i-eward or inducement
of a patent right held out by him.

About the year 180-3, I removed on to a farnv
near Savanna, in the Slate of Georgia, where I
was very much annoyed with rats, which in that
climate harbor in the woods in immense numbers,
and are drawn in swarms round every out building
where they are Ukely to get food. I tried arsenic
in every form mentioned by Ulraus and many oth-
ers, but all was without any effect. At last I pro-
cured a quart of opened oysters, to which I added
about an ounce of arsenic, stewed them well to-
gether ; then divided them, two or three oysters in
each separate shell, and jilaced them under and
about the house. The oysters all disappeared in
about fifteen or twenty minutes. In the course
of two or three days after this, I observed several
rats very much swelled and their hair rough and
standjng ; but I have no recollection of seeing a
single dead rat, nor were they materially thinned
about the out-house ; from which I conclude that
arsenic, although it may sicken, will not destroy
rats.

The ensuing spring, I was troubled with im-
mense flocks of a bird called a Corbeau, in size
between our large corn black-bird and the crow.
These with the field rats and the squirrels, threat-
ened to destroy, totally, my cornfield and garden.
I procured two ounces of }ii(.r vomica, which 1
bruised or poimded in an iron mortar and then
added t«o or three quarts of hot water, let it stand
to soak all night. In the morning I took about a
peck of corn and poured the water from the mix
vomica on it, and lift it to soak till near sundown.
Towards evening I scattered the corn all around
the fences, and crossed the fields from corner to
corner, scattering a little of the corn as I went.
After which I had no further trouble with the
birds, no one of them venturing to alight on the
field after that day. I found a number of dead rats
and squirrels near the fences. Such is the results
of my experience, and if it will be of any benefit
to Ulmus or any other of your readers, I shall feel
myself snfiiciently paid for any trouble in commu-
nicating the same. I remain yours,

R. M. WILLIAMS.

Middlesex, Feb. 19, 1832.

From the New York Farmer.

ZINC WARE.

At a regular meeting of the Albany Institute,
held the 28th ult. Dr T. Ron;eyn Beck read a pa-
per on the danger to health in employing articles
manufactured from Zinc, for culinary and domes-
tic purposes. The author stated, that his atten-
tion had been recently called to the subject, from
the fact, that articles of zinc ware are at present
advertised as well adapted for cooking rice and all
kinds of sweetmeats ; also for the dairy, being re-
commended as producing from twenty to twenty-
five per cent more cream or butter, than any other
way, and for preserving butter sweet, &c.

The patentee, (if his patent be tenable,) could
not have been aware, that this subject had been
made a matter of investigation with European gov-
ernments, and the result a most unfavorable one.

The following are among the facts stated in cor-
roboration of this assertion : —

The French government, in 1813, were desirous
of su.bstituting zinc canteens in the army, instead
of tinned ones, as neater and more durable. Pre-
vious to introducing them, the minister of war re-
ferred the subject to the following eminent chem-
ists and medical men : Chaussier, Gay Lussac,
Tlienard and Chisel.' They reported against their
use most decidedly, and for the following (amongst
other) reasons : Zinc is readily and powerfully
corroded by vinegar. Conunon urine dissolves a
portion of it, with a disengagement of hydrogen
gas. Even water, standing a consideiable time in
vessels of zinc, acquired a disagreeable taste, and
by its oxygen dissolved a portion and formed an
oxide. [An abstract of this report, is contained in
the New York Medical Reports, vol. 17, p. 188.]

During the same year, both the ministers of War
and of the Interior, referred the subject of zinc
vessels for culinary purposes, to the French Insti-
tute. The report was unfavorable. Cuvicr says,
tluy found " that zinc was loo soluble even in the
weakest acids, in fat and even in water ; that the
sails which it form^are too acrid, and in certain
cases, act too violently on the intestines to allow
the employment of the metal for any such purpo-
ses, without inconvenience. Say found, that even
distilled water kcjit in vessels of zinc, acquireil a
decided styptic taste, and that the juices of fruits,
wIm'u boiled in similar vessels, dissolve a portion
of them and form a suflicient quantity of salt to
render their taste disagreeable." [Annals of Phi-
losophy, edited by P. Thompson, 4, 310.]

Proust, an eminent Spanish chemist, was about
the same time ordered by his government to in-
vestigate this subject. His report, which is a
very elaborate one, fortified by numerous experi-
ments, is equally unfavorable. It may bo found
in the first series of the English Repository of
Arts.

The medical faculty of Paris requested V'auque-
lin and Deycux to examine this subject. They
fiiiind, besides the efr'ects of vinegar and water,
already mentioned, that citron juice on being boiled
in zinc vessels, dissolved the metal and formed a
salt. Common salt in solution, furnished a liquor
which, on being tested, gave a precipitate of oxide
of zinc. Even butler heated in a zinc sauce-pan
destroyed the polish of the vessel, and a small hole
was formed in its bottom. It is therefore impossi-
ble, they remark, to employ it for kitchen utensils,
without incurring the hazard of its being united,
either in the state of oxide or salt, with domestic
viands.

After reading these authorities, Dr B. submitted
to ihe members, whether the experiment of intro-
ducing such vessels in this country, should not be
discountenanced. He exhibited a zinc kettle in
which about a gill of vinegar bad stood for two
days in the cold air. The acid had become dark
and colored, and bitter to the taste ; and the sur-
face of the vessel where it had restedHiad o.xidized.
Here no heat had been applied. What then must
be the result where sweetmeats are prepared in
ihem, all of which contain more or less acid? —
The same remark mu.st undoubtedly apply to a
suflicient extent, to all other articles proposed to
be kept in zinc vessels.

Vol. X.— No. 44.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

From the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and Journal.

IMPORTED STOCK.

To the Publisliin" Comn

chudetts Society for

of the M.-ISS1
promoting Agriculture.

Gentlemen — It is certainly to be regrettetl,
that some respectable fanners show a disposition
not only to iinhijge prejudices against the import-
ed breeds of cattle, but to excite these impres-
sions on the minds of others. They ap])eal to a
popular feeling, and a very natural one, which too
easily besets us — "our own superiority." " Tlie
true worth of our ancient breed," says one, " as to
their competition, is much neglected." Again —
" our old accustomed breeds are unnoticed." In
the most approved practices of breeding of stock,
perhaps no better reason need be given for a
change, than this very fact, that it is our old accustom-
ed breed, on which a cross would be beneficial for
that cause only. As the disadvantage of breeding
" in and in " for a length of time, has been long
admitted, the princijile of a change of breed or
cross, by judicious selections, has, it is believed,
induced almost universal assent and practice.

Some contend, that a given weight may be
placed on any part of animals, to correct a defi-
ciencj' ; and others, that every disposition and
property may be improved by a skilftd obser-
vation and practice herein. The attention of ag-
riculturists in Europe, has been for the greater
part of the last century, engaged in this process.
In England more especially — if we can believe alJ
we see, or all we hear, or any part of it — animal
of extraordinary production, as well as those of
great beauty, size and power, with a favorable dis-
position to fatten, have been brought to view. In
stances might be here quoted, but they are too
well known to need it! Wherever, in any coim-
try, a judicious selection of stock has been in care-
ful continued practice, we must shut our eyes
and seal up our senses not to perceive the benefi-
cial result. And why should we doubt our power
in this particular ? It seems the all-wise in-
tention in our condition, that we should cultivate
and improve everything about us ! And do we
not so do ? How is it with the horse and various
other animals ? Are they not bred and reared,
for various uses, by careful selection and attention ?
And why should we easily and indolently admit
that nothing is to be effected in our cattle, form-
ing, as they do, the great sources of our comfort
and support ?

But though our efforts in this country may have
been less strenuous and uniform, and for a shorter
period of time, still we do not want proofs of what
may be done at home. Our cattle are suscepti-
ble of improvement, as the Sutton race will show.
Those who most dislike the imported breed, tell
of some native stock in their neighborhood which
is superior. Be it so ! Our stock was mostly de-
rived from Great Britain, and is doubtless as ca-
pable of impiovpuient.

All that is to be said, is, that when that which
time only can produce, has for nearly a ccntiu-y
been in careful progression, a prudent considtra-
tion will avail of the advantage.

It is further complained, " that much is said of
the imported and little or nothing of our na»ive
stock." If this alludes to any general expression
or opinion, it will have its due weight and no
more. But the object of the Massachusetts Agri-
culiural Society has been, to promote a judicious
stlertion, as the great thing necessary, and so their
committees have uniformly urged

349

ums on milch animals have been mostly given to
native stock, it is believed ; some to the imported
breed to be sure; the far greater number of the
former makes this natural. In many cases the
richness of the milk in the imported breed, has
been remarkalile ; and their general size, propor-
tion and beauty, has been thought to exceed our
olil races.

vation and experience on this subject — and I re
mam Yours, &c, R.M.WILLIAMS.

Middlesex, March 6, ] 832.

I'rora the Literary Gazette.

NEW ROILING APPARATUS.

Mr Perkins, the celebrated engineer, has rccent-

The disai-pointment of a farmer, who has paid I '^ discovered and obtained a patent for a new
a large price for an animal (as has occurred) that "'°'''' °^ boiling, by a process so simple that it is
has long legs and " a bag that is difficult to be "^"'^J'^" "'"^"''P'"'^'' *" ^11 who see it, that it has
found," is to be regretted— but these things wJH I "^^ 'j"^*"! earlier among our useful improvements,
sometimes happen. But it is earnestly contended I "' ^^""sists in placing within a boiler, (of the form
in Europe and by many here, that where there '^°'"""'" '« /}•« purpose to which it is applied, and

has been a long transmission of improved blood in
stock, tl^is occurs much more rarely!

The improved short-horns are not generally es-
teemed a long-legged race ; many of them are
great milkers ; though for this property they are
thought by some to have too great a tendency to
become fat. By this facility they often disappoint
those who wish to increase their breed. This
disposition to fatten is so felt in England, that at
their Smithfiekl cattle-show last year, it was proud-
ly said, " Foreigners may boast of their sunny
climes, of the spontaneous produce of their soil,
of their grapes, and their wine, and their olive
yards, but no land but England can boast of their
fat cattle-show."

The object of the trustees of the Massachusetts
Agricnltural Society, is to encourage whatever is
connected with the great staples of" the country—
not to write down one race of cattle and set up
another. Whatever means are at hand, let them
be made use of. But if others and superior, can be
had from abroad, brought home and used to greater
advantage, let us not be too steadfast in our old
habits and practices, lest we should perceive too
late, that we have stood still while others have ad-
vanced. I am yours, JOHN WELLES.

Boston, March 22, 1832.

MOSSY LANDS.

Mr Goodsell — Iu your paper of the 25th ult.
your correspondent, Timothy, inquires what he
shall do to cure mossy lauds. I answer, there are
three ways in which such land may be helped.

1st. If it is occasioned by too much water, and
the land has sufficient descent, then ditching is the
obvious remedy.

2d. If the land lies too low to be cured by
ditching, then I should recommend to cart on a
plentiful dressing of pit-sand and chip-dirt, to be
dropped in alternate teaps, to be spread so as to
raise the sm-face about an inch ; plough it, har-
row it, and seed it anew. But lands of this kind
are sometimes miry, and cannot be ploughed ; in
that 6ase, I should recommend,

3dly. To haul on a plentiful dressing of pit-
sand only. Let it be spread over the surface,
scatter on some timothy and red-toj) grass seed ;
in a few years the sand will subside and the rich
mold below it will rise to the surface, and the land
will be permanently cured of its disposition to be-
come, mossy. If the land be natin-ally dry, and
the grasses merely run out, then simply ploughing
and re-seeding will be sufficient; but where it is
too low and wet, I think jiloughing can afford no
permanent benefit, because the land will in a few
years settle to its former level, bringing with it the
The pren)i- 1 water and moss. Such is the result of my obser-

of all capacities, from coffee pots to steain-boilers,)
a vessel, that may, by slight stays, be kept at
equal distances from the sides and the bottom of
the boiler, and having its rim below the level of
the liquid ; the inner vessel has a hole in \he bot-
tom, about one third of its diameter. On the ap-
plication of the fire to the boiler, the heated liquor
rises in the space between the two vessels, and its
place is supplied by the descent of the column in
the inner vessel, or as Mr Perkins calls this part of
apparatus, the circulator ; for the ascending por-
tion having the space it occujiied supplied by the
descending liquid in the centre, and the level of
the cemre being kept up by the running in of the
heated portion which has risen on the sides, a cir-
culation rapidly begins and continues ; thus bring-
ing into contact with the heated bottom and sides
of the boiler, the coldest portion of the liquid.

By this process, the rapidity of evaporation is
excessive, far exceeding that of any other method
previously known ; whilst the bottom of the boiler
having its acquired heat constantly carried off by
the circulating liquid, never burns out, nor rises
in temperature many degrees above tlie heat of
the liquid. In many manufactures this is a most
important discovery, especially in salt-works
brewers' boilers, and for steam-boilers ; and appli-
ed to our culinary vessels, no careless cook can
burn what she has to dress in a boiler by nedect-
ing to stir it, as the circulation prevents the bottom
of the boiler from ever acquiring heat enough to
do mischief We need hardly add, that this dis-
covery is esteemed by men of science to be one of
the most useful and important of the present day.

Curious fact in the economy of bees. — When two
or three distinct hives are united in autumn, they
are found to consume together scarcely more honey
during the winter, than each of them would have
consumed singly if left separate. In proof of this
remarkable result, the author' states a variety of
experiments to which lie had recourse, and all of
which led uniformly to the same conclusion. And
indeed he shows positively, by a reference to up-
ward^ of thirty hives, six of which hatl their pop-
ulation thus doubled, that the latter do not consume
more provisions during winter than a single hive
does ; and that, so far from the bees suffering from
this, the doubled hives generally send forth the
earliest and best swarms. — jlrc. of Sci.

Those who wish to get good lettuce and tender
radishes, should plant in April the best of seeds,
for they may as well expect a good breed of cat-
tle from the common scrubs, as good vegetables
from bad seed. The earth should be stirred once
in two days at least about radishes, as soon as they
are as large as a goose quill, and they will well
repay the lab^r bestowed upon them. — Genesee
Farmer. "^

350

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May IC, 1832,

Boston, AVednesday Ef ening, May 16, 1832.

MUNIFICENCE.

Admiral Sir Isaac Coffin, Bart, a native of
Massachusetts, now in London, to wlionithis coun-
try luis been oftentimes heretofore indebted for
valuable donations of cattle, horses, &c, presented
through the medium of the Massachusetts Agri-
cultural Society, has recently exhibited new proof
of his patriotism and liberality. He has forward-
ed to Jonathan Witiship, Esq. of Brigliton, Mass.
two large boxes of scarce and estimable plants, in-
cluding several hundreds of the choicest produc-
tions of English gardens. These are accompanied
by a letter, requesting Mr Winship to " please to
accept them as a mark of my regard for my native
land, and respect for you." We wisli this bene-
factor of his country may long continue to enjoy
life, health, and the hajipiness which results from
having contributed to the happiness of others, and
recei\ing the merited acknowledgments of respect
and gratitude, from his fellow citizens ou this side
of the Atlantic.

planting, if it follow sward, to |)revent grub larvie
from destroying it. The same application will
have a similar effect, if applied to the top of jjotato
hills. But neither unleached ashes, nor lime in
its caustic slate, should in any case come in con-
tact with the seed corn or the young plants.

j)letely dry, they are painted over with Verdigris
paint, which entirely preserves them, as it com-
pletely prevents any wet from possibly penetra-
ting." A similar process, no doubt would preserve
wooden in)plements of any kind.

THE SEASON.

Extract from a letter, dated Ketch Mills, Conn, Miiy U, 1833.

Ai)ple and pear trees are now putting forth
blossoms, and appear tolerably promising. Peach
trees have been much killed. Cherries show some
blossoms ; but the winter or something else has
killed and injured very many fruit trees in this
vicinity. Apricots have not blossomed. Vege-
tation lias come forward rapidly within 'three or
four days, and we trust are all putting forth their
foliage. O. E.

To preserve vegetables from degenerating. — Many

persons experience

reat disadvantage from tlie

LIME FOR INDIAN CORN.

Mr Fessende.n — Will you or some of your
correspondents inform me, through the medium
of your paper, the method of applying lime in
growing Indian corn? If placed under the corn
at planting, how much may with safety be placed
under each hill, when slacked ? To this query an
answer is of importance. Or is it better to apply
it at the first or second hoeing ?

In the present volume of the New England
Farmer, pages 186, 187, there is a communieation
from Charles Bugbee, of his methotl of growing
Indian corn, by spreading his manure and placing
in the hill, lime, plaster of Paris, and ashes. He
does not say, but I conclude they were mixed
together, being in the whole thirty bushels.

N. B. As planting time is at the door, an an-
swer is solicited. A FARMER.
May 7, 18:J3.

B;i the Editor. — Mr Bugbee says, " Last spring
I ploughed up a piece of green sward, measuring
about five acres, and prepared it for corn as well
as the means would permit. After ploughing,
thirty loads of manure to the acre were spread
over the ground, and thoroughly mixed with the
earth by the harrow, without disturbing or break-
up the sward. The ground being now prepared,
on the 30th of May I planted my corn. A small
quantity of ashes, lime, and plaster of Paris,
mixed together and prepared for the purpose, was
introduced at the time of planting, or put in the hill.
Of this mixture or composition, there were two
and a half bushels of lime, the like quantity ol'
plaster, and twentytive bushels of ashes, for the
whole five acres."

It should seem, then, that thirty bushels of ma-
nure, probably from the barn-yard, was spread
over the whole surface of five acres; and two and
a half bushels of hme, two and a half bushels of
plaster of Paris, and twentyfive bushels of ashes,
making a mixture of thirty bushels more, was jnit
in the hills. Thus the whole quantity applied
was sixty bushels — thirty from the baru-yard, and
thirty of lime, ashes and plaster, mixed as above.
The farmers of Rensallaer County, New York,
say, that ashes or quick lime ought always to be
applied to the top of a corn-hill immediately after

changing of their garden seeds and other seeds
into a worse kind, or into those of a quite differ-
ent sort. In this way, pumpkins and squashes,
cabbages and turnips, gourds, and even cucumbers
and musk-melons, _ have injured one another, and
produced a mingled sort unfit for use.

To preserve the purity of seeds, the following
rules are recommended : — Never plant gourds near
squashes, lest you make the squashes bitter. Nev-
er plant squashes near pumpkins, lest you cause
both sorts to degenerate. Never place different
sorts of seed cal>bages near each otiier, lest you
create a mixture, nameless and not worth nameing.
Never plant seed turnips near seed cabbages, lest
both should be spoiled. Never plant different
sorts of seed beets, seed radishes, &c, near each
other; and as a general rule, never plant near one
another vegetables which resemble each other in
some respects, but having quahties which should
be kept distinct.

Loudon says, the great art of the seed garden-
er is to grow seeds true to their kind, for which
purpose, one grower must not attempt too many
varieties of the same species ; but he may grow
a number of different species, and of varietjes of
the same species, provided they do not come into
flower at the same time.

..icclimating Plants, or accoihmodating half-
hardy exotics to climates colder tlian those to
which they naturally belong. — II. Groom, in the
Gardener's Magazine, states, that " From the ob-
servations I have made on early-flowering plants
placed against south walls, I am decidedly of opin-
ion, (where the fruit is not the object,) that we are
in an error; and that, instead of being planted
against a south wall with the idea of their receiv-
ing the sun in the winter and spring- months,
thereby forwarding them unduly, all early-flower-
ing plants should be placed against north walls ;
as it must be quite clear to persons acquainted
witli such plants, that the grand object is to retard
their blooming, as much as possible, until the sea-
son is sufficiently advanced to enable them to ex-
pand, without the hability of being destroyed by
frost.

Preserving Seeds, Sfc. — Mr Thomas Short, in
the Hnrticuhural Register, says in substance, su-
gar, salt, and paper have been used for the pur-
pose of preserving seeds, but ha^'e proved insuffi-
cient ; but the following method will answer per-
fectly well : — Let the seeds which are to be pre-
served be immersed in a strong solution of gum
Arabic ; then let them be carefully dried, and
without any further preparation, they will become
perfectly secured against the injurious consequen-
ces of a humid and variable atmosphere, and not
subject to mildew, and therefore enabled to retain
their vitality after the most protracted voyage.

Roofs of Buildings. — It is stated in Brewster's
Journal, that Zinc, rolled into large plates, is now
a good deal employed as a substitute for lead and
slates, in the roofing of buildings, both iii Britain
and on the Continent. The great advantage of
these plates of lead, is their lightness, being only
one sixth part of the weight of lead. They do not
rust, which is another great advantage, and has led
to the employment of zine pipes, both for cold and
hot water.

To preserve Hood from decay. — W. Claughtou,
of Chesterfield, Eug. gives the following method
of rendering garden sticks secure from rotting: —
" First, they are made of red deal, they are then
placed in a situation in which they become very
dry ; when in this condition they are soaked in a
quantity of linseed oil, allowing them to remain in
it some time ; when removed from this they are
again dried for a week or two, or at least as long
as is necessary to dry up all moisture occasioned
by the soaking in of the oil. When they are com-

jT/ie IVeevil. — Salt is said to be a complete pre-
ventative against the destruction of wheat by the
weevil. Mix a pint of salt with a barrel of wheat,
or put the grain in old salt barrels, and the weevil
will not attack it. In stacking wheat, four or five
quarts of salt to every hundred sheaves, sprinkled
among them, will entirely secure them from the
depredations of this insect and render the straw

more valuable as food for cattle Horticultural

Register.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

Mr Ilovey, of Cambridge, exhibited the follow-
ing fine Hyacinths, on Saturday, May 12, 1832: —

Don Gratuit, (white.)

Gold of Ophir, (yellow.)

La Bien Aimee, (blue.)

Staaten General, (single blue.)

Lord Wellington, (single red.)

Velout Poupre, (dark blue.)
The following letter was received from General

Wingate, and the scions of pear, (the fruit of

which was exhibited last season,) distributed among
the members of the Society.

PuETLAND, May7, !832.

Dear Sir — Accompanying tliis, I have sent a
small bundle of scions from the pear trees of Mr
William McLaughlin, of Scarborough. Some of
the fruit of the trees from which these scions were
taken, was exhibited last autumn at the rooms of I
the Horticultural Soc'ety in Boston. You will I
please to i)rescnt these scions to the Society, for '
the purpose of being distributed ainbng its mem-
bers. I am, very respectfullv, vour ob'tserv't,,
J. WINGATE, Jb.

Mr Zeeedee Cook, Ja,

Vol. X.— No. 44.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

351

Young Barefoot.

THIS very hanilsoiiie Colt, just three years nld, (wa*
the first colt ever got. in America, by the truly cele-
brated full Iilood horse Barefoot, «ent fiom England by
Sir Isaac Collin,) was raised by John Prince, Esq. at Ja-
maica Plain, near Bo-ton, out of a large and superior
mare of American breed. He is a beautiful dark bay,
with black mane and tail, and is considered an animal of
great promise. He will be kept lor the u^ujl season at
the stable in fJriihton, where Barefoot and Cleaveland
have heretofoie stood.

Terms — Ij!l2 — to be paid before the mare is taken
away ; and should the mare not prove to be in loal, the
money will be returned. Pasturage can be fuiiiislied for
mares, they to be, however, at the ri-k of the owners.
JOHN PARKINSON.

Brighton, May 16, 1832.

Garden Compound,

For the preserv.'itioji of Peach and other Fruit Trees.

This is thought to he an infjllible preservative of the
Peach, Plum, and other fruit trees, from the destructive
worms and insects which in the spring atlack and de-
stroy the vitality of the tree. By a proper application o(
the compound, insects will not deposit their eggs in the
bark. This article will not harden in the sun, but re-
main liquid lor several months, in this respect it is vastly
superior to any other composition in use.

Prepared and sold, wholesale and retail, by John M.
Ives, Salem; and John B. Russell, No. 50.^ North
Market Street, Boston.

Price, 3.3 cents per bottle, with directions for its use.

May 16, 1S32.

Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse.No.SOJ North
Market Sti eet, Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel lor escava-
ting or leveling dirt.

This may certify that I have been using Shadrach Da-
vis, Jr.'s patented Scraper, and am fully satisfied that it is
much better than any other scraper of ihe kind, for dig
ging and clearing cellars, that I have before used or seen.

Fairhaven, July 12, 1831. Ansel VVhite.

This may certify that 1 have used Shadrach Davis, Jr.'s
patent Scraper on the roads in this town, and find it a
machine superior to any other I ever used before, for re-
moving earth ; and would hereby recommend it to public
patronage. Levi Shawe.

New Bedfoid, Aug. 22, 1831.

Conqueror.

THE entire horse Conqueror will stand the ensuing
season at the Ten Hills Stock farm in Charleslown, two
and a half miles fionr Huston, at ten dollars, to insure a
mare in foal, secured by a note at ten months, to he valid
and payable in case the mare ^>roves to have been in foal,
and one dollar to the groom at the time of covering.

Conqueror was bred near Montreal (Canada) foaled in
May, 1825, and sired by a noted Normandy horse out of a
blood Mare — he is rising 15 hands high and remarkably
■well grown, combining great power, generous spirits,
1 good action, very docile in his temper, and of that hardy
i color, iron gray. This horse has taken three premiums
' in Canada, as the best horse in that country. He has
probably as mucti, or more than any other horse now liv-
ing, of the strains of blood so well known in N. E. by the
name of " the Morgan breed" — froin the best accounts
; the original Morgan horse was made up of the same
I strains ol blood as Conqueror. Conqueror has proved a

sure foal-getter, and is recommended to the public bv
'< SAML. JAQUES.

The full blood horse Sportsman al-o stands as above —
(' for pedigree see late Nos. of the Farmer. May 16.

Pickering's Tree or Caterpillar Brushes.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No 50^ North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Brushes. —
This article, (which is likely to be in sreater demand this
•season, than for many previous years,) will be constantly
for sale as above, made of the best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for the purpose
of any now in use. May 16.

Millet.

A liberal price will be paid at Ihe Agricultural Ware-
house, Boston, for 50 bushels of fresh, clean Millet, for
seed. May 16.

Sylva Americana.

JUST published, and for sale by J. B. Russell, Nos.
Stand 52 North iViarket Street, Si/Iva Jlmericana, o\- a
descriplion of the Forest Trees indigenous to the United
Slates, pi actically and botanically considered. Illustra-
ted by more than one hundred engravings. By D. J.
Browne. Price $:i,50. May 16.

Gentleman's Pocket-farrier.

THE Gentleman's I'ocket-iaiiier, shewing how to use
your Horse on a journey, and what remedies are proper
lor common accidenls that may happen on the road. By
F. TuFFNEi.L, Veterinary burgeon. The remedies this
little tr:ict presc'ibes are simple and easily oblaiiied, and
never lail of a cure where the disorder is curable ; there-
lore no man who values his horse should presume to
travel without it. For sale by J B. RUSSELL at the
New Englimd Seed Store, Norih Market Street. Price
15 cents. May 9, 1832.

Grape Vines.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Encrland Farmer, 5114 North Market Street :

Fine large Vines of the Isabella (purple) ; Winne
(dark purple); Alexander, (black) ; and (/atawba (red)
Grape, with good roots, packed in moss, for transporta
tion any distance, all hardy and productive sorts — price
5U cents each. April 4.

Flower Seeds, $1 per Package.

FOR Sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50^ North Mai ket sireet,

Packages^f the most showy and rare varieties of Flow-
er Seeds, containing IS varieties, among which are.
Ten Weeks Stock Gilhflower.
Sensitive Plant.
Me.xican Blue Ageratum.
Forget- me-Not.
Ice Plant.

Meeant Coreopsis, &c. &c.
With directions for their culture. Each sort is label-
led with its Engli^h and botanical name, its native coun-
try, and mode of culture. Price $1 for the 18 sorts.

For Sale.

A half blood Durham Short-horn Cow, eight years old,
with Calf by a full blooded bull of the same breed. Her
calves have been large and uncommonly fine animals.
CHARLES E. NORTON.

South Berwick, Me. April 25, 1832.

Jllangold Wurtzel, Sugar Beet, &c.

Just received at the New England Seed store, 50^
North Market sireet, by J B. Russell,

100 lbs. Large Mangold Wurtzel, of Ihe very first qua-
lity. 100 lbs. French Yellow Sugar Beet, imported di-
rect from France. 100 lbs. Ruta Baga, of the first
qualily, European growth ; 100 lbs. large White
Flat English Field Turnip : 150 lbs. Short Top
Scarlet Radish, of English growth — very early, and of
deep scarlet color. March 28.

Wool.
JAMES VILA, Wool Broker and Commission Jler-
chant, Nos. 3 and 4, Phillips' Buildings, has lor sale a
general assortment of

Russian, Saxony Lambs,

Smyrna, do. Sheep,

Jutland, Buenos Ayres,

Also, a large assoitment of Domestic Fleece, Sorted and

Pulled Wools.

Cast Steel Scythes.

JUST received, a few dozen of exlra Cast Steel
Scythes, which were highly appioved of the last season.
Likewise, a few dozen of Cass' and Baker's Patent Scythe
Smiths, the most approved article now in use.

J. N. NEWELL,

April 11. No. 51 and 52 N. Mar. St.

liCad Pipe and Sheet Lead.

LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimen-
sions, constantly foi sale at No 110 Stale sireet, by

ALBERT FEARINti k CO

Nnttall's Ornithology.

JUST received by J. B. Russell, No. 50 1-2 North
Market Street, Boston—

A Manual of the Ornithology of the United States and
ofCanada. By Thomas Nuttall, A. M., F. L. S. ; with
53 engravings. Price $3,50. Jan. 18.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first .sort,

pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northei-n, .

Corn, Southern yellow,

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay,

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st qiiaUty,

Lime,

Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Hei-d's Grass,

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, fiill blood, washed.

Merino, nux'd with Saxony,

Merino, i|ths, washed, .

Merino, half blood,

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

J. ("Pulled superfine,

3 -a I 1st Lambs, . .

f^i'M, " . .

|g.!3<>. " • •

^ List Spinning, . .
Southern pulled Woo\ is about 5 cents less.

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail, . . . '
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

FROM

barrel

4r)0

ton

105 00

"

112 00

bushel

911

barrel

10 00

"

8 00

"

8 00

pound

18
8

bushel

1 12

bai-rel

5 75

"

6 25

"

5 25

"

5 25

bushel

61

55

"

85

'•

87

'<

48

cwt.

65

"

9 00

"

22 00

cask

1 20

ton

3 50

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

12 75

bushel

3 00

"

87

pound
cwt.

12

8 50

pound

48
55

«

44

"

42

<i

38l

'■

36

'.

56

>•

46

■ '

38

"

2S

"

45

5 00

108 00

15 00

1 00

11 50

8 50

9 00

20

9

3

1 50

6 00

6 50

5 50

5 50

63

58

90

100

50

70

9 25

23

1 as

3 75

17 00

14 00

13 00

3 50

1 00

13

8 75

50

65

45

44

40

38

58

48

40

M

A RK ET.

pound

10
8
6
6
4
9
20
25

dozen

12

bushel

50

barrel

4 00

28
14

1 00
75
75

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, May 14, 1832.

Reported for tlie Daily Advertiser and P.rtriot.

At Market this day 251 Beef Cattle, 8 paiis Working
Oxen, 26 Cows and Calves, 14 Sheep, and 145 Swine.

Prices. Beef Cattle — The market today for Beef was
ralher quicker, and perhaps a little better. We quote
extra at $fl a 6,25; prime at 6; good at 5,75; thin at 5
a 5,50.

JVorliing Oxen. — Several sales were elTected, but we
could not obtain the price.

Coivf and Calves. — We noticed sales at $19,21,22,
23, 25, 29, and 30.

Sheep. — Those at market were a lot of fine cosset weth-
ers, and were taken at about $9 each.

S«'!"e— Prices continue high. A lot of 67 fat hogs
were taken at $4,60 per hundred; 5 3-4 c was refused
for a small lot of shoals, half barrows. A few were re-
tailed at 6 c for sows and 7 c for barrows.

J\'ew Vnrk Cattle .Market, May II. — 800 head of
Beef Cattle in market this week, and all sold quick ; av-
eraee $7 ; we quote $6 to 8 ; we did not hear of any
selling over 8. Sheep and Lari.bs quite scarce — sales of
sheep sheared 2,50 a 5 ; lambs 2,50 a 4. Swine, sales at
4 a 4 \-4.— Daily Jldv.

U3=ln the N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without Weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

352

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May IG, 1832.

M I S C E I^ L, A N Y .

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

THE BIRDS.

Of all the inexcusable wantonness of men and
boys, that manifested in the destriictioa of the
various beaiitifnl birds which visit us in this de-
lightful season, is the most unaccountable. Who
can look upon them with pain ? To w hom can they
be oftcnsive ? Whom do they injure ? On the
contrary, wlio can behold them perclied upon the
trees, or winjjing their way from garden to grove
and slirub to flower, without inexpressible emo
tions of delight ? What ear attuned to harmony is
not charmed with their simple melody ? and who
that can enjoy a walk or a ride in town or coun-
try, or that has a taste for beauty and happiness,
can feel unwilling to see our trees and gardens
animated with the presence of these gentle visiters.'
Why then hunt and destroy them? Why should
it be allowed to kill them at any season ?

If they could be protected for two or three
years, they would become so numerous as to de-
stroy all oiu- most injurious insects, and in that
way greatly benefit the community, by increasing
the quantity and improving the quality of our fruh.
They would also become much more tame, and
would approach more nearly to our dwell-
ings and public walks. How enclianting would
out rural shades be rendered thereby ; and how
happy would those nnirderous boys be made, to
see them playing around our malls and alighting
on every shrub in town or country.

Do, Mr Fcssenden, implore the boys, young and
old, to obey the dictates of taste, sense and inter
est, and desist from the further destruction of those
amiable songsters. JULIA

return to its first position, the knapsack was pierc-
ed two or three inches deep, and remained hang-
ing upon the nails and knife blades. It is remark-
able, that the barbarians had the wickedness to
call these instruments of torture '-Sladre Dolorosa"
— not the deeply afflicted, pain-enduring; but by
a play on words, the "pain-giving — Mother of God!

SPANISH INQUISITIOX.

When Gen. Lasalle entered Toledo, he imme-
diately visited the palace of the Inquisition. The
great number of the instruments of torture, espe-
cially the instrument to stretch the lindis, the drop
baths (already known) .which cause a lingering
death, excited horror even in the minds of soldiers
hardened in the field of battle. Only one of these
instruments, (singular of its kind, for refined tor-
ture, disgraceful to reason and religion in the
choice of its object,) seems to deserve a particular
description. In a subterraneous vault, adjoining
a secret audience chamber, stood in a recess in the
wall, a wooden statue made by the hands of the
Monks, representing, (who would believe it?) the
Virgin Mary! A gilded glory beamed round li, r
head, and she held a standard in her right hand.
It immediately struck the spectator, notwitlistand-
ing the silk garments which fell in ample folds
from the shoulders on both sides, that she wore a
breast plate. Upon a closer examination it ap-
peared, that the whole front of the body was cov-
ered with e.xtremely sharp nails and small blades
of knives, with the points projecting outwards. —
One of the servants of the Inquisition, who was
present, was ordered by the General to make the
machine manauvre, as he expressed himself.

As the statue extended its arms and gradually
drew them back, as if she would afiectionately
press somebody to her heart, the well filled knap-
sack of a Polish grenadier supplied for this time
the place of.the victim. The statue pressed it
closer and closer, and when, at the command of
the General, the director made it open its arms and

Ifhitewashing. — It is a very common practice to
whitewash rooms, walls and fences, with simple
lime and water. The result is, that a touch brings
it off upon the hands or clothes, and a few succes-
sive rains leave almost bare the materials upon
which it has been laid, and which are exposed to
the weather. On in-door work, a littl'glue will
fix it so that it will not easily rub oft" nor whiten
the press that happens to come in contact with it.
Out of doors, glue alone will not answer ; skim-
med milk is probably the cheapest and best ingre-
dient that can be easily procured. Those who
put on whitewash without anything of this kind to
retain it, act on the same principle as if they should
fill a sieve with water, or cover a house whh
boards without nailing them. — Lynn Messenger.

To promote the growth of </-cts.— Some separate
the dry bark of fruit and forest trees, tb promote
their growth and prevent the bark binding too
much. This disfigures the tree, making seams in
the trunk, and makes it grow in angles. The best
way is, when the sap is forced up by warmth of
spring, to scrape off all the scaly particles of the
dead bark, and wash the trees repeatedly during
the week with soap-suds, &c. Trees of consider-
able age will then have a youthful appearance,
be more thrifty ; and in case of fruit trees, the
fruit will make more cider than that grown on
scurvy moss-grown trees.

Put cinders, bones, stones, about the roots of
pear trees; it will increase their growth one ihir
and save them from blight. — Genesee Farmer.

Moras Multicaulis.

FOR Sale tit the Seed store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50.^ North Market street :

A iew very fine and vigorous plants of the celebrated
C'liincse Mulbeiry. so valuable lor Silk woi'ins, original-
ly iVoin the elevated regions of China — an<l introduced
into Fiaiice from the Phillippiiie Islands a few years
since. These plants now ofl"ered for sale, have been re-
ceiviul direct this spring from Paris, and were selected
by Mons. .Andre Michaux, author of the North American
Svlva, and are much larger than any that have hereto-
lore been offered here. Packed in moss separately for
transportation, — price 1 dollar each. A particular account
of this tree by fien. Dearborn, will be found in the New
England Farmer, vol. ix. page 28. April 11.

Tall Meadow Oats Grass, &c.

THIS day rdcetved at the New England Seed Store,
50A North Market street, by .1. 15. Russell :

A fresh supply of Tall Meadow Oats Grass Seed, so
valuable on thin soils for either a hay crop or for grazing.
Col. Taylor, a distinguished farmer, says of it, " It is
the hardiest grass I have ever seen ; and bears drought
and frost, and heat and cold, better than any I have ever
cultivated. It keeps possession of the ground in spite of
seveie grazing. It furnishes better grazing early in the
spring, late in the fall, and in drought, than any grass
known to me; and if cut before the seed ripens, its hay
is .as pHasant and nutritive to slock, as any grass known
to me." — See also the opinion of Mr. Phinney, a most
judicious farmer, in the New England Farmer, vol. vii.
page 300.

Also, — Lucerne Orchard Grass, White and Red CJpver,
Fowl Mead.jw, Barley ,Buck Wheat, Spring Rye, Spring
Wheat, Broom Corn, Seed Corn, &.c. Rlarcli 28.

New Americau Gardener,— sixth edition.

This day published by J. B. Russell and Carter &
HciHlee :

Tbe New American Gardener, a treatise on the culture
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Strawber-
ries, Asparagus, &c. &c. By T. G. Fc.ssenden, assisted
by several gentlemen. Sixth edition. Price $\ 00. —
This we think may be considered the most popular and
practical work on Gardening, e.\tant. March 28.

Love, Laic and Physic. — In London, last Feb-
ruary, a young woman was brought l<efore tl
police by William Buntline, a sailor, lately paiil oft'
from a British man-of-war on the South American
station, who charged her with .stealing a sove-
reign from him. Bill stated, that he had wriitt n
letters to her and intended to make her his wife,
but was sorry to find on his return that her fame
was not very fair. This he did not mind so much
as that she was a drunkard, and on his first meeting
urged him to treat. They had half a j)int of rum
between them, and when he laid a sovereign on
the counter to pay for the same, she seized it and
put it into her mouth, as if to swallow it. She
refused to disgorge, and he took her in his arms
to carry her to an apothecary to have an emetic
administered! She struggled violently in the
street, which drew a gretit crowd of persons, who
thought she had been seized with the true Asiatic
Cholera, especially as the sailor was taking her
into an apothecary's shop. Arrived there, the
man of physic refused Itisaid in the case, and Bill
had to take her to the Police, where on search,
secundum artem, the sovereign was found under
the lady's tongue. — Boston Patriot.

Pride breakfasted with plenty, dined with pov-
erty, and supped with infainy.

Pride is as loud a beggar as want, and a great
deal more saucy.

Lying rides on debt's back.

Prince's Fomological Manual.

The second volume of this work is now ready for deli-
very, and the third volume is nearly completed.

These three volumes contain all the Orchard and Gar-
den Fruits described by Duhamel, and other French
writers of high authority, and also all that are described
in the iransacti ns of the London Horticultural Society,
the Foinological Maga/.ine, the Pyrus Mulus Brentfordi-
nsis, and Lindley's Guide to the Orchard and Kitchen
G.irden, as well as the numerous choice varieties which
have originated in our own country. In the preface to
Vol. II. the "Introduction" given by iVIr Lhidley has
been iiiscrted entire, andgreat care has been taken, in
republishing his descriptions ol Fruits, to extend the sy-
nonyina;, ard to correct the errors which exist.

WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS.

Flushing, Feb. 21,1832. 2t.

Published everv Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
nablc at the end of the year — but those who pay within
xty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction of fit>y cents.

[p=^ No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Ri-ssell, by L R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printini; received by J. B.
KfssF.LL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, JNo.52, Worth
JIarket Street.

AGENTS.

New York — G. Thorburn »V Sons, 67 Liberty-street.
Albany — \Vm. Thoreuun,347 Market-street.
PhiladdjMa — D. & C Lanoketh, CO Chestnut-street
Ballimore — G. B. SjirrH, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Pakkhurst, 23 Lower Market-street,
FlusMiig.N. Y. Wm. Prince & Sons, Prop. Lin.Bot.Garden
Middlehurij, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Sprin/r field, Ms. — E. Euwakds.
N''V'l'unii'ort. — I'l ENEZER Stediwan, Bookseller.
I'ortsmoiUh. N. H —J. W. Foster, Boukscller.
Portland, Me. — Samuel Colman, Bookseller.

I' A'gnsta. Me. — Wm. Makn.
Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office
Montreal, L. 0. — Henky Hillock.

NEW ENGIiA]\D FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 23, 1832.

NO. 46.

Horticulture.

CABBAGE.

By the Editor.

lirassica oleracea capitata. — Among the varie-
ties of the cabbage, which liave been introduced
into tiiis country, the following ate enumerated in
Mr Russell's catalogue: —

Early Salisbury dwarf, Late Sugarloaf,
Early \ ork, Lareje Scotch, for cattle,

Early Dutch, Green globe Savoy,

Early Suiiarloaf, Red Dutch, for pickling.

Early London Battersea, Large C.ipe Savoy,
Large Bergen, or great A- Yellow Savoy,
Early Kinperor, [luerican. Early Wellington,
Large late Diumbead, Late Imperial.

Soil and Situation. — Every variety of cabbage
grows best in a strong, rich, substantial .soil, inclin-
ing rather to clay than sand ; but will grow in any
soil if it bo well worked and abundantly manured
with well-rotted dung. But, according to Loudon,
"the soil for seedlings should be ligbt, and, except-
ing for early sowings, not rich. Where market
gardeners raise great quantities of seedling cabba-
ges to stand the winter, and to be sold for trans-
planting in the spring, they choose in general the
poorest and stiffestiand they have got ; more es-
pecially in Scotland, where large autunmal sowings
of winter drumhead and round Scotch, are annu-
ally made, and where the stift'ncss of tbe soil gives
a peculiar firmness of texture and hardiness of
constitution to the plants, and prevents their being
thrown out of the soil during the thaws which suc-
ceed a fiosty winter. Transplanted cabbages re-
quire a rich mold, rather clayey than sandy ; and
as Neill and Nicol observe, it can scarcely be too
much inaiiui-ed, as they are an exhausting crop.
Autumnal ])lantations, intended to stand the win-
ter, should have a dry soil well dug and manured
and of a favorable aspect. The cabbage, whether
in the seed-bed or final plantation, ever requires an
open situation. Under the drip of trees, or in the
«hade, seedlings are drawn up weak, and grown
crops are meager, worm-eaten and ill-favored.

Sowing cabbage seed. — M'Mahon says, "The
proper period for sowing cabbage in the Middle
States, to produce early summer cabbages, is be-
tween the sixth and tenth of September, if intend-
ed to be transplanted into frames in October for
winter protection, which is the preferable method ;
but if they are designed to remain in the seed-beds
till spring, the period is between the fifteenth and
twentieth. However, it will be very proper to
make two or three sowings within that time, as it
is impossible to say whether the fall may be favor-
able or otherwise, and therefore the better way is
to be prepared in either case by successive crops.
"Tbe consequence of having cro]>s too early is,
that they are subject to run to seed in the spring
Boon after being planted out ; and if the seeds are
so^vii too late, the plants do not acquire sufiicicnt
atrength before winter to withstand its rigor,
without extraordinary care. But in either case
there is a remedy ; that is, if the plants are likely
to become too luxuriant and strong, transplant them
once or twice in October, and if too backward and
weakly, make a slight hot-bed towards the latter
end of that month, and prick them out of the seed-
bed thereon ; this will forward them considerably."

Mr M'Mahon thinks, that in the Eastern St.ites,
the fore part of September will be a suitalde time
to sow cabbages intended to be grown the succeed-
ing summer. The seeds should be covered about
a quarter of an inch, and if the weather prove dry
should be watered occasionally in the evening, till
they come up. According to Abercrombie's seed
estimate, " for a seed-bed to raise early York and
similar v(rieties, four feet wide by twenty in
length," two ounces will be recjuired ; for a seed-
bed to raise the large sugarloaf and other luxuriant
growers, four feet by thirtysix in length, two
ounces. The same writer directs to " sow at three
different seasons, that is, spring, summer and au-
tumn, and cover from an eighth to a quarter of an
inch. Under a deficiency of winter-standing
young plants for final transplanting in the spring,
or in order to have some spring-sown plants as
forward as possible, a moderate portion of some
best early sorts may be sown between the middle
of February and the middle of March, in a slight
hot-bed or frame, to nurture the plants till the
leaves are an inch or two in length. Then prick
them into intermediate beds in the open garden,
there to gain strength for final transplanting."

Planting in JVeto England. — " Some drop the
seeds where the cabbages are to grow. By this
they escape being stinted by transplanting; for win-
ter cabbages, the latter part of May is early enough
to put the seed into the ground, whether the plants
are to be removed or not. I have tried both ways,
^nd, on the whole, I prefer transplanting. They
are otherwise apt to be too tall and to have corked
stems. Covering plants with leaves is not a good
practice. They will be nuich heated through
some sorts of leaves, the free circulation of air
about them will be prevented, and their perspira-
tion partly obstructed. If a liot sun cause them to
droop, a shingle, stuck into the ground, will be
sufficient shelter, if it be on the south side of the
plants. I commonly allow each plant two shin-
gles, one on the southeast side, and one on the
southwest, meeting at the south corner." — Deane.
The act of planting should be performed care-
fully. Holes of sufficient depth and width, should
be dibbled, for the smaller sorts of cabbages, at the
distance of two feet and a half, and for the larger
sort of three feet every way. In these the earth
should be placed up to the lower leaves, and
brought closely about the roots, which is best
done by pusliing down the dibber, at a small an-
gle with the plant, and then bringing it up to it
with a jerk. This leaves no chambering, (as the
gardeners call it,) no vacancy between the plant
and the soil.

" The state of the weather when these opera-
tions are pei formed, is not a matter of indifference,
and has been a subject of controversy ; some re-
commending dry weather, others wet. Afe in
many other cases of disputation, the truth lies be-
tween them ; that is, moist weather is neither dry
nor wet, and is precisely that which is best for set-
ting out cabbages, or any other vegetable. We
ought not, however, to wait long for even this most
favorable state of the atmosphere, since, with a little
labor, we have the means of making up for its ab-
sence."— Armstrong,

"Dig the plants uj), that is, loosen the ground
under them wilh a spade, to prevent their being
stripped too tnuch of their roots. Tbe setting stick
should be the under part of a spade or shovel
handle. The eye of the spade is the handle of
the stick. From the bottom of the eye to the
point of the stick, should be about nine inches in
length. The stick should not be tapering, but
nearly of equal thickness all the way down to with-
in an inch and a half of the point, where it must
be tapered off to the point. If the wood be cut
away, all round, to the thickness of a dollar, and
iron put round in its stead, it makes a very com-
plete tool. The iron becomes bright and the earth
does not adhere to it as it does to wood. Having
the plant in one hand and the stick iu the other,
malje a hole suitable to the root that it is to receive.
Put in the root in such a way, that the earth, when
pressed' in, will be on a level with the butt-ends of
the lower or outer leaves of tbe plant. Let the
plant be rather higher than lower than this ; for
care must be taken not to put the jdant so low as
for the earth to fall or be washed into the heart of
the plant, nor even into the inside of the bottom
leaves. The stem of a cabbage, and the stems of
all the cabbage kind, send out roots from all the
parts of them that are put beneath the surface of
the ground. It is good, therefore, to plant as deep
as you can without injury to tlie leaves. The
next consideration is, the fastening of the plant in
the ground. The hole is made deeper than the
length of the root, but the root should not be bent
at the point,' if -it can be avoided. Then, while
one hand holds the plant with its root in the hole,
the other hand applies the setting stick to the
earth on one side of the hole, the slick being held
such a way as to form a sharp triangle with the
plant. Then, pushing the stick down so that its
point go a little deeper than the point of the root,
and giving it a little twist, it presses the earth
against the point or bottom of the root. And thus
all is safe, and the plant is sure to grow." — Cobbetl.
After-culture. — Little more is necessary than to
stir the ground pretty frequently, and keep it clear
of weeds. It is recommended to hoe the ground
while the dew is on, once a week, till they begin
to head.

Diseases and Insects.— Cabbages are liable to a
disease in the roots, in which they become swelled
and knobby, and the plants of weak and imjjerfect
growth. This disorder is called stump foot, fum-
ble foot, &c. It has been supposed to be caused
by the attacks of grubs, below the surface of the
ground ; and the disorder is said to be chiefly prev-
alent where the same sort of cabbages have been
raised on the same ground, several years iu suc-
cession. Lovett Peters, Esq. of Weslborough,Mass.
says, the cause of the stump foot is in the soil : —
" Few pieces of land, I believe, that have been for
several successive years under the plough, will
produce a good crop of cabbages, though there
may be exceptions. My method of raising them,
which I have practised for several years with com-
plete success, is the following : In the spring,
take a piece of green sward of a good soil and
free from stones, and turn it over with the plough
as flat as possible ; then spread on a large quantity

354

NKW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 23, 1833.

of good iiiaiuire ; if it lias been previously mixed stantly kill them. To get rid of tlie aphides or
with leached ashes, the belter. Then harrow greatly cabbage lice, watering the plants with soap-suds
and early in June ; if for winter cabbage, cut holes or a solution of salt in water, (not too strong, lest
throngli the turf, with a hoe, as near together as it kill the plants,) is said to be efficient,
the cabbages ought to grow ; fill the holes with I Use.— The culinary uses of the cabbage are too
fine earthand manure, and then set the plants, or well known to need description or recapitulation,
put in a small number of seed. I prefer the latter. If they grow near a yard where cattle are kept,
however,* since it saves the labor of setting and is the under leaves, when they begin to decay, may
jiuich more surer of success, if it happens to be a be stripped off and given them. The plants will
time of drought. They will need no more hoeing, not be injured, and they are excellent food for cat-
tlian is necessary to keep down the weeds. In tie, and will much increase the milk of cows ; but
this way, I have raised cabbages of the largest size j the least decayed alone should be given to cows, lest
in a green sward potato field, without more hoeing they give the milk a bad taste. Muchaccount ismade
than^was necessary for the potatoes." of cabbages in England, for feeding cattle in the

Cabbage plants are liable to he attacked by a winter; but the difficulty of preservin"theni ren-
gnib or black worm, in the night, which eats off! ders them less valuable for that purpose with us.

the stalks just above the ground, and buries itself
in the ground as soon as the sun rises. Dr Deane
observed, that a little circle of lime or rock-weed
round the plant, will preserve it, and recommends
digging for the worm near the pla(-e which shows
the marks of its ravages, and destroying it. Scald-
ing the hills with boiling water aud then inclOsing
them with boards, hark, or shingles, would be an
eflectnal but troublesome mode of guarding against
worms. The " Economical Journal of France "
gives the following method, which, it states, is in-
fallible, to guard against not only caterpillars, but
all other insects' which infest cabbages or other
vegetables : Sow with hemp all the borders of
the ground where the cabbage is planted ; and,
although the neighborhood be infested with cater-
pillars, the place inclosed with hemp will he per-
fectly free, and not one of the vermin will approach
it. Watering the plants with water wlii<-li had
been poured boiling hot on elder leaves, or walnut
leaves, and suffered to stand till cool, has been le-
commcnded. The following mixture is also said
to be a preservative against all kinds of insects : —
Take a pound and three quarters of soap, the same
quantity of flour of sulphur, two pounds of puff
balls, and fifteen gallons of water ; when the whole
has been well mixed by the aid of a gentle heat,
sprinkle the insects with the liquor, and it will iu-

* Cultivators do hot agree on the subject of transplant-
ing cabbage plants, or sowing the seeds in the spots
where the plants arc to grow. Dr Deane, as has appear-
6*1 abjve, alter haviug tried both methods, ^ave the pre-
ference to transpl jntiiii^. Mr Peters, vve have seen, pre-
fers the other mode. Mr Bordley relates an experiment
in which he " compared cabbages transplanted with others
not once moved. The unmoved grew, and were betie
than the moved." Mr Cobbeit says, " to have fine cab-
bages of any sort, they must be twice transplanted. First.
they sliould be taken from the seed-bed, (where Ihey
have been sown in beds near to each other.) and put into
fresh-dug, well-broken ground, at six inches apart ev
way. Tliis is called pricking out. By standing 1
about fifteen or twenty days, they get straight, and staml
strong, erect, and have a straight and stout stem. Out of
this plantation they come all of a size; the toots of all
in the same state, and they strike quicker into the ground
■where they stand fur a crop.'* According to Rees' Cy
clopedia, it was the practice of the .celebrated Bakew"ll
and other cultivators who followed his example, to dril
cabbage seed where the plants where tol-emain. Per-
haps there would be no necessity of 'ranspl.tnting cabba-
ges, in order to make the stents " straight and stout," ac-
cording to Mr Cobbc'tt's directions, if the plants were not
oriaiinally sown loo thick, or were properh' thinned at an
early period of their growth. An English writer says,
" Much injury frequently arises to young cabbace plants
from the seed being sown too thick ; care should there-
fore be taken to have them properly thirmed out, when
ever they come up in too thick a manner. Probably, if
the plants were sown in the hills in which they are in-
tended to grow lor a crop, ami thinned out in due season,
they would jroi* as straight and stout as if they had been
fie7eral times transplanted."

Cabbages are also eaten by swine and horses, and
are thought to be excellent food for ewes that have
newly dropped their lambs, and for calves.

Preserving cabbages. — Mr M'Mahon recommends
the following method for preserving cabbages for
winter and spring use: " Imtnediately previous
to the setting in of hard frost, take up your cabba-
es and Savoys, observing to do it in a dry day ;
turn their tops downward and let them remain so
for a few hours, to drain off any water that may
be lodged between their leaves ; then make choice
of a ridge of dry earth, in a well-sheltered, warm
exposure, and plant them down to their beads
therein, close to one another, having previously
taken off some of their loose, hanging leaves, tm-
mediately erect over them a low, temporary shed,
of any kind that will keep thorn perfectly free from
wet, which is to be open at both ends, to admit a
current of air, in mild dry weather. These ends
are to be closed with straw when the weather is
very severe. In this situation, your cabbages will
keep in a high state of preservation till spring ; f^r
being kept jx-rfectly free from wet, as well as from
the action of the sun, the frost will have little or
no effect upon them. In such a place, the heads
may be cut off as wanted, and if frozen, soak them
in spring, well, or pump water, for a few horns
previous to their being cooked, which will dissolve
the frost and extract any disagreeable taste occa-
sioned thereby."

The ])rincipal gardener in the Shaker esttiblish-
ment, in New Libanon, Columbia cottnty, N. Y.
directs not to pull up cabbages in autumn, till there
is danger of their freezing too fast in the ground
to be got np. If there happens an early snow,
it will not injtire them. When they are removed
from the garden, they should be set out again in a
trench dug in the bottom of a cellar. If the cellar
is pretty cool, it will be the better."

The London Monthly Magazine give the follow-
ing method, by which cabbages may be preserved
on board shi[)S, &lc: "The cabbage is cut so as
to leave aliout two inches or more of the stem at-
tached to it ; after which, the pith is scooped out
to about the depth of an inch, care being taken not
to bruise the rind by this operation. The cabba-
ges then are susjiended by means of a cord, tied
round that portion of the stem next to the cabbage,
and fastened at regular intervals to a rope across
the deck. That portion of the stem from which
the pith is taken, being uppermost, is regidarly
filled with water."

To save cabbage seed. — "The raising of the seed
of the different sorts of cabbage," Neill observes,
affords employment to many persons in various
parts of England. It is well known, that no plants
are more liable to be spoiled by cross breeds than

the cabbage tribe, unless the plants of any partic-
ular variety, when in flower, be kept at a verj
considerable rlistance froiri any other ; also it) flow-
er, bees are extremely apt to carry the pollen of
the one to the other, and produce confitsion in the
progeny. Market gardeners and many piivate iu-
diviikials raise seed for their own use. Some of
the bamlsouiest cabbages of the diflennt sorts are
dug up in autumn, and sunk in the grotmd to the
head ; early next summer a flower stem appears^
which is followed by abundance of seed. A few
the soundest aud healthiest cabbage-stalks, furnish-
ed with sprouts, answer the same end. When tha
seed has been well ripened and dried, it will keep
for six or eight years. It is mentioned by Kastien,
that the seed-growers of Aubervillcrs have learned
by experience, that seed gathered from the middls
flower-stem produces ]ilants, which will he fit foi
use a fortnight earlier than those from the seed ol
the lateral flower stem ; this may deserve the at-
tention of the watchful gardener, and assist him in
regulnting his successive crops of the same kind
of cabbage." — Loitdon.

Field culture. — The variety cultiv.ited in th«
fiehls for cattle is almost exclusively the larga
Scotch, or field cabbage. The land is ])repared
the same way as for other hoed crops. " The pre-
paration given to the plants," says Lotidon, " con-
sists in pinching. off the extremity of the tap-rooti
and any tubercles which appear on the root 01
stem, and in immersing the root and stem in
ptiddle or mixture of earth and water, to protect th«
fibres and ])ores of the roots and stem from drought
'l"be ])lants may then he insetted by the dibber,
tiiking care not to plant too deep, and to press th«
earth firmly to the lower extremity of the root.
If this last |)oint is not attended to, the plants will
either die, or, if kept alive by the moisture of the
soil or rain, their progress will be very slow. When
the distance between the ridglets (or rows) ii
tvventyseven inches, the plants are set about two
feet asunder in the rows, and the quantity required
for an acre is about six thousand plants." The
after-cidture, preservation, uses, &,c, have been
sufficiently detailed in the preceding columns, un-
der this head.

NOTICES OF THE SEASON.

Totlio Kiiitor oftheN. E. Farmer,—

I have observed in your paper, accounts of th«
twigs of. fruit trees being killed in the Eastern
States. My residence is some six or seven miles
south of 42" north latittide — have examined tb«
fruit trees very carefully, and find no suclrappear-
ance.s. The twigs are all budding out as usual.

The winter with us has been very tedious, sever*
and changeable. The first snow fell early in No-
vember, before the grotind was at all frozen ; it
continued snowing and settling till the greatest
average was about four feet deep. Several people
kept accounts of the depth of the snow, and eaj
that if it had not settled at the bottom, by the
warmth of the ground, it would have been twelve
or fourteen feet deep. Several severe spells were
followed by warm rains. The Delaware river
with us, was frozen over strong enough for team*
to cross three several times, and as often broke up
in high freshets, with great damage on the bank*,
in places. We had one dry hail-storm of about
nine inches deep, followed with rain ; and it WM
then frozen so as to bear a horse, which caused
great destruction to the poor deer, by wolves an4
(Jogs. The ground began to appear in the lattePl

Vol. X.-No. 45.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

355

part of April, when it had been closely covered
with snow full five months. The consequence is,
that the winter grain which grew so flourishing
last fidi, appears to be totally dead and rotten, sup-
posed to have been smothered.

Some modern naturalists say, that vegetables
respine and cannot exist without fresh air. From
what I see in the paper.*!, it appears, that the loss
of winter grain may be general in this State. —
Some accounts say, that the farmers in the South-
ern States are ploughing up their fields sown with
wheat, interning them for oats and Indian corn.

I hope to see in your paper, the observations of
gentlemen in different places on the eflecis of the
late winter. SAMUIiL PRESTON.

SlockpoH, Pa., May 9, 1832.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society, held this day, Saturday, May 19, 1832, the
following letters were commimicated and ordered
to be printed in the New England Farmer and
Horticultural Journal.

Florence, Dec. 1,1831.
H. A. S De4RB0R», President of the Mass. Holt. Soc, Boston,—

Sir — in cotnpli.ince with the request contained in
your favor of August 13th, 1829, and December 6th, 1830,
I have piocined and now transmit to the Massachusetts
Horticultural Society, a collection of garden scedsof Tus-
cany. Happy, if I can coniribuie luy niite lo the ad-
vancement o( your useful Institution, whose olject is of
common inieiest to every country.

I transmit, likewise, to your Society, some flower seeds
which i have procured at the request of Capt. Matthew
C. Periy, coinmanding the United States Sloop Concord,
io the Mediterranean.

I have the honor to be, with great respect, your very
humble and obedient servant,

JAMES OMBROSl,
Coiisvl of the United States at Florence.

C United States Consulate,
I Puerto Cabello, Feb. 11, 1832.
To Zebedee Cuok, Je. Escj , lot Vice President of the Mass. Hort.

floe, Boston, —

Sir — I do myself the pleasure to acknowledge the
receipt of your letter, under date of the 12lh of December
last, accompanied with a diploma, advi-ing me of hav'ng
been elected an honorary member of tlte Massachusetts
Horticultural Society ,Boston,as also with a panjphkt con-
taining the charter, constitution, &c, of tlie Institution.

I beg of you lo tender to tlie Society my most sincere
tbanks for the honor conferred ; and I shall be happy from
time to time to communicate such information as 1 may
possess or acquire heie, on the interesting subject of rural
economy, li will also afford me much salislaciion lo for-
ward the Society any seeds, plants, scions, or trees, that
I can procure, and may deem worthy of ils .atieiition —
and in reiurn, will be obliged for a few of the scions of
«onie of your select gra4)es, as well as a few of the spruce,
white and pilch pine, cypress, apple, apricot, and pear
trees.

I have the honor to be, verv respectfully, your most
obedient servant, FRANKLIN LITCHFIELD.

Charleston, Feb. 29, 1832.
To tfie President of the Horticultural Society of Boston,—

Sir — A Society having been lately formed in this
eity, with designs similar to your own, I hive been in-
structed to communicate with you, and to solicit your aid
in furthering the common object in which we are engaged.
With you, it would be unnecessary to enlarge upon the
importance of this undertaking, and of the many benefits
it bestows upon the human family, not only in improving
their physical but their moral condition. Fully inipre:
ed with tliis belief, we request from you, as our elde
fiom time to time, such information as may lie suited to
our situation, as well as any pamphlets, communications,
&c, yon may thfnk proper to send to us; and shall be
happy to reciprocate in such exchanges as our climate,
soil, and progress in improvement will aft'ird.

I am. Sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant,
H. R. FROST,
Cor. Sec'y Charleston Hort. Society.

C Horticultural Hall,

I Boston, March 16, 1832.

De.4ii Sir — I have great pleasure in acknowledging
the receipt of your respected favor of the 29lh ult. and
take leave lo assure you, that the Massachusetts Horti-
cultural Society will be happy to form and cherish a cor-
respondence with their brethren of South Carolina, who
are engaged in the pleasuig and useful pursuits of
horticulture.

It will at all times afford me pleasure to communicate
anything connected with the objects of our common la-
bors, and to transmit such publications as may hom time
lo tinie be made under the directions of the Society. 1
would lake leave to recommend to your special notice the
New England Farmer and Horticultural Journal, a week
ly publication of great merit, which is devoted to such
siilijects as are inleresting and instructive to all persons
eng.iged in agriculture, &c, &c. The proceedings of the
Massachusetts Horticultural Society are given to the pub-
lic through the medium of the columns of Ihis paper.

Will you do me Ihe favor to transmit lo me a list of the
names comprising Ibe government of your Society. I
had proposed to myself the pleasure of requesting a friend
in your city, to obtain this information, for only two days
prior lo the receipt of your letter, that 1 might present
such of them as come within our prescribed rules, touch-
ing officers of other societies, to the honors of ours.

liidulging the hope of hearing Irom you at an early
period, I have the honor to be, dear Sir, very re-
spectfully, your most obedient servant,

ZEBEUEE COOK, Jr.,
\st Vice President of the Mass. Hort, Society.

H. R. Frost, Esq.
Cor. Secretarj Charleston Hort. Society, Cliarlcston, S. C.

Boston, March, 1832.
Z. Cook, Jr. £»« , Vice President of Horticultural Society —

Sir — I send you herewith a box containing fortytwo
pots of flower seeds, received by the Alert, from China,
through the obliging aUention of Mr Forbes, resident at
Canton, He has noi sent, nor could he probably obtain
the English or botanical names of the seeds ; each pot
contains the seed of different plants; as the seeds appear
to have been packed with care, I am in hopes that through
your agency, some of them at least will be successfully
cultivated. They will all require the aid of the green-
hou-e ; and you will make such disposition ol them as
you may judge best. Your obedient servant,

T. H. PERKINS.

Havana, April 2, 1832.
To Zebedee Cook, Jr. Es*.—

Dear Sir — I send you herewith four labelled papers
of seeds, which were given me by the Bavarian Barou
de Karvinski, a botanist who lately arrived from Mexico,
where he has resided several years. The Cactii may
never succeed in our climate, and perhaps also the Thro-
broina or Cocao tree, which, however, have been planted
here ; and of the latter, I have sent some of the seed to
Key West. But the Indian corn may be an acquisition
to the country; the ear from which these grains were
taken was at least eighteen inches long, and the Baron
tells me the stalk or plant is like a small tree, it therefore
merits youi attention. I know little or nothing of these
things. Sir, but I am ever ready lo give all the aid in my
power towards the promotion of science.

1 remain, very respectfully, dear Sir, your most oblig-
ed servant, WM. SHALER.

The fiower and vegetable seeds presented to
the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, by the
Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, M. C. Perry, Esq., Wm.
Shaler, Esq., and James Ombrosi, will be distrib-
uted to members of the Society on Saturday next,
the 26tb inst. at 11 o'clock, at the Horticultural
Hall.

CURE FOR GLANDERS.

In looking over a late number of the Lancet, a
medical work published in London, we find an
article devoted to the treatment of the above dis-
ease, which is so frequent and fatal among horses.

The first medical measure recommended is a
pure atmosphere. It is said that glanders is the
peculiar disease of stable horses, and it is urged
that the horse must be turned out where he can at
all times be surrounded by pure and cool air. —

This must constitute the foiiiKlation of hope, in all
attempts to remove the complaint. It !.s in vain to
use local or other medicines upon the horse, while
heis confined in the stable. No sound horse should
be permitted to be in the pasture or inclosure
where the glandered horse is. A field should be
devoted to the infected animal, and neither cattle
nor sheep should feed in the same ground with
him, because the virus may be communicated even
to them.

Local applications, such as injections, &c, to the
nostrils, are deemed useless if not prejudicial, be-
cause they only serve to increase the morbid irri-
tation already existing in the effected part.

Counter irritants, such as blisters or setons along
the nasal bones should not be omitted, provided
the animal gives indications of pain when pressed
there by the fingers.

Tonics, particularly the sulphate of copper,
(blue stone,) have been found efficacious where
the strength of the horse is considerably reduced.
The copper will act as a general tonic, and at the
same time with peculiar local determination. Its
effects in healing nasal abrasions and arresting na-
sal discharges, is thought to be unquestionable. It
may be given in doses of sixty grains once or twice
a day. It may be dissolved in if bucket of water.

Feeding Swine. — The London Horticultural
Register says, "Those who wish that these ani-
mals should have a sharp appetite, whilst they are
fattening, must give them a couple of handfuls of
dried oats once a day ; taking care to have a sup-
ply for some days forward constantly on hand.
For this purpose, a layer of oats must be placed
in a pan ; salt must then be strewed over it, and
the whole moistened with a little water; taking
care, however, not to fill the pan to the brim, as
the moifeture will swell the grain."

Mushrooms. — To ascertain whether what ap-
pears to be mushrooms are so or not, a little salt
should be sprinkled on the inner or sponge part —
if in a short time afterwards they turn yellow, they
are a poisonous kind of fungus; but if black, they
may be considered genuine mushrooms. They
should never be eaten without this test, as the best
judges may be occasionally deceived. — Horticultu-
ral Register.

Rival to the " Mkaline Drops " of Dr Granville.
— The Exeter (N. H.) News Letter states, that it
is a remarkable fact, that not an individual in Eu-
rope has been attacked with the cholera, who has
been in the habit of subscribing and paying for a

Meadow Land. — Mowing land in Hatfield mea-
dow has recently been sold at two hundred and
seventyfive dollars per acre, and arable land at one
hundred and thirty dollars. The highest price
ever given for mowing land in Northampton mea-
dow is one hundred and sixty dollars, and for
ploughing land about one hundred dollars. The
price of lands in the meadows of Northampton,
Hadley and Hatfield, was never higher than at the
present season. For many years, the price of land
has been considerably higher in"Hatfield than ia
the other two towns. — Hampshire Gazette.

A gentleman in Tennessee advertises, that he
has discovered, that strewing Indian meal on cu-
cumber hills will prevent insects and reptiles from
approaching the vines.

So6

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 23, 1832.

A sr r i c u 1 t u r e .

AN ADDRESS
To the Essex ^i^riculbiral Society, delivered at An-
dover, Mass. Sept. 29, 1831, at their annual Cat-
tle Show. By Henry Colman. Published at the

request of the Society.

Mi President, and Gentlemen of the Agricultural Society,—

I am uot insensible to the honor of your ap-
pointment on this occasion. 1 should not, how-
ever, have undertaken this duty, but from the con-
sideration that every man is bound to render any
practicable service, which the community demands
of him. You do not expect an oration. Agricul-
ture has little concern with rhetorical flourishes.
Determined princijjles, plain matters of fact and
the results of well conducted experiments, are
most useful. These will be the subjects of my
address.

I. The first object of a farmer should be to
produce as much as he can. We are not speak-
ing of mere amateur farmers, who do not need the
products of a farm as a means of subsistence or
profit, and who are at liberty to farm as mucli or
as little as they please ; nor of our monjirel iarm-
ers, a sort of "jack-at-all-trades," who farm a lit-
tle, and trade a little, and manufacture a little, and
jockey a good deal ; but of those husbandmen,
whose whole dependence is on their farms for their
own and the support and comfort of their families.
The object of such fanners should be to produce
from their farms as much as they can, and of that
which is most needed or most profitable. We lay
lliis down as a great principle, and shall presently
come to the qualifications which belong to it. Ev-
ery man should obtain from his farm all that he
can. This will require labor and care ; but the
necessity of labor and care, where they are not
excessive, is a blessing, not an evil. Occupation
is enjoyment. Idleness is always hazardous to
Tirtue, and rend»rs a man a nuisance to his neigh-
borhood. There is a satisfaction in a farmer's
gains, not to be found in many of the occupations
of life. The increase of his products impoverishes
no other man ; but confers a benefit upon the
community, by extending the means of human
subsistence, rendering the land which he cultivates
more fertile, and inciting others to emulate his ex-
ample of good husbandry.

There are three modes of increasing the pro-
duce of a soil, within the reach of every farmer:
draining, ploughing, and manuring. I can only
glnace at these topics, for it is not my intention to
give a treatise on agriculture.

1. First, of draining. There are extensive
tracts of low and wet land in the country, enrich-
ed by the decay oi their own native growth and
the copious washings of centuries from the sur-
rounding hills, which require only to be drained,
to produce, instead of a worthless herbage, the best
of English hay and corn. In many cases, remov-
ing the water by opened or covered drains, so
formed as to cut oflTthe springs at the sides of the
meadow, is all that is necessary. In other cases,
the addition of^^ some firmer substance, such as
sand, or gravel, or loam, is needed to give it con-
iistency. This in general is to be found in the
ueighborhood, and may be placed on the meadow
at a season when such labor can be easily applied.
In most cases, the materials for manure obtain-
ed from the ditches, and the first or the two first
crops will defray the expense of the improve-

ment.* Sand contributes to the improvement of
such lands, by dividing the soil into fine parts, and
rendering it favorable for cultivation and the growth
of the finer grasses; both sand and gravel serve
to give it firmness ; but probably the best mode
of managing such meadows, after being well drain-
ed, would l)e to invert the sod, and, after rolling,
to cover it with a coating of good loam mixed well
with manure, to the depth of about two inches ;
or to apply such a covering without inverting the
sod, and to sow the grass seeds immediately upon
this. Soine lauds have bet n managed in this way
with great advantage. A mistake is frequently
made in the too copious application of sand or
gravel to meadows. So much has been'put on as
to prevent in a great measure the benefits expect-
ed from it. Such applications do nothing towards
enriching the soil ; but are required only to aid in
dividing, drying and giving it firmness. Beyond
what is required for these purposes, the applica-
tion would be hurtful. The first object must be
to lay these lands as dry as ])nssible ; and it sug-
gests itself as an important improvement, where it
is [U'acticable, to erect a small embankment at the
outlet of such meadow, with a sluice-way and
gate, so that the meadow may I>e flooded at pleas-
ure. Thousands of acres in this country admit of
these improvements. They may be effected at an
expense which, by their increased products, would
be soon remunerated.

2. The next means of improving land is plough-
ing. We do not cultivate land enough ; not near-
ly enough. Several farms in the country contain
hundreds of acres, with not more than six or ten
luider the plough. This is not farming ; this is
only seeing how we can get along without farm-
ing ; it is, in fact, going to sleep in the cart and
leaving the cattle to find their own way. But the
land, says the farmer, will not pay for cultivation,
— there is some such — in general, however, most
land will much more than pay for cultivation.
But it costs labor ; so does everything else in lifi',
that is worth having. It requires manure — true !
but cultivation is the great means of obtaining ma-
nure. Ctdtivation increases the products of the
land. The more products, the more stock ; the
more stock, the more manure ; and land in gener-
al, under generous cultivation, and frugal manage-
ment of its products and manure, is capable not
only of maintaining but increasing its own fertility.
The great law of divine providence holds in this
as in other cases, the more you do, the more you
can do ; to him that hath shall more be given.

The late Col. Taylor, of Virginia, one of the
most distinguished farmers in the country, could nt
one time scarcely manure five acres of his land ;
but in eighteen years, he so increased the products
of his farm as to be able to manure one hundreil
and fifty, from the resources of the farm itsclf.f
This improvement was chiefly efliscted by the ex-
tended cultivation of Indian corn, and a most care-
ful ap])lication of the fodder or offal. Cultivate
your liirm to the extent of your power of manur-

" A successful experiment of this kind has been niaiie
by Asa T. Newhall, of Lynntield, wbere at least ten
acres of a sunken and useless hog have been, at a moder-
ate expense, brought into productive English mowing.
He has furni^lled the Commillce with ample details on
the subject, which will he found appended to their Re-
port on Reclaimed Meadows. An improvement of Ibis
sort 13 likewise lo be found on the farm of Isaac Osgood,
of Andover, where, by good judgment and labor, meadows
of some extent have been redeemed and made productive.

t Albany Ag. Tracts, No. ii. p. 56.

ing and keeping it clean ; and the power of ma-
nuring may by judicious management be increased
to an almost indefinite extent. Laud, which, when
it is manured, will not more than pay for the labor
of cultivation, should ue abandoned.

There is a material distinction between plough-
ing too much land and ])loughing land ton much.
For garden culture and tap-rooted vegetables, the
land cannot be in too fine tilth ; but for other
crops it is not so important ; and the great object
should be to preserve all the vegetable matter in
the soil, that by fermentation and. decomposition it
may supply food to the growing ))liiuts. The
common mode of ploughing green sward, for ex-
ample, is to tear it in pieces in a rough and care-
less manner, to leave the sods loose on the surface
and l!;en by harrowing to break them fine, and if
possible, to bring all the grass and vegetable mat-
ter to the top to be exhaled by the sun and air —
a more wasteful process cannot be pursued. Mr
Phinney, an intelligent and practical cultiv.itor in
Lexington, Mass. had the curiosity to weigh the
vegetable niatler in a single foot of sward land, ta-
ken liom a field which had been mown for a num-
ber of years, the soil a light loam with a gravelly
bottom, and thinly set with red top and herds
grass; and found it to contain nine ouncec of veg-
etable matter, consisting of the roots and tops of
the grasses ; giving at this rate upwards of twelve
and a quarter tons to the acre. This itself would
be a very considerable manuring; but this by the
usual management is entirely lost. It is there-
fore of the last importance, in breaking up land, to
turn the sod as completely as it can be turned, and
at a season when there is the greatest quantity of
vegetable matter on the surface ; to roll it that the
air may be excluded, and all the benefit of the de-
composition of the vegetable matter retained in
the soil ; and afterwards to cultivate the crop as
iiir as possible without disturbing the sod. My
own authority is of litth^ importance in the case,
ihnngh I have for several years practised on this
system and been satisfied of its utility ; but in ad-
dition to the tcsti7nony of the gentleman referred
to, whose opinions are entitled to great respect,
you have the experience in its favor of two as em-
inent farmers as the country has produced, John
Lorain of Pennsylvania, and Earl Stimson of New
York, who have strongly recommended it.

The depth of ploughing and the number of
ploughings to be given to land, are to he deter-
mined by circumstances. Ploughing is too deep
when it buries all the richer jiarls of the soil, and
brings to the to[i only a cold, gravelly substance,
unless you have manure in such abundance that
you can create a new vegetable surface. Frequent
phuighing in heavy and tenacious soils is useful with
caution only, that it must not be done when the
land is wet. Frequent ploughing injures light
soils, by bringing all the vegetable matter contain-
ed in them to the surface, to be exhausted by the sun
and air. Ploughing among growing crops is often
useful in time of drought. By some v\'ell con-
ducted experiments of John C Curwen, an accu-
rate observer and intelligent farmer, with glassei
contrived for the purpose to ascertain the quantity
of evaporation from the land, it was found to
amount on the fresh ploughed ground to nine hun-
dreil and fifty pounds per hour oil the surface of
a statute acre ; whilst on the ground uidiroken,
though the glass stoqd repeatedly for two hours at
a time, there was not the least cloud upon it,
which proved that no moisture then arose from

Vol. X.— No. 45.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

357

the earth. The evaporation from tlie plo'ighed
land was found to decrease rapidly after tlie first
and second days, depending on the wind and sun.
These e.\])eritneuts were carried on for many
months. Tlie evaporation after the most abun-
dant rains was not advanced beyond what the
earth afforded on being fresh turned up.*

Few operatious of husbandry among us, are
executed in general, in a more slovenly way than
ploughing. The half-finished manner in which
the soil is turned, the frequent baulks, the ragged
and uneven ends of the fields, and the utter disre-
gard of all straight lines, show the importance of
our ploughing matches, which it is hoped, with
the introduction of better constructed ploughs,
will eventually correct these habits and introduce
neatness, care and regularity, as convenient and
useful in saving labor as they are agreeable in the
appearance.

3. I proceed to the third operation upon the
land, manuring. Manure is the great means of all
successful agriculture. My remarks on this as on
other topics, nmst be brief; and will relate to mat-
ters which are not generally considered, rather
than to those which are familiar.

The first means of enriching the soil is that to
which we have referred, that of ploughing in the
vegetable matter, already on the surface. Late
ploughing in the spring is doubtless preferable to
early, by which means you have the advantage of
the early growth of the grass. Ploughing-in green
crops, which were sowed expressly for this pur-
pose, is another mode of enriching land, success-
fully tried and warmly recommended by some
persons, but it is little known among us.f It is
objected by many persons, that in this way you
return to the land no more than what is taken from
it ; this would be true, if it were not that plants
derive much of their support and growth from the
atmosphere. Another object with every farmer,
should be his compost heap. Nothing which is
susceptible of decay and so of forming manure,
should be lost. There are few farms among us
which do not contain upon themselves, either by
the road-side or in their meadows and swamps,
the materials for forming compost manure in great
abundance ; and farmers will permit me to remind
them, that the summer and autunm are the best
seasons for making this provision. The saving of
liquid manure upon our farms is little attended to.
Universally in Flanders, one of the best agricultu-
ral countries in Europe, water-tight vaults are con-
structed under all their stables, and their liipiid
manure is considered of as much or greater value
than their solid manure. Such a practice among
us would be of great utility ; and by constructing
cisterns under our stables to be filled with mud or
loam, and by littering our cattle abundantly, this
valuable manure which is now lost, might be turn-
ed to the best account. But the great means of
obtaining tnanure is from consuming our produce
upon the place, in the form of hay or vegetables ;
where this can be done, and to the extent to which
it can be done, we may be sure of the means of
increasing the fertility of our farms. Here we
come back again to the great circle of reciprocity
and mutual connexion and benefit.

*Curweii's Hints, p. 273.

t The iMa'isachu-etts A{;ricultural Society the last year,
gave a preinium to Wilham Buckmlnster, ol Friuniti!;-
ham, for a successful experiment in turning-in two crops
of Buck Wheat to the acre, greally to the improvement
of his land. The account is given in their Repository for
1831, vol. X. number iii.

Increasing your products will enable you to
increase your stock ; increasing your stock will
increase your manure; iif.reasing your manure
will help you to increase your cultivation ; increas-
ing your cultivation will increase your products.

This is the golden chain of comfort and wealth
which Divine I'rovidence has formed, every link
of which is essential to the perfection of the whole.
I will remark, in pas.sing, upon the application of
manure, it is the opinion of many farmers, that it
is better to keep their stable dung until it is a year
old and becomes thoroughly rotted ; but this prac-
tice is condemned by the fullest experimenls. —
Animal mantu'e catmol be applied to the land in
too fresh a state, though it woidd often be benefi-
cial to mix it with other substances. " By fer-
mentation," says Curwen, a practical farmer al-
ready quoted, "dung is reduced to one half its
bulk, and its quality is reduced in greater propor-
tion. The evaporation from dung is five times as
much as from earth and is equal on the surface of
an acre to 5000 pounds per hour, and this is losing
its most valuable gases. By making use of dung
in its freshest state, the farmer may extend his
cropping to one third more land with the same
quantity of manure." " The experiments of Ar-
thur Young and other practical and scientific
farmers have demonstrated," says Judge Buel, as
competent an authority as I can quote, " that animal
and vegetable manures, which undergo a complete
process of fermentation in the cattle yard, or upon
the surface of the ground, lose from thirty to sixty
per cent of their fertilizing properties, and if prop-
erly spread and buried under the soil, that this
loss is ]trevented, and that a decomposition does
immediately take place, even of dry straw, sufii-
cieut to answer valuable [>urposcs to the first crop."
" Experiments show," says Mr Young, " that every
atom of vegetable matter in the soil begins to be
decomposed immediately, and to want no previous
fermentation to enable it to feed plants." The
application of fresh stable manures cannot proper-
ly be made to crops of small grain, because they
tend to increase too much the haulm or stalks of
the plant, and expose it to rot and mildew ; and
because the seeds of weeds will in this way be
carried into the fields. But such manures may
be most properly applied to hoed crops, and in a
sufficient quantity to prepare the groinid without
further applications, for a crop of small grain.

II. The second great topic to which I ask your
attention is the consumption of the produce upon the
farm. This should be the object of every farmer.
He should produce as much as he can, and should
strive so to use up his produce upon his place as
to have the means of increasing its productiveness.
This suggests two topics of inquiry : the kind of
crops to be raised and the mode of applying them.

1. English hay is considered among us as the
great crop. The average yield cannot be rated at
more than one ton and a half to the acre ; a ton
in the opinion of many farnjers would be a more
accurate estimate. This, at the price which it has
borne for several years past, can hardly be consid-
ered a valuable crop. It is the crop on which
most of our farmers in the neighborhood of large
towns, depend for obtaining ready money. But
the sale of hay from a farm is subject to serious
abatements. For every ton of hay sold from the
farm, in order to preserve its fertility, the farmer
should return a cord of manure ; this, delivered at
the farm, cannot be rated at less than two dollars.
To this, you are to add the expense of marketing

the hay, which in any situation is at least a dollar.
A ton of hay, then, consumed on the farm, is worth
three dollars more than if sold from the place, i. e.
if it bring only ten dollars in the market, and by
any mode of consimiing it upon i;is place the farm-
er can realize that amoimt from ;t at home, ha
may consider it as better worth thirli''en dollars
on the farm, than ten dollars carried tlom the
place ; or, to state the case diflerenily, it is better
for the fanner to use it at home, if he can there
make it worth seven dollars per ton to him, than
to convey it any considerable distance to market
and obtain ten for it. At this rate, however, and
I can see no fallacy in the calculation, hay at
I)resent prices and yielding one or one and a half
ton to the acre is not a profitable crop. Indeed,
unless where there are extraordinary resources for
obtaining manure, such as on the sea-shore or in
the vicinity of bog njud, the sale of hay must be
considered as a wasteful kind of husbandry. It is,
properly speaking, in many cases, killing the hen
that lays the gohlen egg.

To be concludeu next week.

THE SHIFTLESS FARMER.

A writer in the Genesee Farmer thus describes
some farmers in the western country, " whose on-
ly god is the whiskey bottle, and whose sole study
is how to live in the most shiftless manner."

"In describing one or two, it will be a tolerable
sample of the whole. In the first place, they all
keep an old sow which is suffered to run at large,
and of course more than half starved ; about three
times a year, and that makes up in the aggregate
all the time, she has a litter of coach-backed,
sharp-nosed, and long-tailed pigs at her heels, al-
ways ready the moment a gate is opened, to drive
into my yard and commit any depredation that
offers. Ask him why he keeps so many hogs, he
will tell you, 'to have pork.' The truth is, he
never has any pork in his house. He may have
for four months in the year a small quantity of
hog-meat, made at much expense, with double the
amount of corn that would have fatted and kept
constantly in the pen, a hog that would have
weighed him twenty score. But he thinks he
made a saving, because his hogs were in the street,
and plundering a miserable existence out of hiK
better neighbors.

" In most cases, for I have had one each side of
me, a paltry cur bitch is kept, and of consequence,
a nest of ill-blooded, uimiannerly whelps are
prowling about my back door half the time. —
The profits of this last trade I need not detail to
you. The ill-bred curs will of course sell for
nothing; for who ever knew one of these shiftless
beings to keep a dog of anything but scoundrel
blood .' The same may be said of his chickens, a
contemptible, streaked, blue-legged, bug-eating
breed, that will scratch up even potato hills faster
a common man can plant them ; never fit to eat,
and the very eggs which they lay, not half full of
meat, from their wretched poverty. Not a coun-
try sleigh or wagon can be driven into town or
stop near them, but their crooked-backed, sharp-
boned cows, are forthwith plundering the vehicle
of the little straw or hay within it, put there for
the convenience of the driver. If percliance a
horse belong to the establishment, and often one
of those unfortunate broken down animals gets in-
to such hands, he is worried about and beaten over
his rattling ribs by the imlicked cubs of boys, that
always crib about such a concern. These form

35S

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 23. 1832.

their domestic stock, ami as for their manner of liv-
iug and tlieir own habitations, it is useless to de-
scribe them. The many crazy, rickety shanties,
with windows composed of old hats, breeches,
bits of paper, and no windows at all, with crevices
open to every wind and storm of heaven, show
where the^j stay ; and on entering it, the open-
mouth'.-d, retreating fire-place, wilh a few half-rot-
teu sticks, surrounded by a squad of half-naked,
mop-headed, shivering children, destitute of the
ordinary comforts of a wigwam, will tell you hotc
they live.

"Now, Mr Editor, tliere is not one of yourread-
ers, but is familiar with more or less such cases.
And is it any wonder why so many people are
criminally poor, whose only god is the whiskey
bottle, and whose sole study is how to live in the
same shiftless manner? In truth, I have very lit-
tle charity for such folks."

mm^ i2sr(a-2»ii5TiD a>iiaai3s»

Boston, Wednesday Evening, May 23, 1832.

BREMEN GEESE.

The editor of the Genesee Farmer requests us
to " give a general description of Bremen geese,
also the prices at which they could be furnished."
We cheerfully comply with his request by giving
all the information we' are possessed of, respecting
these valuable animals.

The following is an account of their first intro-
duction into this country, by Mr James Sisson, of
Warren, R. I. contained in a letter to Mr James
Deering, republished in the New England Farmer,
vol. IV. page 44. " In the fall of 1826, I imported
from Bremen, (north of Germany,) 3 full blooded
perfectly white geese. I have sold their progeny
for three successive seasons ; the first year at $15
the pair, the two succeeding years at .fl2. Their
properties are peculiar ; they lay in February ; set
and hatch with more certainty than common barn-
yard geese ; will weigh nearly and in some in-
stances quite twice the weight; have double the
quantity of feathers ; never fly ; and are all of a
beaiitifid snowy whiteness. I have sold them all
over the interior of New York ; two or three pairs
in Virginia ; as many in Baltimore, North Carolina,
and Connecticut, and in several towns in the vicin-
ity of Bostor*. I have one flock half-blooded that
weigh on an average, when fatted, thirteen to fif-
teen pounds ; the full blooded weigh twenty
pounds."

]Mr Sisson has received a premium from the
" Rhode Island Society for the encouragement of
domestic industry" for the exhibition of geese of
this breed. They are said to possess the follow-
ing advantages over other varieties of their species:
They grow to a greater size, may he fattened with
less food, and their flesh is of a su[)crior quality.

They can be had at $6 per pair, of Col. J acjces,
of the Ten Hills Stock Farm, Charlestown, Mass.;
of Mr T. Williams, of Chelsea ; and of Mr J. B.
RcssELL, publisher of the New England Farmer,
at the same price.

POISONOUS ROOTS.

The Andover Journal gives a statement of the
disastrous consequences resulting from eating the
roots of the Water Hemlock, cicuta virosa. On
the 18th of May, Samuel Allen, of Andover, with
two others, in ploughing, met with this root which
tasted sweet and pleasant. Allen swallowed a

considerable quantity of it, and the other two fol-
lowed his example. Allen fell into convulsions,
which in less than an hour proved fatal. The oth-
ers, after taking powerful emetics, admininistered
by Dr Kittredge, escaped.

The root is, at this season of the year, the most
virulent poison of all the narcotic vegetables, and
ought to be more generally known, lest similar ac-
cidents recur. In the early stage of its growth it
resembles small potatoes or artichokes, but when
advanced branches off in difterent directions, ex-
cept the central part, which resembles the parsnip,
and is sometimes called the cow parsnip.

BUCKTHORNS FOR LIVE FENCES.

Buckthorns should be set in a single row, from
seven to nine inches apart ; as soon as they begin
to vegetate, they should be headed down to about
six inches from the ground, which will cause the
hedge to become thick from the bottom. By
keeping the ground clean, and occasionally short-
ening the stray shoots, it will soon make a beauti-
ful and eflicient fence. It is an extremely vigor-
ous, free growing plant, and in our opinion su-
perior to any plant we are acquainted with in this
country, for making a hedge.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The standing committee on fruits and fruit trees,
respectfully propose the following premiums, for
the year 1832, viz.

For the best Apples, not less than two dozen,
a premium of $4,00.

For the best summer Pears, not less than
one dozen, 4,00.

For the best autumn Pears, not less than
one dozen, 4,00.

For the best native Pears, do. 4,00.

do. Peaches, do. 4,00.

do. Apricots, do. 4,00.

do. Nectarines, do. 4,00.

do. Plums, do. 2,00.

do. Cherries, do. one quart, 2,00.

do. Native Cherries, do. 2,00.

For the best foreign Grapes, cidtivated un-
der glass, not less than three clusters, 5,00.

For the best foreign Grapes cultivated in
open ground, not less than three clusters, 5,00.

For the best foreign Grapes by girdling,
not less than three clusters, 5,00.

For the best native Grapes, not less than
three clusters, 3,00.

For the best seedling Grapes, to be pre-
sented by the grower of the same, not less
than three clusters, 5,00.

For the best Gooseberries, not less than
one quart, 2,00.

do. Strawberries, do. 2,00.

do. Raspberries, do. 2,00.

For the best Quinces, not less than one
dozen, 2,00.

For the best method of cultivating foreign
Grapes in open ground, which shall be supe-
rior to any other now practised in this coun-
try, witli reference to i)lantjng, training, shel-
ter. &c, and for a length of the trellis to be
exhibited, not less than thirty feet, 20,00.

The committee will be at the hall of the Society
on Saturday of each week, during the season of
fruits, from ten to twelve o'clock, to inspect such
specimens as may be offfered ; those fruits for
wliich a premium is claimed, must be so designa-

ted, otherwise they will be copsideied as offered
for exhibition onlv. Per order.

E. VOSE, Climrmaiu

The standing committee on ornamental trees,
slirubs, flowers, and green-houses, beg leave re-
si)ectlully to submit the following list of prenuums
for the year 1832 :

Fur the most successful cultivation of the Amer-
ican Holly, the nuniber of ])laiits must not be less
than four, which have been tiansplantcd at least
thVee years, $10,00.

For the four best flowering ]ilants of the
Magnolia Glauca, which have been trans-
plantiil at least three years, 10,00.

For the most successful cultivation of the
Rhododendron Maximum, the number of
plants not less than four, which have been
transplanted three years, 5,00

Fur the five best plants of the Kalmia
Latifolia, which liave been transplanted not
less than three years, 2,00.

F"r the best seedling plants of either of
the above, not loss than ten in nuudier, of
three years growth and upwards, 5,00.

For the five best variety of Chinese Chry-
santhemums, in pots, 5,00.

For the best half dozen of Tulips, 4,00.

For the best half dozen of Hyacinths, 3,00.

For the best half dozen of Ranunculuses, 4,00.

For the best pot of Auriculfs, 3,00.

For the best pot of Anemones, 3,00.

For the best. pot of Pinks, 3,00.

Fob the best pot of Carnations, 4,00.

For the best half dozen of cultivated na-
tive flowers, 3,00.

For the finest Roses of five different vari-
eties, 5,00.

For the finest Dahlias, five varieties, 5,00.

For the finest specimens of Camellia Ja-
ponica, 5,00.

For the best varieties of Pseonies, 4,00.

Discretionary premiums will be awarded by the
committee, on flowers not enumerated above.
Per order.

R. L. EMMONS, Chairman.

N. B. — The committee will attend at the Hall
on Saturday of this and the next week, to examins
such Tidips as may be offered for premiums.

May 23.

Cumhcrland AgricxiUural and Horticultural So-
ciety.— This Society was formed by the Legislature
of Maine, at their last session. By the act, Joshua
Wingate, Jr. ; John Mussey; Henry Ilscy ; Seth
Clark ; Ebenezer D. Woodford ; John Perley ;
Thomas Seal ; Tappan Rohie ; Ebenezer Webster,
Jr. ; Nathaniel Warren ; Moses Quind>y ; and
Enoch Prebble ; together with their associates, aro
constituted a body, cori)orate and politic, by the
above title, with the powers and privileges usually
gi-anted iu such cases.

.Igricidture. — The fiirming business, in this
neitrhborhood, has undergone a great change with-
in the last twenty years. Positive idleness, here,
has no excuse. Scarcely aify man is too poor to
get land and seed ; — if he is willing to work he
may live comfortably ; and if contented, he will
live happily. — Portsmouth ('TV. H.) Journal.

A spoonful of horse-radish put into a pan of
milk, will preserve it sweet for several days.

Vol. X.-No. 45.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

359

Seed Corn, etc.

FOR sale at the Ni-w Englaiul Seed Store, No. 504
North Miirket Streel, several kinds of Seed Corn in ears,
theiinest varieties cultivated in New England, 8, 12, and
16 rowed.

Also, a few seeds of the Early Lemon Squash, from
the wes em part of this Slate, which is considered one of
the finest vajieties of summer Squash cultivated, being a
week earlier ihan the Scollop oi Warled Squashes, and
of much superior flavor, drier, and somewhat resenihling
the Canada Squash in taste; producing abundantly till
killed hy frost. Price 12^ cents per paper.

May 23.

Straw and Palm-leaf Splitting Machine.

FOR sale al the Agricidtural Warehouse, No. 50.^
North Market Street, Guild's Improved Pahn-lcaf and
Straw ."Splitting Machine, calculated for fine and coarse
straw.

Also, Cast Steel Scythes of superior quality, warranted
genuine. May 23.

Barefoot.

THE celebrated English Horse Barefoot will return
from New York to the Brighton stable tiliout the latter
end of June. Barefoot has proved one of the most suc-
nessful racers of his day, at York, Doncaster, Newmarket,
Ascott, &c, and his pedigree exhibits the best blood
known. ep6w May 23.

Willis' Improved Brass Syringes.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50^
North Market Street, Willis' Improved Brass Syringes
for using Johnson's solution as a remedy against mildew on
grapes, destruction of vines from bugs and flies, and in-
serts on trees. See New England Farmer, vol. 8, p. 5.

May 23.

Quarterly Review.

THE 9.3d No. of Ihis work has just been republished
by Lilly & Wait, and contains articles on the follow-
ing subjects :— Life and Writings of Heslod ; Dooiestic
Manners of the Americans; Poetry by Miiry Colling ;
Lyell's Geology, vol. 2; Changes in the organic world
now in progress; Naval and Miliiary Memoirs; Lord
Munster's Cairipaign of 1809; Capt. Hall's Aiilobiosra-
phy, second series ; Pufiishment of Death ; Wakeheld
on Newgate ; English Fox Hunting ; Milton Mowbray ;
Francis the First, by Miss Kenible ; The Revolution of
1640 and 1830 ; True Causes of the Riot at Bristol and
Nottingham.

Republished quarterly from the London edition, at $5
per annum. May 23.

Garden Compound,

For the preservation of Peach and other Fruit Trees.

This is thought to be an Infallible preservative of the
Peach, Plum, and other fruit trees, from the destructive
worms and insects which in the spring atlack and de-
stroy the vitality of the tree.- liy a proper application of
the compound, insects will not deposit their eggs in the
bark. This article will not harden in the sifu, but re-
main liquid lor several months, in this respect it is vastly
superior to any other composition in use.

Prepared and soW, wholesale and retail, by John M.
Ives, S.ilern; and John B. Russell, No. 50J North
Market Street, Boston.

Price, 33 cenis per bottle, with directions for its use.

May 16, 1832.

Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse,No.50i North
Market Stieet, Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel tor excava-
ting or leveling dirt

This may certify that I liave been using Shadrach Da-
vis, Jr.'s patented Scraper, and am fully salisfied that it is
much better than any other scraper of ihe kind, for dig
ging and clearing cellars, that I have before used or seen.

Fail-haven, July 12, 1831. Ansel White.

This may certify that I have used Shadrach Davis, Jr.'s
patent Scraper on the roads in this town, and find It a
machine superior to any other I ever used before, for re-
moving earth ; and would hereby recommend it to public
patronage. Levi Shawe.

New Bedford, Aug. 22, 1831.

Pickering's Tree or Caterpillar Brushes.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No 50^ North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Brushes —
This article, (which is likely to be in greater demand thi»
season, than for many previous years,) will be constancy
for sale as above, made of the best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for tho purposu
of any now in use. Mav 16.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russetfings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, .

iEEF, mess,
prime.

The Art of Being Happy.

JUST published by Carter & Henoee, the Art of
Being Hapjjy : from the French of Dioz, ' Sur L'Art
D'Entie Heureux ;' in a series of letters from a father to
his children; w^th observations and commenls. By
Timothy Flint. May 23.

Young Barefoot.

THIS very handsome Colt, just three years (dd, (was
the first colt ever got in America, by the truly cele-
brated lull blood horse Barefoot, sent from England by
Sir Isaac Coffin,) was raised by John Prince, Esq at Ja-
maica Plain, near Boston, out of a large and superior
mare of American breed. He is a beautiful dark bay,
with black mane and tail, and is considered an animal of
great prondse. He will be kept for the u«ual season at
the statile in Brighton, where Barefoot and Cleavelandi
have heretofoie stood.

Terms — $12 — to be paid before the mare is taken
away ; and should the mare not prove to be in foal, the
money will be returned. Pasturage can be furnished for
jnares, they to be, however, at the ri-k of Ihe owners.
JOHN PARKINSON.

Brighlon, May 16, 1832.

Gentleman's Pocket-farrier.

THE Gentleman's Pocket- larrier, shewing hew to use
your Horse on a journey, and what remedies are proper
for common accidents that may happen on Ihe road. By
F. TuFFNELL, Veterinary burgeon. The remedies this
little tract prescribes are simple and easily obtained, and
never fail of a cure where the disorder is curable ; there-
fore no man who values his horse should presume lo
travel without it. For sale by J B. RUSSELL at Ihe
New England Seed Store, North Alarket Street. Price
15 cents. May 9. '

Conqueror.

THE entire horse Conqueror will stand the ensuing
season al the Ten Hills Slock farm in Charlestown, two
and a half miles fiom Boston, at ten dollars, lo insure a
mare in foal, secured by a note at ten months, to be valid
and payable in case the mare proves to have been in foal,
and one dollar to the groom at the time of coverino-.

Conqueror was bred near Montreal (Canada) foaled in
May, 1S25, and sired by a noted Normandy horse out of a
blooil Mare — he is rising 15 hands high and remarkably
well gfown, combining great power, generous spirits,
good act on, very docile in his temper, and of that hardy
color, iron gray. This horse has taken three premiums
in Canada, as the best horse in that country. He has
probably as mueli, or more than any other hor-;e now liv-
ing, of the strains of blood so well known in N. E. by the
name of "the Morgan breed" — foin the best accounts
Ihe original Morgan horse was made up of the same
strains of blood as Conqueror. Conqueror has proved a
sure foal-getter, and is recommended to Ihe public by
SAML. JAQUES.

The full blood horse Sportsman also stamls as above

for pedigree see late Nos. of the Farmer.

May 16, 1832.

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, May 21, 1832.

Reported for the Dsily Advertiser un.l P.ilriot.

At Market this day 192 Beef Cattle, 5 paiis Working
Oxen, 8 Cows and Calves, 61 Sheep and Lambs.

Prices. Beef Ca(»e— Supply shori, consequently
prices were much higher. Beef Cattle today were sold
higher (considering the quality) than we have noticed
since we reponed the market. We quote extra at $7,
prime at 6,50 a 6,75, good at 6 a 6,25, thin at 5,50 a 6.

Working Oxen. — No sales were noticed.

Cows and Calves. — We noticed sales at $25, 26, 28
and -30.

Sheep. — We did not learn ttie price of the Sheep. The
Lambs were taken at $2,25 a 2,50,

Swine — We noticed several lols of barrows taken at 6
cents; a lot of about 100 at 6 c for barrows and 5 c for
sows ; at retail, .6 c for sows and 7 c lor barrows.

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, . f
Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, ....
Barley,
Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.
Hops, 1st quality,
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, ^ths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
e f Pulled superfine,
Jj-n 1st Lambs, . .
■S=-{2A, " . .

|g.|3d, •<
^ (_lst Spinning, . .
Southern pulled Wool

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

c;tsk

ton

barrel

pound
cwt.
pound

5 00
lo5 on
112U0

1 1

5 75

6 00
5 50
5 25

58
55
85
87
45
65

9 00
22 00

1 15

3 25
16 00
13 00
12 75

3 00
87
12

8 50
48
55
4 +
40

35
66
45
38
28
42
about 5 cents less.

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .

Veal

Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, ^according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

10
8
6
6
4
9
21)
25

dozen

11

bushel

62

barrel

4 00{

6 00
108 00
115 00

1 00

12 00

8 50

9 00
20

9

3

1 25

6 00

6 25

5 75

6 50
60
58
90

1 00

48

70

9 25

23

1 25

3 50

17 00

14 on

13 00
3 50
1 00

13
8 75
50
63
45
42
40
3S
58
46

6i

7

8

12

23

2S

12

92

7S

75

SOS

A'lW York Cattle dlarket. May 18—450 head in
market this week, generally fair cattle, all quick at prices
averaging full as much as last week. Ihe fair average be-
ing .f 7. We quote $6 a S, not hearing of any sales over
8. Sheen — sales are made very quick ol all that comes
in, from 2,50 a 6; Lambs 2,50 a 4 Live hogs— what
few come in sell quick from 4 a 4,50. — Daily Adv.

O'ln the N. York market only Ihe qu.irters of Beef
are weighud, Ihe hide and loiiah lallow being included
without weighing. At Brighlon, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

Fanueil Hall Vegetable .Market. — Radishes
6 cents a bunch; Asparagus Scents; Lettuce Scents;
new Oiiions 6 cents for a bunch of half a dozen roots; old
Onions 2 dollars per bushel; Potatoes 62 to 75 cents per
bushel ; Rhubarb stalks 8 cents per pound ; Cranberries,
best quality, 3 dollars per bushel ; S<a Kale, but little
in the market, 12i cents a root ; long Cucumbers forced,
25 cents each. The stall of Mr Wm. E. (Jtis is supplied
with fine Squashes fiom the West Indies, at 3 cents per
pound.

Wool, — Our wool market is in a very inactive state,
aud prices have been declining lor some monllis past.
As there is an ample supply in the country, and shearing
lime near at hand, it is generally expected that prices
will go still lower, alter Ihe next dip comes into market ;
it is probable that prices will be at least 10 per cent lower
for the finest kinds, and fioni 15 to 20 per cent for the
lowest.

360

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 23, 1832.

Miscellany.

From the New England Magnzine} for April.

THE COMET.

The Comet ! he is on his way.

And singing as he Hies;
The wizzing plaiiets shrink before

The sceptre of the skies.
Ah, well may regal orbs burn blue,

And satellites turn pale, —
Ten n.illion cubic miles of head!

Ten billion leagues of tail !

On, on by whi.stling spheres of light,

He flashes anrl he flames;
He turns not to the left or right,

He asks them not tlieir names ;
One spurn from his demoniac heel, —

.\way, away they fly.
Where darkness might be bottled up

And sold for," Tyrlan dye."

And what will happen to the land,

And happen to the sea,
If, in the bearded devil's path.

Our earth shall chance to be ?
Full hot and high ihe sea should boil.

Full red Ihe forests gleam —
Methought I saw and beard it all

In a dyspeptic dream.

I saw a tutor take his lube

The comet's course to spy;
I heard a scream ; the gathered rays

Had stewed the tutor's eye ;
I looked — his cuiious organ rolled

Like a long perished clam ;
I lii-tened — all I heard him say

Was " paralla.K " and "d — ran,"

I saw a poet dip a scroll .

Each moment in a tub ;
I read upon the warping back • ' ,

" The dream of Beelzebub ;"
He could not see his verses burn

Allhougb his brain was fried;
And ever and anon he bent

To wet them as they dried.

I saw a pillow and a cur —

He silently drew near,
And snatched (rom ofithe blackened frost.

His muster's broiling ear.
I saw a beggar and a wolf.

Each watch Ihe other's eye ;
Each fainted for his morning meal,

And both were loath to die.

I saw a roasting pullet brood

Upon a baking egg ;
I saw a cripple scorch his hands

Extinguishing his leg.
I saw nine geese upon the wing

Towards the frozen pole,
And every mother's gosling fell

Crisped to a crackling coal.

Strange sights ! strange sounds ! 0 ghastly dream

Its memory haunts me still ;
The streaming sea, the crimson glare.

That wreathed each wooded hill.
Stranger ! if o'er thy slumbering couch

Such fearful visions sweep.
Spare, spare, O spare thine eveniog meal.

And sweet shall be thy rJeep. 0. W. B.

INJUDICIOUS TREATMENT OF THE
SICK.

Nothing can be more ridiculous, more detri-
mental, or more likely to prove fatal, than the man-
ner in which officious friends endeavor to injure
the sick, by cramming them with what they foolish-
ly call "light nourishing food." An individual no
sooner complains of feeling unwell or is oliliged to
keep liis bed, tlian it is, what nice tliing shall I
prepare for you ? what food do you think you
would like ? as if the disorders were to be actually
removed by tickling the palate, instead of, as in
general, by observing for a sliort time, entire ab-
stinence. Even during fieallh, our greatest ene-
my is our stomach ; we cram it to a surfeit, and
we are, in consequence, made to feel the effects of
our imprudence, by the derangement of the system
— and when we are no longer inclined to continue
the error, when nature itself revolts at our ahsurd
procedure, some officious friend readily steps for-
ward to aid us in the work of folly. It is in this
manner, also, that children are often made to sutler
unnecessarily ; they are petted and stuffed with
food or with sweetmeats and oilier trash, by their
parents and nurses, who adopt that method of
proving their affection. " I have not the heart,"
exclaims the tender mother, " to refuse the child
food when it asks me." In the majority of cases,
by this course, the c"liild is made sick, or its stom-
ach is reduced to a condition in which it refuses
every kind of plain and wholesome aliment ; and
though the cause of the malady is fully exjilained,
and the necessity for rigid abstinence or for a
proper selection of food is made manifest, yet sti
the vile practice of cramming it with all kinds of
unwholesome trash, and at all hours of the day, is
persisted in. If the child happens to have an un
commoidy vigorous constitution, and is not entirely
deprived of exercise, it may ])erchance recover,
even under a treatment of this kind ; if not, the
result can easily be imagined. And yet this is
called attention, care, anxiety, parental fondness,
and a variety of other misplaced appellations. It
is in truth, cruelly, folly, — nay, madness. Every
reasonable, every feeling parent will avoid care-
fully the imprudent indulgence in so selfish a grat-
ification, and the unnecessary and cruel experi
meiits upon the health of their helpless offspring.

the others with his key. So little confidence have
they in one another, and so wholly indifi'erent are
they as to the value of time. — Jom: of Mr Ramsey.

Progress of Temperance among United States
Seamen. — An extract of a letter from Com. Bid-
die, (in command of the Mediterranean squadron,)
to tlie Secretary of the Navy, is ]iublislied in the
Globe, in which it is stated that the number of
persons in the squadron, exclusive of commission-
ed and warrant officers, is eleven hundred and
seven ; and that of this number, eight hundred
and nineteen have stoiiped their allowance of
spirits, receiving money for it under the general
order of the 15th of June last. To encourage
these men to persevere, and to entice others to
follow their example, the grog money is paid reg-
ularly and at short [leriods. On board the sloop
of war John Adams, one of the squadron, not a
man draws his allowance of spirits.

HINDOO SHOPKEEPING.

Moderation seems to be the order of the day in
India. This may be illustrated by what occurs
every day in Calcutta. Two, three or four men
generally rent one shop, in which they have their
different wares. Each shopkeeper has his own
lock and key, and when the business of the day is
over, every man puts his own lock on the door.
It is no unusual thing in going through the bazaar
early in the morning, to see four or rive locks
hanging to one door. In the morning, when nn(
man comes, he takes off his lock and sits down on
the steps and waits for the others. Perhaps in ai
hour, another man may come and take off his lock
and sit down with the first; and thus they do till
the last man comes, and then the door is opened
and they go to work. This may be at twelve or
two o'clock. If anything happens to one njan
that he is prevented from coming, the shop is not
opened for the day. The others put on their locks
again, and go home and wait till the next day. —
The one who may have been delayed will not trust

Mormonism. — The Warren, Ohio, News Letter
states that some persons, disguised, lately entered
the room where two leaders of the Mormonite fa-
natics slept, and tarred and feathered them.

[These Mormonitcs are no doubt very ignorant
and fanatical, but those who api)lied ihe lar and
feathers are much greater fanatics.] — Boston Cen.

A member of this singular sect, (" Gabrial Crane,
Son of Righteousness, Witness, and Organ of the
Lord,") has made his appearance in Philadelphia,
and issued his " denunciations, and anathemas, and
woes," against that city and Washington.

A Rochester paper states, that on the 7lh ult.
several members of the liaptist church in Mendon,
Monroe coimty, made; a public profession of Mor-
monism, and were baptised. The elder who offi-
ciated, stated to the assembly that he should not
die ; that he should be translated to Heaven, like
Elijah ; that he had power to raise the dead ; that
in eighteen months the Mormon creed will be the
only religion extant, and that all sinners will then
be destroyed.

New American Gardener,— sixth edition.

This day published by J. B. Russell and Carter &
Hendie :

Tbe New .American Gardener, a treatise on tbecultuw
of Fruits, Vegetables, Flowers, Grape Vines, Slrawber-
lies, Asparagus, &c. &c. 13y T. G. Fesseriden, assisted
by severiil gentlemen. Sixth edition. Price $1 00. —
This we think may be considered the most popular and
practical work on Gardening, extant. March 28.

JMorus Multicaulis.

FOR Sale at the Seid store connected with the New
England Farmer, 50.^ Norlb Maikel streel :

A few very fine and vigorous plants of tbe celebrated
Chinese Mulberry, so valuable lor Silk wonris, original-
ly from tbe elevated regions of China — and introduced
into Fiance from the Pliillippliio Islands a few years
since. These plants now olTered for sale, have been re-
ceived direct this spring ii'om Paris, and were selected
by Mons. Andre Michaux, author of Ihe North American
Sylva, and are much larger than any that have hereto-
fore been offered here. Packfd in moss sepiritely for
Iransporlalion, — price 1 dollar each. A particular account
of this tree by Gen. Dearborn, will be found in the New
England Farmer, vol. tx. page 2S. Apiil 11.

Publislicd every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
pavable at the end of the \eai' — but those who pay within
sixty da\s from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.

(0° No papi T will be sent to a distance without paymeDt
being made in advance.

Printed for J B. Russell, by T. R. Butts — by whom
all desciiplions of Printing cnn be executed to meet the
wishes of cust( mers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
RussKLL. at the Agricultural Warehouse, JNo.52, Mortb
Market Street.

NEW ENCJ1.AND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warehouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR,

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MAY 30, 1832.

NO. 46,

H o r t

i c u 1 t u r e .

The following should have appeared sooner in our col-
umns, but was by accident mislaid.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES.

Mr Fessenden — The effect produced upon
my fruit trees by the past season, I regret to find,
is very similar to that mentioned by your other
correspondents. . My peach trees, of which I had
about fifty, varying from three to fifteen years of
age, are all killed, with the exception of about half
a dozen small trees which grew in the shade of
large ones. Jly pear trees, all of them small and
thrifty, appear to be about one fourth part dead,
the remainder apparently not much injured.

I find my young apple trees, (some of which
were just beginning to bear,) which were situated
on land that had been tilled for several years past,
have uniformly suffered severely ; I fear they are
all killed. While those situated on grass ground,
in a tough green sward, and wiiich wei-e no less
thrifty than the others, have mostly escaped.

But what is no less remarkable and for which I
ghall not pretend to accoimt, is, that my tender or-
namental trees and flowering shrubs have suffered
less by the severity of the winter, than I have be-
fore known them for several years. A stnall um-
brella tree, (Magnolia tripetela,) which for several
seasons previous to the last the most prominent
buds have been winter-killed, has withstood the
last uninjured. This tree is in a colcl soil and in
a very bleak place. In the same exposure, two
year old plants of the Althea frutex, which by rea-
son of the abruptness of the winter were left with-
out protection, are apparently uninjured.*

In common, I presume, with some other of your
readers, I should like to be informed to what ex-
tent those flourishing nurseries in the vicinity of
Boston, have sufiered from the severity of the past
extraordinary season. 1 hope we shall not be un-
der the necessity of sending to the South to re-
plenish our gardens.

Having somewhere seen the statement, that thin
sheet lead placed around the trunks of trees was
a sure protection against the ravages of the field
mouse, and having a few apple trees in an exposed
situation, I was induced in the fall of 1830 to make
trial of it. Through forgetfulness, the lead was
suffered to remain on the trees till haying-time ;
when upon removing it, T found the bark of the
trees, under the lead, to be in a damp, cold and
unhealthy situation ; all of them had evidently re-
ceived some injury in consequence, and one of
them, a fine thrifly tree, was entirely ruined. No
doubt the sheet lead is an effectual protection, but
it should be removed before the trees begin to veg-
etate. Truly, yours, T. WARE.

Franklin, April 16, 1832.

To ripen fruit. — To lovers of gardening it may
not be unacceptable to know, that painting the
walls hlaek greatly forwards the ripening of fruit.

• Our correspondent is referred to a note to a commu-
nication, by " Agricola," published in the New En{;l;inil
Farmer, page 318, col. 2, of the current volume, for what
appears to us to be a solution of this mystery.

I'Voin the Massachusetts Agricultural Repository and Journal.

DESTRUCTION OF FRUIT TREES.

Tlic extraordinary destruction of the last yearns ivood
in fruit trees, and the probable causes of it.

Gentlemen — I shall assume as a fact, founded
nn my own experience and the information derived
f -om various extensive inquiries, that the last win-
t r has most injuriously, possibly destructively, af-
f-cteJ every variety of fruit trees. The extent of
the evil cannot be accurately settled until we have
more information than we possess at present —
neither can the extent of the injury be ascertained
even where we have the most perfect means of
examination, until we shall know with what vigor
nature may exert itself to restore or repair its loss-
es. I perfectly recollect, that about forty years
since, there occurred a frost late in May, which
wholly destroyed the young slioots of every spe-
cies of fruit and forest trees. Tliey recovered
from that loss in one or two years. But the case
difl'ered in many very material respects from the
present. The injury in that case only extended
to the young and green shoots of the existing year,
hut it did not affect the last year's shoots ; this is
a very important distinction. The last year's
shoots were not deprived of their functions ; the
numerous latent buds, which were not developed,
instantly shot forth and supplied the place of those
which were destroyed. In the present case, the
'•'■cle of the last year's wood, all that part of the
tree which was designed to extend its growth, is
wholly destroyed in very many if not in a majority
of cases. The vegetative or conservative power
has been destroyed in its natural source ; it is pre-
cisely as if you had pruned back all the growth of
the last year. I have no doubt that the root and
the stock still retain their powers of renewal, and
that the trees will send forth new and vigorous
shoots from the older limbs. It is interesting to
the cultivator to inquire, what will be the proba-
ble effect of this new and extraordinary demand
on the powers of the plant. I mean to state only
what appears to my mind to be its probable effects.

As to plants which are herbaceous and peren-
nial, and which do not shed their leaves, th'e efliects
of destruction or excision of the last year's growth
are very trifling. To some of them, such as the
geranium, it seems to be questionable whether any
serious injury results from such a loss. It is also
true, that many woody plants which are deciduous,
possess a power of reproduction which renders
them almost insensible to the eflects of the
constant and repeated deprivation of the last
year's growth. It is from this law or princi-
ple, that the ptonts which we select for hedges,
will endure for an almost unlimited period the
barbarous clippings and privations to which, for
use or ornament, they are annually subjected —
nay, more, they seem even to thrive the better un-
der this treatment. This, however, is only decep-
tive. The plant does in fact sufl'er as much as its
more noble and more useful congeners— as the
finest fruit tree. But as its use to us is of a dif-
ferent character ; as we value it not for its fruit,
but for ornament and protection against cattle, we

disregard the mutilation of its natural powers ; we
treat it as the Italian connoissem- treats his eunuch,
we deprive it of its power of reproduction, in or-
der to gratify our taste ; but we as truly and eflfect-
nally mar the designs of nature in the one ease as
in the other. Let me exemplify this by a simple
case. The white thorn of Great Britain is kept as
a dwarf; it rarely flowers; it is a feeble, helpless
plant. I liave one which was left in iny meadow
by an English gentleman, who owned the estate I
now possess, sixtyfive years since ; it stan<ls alone ;
no rude hand has disturbed it ; it is as large as a
pear tree, and flowers and ripens a bushel of fruit
every year. It is man, who has dwarfed it for
his own purposes, as he has improved the button
pear to the Beurre and St Michael, by his atten-
tion to it ; as he has raised the black cattle of the
north of Europe, and the wild Aeepof the steppes
ofAsia, tothe noble short-horned bull, and the
Saxony buck. It is not distinctly understood, ex-
cept in China, where they raise the oak, the no-
blest oaks, to eighteen inches in height, that it is
as much in the power of man to degrade as to
improve that vast realm of nature, over which God
has given him the absolute dominion.

To return to our principal inquir)', after an
illustration which some may consider a rhapsodyj
but which, I hope, more reflecting minds may
view in a very different light, as exhibiting some
sound and philosophical views of a subject which
has as yet received no very definite development.
What will probably be the efl'ect of the late de-
struction of til'-, '^-iJt year's growth of fruit trees?
VV ill it not be, at least, the procrastination of fruit .'
May it not result in permanent disease ? Will it
not be the policy of those who are younger than I
am, to set about planting new trees ? Why should
they be discouraged ? If for two hundred years
no such calamity has occurred, why should they
dread its recurrence ? No. It would be as un-
manly as it would be irrational, to despond. —
Pears, apples, plums and peaches, will decorate
our tables ten years hence in as great a profusion
as now. Those who escape the evil will obtain
greater profits. The nursery-men, though imme-
diate suflerers, will be greater gainers in the end.
After all, we may be deceived as to the extent of
our losses. Nature is more powerful than we are
aware of and she may restore what now seems to
be irreparable.

To what cause is this extensive destruction to
be attributed ? Most certainly not to the extrem-
ity of the cold. The trees affected are subjected
every winter, in Holland, Germany and Russia, to
a lower state of the thermometer. To what, then,
is it to be ascribed '^ It is painful to be obliged to
offend our national pride, by saying, as we believe
to be the fact, that it is owing to the variations of
our climate — to our proximity to the gulf-stream,
which, within twelve hours, throws upon us the
temperature of spring in the midst of winter. Am
I singular in this opinion ? By no meaus. Writ-
ers in this country and in Europe, of great intelli-
gence, have long since attributed the destruction
of fruit trees, not to the cold, but to the occasional
heal of winter. I have many important facts in
my possession, to prove this to be true. I vnM
select one among one hundred : The ivy of Great

362

IJritain, a vivacious plant, will stand, has stood this
very winter, on the north side of an edifico, while
on the south it nnifonnly perishes to the ground.
JOHN LOWELL.
Boston, March 20, 1832.

NEW EiN GLAND FARMER,

May 30, 1832.

Ftom the Trangaclious of the A

Philosophical Society.

DESCRIPTION OF A METHOD

Of cultivating Peach Trees, with a riew to prevent
their premature decay ; confirmed hy the experi-
ence of fortyfive years, in Delaware State and the
western parts of Pennsylvania. By Thomas
Coulter, Esq., of Bedford County, Penn.
The death of young peach trees is principally
owing to planting, transplanting, and pruning the
same stock, which occasions it to be open and ten-
der, with a rough bark ; in consequence of which,
insects lodge and breed in it and birds search after
them, whereby wounds are made, the gum exudes,
and in a few years the tree is useless. To prevent
this, transplant your trees as young as possible, if
in the kernel it well be best, as there will then be
no check of grovl'kh. Plant them sixteen feet
apart. Plough and harrow between them for two
years without regard to wounding them, but avoid
tearing them up hy the roots. In the month of March
or April, in the third year after transplanting, cut
them all off by the ground, plough and harrow
among them as before, but with great care to avoid
wounding or tearing them. Suffer all the sprouts
or scions to grow, even if they should amount to
half a dozen or more ; they become bearing trees
almost instantaneously, on account of the strength
of the 'root. Allow no animals but hogs to enter
your orchanl, for fear of their wounding the
shoots ; as a substance drains away through the
least wound, which is essential to the health of the
tree and the good quality of the fruit.

If the old stock is cut away the third year after
transplanting, no more shoots will come to matu-
rity than the old stmnp can support and nourish ;
the remainder will die before they bear fruit, and
may be cut away, taking care not to wound any
other stock. The sprouts, when loaded with fruit,
will bend and rest on the ground in every direc-
tion for many years ; all of them being rooted as
if they had been planted, their stocks remaining
tough and their bark smooth, for twenty years and
upwards. If any of the sprouts from the old
stump should happen to split ofi'and^lie, cut them
aw.ay, they will be supplied from the ground by
others, so that you may have trees from the same
for one hundred years, as I believe. I have now
trees from one to thirtysix years old, all from the
same stump. Young trees, formed in this man-
ner, will bear fruit the second year; hut this fruit
will not ripen so early as the fruit on the older
trees from the same stump. Three years after the
trees are cut off, the shoots will be sufficiently
large and bushy to shade the ground so as to pre-
vent the gi-owth of grass, that might injure the
trees ; therefore ploughing will be useless, and
may be injurious by wounding them.

It is also unnecessary to manure peach trees, as
the fruit of manured trees is always smaller and
inferior to that of trees which are not manured.
By manuring, you make the jieach trees larger and
apparently moi-e flourishing, but their fruit will be
of a bad kind, looking as green as the leaves, even
when ripe, and later than that of trees which have
not been manured. Peach trees never require a
ch soil ; the poorer the soil the better the fruit ;

a middling soil produces the most bountiful crop.
The highest groimd is the best for peach trees,
andlhe north side of hills is most desirable, as it
retards vegetation, and prevents the destructive
effects of late frosts which occur in the month of
April„in Pennsylvania. Convinced by long ex-
perience, of the h-uth of these observations, the
author wishes they may be published for public
benefit, and has been informed, that Col. Luther
jVIartin and another gentleman, in the lower part
of Maryland, have adopted a similar plan with
great advantage.

From the Journal of Health.

FLOWERS.

The interest which flowers have excited in the
breast of man, from the earliest ages to the present
day, has never been confined to any particular
class of society or quarter of the globe. Nature
seems to have distributed them over the whole
world, to serve as a medicine to the mind, to give
cheerfulness to the earth, and to furnish agreeable
sensations to its inhabitants. The savage of the
forest, in the joy of his heart, hinds his brow with
the native flowers of the woods, whilst a taste for
their cidtivation increases in every country in pro-
portion as the blessings of civilization extend. —
From the humblest cottage inclosure to the most
extensive park and grounds, nothing more con-
spicuously bespeaks the good taste of the posses-
sor, than a well cultivated flower garden ; and it
may very generally bo remarked, that when we
behold a humble tenement surrounded with orna-
mental plants, the possessor is a man of correct
habits and possesses domestic comforts ; whilst,
on the contrary, a neglected, weed-grown garden,
or its total absence, marks the indolence anil un-
happy state of those who have been thus neglect-
ful of Flora's f^ivors.

Of all luxurious indulgences, that of flowers is
the most innocent. It is productive not only of
rational gratification, but of many advantages of a
permanent character. Love for a garden has a
powerful influence in attracting men to their
homes ; and on this account, every encouragement
given to increase a taste for ornamental gardening
is an additional security for domestic comfort and
happiness. It is likewise a recreation which con-
duces materially to health, promotes civilization,
and softens the manners and tempers of men. It
creates a love for the study of nature, which leads
to a contemplation of the mysterious wonders that
are displayed in the vegetable world around us,
and which cannot be investigated without inclin-
ing the mind towards a just estimate of religion,
and a knowledge of the narrow limits of our in-
telligence, when compared with the incomprehen-
sible power of the Creator.

Flowers arc, of all embellishments, the most
beautiful ; and of all created beings, man alone
seems capable of deriving enjoyment from them.
The love for them commences with infancy, re-
mains the delight of youth, increases with our
years, and becomes the quiet amusement of our
declining days. The infant can no sooner walk
than its first emploTOient is to plant a flower in
the earth, removing it ten times in a hour to where-
ever the sun seems to shine most favorably. The
school boy, in the care of his little plat of ground,
is relieved of his studies, ajid loses the anxious
thoughts of the home he has left. In manhood
our attention is generally demanded by more ac-

tive duties, or by more imperious and perhaps Icsf
innocent occupations ; but as age obliges us to re-
tire from public life, the love of flowers and the
delights of a garden, return to soothe the later pe-
riod of our life.

To most persons, gardening affords delight as
an easy and agreeable occupation ; and the flow-
ers they so fondly rear, are cherished from the
gratification they afford to the organs of sight and
of smell ; but to the close observer of nature and
the botanist, beauties are unfolded and wonders
displayed, that cannot be detected by the careless
attention bestowed upon them by the multitude.
In their growth, from the first tender shoots which
rise from the earth, through all the changes which
they undergo to the period of their utmost perfec-
tion, he beholds the wonderful works of creative
power ; he views the bud as it swells, and looks
into the expanded blossom, delights in its rich
tints and fragrant smell, but, above all, he feels a
charm in contemplating movements and regulations
before which all the combined ingenuity of man
dwindles into nothingness.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

REMOVING FLOWERS.

Mr IjloiTOR — In your publication for May 2, a
plan is given for removing choice flowers from
one pot to another with ease ; and you may, per-
haps, admit into your paper a plan . for a corres-
ponding object. It is contained in a

51 E M O R A JJ D n M

As to the px-eference of wicker baskets, as com-
pared with pots, (and it may be added, as compar-
ed with boxes,) for the conveyance of young plants,
in certain cases, from place to place ; employed
by the Hon.^ Joseph Robley, president and com-
mander in chief on the island of Tobago.* The
memorandum is as follows: — August, 1803.

Mr Robley stated, in favor of wicker baskets,
that they are light and easily removed from place
to place ; and that when plants are to be set out
where they are to remain, the plants need not be
shifted from the baskets ; but, if suffered to con-
tinue in them, the baskets will soon rot in the
ground ; and in the meantime, the roots of the
plants will extend themselves into the adjacent
soil, without impediment.

Yours, with respect, A. B.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

The standing committee on the products of
the Kitchen Garden, respectfully submit the fol-
lowing list of Premiums for the year 1832 :

Asparagus, two largest and best bunches, $4,00.

Beets, half a dozen, the best Blood, 3,00.

Beans, Lima, twp quarts, the earliest and
best, 4,00.

Cucumbers, best pair raised in open ground
on or before the 2d Saturday in July, 3,00.

Carrots, half a dozen the best long orange, 3,00.

Celery, two roots the earliest and best, 4,00.

Cauliflower, two best heads, 4,00.

Corn, sweet, one dozen the earliest and best, 3,00.

Lettuce, two best heads, 2,00.

Melons, water, the largest and best, 3,00.

Melons, musk, the best and finest flavored, 3,00.

* Mr Robley obtained a gold medal for Jiis plantation
of bread-fruit trees.

Vol. X.-No. 46.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

363

Peas, one peck, tlie earliest and best, 4,00.

Peas, one peck, with reference to quality
and yield, 4,00.

Potatoes, one peck, the ripest and best on
or before the first Saturday in July, 4,00.

Savoy Cabbage, two best heads, 3,00.

Squash, crooked neck, two of the largest
and best, 4,00.

Squash, Canada, two of the earliest and best, 4,00.

Turnips, one dozen of the earliest and best
for the table, 2,00.

Turnips, one dozen of the best for stock, 2,00.

Discretionary premiums will be awarded by the
committee, on any new or fine vegetable not nam-
ed above.

The committee will generally be at the hall of
the Society on Saturday, during the season of veg-
etables, from 11 to 12 o'clock, A. M., to inspect
such specimens as may be offered for a fjremium.
A particular description of the method of planting
and growing, will be required of those who send
in vegetables for a premium.

DANIEL CHANDLER,

May 24, 1832. Chairman.

The flower and vegetable seeds presented to
the Society by the Hon. Thomas H. Perkins, M.
C. Perry, Esq., William Shaler and James Om-
brosi, Esq'rs., together with some grape cuttings
sent from Malaga and presented by Mr William
Worthington, were distributed among the mem-
bers of the Society. Mr Thomas ftlason exhibited
some fine tulips for premium.

Saturday, May 26, 1833.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

PLANTING FRUIT SEEDS, STONES, &c.

3Ir Fessenden — In a communication in an-
swer to an inquiry respecting " the proper course
to pursue in planting fruit seeds and stones," pub-
lished in your paper. No. 21, of the current vol-
ume, I attributed the failure of their vegetation,
mentioned by your correspondent, to the deficien-
cy of the necessary action of frost in the preceding
winter ; I considered the suspension as the loss
only of one year's growth. This, in my ground,
is demonstrated by the abundant germination of
seeds, which lay dormant through the last season.
I have renewed my experiment, as proposed, of
planting them protected from frost, but without
success.

In my nursery and fruit grounds, I have shared
in the general calamity, but in a much lighter de-
gree than has been felt or predicted by others.
The indication of total destruction was not to me
so manifest in but few of my bearing trees, as to
justify their immediate extirpation. Some, how-
ever, of my large and most vigorous apple trees,
which did not excite early apprehension, are now
found enveloped in then- shroud.

The action of an early and severe frost on the
redundant fluid, distended the body so far as to
open fissures in the bark for its corresponding en-
largement. As the wood contracted, the bark was
left detached, and the trees consequently lost. —
My young trees are apparently as healthy as usual.
My pear trees indicate the severest suflering ;
many, thirty years in bearing, are in fact past re-
covery ; a larger proportion, pronounced equally
. hopeless by scientific inspectors, are exhibiting
flattering symptoms of convalescence. In many
cases, should my trees not survive, it may be a

question whether their destruction is more to be
imputed to the season, than to the experiments of
the curious, to test their vitality. Many in my
nursery, recently grafted or budded, have perished
at tlieir union with the stock. These I have graft-
ed as far below the injury as practicable.

Young peach trees come out much as usual ;
more indeed are dead, and the buds inserted last
season more sparingly vegetate. Those in bearing,
generally from eight to ten years old, have a sickly
cast, but not tnore so than at the last season. The
young shoots in their last year's progress were
gummy and spotted, and their extremities decayed.
Having my groimd too much crowded, 1 have ta-
ken out a large proportion of them, giving more
liberal space to the remainder, which I have head-
ed down. Topping the branches, particularly in
this tree, I liave found beneficial in restoring health
and vigor, more esjjecially after a full bearing.
This process will occasion no loss of fruit the
present season, and will probably be the means of
an abundance the next, if the tree is not past
recovery. It will be a test of its value in its ca-
pacity to renovate itself; should it continue to ex-
hibit symptoms of disease, the next application
should be at its root.

I have found it a good practice with all trees
when the circulation to the extremities appears to
be impeded, to head them down to some healthy
point, a few inches above a forked branch, if the
place be favorable ; by this method a better top is
reproduced and the amputation much less injuri-
ous. If this course was more generally practised
in our orchards, with prior judicious treatment on
the first appearance of decay, instead of their sick-
ly appearance and early exit, they would continue
to yield better and more abundant fruit ; they
would also retain their vigor and beauty to a good
old age ; our apple orchards would then become
an ornament instead of what they now are, the
most unsightly blotch on most of our farms, ex-
hibiting the appearance of feeble exotics, instead
of the healthy character of native productions.
Respectfully, yours, O. FISKE.

Worceskr, May 28, 1832.

From the New York Farmer.

SMALL BEER.

Mr Editor — I noticed in your paper, several
communications giving directions for making small
beer for family use ; none of which met my views
of the subject. The following, I know from ex-
perience, will furnish a very pleasant beverage : —
Take a five gallon keg ; take out one head, and in-
sert a small brass cock, about three inches above
the lower head. In this keg put three quarts of
wheat, rye, or corn meal, ground rather coarse, as
for stilling ; on this pour about three quarts of boil-
ing water; add a pound of honey, sugar, or mo-
lasses ; one tea-cup full of ginger or ground al-
spice ; stir all intimately together, and add three
gallons of water, heated to about seventyfive or
eighty degrees of the thermometer. To this add
about a quart of lively yest. Stir it well together
and set it in the sun ; a fermentation will soon en-
sue and continue all day. By the next morning it
will be settled clear, and should then be drawn off
into bottles, corked, and set away for twentyfour
hours, when it will be fit for use. This, if re
peated daily, will furnish a very pleasant family
drink. Yours, etc. R. M. W.

Middlesex, May 1, 1832.

THE SEASON.
A gentleman of this village, who has been a
close observer of "the times and seasons," (sa3'S
the Brattleborough, Vt., Messenger,) assures us,
that during the last twentysix years the apples
trees in this vicinity have been in full bloom but
six times, at an earlier period than they were the
present season, which he has recorded in his hor-
ticultural journal as being on the 18lh inst. He
also states, that in those earlier seasons the fruit
was small in quantity, having been more or less
injured by frosts. According to his theory, the
present season jiromises an abundant oop of ap-
j)les. The severity of the past winter has been
somewhat destructive to peach trees, though it is
believed the injury is not so extensive as was a
few weeks since generally apprehended.

It is now the 9th of May, (says a Quebec pa-
per,) and no sowing has been done in this vicinity.
The'snow still lies along the fences, and in the
woods about two feet deep. Gardening is hardly
commenced. Some potatoes were, however, j)Ut
in the ground last week in the new settlements on
the south shore ; and it is thought that wheat sow-
will be general before the 14th inst. After the
20th it is generally considered too late to sow
wheat, and the chance of a good crop is diminish-
ed by the late period of sowing. Great distress
prevails throughout this district, for want of fod-
der for the cattle. Hay is selhng in Quebec front'
twenty to twentyfive dollars per hundred bundles'
of sixteen jiounds each. Many horned rattle have
died for want of proper food and by disease.

Mohawk and Hudson Rail-Road. — This road has
now been in operation to the river, or to the west
side of Pearl street, for a week ; and the accuracy
and sufficiency of the power and construction of
the stationary engine at the head of the inclined
plane, at this end of the road, satisfactorily tested.
The number of passengers on the road last week,
considerably exceeded previous calculations. The
locomotives are in fine order, and the company
have purchased and have now in use some of the
fleetest and finest horses in the country. The trip
over the road, with the locomotives, is usually
made in from thirtyfive to fortyfive minutes, in-
cluding the ascent and descent of the planes; and
with horse power, from an hour to an lioin- and
ten minutes. We are informed that in two or
three instances, last week, the cars drawn by
horses came from Schenectady to the half-way
house in twentyfour minutes, being at the rate of
about a mile in three minutes. .Present indica-
tions promise the stockholders a rich harvest this
season. — Albany Argus.

Manure for Grasses and Asparagus. — Dr J. W.
Smith, of Lockport, N. Y. in a communication to
the American Fanner, says, he has " found from
experience, that the coal dust cinders, and scales
of iron, from the blacksmith's forge, when prop,
erly mixed with fine garden mould, to be incom-
parably the best manure for the grape that can be
used. For asparagus, I have also made use of
finely pulverized oyster shells, well incorporated
with the earth in which it is planted, or well dug
in about the roots of old beds. Its effects are as-
tonishing, especially on old beds."

Rais. — It is said, that chloride of lime, placed
in cellars, closets, garrets, &.c, will free them
from rats.

3G4

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 30, 1832.

ricnlture.

AN ADDRESS

To the Essex Jigricullw-al Society, delivered at An-
dover, Mass. Sept. 29, 1831, at their annual Cat-
tle Show. By Henry Caiman. Published at the
request of the Society.

ConcluJetl from page 357,

Next, let us compare the value of liay with oth-
er crops for the feeding of stock. An acre of hay
yields one ton and a lialf of vegetable food ; an
acre of carrots or Swedisli turnips will yield from
ten to twenty tons, say fifteen tons, wliich is by no
means an exaggerated estimate. Crops at the rate
of tvventyfive tons of carrots and twentytwo of
Swedish turnips to the acre, have been raised
among us, and much larger crops than these are
upon record.

By an experiment it has been ascertained, that
three working horses fifteen aiid a half liandsfcigh,
consumed at the rate of two hundred and twenty-
four pounds of hay per week, or five tons one thou-
sand five hundred and fortyeight pounds of hay
per year, besides twelve gallons of oats each per
week, or seventyeight bushels by the year. An
unworked horse consumed at the rate of four and
one quarter tons of liay by the year. The produce
therefore of nearly six acres of land in this mode
of feeding, is necessary to support a working horse
by the year ; but half an acre of carrots at six hun-
dred bushels to the acre with the addition of chop-
ped straw, will, while the season for their use lasts,
do it as well if not better. These things do not
admit of doubt ; they have been subjects of accu-
rate trial.

It is believed, that the value of a bushel of In-
dian com ill straw and meal, will keep a licaltby
horse in good condition for work a week. An
acre of Indian corn, which yields sixty bushels,
will be ample for the support of a horse through
the year. Now it is lor the farmer to consider,
whether it be better to maintain his horse upon
the produce of half an acre of carrots, which can
be cultivated at an expense not greatly exceeding
the expense of half an acre of potatpes ; or upon
half an acre of ruta baga, which can be raised as
a second crop at less expense than potatoes ; or
upon the grain produce of an acre of Indian corn ;
or, on the other hand, upon the produce of six
acres in hay and grain, for six acres will hardly
do more than to yield nearly six tons of hay and
seventyeight bushels of oats. The same economy
might be as successfully introduced into the feed-
ing of our neat cattle. I have known a yoke of
oxen engaged in the ordinary labor of a farm, to
be kept three months in winter, in good working
condition, upon one bushel of Indian meal and
about twentyfive cents' worth of straw per week ;
and my own team has never been in better con-
dition both for appearance and labor, than when
fed wholly upon a liberal supply of ruta baga and
the coarsest (odder. But it has been ascertained
by accurate measurement, that an unworked ox
put up on goorl old hay, consumed at the rate of
thirtythree pounds per day or two hundred and
thirtyone pounds per week, which is upwards of
six tons per year of two thousand pounds to the
ton. There must then be a great saving between
feeding in the way referred to, or upon Enghsh
hay ; and English hay alone, in any quantity,
without grain or vegetables, is not sufficient for
any hard-working animal.

We come next to the great article of produce,
the prince of vegetables, the bread fruit of our
climate, Indian com. In an agricultural view,
that country is signally blest, which has the ca-
pacity of ])roducing Indian corn. There is no
crop of more simjile and easy cultivation ; none is
subject to fewer casualities ; only in a single in-
stance for many years, (the year 181C,) has the
crop among us been generally cut ofl". There is
none ihat yields a greater quantity of feed, or of
belter feed to man apd beast ; which will make
more flesh ; which returns so much to the land ;
and bears more frequent planting upon the same
ground.

Crops exceeding one hundred bushels to an acre
have been raised in this country. No farmer
ought to be satisfied with a less crop than fifty
bushels to the acre ; and, while pork is worth six
cents a pound, he may estimate his corn as equal
to seventy cents per bushel. Fifty bushels to the
acre, then, may be safely valued at thirtyfive dollars ;
and the fodder from an acre of corn, if well saved,
would do much towards paying for the labor of
cultivation. It will do more, when carefully man-
aged, than any other crop, towards supplying its
own manure. I do not speak at random. Mr VV.
p. Livingston, of New York, gives it as his opin
that the Ibdder will jiay for the cuhivatiou. Lo
rain, of Pennsylvania, obtained from an acre yield
iijg sixtysix bushels to the acre, (and the ground
was planted with potatoes as well as corn,) of
Ton. Cwt. Ills.

Blades, husks and tops, 1, li, 13.

Stalks or butts, 1, 7, 00.

Total, 2, 13, 13,gross.«
Mr Phillips, an intelligent farmer of Pennsylva
uia, says, "that he is fully of opinion, that a field
of good corn will yield as much fodder and con-
taiu as much nutriment as afield of the best clover
of equal size."t

The saving of corn fodder ought to be much
more matter of attention than it is. It is a slov-
enly and wasteful practice to leave our corn butts
in the field, to be browsed by cattle and so to serve
no use as manure, rather than carefully to gather
and feed them out in winter in our barn yards,
where what is not consumed by the stock, will go
at once to increase the compost heap.

Of potatoes, as a profitable crop, I have great
distrust. Beyond what is wanteil for marketing
or family use they aflbrd small returns. One hun-
dred and fifty bushels to the acre is more than an
average crop throughout this country. These can
hardly be rated on the farm at more than one shil-
ling per bushel, which would be equal to twentyfive
dollars, out of which the expense of four or five
dollars for seed is to be deducted. For feeding
beef stock it is doubtful if they should be rated so
high. I have made no experiments with them in
this way, upon which I can rely. When steamed
they are represented as excellent feed for horses.
Many persons speak well of them in fattening beef;
but the best grazing counties in the State do not
deem them a very profitable object of culture. —
"To mix potatoes in the food of fattening pigs,"
says an English agriculturist, "is deceptions, de-
teriorating the pork in exact proportion. Hence
the Irish pork and bacon are generally inferior to
the English, and the market price is in proportion.

•Lorain's Husbandry, page 201.

f N. Y. Memoirs, vol in. page 374.

The inferiority was some years since stated at
three ounces per pound or upwards, by an emi-
nent dealer in Irish provisions."* But deducting
the expense of seed, the labor of manuring, plant-
ing, hoeing and gathering, which is always trouble-
some business, the profits of such cultivation must
be very small. They likewise return but little to
the ground, for the tops of potatoes can scarcely
be considered as of any value.

Carrots are a more jirofitable crop than pota-
toes. This crop is of great value. "A bushel of
carrots for any stock, is equal to two thirds of a
bushel of potatoes, or of equal value, weight for
weight." It is little more expensive to raise six
hundred bushels of carrots than two hundred of
potatoes. Again, land which will produce fifty
bushels of corn to the" acre, will produce six hun-
dred bushels of carrots, or twelve for one; and a
New York farmer, by the name of Waring, says,
that "two and a half or at most three bushels of
carrots will make as much beef, pork, mutton,
milk, or horse flesh, as one bushel of corn. This
seems to be an extravagant estimate, but if they
will do half as much, the advantage is greatly in
favor of carrots.

Of the value of English turnips I shall notsay
much. They are very easily raised. Cattle and
sheep are very fond of them, and will thrive iqion
them. In Great Britain many of their cattle are
entirely fattened upou them, and English beef is
celebrated all over the world. Upwards of eleven
hundred bushels have been raised to an acre, by
Jlr Featherstonhaugh, of New York ; and premi-
ums have been given, in Scotland, to crops of sev-
entyfiv.e and ninetysix tons to the Scotch acre,
which is one fourth larger than ours. As a second
crop they may be raised to great advantage.

The ruta baga is a highly valuable crop. I have
raised nine hundred bushels to the acre at a less
expense than the same extent of potatoes could be
cultivated ; and four hundred and six hundred
bushels have been produced on sward land, from
which a crop of grass has been taken the same
season. A crop of four hundred bushels to the
acre was raised on a grass ley, and sowed on the
IStli of July. But I am inclined to believe that
the best mode of culture is to raise the plants in a
seed-bed, and transplant them either with a short
stick or by running a single furrow at the distance
at which it is desired the rov/ should be made,
dropping the plants on the land side of the furrow
and letting a man follow, to set them up and draw
the earth to them with a hoe. Where they are
transplanted a much longer season is obtained, as
this need not take place until the last of July or
even as late as the middle of August.

They are said to be excellent food for horses ;
and, when steamed, valuable for swine. I know
them to be of great value for oxen and all dry
stock ; and for cows, abating unpleasant taste
which they give to the milk ; and both carrots and
ruta baga may he applied with great advantage to
the feeding of sheep intended for the butcher. —
The manure which has been made from sheep or
cattle fed on turnips, with their yards well Utter-
ed, from the extraordinai-y secretions of urine which
turnips produce, is of a superior quality. The val-
ue of carrots for milch cows is well understood,
not increasing the quantity of milk so much as po-
tatoes, but giving it richnessand sweetness, and con-
tributing to keep the animals in the best condition.

* British Farmer's Magazine, vol. i. page 594.

Vol. X — No. 46.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

365

It is my conviction, therefore, that on the ex-
tefidetl cultivation of Indian corn, carrots, and ruta
baga, tlie Essex farmer may lay the foundation of
a profitable husbandry. Of the cultivation of other
crops and particularly of the smaller grains, wheat,
barley and rye, I have not time to speak. In re-
spect to wheat, much of our land is unfavorable,
probably from a deficiency of lime ; and this might
be remedied by the application of lime to the soil,
either in a crude or composite state, as it exists,
for example, in the spent leaches of soap boilers.
The prejudice generally entertained, that the vi-
cinity of barberry bushes will occasion a blast of
the grain, deserves farther inquiry ; as I have for
the two last years, had sound crops of wheat di-
rectly in their neighborhood.

2. I propose next to speak of the application'
of the produce of the farm.

The raising of live stock cannot be pursued to
any great extent by the Essex farmer. The scan-
tiness of our pastures forbids it. Yet in a small
degree, by producing large crops of succulent veg-
etables, by a careful saving of his corn-fodder and
straw, and by sending bis young animals to anoth-
er part of the country for pasture in summer, he
may at least keep his stock good and often go be-
yond this with advantage. Every farmer should
have young stock sufficient to consume his coarse
fodder ; and he can often purciiase stock brought
from the interior at a low rate, the growth of
which in this way will be more than equivalent
for their feed.

The dairy is another object with the Essex farm-
er. Butter and cheese always find a ready mar-
ket in the towns and villages, which are accessible
to every part of the county. It should be an ob-
ject with him to extend this.part of his husbandry
as much as possible, and to obtain a milking stock
of the best qualities. This requires that his ani-
mals should be well kept. The produce of a cow
in the summer will be materially affected by the
manner in which she has been kept in the winter ;
and our scanty pastures may be greatly assisted by
clearing up, draining, and the application of ashes
to the surface ; besides which we should find great
advantage in the cultivation of green summer feed
for our cows, such as Indian corn sown for this
purpose, and especially lucerne, which bids fair
to become a valuable auxiliary to our dairy hus-
bandry.

Essex county has the honor of having pos-
sessed some cows, whose produce has scarcely
been exceeded ; but we are certainly deficient in
attention to the good quality of our milking stock,
and, from ignorance or indolence, keep animals
which are comparatively worthless. In a com-
parison of the quality of the milk of two of my own
cows, in order to ascertain the proportion of cream
given by each, I found in milk taken on the same
day and in the same quantity, and allowed to stand
in the same place for the satne length of time, an
extraordinai-y difference, the milk of one giving
only two tenths of an inch of cream and the other
giving an inch and three tenths ; and yet this in-
ferior cow was most promising in appearance, and
the most expensive cow in the yard.

Essex county has one small dairy, which pre-
sents a fine example of successful management in
this branch of husbandry, not exceeded by any
within my inquiries. I refer to the dairy of Mr
Jesse Curtis, of Marblehead, all of native cows and
most of them raised by himself.

In 1824, from (il*cows, he made 73'2 lbs. of butter.
182.5, " 7 " 880

182G, « G « 74,1 "

1827, « Cf " 83(1

1828, " 8 " 1272 "
182!), " 7 " 117.5

1830, " G " lO'JO lbs. 13 ozs.

Which last yield is at the rate of one hundred and
eightyone pounds to a cow, and this without any
extra feed.

The next mode of consuming your produce on
tlie place is by stall feeding sheep, to be put up in
autumn and turned oft" to the butcher in the spring.
My own experiments in this way, though conduct-
ed under many disadvantages, have been favorable
to its continuance, since it has furnished a home
market for my produce, at the current rates, with-
out the trouble and loss of carrying it from the
farm ; and the manure has been an equivalent for
the attendance. To stock of this description, car
rots, ruta baga and common turnips are a valuable
feed, and for this purpose may be raised to advan-
tage. Mutton fattened in the immediate vicinity,
certainly deserves and will command the prefer-
ence with the butchers, over that which is driven
a great distance or which is brought down in a
half-frozen state.

Pork is another article, which, even at the pres
ent low prices, may, I believe, be fattened without
loss and perhaps to a very small profit ; at least, it
furnishes a market for our produce without the
trouble and expense of carrying it fiom the farm,
and it leaves a valuable manure for its benefit. I
need not say anything of the important differences
in the breeds of swine. Some will scarcely repay
the trouble of attendance, while from an im()roved
stock I have had a gain for weeks and months to-
gether, of two pounds, two and a quarter pounds,
three pounds, and three and a half pounds, per
day. Cooked food for swine is greatly to be pre-
ferred to raw food ; Indian meal is more fattening
than any other feed ; the growth of the first year
is a much greater gain than that of any subsequent
period ; and I believe it is best to keep them from
the first not merely in a growing but in as fat a
state as we can get them.

In regard to the fattening of beef animals, my
experience has been little and that by no means
encouraging. In a single experiment, where an
exact account was kept, it was attended with a
great loss, as in general the profits in such cases
go to the butcher. I have wished to make further
trials ; and I should express the hope, that a Soci-
ety distinguished for the judicious selection of its
subjects of premium, will deem it of particular
importance to encourage various and exact exper-
iments, to determine what may be profitably done
in this way, and to devise other successful modes
of consuming the produce of a farm, so that what
is carried away may not impoverish it.

Next to the importance of cooking food for
swine, and I believe it would be found of almost
equal advantage for all other animals, is the cutting
up of all long feed for neat cattle and horses. My
own experience has been considerable in this way,
and always strongly in its favor; so has that of
many other persons within my knowledge ; but I
shall refer you only to the testimony of a Mr Phil-
lips, of Pennsylvania. He says, " I have fixed a
moveable shaft upon the top of my cider mill, on
which is a large drum, and with another small

' One cow fjr half the season.

drum connected by a strap, the chaft-cutter is
worked by one horse, the fodder is cut of any size
from one quarter to an inch long and with ease,
from 120 to 140 bushels an hour are turned out,
one boy only attending the machine. Since I have
used fodder thus ])repared, I have kept from twen-
tysixto thirtyfive headof cattle, besides horses and
sheep, during the wiiiter, and have used at least
ten loads of hay less than when I kept only twelve.
This spring (1824) my cattle were in better order
than usual."*

I owe an apology to the Society for detailing
my own experience, and so often speaking in the
first person. It would be affectation in me to pre-
tend ignorance of an art in which I have been
more or less interested and occupied for many
years, and with a strong feeling of its great and
essential importance to human comfort and good
morals ; but I am not unaware that I stand in the
presence of many, of much more experience and
knowledge than myself; and in speaking of what
I have done, I am prompted by a feeling of the
duty of every farmer to communicate to his breth-
ren the results of his own experiments, whether
favorable or otherwise, as the best means of ad-
vancing an art, where facts and experience are
the safest instructers.

There were other topics upon which it was my
wish to have remarked ; but I fear I have already
trespassed too nmch upon your patience. Agri-
culture cannot be looked to as a source of wealth ;
but money is far from being one of the greatest
goods of life. Its profits, under the most favored
circumstances, must be small and can only be se-
cured by hard labor, persevering industry, and ex-
treme frugality. Yet the situation of every sober
and diligent farmer in our country, may always be
one of substantial independence. A comfortable
dwelling, a sufficiency of wholesome food and
good clothing, the means of rearing a family, the
opportunity of procuring the best education for his
children, the power of gradually improving hit
property and condition, and of accumulating some
humble resources against the time of old age and
sickness ; and above all, the quiet and comforts
and endearments of home, and the perfect enjoy-
ment of his religious rights and privileges ; are
blessings as much within the reach of the indus-
trious and honest farmer in New England, as of
the richest man in the world, and are sufKcient to
satisfy any but an inordinate avarice and ambition.
The fanner's gains are honest gains. What he
gets, he gets not at the expense of suffering or loss
to others, but as the lawful fruits of his own in
dustry and toil. lie above all others should be a
religious man ; for the fruits which he gathers
seem to be poured at once into his lap from the
divine bounty ; and the various domestic animals
which depend on his care and are to be daily fed
from his hand, remind him that he is the almoner
of a merciful and kind Providence. Every oper-
ation of husbandry, with all its beautiful and mi-
raculous results, admonishes the thoughtful mind
of that unseen hut omnipresent and beneficent
agency on which all creatures subsist, and which
is everywhere difiusing life and happiness and
good. The flowers of the field in their splendor

* Memoirs of N. Y. Agriculture, vol. iii. page 374, —
[I have myself tried various cutting machines; where
much work is to be done, I can strongly recommend the
machines invented and patented by Jonathan Kastman, of
Baltimore, which are now made in Boston, as the best
within my knowledge.]

366

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

May 30, 1832.

and beauty ; the birds of the air, who, though tliey
have neither store-house nor barn, are fed by a
paternal kindness ; the invigorating sunshine and
the fertilizing rain ; the fields glistening with the
enriching dew, or yellow with the ripened harvest,
and the cattle upon a thousand hills, all speak to
the husbandman, of God, in tones which find their
way at once to the feeling and pious bosom. Let
hislieart and life pour forth a gratelul response.
In the exercise of an honest industry, wlio can feel
a justcr claim to the peaceful enjoyment of its
bountiful returns ! The possession of these gifts
of divine goodness should remind him of his duty
to those whom it gives him the power and privi-
lege to succor and relieve. When the peace and
contentment and comfort which reigns in his hab-
itation, are thus enjoyed in charity to his fellow
men and in humble piety to God, this earth pre-
sents no condition more privileged and enviable.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, May 30, 1832.

CULTURE OF POTATOES.

A writer for Paxton and Harrison's Horticultu-
ral Register, with the signature of " G. J. T." and
author of the Domestic Gardener's Manual, ob-
serves, that " our enlightened President, Mr
Knight, has placed me in possession of directions
for planting that noble root [the potato,] in his
own hand writing." They are as follows:-—

I obtained from the ash-leaved kidneys, last
season, (a bad one, 1830,) a produce equal to six
hundred and seventy bushels, of eighty pounds
each, to the statute acre ; and I entertain no doubt
of having as many this year. To obtain these
vast crops of the ash-leaved kidneys I always
plant whole potatoes, selecting the largest I can raise;
and for a very early crop, those ripened early in the
preceding summer, and kept dry. I usually plant
tlicm on'their ends, to stand with the crown end iip-
tvards, and place them at four inches distance, from
centre to centre in the rows ; the rows two feet
apart and always pointing north and south.

I plant my large potatoes nnicli in the same
wav, Iji't with wider intervals, according to the
height which the stems attain ; thus, one which
n-rows a yard high, at six inches distance from
centre to centre, and three feet six inches or four
feet between the rows, never cutting any potato,
nor planting one of less weight than a quarter but
generally half a pound. By using such large sets,
I get very strong and large plants with widely ex-
tended roots, very early in the summer.

The blossoms take away a good deal of sap
which may be better employed in forming pota-
toes ; and whenever a potato affords seed freely, I
think it almost an insuperable objection to it. As
a feneral rule, I think that potatoes ought to be
planted in rows, distant from each other in pro-
portion to the height of the stems. The height of
stems being full three feet, the rows ought to be
four feet apart ; and the sets, of the very largest
varieties, planted whole, never to be more distant
from centre to centre than six inches. By such
mode of planting, the greatest possible quantities
of leaf (the organ, by which alone blood is made,)
are exposed to the light.

The philosophy of these able nnd simple direc-
tions may be shoitly explained : It consists in
tJie exposure of the utmost possible surface of the

respiratory organs, (the leaves,) to the agency of
the electrising principle of the solar light, and ot
corresponding breadths of soil to the influences of
air and lyat ; so that the roots may be enabled to
extend right and left to a distance somewhat ex-
ceeding that of the height of the stems and foliage.
The potato called the early champion, was that
with which I began my experiments, early in
iMarch, 1631. The soil" was that of a pasture, a
deep and brown sandy loam, upon a chalky sub-
soil, approaching to marl. This soil had been
trenclied in the autumn to the depth of two feet,
and the turf inverted at the bottom of each trench.
About eighty pounds of these potatoes were plant-
ed whole, in rows two feet asunder, running north
and south, the sets about six inches apart, crown
from crown. But as I could not obtain a suffi-
ciency of the variety at the time, I was constrain-
ed to employ such as I had, and therefore the
size of the potatoes was not attended to. The
rows were weeded early, and the stems advanced
regularly till the fatally destructive Cth of JMay,
when the frost destroyed and blackened every leaf
that had fairly emerged from the surface. Thus
I lost all the benefit that would have been other-
wise derived from the early developed leaves ; and
consequently, a considerable weight of the advanc-
ing crop. In a week or ten days, however, fresh
shoots were protruded, and as the stems advanced
they were deeply earthed up, that is, till the
whole piece of ground had the appearance of so
many ranks of ridges, the intervening spaces be-
ing twelve inches deep in the centre. This one
effectual earthing-up sufficed, and the crop attain-
ed perfect maturity in due time. The total yield
of potatoes (which were for the greatest part of a
fair average size and of most excellent quality,
mealy and fine in flavor,) was five hundred and
scvcntysix pounds.

The early frame potato, planted the first week
in March, was the subject of the second experi-
ment. I had procured one peck weighing four-
teen poundsj and the tubera were cut into small
sets with from one to three eyes each. The sets
were planted in rows, pointing north and south,
two feet asunder, the sets being four inches apart
in the rows. The site was a garden plot, four
yards by seven yards and a half, i. e., thirty square
yards. The subsoil was a strong, stiff loam, and
this was brought to the surface by deep trenching,
just before it was cropped. This plot suffered
also from the frost above alluded too. The final
yield was very great, (two hundred and fiftynine
pounds,) but the potatoes were far from being reg-
ular as to size; a great proportion were small,
weighing little more than one or two ounces each,
occasioned, I doubt not, by cutting the tubers into
small sets.

The third experiment commenced the 25th of
IMarch, when I was enabled to procure a small
supply of a variety styled early champions, but was
evidently far from true to its kind. The potatoes
were planted by the side of the first plot of cham-
pions, in rows two feet six inches asunder; the
sets six inches apart, crown from crown. The
total yield, digged up between August 25 and Sep-
tember 18, 1831, was one thousand two hundred
and nine pounds.*

General deductions from fads. — First — I find
that little or nothing is gained by planting before

the middle of March [in England] ; for if the frost
destroys the leaves as it did those of my first-sown
champions, a great loss in the product of the tu-
bers must inevitably be experienced. Secondly,
early ripened potatoes will yield an earlier crop
thaii others of the same variety, which have come
to maturity at a later period of the preceding sea-
son. My first champions were produced by my-
self, from a few roots given to me by a neighbor
in June, 1830. The land required to be trenched,
and therefore the potatoes were not in the ground
till the last week in the month ; hence they scarce-
ly ripened before the frost set in. The eightyfour
pounds planted in April, had been produced at the
usual season by a farmer, and they came in very
early and yielded almost dotible the quantity of
those first planted. It is but just, however, to
state that we commenced digging the latter, as
early young ])otatoes, in July ; and therefore,
scarcely two thirds remained to attain perfect ma-
turity. Thirdly, ash-leaved kidneys, above all
others, require to be planted whole ; if they are
not, many of them may not germinate at all. I
tried an experiment during last year and it was
decisive in its results. Henceforward I never in-
tend to plant a cut set of this potato, nor a whole
one of very small size. I trust that my experi-
ments on each variety that I plant during the cur-
rent season, will be conducted with a degree of
precision and exactitude, that may enable me on a
future occasion, to announce their particular rou-
tine and fuial results, in a way that shall leave no
doubt of the efficacy of Mr Knight's mode of
culture.

CANKERWORMS AND CATERPILLARS.

II. Van Voorhis, Esq., of Blaldcn, has commu-
nicated to us the follawing method of extermina-
ting the above mentioned insects from fruit trees,
the efficacy of which he assures us he has tested
by successful experiments.

" He procures a sheet-iron vessel of the shape of
the frustruni of a hollow cone or a sugar loaf, with
a part of the top cut off, which is large enough to
hold six or seven quarts. This has a door or
oi)ening near its bottom, a number of holes punch-
ed near its top, and a socket at its bottom, to re-
ceive the end of a pole by which it may be eleva-
ted when in use. Within this vessel a fire is
made of tobacco stems, oil, and sulphur, mois-
tened a little with vifater, so as to cause a slow
combustion with much smoke. This apparatus is
held by the pole to the windward of a tree infest-
ed, in such a position as to cause the smoke to
spread over the branches to which the insects are

attached, by which means they arc soon fumigated

into nonentity.

* The blossoms of every sortwhich pioduced any, were
mostly pinched ofl'as they appeared.

THE BIRDS.

We are apprehensive that among other evils
which are the consequences of the last winter's se-
verity, and its long "Ihigering in the lap of May,"
may be the destruction of bird's, and the conse-
quent predominance of worms and other insects,
which furnish food for the farmer's feathered
laborers.

We have received verbal accounts from several
towns in this vicinity, that the songsters arc miss-
ing from the groves, which they had been accus-
tomed to render vocal in the vernal months ; and
thousands have been found dead under trees, &c,
cut off by the inclemency of an unprecedented
and frightful season.

Vol. X.-No. 46.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

367

Notice.

The Massachusetts Society (or Promoting Agriculture
-lave just published No. 4 of the 10th volume of their
Repository and Journal. Members of the Society are
entitled to a copy, which they can obtain by calling at
the Seed Store of Mr J. B. Russell, No. 50^ North Mar-
ket Street.

Notice.

A stated meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural
Society will be held at the Room of the Society on Sat-
urday, June 2d, at H o'clock, A. M.

R. L. EMMONS, Sec'y

Young Cleveland,

THIS truly beautiful and valuable Horse is of the
Cleveland bay breed of horses, of trno even temper, Hve
years old the 20th of May, fifteen and a half hands high,
and of a beautiful dark bay color, wilh bl.ack mane, tail
and legs. He walks and trots remarkably easy and fast;
and is equalled by very few.for muscular strength, ele-
gant movement.fand perfect symmetry of form.

He has proved himself a sure and first rate foal getter.
The colts sired by him possess a great share of bone and
muscle.

The pedigree of Young Cleveland : — He was sired by
the celebrated bay horse. Sir Isaac, the son of the noted
horse, Molineux. Sir Isaac was presented to the Agri-
culturil Society of this State, by Sir Isaac Coffin, and
was selected under his order as superior of his breed, and
the breed recommended by him as the most highly es-
teemed for gentlemen's carriages, and all draft, farming,
and saddle purposes, of any horses in New England. —
His dam was a first rate and high spirited native mare.
He will stand the ensuing season, at the stable of the sub-
ecrilier, in Franklin.

Terms : — Three dollars the single leap ; fire for the
season ; and eight to insure the mare with foal ; the
money to be paid when the mares are taken away, on
notes given payable the 1st October next. Those per-
sons who put mares to the Young Cleveland and have
them warranted, and part with the

Quarterly Review.

THE 93d No. of this work has just been republished
by Lilly & Wait, and contains articles on the follow-
ing subjects :— Life and Writings of Hesiod; Don^estic
Manners of the Americans ; Poetry by Mary Coliing ;
Lyell's Geology, vol. 2 ; Changes in the organic world
now in progress; Naval and Mililary Memoirs; Lord
Munster's Campaign of 1809; Capt. Hall's Autobiogra-
phy, second series; Punishment of Death; Wakelield
on Newgate ; English Fox Hunting ; Milton Mowbray ;
Francis the First, by Miss Kemble ; The Revolution of
16-10 and 1S30 ; True Causes of the Riot at Bristol and
Nottingham.

Republished quarterly from the London edition, at $5
per annum. May 23

PRICES OP COUNTRY PRODUCE-

Garden Compound,

For the preservation of Peach and other Fruit Trees.

This is thought to be an infallible preservative of the
Peach, Plum, and other fruit trees, from the destructive
worms and insects which in the spring attack and de-
stroy the vitality of the tree. By a proper application of
the compound, insects will not deposit their eggs in the
bark. This article will not harden in the sun, but re-
main liquid for several months, in this respect it is vastly
superior to any other compositioa in use.

Prepared and sold, wholesale and retail, by John M.
Ives, Salem; and John B. Russell, No. 50J North
Market Street, Boston.

Price, 33 cents per bottle, with directions for its use.

May 16, 1832.

Conqueror.

THE entire horse Conqueror will stand the ensuing
season at the Ten Hills Stock farm in Charlestown, two
and a half miles from Boston, at ten dollars, to insure a
mare in foal, secured by a note at ten months, to be valid
and payable in case the mare proves to have been in foal,
and one dollar to the groom at the time of covering.

Conqueror was bred near Montreal (Canada) foaled in
May, 1823, and sired by a noted Normandy horse out of a
blood Mare — he is rising 15 hands high and remarkably

ell grown, combining great power, generous spirits

before foaling time, I good action, very docile in his temper, and of that hardy

or neglect to bring their mares regularly to the horse' I color, iron gray. This horse has taken three premiums

through the season, will be considered holden for insu- '« Canada, as the best horse in that country. He has

ranee money. ELI M. RICHARDSON.

Franklin, May 30, 1832. 4t*

Knowledge for the People.

Lilly fc Wait have just published Knowledge for
the People, or tlie Plain Why an I Because, No. 10, com-
prising Arts and Manufactures — price 12^ cents.

May 30.

Wanted.

THE following numbers of the New England Farmer,
for which the subscription price will be allowed ; No. 1
of vol. ii. Nos. 2 and 19 of vol. iv. No. 13 of vol. vi.
Index to vol. vii. No. 2 of vol. viii. — Apply at the N.
E. Farmer office. May 30.

Seed Corn, etc.

FOR sale at the New England ' Seed Store, No. 504
North Market Street, several kinds of Seed Corn in ears,
the finest varieties cultivated in New Entrland, 8, 12, and
16 rowed.

Also, a few seeds of the Early Lemon Squash, from
the western part of this State, which is considered one of
the finest varieties of summer Squash cultivated, being a
week earlier than the Scollop or Warted Squashes, and
of much superiorjflavor, drier, and somewhat resembling
the Canada Squash in taste ; producing abundantly till
killed by frost. Price 12^ cents per paper.

May 23.

Straw and Palm-leaf Splitting Machine.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50.^
North Market Street, Guild's Improved Palm-leaf and
Straw Splitting Machine, calculated for fine and coarse
straw.

Also, Cast Steel Scythes of superior quality, warranted
genuine. May 23.

Willis' Improved Brass Syringes.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50.J
North Market Street, Willis' Improved Brass Syringes
for using Johnson's solution as a remedy against mildew on
grapes, destruction of vines from bugs and flies, and in-
sects on trees. See New England Farmer, vol. 8, p. 5.

May 23.

probably as niucli, or more than any othe
ing, of the strains of blood so well known in N. E. by the
name of " the Morgan breed" — from the best accounts
the original Morgan horse was made up of the same
strains ot blood as Conqueror. Conqueror has proved a
sure foal-getter, and is recommended to the public by
SAML. JAQUES.

The full blood horse Sportsman also stands as above —
for pedigree see late Nos. of the Farmer.

May 16, 1832.

Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel,

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse,No.504 North
Market Street, Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel for excava-
ting or leveling dirt.

This may certify that I have been using Shadrach Da-
vis, Jr.'s patented Scraper, and am fully satisfied that it is
much better than any other scraper of the kind, for dig-
ging and clearing cellars, that I have before used or seen.

Fairhaven, July 12, 1831. Ansel White.

This may certify that I have used Shadrach Davis, Jr.'s
patent Scraper on the roads in this town, and find it a
machine superior t^any other I ever used before, lor re-
moving earth ; and would hereby recommend it to public
patronage. Levi Shawe.

New Bedfoid. Aug. 22, 1831.

Apples, russettings, .

AsHEs, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort.

Beans, white, .

Beef, mess,
prime,
Cargo, No. 1, .

Butter, inspected. No. 1, new

Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk.

Flaxseed,

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .

Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .

Hay, ....

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality.

Lime, ....

Plaster Paris retails at

Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern,

Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, fill! blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd witli Saxony,
Merino, Jths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
J. f Pulled superfine
^■6 I 1st Lambs,
5 = -( 2d, "
I g. I 3d, "
^ List Spinning, .

1 barrel

5 00

ton

105 00

>'

112 00

bushel

90

barrel

11 50

"

8 00

"

8 00

pound

18

"■

8

bushel

112

barrel

5 73

"

6 00

'•

5 50

"

5 25

bushel

58

"

55

"

85

'•

87

"

45

cwt.

65

•'

9 00

"

22 00

cask

1 15

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

12 75

bushel

3 00

"

87

pound

12

cwt.

8 50

pound

48

»'

55

"

44

"

40

"

38!

"

35j

'•

56

"

45

"

33

i'

28

"

42

FROM TO

6 00
108 00
115 00

1 00

12 00

8 50

9 00
20

3
1 25

6 00

6 25

5 75

5 5t

60

58

90

1 00

48

70

9 25

23

1 25

3 50

17 00

14 00

13 00
3 50
1 0/

13
8 75
50
65
45

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.
Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

10

"

8

"

6

"

6

«

9

"

20

"

25

dozen

11

bushel

,.

62

barrel

4 00|

28

12

i 92

iOO

Pickering's Tree or Caterpillar Brushes.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No oOJ North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Brushes. —
This article, (which is likely to be in greater demand this
season, than for many previous years,) will be constantly
for sale as above, made of the best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for the purpose
of any now in use. May 16.

The Art of Being Happy.

JUST published by Carter & Hendee, the Art of
Being IHappy: from the French of Droz, ' Sur L'Art
D'Etre Heureux ;' in a series ot letters from a father to
his children ; with observations and comments. By
Timothy Flint. May 23.

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, May 28, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 225 Beef Cattle, 11 paiis Working
Oxen, 16 Cows and Calves, 35 Sheep, and 560 Swine. —
14 Beef Cattle remained unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. £eef Cattle — Last week's prices on the
best qualities were well supported ; perhaps a little bet-
ter prices were obtained, but on the thinner qualities (of
which there was a large proportion) a depreciation. We
quote extra at $7 a 7,"25, prime at 6,50 a 6,75, good at 6,
and thin at 5 a 5,75.

Working Oxen. — We noticed one sale at $68 and
one at 75.

Cows and Calves.— We noticed sales at $23, 38, 35
— two were sold at 45, and two (without calves) for 2l).

Sheep — Those at market were sheared, and were taken
at $3 each.

Swine — Former prices were well supported, but sales
not so brisk. We noticed several lots taken at 5 c for
sows and 6 for barrows ; at retail, 6 c for sows and 7 c for
barrows.

New York, May 25. — In market this week 350 Beef
Cattle, a short supply, and all sold quick at an advance of
25 c per hundred on last week's prices ; the average this
week $4,61 a 7,25. We quote 6,50 a 8 ; a few prime
cattle sold over this amount. Cows and Calves — sales at
,$18 a 35. Sheep scarce and sell quick at .$3 a 6; lambs
2,50 a 4. Live Hogs — the few that arrive sell quick at
4 a 4,25 per hundred. — Daily Adv.

3G8

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

May 30, 1832.

miscellany.

WOMAN.

0 Ihoul by lieaven ordained to be

Arbitress of man's destiny!

From thy sweet lip one tender sigh —

One glance from thine approving eye —

Can raise or bind him at thy will,
To virtue's noblest flights, or worst extremes of ill.

Be angel-minded ! and despise

Thy sex's little vanities;

And let not passion's lawless tide,

Thy better purpose sweep aside ;

For wo awaits the evil hour,
That lends to man's annoy thy heaven entrusted power.

Woman ! 'tis thine to cleanse the heart
From every gross, unholy part ;
Thine in domestic solitude,
To win him to be wise and good ;
His pattern, guide, and friend, to be.
To give him back the he?ven he forfeited for thee !

Greece, enkindles a desire in the minds of llie pu-
pils to undeistand the geography and history of
those coinitries, and of those near them, to which
they sustain important relations. Tlie history and
geography tlius tauglit will Iiardly ever be forgot-
ten.— Annals of Education.

MODE OF USING NEWSPAPERS IN

SCHOOLS.
It has been more than once proposed that news-
papers should be introduced into our schools ; —
their indiscriminate use would be far from profit-
able ; but the following extract from " Alcot's liis-
torical description of the first public school in
Hartford," illustrates a method of conducting this
exercise, which cannot fail to do good.

" Scholars, what is the latest news from Eu-
rope ? 'The 15i-itish Parliament is prorogued.'
Prorogued ! what does that mean .' ' Adjourned.'
Who did this ? Wlio prorogued the Parliament ?
< The king.' Who is tlie king of Great Britain ?
' William IV.' Is he a popular king ? ' Yes.'
What do you mean by popular? 'In favor with
the people.' Why did the king prorogue the Par-
liament? 'Because he was friendly to the Reform
Bill.' And who are ojiposed to that Bill ? ' The
Peers, or House of Lords.' How many Houses
are there in the British Parliament ? ' Two.'
What are they called ? ' The House of Lords, and
House of Commons.'

" How has the war between Russia and Poland
terminated ? ' The Russians have taken Warsaw
and conquered Poland.' What is to become of
Poland now ? ' It will probably come under the
yoke of Russia again.' Who has most distinguish-
ed himself in this war ? ' The Polish General,
Skryznecki.'

" What was the last news of Greece ? ' The
Count Capo d'Istrias has been assassinated.' Who
■was Count Capo d'Istrias ? ' The President of
Greece.' Is Greece in Asia? 'No, sir.' Where
is it then ? ' In the southern part of Europe.'

" What is the most important news in the Uni-
ted States? 'Congress has just assembled at
Washington.' For what purpose does Congress
meet ? ' To make laws.' Of whom does Con-
gress consist ? How many Senators from each
State, and how often a])pointcd ? How many
Representatives, and how long do they hold their
office ? "

This will serve as a specimen of the method of
studying newspapers. This plan is rather novel,
and well calculated to excite a taste for reading
and a love for general information. But this is
not all. The conversation about Poland and

FAULTS OF ANNIVERSARIES.

To be perpetually calling out " Mr President ! "
or " Sir ! " " Sir ! " in the most animated and em-
phatic parts of the address, as if the speaker Avould
overwhelm the unfortunate chairman with a flood
of eloquence that had been directed towards the
audience.

To have everything so "cut and dried" before
hand as to appear too formal ; resolutions being
printed and seemingly a matter of course, for
which the audience have little care. Concealed
method would no doubt improve this defect and
afford the audience the pleasure of novelty.

To speak in a measured, oratorical manner —
sentences sweUing with the pomp of Johnson and
Burke — while an audience of three thousand peo-
ple are hungry for simple facts, and are prepared
to hail an anecdote well told, if it be the truth and
have a bearing on the subject, with greater joy
than they would all the sonorous elocjuence that
ever was bellowed from the forum, or the bar, or
the desk.

To compliment a previous speaker, who no
doubt has his hands full to keep down the risings
of i)ride which have their promptings nearer home.
To speak of being unexpectedly called upon to
take a part in the exercises, when every word of
the speaker's address had been written more than
a year before, and safely deposited in the recesses
of a cranium too thick to have suffered a single
sentence, word, or comma, to make its escapg/rT

To overstate the importance of favorite objects ;
and thus lay a temptation before an audience, that
may swerve from a true judgment. — Badger's
jyeekly Messenger.

The full blooded Horse Sportsman.

THE Subscriber has secured the full-blooded horse
Sportsman, to stand the ensuing season at the " Ten
Hills Stock Farm," commencing April 10th, and ending
August 10th.

Terms — One Dollar to the Gjoom. and ten dollars for
the season, — rash, or a note on demand, or fifteen dollars
to insure a mare in foal, by a conditional note at eleven
months.

Good keeping for mares, at one dollar per week, at the
risk of the owners. t

Sportsman is not surpassed for spirits, and has as good
strains of blood, as any horse in this country. His dam
was a direct descendant from the best blood in England,
his sire, the full-blooded imported Arabian Horse " Bus-
sorah." It is with these strains ot blood that England
has hid defiance to the world on the fur/" and iu ihe field,
for more than a century past.

Sportsman's get are very promising, and may be seen
on tlie farm.

Satisfactory proof of the pedigree of this horse as given
below, is in my possession.

PEDIGREE.

Sportsman was foaled in 1S23, the property of the late
Gen. Coles of Dosoris, Long Island, and sired by the
" Bussorah Arabian," out of Sportsraistress by Hickory,
her dam the famous racing mare Miller's Damsel (the'
dam also of American Eclipse) by Mcssinger Grand Dam,
the imported PolSos mare, G. G. dam by Giincrack, &c.

Hickory was by Whip, his dam. Dido by Dare Devil,
G Dam by Wildair, G G Dam by Clockfast,G G G Dam
the Dam of the celebrated Virginia, " Bucephalus" and
Lailv Teazle.

"Mcssinger" by " Mambrino," Dam by Turf, G
Dam by Rc'gulus,G G Dam by Starling, Fox, Bay Bol-
ton. Duke of Ancastor's Turf, Byerly Turk, TaRblet
Barb, Place's white Turk, Native barb marc, PotSos
was by Eclipse, Dam Sportsmistress, by Warren's Sports-

Enormous Stones at the Temple of Bailee.
There is a curiosity of this place, wliicli a man
had need be well assured of his credit before he
venture to relate, lest he should be thought to strain
the privileges of a traveller too far. That which
I mean is a large piece of old wall which encom-
passed a number of structiu'cs. A wall made of
such enormous great stones, that the neighbors
thereabouts (as it is usual in things of a strange
nature) ascribe it to the architecture of the devil.
Three of the stones which were larger than the
rest, we took the pains to measure, and found them
to extend sixtyone yards in length ; one was twen-
tyone, and the other two each twenty yards ; in
depth they were foiu' yards eacli^ and in breadth
of the same dimensions. These three stones lay
in one and the same row, end to end. The rest
of the wall was made also of great stones, but none
I think so great as these. That which added to
the wonder was, that these stones were lifted up
into the wall more than twenty feet from the
ground. — MandreWs Journey to Jerusalem.

man, G Dam Golden Locks by Oronoko, I'anton's Crab,
Partner, &.c. See 1st and 2d volume of English stud
book.

PF.RFORMANCE.

At three years he won the sweepstakes on the Union
course. Long Island, against five horses. On the same
course, the same season, he won a maichrace against
Mr. Stevens' " Rattler". In the autumn of 1827, he ran
upon the same course, and won at three heats, (three
mile heats) beating Richard 3d from Virginia, Misfor-
tune and American Boy. He has never given way in his
limbs or wind. These are all his public performances,
and he never U'as beaten.

Ten Hills Stock farm, on the Medford Turnpike, two
and a half miles from Boston.

SAMUEL JAQUES.Jr.

Ten Hills Farm, April 4.

Younir Barefoot.

THIS very handsome Colt, just three years idd, (wa»
Ihe first colt ever got in America, by the truly cele-
brated full blood horse Barefoot, sent from England by
Sir Isaac Coffin,) was raised by John Prince, Esq. at Ja-
maica Plain, near Boston, out of a large and superior
mare of American breed. He is a beautiful dark bay,
with black mane and tail, and is considered an animal of
great promise. He will be kept for the usual season at
the stable in Brighton, where Barefoot and Cleaveland
have heretofore stood.

Terms — $12 — to be paid before the mare is taken
away ; and should the mare not prove to be in foal, the
money will be returned. Pasturage can be furnished for
mares, they to be, however, at the risk of the owners.
JOHN PARKINSON.

Brighton, May 16, 1832.

"Johnny, where 's my razor," bawled out an
Eastern shoreman, as he stood before the looking-
glass duly prepared for the operation of shaving.
"Why, daddy, I 've jist done opening oysters with
it." " Well, tarnation take the boy, run and rub
it on a brick-bat ; and by gosh, if ever you do the
ike again, if you shan't grind it ! "

Barefoot.

THE celebrated English Horse Barefoot will return i
from New York to the Brighton stable about the latter ■
end of June. Barefoot has proved one of the most suc-
cessful racers of his day, at York, Doncastcr, Newmarket,
Ascott, &c, and his pedigree exhibits the best blood
known. epGw May 23.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at R3 per annum,
payable at the end of the ^ear — but those wno pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol (ffty cents.

inr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Bctts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wis'ics of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
PdssELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 62, North
Alarket Street.

]\EW engi^a:^d farmer.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTti MARKET STREET, (at the Agricui.tur/vi. VVarkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL,. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 6, 1832.

NO. 47.

Rural Economy,

MAKING CHEESE.

The Massachusetts Agricultural Repository
gives the followiug directions for this process : —
" Breaking the curd is done with the hand and
dish. The (iner the curd is broken, the better,
particularly in thick cheeses. The best color of
this kind of cheese is that of bees' wax, which is
produced by Arnotta, rubbed into the milk after it
is wanned. The dairy woman is to judge the
quality by the color of the milk, as it differs much
in strength.

" Setting the milk too hot inchnes the cheese to
heave, and cooling it with cold water produces a
similar effect. The degree of heat varies with the
weather. The curd when formed is broken with
what is called a treple cheese knife. The use of
this is to keep the fat in the cheese ; it is drawn
the depth of the curd two or three times across the
tub, to give the whey an opportunity to run off
clear ; after a few minutes the knife is more freely
used, and the curd is cut into small pieces like
chequers, and is broken fine in the whey with the
hand and a wooden dish. The curd being allow-
ed about half an hour to settle, the whey is laded
off with the dish, after it is pretty well separated
from the curd.

" It is almost an invariable practice to scald the
curd. The mass is first broken very fine, and
then the scalding whey is added and stirred a few
minutes ; some make use of hot water in prefer-
ence to whe}', and in both cases heated according
to the nature of the curd ; if it is soft, the whey or
water is used near boiling ; but if hard it is only
used a little hotter than the hand. After the curd
is thoroughly mixed with the hot stuff, it is suffer-
ed to stand a few minutes to settle, and is then
separated as at the first operation. After the
scalding liquor is separated, a vat or what is often
called a cheese hoop, is laid across the cheese
ladder over the tub, and the curd is crumbled into
it with the hands and pressed into the val, to
squeeze out the whey. The vat being filled as
full and as firmly as the hand alone can fill it, and
rounded up in the middle, a cheese cloth is spread
over it and the curd is turned out of the hoop into
the cloth ; the vat is then washed and the inverted
mass of curds, with the cloth under it, is returned
into the vat and put into the press ; after standing
two or three hours in the press, the vat is taken
out and the cloth is taken off, washed and put
round the cheese, and it is replaced in the vat and
in the press. In about seven or eight hours it is
taken out of the press and salted, the cheese is
placed on a board and a handful of salt is rubbed
all over it, and the edges are jiared oft' if necessary ;
another handl'ul of salt is strewed on the upper
side, and as much left as will stick to it ; after-
wards it is turned into the bare vat without a cloth,
and an equal quantity of salt is added to it, and the
cheese is returned into the press ; here it contin-
ues one night ; and the next morning it is turned
into the vat, and continues till the succeeding
morning, and the curd is taken out and placed on
the dairy shelf; here they are turned every day
or every other day, as the weather may be. II' it
is hot and dry, the windows and doors are kept

shut, but if wet or moist the <loors and « indovvs
arc kept open night and day.

" Cleaning the cheese. — The cheeses having re-
mained about ten days after leaving the press, arc
to be washed and scraped in the following man-
ner : A large tub of cold sweet whey is placed
on the floor, the cheeses are inimergedin it, where
they continue an hour, or longer if necessary, to
soften the rind. They are then taken out and
scraped with a common case-knife, with great
care, so as not to injure the tender rind, till every
part of thecheese is smooth ; they are after the last
operation rinsed in the whey and wiped clean
with a coarse cloth, and placed in an airy situation
to dry, after which they are placed in the cheese
room. The floor of the cheese room is generally
prepared by rubbing it witKbeau or potato tops, or
any succulent herb, till it appears of a black wet
color ; on this floor the cheeses are placed and
turned twice a week, their edges are wiped hard
with a cloth once a week, and the floor is cleaned
and rubbed with fresh herbs once a fortnight.
They must not lie too long or they will stick to
the floor. This preparation of the floor gives the
cheese a blue coat, which is considered of great
consequence."

From the Tablets of Rural Economy.

PINUS CEMBRA.

This elegant and valuable species of ornamental
evergreens, has not yet, as far as we are informed,
been cultivated in this country, although it may
be had, we presume, at some of our principal nur-
series, as we observe its name in the catalogue of
the Messrs Prince, of Long Island. It deserves
attention, not oidy on account of its majestic ap-
pearance upon bleak and barren mountains, but
likewise from the excellence of its timber, and
from the circumstance of the kernels in the cone,
being eatable, in which point it resembles the Ital-
ian stone pine.

The tiivial name applied to it is Aphernousli, or
Arvenusli, incorrectly however, we should think,
as in a note to a description of this tree, lying be-
fore IIS, it is said to be derived from the German
word Apher, a pine, and nousli, a small nut. —
These are not German words, but the words in
that language which in sound come nearest to this
appellation, would be Alpen Niisslein, the little
Alpine nut.

It grows on the coldest and most mountainous
jjarts of the following countries : Switzerland,
Piedmont, Savoy, Dauphiny, Tartary and Siberia.

The Aphernousli pine, according to' Mr Ilarte,
(see Harte's Essays in Husbandry,) is of an healthy
vigorous nature, grows very tall, and will bear re-
moving when it is young, even in warm, dry weath-
er, but I do not, he adds, recommend the practice.
We italicise the last sentence in order to connect
it with the following remarks. The proper time
for transplanting evergeens seems not to have been
determined. They differ so much in habit and
constitution from our other trees, and fail so gen-
erally when removed in the spring and fall, that it
is apparent these are not the fitting seasons for the
operation. It may be done in winter by digging
around and taking up a ball of frozen earth with

the plant, but- this method is expensive and will
not answer where they are to be transported to
any considerable distance. We recollect hearing
August mentioned as the best time, but have made
no experiment to test if. Tlie Rhododendron
maxima we have transplanted at various seasons,
and without success in every instance, but where
it was done in June when the new leaf buds were
just expanding. In tliis state we have brought
them in an open wagon a distance jof fifty mile!",
and not a leaf has shrivelled. There are some
herbaceous plants, also, which arc best removc<l
when in full flower, as many species of the Orchi-
deous family, such as the Cyprida^dium pubesccns.
Orchis spectabile and fimbriata. But to return to ■
the Pinus Cembra.

" Its timber is large and has many uses within
doors or under cover; its grain is finer and more
beautifully variegated than deal, and the smell is"'
more agreeable; it is useful for wainscotting, floor-
ing, and other joiner's work, and the wood makes
excellent firing for stoves, ovens, and kilns. The
leasants of Tyrol, where this tree abounds, make
various sorts of carved works with the wood,
which they dispose of in Switzerland among the
common people, who are fond of the resinous
smell which it exhales. The bark of the trunk of
the tree is of a whitish cast and the branches re-
semble those of the spruce fir. They are long,
smooth, and are produced by fives."

"The cones are of a purplish color, shaded with
black, about three inches long, the same in cir-
cumference, and grow erect ; a dozen weigh fif-
teen ounces, or about one ounce and a quarter
each ; under each scale there are two kernels, and
from a hundred to a hundred and fifty in each
cone."

The husks, or sort of a shell which incloses the
kernels, is easily cracked, and the kernels are cov-
ered with a brown skin which peels off; they are
about as large as a common pea, triangular like
buckwheat, and white and soft as a blanched al-
mond, of an oily agreeable taste, but leaving in
the mouth that small degree of asperity which is
peculiar to wild fruits and not unpleasing. These
kernels make a pait sometimes in a Swiss dessert,
and supply the place of mushroom buttons in ra-
gouts, and on account of their balsamic oil, are re-
commended in consumptive cases. A writer says
it ought to be distinguished as the king of all for-
est plants, as its fruit is not only a nourisher of
health but a promoter of population ; and we arc
informed by a traveller, that he has seen trees of
this species ninety feet high and near ten feet in
circumfei'ence at their bases.

From the Salem Mercury.

WANTON DESTRUCTION OF BIRDS.

Messrs Editors — At this season, during the
vacation of the difl'erent schools, there is a class of
boys who are in the habit of treading down the

ass of our fields and pastures, and injuring the
branches of the fruit trees, in the wicked and wan-
ton habit of shooting birds. The insectivorous
kinds, viz. the swallows, martins, redstarts, king
birds, &c, which, previous to the wet weather of
the last fortnig'ht were abundant, have many of

370

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June C, 1832.

tliein pcrishoil. The few that now remain arc of
iufiiiitely more use than we have opportunity to
discover, hy tlie destruction of grubs, worms, and
e?cs of vermin. The black-birds, or grakles, will
at diis season follow in the furrows of the plough
and catch up large quantities of the yellow-headed
grub worm ; and of those birds complained of by
the industrious farmer, for the mischief committed^
on his corn, oue T)f the most correct observers of

Short excursions in the country are, of lliem-
selves, the source of very sensible and innocent
pleasure. But he who is engrossed by vice or hy
business, will live half a life witliout admiring the
beauties of a blue sky, basking in the vernal sun-
shine, or inhaling with any consciousness of real
delight, the balsatn of a western gale.

In a proper intercourse and behavior among
our fellow creatures, will he found, however, to

nature remarks, that " were he placed in his situ- consist our principal and most constant delight
ation, ho should hesitate whether to consider these ' ' ' ' ..--/-. - .1-,

birds most as friends or enemies, as they are par-
ticularly destructive to ahnost all the noxious
worms, grubs and caterpillars that infest his fields,
which, were they allowed to multiply unmolested,
would soon consume nine tenths of all the produc-
tion of his labor, and desolate the country with the
tiiiserics of famine." But with regard to a great
proportion of our summer birds, they are insectiv-
orous, destroying countless multitudes of destruc-
tive bugs and caterpillars, that infest the fruit trees
in spring and summer, preying on the leaves, blos-
soms and embryo of the fruit. The oriole, or
golden robin, destroys hundreds of them without
offering the slightest injury to the fruit that may
encompass his uest.

I would therefore caution every boy against
trespassing upon our fields and pastures with this
murderous intent, particularly, as at this season
birds arc engaged in the husine.ss of incid)ation,
and by cruelly taking aw-ay the parent, they de-
stroy a helpless brood of youn

To do good and to prevent evil, as far as the
sphere of our influence or activity extends, is an
infallible method of inspiring in ourselves pleas-
ureable emotions. And if we consult what passes
in our breasts, before our youthful sensibilities are
blunted, we shall find that nature has taught us to
find exquisite pleasure in relieving distress and in
communicating enjoyment.

FEEDING CATTLE.

It is slated by M. Dubuc, president of the Agri-
cultural Society of Rouen, that three measures of
oats, pounded or broken up and moistened, are
equivalent, as aliment, to four measures given in
the grain.

It is observed, also, that four parts of difierent
kinds of forage, coarsely chopped and deprived of
dust, will go as far as five parts of the same forage
given entire and separately.

There exists in Paris, an establishment where
mixtures of food are prepared on this principle.

for horses. It is that of M. Payen. The kinds
I^rusirthereforrt'hat every 'honest farmer and I most generally mixed are clover and lucerne,
horticulturist will avail himself of the law of tres- They are then cut up, so that the horses are obh-
pass, should he fi.ul young men shooting upon his] g^d to chew and masticate them m the most per-
lands, and thus put a stop to the indiscriniiiuite 't'<'t uianncr. .... . , ,

slaughter of this beautiful part of anin.ated nature, The mixture of vegetables which is considered
particularly this spring, as their services are much as the most suitable for draught horses, is compo-
needed in destroying ^he small travelHng caterpil- j sed of equal pans of cut straw, clover, and com-
lar, which is now in great abundance

A Subscriber.

From the American Farmer.

PLEASURES OF AGRICULTURE.

The employments of agriculture, independently
of their profit, are more congenial and pleasing to
human nature. An uncorrupted mind sees, in the
progress of vegetation, and the habits, and disposi-
tions, and uses, of those animals which man has
subjected to his sway, charms and beauties which
the objects of art can seldom afford. The occu-
pations of husbandry arc most fiuorable too, to | nuist he taken to place this food in deep mangers,
health, to plenty, to repose, and to innocence. — 1 so that it may not be wasted. Oats are frequently
Can the jiursnits of low and vicious gratifications, mixed with the last portion given them prior to
can luxurious indulgences, can the restless cares, I their being harnessed.

the fears and anxieties of the ambitious, be com- j M. Dubuc was assured by both these projirie-
pared with the labors and enjoyments of him | tors, that there was a saving of one fifth, at least.

nion May. Barley and oats, coarsely ground and
mixed, answer a better purpose than when eaten
separately.

I\I. Dubuc visited this establishment, and found
that the horses which worked the machinery are
fed in this manner, and that they looked well and
are vigorous, though kept at work ten or twelve
hours a day. He cites, also, the teams of M. Sev-
in, mail contractor at Orleans, whose horses are
fe<l on cut straw, mixed with one fifth of clover
and lucerne, and sometimes a little hay — they
were fat, strong, and substantial. They give them,
also, barley or oats crushed and moistened. Care

are from time to time slripjied oft' and given to
cattle, which eat them with avidity and easily fat-
ten upon them. Fowls are also fed upon them.
They are first hashed up and then mixed with
bran. Pigs eat them with a good relish. Milk-
cows, when fed upon them, fatten at the expense
of their milk. The leaves are equally valuable
in the fattening of cattle and sheep.

Beets should he gathered when the weather is
dry, and put away in a dry state; and when pre-
])aied for cattle, they must he cut U]) fine with
some suitable instrument, and may be given either
alone or mixed with straw or hay.

They are equalh' fit for horses, with the pre-
caution of adding a variety of cut straw and hay,
well mixed together. This food will preserve
them strong and vigorous, as is well ascertained
in Germany, where beets are much cultivated for
this purpose.

For the fattening of a bullock, forty or fifty
pounds of beets per day, mixed with five or six
pounds of dry fodder, will accomplish the object
in the space of four months. Care must be taken
to give it in three separations, since by feeding
often and in small quantities at a time, the same
amount of nutriment goes farther.

Finally — by facilitating the means of stable-
fattening, throughout the year, beets furnish a very
important addition to this means of augmenting
the mass of valuable manure.

They may serve also, on occasion, for the food
of men ; they are less subject to the vicissitudes of
seasons, than turnijjs, and their leaves supply for
several months, an excellent food for cattle. The
root may be easily preserved during eight months
of the year. They give to milk an excellent taste
and (piality. Cattle eat them with avidity and are
iK'vcr tired of them. The culture of no forage
root can compare with that of the beet in the
number of advantages which the industrious cul-
tivator may derive from them. We cannot too
strongly recommend the introduction of them into
places where they are not already in vogue. — lb.

whose days are spent in superintending the culture
of his fields, his nights in quiet and refreshing
sleep. Such a hfe is not inconsistent with a high-
ly cultivated and polished mind. It is by no means
necessary that they who engage in rural labors,
should contract a coarseness of manners or vul-
garity of sentiment.

The superintendence of a garden is another
source of simple and innocent pleasure. Nothing
is better calculated to gratify the inherent passion
of novelty, for nature is always renewing her va-
riegated appearance. She is infinite in her pro-
ductions, and the Bfe of man may come to its close

before he has seen half the beauties which she is

Sble to display.

this rhcthod ; and that, besides, the horses were
in a better condition, and endured more labor than
those fed on common unprepared materials. — Bib.
Univ. for June, 1831.

BEETS.

Beets furnish from a given surface of ground,
a greater quantity of nutriment for horses and cat-
tle, than any other kind of forage. Wherever its
cultivation is understood, it has the preference
over all other roots. It succeeds in almost all
soils, is but little affected by the vicissitudes of sea-
sons, does not much fear drought, and prepares
the ground very well for a succeeding crop.

Throughout Belgium and Germany, the leaves

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a meeting of the Massachusetts Ilorticidtural
Society, held the Sd of June, 1832, the following
papers were read by Zebedee Cook, Jr. Esq., Vice
President of said Society, and ordered to be jirint"
ed in the New England Farmer and Horticultural
Journal.

United States Ship ConcorJ, >
Harbor of Syracuse, Island of Sicily, Feb. 21, 1832. J

My DEAR Sir — I had the pleasure, some time
since, of receiving your letter of the 18th of July
last, accompanied by a note of thanks of the Hor-
ticultural Society of Massachusetts. The few ar-
ticles which I send to the Society are so trifling
and of so little value, that they certainly do not de-
serve such particular notice.

By my friend, Lieut. Dupont, who is about- re»
turning to the United States, in the sloop of war
Ontario, I send to the Society a box containing a
variety of grape cuttings, selected with great care
hy the British Consul at this place, who is himself
an experienced horticulturist and extensive culti-
vator of the vine. The cuttings are of seven dif-
ferent kinds, each kind in a separate row, with
their respective names marked opposite to the
rows.

Vol. X.—Jio. 47.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

371

Accoiiipaiijing this letter you Avill receive a de-
scription of the vines from which the cuttings are
taken, also the translation of a paper furnished at
my request by the Chevalier Laudolino, a scien-
tific agriculturist of this island.

1 have duly noticed your remarks in relation to
"the roses wliich are cultivated on the shores of
the Dardanelles, and in the environs of Smyrna."
Expecting soon to sail on a cruise to the Levant
and the coast of Egypt, I shall endeavor, in com-
pliance with your request, to procure for the So-
ciety some of the most approved plants of that
beautiful shrub.

Lieut. Slidell, who will probably visit Tunis
this suimner, has been requested by me to pro-
cure and forward to tke Society, some plants of
the rose and jessamine from that neighborhood.

The Tunisians manufacture considerable quan-
tities of the extract of the rose and jessamine, the
soil of that part of Barbary being considered pe-
culiarly adapted to the cultivation of those plants.
I am, dear Sir, very respectfully.

Your obedient servant,

M. C. PERRY.
Ge.n. Deakeorn, Pres. Mass. Hort. Soc'y.
P. S. — Will you do me the favor to present my
respects to Mr Cook.

Since writing the foregoing, I have received
and had packed in a box directed to your Society,
a few seeds froir. this island. They are of the
white cauliflower, the red broccoli, and a sort of
large red turnip highly esteemed by the Sicilians
and called by them the turnip-cabbage. You will
also find in the box three sorts of the flint wheat
of Sicily, considered the best kind for the manu-
facture of nidccaroni, the favorite food of the Ital-
ians.

[The wheat was by a vote of the meeting sent
to Gorham Parsons, Esq.]

DESCRIPTION OF GRAPE CnTTINGS FROM SICILY.

Alhanllo. A small oval white grape, the bunch-
es are of a moderate size with a thin skin, and
when ripe nearly transparent ; esteemed the best
grape for eating and making wine in Sicily, but
very easily injured by tlie hot winds, and on that
account not so much planted as many other kinds.

Corniola. A very large oval black grape, much
esteemed for eating, but not good for wine ; the
bunches very large and ratlier firm in the mouth
when eaten.

Tokay. A small round black grape, excellent
to eat, and the very best of all the black grapes in
Sicily for wine, but soon injured by the hot winds ;
the bunches small, with a thin skin.

Possolana. A moderate sized oval white grape,
firm in the mouth when eaten, excellent for the
dessert, and makes very fine wine, but does not
yield so much juice as any of the others ; owing
to its firmness it requires from eight to ten days
longer to ripen, than the other kinds ; the bunch-
es moderate size, with a thick skin.

Occhio di Bovc, or Ox's Eye. A veiy large
round white grape, the berries very close in the
bunch, which cause them to press one another, and
ou that account as soon as ripe are subject to de-
cay, particularly if wet weather ; a fine looking
grape, excellent to eat, and makes fine wine, gives
out more juice than any of the others, and ripens
a week sooner ; the bunches very large, and skin
very thin.

JVero Grosso. A very large round black grape,

very fine for eating, and good fur wine ; the
bunches very large, and skin thin.

Pollio. A very large oval black grape, good
for eating, but not for making wine; very late in
ripening, say five or six weeks after all the others,
and. as this vine is trained round very large and
high trees, from this cause it is still later in ripen-
ing, say another three weeks. Some of these trees
are as high as eighty feet and the vines run to the
very top, and descend again about tlurty feet, and
the quantity of fruit that some of these vines pro-
duce is quite astonishing. The bunches are very
large, some of them more than two feet ; very firm
in the mouth when eaten, with a thin skin. 1
know of no other grape in Sicily being trained
round trees, aud I have not the least doubt but the
fruit would be much finer if grown in the regular
way of Sicily, that is, on very low vines, say when
pruned late in December, about eighteen or twenty
inches high. This is the best time for pruning in
Sicily, and which on no account ought to be de
layed after January, for if left much later the vines
will bleed very much, which injures them con
siderably. The ground ought to be well dug, the
deeper the better, four or five times every year
If good wine is the object, never use any manure
after the two first years of planting, aud if the land
is very good use no manure at all. The soil
best adapted is a rich, Ijght, dry, and flinty soil.
The vine does not do well in a moist, thick, close
earth. On examination of some of the soil, it has
been found to contain in nine parts, five of flinty
earth, two and a half of clay, and one aud a half
calcareous earth. Always prune the vines so as
to leave only one or two eyes, at most, if you wish
to make good wine ; but if the grapes are to eat,
you may leave a great number more. Never
plant vines in ground subject to much moisture.
The vintage in Sicily begins about the first of Sep-
tember and terminates about the end of October,
according to the difTorent situations ; but the best
wines are made about the middle of September, a
little sooner or later, according to the season,
which, however, seldom varies above a tew days.
[The above was written by the British Consul
at Syracuse, at the request of Capt. Perry. He
has promised Capt. Perry to send to the Society at
Boston, a more full aud interesting description of
the mode of cultivating the vine in Sicily.]

Description of the maimer of planting and culti-
vating the cuttings of the Muscat vine of Syracuse.
— These cuttings are taken in the moirth of Janu-
ary, from a vine that must be at least twelve
years old, and are cut off near the trunk.

As these shoots are to be sent to America and
will arrive there in the spring or soon after, they
should, upon their arrival, be placed about three
feet deep in the grounil, in a northern exposure,
and transplanted in the autumn, to a situation ex-
posed to the south, in a soil nearly similar to that
of Sj'racuse, after the following manner:

Should the shoots be numerous, the ground must
in the first place be well worked. The holes are
made with an iron bar of the thickness of fbur
thumbs, having a wooden handle. The shoots
are then inserted in the holes, the lower extremity
being first cut ofl" and the mud cleaned from the
shoot ; a little dry earth is then put into the hole
and rammed down ; a little water being added at
intervals, so that the dirt may adhere to and pro-
tect the buds or eyes, and help them to take root.
The part of the branch that remains out of the

ground must be cut off, leaving only lour eyes
above ground, the two lower of wiiich must also
be removed.

In the month of January, (while the moon is iu
the wane,) the vines are to be pruned ; the lower
shoot being entirely removed, and but one eye or
bud left on the upper shoot ; should, however, the
upper shoot be weak, then this must be taken ofT
and an eye or bu<l of the lower one left. These
oi)eratioiis are to be continued during five years ;
after which period two branches may be left, and
when the vine is stout, three but not more, which
are to be i)runed every year.

Cultivation. — After the first rains of October,
form the earth in a square concave bill, about one
foot deep around the vine ; as the surface of the
concavity becomes hardened by rain, break it up
around the trunk of the vine with a small spade.
When the vine is pruned, which iimst be done
in January, it is to be supported with reeds, the
shoots being tied at their lower part.

In Blarch, the earth is to be bioken up trans-
versely.

In the mouth of April, the vine is cleared by
pulling off the lower leaves, which nuist be done
when the shoots are two feet long.

In May, the vine must be pruned and the
ground broken up again in the opposite direction,
diagonally ; but before this is done, the young
branches should be twisted together and tied to
the supporting poles, in order that the trunks may
be kept upright aud more room given to ilic culti-
vator.

In Jime, the shoots must be twisted together
again, bent upwards, and sustained at the height
of four feet from the ground, to prevent their
spreading about.

After three years are elapsed, the vine begins to
bear a little grape. Pluck off the grape of the
first year as soon as it makes its ajjpearance, lo
prevent the waste of the sap needed by the mother
vine.

In June, the ground must be again broken up
transversely and levelled.

In August, when the vine is five years old, the
ripe grape is gathered, and a few days after, the
remainder. If the grapes happen to be dried by
the sun, place them in the great tub in small heaps,
leaving them there about two days ; should they
be fresh, they should be spread on mats aud ex-
posed to the sun until dry, taking tjie precaution
to cover them with other mats aud remove them
within the house at night. The grapes are tram-
pled in a large tub and afterwards pressed iu the
mill ; the juice expressed is put into small tubs,
and when one year old, may be bottled off.

[The above is the translation of a paper furnish
ed at the request of Capt. Perry, by the Chevalier
Landolino, a considerable land-holder in Sicily.]

Hemerocallis Ftava, Yellow day-lily. — This is a
very beautiful flower, perfectly hardy, of a bright
gold yellow, and of a delicious fragrance. The
flower is of the form of the common white lily.

Rhododendron Ponticum. — Now in full bloom.
This is a most splendid shiub, either for the
garden or parlor, being sufficiently hardy for
either. The flowers are light ])urplc and cluster-
ed in large heads. The buds open successively,
so that the various stages from the commencement
to the full expansion of the flowers, exhibited by
the ditVercnt parts of the shrub, have a beautiful
eflect. — Jlmerican Farmer.

372

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 6, 1832.

Agriculture

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

R'port of the Committee on the best culticatcd Farms.

The committee appointed by.tlie trustees, to ex-
amine and consider the claims for premiums for
tiie best cultivated farms, suliniit the following
report : —

The committee, Avitli much regret, find that the
premiums offered by the trustees, for the best cul-
tivated farms, have not receive'd the attention from
our respectable farmers, that was expected. Only
three applications have been made this year ; and
although they all have merit, and appear to come
from skilful agriculturists, your committee do not
perceive in either of them such superiority, either
in their processes or results, as would justify
them in i-ecommending a premium. They had
hoped that the encouragement offered, and the de-
sire which they knew was generally felt by that
respectable class of citizens, to promote the inter-
ests of agriculture, would excite a generous com-
petition among our most intelligent and practical
farmers, which would prove useful to themselves,
and more useful to their brethren who had less
experience and skill than themselves, by enabling
the trustees to conununicate, through their state-
ments, their methods of cultivating their farms, with
results — tho most satisfactory tests of good hus-
bandry. The information communicated in this
way, would be founded on and accompanied by a
history of the experiment, the best foundation of
all science, and more especially of improvement
in agriculture. To answer this end, or indeed any
other valuable purpose, it is indispensable that the
applicant should state with much particularity, the
kinds and qualities of the soil of his farm, his man-
ner of tilling, manuring, planting, sowing, and gath-
ering; liis crops ; of manufacturing his butter and
cheese, and making and preserving his cider ; his
rotation of crops, and the quantity of produce of
every kind, and indeed all his processes and oper-
ations in carrying on his farm. To prevent mis-
apprehension and insiu-e this benefit from their
statements, the trustees, in their proposals, speci-
fied with minuteness the particulars which they
deemed necessary to render their account useful
to the public, and which they required to be stated
as the condition on which the premium would be
allowed ; and altliough it was perceived that this
particularity might occasion some trouble to the
farmers, it was hoped that the benefit they might
derive from a more accurate record of their own
proceedings, the consciousness ih.at they were ben-
efiting the publicand the premium offered, would
be deemed an adequate compensation. The com-
mittee, although twice disappointed, do not relin-
quish the hope they at first entertained, nor feel a
doubt of the benefits that will accrue to our farm-
ing brethren from this measure, if they see fit to
co-operate in carrying this into effect.

It is well known that the trustees, for many
years ])ast, have given premiums for the encour-
agement of the cultivation of neatly all the differ-
ent agricultural products, vegetable and animal,
that are grown in our country, and thereby mate-
rially promoted improvements in most of them ;
the judicious m.anagement and cultivation of a
farm, it is thought, requires a combination and
practical exercise, by the farmer, of all the know-
ledge and skill necessary for the cultivation of the

articles separately, that are |>roduced on that farm.
It is obviously a different science, more complex,
more difficult to learn ; requiring judgment, ex|)e-
rienco and observation to carry it into successful
liraclicc. A man may know how to cultivate any
or all of those vegetables separately, and yet 'not
understand how to carry on a farm for the best
advantage. Next to an individual's own experi-
ence, is a true and particular account by others,
of a judicious and skilful cultivation and manage-
n)ent of farms like his own, where the expense of
labor, markets for crops, and habits of living, are
nearly the same ; if he can have their method and
practice fully and accurately comnuuiicated to him.
The latter is indispensable to enable him to adopt
their experience as his own. It will probably be
found, that many important agricultural processes
are yet unsettled among our intelligent formers,
and some practise one way and some another —
sowing of grass seed is an instance, whether it is
best to sow it in the fall or spring, by itself alone,
or with grain and what grain. Different practices
and opinions on this head, will be found in the
few communications the conuniltee have received.
Nothing in the opinion of the committee would
tend more to settle these questions, which must be
determined by experience, than an interchange of
the opinions and accounts of the practices of sci-
entific and experienced agriculturists, which a com-
petition for these premiums would jiroduce.

Although the committee entertain these views
of the subject, they cannot but feel a discourage-
ment from the want of interest the public api)car to
take in it, which certainly ought to lessen thiir con-
fidence in its practicability, if not its utility. They
however venture to recommend the continuance
of a bounty for this object, for one year more;
provided the trustees shall think themselves justi
fied in raising the premiums to an amount, that
will liberally indemnify the successful candidates
for all the trouble and expense of taking the -par-
ticular account required, and be considered an
honorable mark of distinction to an intelligent
practical agriculturist.

The Rev. Morrill Allen, of Pendjroke, has claim-
ed a premium for his farm of about seventy acres
in that town. His statement, the committee think
shows him to be a scientific and judicious cultiva-
tor. He states, that he had no ca]>ital, and, in sea-
men's phrase, " was obliged to work his passage ;"
and it appears that he began with purchasing small
parcels of land, one after another, gradually sub-
duing the Bushes, and inclosing them with walls,
and then proceeded to improve the soil. Part of
the land consisted of old fields, which had been
exhausted by tilling without manure. These he
renewed principally by the incorporation of earths
of different qualities; the cold and tenacious soils
he dressed with silicioiis earths, and other materi-
als that tended to open and warm them ; and sandy
soils he dressed with clay and swamp nmd, and
alluvions in wliich sand formed the chief jiart. —
The committee think Mr Allen has shown judg-
ment and discrimination in the mixture of earths,
and making compost manures adapted to the qual-
ity of the soils to which they were to be applied,
that is worthy of notice and imitation. It will be
seen by Mr Allen's statement, that he makes yeatly
from 300 to 500 loads of compost manure, by car-
rying earths, swamp mud, and vegetables, into his
bani-yards, and adapting the mixture to the soils
it is intended for. This is rather a large quantity
for the land he cultivates, and accounts for his crops

of grass on land once exhausted. Last year he
])hinted seven acres of Indian corn, three loamy
and four sandy soil, and in one acre of the latter,
six'cords of coi}q)Ost manure, and in another six
ks of lime were spread, but he omits to state
the quantities jiroduced on these ])articidar acres.
No manure was laid on the other five acres, and
the whole produced two hundred and ninetyeight
bushels, which may be considered a fair crop for
the quantity of manure used. Mr Allen's rotation
of crops is simple. He tills nine acres, which he
plants alternately with corn or rye, and once iu
five or six years plants with potatoes, or beans, or
some other vegetables, which he thinks makes a
favorable change from his common course ; but
here again he omits the quantity of manure used.
His practice, he says, is, as soon as he has taken
off the crop of rye, in August, to plough in the
stubble and sow grass seed, which produces her-
bage that he afterwards jilouglis in as a green
dressing. Tins practice the connnittee take upon
themselves to recommend, convinced that the
farmer would find his labor and expense amply
compensated, by its mellowing and enriching his
land, and saving his manure, the most precious ar-
ticle on his farm. The committee regret that Mr
Allen has not slated when he sowed his rye, wheth-
er in the spring or fall. It has, they believe, gen-
erally been thought, that in common seasons In-
dian corn would not be ripe for gathering in sea-
sou to sow winter rye. If this can be effected by
planting early, or using corn that ripens early
and yields well, it might often be found a conven-
ient and advantageous succession of crops. —
Spring rye is by many not thought so certain a
crop ; hut on this question a more extensive know-
ledge of the practice and experience of success-
ful farmers is wanted. Mr A. has also omitted the
quantity of rye prqduced in this rotation of crops;
but he tells us that in laying down his tilled land,
he prefers sowing his grass seed alone in the month
of August, that September will answer better than
cither of the spring months, and that it is better to
sow it with winter rye than with any spring grain.
His clayey soils, not suitable for grain, he some-
times turns over with a i)lough inmiediately after
the grass is cut, rolls down the furrows, and puts
on a <lressing of manure and seed again. In this
way, hay is his ])rincipal crop ; and it appears,
that upon twenty acres which had been ploughed
and laid down, and twelve acres of meadow and
irrigated land, he usually cuts, according to his es-
timate, ihirtythree and three quarters tons of Eng-
lish hay of first quality, ten tons of second qualit)',
and fourteen and one third tons of inferior hay,
making about fiftyeight tons, better than one
ton and a half to an acre, and over a ton of
the first quality to an acre. The committee regret
Mr Allen did not receive the trustees' notification
in season to ascertain the quantity of hay made this
year, as he put it into liis barns. The estimate
furnished is one made in 1827, when the hay was
in the barn ; and he says his crops have varied
but little for four or five years past. Mr A. sella
from ten to fifteen tons of hny annually, and keeps
but a small dairy. Mr Allen states, that forty
acres of his land are of a light sandy soil, and so
much exhausted by tilling without manure, that lie
was discouraged from attempting to recover it in
his usual way, and that last S|)ring lie ploughed
three acres, fenced it in, and sowed it with locust
seed, which have come up and look well, and he
expects, if the worm should spare them, they will

Vol. X.— No. 47.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

373

enrich his land, and produce a valuable though
distant crop of timber and cord-wood. He has
also ploughed and sowed five acres, this fall, with
while pine seed, and was about ploughing in sev-
eral acres with white-oak acorns. These exjjeri-
nients the committee consider useful to the public
and creditable to the enterprising cultivator, and
they most heartily wish him success. One man
and a boy sixteen years old, are employed con-
stantly on the farm ; and in addition, day-laborers
are frequently hired.

It would give the committee pleasure to be able
to reconnncnd a premium to this respectable an<l
skilful cultivator ; but, considering that the state-
ment of the applicant to whom a premium is giv-
en, should not only show that his farm was judi-
ciously cultivated, and his particular method, but
also the quantities and amount of all the products,
with as great certainty as the nature of the case
will allow, in order that other farmers may be able
and induced to improve his example ; they think
they should not be justified in recommending a
premium to be awarded him ; but they hope the
trustees will see fit to bestow on him a gratuity of
fifty dollars, for the example he hasset of judicious
and skilful husbandry.

Peter Thacher, Esq., of Attleborough, has claim-
ed a premium for his farm in that town, consisting
of three hundred acres. Mr Thacher's statement
shows that he has exercised good judgment in sub-
duing, renovating, and enriching his extensive
farm. It appears, that about ten years ago he
])urchased an old farm of two hundred acres, now
part of his farm, that for several years yielded him
only three or four tons of hay, where he now cuts
from thirty to forty tons of English hay. His
method of cultivating, he says, has been to remove
hedges and subdue the bushes by degrees, and
plant but httle and manure that highly. He usu-
ally spreads five cords of manure on an acre, and
puts five more in the hills, and for four or five
years past has gathered crops of two hundred
bushels of ])otatoes and sixty bushels of corn to
an acre. That which Mr T. seems to consider as
his greatest improvement, is the bringing into good
cultivation a piece of wet land, on the sides of a
hill, covered with weeds and bushes. He com-
menced with the upper part, ploughed half an
acre, drained it, and then carried on a quantity of
old hay and long manure, and planted it with po-
tatoes and hoed them without ploughing, and it
yielded a large crop of good potatoes; and in this
way he reduced the whole piece, and it now pro-
tluces a great crop of English hay. His rotation
of crops has been potatoes the first year, the sec-
ond corn, and the third spring rye, with which he
sows grass seed as early as the state of the ground
will permit, and rolls it down with a heavy roller.
He prefers spring rye to oats, to lay his land with,
and the spring to the fall, and thinks the grass
seed takes better with rye than oats. Mr T.'s
practice is to make large quantities of compost
manure in his ham-yard and hog-pens ; in the fall
iic carries it all out of his yard, and the next s|)ring
spreads the manure thrown out of the barn, over
the straw and hay that have been collected in the
yard during the winter, and covers the whole with
a crust of loam that he carts in, which he thinks
prevents the strength of the manure from escaping.
This compost he uses both for his corn and grass,
Mr T. has five hundred apple trees on his farm,
four himdred of which are mostly natural fruit,
and appear to have received no particular atten-

tion from him ; the other hundred are young trees
engrafted with. good fruit, and these he has ]irac-
tised washing every s])ring with soap and ley,
mixed in equal parts, and digging around and
manuring them. He keeps fifty sheep, for some
of which he says he has received a premium in
his own county ; but makes no more butter and
cheese than is wanted in his own fatnily. The
committee were particularly pleased to find that
I\lr T. was able to carry on this large farm without
any ardent spirits. This practice, wherever adopt-
d, will prove as beneficial to the laborer as the
farmer — highly beneficial to both.

Although the committee cannot report that they
consider Mr Thacher entitled to the ])remium pro-
posed by the trustees, they with pleasure state,
that they think he has great merit as an agricultu-
rist, in subduing and bringing to a state of good
cultivation a farm, which a few years since, con-
sisted of rough, exhausted, and profitless land.

Jonathan Allen, Esq., of Pittsfield, in the coun-
ty of Berkshire, has also presented a claim for a
premium on his large and excellent farm in that
town, accompanied by a statement of his manner
of cultivating, and the products he gets from it.
The farm consists of forty acres of meadow or in-
terval, wliich receives its manure annually from
the overflowing of the Housatonic, and about two
hundred and ten acres of upland. Mr Allen ap-
pears to liave exercised much agricultural science,
as well as care and attention, in the cultivation of
his farm and in making useful agricultural experi-
ments. It will be recollected, that Mr Allen ap-
plied for a premium on this farm last year and pre-
sented a statement of his manner of cultivating it,
the crops it produced, the rotation he has practised,
and the result of his experience as to the best time
and manner of laying down land to grass. This
statement was noticed by the committee, and pub-
lished with their report in the Massachusetts Ag-
ricultural Repository. His statement as to the
general course of his husbandry is not materially
varied this year, and the committee regret to find
almost the same want of particularity as to the
quantity of products. The quantity of hay, his
principal product, rests on estimate, without hav-
ing weighed a load ; a small part only of the win-
ter rye and oats were threshed, and no part of his
spring rye or beans were threshed or in any way
measured ; but his Indian corn was, and four
acres were found to produce four hundred and
fifty bushels of cars ; Indian corn was grown upon
the same land the year before, and this year it was
manured with seventeen loads to the acre, put in-
to the hills. Sheep are the principal stock of the
farm ; he kept four hundred and thirty this year,
from three hundred and fifty of which he sheared
eight hundred and fit'tyone pounds of wool of the
first quality. May he considers the best time for
lambs to come. Mr Allen states, that in years
past, he has made experiments in raising potatoes,
and this year has made many more with care and
attention, which, in the judgment of the commit-
tee, entitle him to the thanks of the public. For
a particular account of these experiments they re-
fer to his statement, which accompanies this re-
port, and recommend it to the attention of agricul-
turists. From a remark of Mr Allen, that he
could not with convenience thresh out his grain
in season to measure it so early as was required,
tlic committee ai)prehend he must have misunder-
stood their regulation, which only requires that the
application should be made by the first of October,

Init the evidence or particular statement may be
exhibited any time before the first of December.
It ap|)ears to the committee that Mr Allen has cul-
tivated his farm like a skilful and attentive agri?
culturist, and realized* great products, and they
liO])c profits ; but his statement is too general ant]
indefinite, leaving the quantities of the greatest
part of the product to dcj)end on estimate; and
they think does not, on the whole, show his culti-
vation so superior as to justify them in reporting
in favor of a |)rcmium. Considering, however,
the pains Mr Allen has taken to introduce upon ^
his farm a variety of vegetable products and choice
fruit, and especially the nice care and attention he
has given to the cultivation of potatoes, the most
valuable of our roots, the committee recommend
a gratuity of thirty dollars to be granted him,

WM. PRESCOTT.

P. C. BROOKS.

Silk-iDorms. — The editor of the Jerseyman, pub-
lished in Morristown, N. J., states, that a gentle-
man engaged in the culture of silk informed him,
that " the leaves of the oak were equally accept-
able to the silkworm, as those of the mulberry
tree." For the twentieth time we would suggest
to editors the propriety of bestowing much atten-
tion to the true nature of silkworms, before they
venture to publish such statements as the above.
They are calculated to do much mischief, by dis-
appointing new beginners, and causing waste of
time and money. The editor of the Jerseyman is
assured, that silkworms will only cat oak leaves,
as men cat old shoe soles, when reduced to a state
of starvation ; that there is no substitute for the
mulberry leaf in the production of silk ; and that
whoever asserts the contrary, is either uninformed
on the subject or disposed to hoax his too credu-
lous auditor. — American Farmer.

Fruit Trees. — Great com])laints are made by or-
chardists and others at the North, of the destruc-
tion of fruit trees during the past winter. The
severity of the last winter has been no less fatal to
the tender and more choice fruit trees of this part
of the country; a large proportion of peach trees
are absolutely killed, as well as apricots, necta-
rines, and the more choice kinds of ])lunis and
cherries. The foreign grape vines have nearly all
been killed to the ground. — Illinois Advocate.

Peach Trees. — A friend informs us, that he lias
saved his peach trees from destruction by the hor-
cr, by placing the cinders from the forge around
the roots. This method keeps the trees in a per-
fectly health'y state ; and was discovered by the
flourishing appearance of a tree near a blacksmith's
shoj). — Salem Observer.

Cast Sheet Lead. — The "Baltimore Shot Tower
Company," it will be seen by their adverliscment,
offer to the public lead cast in sheets, to be used
for the covering of houses and for all purposes to
which lead of this description is usually applied,
especially when exposed to the action of the weath-
er. Lead thus prepared is said to be as little af-
Xected by the heat of the sun as copjier ; and it
will no doubt be extensively used, forming as it
does, a durable, impenetrable, and incombustible
roof — Baltimore paper.

France, with a population of 32,000,000 has
5,000,000 paupers ; 130,000 thieves ; and 3,000,000
who liave no certainty of a month's subsistence.

374

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 6. 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jnne 6, 1832.

NOTICE.

■' TTlie IM!iss;icluisetts Society for Promoting Ag-
riculture will liolil tlieir annual meeting at tlie
hall of the Union Bank, ou Wednesday, ihc IStli
day of Juuc next, at 11 o'clock, A. M., for the
choice of officers and such other business as may
come before tlieni.

BENJ. GLILD, .%. Rec. Sec'y.

THE SEASON.
The present season is backward and unpromis-
ing beyond all precedent, so far as our memory or
reading extends. For about eighteen days, imme-
diately preceding this, June 5th, we have had
nearly uninterrupted northeast winds, lulling and
shifting a little, occasionally, as if to take breath
for fresh efforts,

" See now a dull northeast wind blows

From liori'ible ice islands,
Now blasts from everlasting snows,

Which crown the polar highlands."

Although Indian corn had in many iustances
made its appearance above ground, it is now yel-
low, sickly, and we fear incurably consumptive.
Many kinds of garden seeds have rotted in the
ground, and those which have germinated are in
a worse state as respects the prospects of a crop,
than if they had never been, but were to be plant-
ed. We have seen early cabbages, however, in
the garden of Mr Lowell, which appeared to enjoj-
this Siberian weather ; but beans, squashes, &.c,
had barely remains enough of vegetation, to show
that they had existence ; but most of them were
so far gone that no summer's sun could be ex-
pected to resuscitate them. Grass, particularly
lucerne and tall meadow oat grass, (of which Mr
Lowell hiis a flourishing field,) were very back-
ward, but thick at the bottom, and promised an
abimdant crop of hay.

Mr Lowell had cut down between si.xty and
seventy of the trees of his orchard, which were so
thoroughly smitten by the plague of the last season
as not to put forth any leaves, and he apprehends
that many more are mortally diseased. All his
Baldwin apple trees are gone ; all or most of his
peach, cherry, and plum trees. And Mr Lowell
thinks that he shall not be certified of the full ex-
tent of his loss, till about the 15th of Jnne, as some
trees show signs of vegetation, notwithstanding
the hand of death is upon them, from the same
principle which causes twigs which belong to
sticks of wood, cut and lying on a wood-pile, to
show leaves in the spring, which the first hot sun
will destroy.

If we New Englandci-s can receive any conso-
lation from companionship in our miseries of the
season, we have it in this case. The Nashville
(Tennessee) Republican of May 24th, says, "The
weather still continues cold and unfavorable for
agriculture. Corn and cotton must suffer much
Since Monday the 7th inst., on which day we were
visited by a tremendous tempest, there has been
hardly a day of fine growing weather ; for three
mornings in succession, our thermometer at sun-
rise has stood as low as fifty degrees. Besides
the direct bad eflect of such a temperature, it must
lead to great destruction from the worm.

" We have discovered further evidence of the

extreme cold of last winter, in the destruction of
a great number of forest trees. Nearly all the
large and lofty sweet gum trees at the bottoms
are entirely killed; making the forest in many
places still bear the appearance of winter. Many
trees of other descriptions have suffered in the
same way."

The Providence Daily Advertiser, likewise com-
plains as follows : — •

" Ou Thursday night last, [May 24,] there was
a fall of snow in this vicinity, and on Friday
morning the fields presented the novel appear-
ance, for this season of the year, of being covered
with snow. Our oldest inhabitants say, they do
not remember of having seen so much snow ou
the ground in a former year, so late as the 25th of
May. The thermometer on Thursday and Friday
last, fell to forty degrees. Great-coats, cloaks and
fires, were in great demand. It is thought that
the storm will not have an unfavorable eflect- upon
the fruit, grass, or English gr.aiu. The growth of
Indian corn will probalily be vei-y much retarded
by the wet and cold ; though we believe there is
very little corn up, as yet, in this vicinity."

SHEARING SHEEP, &c.

Deane's New England Farmer states, that " wc
shear oiw sheep in general too early in this coun-
try. In England, where the spring is more for-
ward than in this country, the approved time of
shearing is from the middle to the latter end of
June. They should be washed in a warm time ;
after this they should run three or four days in a
clear pasture, before they are shorn. It is good
for them to have time to sweat a little in ihcir
wool, after washing."

Mr Lawrence says, " June seems {in England]
to be the general sbeiuiug month, and where no
extraordinary precautions are tak(m, the business
had better be delayed till towards mid-summer,
more especially in cold backward springs ; because
in such seasons we seldom, until that period, have
any settled fair weather. Besides, a more perfect
fleece is obtained, and fuller of yolk from the pcr-
sjiiralion of the animal.

" Washing previous to clipping the sheep is the
general custom, with few exceptions, in this coim-
try ; indeed it ispro])er with all long-wooled sheej),
but not so easily j)racticable with the matted,
greasy, and imjienetrable fleeces of the Spanish
and carding-wool breed, which in Spain they in-
variably shear diy, as has been the practice in
Devonshire, with the short-wooled sheep, for cen-
turies."

It is observed by Loudon, that "sheep shear-
ing in Romney INIarsh, [England] commences
about mid-suimner and finishes about the mid-
dle of July. Those who shear latest apprehend
that they gain half a pound weight in every fleece,
by the increased perspiration of the shec]) and con-
scipient growth of the vvool. Besides, tluy say,
in early shearing the wool has not the condition
which it afterwards acquires. But then in late
shearing the fleece will have the less time to grow,
so as to protect the animal against the rigors of
the succeeding winter; and if a year's interval is
allowed between each clipping time, after your
routine is established the wool will have had the
same period for its growth, whether you shear
early or late. Sheep with fine fleeces, which arc
shorn without being washed on the back of the
animal, may be clipped earlier in the season than

those which are exposed to softer for half an hour
or more in cold water." ■

Lemuel W. Briggs, Esq., of Bristol, R. I., in
articles published in the New England Farmer,
volume HI. pages 273, 287, stated certain facts,
which would seem favorable to early shearing;
and in certain circumstances, and particularly with
sheep which are not washed, there can be no
doubt but the ])ractice is beneficial. Mr Briggs
stirted in substance, that Mr Rouse Potter, of Pru-
dence island, Naraganset bay, Rhode Island, who
kept nitie hundred and fifty sheep and lost but two
the [ireceding winter, begins to shear them by the
first of fllay if the weather is favorable, and con-
tinues daily until he completes his shearing. For
the firj't week, he puts those sheared under cover
or in close yards every night; by that time the
wool will grow so as to give them a sufficient cov-
ering. By this practice of early shearing, he gains
much wool, which formerly, when he put his
shearing off till the middle of June, the sheep
would shed ; and farther, when thus early sheared,
the wool begins to start and grow much quicker
than when shearing is deferred to the usual time.
He says, that formerly, being exposed inunediately
after shearing to the rays of the sim, their bare
backs would frequently become sore and scabby,
when no wool will grow till healed, and then what
does srow from these scars is thinner and coarser
than the rest.

" Mr Potter states, that he has found from actual
experiment, that he not only gets morc^wool wbieh
would otherwise be lost, but the succeeding wool
will be from half an inch to an inch longer, if
sheared early, than it will be if delayed to the
usual time of shearing. And further, there is not
the same necessity for washing the sheep, as the
wool is much cleaner, more free from sand and
dirt, when taken oft' early, than it would be if suf-
fered to remain on their backs until a hot sun had
comi)elled them to seek refuge under walls and
fences."

The foregoing authorities arc apparently alto-
gi'ther contradictory, as respects the time of year
in which to shear sheep. But it is to be observed,
that Mr Potter did not wash his sheep before
shearing, which nuist make considerable differ-
ciu-e with regard to the risk from cold ; and Mr
Potter a|)pcars to have been careful to shelter his
sheep aller shearing, which must in a great meas-
ure obviate the disadvantages of early shearing.

From the Halifax Kccordcr of May 16.

THE SEASON IN NOVA SCOTIA.

The Apostle's virtue of being content with what-
soever state he is placed in, should be j)raciised
now when it is so much required, and when dis-
content and grumbling find so many excuses for
creeping in and spoiling our bosoms. In this tliird
week of May, when we were wont to have the at-
mosphere balmy and the face of nature blooming,
and perhaps v\ hen we were wont to treat those
blessings slightly, we have blackness and dark-
ness above, and the melancholy tinge of March
u])on oiir fields. Monday and Tuesday vvc had a
gale from the east, accompanied with heavy chil-
ling rain ; the wind veered from the southward
round by the east to the north, " against the sun ;"
and this, not fhvorable prognostic, has been follow-
ed by appropriate weather. The large sea-coal
fire or the stove, is still a most necessary append-
age to in-door comforts. Added to this, we have

Vol. X.— No. 4T.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

375

distressing luiiiois of failure of fodder in tlie coun-
try, and consequent suflering of cattle and despon-
dency of farmers. Here we cannot avoid to again
express regret, that the profusion of last fall was
so miserably husbanded, neglected, and almost de-
spised in many instances.

It appears by the New England Fanner, that
the backwardness of the spring is general over tlie
American continent ; and the United States and
Canada, it would seem, feel its severity more than
we do. Nevertheless, at this time particularly,
when pestilence has walked over such a large por-
tion of our globe, spreading terror and death
wherever lie has approached, the continuance of
keen strong winds may be a blessing ; by them,
perhaps, our atmosphere is cleansed and the seeds
of disease scattered, which sudden warmth might
have nurtured into fearful vigor. Neither is it too
late to experience a fine fruitful suumier, which
haply may be in reserve for us, in His treasury,
who has so often crowned the year with goodness.

Cast Steel Scythes.

JUST received at the Agricultural Warehouse, a fur-
ther supply of Cast Steel Scylhes of very supeiior quality
and warranted in every respect ; and were reconinieaded
by those persons who used tiiem the past season, as being
the best article of the kind in use. Likewise, a general
assortment of steel-back and common Scythes, of the
most approved manufactory. Likewise, a few dozen of
Elder Hall's very superior Hay Kakes. June 6

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At a stated meeting of the Blassachusetts Horti-
cultural Society, held at their room on Saturday,
June 2d, 1832," it was

Voted, That the thanks of the Society he i)re-
seDted to M. C. Perry, Esq., for his valuable do-
nation of seeds and grape cuttings.

It was then voted, That the seeds presented
to the Society by M. C. Perry, Esq., be sent to
Gorham Parsons, Esq., of Brighton, for cultiva-
tion, and the grape cuttings be committed to the
care of Messrs Winships, of Brighton.

Thomas B. Tremlett, of Dorchester, was ad-
mitted a member of the Society. Adjourned to
Saturday next.

Floivers exhibited. — Fine tulips were offered by
the following gentlemen : Amos Lawrence, of
Boston ; John Prince, of Roxbury ; P. B. Hovey,
of Cambridgeport ; David Haggerston, of Charles-
town ; S. Walker, of Roxbury. — P. B. Hovey ex-
hibited fine specimems of ranunculus.

The standing committee on flowers, &c, award-
ed the premium of four dollars, for the best tulips,
to Mr S. Walker, of Roxbury.

R. L. EMMONS, Chairman. I

Cloth Strainers. I

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 and
52 North Market Street, Milk and Cheese Strainers ; — j
likewise, Gault's patent Churn, the most approved churn i
in use ; Levelt's improved Cheese Press; Curd Mills for
preparing curd, a very useful little implement for the pur-
pose intended- June 6.

Wanted.

THE following numbers ol the New England Farmer,
for which the subscription price will be allowed : No. 1
of vol. ii. Nos. 2 and 19 of vol. iv. No 13 of vol. vi.
Index to vol. vii. No. 2 of vol. viii. — Apply at the N.
E. Farmer olfice. Mav 311-

Seed Corn, etc.

FOR sale at the New England Seed Store, No. 5(U
Nouth Market Street, several kinds of Seed Corn in eai's,
the finest varieties cultivated in New England, 8, 12, and
16 rowed.

Also, a few seeds of the Early Lemon Squash, from
the western part of this Slate, which Is considered one of
the finest varieties of summer Squash cultivated, being a
week earlier than the Scollop or Warted Squashes, and
of much supcriorjflavor, drier, and somewhat resembling
the Canada Squash in taste ; producing abundantly till
killed by fi'ost. Price 12i^ cents per paper.

May 23.

Straw and Palm-leaf Splitting Machine.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50J
North Market Street, Guild's Improved Palm-leaf and
Straw Splitting Machine, calculated for fine and coarse
straw.

Also, Cast Steel Scythes of superior quality, warranted
genuine. May 23.

Pickering's Tree or Caterpillar Brushes.

For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No 50.^ North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Srushes. —
This article, (which is likely to be in greater demand this
season, than for many previous years,) will be constantly
for sale as above, made of the best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for the purpose
of any now in use. May 10.

Brass Balls for Cattle Horns.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Brass Balls
for Cattle Horns, improved, which renders Ihem easy for
fitting and do not injure the growth of the horn. These
bails are not only a safeguard against unruly animals, but
add much to the appearance of a likely animal.

June 6.

Sitdation Wanted.

A man who has worked thirtj' years at gardening in
Europe, and considers himself competent in all out of
doors business, wishes to get a situation. As he is averse
to being idle, he will cheerfully endeavor to make him-
self useful in any other business about the house or farm,
as occasion requires. Apply at this office. June G.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.

LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimea-
sioDS, constantly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by

ALBERT FEARING & CO

Conqueror.

THE entire horse Conqueror will stand the ensuing
season at the Ten Hilla Stock farm in Charlestown, two
and a half miles from Boston, at ten dollars, to insure a
mare in foal, secured by a note at ten months, to be valid
and payable in case the mare proves to liave been in foal,
and one dollar to the groom at the time of covering.

Conqueror was bred near Montreal (Canada) foaled in
May, 1825, and sired by a noted Normandy hor-se out of a
blood Mare — he is rising 15 hands high and remarkably
well grown, combining great power, generous spirits,
good action, very docile in his temper, and of that hardy
color, iron gray. This horse has taken three premiums
in Canada, as the best horse in that country. He has
probably as mucli, or more than any other bor^e now liv-
ing, of the strains of blood so well known in N. E. by the
name of " the Morgan breed" — from the best accounts
the original Morgan horse was made up of the same
strains ol blood as Conquei-or. Conqueror has proved a
sure foal-getter, and is recommended to the public by
SAML. JAQUES.

The full blood horse Sportsman also stands as above —
for pedigree see late Nos. of the Farmer.

May 16, 1832.

Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel,

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse,No.504 North
Market Street, Davis' Improved Dirt Shovel lor excava-
ting or leveling dirt.

This may certify that I have been using Shadrach Da-
vis, Jr.'s patented Scraper, and am fully satisfied that it is
much better than any other scraper of the kind, for dig-
ging and clearing cellars, that I have before used or seen.

Fairhaven, July 12, 1831. Ansel White.

This may certify that I have used Shadrach Davis, Jr.'s
patent Scraper on the roads in this town, and find it a
machine superior to any other I ever used before, for re-
moving earth ; and would hereby recommend it to public
patronage. Levi Shawe.

New Bedford, Aug. 22, 1831.

PRICtS OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russetfings, .

Ashes, pot, fii'st sort,
pearl, first sort.

Beans, white, ....

Beef, mess, ....
prime, ....
Cai'go, No. 1, .

Butter, inspected, No. 1, new.

Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed nrilk, •

Flaxseed, ....

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .

Gr.mn, Corn, Northei'n, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first soi-t, new, .

Hops, 1st quality.

Lime, .....

Plaster Paris retails at

Pork, clear, ....
Navy mess, .
Cai-go, No. 1,

Seeds, Hei'd's Gi-ass,

Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern, .

Tallovt, tried,

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed.
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
g f Pulled superfine,
S; -^ 1st Lambs, . .
■S=-l 2d, " . .

I 3d,
i_lstS

Spinning, ,

FROM

barrel

5 00

ton

105 00

••

11200

bushel

90

barrel

11 50

'>

8 00

"

8 00

pound

l.S

8

bushel

1 12

barrel

5 75

"

6 00

'■■

5 50

"

5 25

bushel

58

•<

55

'<

85

'.

87

"

45

cwt.

65

9 00

"

22 00

cask

1 15

ton

3 25

barrel

16 00

"

13 00

"

12 75

bushel

3 00

"

87

pound
cwt.

12

8 50

pound

48
55

"

44

1'

40

"

38

'■

35

<•

56

45

38

28

42

PROVISION MARKET.

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail.
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

pjund

11

8

"

6^

"

6

"

4

"

9

"

14

"

16

dozen

12

bushel

«

62

barrel

4 00

TO

6 00
108 00
115 00

1 00

12 00

8 50

9 00
20

a

3

1 25

6 00

6 25

5 75

5 5C

60

58

90

1 00

48

70

9 25

23

125

3 50

18 00

14 00

13 00
3 50

1 on

13

8 75
50
C5
45
42
40
38
58
46
40
30

10
12
15

18
15
92
75
75
5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, June 4, 1832.
Reported for the Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 268 Beef Cattle, (including 14 un-
sold last week,) 6 paiis AVorking Oxen, 15 Cows and
Calves, 86 Sheep, and 160 Swine. 24 Beef Cattle re-
mained unsold at the close of the market.

The Swine were reported lust week.

Prices. Beef Cattle — The Cattle generally were not
of so good a quality as last week, but about the same
prices were obtained ; we shall quote the same — extra at
.f 7 a 7,25, prime at 6,50 a 6,75, good at 6, and thin at 5
a 5,75.

Working Oxen. — We noUced no sales.

Cou-s and Calves. — We noticed sales at $17, 21, 23,
27 and 32.

Sheep — We noticed the sale of one lot of sixty at $5
each.

Sttine—'We noticed one lot taken at a fraction short of
5 c for sows and 6 c for barrows; at retail, 6 c for sows
and 7 c for barrows.

New York, June 1. — Stock of every description has
been in demand and very scarce. Beef Cattle particularly
so, and high prices have been paid ; the average of sales
this week being $8 ; we quote from 7 to 9. Cows and
Calves — sales are still made from $18 a 35. Sheep —
scarce, sales quick from $3 a 6 ; Lambs 2,50 a 4. Live
Ho^s — but few arrive, and what do, sell quick at $4 a
4,25 per hundred. .

37(5

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Miscellany

EXCURSION IN FLORIDA.

BuLowviLLE, East Florida, Dec. 31, 1831.

Mr dear' F. — 1 have just returned from an ex-
cursion down the Halifax river, about forty miles
from this place and eighty south of St Augustine.
We meandered down a creek of ahout eleven
miles; the water, nearly torpid, yet clear; the
shore lined with thousands of acres covered by
tall grapes, marshes, and higli palm trees. Before
long we entered the Halifax river, an inland arm
of the sea, measuring in breadth from a quarter to
nearly a mile.

At sunrise the next morning, I and four negro
servants proceeded in search of birds and adven-
tures. The fact is, that I was anxious to kill
some twentyfive brown Telicans. I proceeded
along a narrow shallow bay, where the tish were
truly abundant. Would you believe it, if I was to
say that the fish nearly obstructed our headway ?
Believe it or believe it not, so it was ; the water
was filled with them, large and small. I shot
some rare birds, and putting along the shore, pass-
ed a point, when lo ! I came in sight of several
hundred pelicans perched on the branches of niau-
. grove trees, seated in comfortable harmony, as
near each other as the strength of the bough
would allow. 1 ordered to back-water gently ; the
hands backed-water. I waded to the shore under
the cover of the rushes along it, saw the pelicans
fast asleep, examined their countenance and de-
portment well and leisurely, and after all, levelled,
fired my piece, and dropped two of the finest spec-
imens I ever saw.

The fish were as abundant as ever. I orderc<!
the net to be thrown overboard, and in a few mip-
utos we caught as many as we wanted — fine fish
too, bass and row-mullets. The porpoises were
as busy as ourselves, and devoured them at a great
rate. The boat was abandoned ; the game fasten-
ed to the backs of the negroes ; the guns re-load-
ed, and on we proceeded through the marsh first,
then through the tangled palmetocs, and scrubby,
sturdy, live oaks, until we reached the sea beach.
Pretty walking along the sea beach of Florida in
die month of December ! with the wind at north-
east, and we going in its very teeth, through sand
that sent our feet back six inches at every .step of
two feet that we made.

To ijive you an account of the little I have seen
of Fast Florida, would fill a volume, and there-
fore I will not attempt it just now ; but I will
draw a slight sketch of a part of it.

The land, if land it can be called, is generally
so very sandy that nothing can be raised upon it.
The swamps are the only spots that aftord a fair
chance for cultivation ; the swamps, then, are pos-
itively the only places where plantations are to be
found. These plantations are even few in num-
ber; along the coast from St Augustine to Cape
Carnaveral, there are about a dozen.

Sugar cane will prosper and doubtless do well,
but the labor necessary to produce a good crop
is great ! great ! great ! Between the swamps ot
which I now speak, and which are found along
the margin lying west of the sea inlet, that divides
tlie main land from the Atlantic, to the river St
John's of the interior of the peninsula, nothing ex-
ists but barren pine lands of poor timber and im-
mense savannas, mostly overflowed, and all unfit
for cultivation. That growth which in any other

country is called underwood, scarcely exists, the
land being covered with low palmetoes, or very
low, thickly branched, dwarf oaks, almost impen-
etrable to man.

I am extremely disappointed in thfis portion of
the Floridas, and would not advise any one to
visit it. It is not an uncommon occurrence to
find snakes afloat, and at great distances from the
shore. This appears, no doubt, surprising to those
who live where there is almost nothing but dry
land ; still they ought to be good-natured and be-
lieve what others have seen. It has now been
made notorious, that numerous respectable indi-
viduals whom duty or llie love of adventure have
led into the wilds of our country, have often seen
snakes, and the rattle-snakes too, in the trees.
The good people, therefore, who pass their lives
in stores and compting houses, ought not to con-
tradict these fiicts, because they do not meet with
rattle-snakes, hissing and snapping at them from
the paper mulberries, as they go home to their
dinners. John James Audobon.

June 6, 1832.

poetical namesake, the late R. B. Sheridan, who
having on one occasion, staid, not away, but too
long with his fair one, exclaimed at parting : —

Too long I 've staid — forgive the crime,

Like moments flew the hours ;
How lightly falls the foot of time,

Whene'er he treails on flowers.

MODERN DEFINITIONS.

Marriage : The gate through which the happy
lover leaves his enchanted visions and returns to
earth.

, Jury : Twelve prisoners in a box to try one or
more at a bar.

I'btoig- Altornty : A useless member of society,
who often goes where he has no business to be,
because he has no business where he ought to be.

Beauty : An optical delusion.

Rural refection : Totatoes and earth.

JVomati's love : A rainbow melting in tears.

Moral rcrtituile : Great care not to be found out.

Public abuse : The mud with which every trav-
eller is sp.nttcrod on bis road to distinction.

Love : A disease.

Constahle : A species of snapping turtle.

Happiness : A dream.

Modesty: A beautiful flower that flourishes
only in secret places.

Lawyer: A learned gentleman, who rescues
your estate from your enemy and keeps it himself.

My dear : An expression used by a man and
wife at the commencement of a quarrel.

Ancestry : The boast of those who have noth-
ing else to boast of.

Jealousy : Tormenting yourself for fear you
should be tormented by another.

Martyr: That which all faiths liave produced
in about equal proportions ; so much easier is it to
die for religion than to live for it.

Tongue : A little horse, which is continually
running away.

Melancholy : Ingratitude to heaven.

Originality : Undetected imitation.

Corpulent jioliteness : " No, I thank you."

The following is a monkish composition, the
Latin not being classical. The word "tumba" is
found in no Roman author. The epitaph runs thus :

Hie jacct, in tumha,
Rosamunili, non Rosamunda,
Non i-edolet, sed olet,
Que redoleie solet.

The literal translation is: "Here lies in the
tomb, the rose of the world, not a fragrant rose ;
for she who used to exhale perfume, has now a dis-
gusting odor." In English we might say : —

Within this dark and silent tomb repose
The hones of her, once styled the world's fair rose;
How chang'd, alas, is Kosamond the fair,
Whose fragrance once perfumed the ambient air.

" Accoynplishments." — Many parents in the Uni-
ted States are now paying masters enormous prices
for giving their children, what fiishion is pleased
to miscall, accomplishments ; that is, things which
arc not learnt, and would be of no use if they
were. Many a poor youth, at the same time, is
laboring up the steep of practical knoxclcdgc, un-
aided and in bis own way. In the next genera-
tion, how many of the former will bo down in the
world, and how many of the latter up?

Young Cleveland,

THIS truly beautiful and valuable Horse Is of the
Cleveland bay bteed of horses, of fine even temper, five
years old die 20th of May, fifteen and a half hands high,
and of a beautiful dark bay color, wilh black mano, tall
and legs. He walks and trots remarkably easy and fast;
and is^cqualled by very few for muscular strength, ele-
gant movement, and perfect symmetry of form.

He has proved himself a sure and first rate foal getter.
The rolts sired by him possess a great share of bone and

The pediTCc of Young Cleveland : — He was sired by
the celebrated bay horse, Sir Isaac, the son of the noted
horse, Molineux. Sir Isaac was presented to the Agri-
cuUurd Society of this State, by Sir Isaac Coffin, and
was selected under bis order as superior of his breed, and
the breed recommended by him as the most highly es-
teemed for gentlemen's carnages, and all draft, larniing,
and saddle purposes, of any horses in New England.—
His dam was a first rate and high spirited native mare.
Ho will stand the ensuing season, at the stable of the sub-
scriber, in Franklin ^ r ..

Terms : — Three dollars the single leap ; five for the
season ; and eight lo insure (he mare with foal ; the
money lo be paid when the mares are taken away, on
notes given payable the 1st October next. Those per-
sons who put mares to the Yorng Cleveland and have
them warranted, and part with them before foaling time,
or neglect to bring their mares regularly to the horse
throuoh the season, will be considered holden for insu-
rance money. ELI M. RICHARDSON.

Franklin, May 30, 1832. 4t*

When Dj Sheridan called one morning on Miss
M'Fadan, to take his leave of her for a few days,
the young lady asked, in a tone that well express-
ed more than the words which accompanied it,
how long he intended to stay away .' To which
he immediately replied : —

You ask how long I '11 stay from thee ;

Suppress those rising fears ;
If you should reckon lime like me.

Perhaps ten thousand years !

This reminds us of an elegant and complimen-
tary tetrastic, attributed to the Doctor's illustrious I ^larket Street.

Millet.

A liberal price will be paid at the Agricultural Ware-
house, Boston, for 50 bushels of fresh, clean Millet, for.
seed. M^y 16. .

Published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum,
payable at the end of the year — but those who pay within
si.\ty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.

(n= No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I. R. Bdttb— by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wic s of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
FassELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 52, North

j*Lld ^¥ M^±'^ ^^M

j:'!sLXM jsi>' jSL'

'' '.t^j^iyiiiiliiit;^*

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (ix the Agkiculturai. Warehouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, iUNE 13, 1833.

NO. 48.

JS II r a 1 £ c o II o in y .

ITEMS OF HUSBAKnRV AND RURAL ECONOJir,

ORIGI.N'AI, AND SELECTED.

Dy the Editar.

HOT WATER APPARATUS.

til a lato mitiil)cr of Loiulon's Magazige, men-
tion is made of a liot water apparatus in a piueiy
at the Earl of Egremoiu's, Patvvortli, Susse^ in
whii'li it is stated tliat the pinery is sixty feet lljng,
and twelve feet wide ; it is twelve feet high at the
back, and five feet in front ; the boiler is two fr,et
in diameter; the quantity of water in the boiler
and pipes is one hundred and sixty gallons.

A small fire was made each day at 3 o'clock in
the afternoon, a little more fuel was added at G
and 9 o'clock, and nothing more was done to the
fire until tlie next day at 3 o'clock in the after-
noon. The quantity of coal consumed is less than
one third of what was used when the comruon
flues were employed. According fo the present
system, the whole of the water, one hundred and
sixty gallons, is in circulation tweiityfive minute.^
after the fire is put under the boiler. There are
nine houses of the Earl of Egremont's, heated
on exactly the Same plan, all of which act remark-
ably well. U|!vvards of tweuty degrees more of
heat could have been kept up, during the severe
weather in January last, had it been found neces-
sary. .

These remarks are followed by a table, showing
the results of a series of observations to ascertain
the difference of the temperature vvilhout ""Sad
■within the house, the temperature of the water in
the boiler, fcc, which may be found in Loudon's
Magazine for April last, page 142.

The same work gives us the following, by Jlr
Peter Martin, foreman in the nursery of Messrs
Murray & Coss, near Leeds.

TO DESTROY ANTS, WOODLTCE, &c.

Take one pound of oatmeal and half a ]iound of
coarse brown sugar, and mix them together; add
to it two ounces of pepper, groimd as fine as possible.
Lay the mixture upon white earthern ware for
woodlice and beetles, where tliey resort ; and for
ants, cover it over so as to prevent its getting wet.

Anolher way to destroy Jlnts. — Toast tlie flcsliy
side of the out-side skin of bacon, till it crisps ;
then lay it on the ground at the root or stem of
any fruit tree that is infested by ants. Put some-
thing over the sleiti to keep it dry ; the ants will
go under it and fasten to it ; lift it up quickly and
dip it into a pail of water.

,1n effectual mode of destroying Slugs, ^'C. — Take
a quantity of cabbage leaves, and either put them
into a warm oven or hold tliem before the fire till
they are quite soft ; then rub them with unsalted
butter or any kind of fresh dr!|)ping, and lay tlieni
in the place infested with slugs. In a few hours
the leaves will be found covered with snails and
slugs, which may then of course be destroyed by
any mode the gardener may think fit. [We have
tried this at Bayswater, and found it attended with
com])lete success.]

If'oodlice and Earwi'gs, where^'or they exist, will
also bo attracted by leaves tljus prepared, if placed
in tlie sheds they frequent.

To destroy the black and green Fly. — Take t^onie
strong yellow clay, such as is used for grafting,
put it into a tub and fill the tub for water ; then
let a man work it with his hands til it becomes
like thin paint. Pill a pan, such as flower-pots
stand in, with it ; and as only the points of young
shoots are infested with the fly, dip thein into the
clay and watc^r ; in ten minutes it will ilry on
the leaves, and will completely destroy the flics or
any other insects that may be upon them. The
clay will look dirty on the trees for a few days,
but the first shower of rain washes it conqiletely
ofi^, and the shoots will look more healthy than be-
fore it was laid on. There is no fear of the return
of the insects that season. The scale on pines
may be destroyed by the same mixture.

To destroy the Bug [American blight, Aphis lan-
igera,] upon fruit trees. — Take clay, as I ilireoted
for the fly, and work it till it becomes of the con-
sistence of white-wash ; mix with every six gal-
lons of it, two pounds of cream of tartar, one ))ound
of soft soap, and half a peck of quick lime. Svhen
you think the weather is likely to continue dry for
some time, take a bucket full of this inixtiiire, and
with a large brush wash overthebark of the trees,
wherever you think that it is or has been infected
with the bug. A man will do a great numbar of
trees over iii a few days, with a white-wash brush
aujil this liquid. Five years ago, I had some young

pple trees that were completely covered over with
th? bug ; I washed iheni with this liquid, and I

ave never since seen the least sign of the bng iq)-
on them. I have practised the same inctfrtKl re-
peatedly on other trees, with the same success ;
and find it only necessary to be careful to do it in
dry weather, so that the rain may not wash off the
mixture for some time.

To destroy Flies and Wasps. — A mixture of i)ep-
per, sugar, and water, will do this effectually.

To make the bark grow over wounds and diseased
places on forest or fruit trees, without fail and unth
speed. — When a branch is cut oft' or a tree is oth-
erwise wounded, make the place smooth with a
sharji knife ; and if the tree be cankered, either
cut away the part affected or scrape it out until
you come to t'le sound wood. In all cases, make
the surface as smooth of possible ; then put lialf a
pound of tallow into two pounds of tar, and warm
it over a fire till the tallow is just melted in the
tar, when cue ounce of salt-petre should be added
and the whole stirred well together. The compo-
sition must then be laid on the parts that you want
to heal, and I have found it by long exj)erience to
be an effectual cure, and su])erior b}' far to any-
thing yet practised.

PEACH, PEAR, AND MULBERRY TREES,
LUCERNE, &c.

The following is the substance of a communi-
cation received some time since, but which requir-
ed condei'.sation and correction before it could be
fitted for the press; and want of room and of lei-
sure has obliged us to defer till the jircscnt time,
the publication of such parts as we thought would
convey, or become the means of eliciting useful
information.

Mr Fessenden — I commenced making a se-

lection and trans|ilaiiting fruit trees, about tight
years since; and shoidd liUe to be advised on sev-
eral particulars.

I had about fifty peach trees from three to eight
years old ; feonie of which I inocidatcd myself,
others I obtained-'ffoin different nurseries ; makin"
a variety of^bbu't twenty kinds. From the above
trees I liave not had the pleasure of obtaining
more than two bushels of peaches. This si)ring I
find nearly half the trees are entirely dead, and the
remaining number ajipear to be at a stand wheth-
er to live or die. I have cut down or taken up by
the roots from fifteen to twenty, the most of which
were seven or eight years old. As those I have
left standing appear to signify their intention to
live a little longer, by sending forth a few leaves,
I should like to kuow if there is any ])robal)ility
of their resumitig their health and vigor. If not,
I should be induced to lay them prostrate, by put-
ting the axe to their roots, as I have dug round
them from year to year and they have borne me
no fruit. I have varieties of ten or twelve kinds
of iilunis, none of which are injured by the winter
in the least, as I can perceive. A few apricots
appear to be alive, except a few branches.

With regard to my pear trees, I have lost from
six to ten, but do not know exactly, as two or three
give encouragement of sending forth shoots Just
above where tJnjiijJJids were inserted. These trees
were from ,, \\.y,' V Atjown and respectable nursei-y
of William i%*!:i; and Sons, Flushing, Long Island.

.» few vcai's since, there \vas much said about
French ^.over, or ItJcerne ; and in the spring of
1830, I obtained four or five pounds of seed and
sowed it on thirtyfive or forty rods of ground.
The land was light and dry on which it was sown,
and had been previously planted. I spread three
or four loads of good manure, and ploughed it in
before the seed was sown. The result was, that
it came up very well ; but the most of it died be-
fore autumn, except near the manure heap, where
it grew sixteen or eighteen inches, and a part of it
blovved the first season. There is this spi'ing a
few stalks or s])rigs alive. Several of my neigh-
bois sowed soine the same season, and the exper-
iment proved equally disastrous. It had been
said by some, 1 suppose inexj)erienced person, that
it woidd grow on poor land. I am convinced that
it requires a very rich soil. The land that I tried
it on I believe is the right kind, all except the
quality of it. 1 planted it with potatoes the la.st
year and again this. I have some thoughts of
making it rich by spreading an abundance of ma-
nure on it, and giving it another trial. I suspect
the land on which persons have met with good
success, is such as would produce three tons of
herds grass or English hay per acre.

I have, taken considerable pains to inform my-
self on the subject of silk business, and everything
connected with the manufacture of silk ; and have
about four thousand mulberry trees of one and two
years' growth. The land on which my nursery
is, I believe is not quite so rich as it ought to be
for that purpose, as the greater part of the trees
have grown pnly from two to three feet in a sea-
son ; whereas I have a few on richer land, which
lave grown from seven to nine feet last season.
I have transplanted several hundreds of seedlings

378

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 13, 1832.

this spring, on good land, and mean to spread con-
siderable manure among those of one and two
years' growth. I believe they are worth as much
as though they were grown on land tliat would
send them iiii higher than one conld reach, the
first year. I have sold a few trees and shall sell
more if I have an opportunity. I mean to keep
enough for myself, as I am determined to go into
the silk business, if their is any probability of its
merely paying for the expense of labor, &c.

I have thought of planting a few trees for large
standards, but a greater part in hedge rows, as the
leaves can be gathered so much better. Still, at
times, I feel almost discouraged, as many who
have tried it to a limited extent, say it does not
pay half the labor. Then again, I see articles in
newspapers, which say that it can and will be
made a profitable business.

I kept in the summer of 1830, a few silkworms,
just to try thein. They did well, though kept in
a common room, and perhaps not attended to so
well as they ought to have been. If any of your
able and experienced correspondents, or you your-
self, will give advice on any or all of the above
topics, I should feel very much obliged, as I am
young, and not in circumstances to enter very
largely into experiments, withouta prospect of re-
muneration. Still, I am very anxious to be of some
use to the community, as well as myself, by im-
provements in agriculture and the useful arts.
Yours, &c, JAMES LEONARD.

Remarks by the Editor. — With regard to the
peach, we have heretofore published many articles
on the subject of the cultivation of this fruit ; and
are compelled reluctantly, to expr 'c^g an opinion,
that our climate in New England . ■' .,le to its
perfection. An abridged view, [in'^aj'oi't ten pa-
ges,] of such observations as would be most likely
to be useful in the case of our correspondent, may
be seen in the New American Gardener, page 232,
written by the editor, and for sale at the New Eng-
land Farmer office. An article published in page
13, of the present volume of our paper, would lead
to the conclusion that we are in the habit of killing
peach trees by kindness, or cultivating them too
highly. It is there said, that " peach trees in a
pasture not tilled, are in a healthy sound state,
while those in the gardens and cultivated fields
have decaved," &c. See, likewise, pages 51, 54,
75, 101, 322, 325.

With regard to lucerne, we have nothing new
at present to offer. The soil slioidd he rich, deep,
dry, and free from weeds. The plants for the first
year should be kept as well weeded as Indian
corn, and for that reason, in Europe, are often
sown in drills, so as to admit the hoe between
them. See pages 59, 70, and 230 of the current
volume of the New England Farmer.

For directions concerning mulberry trees and
silk, our corres])ondent may, perhaps, find some-
thing useful in pages 51, 61, 77, 124, 142, 232, and
238, of the said current volume of the New Eng-
land Farmer.

CHEESE.

When cheeses are made from unskimmed milk
they are called new-milk cheeses, although a part
of the milk has been kept over night or longer.
These are the richest and most valuable. Two-
meal cheeses are made of the evening's milk skim-
med, mixed with the morning's milk unskimmed.
Two-meal cheeses, when well made, without any

mixture of sour milk, are almost as valuable as
new-milk. A third scu't is made of milk, the whole
of which has been skimmed. These are of course
of the least value. If your milk be not just come
from the cow, make it blood warin, and put in
your rennet, but no more than will just make the
curd come. Add an ounce of fine salt to as much
curd as will make a cheese of fifteen pounds, and
in proportion for a greater or less. Stir the curd
till it is gathered ; put it in a strainer, and with
your hands work out all the whey ; then lay it in
a clean linen cloth, put it in the press, and let it
stand there two hours; then lake it out, rub it
over with fine salt, put it in another dry cloth, and
put it in the press eight hours ; then take it out
again, put it in another dry cloth, and put it in the
press again, where it is to remain till the next
cheese is ready. When taken out of the press,
put it in brine twentyfour hours, and add to the
brine about a tea spoonful of salt-petre. Some
little additions of salt and salt-petre must be occa-
sionally made to the brine -^ and let it be cleansed
as soon as necessary, by heating it and taking off"
the scum. When you take the cheese out, dry
it with a cloth ; bind it round with a long string
to make it keep its shape, which must be kept
round it for some days, and let it be daily turned
on the shelf for two months.

Various receipts for making rennet, have been
given by diflTerent writers. The following is sim-
ple, and perhaps as good as any : Empty the
maw of its curd, wash it slightly, soak it with
strong brine till it is well salted, dry it on boughs
made for the purpose; then take two quarts of
strong brine that will bear an egg, blood warm,
and let the maw steep in this twentyfour hours,
when the liquor will be fit for use ; bottle it up,
and cork it tight, and it will keep for a twelve
month. About a tea cup full will he sufficient for
the milk of ten cows. Some direct spices and a
lemon sliced, to be put into this liquor. The lun-
net bag may also be salted and dried as before di-
rected, and pieces of it occasionally used, by being
previously soaked in warm water, and a quantity
of this water used in proportion to the quantity of
milk to be turned.

The acid contained in the maw is very apt to
become rancid and to putrify, if a sufficiency of
salt be not applied ; care- must therefore be taken
to |)revent this, by as m<ich salt of the strongest
kind as the rennet will receive.

In Holland, it is said, the cheese-makers use no
rennet ; but instead of this, they use a small por-
tion of sea-salt (muriatic acid) for forming the curd.
This is said to give the cheese a taste somewhat
difl^erent from those which are made in the com-
mon mode. This acid shoidd no doubt be dilu-
ted before it is put into the milk ; and we cannot
state what proportions it would be expedient to
use. But the quantity might be ascertained by
experiment.

The following method of making cheese has
been recommended in the Massachusetts Agricul-
tural Repository :

" The milk is universally set for cheese as soon
as it comes from the cow. The management of
the curd depends on the kind of cheese ; thin
cheese requires the least labor and attention. —
Breaking the curd is done with the hand and dish.
The finer the curd is broken the better, particu-
larly in thick cheeses. Turning the milk differs
in diflTerent dairies ; no two dairy women conduct

exactly alike. Setting the milk too hot inclines
the cheese to heave, and cooling it with cold wa-
ter produces a similar effect. The degree of heat
is varied according to the weather. The curd,
when formed, is broken with what is called a
triple cheese knife. The use of this is to keep
the fit in the cheese ; it is drawn the depth of
the curd two or three times across the tidi, to give
the whey an opportunity of running off" clear; after
a few minutes the knife is more freely used, and
the curd is cut into small pieces like chequers, and
is broken fine in the whey, with the hand and a
wooden dish. The curd being allowed about half
an hour to settle, the whey is laded oft" with the
dish, after it is ])retty well separated from the curd.
It is almost an invariable practice to scald the
curd. The mass is first broken very fine, and
then the scalding whey is added to it and stirred
a few minutes; some make use of the hot water
in preference to the whey, and it is in both cases
treated according to the nature of the curd ; if it
is soft, the whey or water is used nearly boiling;
but if hard, it is used only a little hotter than the
hand. After the curd is thoroughly mixed with
the hot stuff, it is suff'ered to stand a few minutea
to settle and is then separated, as at the first oper-
ation. After the scalding liquor is separated, a
vat or what is often o-Ued a cheese hoop, is laid
across the cheese ladder over the tub, and the
curd is crumbled into it vnth the hand and pressed
into the vat, to squeeze out the vrhey.

" The vat being filled as full and firmly as the
hand can fill it and rounded up in the middle, a
cheese cloth is spread over it, and the curd is
turned out of the hoop into the cloth ; the vat is
then washed, and the inverted mass of curd, witb
the cloth under it, is turned into the vat and put
into tfac jiress ; after standing two or three hours
in the press, the vat is taken out and the cloth )»
taken oflf, washed, and put round the cheese, and
it is replaced in the vat and in the press. In
about seven or eight hours it is taken out of the
press and salted, the cheese is placed on a board,
and a handful of salt is rubbed all over it, and
the edges are pared oft" if necessary ; another hand-
ful of salt is strewed on the upper side, and as
much left as will stick to it; afterwards it is turn-
ed into the bare vat without a cloth, and an equal
quantity of salt is added to it, and the cheese is
returned into the press, where it continues one
night, and the next morning it is turned in the vat
and continues till the succeeding morning, and is
taken out and placed on the dairy shelf, where
they are turned every day or every other day, as
the weather may be. If it is hot and dry, the
windows and door are kept shut ; but if wet or
moist, the door and windows are kej)t open night
and day."

NEWLY BAKED BREAD. ,

" The following very judicious remarks," says !
the Andover, Mass. Journal, " were made by one
of the most distinguished physicians in the coun-
try, in answer to inquiries from one of the officers
of the Theological Seminary in this place. The
letter it is believed, expresses the opinion universal-
ly entertained by eminent physicians."

Dear Sir — In reply to the inquiry in your
letter, 1 remark, that long ago, physicians were
taught by observation and experience, that newly
baked bread requires much greater stomach power
to eff"ect its digestion, than is necessary to accom-

Vol. X.-No. 48.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

379

pllsh tlie tligestion of bread which is not new. —
This difference is attributed to the greater adhe-
siveness of the hot bread, forming into a mass or
masses less penetrable to the gastric juice. —
Whether this should be regarded as a full explan-
ation there might perhaps be some doubt, but that
certain chemical changes arc constantly going on
in bread, from the moment it is baked until it is
unfit for use, and that, when a day or two old, it
is much more easily subjected to the delicate chem-
istry of the stomach, than it is when just taken
from the oven, there can be no doubt.

A feeble stomach is always distmhed or oppress-
ed by hot bread ; and headache, vertigo, and some-
times cramp, cholera and convulsions, are caused
by it. Those who are predisposed, constitution-
ally or by their vocations, to dyspepsia — nay, ev-
erybody, inasmuch as the preservation of health
should be an object with everybody — ought to .-ib-
stain from it. For although in some cases it may
not for a time appear to do mischief, it is secretly
undermining the powers of the stomach, and dis-
ease will some day make its appearance in a form
more aggravated or obstinate, than if the stomach
had been put to a less severe task.

The business of bread making is generally not
enough attended to in our country. The yest is
too often not perfectly sweet, and when it has be-
come sour, alkaline substances, as salasratns, or
pearl-ash, or soda, do not restore it to its original
fitness for the process of fermenting the dough.
Another defect is, that the dough when put into
the oven, is frequently not enough or too much
fermented, the consequence of which is, that the
bread is clammy or sour. Another and almost
universal defect is, that the bread is not baked
enough. The thickness of the loaf may be too
great for the heat of the oven, or the heat may be
so great as to burn or crisp the outside of the loaf,
before the inner parts are done.

Hot bread should be banished from all our lit-
erary institutions ; and if the guardians of these
establishments were faithful to their trust, they
would not only interdict it, but would take care
that their students should be regularly furnished
with well made bread.

From the Albany Evening Journal.

LAMP OIL.

Knowing that fraud, to a great extent, is yet
practised in the sale of lamp oil, notwithstanding
vvc have a law to prevent it, and the fraud being
so perfect that the senses of sight, smell, and taste,
except in those of great experience, cannot distin-
guish between them, although the difference in
price is very great when honestly sold.

Sperm oil being from 6s 8d to 7s a gallon, ac-
cording to the quantity, while whale oil is but
from 2s Gd to 3s Gd.

To detect the fraud, sperm oil weighs 7^ lbs.
the gallon, while whale oil weighs 7 lbs. lOi ozs.
The specific gravity, in dechnals, of sperm oil, is
8814, and whale oil is 9233.

Those that have Southwfirth's Spirit Hydrome-
ter, will find that pure sperm oil stands 42 above
spirit proof, and whale oil at 18 above, which is
2 degrees below W. when the balance weight is
off. the thermometer standing at the same time at
seventy degrees, adding four degrees or deducting
on the hydrometer for every ten on the thermoni-
•ter. If the balance weight is on, then oil stands

at eighty degrees above ])roof, and in sperm oil it
will sink entirely.

The following is a correct test to try the purity
of sperm oil : — Take spirit of any kind, in a wine
glass, that is just fifty per cent above proof, and
drop into it sperm oil, and it will swim on the
sm-face ; and with a spoon take fifteen drops of
sperm oil and only one of whale oil, and mix
them together, and this mixture will sink to the
bottom ; and any other mixture of whale oil, in
larger proportion, will also sink.

Those that have the glass French hydrometer
will find, when the thermometer is at eighty, sperm
oil will stand on the hydrometer at thirty degrees
and whale oil at twcntytwo, and for every ten de-
grees less on the thermometer, one degree less on
the hydrometer.

But Southvvorth's Oleometer is a correct test,
for one per cent can be detected, and those that
have one have a card to explain it.

Editors of papers, who will copy this and the
law, will oblige most of their patrons, as everyone
using oil is interested ; and very generally they
are getting only whale oil or mixture, when for
the same money they ought to have pure sperm
oil.

From the Portsmouth Journal.

THE FARMER.

The great bulk of mankind must always get
their living by cultivating the soil. The character
of farmers, therefore, settles the character of the
community in general. The profits of fanning
are slow but sure.

The good farmer grows rich simply by the in-
creased value which he every year gives to his

4. If it is an object to increase i)aslurage, it
can be done by division fences to a very great
extent.

HORSES.

Let every horse you keep be a good one, be-
cause he eats no more than a poor hack ; and he
will do more service, and sell for something if you
wish to part with him.

THE SCIENCE OF nCSBANnilT.

All nature is governed by fixed laws or princi-
ples, and the true art of husbandry consists in a
correct knowledge of these principles, with their
application to every plant, every .soil, and every
change in the seasons. The design of cultivation
is to assist nature. We govern nature only by
obeying her laws.

There is no soil so good but it may be exhaust-
ed and ruined by bad tillage ; and there is none so ,
bad but it may be rendered fertile, if it can be
swarded.

From the American Farmer.

POMOLOGICAL MANUAL.
William R. Prince, Esq., of tlie Linnsean Bo-
tanic Garden at Flushing, N. Y., has recently pub-
lished the second part of the Pomological Manual,
containing descriptions of a great variety of fruit,
such as peaches, plums, nectarines, cherries, al-
monds, raspberries, strawberries and pears. He
has reserved apples for the third part, and very
judiciously, as he will be able to avail of the
contents of several European publications on th«
subject, and ampng them the Pyrus Mains Brent-
fordiensis, Wp have occasionally made copious
extracts from this part of the Pomological Manual

farm. His buildings and fences are yearly grow- '" '"•^a'l'^e of its publication, having been politely
ing better ; his debts are also growing less, and hisr"™"''"' ^'''"' 1"'°°^ impressions by the author,

business more easy of management ; so that by the
time of life in which care becomes burdensome,
he generally finds himself in a situation to travel
the down hill of life with a good degree of com-
fort.

The poor fiirmer, on the other hand, is the re-
verse of all this. His affairs, so far as they depend
on his management, grow worse and worse. His
fixtures decay, and are patched up so as to do for
the present ; hi^ soil is impoverished ; his debts
increase ; his cares and perjdexities multiply ; and
he finds himself, when old age unfits him "for the
burden, obliged to mortgage or sell his farm, and
to live on the ])ittance which his property has
gained in value by the rise of prices around him.

The greatest calamity to a farmer is a heavy
debt. A fire is nothing to it, because the flames
do not exact interest.

" The eye of a master does more work than both
his hands," but it must be an eye wide awake. —
There is a difference between eyes and no eyes.

To save expense and labor, is ready money with
interest, because it saves time, which is more val-
uable than money.

GENERAL DIVISIONS OF A FARM.

1. Assign as much of your farm to the plough
as you can manure thoroughly, with plaster or
strong manure.

2. Keep no more for mowing than you can
consume on your farm with profitable stock, un-
less in the neighborhood of some large town,
where the sale of hay will purchase manure.

3. Keep no more stock upon your farm than
you can keep well.

and therefore our readers will have been enabled
to form an opinion of the work for themselves. —
We cannot omit referring, however, to a very
prominent and valuable characteristic of the Po-
mological Manual ; we refer to the names of fruit.
Almost every kind of fruit has several names, by
which it is known in different countries and in
different parts of the same country. In the 3Ian-
ual, Mr Prince has adopted the name most gener-
ally ajjplied to each kind, and at the same time
given all the other names as synonymes, by which
means, persons acquainted only with one of the
local names are enabled to ascertain the true one.
Besides this, it will save many persons the expense
and vexation of purchasing the same fruit imder a
variety of names, under the supposition that they
are obtaining several kinds. This is a peculiar
feature of the "Treatise on the Vine," also, by the
same author, and it cannot be too highly com-
mended. There are several other valuable traits
in this work, and among them we notice the ex-
position of an error long prevalent in all parts of
the country, in relation to raspberries. What is
commonly called the "Red Antwerp raspberry" is
not an Antwerp, but a variety very inferior to that
fruit. This error was pointed out to us last fall,
while on a visit to Flushing, by Mr Prince. We
would recommend the Pomological Manual to all
orchardists and gardeners, as a valuable guide to
their professional pursuits.

Solvent for PuUy. — To move panes of old glass
from sashes, spread with a small brush, a little ni-
tric or muriatic acid over the putty, and it will soon
become soft, and can be removed without injury.

380

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 13, 1R32.

Agriculture.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICUI,TURAL
SOCIETV.

To tlie Trustees of llie MassachuscUs AgricuUutal Society.

Gf.ntlemen — Situated at a distance from any
considerable market town, it would bo absurd in
me to think of entering into competition in the ag-
gregate amount of crops, witli fanners in the vicin-
ity of the city, where manure is attainable to any
desired extent. Ou the supposition, tliat the man-
agement of farms is judged in reference to local
advantages and inconveniences, my hope is found-
ed of sustaining a claim to a premium. There
have never been any very great improvements
made on my farm in any one year. The object
has been yearly to add something more in earthy
and vegetable substances to the fields, tlian was
taken from tliem in tlic removal of crops. To give
a just idea of improvements made, a brief history
of the operations may be necessary.

My first purchase of land was in 1802, fifteen
acres; the greater part of which was in a very
rough state, and as much of it as had been tilled
reduced by severe cropping. Tlie rocks were re-
moved to inclose the lots, and the bushes subdued
witli the plough, as fast as necessary means could
be obtained for accomplishing those objects; the
progress was not rapid in the beginning, because,
being entirely destitute of capital, I was obliged,
in seaman's phrase, to " work iny passage."

When the fields wore inclosed with walls and
the bushes subdued, attention was directed to the
])lats which had been tilled almost to exhaustion.
And the principal means of renewinor ;]icm wilhiii
my power, was the incorporation of earths of ilif-
ferent qualities. Cold and tenacious soils were
dressed with silicious earth and other material
that tended to open and warm them. Sandy soils
were dressed with clay, swamp mud, and alluvi
ons in which sand formed the least considerable
part. This course, in seven years, gave ten tons
of English hay where less than two were obtained
before, and about double the quantity of grain on
the acre.

In 1817, another lot of sixteen acres, a large por-
tion of it in similar stale with the first, was piu'-
chased and managed in the same way. About the
same time were ])urchase(l seven acres of fresh
meadow ; on which no other improvements have
been made than clearing aw"ay bushes, tunnelling
and cutting ditelies in such directions as would
irrigate the whole meadow. Another small lot
was inclosed from a pasture, in 1820, and has
since been cultivated as English meadow and til-
lage. Four acres of the above lots are light sandy
soils ; six acres hazel loam, suitable for grain or
grass; five acres dark friable soil; fifteen acres
argillaceous ; and ten acres of irrig.ated fresh
meadow. Seven acres were planted with Indian
corn the present year — three acres of loam and
four acres of sandy soil. On one acre of the loam
about six cords of barn manure were spread and
ploughed in ; on another acre, where in other
years meadow mud had been ap|died, six casks of
lime were spread ; on the other fields, which pro-
duced rye the preceding year, there was no appli-
cation. The corn was planted in drills; this meth-
od has been in i>ractice on the farm more than

wliole cro]) 22,:i81 jiounds, 2!»8^1 bushels. The
same field the jireceding year, produced one hun-
dred and twenty bushels of rye. The present
year there \v;cre only about two acres in rye, and
and the produce was twentyfive bushels.

There are nine acres in tillage, alternately plant-
ed with corn and rye, excepting once in five or six
years each field is planted with potatoes, beans,
or some other veget;d)le considered favorable as a
change from the ordinary coiu'sr. The stubble of
rye is ploughed in, immediately after the removal
of the crop{ and some kind of seed applied to pro-
duce herbage to be ])loughpd in as green dressing.
Potatoes this year were planted only on ttie bor-
ders of cornfields, under trees, and in other situa-
tions where not much produce could be expected,
— eighty bushels Were gathered. From two hun-
dred to three hundred has been the average crop
in the last four year.s. No other roots are cultiva-
ted except in the kitchen garden. Thirtytwo acres
are mowed, twenty of which have been jiloughed
and will produce good English hay in common
seasons, with liberal manuring? but a succession
of wet seasons lias introduced on a part of it so
much wild grass, that the hay is not now suitable
for the market, though good stock hay. There
arc ten acres of irrigated land, as above mention-
ed, and two acres of fresh meadow over which
water does not often pass. The hay was located
before the offer of premium was published, in such
manner that it is impossible for me to ascertain
wi',li accuracy the quantity. Some of it was
])laccd in barns with old hay, and some of it sold
in the fields. The crop of hay has varied very
little for four years, yet supjiosed to have gradu-
ally increased. In 1827, the whole crop was
measured in the mow in Septendier, after it was
thoroughly settled. Four cords of English hay
were considered equal to a ton, and five cords of
fresh. According to that measurement, there
were thirtythree and three quarters tons of first
quality, or good English hay ; ten tons of second
quality ; and fourteen and two fifths tons fresh
hay. Five acres then mowed are now in tillage.
From two to three tons of second crop are annu
ally cut, iu situations where it is not convenient for
cattle to feed.

Compost manure, made with reference to the
quality of the soil where it is to be applied, is
every year spread on the mowing land. Sand ii
made a princi])al ingredient of compost for clayey
soils, and swamp mud or clay for loose soils. —
From three to five hundred loads, forty bushels in
the load, are made in a year and applied chiefly
in autunm, not so much for choice as necessity,
there being no other season of sufficient leisure to
accomplish the work. In laying down tilled land
to grass, I choose to sow the seed about the last
week in August and put no grain with it ; but any
time in the month of September will do better than
either of the sjiring months; and if sown with
winter rye, it will do better than with spring
grain. The clayey soils which are not suitable
for grain, 1 sometimes turn over with the plough
immediately after the grass is cut, roll down the
furrows, and put on a dressing of manure and
seed again. In this course, cultivated grass is re-
newed without the loss of any crop. 1 use chiefly
bords grass seed, and put one fourth of a bushel
on an acre.

I have forty acres of pasture of a light soil, and

twenty years, and is in my judgment preferable to

any other. The corn was harvested between 20lh I in the possession of other owners, it was alternate-

oidy very small crops of corn or rye can now bo
obtainetl. The number of acres discouraged me
from attempting to renew it iu my usual way of
mixing soils; and therefore a ])lan is formed to
renew it in the operations of nature. Last spring,
a field of between two and three acres was fenced,
ploughed, and sowed with the seed of the yellow
locust tree. The seed came up well, and the most
thrifty of the young trees are nowthree and a half
feet high. If the worms should not oppose me,
I here will probably be a very flourishing grove,
which in a few years will etfectually recruit the
soil. In this connexion, it itiay not be amiss to
mention, that I have this fall sowed five acres of
common land with the seed of white pine, and am
now jdanling several acres with acorns, which it
is intended to protect against cattle with a fence.

The number of apple trees on the farm is eighty,
most of them situated in two small orchards. —
There are some scattered trees, and a few cultiva-
ted in the garden. Nearly half the trees Lave
been engrafted, chiefly with winter fruit. This
year there are no apjilcs. The last year, proba-
bly, there w-ere a hundred bushels of winter ap-
jdes and enough beside to make some six or eight
barrels of cider. The principal attention given
trees, after they have attained the bearing state
and need little or no more pruning, is to scrape ofl'
the rough bark and moss^ early every spring, and
wash the bodies of the trees and t!ie large limbs
with very strong soap-suds or a solution of potash.
The barns have been bidlt in succession, and
some of those first erected are of very incommo-
dious form for the general purposes of a farmer.
They were built wdien there was no expectation
of needing much room for the storage of hay and
grain, and some other uses of them were in con-
templation. The first barn is twenty feet wide
and thirty feet in length ; the second, twenty and
forty ; the third, thirty feet square, built for the
exclusive purpose of storing hay ; the fourth, twen-
tysix and thirty ; and the fifth, thirty feet square.
Under a portion of two of the barns, openings are
left to shelter the cattle from the severity of the
weather. The barns were located with a view to
convenience and facility in getting the hay and
manuring the fields. There are four barn-yards,
three of them are built square, and hollowed a lit-
tle in the mitldle for the retention of the manure ;
the fourth is of irregular shape, to give the cattle
access to a spring of water. Into the yards, such
kinds of earth are carted, as are considered best
adapted to the fields where the manure is to be
applied. Vv'ith the earth every sort of vegetable
substance is incorporated, which can be easily ob-
tained. These, with the dropi)ings of the cattlo,
make rich beds of compost every year.

The usual stock on the farm consists of one
horse, six oxen, three rows, and eight or ten young
creatures. The horse and oxen not pastured much
on the farm. From about the middle of July to
the first of Sejitcmber this year, five cows were
milked, two of them heifers of only two years old.
The cows were under the care of a tenant. —
Cheese-making was not commenced early in the
season, and continued oidy to 20th September-.
Milk was daily trdicn for the use of thq family, in
which tiicre are several young children. The re-
turn of cheese made was four hundred and sixty-
four pounds. Fi-om the 20th September to 5th
Novend)er, butter was made with four cows and
the milk civen to swine. The retuVn of butter

September and 20th October-. Weight of the ly tdled and pastured iu so quick succession, that was seventy pounds. The cows have something

Vol. X.— No. 48.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

381

of mixed blood, but arc chiefly of native breed and
were raised on tlie farm. Three swine only arc
kept, fed with tlie refuse of the house, boiled ])o-
tatoes, and comi. Tlie annual quantity of pork is
about nine hundred pounds.

BIy cattle in winter are fed chiefly on hay ;
milch cows have some meal and vegetables ; and
oxen intended for beef the succeeding fall are fed
with some grain tlic last of winter. Calves to be
raised are suffered to suck one half the uiilk of
the cows ten weeks, then put into a good pasture
till October, when they arc. put with fattening cut-
tle, where they soon learn to eat whatever is given
out, and become very vigorous to endure the in-
elemcnries of winter.

About two tons of beef arc made in a year, on
grass, green corn-stalks, and refuse hay. Oxen
and cows are generally turned oft" to beef for some
other reason than the particular age ; and at w hat
age it would be most profitable to turn off those
of excellent qualities, is a question which has nev-
er employed much of my attention. The princi-
pal product of my farm is hay, of which ten or
fifteen tons are annually put up for sale ; the resi-
due is sufKcient to winter twenty five bead of cat-
tle ; but the pasture not being equal to the sum-
mering of nearly that number, a part of the stock
wintered is often sold in the spring. One man
:and a lad sixteen years old labor constantly on the
farm; in addition to which, day-laborers are fre-
quently employed. The present year, twenty
acres of the mowing land were put out on a share,
and forty da^-s' labor hired. One gallon of rum
was used bv' some elderly laborers, wlio have work-
ed on the farm more than twenty years in the hay
season ; and the owner supposed the cause of tem-
perance would be injured rather than promoted,
in withholding from these men their accustomed
po'rtion, who never in their lives, to his knowledge,
drank to intoxication. Respectfully submitted,

WORRILL ALLEN.

Pbjmouth, ss. Pembroke, jYov. 21, 18.31. — Per-
sonally appeared before me, the above named Mor-
rill Allen, and made oath that the above statement
by him subscribed, was true, according to his best
knowledge and belief.

KiLBOEX Whitman, Justice of Peace.

Lot J, fifteen acres, part in a rough state, part
too much cropped.

Lot 2, sixteen acres, much the same as the above.

Lot 3, seven acres, meadow, fresh meadow.

Lot 4, small lot from a pasture.

Four acres are light sandy soil ; six acres hard
loam, suitable for grain and grass; five, a dark fri-
able soil ; fifteen, argillaceous ; ten, irrigated fresh
meadow.

This year, three acres of loam and four acres of
sandy soil were planted with corn.

On one acre of loamy land, six cord of manure
wore idoughed in. On one acre of sandv, six
casks lime ; in other years, meadow mud had been
put ill.

On the other fields which produced rye the ])re-
ceding year, no manure.

Corn planted in drills, gathered 298-i-l hush-
els 424. ' ^

Nine acres in tillage, corn and rye alternately,
excepting once in five or six years a crop of pota-
toes or beans.

The stubble of rye is ploughed in immediately
after taking of}' the crop, and some kind of seed is
applied to produce herbage.

From 200 to 300 bushels potatoes, his average
crop lor three or four years past.

Mows thirtytwo acres, twenty of which has been
[iloughed, yields good English bay.

Ten acres of irrigated meadow, and two acres
of fresh meadow.

1S27. 33,^ tons of hay, first quality.

10 do. second quality.

14| fresh hay.

58
Sand principal ingredient for clayey, and swamp
mud ill sandy loose soil, 300 to 500 loads, in au-
tumn.

ALTERNATE HUSBANDRY.

There are few stronger indications of bad hus-
bandry, to a secluded mind, than are furnished by
the advertisements for the sale of farms. "Suit-
ably divided into meadow, pasture, and plough
land," are common recommendations, showing that
the old system still prevails, of assigning to each
of those objects a portion of the farm in perpe-
tuity ; in despite of the example of better husband-
ry, and the admonitions of common sense. No
meadows will bear cutting many successive years
without deteriorating in quantity and generally in
quality. No la»nd can be subjected to perpetual
tillage, without a greater supply of manure than
most farmers are able to give it. The grasses will
run out in the one, and fertility become exhausted
in the other. There are comparatively few mea-
dows, which, if drained (and if wet they v.ill pro-
duce fine grasses) will not yield good grain, roots
or pulse. And there is no tillage la-d but will
produce grass. Alternation of crops is the main
spring of profitable farming. Grass and grain are
in this way made to benefit each other. The roots
and haulm of the grass become food for tlie grain ;
while the culture of grain pulverizes and amelior-
ates the soil for the succeeding crop of grass.

Good economy requires that the meadow should
berplougbed, and the ploughed land stocked witli
grass, whenever a manifest diminution in the crop
is perceptible. Upon light soils, when even well
managed, this will ordinarily happen once in eve-
ry three or four years. Experience must have
shown every farmer, that he cannot raise a good
crop of wheat, of corn, or of flax, &c, upon the
same field for several years in succession. And
why ? Because every species of plant takes from
the soil a specific food, which other species do not
take. The same law applies to grasses and grains,
with this difference, that grain consumes more
than grass of the food common to both, and there-
fore sooner imjiovcrishes the soil. J. B.

FARM.

A writer in the Massachusetts Agricultural Re-
pository, vol. V. page 320, in treating " on the ex-
ttnt of land necessary for a farm, and suflicient to
support a family well atfd independently," has the
following among other valuable remarks: — "We
know men, active, intelligent and industrious, pos-
sessed of 30 or 40 acres of land, who are laborino-
for others oij taking charge of their neighbors' con-
cerns, upon the avowed reason, that they cannot
support their families on so small an extent of land.
But they do not realize the actual efiiciency of the
soil. Undoubtedly there are many honorable ex-
ceptions to the observation we are about to make •

as a general rule, however, it may be asserted, that
the farmers of Massachusetts are yet to learn the im-
mense prodvciive poiver of a perfectly cidtivaied acre.
Instead of seeking riches in augmenting the num-
ber of their acres, let them be sought in better
modes of husbandry. As a general truth, we be-
lieve it may be asserted, that every farmer in Mas-
sachusetts, possessed of one hundred acres of land,
might divide them fairly, by quantity and quality,
into thirds, and by a suilAble cultivation make
cither third more productive than his whole hun-
dred acres are at present. This is the operation
at which those interested in the agricuhure of
Massachusetts ought to aim, to make fanners real-
ize what cultivation can effect, and to teach the
modes by which the productive power of the soil
can best be elicited."

FARMER.

It is indispensable for the success of every un-
dertaking, that a sufficient capital to carry it on,
should be at command ; and for that of farming in
particular. When there is any deficiency with
respect to that imjiortant particular, the farmer
cannot derive sufficient profit from his exertions;
for he may often be obliged to dispose of his crops
at an undervalue, to procure ready money ; or he
may be prevented from purchasing the articles he
may require, though a favorable opportiaiity may
present itself. An industrious, frugal, and intelli-
gent farmer, who is punctual in his payments, and
hence in good credit, will strive with many difB-
culties and get on with less money, than a man of
a different character. But if he has not sufficient
stock to work his laud properly, nor sufficiency of
cattle to raise manure, nor money to purchase the
articles he ought to possess, lie must, under ordin-
ary circumstances, live in a st.ate of penury and
hard labor ; and on the first unfavorable season,
or other incidental misfortune, he will probably
sink under the weight of his accumulated burdens.
In general, farmers are apt to begin with too small
a capital. They are desirous of taking large farms,
without possessing the means of cultivating them.
This is a great en-or ; for it makes many a person
poor, upon a large farm, who might live in com-
fort and acquire property upon a small one. 'No
tenant can be secure without a surplus at com-
mand, not only for defraying the common expen-
ses of labor, but in case any untoward circum-
stance should occur. When a farmer on the oth-
er hand, farms within his capital, he is enabled to
embrace every favorable opportunity of buying
with advantage, while he is not compelled, if the
markets are low, to sell with loss. — Codeof.igricul.

Caterpillars. — We have on no former occasion,
noticed the fruit trees so universally overrun with
caterjjillars as the present season. Aside from
this circumstance, the prospect of fruit, apples es-
pecially, is remarkably good. We therefore hope
that our farmers may be on the alert, and not suf-
fer the bounties which otherwise would be confer-
red on them by Providence, to be lost for the want
of little care and attention. A kw hours would
suffice to ckar a considerable orchard of these
marauders, and thus to save much valuable fruit
which must otherwise inevitably be lost. — .Ms. Spy.

Willows absorb moisture. This is true, but they
emit a large portion which they draw from the
earth, in perspiration. V.'illows planted near
houses, on the side of springs or brooks, arc apt
to introduce fever and ague.

382

NEW ENGLAND FAR3IER,

June 13, 1S32.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, June 13, 1832.

THE SEASON.
The season has at length become more propi-
tious. We have had no spring, or rather, spring
and summer have formed a union, blended their
capital and credit, deposited their zephyrs, aro-
matic essences, buds, beauties, &c, in the ware-
house of June, and are now going on gloriously,
under the sign of the spotless sun and cloudless
sky. We never knew such a i^lay as we have re-
cently escaped from.

She csUed out biuls of tender kinds,

Dame Flora's fascinating nieces,
Then loos'd tlie savage northeast winds,

To tear the pretty nymphs in pieces.

Old Boreas and May, no doubt.

Were too much hand and glove together.

And their conjunction brought about
Almost a month of horrid weather.

We hope there is yet time for most of our crops
to come to maturity. Indian corn begins in some
places, we are told, to show symptoms of resusci-
tation and revivication, and we have made some
calculation on its maturation and fructification, in-
stead of its threatened annihilation. It may be
prudent to plant more potatoes. The Genesee
Farmer tells us, that potatoes may be planted at
" almost any lime from the middle of Blay to the
middle of July, yet, we think that they produce
best when planted from the middle of May, or
when left from the middle to the last of June. In
the first case, the tubers make their growth before
the mid-sumtner drought ; and in the latter, after
the fall rains have set in. In either case, the po-
tatoes will be of bi'tter quality than when grown
in the heat of summer, allowing the soil to be suf-
ficiently moist."

Turnips, ruta baga, millet, &c, may be put in
requisition to occupy fields intended for Indian
corn, should there be a prospect of the latter's fail-
ure. " One swallow makes no summer," and the
loss of one crop should not discourage a cultiva-
tor, for

"The mouse which has but one poor hole,
Is not a mouse of any soul."

SHEARING SHEEP, Sec.

jMr Lawrence, an eminent English writer, as-
serts, " It has frequently appeared to me, on reflec-
tion, that it might be preferable to shear all kinds
of sheep unwashed, and to wash them after shear-
ing, when it would be much more effectual with
respect to their health. Such as were affected
with foulness or eruption of the skin, might be
washed and scrubbed in a ley of water and wood
ashes, in a large tub which would contain three.
It would both conduce to the health of the sheep
and promote the regular growth of the wool. —
Wool would probably keep best in the grease, and
dust might be shaken from it. Any difficulty in
respect to fixing the price of wool in an unwash-
ed state, would vanish in a season or two."

"Clipping off the coarse soiled wool about the
thighs and docks," says Loudon, " some weeks be-
fore the usual time of washing and clipping the
sheep, is an excellent practice, as by this means
the sheej) are kept clean and cool when the sea-
son is hot ; and with ewes, the udders are pre-
vented from becoming sore."

In separating for the purpose of washing, the
flock is brought to the side of the washing pool,
and those lambs and sheep of different kinds, fit
to be washed, are put into se])arate iuclosures ;
and such lambs as are too young to be clipped are
not washed, but confined in a fold or inclosure of
any kind, at such a distance from the washing
place that they may not disturb their mothers by
bleating.

In performing the operation of washing, it was
formerly the method to have the washers standing
up to their breast in the water ; but from the in-
convenience and danger of it, (the men requiring
a large supply of spirituous liquors, and being lia-
ble to be attacked with colds, rheumatisms, and
other diseases,) various other modes of performing
the operation have been proposed. Among others,
that of sinking an empty hogshead or other vessel
of sufficient capacity for a man to stand in while
wasliing the sheep, may be as eligible as any. A
boat near a bold shore of a sheet of water, with
one end aground, by which the sheep is introduced
and put overboard, while the man who washes
him remains in the boat and extends his arms over
the sides, and thus perlbrms the necessary manipu-
lations, furnishes a convenient mode of washing
sheep. .\ small perpendicular waterfall, under
which sheep are conducted, may likewise be used
to advantage for that purpose.

It was uniformly the practice, immediately after
shearing, to smear the bodies of sheep with some
ointment, in which tar is the chief ingredient.
This, however, has been condemned, as causing a
waste of wool in carding and manufacturing into
cloth. But if the tar is mixed with a sufl^cient
quantity of some greasy substance, the benefit may
be obtained (which is to preserve against ticks and
the scab, as well as to increase the growth of the
wool,) without any bad consequence resulting. A
writer in Rccs' Cyclo]>cdia, on wool, says much
in favor of a composition much used in Northum-
berland, England, anfl gives the following direc-
tions for making it : " From sixteen to twenty
pounds of butter are j)laccd over a gentle fire and
melted ; a gallon of tar is then added, and the mix-
ture is then stirred with a stick until the tar and
butter are well combined, and form a soft tena-
cious ointment." Some skill is recpiired in its ap-
plication. The locks should be divided, and the
ointment applied directly to the skin. It docs no
good to apply it to the outside of the wool, but it
tmist come in contact with the skin. This is best
effected by opening the wool along the neck and
hack, and applying the ointment with the finger.
In short, you must apply it in such a manner that
it will be most likely to spread over every part of
the body. The quantity laid on each animal dif-
fers in different districts. In the lighter mode of
greasing, one gallon of tar and twenty pounds of
butter will be sufficient for fifty sheep. In Scot-
land, where greasing is applied merely to jireserve
the animal from inclemency of the climate, a much
larger proportion of tar is used. This would be
very injurious to the wool were it any other hut
the coarsest kind. To derive the greatest advan-
tage from the ointment, both to the wool and the
sheep, it should be applied immediately after shear-
ing and again on the approach of winter. By the
first greasing, the wool will be kept soft and moist
during the sultry heats of July and August, and
the top of the sta))le will not become harsh and dis-
colored. One acknowledged advantage of greas-
ing immediately after shearing should not be over-

looked— it destroys the sheep tick, and has a ten-
dency to prevent cutaneous distempers, and to pro-
tect the skin against the bite of the fly.

Mr J. Nelson published a recipe for the scab on
sheep, similar to the above, hut which we should
suppose might answer a still better purpose ; it is
as follows: "Take three gallons of tar and three
gallons of train oil, boiled together, to which add
three pounds of roll brimstone finely powdered
and stirred in." This quantity is sufficient for
ninety sheep. It is poured on with a pitcher or la-
dle from the top of the back-bone to the tail.

When the object is solely the destruction of ticks,
a strong decoction of tobacco is probably as good
an application as can be prescribed. Lambs often
suffer much from licks, after the sheep are shear-
ed ; as the ticks which are driven from the old
sheep lake refuge with the lambs. It will, there-
fore, be advisable to apply either the ointment or
the tobacco decoction to the Iambs as well as to
their elders. And in all cases see that your appli-
cation goes to and spreads over the skin as equally
as possible, instead of wetting or smearing the out-
side surface of the fleece, where it will be of mors
harm than benefit.

DISEASE IN POULTRY.

Mr Fesse.-jden — I find in volume vii.page 111,
of the New England Farmer, soap recommended
for the gapes in chickens. I have tried it a num-
ber of times in various ways, and cannot find it of
any use in that complaint. It is caused by worms
in the windpipe ; and it appears to me that we
should look for a preventive, as a cure must he very
difficult, owing to the seat of disease. We are
losing a great proportion of our turkeys and chick-
ens with this disease, and will feel much obliged
if you will point out a remedy, or solicit one,
through the columns of the New England Farmer.
I remain, with respect,

LEWIS BAILEY.

Someis, West Chester Co., JV. Y.

Remarks by the Editor. — Several persons hav»
assured us, that they have cured fowls diseased by
gapes, by taking as much kitchen soap as will cov-
er the thumb nail and having mixed it up with
some meal dough, giving it to chickens. But as
this remedy seems not to be always effectual, it
might not be amiss to try the following, recom-
mended by a writer in the American Farmer.

" Take a piece of asafcetiila about the size of
a hen's egg, beat it tolerably flat, and wrap a piece
of cotton cloth round it, and nail it to the bottom
of the trough where the hens are daily watered ;
this method is adapted in the sjiring of the year,
when the hens begin to bring forth their young
broods, and it will be attended with inevitable suc-
cess in preventing that destructive disorder."

If any of our correspondents would be so good
as to furnish us with information on this subject,
they would oblige the editor and benefit the com-
munity.

MADDER, FRUIT TREES, &c.

To the Editor of the N. E. Farmer,—

I shall wish, at some future period, to make
some remarks through the medium of your paper,
on the cultivation of madder, having been engaged
two years past in raising this article ; it requiring
three years to come to maturity, I have not dug
any as yet; but a neighbor of mine has raised it
several years, and has taken up in two years, fifteen

Vol. X.— No. 48.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

383

hundred pounds each year, to the aero He in-
forms me that he has never labored a day on it
without earning tliree dollars per day. The seed
he sells, at present, for twenty dollars per acre of
two thousand four hundred hills. I know that it
is a perfectly hardy plant and the cultivation sini
pie; it requires rich soil. 1 forbear making fur
ther observations at this time, fearing it might be
a common article of cultivation in your State.

A corresijondent of yours wishes to be inform-
ed by others owning nurseries or orchards, on
what kind of soil the greatest destruction has been
produced, by tbe severity of the past winter. My
nursery is on a sandy soil formerly covered with
hemlock. I have lost many young apple trees,
grafted; most of my jiears, plums, and cherries.
They have generally perished at the tops first, and
the apple trees to within a foot or two of the
ground. The soil in this section of country is
generally a sandy loam ; and no fruit trees except
the plum and pear, have been materially injured
in general. There is a prospect of a very large
crop of apples, but the apples of the Eastern and
Northern States are far superior to those growing
in these parts. I shall not set another fruit tree
on a hemlock soil. I ought to have taken agri-
cultural papers previous to planting my nursery.
One thing I ought to mention, that in transplant-
ing a few plum trees last fall, I put a little straw
round some of the trees and they escaped destruc-
tion. Yours, RUSSEL BRONSON.

Brid^ewater, Oneida County, .V. Y.

05^We sliall feel under great obligations to Mr
Bronson, if he will furnish us v/ith an article on
the culture and preparation of madder ; it being a
plant of great importance to manufacturers, who
import immense quantities from Europe. The
culture of it, we beheve, is almost unkno^vn in
^ew England. — Editor.

THE SEASON IN NEW BRUNSWICK.

[Extract of a letter from Gen. Coffi.v, dated St John,
N. B. June 1, to the Editor of the New England Far-
mer.]

" I notice by the New England Farmer, that the
season has been very backward with you, and the
past winter iinconmionly destructive to fruit trees.
With us, the winter and spring have been severe
and backward in an unprecedented degree. There
are as yet but few signs of vegetation ; our cellars
were severely assailed by the frost, and many roots
lost. In Nova Scotia, the spring has been uncom-
monly cold and cheerless, in some parts there has
been much suffering from a failure of fodder."

Horse Quicksilver.

QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Briuhton.a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty mares the present
season, at $15 each, and $1 in addition, to the groom.
Mares wairanled lo he in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 to
the groom ; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.

Quicksilver is !> beautiful bright bay, three year's old ;
his sii'e, Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
the r-acing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cieveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine Ibrm, speed,
end bottom, oijce owned by Mr Leavittof Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be to nrany
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a tirst rate covering hoi'se. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscribe-, will he well attended to on rea-
forrable terras, but he will not be responsible lor acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.

Brighton, June 13, 1S32. t(

Horse Pioneer.

PIONEER will stand for Mares the ensuirrg season at
the following places : at the ?aule fair hotel, in Brighton,
every Saturday, P. M., arrd Monday (except tha 25th
June,) through ;he season ; at Warren's in Framingham,
Tuesday, P. M.; at Eastabrook's in Worcester, on Thurs-
day— retrrrning, at Grafion on Friday, A. M. and arrive
at Fr'amiirgham the same evening, and at Framingham
the 25th and 2(ith uf Jrrne.

Pioneer is a dark bay, full fifteen and a half haird;
high, ten years old this spring, is a horse of remarkable
fine figure, temper and action, and a sure foal getter;
was sired by the imported horse Dehash, out of a fine
mare by Cub, own by Gen. Van Rensrjaer of Albany.
Persons wishing to improve their breei! of horses, are re-
qrresled to call and examine for themselves. He is pro-
nounced by good judges not to be inferior to any horse in
the Stale. Tliat the public generally may avail them-
selves of the services of said horse, he will stand at the
moderate terms of $6 the leap, $10 the season, or $15 to
insure. JOHN PELTON.

Brighton, June 13, 1832. 3f

Treatise on Domestic Animals.

THIS day publrshed, by Lilly & Wait, and Carter &
Hendee, and for sale by J, B. Russell, No, 50^ North
Market Street, '* A treatise on breeding, i-earing, and
fattening all kinds ol poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
mestic animals. By B. Moubray, Esq. Reprinted from
the sixth London edition. With sucfi abiidgrrrents and
ailditions as it was conceived would render it best adapt-
ed to the soil, climate, and cotirmon course of culture in
the LInited States. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., ed-
itor of the New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.

June 13.

Canada Sqnash.

JUST received at the Seed Stor-e connected with the
New England Farmer, 50^ North Market street, Boston,
a few poitnds of small Canada cr-ooked-neck Squash Seed,
that usually ripens about the first of August. Those who
have lost their seed this spring, by rotting, will find this
the best sort to sow at this late period, to insure a good
crop of winter Squashes, as they ripen in so much short-
er time than the common large winter crook-necks,

June 13.

Yellow Locust.

THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
50,J North Market street, frcm Cincinnati, 100 pounds of
Seed of the genuine Yellow Locusl(Robinia pseudoacacia)
— all raised the past year in the State of Indiana, where
the beauty and superiority of these trees have attracted
general attention. June 13.

Sitoatlon Wanted. -

,\mtrried man from Scotland, who has been in this
country but a few nroriths, wants a situation as nranager
of a farm or otherwise. His wife would take care of a
dairy, if desirable. Apply at this office. * June 13.

Bee Hives.

JUST received and for sale at the Agricultural Ware-
house, Nos, 51 and 52 North Market Street, a few of Dr
Thatcher's improved Bee Hives, which surpasses all
other hives now in use, as the honey can be taken fi-om
the hive without destroying the bees,

June 13, J, R. NEWELL.

Boy Wanted.

A faithful lad of about 14, who has a good education
and of a turn to make a good salesman, may hear of a
good situation in this city, by applying ai the Farmer
office. His board and a suitable compensation for his
clothes will be given him. June 13.

Situation Wanted.

A man who has worked thirty years at gardening in
Europe, and con-iders himself conrpetent in all out of
doors business, wishes to get a siluaiion. As he is averse
to being idle, he will cheerfully endeavor lo make him-
self useful in any other brrsiness about the house or farm,
as occasion reqirires. Apply at this office. June 6.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.

LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimen-
sions, constairtly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by

ALBERT FEARING & CO.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,
prime.

Cargo, No. 1, ,
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, ■
Flaxseed,
Flour, Baltimore, Howanl-street,

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Souther-n yellow.

Rye, .

Barley,

Oats, .

Hat

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality,

Lime, ....

Plaster P.\ris retails at

Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .
Cargo, No, 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern,
Red Clover, northern,

Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, fidl blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony,
Merino, |ths, washed,
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
j3 f Pulled superfine,
o "^ 1st Lambs,
:5 = ^ 2d, "
I 3. 3d, "
^ l_ 1st Spinning,

FROM TO

barrel

5 0C

1 6 00

ton

105 00|l08 00

"

112 00

115 00

' bushel

90

I 00

i ban-el

11 50

12 00

8 00

8 50

8 00

9 00

pound

12

13

';.

8

9
3

birshel

1 12

1 25

barrel

5 75

6 00

"

6 00

6 25

"

5 50

5 75

"

5 25

5 5(,

bushel

58

60

"

55

58

"

85

90

••

87

100

"

45

48

cwt.

65

70

"

9 00

9 25

"

22 00

23

cask

1 15

125

ton

3 25

3 50

ban-el

16 00

18 00

13 00

14 00

"

12 75

13 00

bushel

3 00

3 50

"

87

1 09

pound

12

13

cwt.

8 50

8 75

pound

48

50

"

55

65

"

44

45

•'

40

42

"

38

40

"

35

38

'•

56

58

"

45

46

"

38

40

<'

28

30

"

42

44

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail.
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

MARKET.

pound

11

8

64

6

4

9

12

14

dozen

12

bushel

«

62

barrel

4 00

13

10

7

7

10

12

14

16

15

92

75

75

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, June 11,1832.

Reported for tire Daily Advertiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 352 Beef Cattle, 16 Cows and
Calves, 930 Sheep and Lambs, and 185 Swine. 84 Beef
Cattle remained unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. Beef Cattle — Last week's prices could not
be obtained, a falling off of 124 a 17 cents per hundred
heads; with the exception of one very fine ox, driven by
Mr Sweelser of Athol, which was taken at 7,37^, none
would be considered as extra. We quote prime at 6,50 a
6,624, good 5,75 a 6, thin 5 a 5,50.

■ Cuws and Calves. — We noticed sales at $21,22,25,
and 27,

Sheep — We noticed lots of Lambs, with a few old
Sheep, taken at $1,88, 2,00, 2,33, 2,50, and 2,67. Two
prime wethers, not sheared, were sold at $8 each, and
one sheared at 10.

jStri'ne— Sales rather slow ; no lots were taken ; a few
were retailed at former prices, 6 cents lor Sows and 7 c
for Barrows,

New York, June 8, — In market this week 500 Beef
Cattle, 100 Cows and Calves, 700 to 800 Sheep and Lambs
— sales brisk ; a few head of cattle were left over and not
sold, and prices not quite as good as last week, the aver-
age being $7,25, we quote 6,00 a 8,50. Cows and Calves
$20 to 35. Sheep — sales quick from 2,50 a 6, and a few
very fine 8. Lambs —sales from 2,50 a 3,30, Live Hogs
— $4 a 4,2o.— Daily Adv.

384

rsEW ENGLAND FARMER.

June 13, 1832.

Miisicellaiiy,

The following ode, composed by the Rev. Mr Pierpont,
was sung at the late anniversary of the Massachusetts
Temperance Society.

ODE.
Wake ! wake ! friends of your kind,
There 's a demon, a demon abroad !
Ye '11 scent him in every breath of the wind !
Around him is wo, death and hell are behind !
The foe of man and of God,
The Prince of the devils is it,
Escaped from the bottomless pit ;
Escaped in his wrath, or his mirth.
To put out the lights o( the earth.

AValch! watch! creeping by stealth.
Like the serpent through Eden's shades,
The mansions of peace^ and of worth, and of wealth,
Assuming- the form of " a spirit of health,"
This " goblin damned" invades.
He claims, and the claim is allowed!
The young, and the fair, and the proud.
He claims and he brands them as slaves.
And drags them all down to their graves!

Hark ! hark ! hear ye the chain

That is clanking in yonder cell ?
The demon is there with the felon insane ;
He is tearing a heart, he is burning a brain!

That shriek is a maniac's yell.

That low, heart-rending moan

Is a wife's — she is sitting aline ;

The man on whose arm she has leaned.

Has left her, to worship the trend.

Arm ! arm ! good men and bold !

It 's a question of life or of death:
His banners are floating, beneath are enrolled
Your brothers, your fathers, your children — all sold,

( Bear witness their tainted breath ! )

As victims that soon shall expire

In the flames of unquenchable fire ;
_, Expire on his altar arcursod.

In the fire of unquenchable thirst.

On ! on ! the fall is decreed

Of the throne of the evil one :
At his feet shall immortals by hecatombs bleed ;
His vassals already cry out to be freed ;

Resolve, and the work is done !

Resolve ! and the pits that yawn.

From dewy eve till dawn.

That spirits inferiial may rise.

No more shall insult the skies.

From Ki

ledge for the People

i^IARRIAGE.

ble chaiacler ; and this reinark may be confirmed
by any person's observation."

The witty Selden has three passages on jnar-
riage, wliiob we cannot omit. — 1. Of all the ac-
tions of a man's life, his marriage does least con-
cern other people ; yet of all actions of our life,
't is most metklled with by other people. — 2. Mar-
riage is nothing but a civil contract ; 't is true, 't is
an ordinance of God ; so is every other contract,
God commands me to keep it when I have made
it. • — 3. IMarriage is a desperate thing. Tlje frogs
in iEsop were extreme wise : they liad a great
mind to so.iie water, but they would not leaj) into
the well, because they could not get out again.

fi'liy are Gretna Green mariiages so named?

Because the first mock priest, by wliom this
trade was founded, resided on the common or
green betwixt Graimey and Springfield, en the
borders of Scotland ; but removed to the latter
place in 1791, where his successors have since re-
sided.

Ifhy are not Gretna Green marriages prei^ented
h\j the Scottish church ?

Because the mock priest, or coupler, despises
the threats of the kirk, as excommunication is the
only penalty.it can inflict. An attempt was made
in the General Assembly of 1S2G, to have this
sliameful system of fraud and profanity sii]>j)ress-
ed, but without eftect. Upon an average, tliree
hundred cou])!© are married in the year, and half
a guinea is the lowfst fee that is e^er charged.
In its legal efiect, the ceremony |)erforme(l at Gret-
na, merely amounts to a confession before witness-
es that certain persons are man and wife; and the
reader is aware that little more is required to con-
stitute a marriage in Scotland, a marriage which
is perfectly binding in regard to property and the
legitimacy of children.

J'liy were Fleet marriages so called?

Because they were performed in the Fleet-pris-
on, by a set of drunken, swearing parsons, with
their myrmidoms, that wore black coats and pre-
tended to be clerks and registers to the Fhjot, ]t\\-
ing about Ludgate Hill, pulling and forcing ])cople
to some i)eddling ale-house, or brandy-shop, to: be
married ; and even on Sundays, stopjiing them as
they went to church. In this way, from October,
1704, to February, 1703, there were performed in
the Fleet, two thousand nine hundred and fiftyfour
marriages, without either license or certificate of
banns. Pennant, at a later period, confirms this
account of the nefarious traffic. He says, in walk-
ing by the prison in his youth, ho was often ac-
costed with " Sir, will you plea.se to walk in anil
be married?" and he states, that painted signs,
containing a male and female hand conjoined, with
the inscrijition, " Marriages jit-rfornied witliin,"

of performing the nuptial ceremony under a veil,
or square piece of cloth, held at each corner by a
tall man, over the bridegroom and bride, to con-
ceal her virgin blushes ; but if the bride was a
widow, the veil was esteemed useless .At Sarum,
there was a marriage before mass, the ))arties
kneeled together, and had a fine linen cloth (call-
ed the care cloth,) laid over their heads during
the time of pass, till they received the benediction,
and then were disiTiissed. — Brand.

V'liy is it svpposed that torches were home at old
English toeddings, us in the heathen mythology ?

Because of the following lines in Ilerrick's Hes-
peritles, upon a inaid lliat died the day she was
married :

That morne which saw me made a bride,

The ev'ning witnest that I dy'd.

The holy lights wherewith they guide

Unto the bed the bashful bride,

Serv'd but as tapers for to burne, . '

And light my reliques to their urne;

This Epitaph, which here you see,

Supply'd the Epithalumie.

r,ri • .1 ■ ji . . .,, I were connnon along the buildmg. This e arms

/f/ii; is the marriage ceremony celebrated ^ellh\ , ■ , ,..,,..

.„j ._i..,j.,. ti... - ....II __ ji. .-.i abuse continued inany yeaijs, to the ruin of chil-
dren and destruction of their parents ; and it was

the poor as well as the rich

great splendor amon,
Jews ?

Because every guest brings a present, chiefly
consisting of plate ; on which account the lower
orders are anxious to iijvite as many as possible ;
and not unfrequently, when the wedded pair are
very poor, these gifts are disposed of immediately,
to defray the expense of the feast and assist the
young couple in house-keeping.

The policy of inarrisge in humble life has been
thus illustrated by an acute observer: "There
are few laborers of either sex, who live to an old
age unmarried ; scarcely any, it is said, of tolera.

only put an end to by the marriage act of 1753.

JFliy is it customary in some ranks to salute the
bride the moment the marriage ceremony is concluded
Because of the ancient and nuptial kiss in th
church, enjoined by the York aiid Saruin Missals.
So in dancing, a kiss was anciently the established
fee of a lady's partner. What would the patron-
esses of Almacks say to such a custom in these
days ?

liliy does the bride usually wear a veil ?

Because of its origin in the Anglo-Saxon ctistom

Young Cleveland,

THIS truly beautiful and valuable Horse is of the
Cleveland hay bieed ol horses, of fine even temper, five
years old the 20lh of May, fifteen and a half hands high,
and of a beautiful dark bay color, with black mane, tail
and legs. 'He walks and trots remarkably easy and fast;
and is equalled by very few for .muscular strength, ele-
gant movement, and perfect symmetry of form.

He has proved himself a sure and first rate foal getter.
The colts sired by him possess a great share of hone and
muscle.

The pedigree of Young Cleveland : — He was sired by
the celebrated bay horse. Sir Isaac, the son of the noted
hoisp, Molineux. Sir Isaac was presented to the Agri-
cullur'l Society of this State, by Sir Isaac Coflin, and
was selected un(!er his order as superior of his breed, and
the breed recommended by him as the most highly es-
teemed for gentlen.en's carriages, and all draft, larming,
and sadille purposes, of any horses in New England. —
His dam was a first rate and high spirited native mare.
He will stand the ensuing season, at the stable of the sub-
scriber, in Franklin.

Terms : — Three dollars the sinyle leap ; five for the
season ; and eight to insure the mare with foal ; the
money to be paid when the mares are taken away, ou
notes given payable the 1st October next. Those per-
sons who put mares to the Yoing Cleveland and have
them vparrunted, and part with them before foaling time,
or neglect to bring their mares regularly to the horse
through the season, will be considered liolden for insu-
rance monev. ELI M. RICHARDSON.

Franklin,'May 30, 1S32. 4t"

Published every Wednesday Evening, at g3 per annum,
payable at the end of the jear — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents. •

IC No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
being made in advance.

Printed for J. B. Ri;sei:ll, by 1. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to meet the
wishrs of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
PiJssF.LL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, JSo. 5!i, North
Alarket Street.

AGENTS.

New Yor/i — G. Thorburn *: So.vs, C7 Liberty.-street.

Alhuuij — Wm. Thorbuh.v, 317 Market-street.

J'ln'ailelpliia — T>. &. C. Landkkth, 85 Chestnut-street.

Baltimore — G. B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.

Cincinnati — S. C. Parkhu RST, 23 Lower Market-street.

Flushing. N. Y. Wm. Pri.\ce& Sons, Prop.Lin.Bot.Garden,

Middtebunj, Vt. — V,'icHT Chapman.

Hurlford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.

Springjiekl, Ms. — E. Edwards.

Nnrhuryport. — Kf enezer Stedman, Bookseller.

PortsmotUh. N. H. — J. W. Foster. Bookseller.

Portland, Me. — Samcel Colman, Bookseller. ,

A'KTusta. .1/e. — Wm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S. — P. J. Hot i.ASD, Esq. Recorder Offic*

Montreal, L. C. — Henrv Hillock.

NEW EJVGL.AND FARMER.

VOL. X

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL. NO. 52 NORTH MARKFT '^TRFFT i.n. ^.., a -.ir . J!^™^''™

i^ooi^jux^, nw. u-^<jK.in niAKKl!.! jMlKhbT, (At THE AoRicuLTnRAL Warehodse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN EDITOR.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 20, 1832.

NO. 49.

Ag^riculture.

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

ON THE BEST CULTIVATED FARMS.

BiirjAMni GoiLo, Ei<i

Dear Sir — It is but a few days since I saw
or knew of the premiums offered by the Massa-
chusetts Agricultural Society, for the best cultiva-
ted farms ; and a less number, since I thought of
offering mine. Not being in the habit of writing,
I fear I shall make a bungling hand at it. 1 do
not suppose that mine will compare with many in
Massachusetts, where there has been thousands
laid out ; but believing that I have made consider-
able improvements within a few years, with small
expense ; I therefore offer my farm, which lies in
the East parish of Attleborough, containing about
three hundred acres of land, lying nearly square.
The soil is variable as to quality ; there are about
twenty acres of old fields, worn out, lying at one
corner; about fifty acres deep black loam, and
nearly clear of stones ; about thirty acres of mea-
f'ow or low land ; about one hundred acres of
wood-land lying upon one side : and another part
of strong, moist, cold land, which never ^vas
ploughed, and might nearly all be made into ex-
cellent mowing land, but it is used as pasture. —
My Englisli mowing lies at the head of a small |
spring brook, and has something of the shape of!
a plate, except that there is one place for the wa- j
ter to pass off; and the meadow or low land lies j
on said brook, to where it enters Ten Mile River. I
Two hundred acres of this farm I purchased I
about ten years since, for which I paid live thou- '
Band dollars. The said farm was very much run
out, having been let for a number of years. The
first year I cut but three tons of English hay, that
could be called good, on the form that f sold.
Two or three of the last years, I suppose I have
cut from forty to fifty tons yearly. The last year
I kept an account of what I scfld, which was about
eighteen tons, which I put into a barn by itself;
that I sold for sixteen dollars per ton, by cartiuff it
five miles to Pawtuckel. The remainder of my
English hay I put into another barn for my stock ;
and it was quite certaiii that I did not sell half of
it. This year I think I have put into the same
barn twenty tons, for full, which filled a thirty by
forty feet barn, when it was first put up. l" i)u"t
more than this into another barn, for my stock.
Of said hay all but abont two loads was cut on the
said two hundred acres, and I have turned out
about fifteen acres to jjasture that was formerly
mowed. The method I have taken has been to
move fences and subdue hedges, plant but little
and manure highly. I have made it a rule for
five or six years past, to plant about four acres
with potatoes, and get from one to two hundred
bushels per acre ; and four with corn, yielding
about sixty bushels per acre, of shelled corn. I
generally spread on about five cords of manure to
the acre, and put about as much more in the hill.
My hands have told ni", sometimes, that I should
spoil my potatoes by putting in so much.

But the greatest improvement I have made is
in subduing fallow land, which was always run

round as though it was worthless ; and indeed it
was, as it then lay, for it was in the way, lyuig in
the middle of my mowing land and yielded noth-
ing of any value. I began upon the ujjper side,
(for it lay on a gentle descent,) and ploughed about
half an acre for experiment and drained it as well
as I could, but the water was constantly issuing
out of the ground on every part in our driest sea-
sons. My neighbors told me it was labor lost ;
but I carried in considerable old hay and long
manure, and laid it out for potatoes and j)lanted
them on it, and hoed them to subdue the ground,
for we could not turn it over with the plough,
that it would not turn back. In the fall we ga'th-
ered a fine crop of large excellent potatoes. I
think I have learnt by experience, that blue or red
potatoes are better suited to this soil than white
ones.

I went on till the whole was subdued, and laid
down to herds grass and Rhode Island hay, bein"
about four acres ; and now it produces from two
to three tons of good hay per acre, yearly. There
is about six or eight inches of soil or mud on the
top, and we then come to a. hard pan of gravel
and clay.

I have generally sown, for a number of years,
five or six acres of pasture land to winter rye, sueh
as was suitable, and put on no manure. I only
j take off a crop, and let it lie for pasture ; gener-
ally sowing on Rhode Island seed with the rye.
Sometimes I have sown it on the snov/ in the
si>ring, for experiment, but I do not know that it
m»,l'cs much difference. My winter rye is usual-
ly light, say six or seven bushels per acre.

I have sown down mowing land with spring
rye, believing it to be much better than oats for
the land and also for the grass. The seed will
take much better for some reason ; and that ground
which is not suitable for rye, I sow only with hay
seed. I jmt on manure only when I plant it. —
Spring rye is generally quite good, say from twelve
to fifteen bushels per acre. I generally reserve a
spot for round or English turnips, and sometimes
Jilough a piece of sward after taking off the hay,
where I intend to plant the next year, turning it j
over smooth and spreading on some manure; then '
harrowing it well with a light harrow, to cover the
manure, but not harrowing up the sward ; then
sow the seed thinly and harrow it in ; and some-
times raise a good crop very early iu this way,
say from one to two hundred bushels per acre. I
also sow turnip seed on my manure that I dress
my corn with in the hill, and raise my early tur-
nips for the family, and sometimes a large quantitv
of large turnips for the cuttle. I have also made
a point of raising a number of bushels of ruta
baga, for my table and cattle, which I think are
very excellent for railch cows.

I have about sixty acres of English mowing,
and I generally have from twelve to fifteen acres
of it up to corn, potatoes, and spring grain. I
plant none but this. I have ploughed all of it ;
but shall not think of ploughing the low lands
mentioned, any ofiener than I find it necessary ;
but shall spread manure every fall.

The hay consists of herds grass or timothy, red
top, Rhode Island, and clover. I have a ditch out

of a swamp, and can water almost all my mowing
in the forepart of the season. I mow aliout thirty
acres of meadow or low land, which I think cuts
abont thirty tons of hay or nearly, and is princi-
pally the common brook meadow grass. I have
thrown the water over a part of it, which has
made considerable improvement to quantity and
quality of hay. I like to raise my own hay-seed
and sow it ; I think it docs much better than I can
buy. I do not clean it, therefore, I cannot be par-
ticular as to quantity. I want but little Rhode
Island or red top ; but am not afraid of putting on
too much herds grass or clover. If we do not
put considerable clover seed on rich ground, the
hay will be very coarse and nearly worthless. I
choose the early .spring sowing and think it the
best ; but wait till the ground gets dry, if it is not
till the fall. I have been troubled about low
ground taking the seed ; and have a number of
times sown in the spring, after the land was laid
down, on what sward there was, and it has done
well. I have about a hundred and thirty acres of
pasture land, about one half of which was never
ploughed. One half the other I plough and sow
to rye, as before mentioned ; the other quarter has
scarcely been ploughed these forty years, or since
my recollection.

The number of apple trees on the farm is about
five himdred, mostly in orchards. One orchard
of about one hundred trees was set out about forty
years ago. One of about one iiundred trees, about
twenty years ago. One of about two hundred
trees, about fifteen years ago. The greatest num-
ber of them are natural fruit. About fifty grafts
have been grafted occasionally, as opportunity of-
fered, and some of them are hardly in bearing.

To those trees we have done but very little, except
trimming, and putting chip manure and old pum-
ice around them, to keep the sward loose. I
made about ninety barrels of cider last year, saved
about ten barrels of excellent winter apples, and
sold as many as thirty bushels of fall apples, and
used a number of bushels in the family. As to
making cider, my rule is to pick the apples as soon
as I think them worth picking, and make thera up
into cider ; and as soon as apples are ripe, shake
and i)ick the rest, and put them into an apartment
in the mill, so that they will not heat, and keep
them till they are mellow and then make them up,
and see that the mill and press are clean and sweet.
I grind them out in the afternoon, and let them
lie in the trough and on the press, till the next
morning ; then press the cider out, put it into clean
casks, roll it iuto the cellar, place it where it is to
stand, knock out the bung, let it work, and stop it
again as soon as it is done.

I put tlie greater part into two hogsheads. I
like them best, and am very careful to keep them
sweet. My rule is, as soon as the cider is out, to
wash them clean and dry them, and put them in
the cellar ; and if they get foul, I have tried to
cleanse them by setting a rag (dipped in brim-
stone) on fire and putting it into the barrel, then
bung it up, and sweeten them in that way ; but
the better way is to throw them aside, and get
more. I calculate to pick all ray apples by the
first of October.

386

Nl^W ENGLAND FARMER,

June 20, 1832.

I have anotlioi- orcliai-il that was sot out two
years aso last spring, of one hundred trees, all se-
lected and of the best kinds of fruit. There are
twentyeight kinds. This orchard I have nursed
and manured highly, and it looks thrifty. I wash
the trees with soap and ley, mixed in equal quan-
tities, in the spring, which I think is far superior
to anything else I have ever used or heard of.

As to my house, it is twentyeight by thirtythree
feet, two stories high ; with a kitchen, sixteen by
sixteen ; a cheese-room, milk-room and buttery,
running out back ; with a well-room, wood-house,
wagon-house ; farmer's work-shop, thirtythree by
sixteen ; a tool-house, a corn-barn, chaise-house
and a cider-mill, adjoining the kitchen and nearly
reaching the barn, which is thirty by seventy, with
two barn-floors. I can tie up twenty head of liorn
cattle, and i)ut up four horses. There is a shed
at one end, twelve by sixty ; and a barn-yard ad-
joining, about five rods square (with a well in it,)
where I keep my oxen, cows and sheep, not let-
ting them get loose through the winter.

I have another barn, already mentioned, where
1 keep my hay for market, which is thirty by for-
ty ; another barn, twenty by thirty, which I fill

calculated to fat and sell one hundred dollar
worth of beef, yearly. I keep one horse, and
about fifty slieeji about one half blooded merinos.
The quantity of butter and cheese I can tell noth-
ing A)Out, we make little excepting what we use
in the family.

My stock is the native breed, exoept seven years
since I purchased a very fine bidl, that came from
New Hampshire, said to be of the Beckworth
breed. I have ever since kept a bull descended
from him, and have taken a premium on some of
tliem at the Bristol County Society, also on some
cows of the same breed.

As to my hogs, (I calculate to raise my own
pigs,) they generally weigh about three hundred
pounds apiece, and are usually six in number.

As to labor on the faim, I have a son about
nineteen years old, and I have usually one hand
seven months in the year, at twelve or thirteen dol-
lars per month ; also a boy, and a number of hands
in hay time. This year I hired about thirty days'
work, at thirty dollars. I collected all our hay
into barns and stacks before August. AV'e work
out our teain nearly or (juitc enough to pay our
barn floor and all, with my poorest hay ; a shed | help. We have not used any ardent sjiirits for 3

keep them till they are three years old. I have the show in Bristol County, a number of times, on

adjoining, sixty by twelve, with a warm yard ad
joining, where I keep my young cattle, and let
them go to a spring in the lot near sai<l barn, to
drink. This yard I clean out in the spring, heap-
ing up the old hay and manure as soon as the frost
is out, and at planting time draw it out and ma-
nure my potatoes with it, there being about twen-
ty loads. My other yanl, where I keep my other

years, and get along much better thhn formerly
when we did use it, for there is now no grumbling,
as there was then, for want of more. We use ci-
der, hop beer, sweetened water, and milk and wa-
ter. I generally hire such help as have families,
and want all their pay from the farm.

•As to rotation of crops, I like to ])lant potatoes
the first year, corn the second, and sow down the

stock, I clean out in the fall ; then fodder my cat- 'third year with spring rye, as early as the ground
tie in it all winter, then cart my green manure that! will permit. I sow nearly a bushel to the acre,
was thrown out of the barns, and spread it all over i then liaiTow, and roll it in with a good heavy roller,
the yard, and then cart in as many loads of loam i I feed my stock in the fall with corn fodder and
and spread it over the manure, to keep it from good hay till cold weather comes, iliin with my
drying up ; then yard my cattle u[ion it all sum- poorest hay till spring, then with better. I give
mer, ploughing and mixing it occasionally, out of milch cows some roots in winter, such as turnips
this yard. I carted one hundred and nineteen and potatoes, beginning in the fall and continuing
half-cord loads of excellent compost last fall, forty them through the winter, lightly, as they will hold
loadsof which I put on my corn ground for spring ; out. I never have any roots to sell, except to
the other seventynine loads I put on my English hired help, although we have i)robably some years

mowing, and spread it. This has been my meth-
od for a number of years, as to manure.

I have a hog-pen, also, walled in with a thick
tight wall, about three rods square, the north cor-

raiscd nearly a thousand bushels

To my oxen I give five or six ears of corn
daily ; and when I work them hard, a little meal.

My calves that I intend to raisi-, (which must be

some of them. I let them run with the cattle in
winter ; they will pick out a good deal that the
cattle will not eat. I give them a yard that they
can run into, away from the cattle, where they
usually lie. I also have a rack in that yard, made
on purpose for them, set perpendicularly, that the
seed may not get into their wool. I feed them
with English hay. I have for some years, but not
always, given them corn and turnips through the
winter. I think they never did better than they
did last winter. I kept them as usual, but without
provender, till about the middle of February ; then
I fed them in these racks with fine clover hay ;
and after they begin to lamb, give them some corn
and turnips, as long as they would eat hay. I let
them out of the yard as soon as the grass starts up
a little in the spring. I think they do best. I gen-
erally have them lamb the first of April, when I
can keep my neighbors' rams away from them. I
wish to mention one thing, which I fear you will
think a pretty large sto^y. ' I have a four -years'
old ewe sheep (a cade,) that never had a lamb ;
she is always fat, and never would eat any proven-
der of any kind, and always goes with the young
catile and lives on the poorest hay I cut. Last
spring I sheared 1 1^ pounds of fine wool from her.
An agent of a large woollen establishment saw
her, and said he never saw anything like her be-
fore ; but this wool was two years old, not being
sheared in 1830.

This rough draught was drawn in haste, and is
quite imperfect. It is much longer than I expect-
ed when I began.

I am, dear Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
humble servant, PETER TIIACIIER.

P. S. — If I have anything to boast in farming,
I must acknowledge that I received it from the
Now EnglancJ Farmer. 1 began with the second
volume, and have since read it very attentively.

Atlkhorough, East, September 28, 1831.

Bristol, ss. Septeviber 28, 1831. — Then person-
ally appeared Peter Thatcher, subscriber to the
foregoing statement of facts and description of his
farm, and the management of the same, and made
oath that the same is true.

Noah Claflin, Justice of Peace.

ner of which is dug into a side hill, at which there entirely red,) I have sometimes suflfered to suck
is a nest covered with flat stones ; at the south and sometimes I have fed them with new milk,
corner of which there is a pair of bars and a till they were weaned. But the better way, on ,
house to feed them. The northeast aiul northwest the whole, in my opinion, is to take them from the
sides we can back a load up, and ti|) it over the cow at about five or six days old, and give (hem
wall into the pen. This I clean out in the spring, new milk a few limes and (hen milk porridge
Last spring I carted out sixty half-cord loads, once a day, and they will do very well without new
which I spread on my planting land. My method milk ; in a few weeks, a little dry meal is very ex-
liere is, as soon as I clean it, to cart in old hay and collent. I wean them usually at three months old.
straw, then loam and green manure, and add to it I usually keep six hogs, and fat them principally
in the summer anything that will rot, such a-; on pumpkins and potatoes, boiling them together ;
bulrushes, brakes, and small whortleberry brush, 1 1 have a kettle that will hold about three bushels ;
which grow in our rocky pastures, and are regn- tnixing them up with a little meal, adding more
larly cut every other year, half yearly, and with ' meal from time to time, till they are fat. I fre-
weeds which we throw in when at leisure. I also ' quently give them a little green corn on the cob,
go to the sea-shore, which is fourteen miles, and .for a change.

get a few loads of sea-weed, which I think very As to fatting cattle, I have no certain rule as to
excellent to mix with other materials, and cart the age, but usually fat them young. I seldom
some mud out of a pond-hole in the woods, which keep cattle till they get on the decline. Some oat-
is a mile off. I keep four oxen constantly and tie will do very well till they are twelve years old,
generally a pair of steers to work, five cows con- others fail younger; I usually fat them with grass
stantly, and about thirtyfive head of young stock, and green stalks, and when they are done I turn
I have always calculated to raise my own stock, them off as quick as possible,
and raise about eight or ten calves yearly, and As to sheep, 1 have taken the first premium at

From the Genesee Farmer.

LEACHED ASHES FOR MANURE.

Mr Goodsell — A very general prejudice ex-
ists among farmers, against leached ashes for ma-
nure. Vast bodies of them are suffered to go to
waste or lie idle, in every direction about the coun-
try. I know by experience that they are an excel-
lent manure. 1 have tried them on my garden
and in field culture, and aJways with satisfactory
results. They are brought in vessels from Albany,
Philadelphia, Baltimore, Boston and New York,
and deposited at the landings on Long Island, sold at
from twelve to twentyfive cents ])er bushel, carted
from six to ten miles, and used as manure by the
farmers of Long Island.

About twentyfive years ago I was on a visit to
an uncle of mine, and saw him receive four dol-
lars for fourteen bushels of leached ashes. I re-
marked, that the man could never hope to see his
money again by spreading them on his land. He
replied, / knoiv nut hoiv it is, hut wt groiv rich by it,
I know many thousand acres of land on the Island,
which are now producing fine crops of grasB and
grain, which formerly were too poor to produce

Vol. X.-No. 49.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

387

auytliiiig liut soiTti and miillen. These have prin-
cipally been made fertile by means of leached
ashes, at this enormous cost of money and labor ;
and I am much at a loss to know why they are
considered worthless airiong us, while they are in
such request on the Island. They should be
spread on the soil and intimately mixed by the
plough, or used in compost. In either way, I be-
lieve they would be found equally useful to i.s.
Middlesex; JV. Y., May 8, 1832. R: M. W.

FIELD MICE.

In the fall of 182!), I neglected to clean out the
grass and weeds in my apple nursery, that con-
tained some thousand trees. In the spring of 1830,
I found two or three hundred wholly spoiled by
the mice ; many eat entirely oft' at the bottom, that
were an inch and a half in diameter. I then
declared that there should be no neglect in clean-
ing out the nursery the next fall, but owing to a
pressure of business and cold weather commenc-
ing, I had not cleared out the nursery. I finally
hit upon a plan to rout the mice. I took in a bas-
ket a bushel of shelled corn, and sowed it through-
out the nursery in the grass. I then turned in
twenty or thirty young hogs, and after a day or
two I sowed another bushel ; the shoats rooted
the grass all over, and destroyed the mice and their
habitations. Last fall I practised the same meth-
od, and find no appearance of mice. I have prob-
ably a thousand apple trees that are from one and
a half to three inches in diameter, standing in grass
fields. I pastured sixty or seventy hogs in them
that contained the apple trees, and many times the
hogs run in other fields ; and there is no appear-
ance of mice in any field where the hogs have run.
I got so much in favor of the plan, that I turned
them into the meadows, and let them in all my
fields except where grain was sowed ; and although
they have been so numerous, I can discover very
little of their work on my farm, containing three
hundred acres of improved land, and quite a por-
tion mucky land, such as is generally selected by
the mice for their places of residence. I would
observe, that there have been great complaints and
much damage done in and about this section of
country. Now it remains for others to say, wheth-
er the hogs eat up the mice as they do the rattle
snake, or whether their trampling and continual
rooting drive them off". Yours, respectfully,

JOHN SPICER.

East Barrington, Yates Co., M Y., 4prU, 1830.

MOUNT AUBURN.

In reply to inquiries frequently made, with re-
gard to the progress of the undertaking at Mount
Auburn, (says the Boston Courier,) the following
statement will explain the present condition of the
works. As soon as the ground was sufficiently
settled after the rains in April, the making of the
avenues and paths was begun, and has been dili-
gently prosecuted until the whole are nearly com-
pleted. In effiicting this, the stumps and other
obstacles have been removed, the ground jilough-
ed, levelled and rolled, until a hard and excellent
road-surface is produced. Carriages, in great
numbers, now pass with ease through every part of
the ground, and ascend to the summit of the bill.
No place in the environs of Boston has been more
frequented with visitors, in the pleasant days which
have occurred during the month past. A contract
has been made for surrounding the whole ground
with a substantial fence of close wooden poles

seven feet in heigljt. The whole iuclosiirc, four
hundred rods in length, will be completed this
season. A number of appropriate monuments to
designate the lots of individuals, are now making,
and some will be placed on the ground within the
space of a few weeks. The planting of shrubs
and flowers, the erection of a lofty stone gateway,
and of a tower on the summit, with the other con-
templaled improvements, will take place in suc-
cession, as fast as the funds of the institution per-
mit, and in regard to these the present popularity
of the design leaves no reason for doubting. In
the meantime it is hojjed that proprietors of lots
will give their aid, at an early ])eriod, to the gen-
eral design, by erecting throughout the ground,
such monumental emblems or simple inclosures,
as a correct taste may suggest. Marble, granite,
bronze, aird cast iron, aflford the requisite variety
of materials for monuments, and of these a variety
of plans may be seen at Mr Gary's stone-cutter's
yard, in Front street. For inclosures, it is believ-
ed that a slight iron fence, or a connexion of stone
posts with chains, will produce a most pleasing
effect on the eye, where a monument is inclosed.

SUGAR FROM POTATOES.

We were rather incredulous upon this subject,
and therefore expressed a hope that some one
" near Jaft'ery " would give us information. A few-
days since, Mr Henry Russell, of North Adams, Ms.
called on us, having seen the notice. He assures
us of the fact, that sugar, equal in strength to our
maple sugar, has been manufactured by him, pure-
ly from the potato root, and believes he shall be
able to manufacture sugar equal in strength and
goodness to that made from the cane. He has
made several barrels of molasses, which is the first
process. A bushel of potatoes, weighing sixtyfour
pounds, will yield eight pounds of sugar ! The
expense of manufacturing he states at about four
cents per bushel. Mr R. has already disposed of
his skill to several persons^ and is ready to enable
others to commence the manufacture, for a rea-
sonable consideration. Letters may be addressed
to him, at North Adams, Mass. The jjresent the-
ory is, that alcohol (spirit) does not exist in grain,
potatoes, &c, but is produced by the process offer-
mentation ; so of sugar. The process which the
])otato undergoes produces sugar, and yet just as
much alcohol may also be produced, as if the sugar
had not been extracted ! The molasses of pota-
toes produces alcohol of a fine flavor.

Silliman's Journal for January last, contains a
communication, from which it appears that suc-
cessful experiments have been made at Sackett's
Harbor, N. Y. The sugar is said not to be so
sweet as the Muscavado, but may be used for all
kinds of domestic purposes. " It has already be-
come a favorite ; its taste is that of a delicious
sweet ; and as an article of diet is unquestionably
more healthy and less oppressive to the stomach,
than any other sweet ever used." — Keene Sentinel.

GARDENING AT SEA.

We were on board a vessel the other day, just
about to sail for America, and were most hospita-
bly received iu a fine, airy, roomy cabin. The
captain's wife was present, and on the supposition
that she was a permanent inmate, we remarked,
that though she coidd boast of not only a floating
cottage, but a cottage ornee, she nevertheless lack-
ed the comfort of a kail-yard for the cultivation of
savoys and other pot herbs. " And there you are

wrong," said tlje cajUain, " and if you will go with
me I '11 soon show you as goodly a crop .of greens
as you would wish to look upon." Our curiosity
being excited, we followed him to the hold, and
there beheld on a large scale, a novelty, or rather
phenomenon, in horticulture. The plan was this :
A sufficient number of savoy plants are pulled up
by the roots, and replanted among the sand used
for ballast. After a few days, the outer blades fall
ofl^, and on the other hand, new ones spring from
the heat ; and Ca[)t. Carson assured us, that his stock
of vegetables would continue quite fresh for months,
and, barring accidents, thicken the broth of a dozen
persons, lessen the chances of scurvy and other-
wise mitigate the effects of salted provision.s, till
the man at the mast-head descried their destina-
tion, Chauleur bay, on the shores of America. —
Dumfries Courier.

JVative Country of Maize, or Indian Com. —
This grain, so imi)ortaiit to the agricultural inter-
ests of America, appears to be of uncertain ori-
gin. Fuchs very early maintained that it cams
from the East ; and Mathioli affirmed that it was
from America. Regmir and Gregory have pre-
sented fresh arguments in favor of its Eastern ori-
gin. Among them is the name by which it has
been long known in Europe : Ble de Turquie ; and
varieties, it is said, have been brought from the
Isle of France, or from China. Moreau deJoun6s,
on the contrary, has recently maintaned, in a me-
moir read before the Academy of Science, that its
origin was in America. The name Ble de Tur-
quie, no more proves it to be of Turkish origin,
than the name of the Italian Poplar proves that
the tree grew wild- in Italy. It can only signify
that it spread from Turkey into the neighboring
countries. Its general cultivation in southern Eu-
rope and the production of some new varieties,
proves nothing with regard to the country of the
species. In favor of its American origin, is tb«
fact that it was found in a state of cultivation in
every place where the first navigators landed. In
Mexico, according to Hernandez; and in Brazil,
according to Zeri ; and that in the various coim-
tries it had proper names, such as Maize, Flaolli,
&c. While, in the Old World, its names were
eiiher all of American origin, or names of the
neighboring region, whence it was derived ; and
that, immediately after the discovery of America,
it was spread rapidly in the Old World and soon
becaine common, a fact not reconcilable with the
idea of its former existence there. To these
proofs Aug. de Saint Hilaire has added another.
He has received fromM. de Larranhaga, of Monte
Video, a new variety of Maize, distinguished by
the name of Tunicata; because instead of having
the grains naked, they are entirely covered by the
glunjes. This variety is from Paraguay, where it
is cultivated by the Guaycurus Indians, a people
in the lowest scale of civilization ; and where, ac-
cording to the direct testimony of one of them, it
grows in the humid forests as a native production.
— Arcana of Science.

Radishes. — There is a radish growing at Perth,
Van Diemen's land, in a shoemaker's garden (re-
served for seed,) as thick as a stout man's thigh
and from ten to eleven feet high ; in fact, the rad-
ish appears to take a different character in the deep
and moist sands of Perth. — Hobart 2'oum Courier.

" Beware of little expenses ; a small leak will
sink a great ship."

388

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jane SO, 1832.

Rural Economy

ON TRAINING OXEN.

Mr Smith — In the 1st No. of the 14th volume
of the Aiuericaii Farmer, I see some remarks on
the manner of " training cuttle," and some inqui-
ries respecting the best mode of doing it. I am
pleased with your correspondent's ideas on this
sul)ject. I have recently learned a mode of break-
ing steers to the yoke, which seems to me so re-
markably reasonable, so humane, and so well cal-
culated to aid in effecting the object, that I take
the liberty of offering it to you, that if yon think
it of sufficient interest you may communicate it.
[ would remark, that the training of steers to the
yoke is not the work of an hour or a day. Before
they work well, work must be made something of
a habit with them. I think, however, they are the
most docile of working animals, and if our efforts
to subject them are directed by reason, they are
more certainly successful than with the horse or
the mule ; and further, that they are more perfect-
ly subjected to our control and manifest more in-
telligence in understanding our commands, than
even the horse. This control over them is not
obtained by cruelty or abuse, by whipping and
beating, but by kind and generous treatment.

The mode of breaking alluded to, is as follows :
On a stump or substantial post, fasten a pole with
a pin, in such manner the i)ole will turn round
as on a pivot. The pole may be some twenty
feet loug, and ought to be from the ground the
height of the yoke when on the steer; fix the end
of the pole similar to the end of a yoke, and then
yoke the steer in it. By reversing the position of
the steers, one may be yoked at e.tch end of the
pole at the same time. They will soon get so as
to travel round the post or stump together. If it
is feared the steer may injure himself by twisting
round the end of the pole, this may easily be pre-
vented by mortising in a small bar at the end of
the pole. After they are yoked in the pole, let
them remain a day or two, troubling them no far-
ther than to feed them. After they have ceased
to make efforts to extricate themselves from the
pole, and will travel round quietly with it, yoke
them together, and tliere will be no diflicully in
using them behind a well-trained yoke of oxen.
While yoked to the pole, it is well to familiarize
them by rubbing and handling them, that they
may learn to be approached without the fear of
being injured.

In breaking cattle to the yoke, the first requisite
is, to impress them with the conviction that they
are perfectly subjected to our control, and that all
their efforts to extricate themselves from it are un-
availing. What is to be avoided particidarly, is
to prevent them from learning to " turn the yoke,"
from becoming sullen and lying down, and from
the habit of running away. Now it does appear
to me, that the above mode of first handling them,
is eminently calculated to prevent them from ac-
quiring either of the above vices. It is further
recommended in this, that they are habituated to
confiuement without the possibility of injuring
themselves, and all the necessity of whipping and
beating them in the first handling, is entirely super-
seded. One thing to be especially avoided with
young cattle, is, not upon any consideration to
overtask them.

I would request anyone who makes a fair test
of the above mode, to cominunicate the result. A
very great aid in breaking young steers, is, iu the
first instance, simply to catch and tie them to a
tree and let them remain tied for a day or two.
By either of the above modes, and jiidicioLis hand-
ling after being taken in hand, so far as my ob-
servation goes, steers that have been little hanilled
and are comparatively wild, are broke sooner and
with greater facility than those which have been
petted and are tame.

Should the above be the means of preventing a
single scene of inhuman beating of young steers,
for turning themselves in the yoke, or of beating
them when they get sullen and lie down, or of
twisting their tails to make them get up, it will be
ample com[)ensation for the trouble of one who
subscribes himself

A FRIEND AND ADMIRER OF GOOD OXEN.

several such persons in my life, and I do not hesi-
tate to say, that any person who so manages his
teams, will get more labor at less expense and with
more ease to himself, thau by the ordinary bawl-
ing, whipping method, so much practised in our
country. All the difl'erence with these people is,
that the one understands and studies the nature
and disposition of his animals, and the other does
not. " An even temper and a steady hand," ought
to be the teamster's motto, the world over.

From the Genesee Farmer.

TRAINING CATTLE.

I was much pleased with an article in your last
paper, taken from the New England Farmer, on
training cattle. The frequent abuse of our labor-
ing animals, by those who receive the benefits of
their labors and who ought in return to treat them
mercifully, has often given me great pain. In-
deed, it is a matter to me perfectly surprising, how
any intelligent being can so wantonly and unthink-
ingly abuse dumb animals, as many are inthe daily
habit of doing. I venture to say, from my own
observation, (and that has not been limited in this
|)articular,) that nine tenths of the perverseness of
laboring animals, arises from the mismanagement,
at some period or other, of those who train or use
them. It appears to me, the rules of management
in all these cases are extremely simple. You have
only to study the natural disposition and history
of the animals, to know how to manage them.
By your own feelings, you can easily perceive that
they can have but little heart or disposition to labor
if scantily fed ; of course, good feed is the first step
in obtaining good labor. The next is to have your
teams properly trained, so as to know you and also
to be fond of you, and to love the sound of your
voice, for animals are capable of much affection.
I have known numerous instances of the kind, and
in all cases with which I have been familiar, those
who treated their cattle or horses with kindness,
always obtained from them the most work, and
that too in the easiest way.

1 have employed, in the course of my business,
a great many men and teams, both with oxen and
horses, and I never yet knew a bawling, noisy,
whipping teamster, who did a great day's work ;
nor have I scarcely known such a one who kept a
fat team. The best man who ever did me any la-
bor was a good sidjstantial farmer ; his oxen were
always fiit, and spry as colls; he would never
hitch them to anything which he knew they coul
not draw, of course they were not discouraged '
and he hardly ever jpoke louder to his oxen than
in a low tone of common conversation. He would
frequently talk to them soothingly, and encourage
them when he had a hard job on hand, which
was often the case. After making a heavy |nill.
he would sometimes pat them on the back, but I
rarely ever knew him to strike or worry his team.
He carried a slender goad with a short lash, to
guide them with, and a mere swing of the whip
was sufficient for his purposes. I have known

From the Pta\idence Daily Journal.

PRICES OF WOOL.

The following statement exhibits the compara-
tive average prices of wool (imported the last year)
at the present rate of duty, and at twenty per cent,
as proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury.

Imported from

Netherlands,

England,

British American Colonies,

Hanse Towns,

Hayti,

Spanish Atlantic ports,

Portugal,

Trieste and Adriatic ports,

Smyrna,

Brazil,

Argentine Republic,

South America,

Africa,

Mexico,

'^S'^;

■= "3

cts.

cts.

62^

45

57
60

40^

19

43

22

13.8

30

24.32

23

14.42

51

36

18i
9

10.90
4,18

11

2.81
5.15

13

7.30

9*

4.20

By the foregoing bill, all wool unmanufactured,
the value whereof, at the place of export, does no/
exceed ten cents per pound, will pay five per cent
ad valorem ; when the value exceeds ten cents per
pound, it will pay twenty per cent ad valorem.

By the present tariff, wool of the same descrip-
tion |>ays four cents per pound, and fifty per cent
on the cost on board. Henry Bowen, Sec'y.

By the above statement, exhibited by the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, it will be seen that ibe
prices of wool will be reduced as follows: —

On wool from the Netherlands the price willb«
reduced 17J- cents per pound.

On wool from England the price will be reduc-
ed IG^ cents |)er pound.

On wool from British American Colonies, 9^
cents per pound.

On wool from the Hanse Towns, 17 cents per
pound, &c.

And it will be further seen, by the same esti-
mate, that of the fourteen descriptions enunjerated
by the Secretary of the Treasury, the average
price in this country, according to his estimate,
will be 19i cents per pound.

Experiments are making in Alabama, Florida,
iSrc, to introduce the cultivation of the olive. Now
that much more oil than usual is required, and the
price is extremely high, seems an excellent tima
to press this cultivation.

Vol. X.-No. 49.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

389

NUTRIMENT OF WATER, &c.

The following ailicle was wiitteii by the Eilitor of the
New England Fanner, and is quotoii fioin " Moubray's
Trealise on Poultry," &o, lately published by Lilly &
Wait, and Carter & Hendee, with additions, &c, by said
Editor.

The importance of cooking food for animals is
not generally so well appreciated as it ought to he ;
nor is the' principal cause or soiuoe of improve-
ment, as well in quantity as in quality of cooked
food over its raw materials, known to every econ-
omist. The researches and deductions of philoso-
phers and chemists, assure us that water supplies
food for animals as well as plants. But in order
that water may yield its best and greatest effect
as nutriment, either for man or beast, it is neces-
sary to cook it, or increase its nutritive powers by
the agency of heat ; by which water, when com-
bined with certain substances of vegetable origin,
is converted into wholesome, palatable, and often
solid food.

It is a fact, which will be acknowledged as soon
as stated, that a pound of Indian meal, of rice, or
any other farinaceous substance, when boiled, con-
tains more nourishment than several pounds in a
raw state. Count Kumford has stated, that " from
the results of actual experiment it appears, that
for each pound of Indian meal employed in makin
a pudding, we may reckon three pounds nine ounces
of the pudding. * And again, three pounds of In-
dian meal, three quarters of a pound of molasses
and one ounce of salt, (in all, three pounds thir
teen ounces of solid food,) having been mixed
with five pints of boiling water, and boiled six
hours, produced a pudding which weighed ten
pounds and one ounce. \ Thus we gain from the
raw material about 300 per cent in weight, and,
no doubt, the gain as respects the quantity of nu-
triment contained in the pudding, over and above
the component parts as they existed before boiling,
was still greater. The gain of weight in rice, in
consequence of boiling, is still more considerable
than that of Indian meal, and everyone knows that
a small quantity of oat-meal will produce a very
great relative proportion of gruel.

I will give other examples, proving that water
is not only capable of being converted by heat into
solid nutriment, but may ,be made to compose a
constituent part of sugar, one of the most nutri-
tious of substances. It is remarked by De Saus-
sure, that, " As starch boiled in water with sul-
phuric acid, and thereby changed into sugar, in-
creases in weight, without uniting with any sul-
phuric acid, or gas, or without forming any gas,
we are under the necessity of ascribing the change
wholly to the fixation oi- solidification of water.
Hence we must conclude, that starch sugar is noth-
ing else than a combination of starch viith water in
a solid state. The sulphuric acid is not decom-
posed nor imited with the starch as a constituent."

It appears, likewise, that Capt. I'alter, of Sack-
ett's Harlmr, at the instance of Samuel Guthrie, of
the same place, had succeeded iji the manufacture
of sugar from the potato ; and a detail of the pro-
cess by which this is effected, is given in Professor
Silliman's Journal of January, 1832. It is there
said, that

" A bushel of potatoes weighs about sixty
pounds, and gives eight pounds of pure, tine, dry
starch. This amount of starch will make five

* Rumford's Essays, vol. i. page 258, Boston ed.
I Rumford's Essays, vol. i. page 264, Boston cd.

pints of sugar, of the weight of nearly twelve
pounds to the gallon, equal to seven pounds and a
half to the bushel of potatoes, or a little less than
a pound of sugar to a pound of starch. The su-
gar is not so sweet as the Muscovado sugar, nor is
it actually so sweet as its taste would indicate.

"This sugar may be used for all domestic pur-
poses. It ferments with great liveliness and spirit
when made into beer, yielding a healthful and de-
licious beverage, and on distillation, a fine cider-
brandy flavored spirit. It would, however, be
most useful in making sweatmeats, and may be
used upon the table instead of honey, for which
it is a good substitute. It has already be-
come a favorite with most people who have be-
come acquainted with it. Its taste is that of a de-
licious sweet, and as an article of diet is unques-
tionably more healthful and less oppressive to the
stomach, than any other sweet ever used."

The elements or chenncal constituents of starch
and of sugar, are nearly the same. According to
Mr Gay Lussac and Thenard, one hundred parts
of starch are composed of

Carbon, and a small quantity of saline and
earthy matter, 43.55.

Oxygen, 49.68.

Hydrogen, ' 6.77.

100.00.

Or, Carbon, 43.55.

Oxygen and hydrogen, in the proportions
necessary to form water. 50.45.

Lavoisier concluded from his experimeuts, that
sugar is composed of the following elementary
proportions, in a hundred parts: —

Twentyeight, carbon.

Eight, hydrogen.

Sixtyfour, oxygen.

Then to turn starch to sugar, it is merely neces-
sary to subtract from the carbon of the starch, to
wit, 43.55, 15.55, and it will stand 28 carbon.

To add to the oxygen of the starch,
to wit, 49.08, 14.32, and it is 04 oxygen.

To add to the hy'drogen of the
gtarch, to wit, 6.77, 1.23, and it is 8 hydrogen.

Thus, by adding oxygen and hydrogen to starch,
in certain proportions, and by subtracting or driv-
ing off as much carbon as will be equivalent to the
additions, starch is changed to sugar. Water is
composed of oxygen and hydrogen, and, together
with the sulphuric acid, furnishes the elements
necessary for the change, by the agency of the
same heat which expels a part of the carbon.

Should any person still doubt whether water can
exist in a solid state, combined with other sub-
stances, but not frozen, let him take the trouble to
weigh a small quantity of quick lime, then slack
it with water, and mark its increase of weight.

Braconnet, a celebrated chemist, raised vegeta-
bles in pure river sand, in litharge, in flowers of
sidphur, and even among metal, or common leaden
shot ; and in every instance, nothing was employ-
ed for that nourishment but dislilled toaler. The
plants throve, and passed through all the usual
gradations of growth to perfect maturity. The
author then proceeded to gather the entire pro-
duce, the roots, stems, leaves, pods, &c. These
were accurately weighed, then submitted to distil-
lation, incineration, lixiviation, and other ordinary
means used in careful analysis. Thus he obtained
from the vegetables all the materials peculiar to
each individual species, precisely as if it had been
cultivated in its own natural soil ; viz. the various

earths, the alkalies, acids, metals, carbon, sulphur,
phosphorus, niiiogcn, hydrogen, &'c. He con-
cludes this inijiortant paper with the.-^e remarkable
words : " Oxygen and hydrogen, with the assis-
tance of solar light, appear to be the only elemen-
tary substances employed in the constitution of the
whole Universe ; and nature in her simple pro-
gress, works the most infinitely diversified effects
by the slightest modification of the means she em-
ploys."

This chemist entertained an ojiinion founded ort
experiment, that the elements of water composed
plants, the decay of j)lanls formed the materials
which constitute the earth ; and of course the
" Great globe and all which it inherit," so far as
natural causes are concerned, are products of the
modification and fixation of water. Other ]>hilog-
ophers assure us, that the remains of marine ani-
mals, &c, are found on the highest mountains ;
and that there are many and incontrovertible
proofs that the solid parts of the globe have gait>-
ed on its waters, not only within the limits of au-
thentic history, but in some cases within the mem-
ory of man.

From the London Horticultural Register.

HYDRANGEA HORTENSIS.

I hope you will not consider me as trespassing
on the pages of your magazine, or intrusive on the
patience of your readers, if I make a few obser-
vations on what has come under my notice, rela-
tive to the treatnient of the Hydrangea Hortensis,
with a view to change; the color of the flowers. —
Some years ago, I turned my attention to the cul-
tivation of this plant, and looking over the pagCB
of the Encyclopoedia of gardening, I read th»
opinions of some eminent i)ractical men, who sta-
ted that a com])Ost of turf ashes or ashes of Nor-
way spruce, &c, &c, would effectually change the
color ; this I made use of, but without the desired
effect; for I found that the plants neither grew so
healthy, nor were the trusses of the flowers so
large as when free from it, and the color was by
no means a good blue. I next had recourse to a
kind of peat-earth, which ap|)eared to contain a
small portion of oxide of iron ; the plant in this
grew very healthy and bore large trusses of flow-
ers, but these too were far from being a good blue.
Nevertheless, I am satisfied that when the soil can
be obtained with a good portion of the oxide of
iron, the flowers will be blue; but as I found this
to he a method on which a practical gardener
could by no means depend, I was very anxious to
discover something that would answer the desired
end. All the means I made use of proved inef-
fectual, I was forced, though reluctantly, to give
up the experiment ; but coming into the neighbor-
hood in which I now reside, I was struck with
the vigorous and healthy state of the Hydrangers
kept by the cottagers here ; the flowers are of an
exquisitely fine blue, and in size the trusses are
surpassed by none I ever saw ; and a particular
friend of mine, who had lived some years in the
neighborhood, assured methat every ycarthey blew
the same beautiful color. The compost they are
potted in is common sandy loam, mixed with about
one third of fresh sheep's dung. A portion of the
same dung is mixed with the water that is given
to the ])lant ; and I am informed that the young
l>lants, which have been grown in all parts of the
village, that have received this treatnjciit, the same
effects have been produced. I beg leave to sub-
mit the experiment to your readers.

390

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 20, 1832.

mmw ssr(a2»iisriD siisauasc

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jnne 20, 1832.

INDIAN CORN.

When the plants nre three or four inches higli,
run a furrow with a one-horse plougli in the in-
tervals between the rows, as near as can he conve-
niently done without injuring the plants; making
two furrows iu each, turned from the rows ; and
then the weeds should be killed with the hand-hoe,
and a little fresh earth drawn about the plant —
such were the directions of Dr Deane. Judge
Peters, of Pennsylvania, however, observed that
" wherever the harroic has been fairly tried, its ad-
vantages over the ^ZoHg"/!, in corn crops, have been
decisively shown."

Iu Memoirs of the New York Board of Agricul-
ture, vol. ii. page 25, it is said, that " every farmer
prefers stirring the soil about the hills of corn at
least three times during the season ; but they dif-
fer considerably as to the times and methods. If
the soil is sandy, or a fine loam, it may be liarrow-
ed once and ploughed twice, as a substitute for
hoeing. But one should go tlirough the field each
time, with a hoe, and set up all those hills which
have been disturbed by the team or plough. This
method is not considered as preferable in any case,
excepting where a farmer has land enough and la-
bor is high. Three regular hoeings and plough-
ings, under all other circumstances, must be pre-
ferable.

POTATOES.

Potatoes may yet be planted ; and those who
havejand to spare for that root, may possibly de-
rive benefit from the following directions, copied
from the work quoted above.

Seed potatoes should never be cut ; one whole
large potato is sutiicient for a hill. The out side
skin of a potato, called the cuticle, is the most du-
rable part, and retains the moisture for the use of
the young plants, until it is all exhausted. If po-
tatoes are cut, the nutritive juice is absorbed in a
great measure by the earth. The evil of cutting
seed potatoes is more manifest on a dry soil than
on a moist. It is a mistaken opinion, that a whole
potato is not so good on account of bringing the
plants too near together ; for the roots will yield
all we seek for, spread in all directions, and fill
the hill.

Potatoes, if planted in a sandy soil, will yield one
third more, if a table spoonful of plaster be thrown
upon the naked potatoes iu each hill, after they are
dropped, and before they are covered.

Yard manure is very useful if laid over the po-
tatoes in each hill, after an inch of soil has been
laid on them ; and then the hill covered as deep as
usual. But if the manure is laid directly upon the
naked seed or under it, a drought will injure the
crop.

The most conveiiient method of raising pota-
toes, is to plant them upon the margin of corn-
fields. Then a horse may turn upon them when
ploughing among the corn, without injury.

Potatoes should be hoed when first up, just to
clear out the weeds, without making any hill. Af-
ter they grow up about six or seven inches, they
should be liilled up fi)r the last time. If weeds
spring up among them, they should be pulled out,
not hoed out. For if hoed again, many new po
tatoes v.ill set, which will never grow large enough
for use but will check the growth of the others.

CULTURE OF YELLOW LOCUST.

Tho Robinia pseudo-acacia, or Yellow Locust
Tree, is superior to any other kind of wood for
ship-tunnels, Miill-cogs, and fence posts, as v/ell as
for various other purposes, besides possessing the
remarkable property of enriching sandy soils. Its
culture is very easy, and may be propagated in
great abundance by sowing the seed in April, iMay,
or June, in a bed of good sandy loam, which is its
favorite soil, and covering half an inch deep. —
Previous to sowing, put the seed in a bason, pour
scalding water, and let it stand all night ; pick out
such seeds as are swollen, and plant them imme-
diately ; next evening repeat tlie same process
with such as have not swollen the first niglit, mix
the whole and sow them ; they will come up in
the course of the following month, numerously ;
for nn seeds grow more freely. When a year old,
transplant them out of the seed-bed into nursery
rows, four feet distant, and, plant from plant, one
foot in the row. Having two or three years'
growth in these rows, they may be planted suc-
ccssfidly in any warm and tolerably rich sandy
ground. They may also be propagated by suck-
ers, which they throw up abundantly, especially if
some of the wide-extending roots be cut through
with an axe. An acre of these trees, planted at
two feet distant each way, will contain 10,890 ;
at three feet distant, 4,840; and at four feet dis-
tant 2,7"22 ; and it is thought at the South, that no
appropriation of land is more lucrative than that
devoted to this purpose.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

Kept at the garden of the proprietor of the New Eng-
land Farmer, in Lancaster, Mass., thirtyfive miles west
from Boston, on the river Na!«hua.

May 25th. Very cold, snow during the past
night, and remains on the surrounding hills till
past noon ; rainy, uncomfortable day. Rock Alys-
sum (Alyssum saxatile,] Statice, Anienia, and Daisy
leaved Catch Fly (Silene bellidifolia,) in bloouj,
beautiful dwarf perennial plants. Apple trees in
full bloom ; also, Lily of the Valley (Convallaria
raceroosa,) and Trillium erectum, handsome indig-
enous perennials. Tulips in perfection.

2<ith. Cold morning, warmer in afternoon, and
showery; sowed .Mignonette, Dwarf Case-knife
Beans, Musk-melons, and Drumhead Lettuce ; and
planted Potatoes.

28th. Cloudy, part of the day; planted Early
IMohawk String Beans, and Melons; cold night.

2i)th. Frost in some places, very little damage
done ; fine day ; planted Sweet Potato Slips, Beans
and Melons ; transplanted Ice Plants, Blue Com-
melina, and Tri-colored .\maranthus.

iiOtli. Rainy, gloomy day ; transplanted Indian
Shot plants (Canna indica,) and S«eet Potatoes ;
boisterous, stormy night, much rain.

31st. Windy and much rain through the day ;
some damage to hot-bed lights ; river very high ;
Spiderwort (Tradescanlia virginiea and alba) in
bloom, handsome perennials which continue to
bloom through the summer ; Coralline Pseony
(Pa^onia corallina,) beautiful single Pn=ony ; .-Vn-
chusa and Amsonia latifolia, indiflerent perennials :
Columbine (Aquilegia vulgaris purpurea and alba,)
Snowy Phlox (Phlox nivalis,) beautiful dwarf pe-
rennial; Periwinkle (Vinca major, minor andher-
bacea,) and Honesty (Lunaria biennis,) in bloom.
I Many birds found dead from the inclemencj of the
1 weather.

June 1st. Cloudy greater jiart of the day, more
moderate ; transplanted Indian Shot plants and
Cypres vine, from hot-bed.

2(1. Fair weather part of the day, very cold at
night aiid squally ; ))lanted Yellow Pole Beans (a
new variety from South America,) New Early
Orange Squash ; transplanted Thunbergia and
Seedling Dahlias, from hot-bed.

lid. Sunday ; cloudy and rainy.

4th. Cloudy and cold ; planted Early Long
Warted Summer Squash, and sowed new flower
seeds from Tuscany and China, in pots ; Sweet
Rocket (Hesperis matronalis,) Perennial Flax
(Linum perenne,)and Lychnis floscuculi, in bloom,
handsome perennials.

5th. Cloudy and dull ; planted Winter Squash-
es, wed Parsnips and Carrots.

6th. Cloudy and cold ; vegetation at a stand,
and prospect very discouraging ; Forget-me-not in
bloom, a neat little annual ; planted Persian Mel-
ons and more Sweet Potatoes.

7th. Cloudy, a little warmer, sun shone a few
minutes; Senecio Aureus in bloom (indigenous
perennial.) Sudden change of weather at one
o'clock, P. M.; cold afternoon ; prospect more dis-
couraging ; plants which have been taken from
hot-bed in danger of perishing.

8th. Cloudy, sun shone an hour, warmer in
forenoon ; su<lden change again at 1, P. M.
and cold ; planted more Long Warted Summer
Squash.

illh. Cloudy, warmer in forenoon, colder in af-
ternoon ; apple trees still in bloom ; arranged a
circular clump of flowers of one hundred hardy
annuals, as a specimen flower bed, so planted that
the tallest are in the centre descending down to
the outer circle which are d wart plants, no two
flowers of a color or shape beside each other, think
it will have a pleasing eflect ; transplanted Ice
Plants, anrl fine imported Balsams, from hot-bed ;
hoed Early Jefltrson Corn, and planted over
where destroyed by worms and cold ; Peas have
been hoed and look fine.

10th. Sunday ; cloudy.
■ 11th. Cloudy morning, a little rain ; 10 o'clock
the sun shines, fine warm day, prospect a little
more encouraging ; Iris plicata and Pseonia offi-
cinalis in bloom; Cypripedium in bloom, curious
indigenous perennial.

The season is at this time at least twelve days
later than it was last year, if I may judge from the
blooming of flowers. Seed onions and beets look
very promising ; the onions which were sowed,
very bail ; they came up well four weeks ago, and
have declined for three weeks, many have i)erish-
ed beyond all liope, and some parts of the beds
will be so thin as hardly to pay ibr weeding —
Long Blood Beet is making its appearance and
looks promising ; Lettuce, Carrots and Parsnips,
well, but very backward ; the Cabbages, Spinage,
Salsify, Tomatoes, Sage, Summer-savory, Rliu-
barb, <i;c, came up well and only want wami
weather; Beans are trying to pu^h themselves out
of the ground today ; Sweet Potatoes in the same
condition as when planted, grubs have destroyed
some of them. Seeds in the Flower Garden come
u]) well and the more hardy kinds are in good con-
dition ; but the tender annuals, and particularly
such as were taken from the hot-bed, very bad,
but think they will start soon.

Liberality consists not so much in giving a great
deal as in giving seasonably.

Vol. X.— No. 49.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

391

CHOLERA.

We were not sensible till our paper was aboiii
goiog to press, that this disease is the all-absorb-
ing subject. We have now but little room, and
must therefore condense whatever we have to re-
mark on this topic.

It is said, that fear is one of the most powerful
of the causes which i)redisposo to cholera. Those
who dread it most will be most likely to be attack-
ed. Dr J. E. Kay, of New York, who has resided
in Constantinople and witnessed and suffered from
this disease, says that the following was the most
approved manner of treating it.

" As soon as the first symptoms appeared, fifty
to one hundred drops of laudanum, according to
the urgency of the case, were exhibited, combined
with a few drops of oil of peppermint, in hot whiskey
or gin ; and this dose it was sometimes necessary to
repeat. Blood was immediately drawn from one
or both arms, and the bleeding was continued un-
til perspiration or fainting ensued. The blood had
a singularly black and viscid appearance, flowing
with great difficulty ; and in all the fatal cases
which I saw, it was impossible to obtain it in any
quantity. After the bleeding and the exhibition
of the laudanum, the patient was carefully watched
for a few hours, and if the pulse continued full and
fl'ee, and the extremities had resumed their natu-
ral heat, nothing more was necessary than to at-
tend oarefully to his diet. If the pain, anxiety and
griping still continued, the jjulse small and ap-
parently obstructed, another dose of laudanum was
given and bleeding again resorted to. The least
error in diet occasioned a relapse, which made its
appearance in the shape of local pains in the head,
bowels, &c. For this, leaches were liberally ap-
plied ; occasionally blisters ; and, invariably, small
and repeated doses of calomel and opium.

" Cholera is not contagious. My own experi-
ence is confirmed by that of every oriental physi-
cian with whom I coiisulted. It rarely attacked
more than one in a family. The Turkish govern-
ment, at the suggestion of the medical faculty, re-
fused to establish quarantines against this disease,
but took other steps which might be worthy of
imitation elsewhere. A pamphlet was published
by order of the government, giving a history of
this disease, the means of guarding against it, and
the best treatment to be employed. These tracts
were gratuitously distributed in every town and
village throughout the empire.

" The greatest mortality occurred among those
whose mode of living was particularly meagre and
abstemious. Cholera made its first appearance
among the Jews of Smyrna, during one of their
fasts, and committed great ravages. It is far from
being my wish to recommend intempeiance, but I
do not hesitate to state, that the occasional use of
stimuli, in the shape of generous wine, brandy, or
gin and water, was found highly serviceable dur-
ing the prevalence of the cholfera at Constantino-
ple. I need hardly remark that the habitually in-
temperate lose all the benefit of this remedy.

"Everything in this disease depends upon
prompt medical aid. When this was resorted to
at an early stage, cholera became a mild and easily
manageable disease."

This disease has made its appearance in Quebec
and Montreal, and is said to be " spreading with
fearful and destructive rapidity." But we have
not heard of its appearance within the limits of
the United States, and every precaution whic

prudence can suggest is put in practice, to guard
against or mitijfate its evils.

EDINBURGH REVIEW.

Lilly Sc Wait have this day published the ]00lh
No. of the above work, which contains articles
on the following subjects: — Mechanism of the
Heavens ; The Life of Thomas Ken. D. D. ; An
Historical Inquiry into the Productions and Con-
sumption of the Precious Metals; Waverly Nov-
els, new edition, with the Author's Notes ; Tales
of my Landlord, fourth and last series ; Sketch of
the Ryotwar System of Revenue Administration ;
.'Memoirs of the Life, Writings and Correspondence
of James Currie, M. D., F. R. S. ; Four Essays on
Colonial Slavery ; Greek Authoresses ; Eugene
Aram, a tale ; Thoughts on the jjresent state of
Foreign Affairs ; History of Poland ; Memoires
sur la Pologne, et les Polonais, depuis 1788 jusqu'
a la fin de 1S15; Constitutional Charter of the
Kingdom of Poland ; Memoirs of the Life and
Administration of the Right Honorable William
Cecil Lord Burghley.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

At an adjourned stated meeting, held on Satur-
day, June 16, Mr Otis Johnson, of Savannah, was
elected a member.

Messrs Elijah Vose, Thomas G. Fessenden and
Z. Cook, Jr., were appointed a committee to se-
lect and appoint a gentleman to deliver the next
annual address before the Society.

Flowtrs exhibittd.- — Fine specimens of Anemones,
I'apaver bracteata, from Mr Ilaggerston, of Charles-
town ; Scotch and other Roses, and a variety of flow-
ers, iVom Messrs Winships, of Brighton ; Double
White Rocket, &c, &c, from Mr Walker, of Rox-
bury.

Horse Pioneer.

PIONEER will stand for Mares the ensuing season at
the following places : at the cattle fair hotel, in Brighton,
every Saturday, P. M., and Monday (except the 25th
June.) through the season ; at Warren's in Fraraingham,
Tuesday, P. M.; at Eastabrook's in Worcester, on Thurs-
day— returning, at Grafion on Friday, A. M. and arrive
at Fratriingham the same evening, and at Framingham
the asth and 26th of June.

Pioneer is a dark bay, full fifteen and a half hands
high, ten years old this spring, is a horse of remarkable
fine tigurp, temper and action, and a sure foal getter ;
was sired by the imporlcd horse Debash, out of a fine
mare by Cub, own by Gen. Van Rengidaer of Albany.
Persons wishing to improve their breed o( horses, are re-
quested lo call and examine for themselves. He is pro-
nounced by good judges not to be inferior to any horse in
the Sfate. That the public generally may avail them-
selves of the services of said horse, he will stand at the
moderate terms of $6 the leap, $10 the season, or $15 to
insure. JOHN PELTON.

Brighton, June 13, 1S.'32. 3f

Yellow Locust.

THIS day received at the New England Seed Store,
504 North Market street, from Cincinnati, 100 pounds of
Seed of the genuine Yellow Locus((Rol)inia pseudoacacia)
— all raised the past year in the Stale of Indiana, where
the beauty and superiority of these trees have attracted
general attention. ' June 13.

Situation Wanted.

A ni: nied man from Scotland, who has been in this
country but a few months, wants a situation as manager
of a farm or otherwise. His wile would take care of a
dairy, if desirable. Apply at this oflace. *

JuQ« 13.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

Apples, russelUnga, .

Ashes, pot, first sort,
pearl, first sort.

Beans, white, .

Beef, mess, . . • . •
prime.
Cargo, No. 1, .

Butter, inspected. No. 1, new

Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk, •

Flaxseed,

Flour, baltimore, Howard-street,
Genesee,
Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf, .

Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow
Rye, .
Barley,
Oats, .

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

Hops, 1st quality,

Lime, ....

Plaster P.4.Ria retails at

Pork, clear.

Navy mess, .
Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern,

Tallow, tried,

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, Jths, washed,
Merino, half blood.
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
J. f Pulled superfine
J; -3 1st Lambs,

I g. I 3d, '.

^ List Spinning, .

PROVISION

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .

Veal

Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best.
Eggs, retail,
Meal, Rye, retail, .

Indian, retail, ,
Potatoes,
Cider, (according to quality,)

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

cask
ton
barrel

pound
cwt.
pound

FROM TO

5 001 6 00
li/3 O0I1O6 00
112 00
1 00
13 00

8 50

9 00

8 00
12

9 00

22 00

1 15

3 25

16 00

13 00

12 75

3 00

87

12

8 50

45

55

40

37

33

33

55

44

35

28

42

MARKET.

pound

11

t<

8

"

eh

"

(i

"

4

"

9

"

12

"

14

dozen

12

bushel

«

62

barrel

4 00

13-

9

3

125

6 00

6 25

5 75

5 5t

60

58

90

1 DO

48

70

10 00

23

125

3 50

18 00

14 00

13 00

3 50

1 GO

13

8 75

50

65

42

38

35

35

56

45

37

30

10
12
14
16
15
92
75
75
5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, June 18, 1832.

Reported for the Daily Adverliaer and Patriot.

At Market this day 197 Beef Cattle, (including 64
unsold last week,) 23 Cows and Calves, 820 Sheep and
Lambs, and 69 Swine. 72 Beef Cattle remained unsold
at the close of the market.

.Prices. See/ Cattle — Market unusually dull, saleg
slow and uneven, at reduced prices; the Butchers ap-
peared determined to leduce prices considerably, but
many of the Drovers were firm at a small reduction from
last week. We quote one yoke at $7 ; prime at 6 25 a
6 50 ; good at 5 50 a 6 ; thin at 5 a 5 25.

Cuws and Calves. — We noticed sales at $15, 16, 19,
24, 27, and 35.

Sheep — We noticed a lot of 12 extra weathers (shear-
ed) taken at $5 G2 each ; also a lot at 4 a 4 25 each ; lot*
ol Lambs with a few old Sheep, as follows : $1 50, 1 54,
1 67, 1 ,S8, 2 00, 2 17, 2 25, 2 33, and one or two selected
lots over fine at 2 50 a 2 75.

Su'iiie — Retail price for large shoats 5 cents for sows
and G cents for barrows ; small shoats 6c for sows and 7c
for barrows.

Boy Wanted.

A faithful lad of about 14, who has a good education
and of a turn lo make a good salesman, may hear of a
good situation in this city, by applying at the Farmer
office. His bo.ird and a suitable compensation for his
clothes will be given him. June 13.

392

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jnne 20, 1832.

miscellanjr.

From the Hubert Town Gazette.

PARODY

On " When lovely woman stoops to folly."

Lines written on a lady spilling a cup of tea over liei' silk
dress.

When lovely woman lilts her saucer.
She finds, too late, that tea will stain!

What ever made a lady Grosser ?
What art can set all riglit again ?

Alas I with indignation burning,

French chalk she sees can never do!

Her gown is spoileil, in vain is turning.
The envious tea has soaked quite through.

Oh! that she could, more silk procuring.
Try a new breadth ! but silk there 's not!

Then say what art, these evils curing.
Shall sooth the hapless fair one's lot ?

The only art her fault to cover.
To hide the stain from every eye.

To wear an unsoiled dress about her.
Of poplar color, is — to dye.

From the Salem Gazette.

TERRIFIC PICTURE.

The. lollowiug passage is extracted from Mr
Sullivan's discourse, lately delivered in Boston,
before tlie Massachusetts Society for the Suppres-
.sion of Intetriperance. After relating the history
of the discovery of the art of distillation, which is
said to have been made by the alchemists, in pros-
ecuting their researches after the pbilosoplier's
stone, he proceeds, in a splendid prosopopeia: —

"If it be imagined, that the office of history is
to announce the future, instead of recording the
past, bow would the world have received ber
tidings !

" In your researches after that which you should
at once have known to be impossible, by the laws
of nature, you have oi)eneil a fountain of misery
wliicb shall ilow for ages. You have not con-
tented yourself with pressing out the juices of the
fruits bestowed upon you, and converting these
into strong drink which you needed not — but you
have taken this strong drink, and the harvest
which was given to you for food, and have drawn
from these a liquid, which is not food and which
will not nourish nor sustain your earthly frame.
This liquid shall be a curse upon you and your
descemlants. It shall be known wherever the arl.s
of civilization are known. You shall call it the
elixir of life. You shall believe it to be nutritious
to the body and gladdening to the soul. The love
of it shall grow with the use of it. It shall sooth
the solitary hour and cheer the festive board. It
Bhall charm away your griefs, and be the cause of
your rejoicings. It shall be the inducement to
communion and the bond of friendship. It shall
be prized alike by tiie high and the low. It shall
be tlie joy of princes, as well a^ of tlie mean-
est of mortals. It shall be the stimulant to labo-
rious toil, and the reward for labor done. It shall
be bought and sold, and make the dealer therein
rich. It shall yield aliundant revenues to sove-
reignty. Hospitality shall be dishonored in not
oftering it to tlie guest, and the guest shall be dis-
graced in not receiving it at the hand of his liost.

'But

It shall visit your limbs

with palsy ; it shall extinguish the pride of man
it shall iriake the husband hateful to the wife, and
the wife loathsome to the husband ; it shall anni-
hilate the love of offi*pring ; it shall make mem-
bers of society a shame and a reploach to each
other, and to all among whom they dwell. It
shall steal from the virtuous and the honorable
their good name, and shall make the strong and
the vigorous to totter along the streets of cities.
It shall pervert the law of habit, designed to
strengthen you in the path of duty and bind you
in its iron chain. It shall disgrace the judge upon
the bench, the minister in the sacred desk, and the
senator in his exalted seat. It shall make your
food tasteless, your mouth to burn as with a fever,
and your stomach to tremble as with disease. It
shall cause the besotted mother to overlay her
new-born, unconscious that it dies beneath the
pressure of ber weight ; the natural cravings of
the infant shall make it strive to awaken her, who
has passed, unheeded, to her last long sleep. The
sun shall hide bis face, that he may not behold
the father's depravity ; and the father shall see the
oliject of bis fondest hopes, turn to a fotd and
bloated carcass, that hurries to the grave. It shall
turn the children of men into raving maniacs ; and
the broken ties of blood and affection shall find
no relief, but in the friendly coming of death. As
the seed which man commits to the earth, comes
tbrth ill that which he converts into spirit, .«o shall
this product of his own invention, be as seed in his
own heart, to bring forth violence, rapine and
murder. It shall cause man to shut up his fellow
man in the solitude of a grated cell. The prisoner
shall turn ))ale and tremble in his loneliness, at the
presence of his own thoughts ; he shall come forth
to die, in cold blood, by the hand of his fellow,
with the spectacle of religious homage on a scaf-
fold and amid the gaze of curious thousands.
Poverty sliall be made squalid and odious, even so
that charity shall turn away ber face in disgust.
It shall attract the pestilence that walks even at
noon-day, in darkness, to the very vitals of the
drunkard, as carrion invites the far sighted bird of
prey. The consumer of siiirit shall be found dead
ill the highway, with the exhausted vessel by Ids
side. Yea, the drunkard shall kindle a fire in his
own bosom, which shall not depart from him till
he is turned to ashes. The dropsical drunkard
shall die in his delirium, and the fluid which has
gathered in his brain, shall smell like spirit and
like spirit shall burn. A feeble frame, an imbe-
cile mind, torturing pain and incurable madness,
shall be of the inheritance which drunkards be-
queath, to run with their blood, to innocent de-
scendants."

length, and weighing, though very lean, one hvn-
dred and thirty pounds ! The first mark of the
trap or animal, on the ground, was about sixteen
feet from where the trap lay, froin which it is sup-
posed he must have leaped nearly or quite that
distance, when the traj) closed upon his leg. — Rut-
land (Vermont) Herald.

Sport for Gentlemen. — Take a double barrel
fowling piece, with shot-bag and jmuch, go into
the fields and shoot the little birds that destroy the
worms on the trees and the insects on the plants.
If by your success the field birds should be killed
off or frightened away, set yourself down upon '
a bank, and try your band upon the useful and
harmless swallows, who are skininung the mea-
dows on their swiftest wing. It will show your
skill as a marksman; and the pleasure of their dy-
ing scream will be greatly enhanced by the re
flection, that their unfledged offspring will die of
starvation in their nests. Ft would be excellent
emjiloyment at least, and we know of one gentle-
man who makes it bis sport. — Connecticut Herald.

Prizes vs. Blanks. — In order to show to the
purchasers of lottery tickets, something like a fair
view of the chances they have, for making money,
we give the following results from a broker's
books: He sold, in ten months, tickets amount-
ing to 45t!5 dollars ; and paid out in prizes, 1400
dollars, or less than one third.

Here then, was the sum of 3165 dollars carried
out of this town and out of the State, for — nothing.
It was, too, in many cases, drawn from the pock-
ets of those who could very ill afford it. — Ports-
mouth Journal.

FAIR SPORT.

A man in VVallingford recently killed a mon-
strous Catairiount, in the following manner : —
Having two sheep killed the night before, and sup-
posing the aggressor a bear, he procured a large
trap and set it in a position considered the most
advantageous for taking him. On the follqwing
morning he went to the spot, and finding the trap
gone, traced it to a tree at some distance, where
he found the animal secure, although he had suc-
ceeded in ascending the tree to the length of the
chain attached to the trap. With the assistance
of his neighbors he succeeded in despatching him.
He was truly a monster, measuring seven feet in

Horse Qnicksilver.

QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the sub-scriber, in Bri^liton.a few rods south of the nieet-
ing-housc, and will cover only twenty marcs the present
seiison, at $15 cacli, and .$1 in addition, to the gioom.
Maies warranlcd to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 to
the groom ; and in discharge of warranty, the fSO will
be returned.

Quicksilver is ? beantilu! bright bay, three years old ;
his sire. Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous ia
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Hebecca, Irom
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Laik, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Leavittol f-'alem, to wboiii
persons are referred for her character, and will be to many
others in Massacliuselts and Maine. QuicksiUer is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of lorm, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left wiih the subscribe"', will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible lor acci-
dents. BENJAMI.N W. HOBART.

Brighton, June 13, 1S32. tf

Canada Squash.

JUST received at the Seed Store connected with the
New England Farmer, 50^ North Market street, Boston,
a few pounds of small Canada crooked-neck Squash Seed,
that usually lipcns about the first of August. Tho-e who
have lost their seed this spiing, by rotting, will find this
the best sort to sow at this late period, to insure a good
crop of winter Squashes, as they ripen in so much short-
er time than the common large \tinter crook-necks.

June 13.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at 53 per annum,
|ia>able at the enii of the 3 ear — but those who pay within
sixty days from the- time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fift}' cents.

ILr No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
beingmadein advance.

Printed for J. B. Russell, by I, R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be executed to moet tha
wishf'B of customers. Orders for Printing received by J, B.
PusBELL, at the Agricultural Warehouse, Ko.62, North
Alarket Street.

Gl-ANB FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural Warkhousk.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDTrOR.

\OJj. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUNE 37, 1832.

NO. 60.

A §^ r i c u I t n r e .

MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

ON THE BEST CDLTIVATED FARMS.
Bkhjamin Guild, Esij.—

Sir — I wish to oflor mj' farm for premium.
It lies in tlie cast part of the town of I'ittsfielil,
upon Boston and Albany stage road, containinj;
two hundred and fifty acres or thereabout. Tbe
soil is alluvial and loam ; forty acres of it good
woodland, princi|)ally covered with sugar-raaj le.
I have also, intone square lot, forty acres of mea-
dow, almost perfectly level, and overflowed by the
waters of the Housatonic river (by which it is
bounded on the east,) in the spring of the yeir
when the snow melts away, generally, and some-
times twice or thrice in the year ; so that it nevM'
requires any manure ; and I have nothing to oo
but to keep up my fences and cut the grass, whicl
is all of an excellent quality, consisting of herds or
timothy, clover, and tine English ; has produced I
this year one hundred and six loads, which we |
have estimated to weigh one ton each, as we get |
it in, well made. This lot li^s upon the east side
of the road, opposite to my house ; and the residue |
of my farm upon the west side of the road, pretty
nearly in a square form, a little elevated above thei
meadow, say eight or ten feet, and rises hut little!
to the western extreme of the farm. I have an I
orchard lot, consisting of about eighteen acres, I
which I mow, and which has produced this year j
tweiitythree loads, which we have estimated at one
ton each, of excellent hay ; making in all one hun-
dred and tweiitynine Iiads.

The residue of my farm consists of pasturage
and tillage, say one hundred and fortyseve'ti acres,
all good, which I have improved alternately for
pasturage and tillage by a rotation of crops; first
for wheat or rye, then corn, then oats or other
spring grain, with clover and grass. I have im-
proved it the present season as follows: Of win-
ter crops twenty acres, called, but if accurately
measured would fall a liLtle short of that quantity;
it has, however, pro.luced 45C8 sheaves, 900 of
which we have tl.reshed, and which yielded fifty-
one and a half hushals of first quality rye; three
acres of winter wheat, which produced Oil
sheaves, of whi<h we h ve not threshed any.

These two crops were sown upon old pasture
land, sumiM r fdlovved, and without manure.

The nine h Ind and eleven sheaves of wheat,

or sixty shuck and eleven sheaves, will yield bv
fair estimati' three quarters of a bushel to the shock,
which will aiuf)iint to fortyrive and a half bushels.
I have raised luurieen acres of oats on land on
which I h.iil b. aus last year. After putting a light
sprinkling of manure of twenty loads, the fomteeu
acres produced 3080 sheaves, of which I liave
threshed 550 sheaves, which yielded fifty four bush-
els ; very nearly oiie bushel to ten sheaves. I
have also raisi'd two acres of spring rye, which
produced (JO I sheaves ; of this crop I have not
threshed any, but it is a good one, and so good as
to give me the 15. A. Society's first premium. I
had oats upon the land last year, but I put twenty
loads of manure ujion it. I sowed two acres of

marrowfat peas upon land on which I had potatoes
last year, but the croi) failed almost entirely, and
I got but twelve bushels. 1 have also raised one
acre of buckwheat where I had beans; put six
loads manure and sowed one bushel of seed, which
produced seventeen bushels. I have also raised
two acres of white beans, which is a very good
crop, hut which I have not been able to harvest.
The time you have fixed on for making applica-
tion, (1st October,) is a little too early for njy con-
venience, and I shall not be able to make my state-
ment complete in all respects. For instance, it
would be considerable loss to me, I should think,
to thresh out all my grain thus early, particularly
oats, as the straw makes tolerable feed in winter;
and it also fiu-nishes employment for my man who
takes care of the sheep and barn. Potatoes I have
considered among the first and most valuable crops
that the farmer raises ; I have therefore made sev-
eral experiments, and by far ttio many for my in-
terest ; yet my experience may be useful to others,
and I have concluded to state some of my experi-
ments, and oflfer some few remarks.

Some few years ago, believing that the quantity
usually raised from an acre might be increased
materially, I accordingly ploughed one acre of mel-
low land, dragged it, and furrowed it out at three
feet a part, and filled the furrows with well-rotted
manure. I then sorted out the largest and best
potatoes, and planted them in the furrows on top
of the manure, placing one potato every six or
eight inches a|)art ; then planted in, the whole for-
tyfive bushels; they were well covere<l, and hoed
three times, and at digging they were found to be
almost all of them very small, not larger than wal-
nuts, perhaps not as many good ones of good size
as I planted. This I charged to the season as be-
ijig imfavorable, and the subject passed off.

Two years since, I set out twentyfour cuttings
ofjrapes in my garden, where the ground was
rich, being well inaiujred, by sticking the ground
end into a small potato about the size of a hen's
egj, and placing that in the ground three or four
inches deep ; these were not hoed ; the giapes
all died, and in the fall I pulled and dug the pota-
toes somewhat early in the season, for eating. The
(immtity and large size excited the curiosity and
astonishment of us all. Last year I planted in the
garden, by way of experiment, one of the smallest
|)otatoes, one of middling size, and one of the
largest, in separate hills^ and then put two, and
three, and four in hills, where the land was equal ;
the result was, that the single potatoes produced
the largest and much the best, but not so many in
number of small size. I have made several other
experiments, and quite enough. Ujjon examining
a potato, it will be found that each, whether large
or small, has from six to ten eyes or sprouts ; and
if it be fair to calcidate that each sprout will pro-
duce from six to ten potatoes, each potato will
yield from thirtysix to sixty potatoes, which num-
ber is by far too great to be congregated in the
circumference of a hill ; the consequence is, a
great i)roportion of them are small, and if more
seed is planted, the greater the numberof sinall ones
and less of large. This year I planted about three
acres, and ufion one acre I put fortyfour loads of
coarse manure from my sheep yards; the cart

body somewhat heaped, say about thirty bushels
to the load ; spread it over the land and ploughed
it in ; then dragged, then furrowed at three feet
apart one way only, and dropped the potatoes
without sorting, the smallest as well as large, at
about two and a half feet apart, and covered, and
hoed them twice. 1 jdanted eighteen and a half
bushels of seed. On the next seven eighths of an
acre, by the side of the first, I put twentyfive loads
of manure, ploughed and furrowed as before, and
dro|)ped my potatoes single at three feet apart,
planted seventeen bushels of seed, and hoed twice.
The third acre was ploughed and dragged and fur-
rowed as before, and a shovel full of manure, at
about three feet, put in each hill, in all twelve
loads, and hoed them but once, the same sort of
seed in all, which is called the Burr potato, of flesh
color, and excellent for table use. The result is
as follows : The first acre produced 425i bush-
els ; the second, seven eighths of an acre, produced
2504^ bushels ; and the third acre we have not
completed the digging of, owing to the constant
rains for the week past; but we have dug part of
them, perhaps one fourth part, and in such a way
and places as to ascertain with a good degree of
certainty, that this acre will not produce over one
hundred and sixty bushels.

I have also raised one acre of ruta baga, which
now promises a large crop. They are not suffi-
ciently grown to pull, therefore I cannot ascertain
the quantity. The land was well fitted by putting
20 lo>ids oftD^nure uj>on it, before ploughing ; then
by spreading five loads of leached ashes and one
load of unleached. 1 have strong hopes of a very
large crop, although I do not consider it a very
valuable one. I have also raised four acres of
corn upon land on which I had corn last year, fit-
ting it by putting seventeen loads of manure to the
acre, by dunging in the hill. The four acres,
which 1 have measured accurately, as well as my
potato lands, have produced four hundred and fifty
bushels of ears.

I have ploughed atid sowed five and a half acres
of winter rye, or thereabouts, and two acres of
winter wheat upon the land upon which I have
raised i)otatoes. This I have fitted, and intend to
sow this (lav.

In addition to the above, I have let out about
nine acres of land to be sowed to oats, on shares
or for one half, and for which I have received
1347 sheaves. 1 have also let out about four and
a half acres, which have been planted to corn, in
the .same way, or for one half, and had it dunged
in the hill. This is a fine crop, and not yet har-
vested ; besides about one acre and a half more,
for buckwheat and potatoes. The land on which
I have raised my oats, I have seeded down to clo-
ver and grass seed principally.

The number of apple trees in my orchard Is one
hundred and fortynine, and I have several olhera
scattered over the farm. Seven years since, I put
in one thousand grafts by contract, principally of
winter fruit, such as greenings, spitzenbcrgs, gilli-
flowers, russets, golden sweetings, and seek-no-
furlhers, &c, of which I have a great abundance
this year ; but owing to the incessant rains for a
week past, I have not been able to gather them.
I shall have, probably, between 100 and 200 bush-

394

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 27, 1832.

els. I have cider apples, and a great supply for
family use, enough probably to make forty or fifty
barrels, which I do not usually make until some
time in October, and have not yet done it. My
manner of making cider is the common one.

As to sowing grass seed, I usually seed down
about ten acres annually, with four quarts of clover
and four quarts of herdsgrass to the acre, which I
consider plenty for mowing land. I have made
several experiments. After taking off a corn crop,
I have ploughed and sowed nothing but grass seed ;
this was done in the month of October and it took
well, but did not get to maturity fully the next sea-
son. I have also sowed with rye in the fall, and
also upon snow covering wheat and rye, and also
in the spring with spring wheat, rye and oats ; and
I am satisfied that to sow clover and herdsgrass in
the spring with oats, is the best time anB way.

My barn is one hundred feet long and forty feet
wide, standing east and west, with a floor through
it lengthwise, over which is another floor, each
twelve feet wide. Upon the south side of my
barn I have a tier of stables extending the whole
length, twelve feet wide, which is sufiicient to put
up twentyfive head of cattle. 1 have one shed ex-
tending from the west end of my barn, south, one
hundred and twenty feet, half of it twenty feet
wide and the other half fourteen feet, capable of
holding thirty or forty loads of hay overhead. I
have three or four other temporary sheds of less
value. My barn-yard is one hundred and twenty
feet square, divided by a line of fence through the
centre each way, making four yards of about sixty
feet square, with a shed for each and a well of
water in the centre, from which I water each.
In each of these I have wintered about one hun-
dred sheep, and make my manure principally by
bedding tliem with straw. Of my sheep, I have
now about the same number as last year, four hun-
dred and thirty, having disposed of nearly as many
as my increase by lambs. I sheared three hun-
dred and fifty, which produced eight hundred and
fiftyone pounds of first quality wool, sold for sev-
entyfive cents ])er pound. 1 raised only eighty-
four lambs, in consequence of a severe rain
storm the first week in May, which is the time 1
usually have them yeaned. I lost a considerable
uundjer. I keep them in sejiai^te flocks, and feed
them in winter out of boxes prepared so that they
can put in their heads on either side, and not
waste the hay. Tbis business of growing wool

in which I put out one thousand cabbage plants ;
have raised six and a half bushels of onions, a
great su])ply of beets,, parsnips, carrots, winter,
squashes ; besides water-melons, musk-melons, cu-
cumbers, &.C. I have ten peach trees, ten pear
trees, and about one hundred filbert bushes, which
have all borne finely, except peaches, with which
I cannot succeed here at all. . As to amount of
labor, 1 have had but one hired man for six
months, to whom I [laid ten dollars per months,
or sixty dollars. I have two boys, almost men,
belonging to my family, besides my own labor. I
have paid for day laborers, according to my ac-
count, sixtythree dollars and fifty cents only. You
will notice the amount of labor performed with
little help and little expense, but I have yet con-
siderable more to do ; I have yet to cut, I thiidi,
more than ten loads of rowen hay, and intend to
sow a number of acres of late rye. Having made
no cider the last year, I made trial of molasses and
water, but all would not do, I was obliged to fur-
nish a little ardent to my day laborers to get
through haying and harvesting ; the precise quan-
tity I do not know, but I think it would not amount
to more than twelves or fifteen dollars. To reca-
pitulate,—

58 acres of mead, mowed & produced 129 loads hay.
20 do. of rye produced 4508 sheaves.

3 do. wiuter wheat

14 do. oats
2 do. spring rye
2 do. marrowfat peas

1 do. buck wheat

2 do. white beans

3 do. potatoes

4 do. corn

5 do. ruta baga

15 acres let out on shares, the produce of wliiih
not yet ascertained, except 1347 sheaves of oats.
The residue of my farm is wood and pasturage.

In this statement, I believe I have not oversta-
ted or over-rated any item ; and I am inclined to
think that my corn, which we completed last even-
ing, if accurately measured by stricken measure,
would hold over something like a half of a pc:k
to the basket, which we heaped.

I am, dear Sir, very respectfully, your obedient
humble servant, JONATHAN ALLEN.

Berkshire, ss., Pittsfcld, Sept. 2i), 1831.— Then
the above named Jonathan Allen personally ap-
peared, and made oath that the foregoing state-
was my principal object in farming ; but the low j merit by him subscribed, is, according to Ids best

do.

911 do.

do.

3C80 do.

do.

(JOl do.

do.

12 bushels

do.

17 do.

do.

830 do.

do.

450 do.

do.

500 bv estimate

price the wool has brought for three or four years
past, has almost wholly discouraged me. I have
been disposed to reduce my flock about one half,
because I could not grow the wool for the [)rice it
has brought. This year, however, it has brought
a fair compensation for growing. My sheep are
first quality, merino and saxony, the fleeces light.
I have kept only two yoke of oxen, three cows,
and three horses. From my cows, which are of
the first quality, we have made butter only enough
for family use. Of swine, I only keep and fat
enough for family use, and some little surplus to
pay laborers. I am now feeding six of the Ry-
field breed, which I intend to wake weigh from
300 to 400 pounds each. I have one that will
now weigh more than four hundred. I make my

belief and judgment, true.

Joshua Dakforth, Justice of the Peace.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

The following, from an experienced cultivator
in the State of Maine, we have been permitted to
copy from a conmiunication sent to Hon. John
Welles, of Boston.

AGRICULTURAL MEMORANDA.

I have proved the value of parsnips as a substi-
tute for my usual green food. The experiment
was made on a cow, exhibited as a fat cow, about
eight years since, at Brighton. It was not long
before she was turned into pasture. On carrots
and turnips she gave twelve pounds of butter per

of her second calf, which was killed at four years
old and weighed nine hundred pounds, I have a
cow with her third calf. The cow gives two pails
full of milk per day, of which the calf takes a lit-
tle more than half, and is very large and well
shaped.

The cow exhibited at Brighton met with an ac-
cident, and at five and a half months lost her calf,
and was afterwards unfit for breeding. In the
five and a half mouths she gave,

Of butter, •202 J- lbs.

Of cheese, 38 lbs.

Milk for the calf, 482 quarts.

In tlie first fifty days she gave fifty pounds of but-
ter, and on an average rather more than nine quarts
per day of ndlk to the calf

From the same heifer, which I sent to North-
boraugh, a calf was raised last year by Mr How-
ard, which at seven weeks old he sold for twenty-
five dollars. An accident happened to it at five
months, and when dressed it weighed three hun-
dred and seventyfiye pounds.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

NEGLECTED CATERPILLARS.

Mr Editor — 1 had occasion last week to visit
Lowell, and as I rode past the farms on my way,
I was astonished to see fruit trees and especially
[he apple, so much neglected. The pruning knife
and its use, I should judge, was not known to the
proprietors of these fiirms ; and the caterpillar in
(lie thick tops of the trees, finds a secure and un-
molested retreat ; so abundant were their nests,
tliat ill many cases the branches appeared white
iviih them. It would certainly be more credita-
ble to tiie managers of these farms, to cut down,
at once, these monuments of their neglect, than to
remain the subject of remark to all those who
pass, and as so many proofs of their want of inter-
est in horticulture. Q. L.

Boston, June 9, 1832.

pork by boiling potatoes the fore part of the season, week. While fed on turnips she gave 13 J lbs. per
then pumpkins, provender and corn. week. They were better than Indian meal.

In addition to my crops, I shall have probably 30 You lecoileet two heifers I sent to the Denton
bushels of English turnips. I have a large garden | bull. I have one now left, and from the produce

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

On Saturday, 23d inst., Messrs Winships, of
Brighton, exhibited a collection of herbaceous
plants ; amongst them, a very fine specimen of
Delphinium sinensis, and Scotch and other Roses.

By I\lr David Haggrrston, of Charlestown, a fine
collection of Ranuiiculu.sses and Anemones, for pre-
mium ; also, by the same, yellow, pink, tea, and
Moss Roses.

By J. Prince, Esq., Liriodendron tulipifera, or
Tulip Tree.

By Mr Phipps, of Charlestown, Moss Roses and
other flowers.

BURN DRY WEEDS FOR MANURE.

Our young farmers may perliaps want to be re-
minded, that spreading any sort of dry vegetable
substance on the land and setting fire to it, previ-
ous to harrowing in or drilling turnip seed, is one
of the most powerful manures that can be used.
There are situations where fern from wastes, war-
rens, &c, may be collected in almost any quantity ;
if he has it in his power to preserve more than be
wants for littering, he should save it carefully for
this use. In the fens of Cambridge and Lincoln,

Vol. X.-No. 50.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

395

[England,] it has long been a custom to burn
oat antl other stubbles of reaped crops, and the ef-
fect resulting from it was probably the origin of a
practice which I first heard of in the latter coun-
try, that of burning straw for this purpose.

It subsists on the wolds. At Lord Yarborough's
I first heard of this custom. His Lordship's ten-
ant, Mr Richardson, a very good and intelMgent
farmer, gave me the account, having long practised
it with success. The quantity is about five tons
to an acre. At Great Lumber, he straw-burnt a
piece in the middle of a ficUl preparing for turnips,
and on each side of it manured with ten loads of
yard dung to au acre, and the burnt part was visi-
bly superior in the crop. In another piece the
same cmnparative trial was made in 1796, for tur-
nips, which crop was riiuch the best^cm the burnt
part; and in 17i>7, the barley equally superior.
On another farm he had at Wold Newton, he did
it for turnips, then barley, and laid with sainfoin ;
and the burnt straw was better in all those crops
than yard dung. Burning gorse in this manner
returns great cro])s, but the expense is too high.
He is clearly of opinion, that it is the warmth fi'om
'the fire that has the eftect, and not the ashes; for
the quantity is nothing, and would blow away at
one blast.. It is proper to observe, that they do
not value straw used in feeding cattle, at more
than four or five shillings per ton.

Mr Mallis, of Lumber, is of the same opinion,
and thinks four tons enough ; he never knew that
quantity fail for turnips.

This straw-burning husbandry I foiuid again at
Belesby. Mr Lloyd, who, as I should observe, is
an excellent farmer, thinks that it thkes six tons
per acre, which will last longer in its effect and
beat the dung which that straw would make, and
in general lasts longer than common dunging.
Keeping much cattle, he cannoi practice it, hut
highly approves it.

In discourse at Horncastle Ordinary, on burn-
ing straw, the practice was much reprobated ; yet
an instance was produced that seemed to make in
favor of it. Mr Ehnhurst, of Uazlethorpe, burnt
twelve acres of cole-seed straw on eight acres of
the twelve, and the eflTect was very greiit, and seen
even for twenty years; he sowed wheat on it, four
bushels to an acre, and had five quarters; the four
acres upon which nothing was burnt, was much
the better land, yet the crops on the burnt part
were by that made equal to the rest. But in an-
other similar experiment for turnips, Mr RanclifT
observed the result, and the efl!'ect, though good,
lasted only for one crop. Mr Kirkham, who was
in com|)any, gave it as his opinion, that as cattle
would not eat stubble, it might be beneficial fp col-
lect and stack that and before turnip sowing burn

dung was laid. This has been the case in two
experiments he lias made.

A general practice through the mountains of
Gascony, and almost to Bayonne, is that of ma-
nuring for raves, a sort of turnip, with the ashes
of burnt straw. ,1 observed several fields quite
black, and demanding what it was, my guide told
me of this conunon practice here ; afterwards I
saw them strewing straw quickly over land, part
of which had been already burnt on. They do
this on a wheat stubble, but not thinking that stub-
ble enough is left, they add much wheat straw, and
setting fire to it, burn the weeds as well as the
straw, and clean as well as manure the land. —
With such quantities of fern on all their extensive
wastes, I asked why they did not burn that and
keep their straw ? The reply was, that fern makes
much better dung than straw, so they burn the
straw in preference. As soon as the operation is
over, they plough the land and harrow in rave
seed. One large field, thus treated, 1 saw plough-
ing for that crop. They both hoe and hand-weed
the raves, and have them sometimes very large,
many as big as a man's head ; use them tor oxen.

fined in a stye, or not permitted to run in an or-
chard. But in order to insure the destruction of
the insects as well as to prepare the fruit for the
swine, so that it may yield its greatest quantity of
nutriment, it should be boiled ; and a little bran
or Indian meal, or other farinaceous substance add-
ed to the fruit while boiling, will make a com-
pound which will greatly promote the growth and
fattening of these animals. Sweet apples contain
more nourishment, but all a|)])les and every kind
of fruit are useful when thus prepared and ai)plied.
If no wormy fruit was ever suflered to lie on the
groimd long enough for the worms to escajie into
the ground, we should soon extirpate this perni-
cious insect.

The Rev. Mr Allington, of Swinop, has cut and
carried gorse, and spread it on other land, and
burnt it in May for a manuring for turnips; but
has done it twice and it answered very well ; but
of course it is to be noted, that this is done only
when it cannot be sold for faggots, which sell at
eight shillings per hundred-; so that the expense
would he £4 an acre, as one thousand are ])roduc-
ed per acre, and he burnt the produce of one acre
upon another ; the effect was great in the turnips ;
the barley was better for it ; but he has not attend-
ed to it m the seeds, because hard stocked with
sheep. He has burnt on the land for furniiis, the
long straw dung from the surface of the farm-yard,
and he had better turnips there than where the

HOGS FATTENED ON SWEET APPLES.

It appears by an article published in flie New
York Farmer, that Mr William Canfield, of Scho-
dach, Rensselaer County, N. Y., owns an orchard
wholly grafted with sweet apples, in which he has
kept hogs most of the season, where the grass and
a little whey were sufficient to promote their
growth. About the time when hogs always mani-
fest a disrelish for grass, the wormeaten apples f)e-
gan to fall, sufficiently matured to become eatable.
As they advanced in size and ripeness they be-
came more and more agreeable, and more nutri-
tious, until the hogs began to fatten rapidly on no
other food. The trees were therefore shaken or
beaten with light poles, so as to throw down a due
quantity of the most ripened fruit. This process
was continued until the whole herd was become
sufficiently fattened. Then Indian corn was given
in about half the conjmon quantity for about one
week, and full feeding of it another week. This
brought them to the butchering, and the pork was
not inferior to that which is fattened in a more ex-
pensive manner. One fidl grown tree or two in-
ferior ones was found sufficient for a hog, weigh- fo

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

Kept-at the garden of the proprietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., Iliirtyfive miles west
from Boston, on the river Na<haway.

June 12.— Warm ; mild shower at night ; planted Early
Frame Cucumbers, Eaily Scollop Squash, and Sweet
Corn ; Clnkea pulchella, Pa;onia officinalis and P. albi-
cans in blonm.

13th. — Rainy morning, cloudy day.
14th.— Very warm day ; planted Squashes Melons,
Beets, and Carrots.

15th.— Very warm ; Phlox maculata and P. suaveolens
in bloom, (beantilul perennials 2i feel high)— also Yellow
Day Lily (Heinerocallis ffava), African toypy. Blue So-
phora, Scotch Roses, Perennial Lupins.

IKlh.— Very warm; Anchusa p miculata (a fine per-
ennial) Snow Ball, Kose Acacia, and Campanula specu-
lum in flower.

^ two hundred and fifty pounds.

A writer, whose communication was published
in the New England Farmer, volume v. page 82,
states as follows

I have tested by ten years' experience, the val-
ue of apples as food for animals. I keep five or
six hogs in my orchard upon nothing but apples
and a little swill ; and have uniformly found them
to grow and gain flesh faster than bogs fed upon
anything else, except grain. On the first of No-
vember they are very decent poik, after which I
feed them about six weeks on grain before I kill
them ; and I believe I have as fitt hogs and as
good pork as my neighbors, who give to their hogs
double the quantity of grain that I do to mine."

Not only are apples of use in feeding hogs, but
hogs are useful in preserving apples from the cur-
culio or the worm, that injures and destroys a
very large portion of our fruit. When swine are
permitted to go at large in orcharils, they devour
the fruit as it falls, together with the curcu-
lios in the maggot or larva state, which may be

17th. — Very hot and windy ; Oriental Poppy, (a very
splendid perennial) in bloom ; also Snapdragon and Fox-
glove.

18th — Fair, with few flying clouds ; thermometer at noon
62'J ; Potenlilla atrosaiiguinea (an elegant perennial) in
bloom; flower seeds hoin Tuscany and Chin.i, presented
to lb= MB.-isachuselts Horticullural Society, by Hon. 1',
H. Perkins and Mr Oiiibrosi, vegetated finely.

19th. — Thermometer at noon 67.

20tb.— Thermometer 79; Valerian rubro (a handsome
perennial) in bloom ; A.-paragus sowed May 3, just be-
gins to ii.ake its appearance. Rose bugs first noiieed;
several va.icties of flower seeds from Che West indies,
presented by Miss Dix, of Baston, mostly gathered by her
in St Cioi.v, haie grown finely ; among the collection are
seveial splendid varieties of Convolvulus, which have
vegetated well, and give promise of ripening their seed.

21st. — Theimonieler 82 at noon; Campanula persica-
(a handsome peienni.il) in bloom; the common

Squash and Yellow Striped Bugs first noliced; White
Mulbeiry Seed, sowed May 12, just coming up.

22(1.— Therir,ometer82; Spirs.i fihpendula, and Del-
phinium sinen-is, (beauiilul perennials) in bloom; also
common Laikspur, and the Oiiental Poppy, the latter
one ol ihe mos't showy perennials cultivated.

Among Ihe present ornaiuenls of the Flower Garden,
the Beautiful Claikea (Clarkea pulchella). of which a
drawii^ is subjoined, deserves paiticul.ir notice. It was
first introduced into England in 1827,
from Columbia river, and received its
genciic name in honor of Capt. (Jl.irk,
the companion of Capt. Lewis in his
journey up the Missouri. As a neat,
showy annual, it has few superiors, and
is well calculated fjr being grown in
beds or masses, or .is single plants in
borders. That it may ffower in perfec-
tion it should be sown in September
where it is to remain, or it can tie trans-
planted early in the spring, being as
perfectly hardy as the Coreopsis lincto-
When thus managed it continues in flower nearly
the summer ; and although it may have disappointed
the expectatinn of some who have sowed it in pots, or
givenjit on imperfect trial, or expected a gorgeous show,
it will be admitted by all who have seen it in perfection.

contained in such fruit. Fruit, however, may be that it will vie with the Coreopsis tinctoiia as one of tha
gathered as fast as it fiiHs and given to hogs con- most popular and pretUest ornaments of the garden.

396

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

June 27, 1S32.

Rural Economy

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION
OF SILK. — No. 1.
Ml- J. D. Homergiie, in his letter to the Hon.
Andrew Stevenson, Speaker of the House of Rep-
resentatives in Congress, says : " In one acre of
land there are 43,5ti0 square feet, on which may
be planted 3000 mulberry trees, (from 4 to 3f feet
apart.) Tliese will yield, at tlie age of seyen years,
90,000 pounds of leaves ; 30 pounds to a tree ;
producing 7,500 pounds of cocoons. At 25 cents
per pound, these cocoons will sell for $1,875 ; at
40 cents, $3000 ; at 50 cents, $3,750."

In Fessenden's New American Gardener, page
272, it is said, '-one ounce of seed will produce about
40,000 worms,who consume about 1000 lbs. of leaves
and produce from 80 to 100 pounds of cqcoons :
and 12 pounds of cocoons give about 1 pound of
silk." In the Franklin Journal, volume 2, pages
22, 94, and 139, Count Dondola says, " The quan-
tity of leaves actually consumed by 200,000 worms,
is, in the first age, 20 pounds ; second, 55 pounds ;
third, 215 pounds ; fourth, ()20 pounds ; fifth, 3,820
pounds; making in all, 4,731 pounds of leaves
and that where trees are convenient, two persons
will attend and feed 240,000 worms, until ten days
from spinning, when five or six active children are
necessary." It is also known, that four or five
• weeks, where the worms are well fed, completes
the time of feeding. The Massachusetts Journal,
of 1828, volume 10, No. 2, page 137, says, " A sin-
gle acre planted with the mulberry, will produce
from five to six hundred pounds of raw silk," but
the number of trees is not mentioned.

According to the above calculations, 240,000
worms will consume GOOO pounds of leaves, re-
quiring the time and attention of two women for
five weeks, which, at $3 per week each, including
board, is $30; and si.x children, ten days each, at
$2 per week, is $17 ; making the cost 847 fi)r
6000 pounds of leaves. At that rate, 90,000
pounds of leaves, the produce of one acre, would
feed 3,000,000 worms, and the cost for feeding
them, $705, which, being deducted from $1,875,
the price of the produce, leaves $1,170 for the an
nual income of one acre of trees. Thus, by the
above calculations, differing but little in the amount,
it is seen that the income afforded by one acre,
after seven years, must be immense. This acre,
it is to be presumed, must be of the best quality
and the trees highly cultivated, to produce so
much. Mulberry trees will grow on poor land,
but the produce will be comparatively small. But
supposing Mr Homergue's calculations to be made
from the best kind of land, and that we ha^ much
poor rocky land ; let us call the product of leaves
only one ninth as much as is estimated above, we
have only three pounds of leaves from each tree,
and lest it may require more help to feed the
worms, we will say four women and twelve chil-
dren ; which will reduce the cocoons to 750 pounds
and the sales to $187 50, and the cost of feedin
will be $141, and there will then remain $46 50
for the annual income of one acre.

All the uncertainty in these calculations, arises
from the tpiantily of leaves produced on an acre,
and that must vary according to the quality and
cultivation of the soil; all the rest can be ascer-
tained from actual experiment. But I und^'stand
it is the practice of some to let their trees on
shares : one fourth of the cocoons to those who
gather the leaves, one half to those who tend and

feed the worms, and the other fourth to the owner in this situation, which in hot sumtner evenings
of the trees, which, if the trees produced 90,000
pounds of leaves, and the cocoons sold for $1,875,
would be for one half $937 50, and one fourth,
$468 75. But supposing the trees to produce one
tenth only of thisquantity, then one half would be
$93/5, and one fomth, $56 87^. This amounts
to about the same thing as calling the labor of gath-
ering the leaves and feeding the worms, double
what it is calculated in the Franklin Journal, at
the price of wages and board which I have calou-
lated.

Now taking the smallest estimate of income, and'
in what way can a farmer, remote from a sea-port
town, acquire so much with so little capital and
labor, in about five weeks' time ? If any person
will point out any way, and prove it to the satis-
faction of the Legislature or Agricultural Society,
I think he would merit a great reward. But this
business may be particularly recommended to
"Overseers of the Poor" in every town, who have
a farm — and every town ought to have one — to
keep their paupers; for if one half their paupers
are able to gather leaves and feed worms five
weeks, this business would support all of them a
year, exclusive of the cost of an ovei*eer. Per-
mit me to suggest one consideration more — if all
the highways in country towns were oriianunted
with a row of mulberry trees, on each side, half a
a rod apart, each mile would contain 1380 trees,
the income of which, after seven years, would
probably pay for repairing all the highways and
the expenses of the public schools, if the inhabi-
tants would restrain their cattle and sheep from
going at large. There is another method of pro-
ducing silk from mulberry trees, one year after
transplanting them ; which is, to plant them in
rows, three feet by two apart, which would give
about 7000 loan acre ; and everyother year, with a
sharp instrument, to cut them oft' within three or
four inches of the ground, and feed them out or
cut them ofl' every year. But whether this method
will produce as much or more silk, than to omit
picking the leaves for seven years, 1 have not ob-
tained information sutlicient to decide.

If any gentleman will point out the errors of the
above calculations and furnish to the jjidilic njore
rrect ones, he will much oblige a well wisher
to agriculture and domestic industi-y.
To be concluded next week.

DAIRY.

The following extracts from celebrated English
writers may be useful, although they relate to very
common processes, and which ought of course to
be well understood.

" I take it that oftentimes in very hot weather,
the milk in a cow's udder, much agitated by driv-
ing or running about, is in a state not very far dif-
ferent from that carried on in a churn, which fre-
quently niakes the great difliculty in what is called
bringing the cheese, or fixing the curd in the tub or
pan ; I have often heard dairy-women say, that it
is sometimes very difiicult to make it come at all,
and instead of one hour, (the time very commonly
given by dairy-women, in bringing cheese,) that it
will frequently not come in three, four, or five
hours, and then in such an imperfect slate, as to
be scarce capable of being confined either in the
cheese-vat or press ; and when released from the
press, will heave or puff up, by splitting or joint-
ing, according as the nature or state of the curd
happens to be. Whenever people find their cows

must often happen, especially where water is
scarce, or in grounds where there is very little
shade ; then it is, that making use of a little cold
spring water, before earning or rendling, is useful,
as that will make the riinnet take efltct and the
milk coagulate much sooner. It often happens,
in some dairies, that the work is quite at a stand ;
the dairy-women not knowing how to hasten the
coagulum, or coming of the cheese, thinks of put-
ting more runnet in to forward it ; but the nature
of runnet being such as will dissolve the curd
in part coagulated, if more be put in, disturbs the
whole and prevents its becoming curd at all, or in
a very imperfect state, remaining in the whey in
an undigested state that will neither turn to curd or
cream, and ^principal part of the richcstof the milk
is then cast away with the whey. Cold water, with
a litilesalt, as hereafter recommended, will in a great
measure prevent this difficulty. One great point
or thing to be observed, in first setting oft' or rend-
ling the milk, is carefully to observe the state of
the milk as to heat or cold ; the grand medium or
statt- it should be in when you put the runnet into
it, is what may be properly understood milk-warm f
if you find it to be warmer than that, it^s recom-
lueiided to jjut some fresh spring water i"'o 'ti '"
such quantity as will reduce it to a milk-warm
state ; a (juart, two, three, four, or more, according
to the quantity of milk to be so cooled ; many
peojije may think water will hurt the milk or im-
poverish the cheese, experience sho'jvs it will not,
Ixit is a means of the runnet more immediately
sulking or operating with the milk. I would re-
commend the use of a thermometer, to show the
degree of heat milk bears. I doubt not, one may
be constructed on a very easy plan that will cost a
very little money, and it will he well worth while
to be at a small charge to regulate a fault, of put-
milk together too hot, which is of more ill
consequence than people are aware of.

Sometimes, if cheese be laid cool when first
le, or coming from the press is dried outwardly
by means of a harsh cool air, when at the same
time the inside of the cheese remains in a moist
state ; though the coat is hard and dry, when that
cheese is exposed to heat, either by lying near a
hot wall, or near tiles in hot weather, or by the
immediate heat of the sun, it will be drawn up
round, in the same manner and by the same cause
that a board is ma<le ronml or coffcri'd up by the
heat of the sun. Rank cheese very often heaves,
from the cause before given, that makts it rank.
Cheese is very apt to split or divide in the middle
by being salted within, especially when people
spread salt across the middle of the cheese when
the vat is about half filled, which curd, though in
a small degree separated by salt, never closes
or joins, and is much easier coft'ered up or
drawn round than other cheese; especially thin
cheese made in what we call Gloucester vats, be-
ing round or rising in the bottom, and the slider
or cheese-board that is laid over it, made convex
also, in order to make the cheese thinnest in the
middle, that it may dry quick for early sale. Then,
if salted within, and being laid soft on the shelf to
dry, as it bears only on the edge all around, it is
almost sure to split, and it is often seen ; scarce a
cheese in some dairies, of this form, but what do
split. Salting a little in the milk is greatly prefer-
able, for these dairies in particular." — Twandty.

" It is a fact well established, that the season
has great influence on the quality of cheese, ei-

Vol. X.— No. 50.

AJ\D IIORTICULTUUAL JOURNAL.

397

pecially on the defect more injmediatoly under
notice. In 1783, a dry hot summer, scarcely any
dairy could make good cheese. In some dairies
more than hall' the make was hollow; and even in
the best dairy I had an o|.portunity of examining,
numbers were "eyey ;" while in a common sea-
son, and more especially in a cool summer, the
same dairy has scarcely a defective cheese.

" In North Wiltshire, an experienced and very
intelligent dairy-woman observed, tliat when the
" crazy " (the crow-foot) is in full blow, she finds
her cheese particularly inclined to heave ; while a
dairy farmer of the highest class in the same dis-
trict, has ol)served, that when the creeping trefoil
white clover (trefulium repens) has been in full
blow, and in particular abundance, he has heard
the loudest complaints of the licenlions disposition
of the cheese. It is not probable tliat any one
spe(4es of plants is tlie sole cause of the disoriler.
Almost every cheese has its peculiar flavor and its
different degree of acrimony. Nothing is more
likely to give that almost caustic ijuality which
some cheeses are possessed of, than the common
and bidbous crow-foots; not only their flowers,
but their leaves, are singularly acrid. On the odi-
er hand, their are several circumstances which
render it probable, that a redundancy of the creep-
ing trefoil tends to aggravate the disorder. Dry
seasons, by keeping the grass short, give it an op-
portunity of spreading. Manure is well known to
encourage it, sometimes in a singular manner. —
•Sheep-feeding pasture grounds produce a similar
effect ; partly owing, perhaps, to the blade grasses
being kept short, and in ])art to the soil being me-
liorated by a fresh manure; and it has been ob-
served, that a suit of cow-grounds, which have
been occasionally fed hard with sheep, are Very
difficult to make cheese from ; while a few sheep
among cows may, by picking out the clover, be
serviceable to the dairy." — Marshall.

lliree feet.* With this the first year's operation
ceases.

The second year's work begins in May, wiih
giving the beds a tliorough weeding ; and care-
mu.st be taken to sujiply them with plenty of water
during the summer. In September the first crop
of seed will be ripe; at which time the stems of
tlie plants may be mown down, and the roots cov-
ered a few inches with earth taken, as before, out
of the alleys.

Tiie weeding should take place as early as pos-
sible in the spring of the third year ; and the
crop, instead of being left for seed, may bo cut
three times during summer, for green fodder ; all
kinds of cattle lieing remarkably fond of it.

In October the roots are taken up, the offsets
carefully separated, and inunediately used to form
a new plantation ; and the roots, after being dried,
ar(# sold, either without further preparation or
ground to a coarse powder, and sprinkled with an
alkaline lye.

The roots lose four fifths of their weight in dry-
ing; and the produce of an acre is about two thou-
sand pounds weight of dry saleable madder.

Jladder usually sells for about thirtytwo dollars
per hundred ; so that the produce of an acre, as
above stated, would ainouut to six hundred and
forty dollars.

MADDER.

(Ruhia Tindorium.) — The following directions
for raising this plant are copied from " the Empo-
rium of Arts."

This plant t^ay be propagated either by offsets
or seeds. If tlie latter method is preferred, the
seed should be of the true Turkish kind, which is
called lizari, in the Levant. On a light thin soil,
the culture cannot be carried on to any grtat pfofit.
1 he soil in which the plant delights is a rich sandy
loam, being three feet in depth, or tiiore.

The ground, being first made smooth, is divided
into beds four feet wide, with alternate alleys half
as wide again as the beds. The reason of this ex-
traordinary breadth of the alleys will appear pres-
ently. In each alley is to be a shallow channel
for the convenience of irrigating the whole field,
&c. That part of the alley which is not occupied
may be sown with legumes.

The madder seed is sown broadcast, in the pro-
portion of from twentyfive to thirty pounds per
acre, about the end of April. In a fortnight or
three weeks the young plants begin to appear; and
from this time to the month of Septendjer, care
must be taken to keep the ground well watered
and free from weeds.

If the plants are examined in autumn, they will
be found surrounded with small yellow offsets, at
the depth of two inches; and early in September,
the earth from the alleys is lo be dug out and laid
over the plants of madder, to the height of two or

TO BOIL POTATOES.

Being almost half sick from the changeable
weather, I the other day retreated to the kitchen
corner, a comfortable place when the cook is good
natured. She was a new comer, a native of Wales.
The potatoes were peeled, and put into the water
after it had commenced boiling. Afier they were
about sufficiently boiled the water was poured ofl"
and the sauce pan containing them again put on
the coals to drive off the moisture. Two or three
times in the course of ten minutes, she took off
the lid and shook up the potatoes, bringing those
at the bottom to the top. In this last operation
consists the whole art of boiling a potato. The
steam is allowed to escape from all the potatoes
and from all parts of the sauce-pan. If a towel is
put over the potatoes while they are steaming, it
absorbs the moisture that condenses on the under
side of the lid and drops again on the potatoes.
When the lid is taken ofl' to shake up the potatoes,
the towel is also taken out. Potatoes managed in
this manner, are superior beyond all comparison,
to those cooked in the common way. — JV. Y. Far.

in consequence, lard is so cheap as to make it
profitable to mix it in butter in the proportion
of at least one ^la//. Greasy doings these."

CULTURE.

Soap suds is one of the best antidotes against
insems, as Well as a very good manure. Trees,
shrubs, garden vegetables, &c, if showered with
this liquid once or twice a week, would not be in-
jured by Worms and bugs, and would flonrish'sur-
prisingly. Watering plants, such as jjotatoes, tur-
nips and even flax, with sea-water, has been re-
commended with Dr Deane ; but he says, « salt
water ajjplied to tender plants, most commonly
proves too strong for them, if applied when the
ground is dry ; but if it be wet, the strength of the
water is abated by mixing with the juices in the
soil, before it is taken up by the root.s, and thus it
is rendered innocent and safe, as I have found by
experience." Do not forget to place a hhndful of
ashes or plaster, or mixture of both, on your hills
of corn and potatoes, just before the first or second
hoeing. These substances are usually applied af^
ter hoeing, but it has been thought better to cover
them with earth, ]pA the sun and air steal away
their fertilizing qualities. Soap suds is the best
of manures for cucumbers, melons, &c.

ILLINOIS BUTTER.

The editor of the Illinois Advocate complains
bitterly pf the qiuility of the butter brought to Ed-
wardsville, Illinois. Even high prices, it a|)pears,
have no effect in producing it of good quality.
The cause is rather a curious one, and we will
let him speak for himself. " It' high prices would
be of any effect here, cause of complaint would
have long since been removed. But the cause is
innate in the makers, and in consequence, good
butter is as rare in this market as pine-apples in
Iceland. — Ecce signvm. A few days sincc,Swe
purchased a few pounds •( Ilobson's choice, )
and although the morning was cool and the butter
had been up in nice rolls, we were obliged to lift
it out of the vessel in which it had been brought,
by spoonfuls. What a pity that hogs are so much
easier raised in this country than cows; and that,

BEES.
Watch your bees, for it is about time to
look out for swarms. This useful insect tneets
with less attention from us farmers, than it merits.
Bees cost alitiost nothing at all but a little care,
and a few hives which almost any farmer can
make. Some believe, and apparently on good
grounds, that a garret or atiyothcr unoccupied
dark room will answer every purjiose of a bee-
house ; and Dr Smith asserts, that bees in a gar-
ret, "with so much room before them and a few
small orifices through which they might get into
the open air, never would swarm till the whole
garret was completely stored with comb." But
in order that you may manage your bees to the
best advantage, you had better procure the little
treatise on bees, written by Dr Thacher and Dr
Smith, which may be had of any of the Boston
booksellers, as well as at the New England Farm-
er office.

Yellow Lociist Tree. — A writer in the New
York Farmer, recommends this tree as one of the
most valuable for various purposes, Ihiit we have
in the country. The wood is lough, elastic,
grows rapidly, and outlasts almost or quite all
other kinds of wood. A fence post five inches in
diameter, he says, will remain sound for fifty years.
For sills of houses and other timber exposed to
dampness, he says it will last longer than any other
wood. It is highly valued in ship-building.

'Inches, we suspect it should be, instead of feet.

Specific for Cholera. — "The following simple
recipe," says a Calcutta paper received by the last
arrival, taken at a single draught, " seldom fails of
aflTording instant relief to the patient, viz. one
ounce cinnamon water, thirtyfive drops tincture of
opium, one drachm spirits of lavender, and two
drachms tincture of rhubarb."

Antidote lo the C/io/cra. — The Board of Health
of Quebec recommend to every citizen to provide
himself with a phial of laudanum and one of pep-
permint, to be carried about the person, and resort-
ed to immediately upon the attack of the malady.
— JVexo York American.

398

NEW ENGLAND FAUMEU,

June 2T. 1832.

srsw iBsriaiLiisnD a>iii2sas®a

Boston, Wednesday Evening, June 27, 1833.

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

LIME, GYPSUM, &c, AS MANURES.
Mr Editor — I have no desire to disturb Pro-
fessor Eaton in liis school-room, nor in his labora-
tory ; but when he leaves these and sets up as a
teacher of practical agriculture, his opinions are
fair subjects of criticism. If they are crude or in-
consistent, he should be permitted to explain the
one and reconcile the other. If erroneous, they
should be exposed ; for error becomes pi-ejudicial
in proportion to the elevation of the source from
which it emanates. A Professor of the Sciences
and a teacher youth, ought, above all others, to be
circumspect in the assumptions he makes on prac-
tical subjects.

You published in a late paper, a letter from
Professor Eaton to Mr C. Minor, some e.\tracts
from which follow, and which I beg you to re-
publish with the accompanying remarks.

"Pulverized limestone (carbonate of lime) will
supersede," says the Professor, "all manures, when
it is well understood."

Again. " Four times the quantity of groimd
limestone is required, to equal quick lime the third
year, but it will continue its effects unabated ten
times as long. Quick lime loses its ettects in
about ten years ; carbonate of lime improves the
first ten years and diminishes but little the next
ten years, and its effects may be perceived fifty
years."

Here wc are treated with an entire new theory
as to the food of plants, without a reason being
assigned, or a single experimental demonstration
given ; and this too by a philoso|iher and a teach-
er! and a man withal, who, according to his own
declaration, has ibr twelve years had the care of
a million and a half acres of land ! !

I had considered it a pretty well settled opinion,
that carbonate of lime (powdered limestone) pro-
duced no other than a mechanical efl'ect upon the
soil ; i. e. that it rendered clays more porous, and
sands mote compact and retentive of moisture, and
in this way was beneficial to most spils in the same
way that sand and clay are, as mere earths,and in no
other. And although it has been experimentally
tried, I have never heard of its being apjilied in
quantity, and seriously doubt if a single load has
ever been applied under the Professor's eye, or
even in the State of New York, as a fertilizer to
soils.

As the extract I have made aflords no clue, I
was extremely at a loss to understand the modtis
operrimli of this all-quickening principle, which is
destined to supersede animal and vegetable ma-
nures, until 1 read the following.

" Partners," continues the Professor, " will nev-
er reason correctly until they submit to the estab-
lished maxim, [established how am] by ivhom'i]
that their cultivated vegetables receive their chief
nutritious matter from the atmosphere."

The oidy way to perceive the Professor's con
sisteiicy, is to suppose that he designs, by some
occult process to convert this carbonate of lime in
to atmospheric air, that all plants may then feed
themselves and to the full, without the aid of man,
with this true pabulum of vegetable hfe and devel
opeinent. What a discovery this to the proprie
tors of sandy barrens, who spend their time and

money in transporting to their farms the ])ruires-
cent manures of your city.

But I have not done with the wonders of this
wonderful man. " Plaster of Paris," says he,
" stiuiulates vegetable action, as a glass of brandy
stimulates a hardy laborer to eat an unusual quan-
tity, but it aflords no nutritious matter." Now I
beg leave respectfully to inform the Professor of a
fact, which I presume has not come to his knowl-

tn be highly soluble in water, which accounts for
the admission of lime into the structure of plants;
and that excess of carbonic acid adheres very
loosely to its base (the mild linle,) and is liberated
without any extraordinary degree of heat. The
carbonic acid, a most important article of vegeta-
ble food, is copiously evolved in the prutrefactive
process of manures; the calcarious earth fixes and
prevents its escape, forms with it a hypercarbo-

edge, viz., that many entire plants, such as in New iiate, and readily imparts it in union with water.

England are denominated English grains and -E»g-
lish grasses, belong to the temperate cause and ab-
solutely resist the intoxicating influence of this
vegetable stimulant ; or in other words, that it
neither causes them to eat more nor to grow more ;
and that all the families of plants which inhale the
saline breezes of the ocean, have declared a total
abstinence from all gypsum stimuli.

As my sheet is not full, I send you one otlier
specimen of agricultural quackery, recorded in the
same paper which cotitains Professor Eaton's
learned letter. It follows : —

" But neither uuleached ashes, nor lime in caus-
tic state, should in any case come in contact with
the seed corn or young plant." I can only regret
that the adnjonition came too late to enable me to
profit by it, as I had limed my corn as I do my
at, before jilantiiig ; and have often strewed
lime on my wheat crop to destroy the fly, and un-
leached ashes on my corn to kill grubs, and to im-
part fertility. Indeed, Mr Editor, it is the first
time that I learnt that lime and ashes were destruc-
tive, in the ordinary topical aj)j)lication, to the vi-
tality of plants. B.

Memorandum. — May 29. Sent my man with
one of Pickering's caterpillar brushes, affixed to a
pole, at 8, A. M., into the orchard. At 11 he re-
turned, having <leslroyc(l, according to his account,
more than two hundred nesl.s of caterpillars. —
June 1. Finding he had not done his work
thoroughly, sent hiu) out again two hours. — June'
14. Have not seen a worm on the trees since the
last operation. Pomologist.

towards the nourishment of crops. It is supposed
to do more ; it unites with the carbonic acid float-
ing in the air ; and when there is a scarcity of ali-
ment in the soil, it seizes and secures this food in
the atmosphere, and afterwards tlisperses it accord-
ing to the calls and necessities of vegetation.
Hence the necessity of keejfing lime on the sur-
face. It is then ready to intercept and combine
widi the carhotuc acid, which is generated by the
fermentation of the putrescent matter lying at low-
er depths, and to attract the same gas (the carbonip
acid )y>07r. the surrounding air.*

There are three forms in which lime is gener-
ally used in agriculture. 1. Carbonate of lime.
This is the most common state in which it is found
on the sinface of the earth, in quarries of marble,
&,c, and it is then combined with almost half its
weight of carbonic acid or fixed air. 2. Quick
lime, or caustic alkali. When limestone is strong-
ly heated, the carbonic acid gas is expelled, and
then nothing remains but the pure alkaline earth ;
in this case there is a loss of weight, and if the
fire has been very high, it apjjroaches to one half
the weight of the stone ; but in common cases,
limestones, if well dried before burning, do not
lose much more than from thirtyfive to forty per
cent, or from seven to eight parts out of twenty.
3. Slacked lime. This is merely a combination of
lime with about one third |)art of its weight in
water ; i. e. 55 parts of lime absorb 17 parts of
water; and in this case it is composed of a defi-
nite proportion of water, and is called by chemists
hydrate of lime ; an<l when hydrate of lime be-
comes carbonate of lime by long exposure to air.

the water is expelled and the carbonic acid gas
Remarks by the Editor. — We are sorry not to takes its place.f We will briefly advert to the
be able to agree with our respected correspondent, peculiar uses of lime in each oftlwse states,
in sotne of his theories, opinions, &c. But as the i Carbonate of lime is the only state in which
points on which we differ are among those most lime can become a part of the substance of plants,
controverted, and may be called the metaphysics of As well unght an animal swallov/ red hot cinders
agricidture, it will not be at all wonderfid if we do ' as plants be nourished by lime, except when it is a
not always exactly coincide. The theory of the carbonate, i.e. mild or efl'ete. When lime is quick, or
action of lime on soils is as unsettled as that of j caustic, or waterslacked, orair slacked, it consumes
magnetic attraction, or the causes and sources of! or corrodes plants, more or less, according to the de-
caloric ; but its discussion can do no hai'm and j g-cfe o/ i7s causticity; and in one of those states.

may be beneficial

Mr B. says, " 1 had considered it a pretty well
cttled opinion, that carbonate of lime (pounded

(viz. quick or caustic,) it is used to destroy useless
or noxious vegetation. But caustic lime cannot
ong remain on the ground or exposed to air, with-

imesione,) produced no other than a mechanical ' out passing into a carbonate and becoming nuld.

fleet upon the soil ; i. e. that it rendered clays
more porous, and sands more compact and reten-
tive of moisture, and in this way was beneficial to
most soils in the same way that sand and clay are,
as mere earths, and in no other." This is a well
ex|)ressed condensation of Sir Humphrey Davy's
doctrine; but other.philosophers have held tenets
a little variant from those of that great chemist.
It is now contended, that lime when mild contains
an excess of carbonic acid. It is capable of ab-
sorbing not only that quantity which it possessed
in its natural stale, (being about fortyfive parts ir. 'See Letters of Agiicold, and Mi Pickering's Address
one hundred,) but an adcfitional quantity, forming •<> Mass. Agr. Soc. N. E. Farmer, vol. 1. page 218.
what chemists call an hypercarbonate. This is said ' t Davy's Agr. Chemistry.

Suppose a given quantity of lime is wanted lor
a given area of land ; there are advantages in em-
ploying highly caustic lime, because it is lighter,
and will manure more soil, poui>d for pound, than
mild lime. Limestone, in burning, generally loses
from thirtyfive to forty per cent of its weight, and
if while yet in its most caustic state it is S|)read up-
on the soil, it recovers at least its original weight
(some writers say somewhat more,) while lying
where it has been spread ; and is then and there

Vol. X.— No. 50.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

399

ready and willing to perform its good offices, by
yielding from time to time a part of its substance,
both of lime and carbon, to the wants of vegeta-
tion.* In other words, place sixty pounds of liot
lime directly from the l<iin, in a field where yoTi
wish to use it for manure, and then let it become
mild by exposure to air and water, (cither or both,)
and your sixty pounds will have becoine somewhat
more than one hundred pounds. Therefore, one
of the advantages in using hot lime consists in its
being of lighter carriage in |)roportion to its power
as a manure, than mild lime. " A ton of lime-
stone," says Dr Cooper, in VVillich's Domestic En-
cyclopedia, " ought to be reduced in the kiln to
1100 weight, otherwi.se it is not sufficiently burnt.
It will gain two thirds of the lost weight by expo-
sure to air for a week or ten days."

The paragraph of Professor Eaton's (quoted
above by B.) in which he says, " four times the
quantity of ground limestone is required to equal
quick lime," &o, the latter being more durable,
appears to us very strange — indeed, incomprehen-
sible. Ground limestone is lime saturated with
carbonic acid; quick lime is lime deprived of car-
bonic acid by heat ; but the latter is hdurly ac-
quiring the state, of the former. Ground limestone
is carbonate of lime, and quick liuje is pure lime
in transitu, or on its way to the same state. The
former is G, the latter is becoming; half a dozen. —
Ground limestone will last longer than pulverized
quick lime, becauase it is less efficacious while it
does last. Quid: lime is more easily and more
completely comminuted, and presents more sur-
face to the action of its solvents, than ground
limestone ; and the former is therefore sooner
efficacious, and its efficacy is less lasting. Lou-
don says, that "machines for pounding lime-
stone have been erected [in Great Britain,] but
the effiict of the powder so obtained, both as a
manure and for cement, is so tnuoh inferior to that
of burnt lime, that they have long since been laid
aside." En. of Jlgr. p. 562. Other writers, how-
ever, speak highly of the efficacy of pulverized
limestone as a manure.

We have scarcely room or leisure at present, to
remark on some other points and assertions of Mr
B., to which we cannot yield assent. That air
contributes to the nourishment of plants by yield-
ing its gasses, particularly its carbonic acid gas to
their use, is a fact in which vvc thought all theo-
rists were agreed. Sir Humphrey Davy Says,
"The principal consumption of the carl)onic acid
in the atmosphere, seems to be in affording nour-
ishment to plants ; and some of them appear to be
supplied with carbon chiefly from tliis soiu'ce." —
Carbon is not the only "nutritious matter " which
vegetables receive from the atmosphere. The
leaves of living plants appear to act upon the aque-
ous vapor of the atmosphere, in its elastic form,
and to absorb it. Some vegetables increase in
weight from this cause, when suspended in the at-
mosphere and unconnected with the soil ; such
are the house-leek and different species of the
aloe. Water is likewise absorbed from the soil,
and that soil is said to be most fertile which has
the greatest power to absorb water.f Instead,
therefore, of an " occult process to convert carbo-

* Lime i? soluble in water in the proportion of one
part of the former to about 7.50 of the latter. It is owing
to this solubility that the water in liniestone crnimries
becomes hard, and that rivers embedded in limestone
cut their channel so deep.

t Agr. Chemistry, Lee. iv. v. and vii.

natc of lime into atmospheric air," it seems that
atmospheric air is converted into carbonate of lime,
or at least yields its carbon and water to quick
lime, which is thus made a carbonate, and the lat-
ter in its turn supplies plants with those indispen-
sablcs to vegetation.

We have room for but a word or two in reply
to the " agricultural quackery " of which we are
accused. It consists in our having slated that
" neither unleached ashes nor lime in a caustic
state, should in any case couje in contact with seed
corn or young plants." • Dr Deane, in bis N. E.
Farmer, in speaking of unleached ashes as manure,
said, "If they be spread upon ground which has
tender plants, it should be done just before a rain,
which will dissolve and soften their acrimony.
For tender plants, when the weather is dry, will
be apt to be injured by them ; at least if they are
in contact with the stems or leaves." And with re-
gard to lime in a caustic state. Sir John Sinclair
says, " A new methoil of burning without fire has
lately been discovered. This consists in substitu-
ting quick lime for fire. The lime in its most
caustic state, fresh from the kiln, is laid on
the vegetable surface to be consumed ; and before
it is weakened by exposure to the air, a quantity
of water, just sufficient to put it in powerful action,
is applied," &c. "We will also make use of the
shield of Sir Humphrey Davy, "quick lime," he
observes, "in its pure state, whether in powder or
dissolved in water, is injurious to ])lants. I have
in several instances killed grass by ivatering it with
lime-water." But it is only in its most virulent
state of causticity, that lime destroys vegetation.

Sportsman and Conquerer.

TH^SE Horses will stand the ensuing season, at the
Ten Hills Stock Faim, in Charlestown, two and a half
miles from Boston, on the Medford turnpike ; ior parlicu-
lars, see late Nos. of ihe New England Farmer, and Bills.
They are conlidendy recommended (o the pnblic by the
subscriber. SAMUEL JAQUES.

Ten Hills Stock Farm, May, 1832.'
Sportsman's get [nay be seen on the farm.

Horse Pioneer.

PIONEER will stand for Mares the ensuing season at
Ihe following places : at the cattle fair hotel, in Brighton,
every Saturday, P. M., and Monday (except the 25th
June.) through the season ; at Wan-en's in Framinghani,
Tuesday, P. M.; at Eastaijiook's in Worcester, on Thurs-
day— relnrning, at Grafion on Friday, A. M. and arrive
at Frnmingham the same evening, and at Framingham
the 25th and 2(5ih jf June.

Pioneer is a dark bay, full fifteen and a half hands
high, ten years old this spring, is a horse of remarkable
fine figure, temper and action, and a sure foal getter;
was sired by the imporled horse Debash, out of a fine
mare by Cub, own by Gen. Van Rcnsdaer of Albany.
Persons wishing to improve their breed ot horses, are re-
quested lo call and examine for themselves. He is pro-
nounced by good judges not to be inferior to any horse in
the State. That the public generally may avail them-
selves of the services of said horse, he will stand at the
moderate terms of $6 the leap, $10 the season, or $15 to
insure. JOHN PELTON.

Brighton, June 13, 18.92. .3f

Situation Wanted.

A m-.irried man from Scotland, who has been in (his
country but a few months, wants a situation as manager
of a farm or otherwise. His wife would take care of a
dairy, if desirable. Apply at this office. *

June 13.

Boy Wanted.

A faithful lad of about 14, who has a good education
and of a turn lo make a good salesman, may hear of a
good siliivition in this cily, by applying ai the Farmer
office. His bojrd and a suitable compensation for his
clothes will be given-him. June 13.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE"

Apples, russettings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort,
Beans, white, .
Beef, mess,

piime.

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1,
Cheese, new milk, .

skimmed milk,
Fla.xseed,
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street

Alexandria, .
Baltimore, wharf,
Grain, Corn, Northern,

Corn, Southern yellow

Rye,
Barley
Gats,
Hay

Hog
Hop:

Lime

Plaster Paris retails at

Pork, clear,

Navy mess,
Cargo, No. 1,

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.
Red Clover, northern

Tallow, tried.

Wool, Merino, hill blood, washed.
Merino, mix'd with Saxony
Merino, 5ths, washed,
Merino, half blood,
Merino, quarter, .
Native, washed,
J. f Pulled superfine
S; -a I 1st Lambs,
£ = -i 2d, "
I S. 1 3d, "
^ [^Ist Spinning. .

i Lard, first sort, ne
1st quality.

barrel
ton

bushel
barrel

pound

bushel
barrel

cask
ton
barrel

pound
cwt.
pound

FROM

5()0
lu3 l)(l
109 00

m

12 50

1 l:

5 7;

6 00
5 50
5 2.":

58

55

85

87

45

65

9 00

22 00

1 H

3 25

16 00

13 00

12 75

3 00

. 87

12

8 50

45

55

40

37

6 00
106 00
112 00

1 00
13 00

8 50

9 00
13

1 25

6 00

6 25

5 75

5 50

60

58

90

1 00

48

70

10 00

23

1 25

3 50

18 00

14 00

13 00

3 50

1 00

13

8 75

50

65

42

38

35

35

56

45

37

30

44

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

PROVISION MARKET.

Beef, best pieces, . • . pound 11 13

Pork, fresh, best pieces, . . " 8 10

whole hogs, ... " 6^ 7

Veal, " 6 7

Mutton, ..... " 4 10

Poultry, .... " 9 12

Butter, keg and tub, . . " 12 14

lump, best, . . " 14 16

Eggs, retail, .... dozen 12 15

Meal, Rye, retail, . . . bushel 92

Indian, retail, . . ' 75

Potatoes, .... " 62 75

Cider, ^according to quality,) . barrel 4 00 5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, June 25, 1832.

Reported for the Dully Advectiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 209 Beef Cattle, (including 36
unsold last week.) 14 Cows and Calves, 1671 Sheep and
Lajnbs, and 710 Swine. About 20 Beef Cattle remained
unsold at the close of the market.

Prices. Beef Cattle — The quality of cattle was bet-
ter than last week, but prices averaged about the same.
We quote for three or four extra yoke at $6 75 ; prime at
6 a 6 50 ; good at 5 25 a 5 75 ; thin at 4 75 a 5 25.

Cows and Calves. — We noficed sales at $17, 20, Ht,
30 and 32,

Sheep — I.ots of Lambs with a few old sheep were ta-
ken at $1 62, 1 75, 1 80, 1 92, and 2 25; weathers at
2 92, 3 00, 3 25, and 3.50.

Swine — No sales were noticed, about all reported re-
main on hand close of the market.

New York, June 23.— Maiket this week well suppli-
ed with stock. Sales low and at reduced prices. 600
beef cattle have arrived, and of these 100 remain over.
The average of sales tliis week, is one dollar per hundred
less than last. We quote beef cattle 5 50 a 7 50 per hun-
dred.

Sheep and Lambs; from inoO lo 1500 have arrived.
Sales tolerably brisk, for sheep $2 a 4 50; lambs 1 75 a
3 50. Swine; what lew arrive sell alive at 4 a 450;
dressed at 6^ a 6^. — Daily Adv.

400

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

Jane 27, 1832.

miscellany

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

THE FARMER'S PONG.
f^T envy not the mighty king

Upon the splendid throne —
Nor crave his giittering diadem,

Nor wish his power mine own :
For though his wealth and power be great.

And round him thousands bow
In reverence — in my low estate
More solid peace I know.

I envy not the miser — he

May tell his treasure o'er,
May heaps nn heaps around him see,

And toil and sigh for more ;
I'd scorn hisj narrow, sordid soul.

Rapacious and unjust;
Nor how beneath the base control

Of empty gilded dust.

Let warriors mount fame's giddy height,

Gain glory's gallant mead —
Be calm, collected in the fight.

Where thousands round them bleed ;
I envy not their victor wreath.

Their courage nor their fame ;
Their laurels are a fleeting breath,

Their glory but a name.

My wants are few, and well supplied

By my productive fields,
I court no luxuries besides.

Save what contentment yields;
More pure enjoyment labor gives.

Than weallh or fame can bring;
And he is happier who lives

A FARMER than a king.

CLEAN BEDSTEADS.
We f^opy the following directions for cleaning
bedsteads, from the New Haven Register. The
method appears to be novel — at least we have
never seen the same directions in print before ;
and we think with tlie writer, that those who will
take the trouble to follow them, may be pretty cer-
tain of comfortable beds for the rest of the season.
The common method of attacking the vermin in
bedsteads with hot wn(ei; is eiuirely useless ; it
will neither destroy the bug nor its eggs. Paint-
ing the bedstead with verdigris, or washing it witli
spirits of turpentine, are not oidy iuLfficacious but
almost as lothesome as the insect.

Directions. — If your bedsteads are already pop-
ulated with those animals, scald them (the bed-
steads) with boiling vinegar. The mortices and
tenons should be held a minute in the liot vinegar,
and upon all places where the eggs are deposited
the hot liquid should be suffered to remain about
a minute, or to run over them that length of time.
The bed-cord should be taken out and dipped in
the boiling vinegar.

This will destroy not only the bttgs hut the eggs;
the acid of the vinegar eating offtlie lime that con-
stitutes the shell of the egg. This operation should
be performed upon all the bedsteads in the house,
at the same time. To prevent waste of the vine-
gar, a large kettle or tub shotdd be placed so as' to
catch the vinegar as it is poured on. Remember
that the vinegar should be boiling hot.

But this will not prevent the bugs from again
infesting the bedsteads,' if any should happen to
have hid theinselves in the bedclothes, or in the
cracks of the floor or of the partition. To pre-
vent them from again populating the bedsteads, it
is necessary to brush over the l)edsteads lightly
with the following wash : —

Alcohol, half a pint ; spirits of turpentine, half
a pint: camphor, half an ounce — mix together.
The articles may be had at the apothecaries or
druggists, and will cost a shilling. The above
quantity is sufficient for fgur bedsteads. I use n
painter's brush to put on the wash ; but a few
bristles tied together will do as well. The whole
of each bedstead should be touched lightly with
the wash. It dries instantly and is agreeable in
its smell, and possesses the advantage of not soil-
ing or staining the bedding or curtains, though
freely applied even to them.

If the bedsteads are not old, not much infested
with the insects, the wash above mentioned will
be sufficient without scalding with vinegar ; both,
'applied in succession, are absolutely infallible, in
the worst cases. If thoroughly performed, not a
bug will ever appear in the house again, unless
brought there in other bedsteads.

STEAM CARRIAGES.

A committee of the British House of Commons,
after instituting a minute inquiry into the subject
of steam carriages for the purpose of draughts on
common roads, come to the following conclusions:

1. That carriages can be propelled by steam,
on common roads, at an average rate of ten miles
per hour.

2. That at this rate they have conveyed up-
wards of fourteen passengers.

3. That their weight, including engine, fuel
and water, and attendance, may be under three
tons.

4. That they can ascend and descend hills of
considerable inclination, with facility and safety.

5. That they are perfectly safe for passengers.

6. That they are not, (or need not bc,)if pro])-
erly constructed, nuisances to the public.

7. That they will become a speeilier and cheap-
er mode of conveyance, than carriages drawn by
lior-scs.

f\ That as they admit of greater breadth of
tire than other carriages, and as the roads are not
act(Ml on so injuriously as by the feet of liorses in
common draught, such carriages will cause less
wear of roads, than the ordinary vehicles drawn
by horses.

9. That on some roads tolls have been imposed
which would be prohibitory of their being used.

A SABBATH EVENING.

How delightful is the stillness of a Sabbath
evening; I never enjoy the delights of such a time
without feeling grateful, that the wise God of the
imiverse has given us one day out of the seven, in
which we have time to meditate upon his perfec-
tions, and to send our thoughts forth in the con-
lenjplation of another and a better existence. The
Sabbath has had a sensible effect upon the aftiiirs
of men; in fact, it is necessary to his very exis-
tence. If our thoughts were always fixed upon
this world and the things of it, liow few of us
would ever prepare for a better ; it is therefore
necessary, that a particular time should be set
apart for this particular object. But on a Sabbath
evening all nature seems to enjoy repose ; there is

no noise to disturb us, nothing to occupy our at-
tention, no sjiorts ; the sound of the hammer is
hushed, and the jdoughman's voice. All that we
hear is now and then the distant bell, telling the
hour of prayer, sounding forth its sweet notes upon
the still air, and resting like spirits u])on the car.
The pathway is filled with persons in pairs, wind-
ing their way to church, to meet with God in
his temple ! Oh, vvho would give up his blessed
day, who does not feel that God has consecrated
it. Doubtless, when he makes his second appear-
ance, it will be on the Sabbath. Let us then con-
secrate the Sabbath evening to bis service, that
when he comes, he may find us ready to meet hitn
in the heavens. — Virginia Farmer.

The Home of a Poetess. — The Boston Transcript
contains a letter from Hartford, Conn., which
says : " I must not omit telling you that we pass-
ed half an hour in roaming over the romantic gar-
dens and woodlands, that surround the residence
of IMrs Sigourney. Her husband, who is himself
a man of letters and taste, has ornamented his es-
tate with everything that can render it desirable,
as the hoine of talent and genius. I do not won-
der thtit Mrs Sigourney has writtjn so much ex-
quisite poetry. The muses must be her frequent
companions ; for if, as it is fabled, they sometimes
condescend to visit the planet earth, they can nev-
er return to the fairy land without having fanned
their wings in the breezes, which sigh around her
romantic bovvers."

Cholera. — It is stated in the London papers, that
at Musselburgh, in Scotland, the authorities, after
the appearance of the cholera, adopted the plan of
fumigating the streets, lanes and houses, with chlo-
rine, raised from sea salt and maganese by means
of sidphuric acid ; and it is worthy of remark,
that from the commencement of this operation the
disease rapidly diminished in number of eases and
in virulence, so that in eight days it had entirely
ceased at Fisherrow.

One today is worth two tomorrows. — Franklin.

Horse Quicksilver.

QUICKSILVER will slanil this season at the stable of
the subsciiher, in Briahton.a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty niaies the present
season, at $15 each, and $1 in adililion, to (he gioom.
Maies warranted to he in foal, if $20 is paiil, and $1 to
Ihe groom ; and in discharge of warranty, the $20 will
be returned.

Quicksilver is n beautilul bright bay, three years old ;
his sire. Sir Isaac Cotfiii's hoise, liarefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of EngI:Uid ; his darn, Rebecca, hom
the imported Cleveland hay horse Sir Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known for her fine form, speed,
and bottom, Oi>ce owned by Mr I.eavittof Salem, to whom
persons arv I'efei red for" her characrer*. and will be to many
others in Massachusetts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by gcoil judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
for a first rate covering hoi'se. Mares sent to him, and
if left uiih Ihe subscr ibc, will br well attended to on rca-
son.ible terms, but he will nol be responsilde lor acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.

Brighton, June 13, 1832. If

Published every Wednesday Evening, at §3 per annum,
pa\ able at the end of the \ear — but thost who pav within
sixty da\s Irom the time of subscribing, rre entitled to a
deduction of fifty cents.

inr No paprr will be sent to a distance vithout payment
being made in advance.

I'rintedforJ. B. Ressnx, by I. R. But-,-- — by whom
all desciiptions of Printing can be executed to ni. et the
wr^hrs of customers. Orders for Printing rece vtd by J. B.
PdssFi.L, at the Agricultural VVaiehouse, Wt 52. Korth
j»Iarket Street.

NEW ENGIiAND FARMER.

PUBLISHED BY J. B. RUSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Aoriculturai. Warkhouse.) — T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOT^. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JUJ.Y 4, 1832.

NO. 51.

Agriculture

From the Massachusetta Agricultural Repository and Joarnal.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

On Experiments, Discoveries, and Inventions,
Trees, lAve Hedges, &cc.

Tlie committee of tlie Massachusetts Society
for Pioniotiiig AgricuJture, to whom were referred
claims for premiums for experiments, inventions
and discoveries, as also for plantations of forest
trees and apple trees, and other descriptions' of ag-
ricultural industry, as specified in their list of i)re-
niiums, beg leave to report : that there were no
premiums claimed for experiments in turning in
green crops as manure, nor for the successful use of
the drill ])lough in the cultivation of any small grain
or seeds; but there were two claims for the tliird
premium offered by the Society, under the head
of experiments, inventions, and discoveries, viz.
For an effectual and satisfactory mode of deslroii-
ing the bee-moth, or of preventing its ravages. It
will be obvious that the two branches of this sub-
ject are essentially distinct. To destroy tlie moth
by any artificial process, is radically and substan-
tially diflerent from preventing Its ravages, or its
access to the hive. Both would be equally use-
ful if the end should be obtained, which is protec-
tion ; but it is obvious that the means may be, and
(we may almost say) loould he essentially different.

The first communication received on this in-
teresting but difficult subject, by the comi.iittee,
was from the venerable Dr James Thacher, of
Plymouth. This pa])er was worthy of the good
sense and well known research of the author, and
did not in any degree diminish the respect which
the committee felt, for this veteran promoter of all
the arts subservient to the cause of agriculture.
In examining it, however, with the care and ex-
actness which theircommission required, they could
not perceive that it fulfilled the conditions on which
alone their authority reposed, to wit, "an effectual
and satisfactory mode of destroying the bee-moth,
or of preventing its ravages."

The comtnittee might rest here, and rely upon
the conviction, that they had exercised their judg-
ment with due discretion ; but they owe it to Dr
Thacher and to the public, to state the grounds on
which their opinion was founded. As to the first
branch, Dr Thacher seems distinctly to admit, that
he knows of no " ^ectual and satisfactory" mode
of destroying the bee-moth, and seems to consider
it as a desideratum not yet obtained. He does in-
deed suggest the idea of destroying the bee-moth
by solutions of sugar with poison ; but, besides
that, the same remedy may bn equally fatal to the
bees, it must be in its nature imperfect.

We have no evidence that the bee-moth has so
strong a desire of food, as to coimteract the more
powerful influence of its instinct, to place its eggs
in places adapted to it.s future progeny. In short,
though it is the suggestion of an ingenious mind,
employed in speculations for the public good, yet
as to its "effectual and satisfjictory " operation,
there is too little evidtnce offered.

Upon the second branch of the premium, that of
prevention, Dr Thacher proposes an inclosed
apiary. There is no doubt that an inclosed apiary

forms some check to the ravages of the insect'
But then it should be considered, that apiaries thus
inclosed have been in operation for tliiriy years
past, and have proved neither " effectual nor satis-
tactory."

Dr Thacher inileed alludes to a grating phtced
before the hives at night,' but gives no definite
mode of applying it. This remedy is much more
fully developed in the next connnunication ; though
we are compelled to say that Dr Thacher has not
afforded an " effectual and satisfactory " mode of
preventing the ravages of the bee-moth, yet for his
continued labors and research on this interestin
subject, the committee recommend to the trustees
that a gratuity often dollars be paid to him.

The only other communication on this subject,
is from the Rev. J. R. Barbour, of Newbury, (By-
field.)

This communication is very elaborate, interest-
ing, and important, shewing great perseverance,
accuracy, and uncommon practical observation, as
well as mechanical contrivance. It would be im-
possible for the conunittee to do anything like jus-
tice to the plans and suggestions of Mr Barbour,
in any abstract which they could make, and they
woidd therefore recommend that the whole com-
munication from him, together with the letter of
Mr Parsons which accoiBpanied it, should be pub-
lish in the Journal, and New England Farmer.
This great advantage would be derived from it,
that if the comnjittee have erred in their opinion
as to its title to the premium ofiered by the Soci-
ety, ingenious persons may be induced to try his
plans, and experience may show that the difficul-
ties which present themselves to the committee,
are not well founded. Mr Barbour's communica-
tions have reference to two distinct points.

The first, to the prevention of the ravages of the
bee-moth ; the second, to the more easy and effec-
tual acquisition of the labors of the bee, without
their entire extermination. As no premium has
been offered for this, the most interesting part of
Mr Barbour's discoveries, we might pass it over
in silence ; but such a course would not suit either
our feelings, nor comport with our duties. We
feel ourselves then bound to say, that Mr Bar-
hour's suggestions and plans ai)pear to us to be
very ingenious and important, and we recommend
them to the attention of those who cultivate bees ;
and as a proof of our estiujate of their ingenuity,
we recommend to the Society, to pay to Mr Bar-
hour ten dollars, being the half of all the premi-
ums offered on this subject, and that he be request-
ed to permit his apparatus, transmitted to us, to be
exhibited in the Agricultural Repository in Bos-
ton, under the management of Mr Newell.

The other branch of Mr Barbour's inventions, or
claitiis, respects the prevention of the entrance of
the bee-moth into the hives, by a screen of milli-
net, to be put up every evening and to be removed
every morning. Such a remedy would ap|)ear
perfect. Why then not grant the Society's pre-
mium? We reply in few words. First, because
Mr Barbour has the candour to admit, that the sug-
gestion came to him from Rev. Mr Noyes, of Need-
ham. We are not told how far this suggestion
went, but we are leil to believe that Mr Noyes was
the inventor. Secondly, because we seriously

doubt whether a remedy which requires attention
twice a day, is fitted for common use. Yet as the
first suggestion of a mode, said to be effectual, if
men will be scrupulous in its application, came first
before the public through Mr Barbour, we recom-
mend the grant of a gratuity to him of ten dollars.
But in this gratuity, justly due to an ingenious
man, who has devoted his time and learning to a
subject very interesting to the cause of agriculture,
we are constrained to say, that it is not certain at
what hour the bee-iniller takes its flight. An
omission of one half hour may be fatal. If, as ia
asserted and as is probable from analogy, a single
miller lays five hundred eggs, it may prove as fatal
to a hive, as if there was a free intercourse.

We admit that these precautioiis, sedulously and

scrupujiiisly followed, might be effectual. But it

shoidd not be for one moment admitted, that as a

general or universal practice, it would be available.

To -be concluded next wcelc.

ITEMS IN RURAL ECONOMY,

ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. BT THE EDITOR.

)f'ashing Salads, ^-c. — James Simson, a writer
for the Gardener's Magazine, concludes a pretty
long article on the best mode of washing Water
Cresses and other Salads, so as to free them from
the larva; of insects and worms, as follows:

" Mr Brown, of Dalkeith, suggested the idea of
having a tub of salt water from the sea, and steep-
ing them a few minutes in that. We immediately
adnj>; " the advi':e, and succeeded perfectly in de-
taching everything of the animal kind from the
leaves referreil to. My mistress was so much
pleased with the thing, that she has since had
every kind of salad washed in this way, es-
pecially such as grow close to the ground
and are apt to have worms and slugs gathered
with them. We have even had small red worms
come out of cithbages and lettuce, besides nreen
flies and caterpillars. After the vegetables remain
three or fom- minutes in the .salt water cistern
whatever has been in them comes out, and is seen
writhing and dying in the water. The vegetables
are then taken out and washed with fine fresh
water, in the usuiil way." The same water may
be made to last for weeks, if the insects are strain-
ed from it.

A new method of raising Peas. — A writer for
the Gardener's Magazine, recommends a new
mode of raising early peas, &:c. This consists in
having a quantity of tiuf cut into pieces of about
nine or ten inches long, and three or four bioad
which are placed in a regular manner pver the
surface of a hot-bed, grass side downwards, and a
row of peas is sown on each row of turf, and af-
terwards covered with soil ; when they are fit for
transplanting, no more is required than to lift out
the tm-f, piece by piece, with the peas growing up-
on it, .ind j)lace them wliere they are to produce
the crop. By this means the roots receive no in-
jury, nor do the plants sustain any check by trans-
planting. This method may be practised with
similar success in the raising of potatoes, beans, &c.

To preserve Caulifowers, ^c. — Charles Mac In-
tosh, in the Gardener's Magazine, says, " J have
been able to keep cauliflowers for a length of time,
by cutting them in a dry day, stripping off all

402

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 4, 1832.

the leaves, ami then burying them among bog
mould. The idea tirst struck me in Scotland,
from considering that bog mould was antiseptic
and capable of resisting putrefaction, particularly
if excluded from atmospheric air. I covered ?oine
heads of cauliHower in July, under the rubbish
taken from the bottom of ah old peat stack, and in
November following found them .still fit for use.
I pointed out to your brother some this year, at
Stratton, that had been laid up six weeks and still
good ; this I was, in consequence of the long
drought, obliged to do ; and for weeks it was sent
to table, and found as g.)od as if newly cut. It
is necessary to wash them well, as they are very
black when taken out."

Liquid Manure, Soot, ^'C. — Sir H. Davy char-
acterizes soot as " a powerful manure, possessing
ammoniacal^ salt, empyreumatic oil, and charcoal,
which is capable of being rendered soluble by the
action of oxygen- or pure vital air." Mr John
Robertson, writer for the Gardener's Magazine,
says, " on meadows, [mowing land,] I have used
Boot with great advantage in substance, and though
sown by the hand, one dressing gave me always
heavy crops of hay for two successive seasons.
But this is a wasteful mode of a|)plying it, a great
proportion of its ammonia, one of its most active
ingredients, being volatilized and dissipated in the
atmosphere. When dissolved in water there is no
waste ; it is all available, and for horticidiural pur-
poses ( have used it mostly in that state, mixing it
up in the proportion of a!>out six quarts of soot to
a hogshead of water. Asparagus, peas, and a va-
riety of other vegetables I have manured with it,
with as much effect as if I had used solid dung ;
but to plants in pots, particularly to piness, ' hfive
found it adtnirably well adapted ; when watered
with it, they assume a deep healthy green and grow
strong and luxuriant. I generally use it and
clean water alternately, and always ovi?r-head
in summer ; but except for the purpose of cleans-
ing, it might be used constantly with advautage.

"Other materials for liquid manures are often
difficult to procure, and tedious in their prepara-
tion ; but soot, sufficient for the gardener's pur-
poses, is almost everywhere at hand and in a few
minutes prepared.

" Were gardeners more generally aware, that no
manures can be taken \i\t in a slate of solidity by
plants as food, and that they can oidy be absorbed
by them in a gaseous or liquid state, to whic

merfed in the fluid. The best time for applying
this remedy is in the evening, after which the
glasses are to be close shut down for the night.
The reason for using the lather only, is, the insects
are immersed a much longer time in the fluid than
they would be by the application of plain soap and
water. This remedy may at first appear a tedious
one, but I can assure you, from my own experi-
ence, that it is not so ; for any person rnny dress a
three light frame, where the plants are properly
thinned and where every leaf requires to be dress-
ed, in one hour ; and where is the gardener that
would grudge even a day, to preserve the flavor
of his fruit and save his plants from certain de-
struction ? The above receipt is not confined to
melons only, for no plant, however tender, to
which I have apjilied it, appears to be in the least
degree injured by it."

Bones for Manure. — A good way for gardeners
to collect bones for vine borders and other pur-
poses, is to make it known in the neighborhood,
that they will give so mticli per hundred weight
for all that is brought to them. As they are re-
ceived, they should be broken' by hammers into
small or large pieces, as the eflect is intended to
be itnmediate and powerful, or grailual and jiro-
longed. For distant effect, a number of hones
should be buried whole; on the same principle
that opium-eaters envelope their i)ills in paper, to
retard their dissolution in the stomach. — Gardcn-
cr's Magazine.

Yeast as a Maiiure. — It is not generally known,
that yeast is one of the most jjowerful manures in
existence. Some experiments have been tried
with grass plots and different culinary vegetables,
from which it appears that a very small quantity
of yenst, after it has become putrid and useless to
the brewer or baker, will eflfect wonders when
fiiixed with water and ajiplied to plants as liipiiil
manure. The only danger seems to be in making
it too rich. We would recommend such of our
readers as have leisure and opportunity, to try it
on pines, vines, the Brassica family, especially

MAKING HAY Fi{OM CLOVER.

The cutting and curing of clover is very nice
and critical farming, and demands the first atten-
tion. The heads and leaves of clover are its prin-
cipal value, the stalk when coarse is of little use ;
therefore, in order to preserve the most valuable
parts, cut your clover in dry vveather ; and when
the dew is dried off' from the first swaths, turn
them over gently, without spreading, until you
come to the swaths which are free from dew, let
these lie untouched until noon, unless showers or
a storm become threatening, in this case, break
off' your mowers ami get your clover from the
swath into small cocks. Let the cocks be made
with the fork, with only once or twice rolling.
But if the weather continues fair, let your mowers
keep on and your hayniaktrs follow with their
forks, and put all the swaths into small cocks.
The next day let these cocks stand, and go on cut-
ting as before; proceed thus until you have secur-
ed your clover. In two, three, or four days, as
the weather may he, the clover first cut will be fit
to cart if the weather proves fair, if not, the rains
will never penetrate farther than the winds and sun
can dry : the clover will be injured oidy upon the
surface. Should a long cloudy or moist turn of
weather succeed, you may give your clover air by
taking off' the top of each cock and placing it for
the bottom, and thus with voiir fork change the
onlerof your cocks by bringing the bottoms to the
top ; this mode will cause your cocks to shed rain
better than the coiiuTjon mode of turning them
over at once with the fork. Win ii yon find your
clover suflicicntly cured for housing, take the first
good liay-day, turn over your cocks in the morn-
ing when the dew is off", and ns soon as the mois-
ture is dried from' the bottoms, clear your field as
fast as possible. Thus you will secure all ifte
valuable parts of your clover, viz"- the head and
leaves, in full hloissom and as perfect a green as
when growing. Anil your horses will Iiold their
flesh anil do more service on this clover, without

cauliflowers, the potato, as a pickle for wheat and grain, than on clover cured in the coiiunon meth

other seeds, and for watering new sown plants and
similar oleaginous seeds. — lb.

Packing and preserving Seeds. — Mr .\nderson,
of the Chelsea Botanic Garden, says, he received
from the East Indies twentyfour seeds or nuts of
Coryj'ha talicra ; twelve of them were carefidly

od with the usual quantity of grain. And you will
readily experience the saving in expense, which,
although of importance, will be found to be of mi-
nor consideration in this mode of husbandry.

A few loads of clover may always he housed in
this mode with safety ; but if your fields are large.

solid manures ap,.lied must be previously recluce.l, j ^^^^ . .^__j ,^^.^|^.^, ^^^ j,^^,_^^ ^^^^^ ,^^jj^j .^ charcoal,
before any benefit can be derived from then., they g^.p^,,„„^ „^ „.|,i,.,, ^„,.,y f^.^jy

wrapped up in paper, not one of which geriiiina- i some precaution will become necessary, to guard

yonr mows against heating, w hich is not only injuri-

would in many cases facilitate the process by
using them in a liquid stale. In houses where
rains have not access, it appears to me superior to
any other mode of administering manure to trees."
ji simple and effectual method of destroying the
Red Spider. — Mr A Kendall, in a conimunicalioii
for the Gardener's Rlagazine, advises for the above
mentioned purpose the followmg application :

"To one gallon of rain water add si.x ounces of
soft soap, which is to be com))letely dissolved
before using. When used, it is to be beaten
into a fine lather, (a common hearth brush, I find,
answers the purpose best.) The latlier only is then

Remedies against the Aphis Lanigera, or Jltneri-
can Blight. — Tobacco water, soft soap, soot and
salt in ecpial quantities, and old urine, have all
been recommended in diflVrent articles in the
Gardener's Magazine, as specifics against the
above named disease.

Pea Pods. — In a German publication it is sta-
ted, that pea pods when green, if boiled in water
with a little sase or a few hops added, and the
whole afterwards fermented, will produce liquor
not inferior to beer.

Mixing Soils. — It was a maxim of Kliogg, a

to be taken in each hand and carefully ajiplied to f'lmoiis philosophical farmer of Switzerland, that

" Every species of earth may be instrumental to

the improvement of another of opposite qualities."

fVhite Weed Plaster of Paris, we are told.

the upper and under side of every leaf that is in-
fected. If the disease is not violent one dressing
will be sufficient ; but where every part of tin

plant is infected two dressings are required, as it \vill destroy white weed. Another remedy is to
will only kill those insects that are actually im- ' pasture the land with sheep.

ous to the <lover, hut will prove injirrious to yonr
horses and give them a cough. To jirevent both
these evils, let your clover stand in the cock a ilay
or two longer; o|)en it carefully when you are
ready to cart, without spreading ; let yonr bays be
open under the bottom for a fnc circulation of
air; fill several large bags with hay. set them erect
n|)on the floor of your bays, mow the clover
around them with ,is little treading as possible ;
raise up the bags with the rise of your mow, and
when your mow is finished remove the bag.«.
These openings will serve as ventilators and se-
cure your mows from beating. If you reserve
your wheat or rye straw fortius purpose, and cov-
er your clover occasionally as you mow it, with
straw, your straw will not only ])revent yonr mow
from healing, but iiidiilie the moisture of your
clover and become valuable feed for your horses
and cattle, and thus become a rir.nble saving. One
bushel of salt sprinkled upon your clover as yoB

Vol. X.-No. 51.

AND HORTlCUl.TURAL JOURNAL.

403

mow it, will preserve it against heating, and
doubly repay you in tlie value it will give to your
bay.

From Deano'a New England Farmer.

MOWING.

They who have not been in their youth accus-
tomed to do this work, are seldom found to be able
to do it with ease or expedition. But when the
art is once learnt, it will not be lost.

As this is one of the most laborious parts of the
husbandman's calling, and the more fatiguing as
it must be performed in the hottest season of the
year, every precaution ought to be used which
tends to lighten the labor. To this it will conduce
not a little, for the mower to rise very early and
be at his work before the rising of the sun. He
may easily perform half the nsual day's Vk'ork be-
fore nine in the morning. His work will not only
be made easier by the coolness of the morning air,
but also by the dew on the grass which is cut
more easily for being wet. By this means, he
may lie still and rest himself during the hottest of
the day, while others who begun late are sweating
themselves excessively ; and hurting their health,
probably, by taking down large draughts of cold
drink to slake their raging thirst. The other
half of his work may be performed after three or
four o'clock ; and at night he will find himself
free from fatigue.

If the mower would husband his strength to ad-
vantage, he should take tare to have his scythe
and all the apparatus for mowing, in the best or-
der. His scythe ought to be adapted to the sur-
face on which he mows. If the surface be level
and free from obstacles, the scythe may be long
and almost straight, and he will perforin his work
with less labor and greater expedition. But if the
surface be luievcn, cradley, or chequered with
stones or stumps of trees, his scythe must be short
and crooked. Otherwise he will he obliged to
leave much of the grass imcut, or use more labor
in cutting it. A long and straight scythe will on-
ly cut off the tops of the grass in hollows.

A mower should not have a snrad that is too
slender ; for this will keep the scythe in a contin-
ual tremor and do much to hinder its cutting. He
must see that it keeps perf clly fast on the snead ;
for the least degree of looseness will oblige him to
use the more violence at every stroke ; many wor-
ry themselves needlessly by not attending to this
circumstance.

Mowing with a company ought to be avoided by
those who are not very strong, or who are little
used to the business, or who have not their tools
in the best order. Young huls, who are ambitious
to be thought good mowers, often find themselve.i
much hurt by mowing in company.

Mowers should not follow loo closely after each
other ; for this has been tlie occasion of fatal
wounds. And when the dangerous tool is carried
from place to place, it shoidd be bound up with a
rope of grass or otherwise equally secured.

"Mr de Lisle," says the Complete Farmer, "in-
troduced in England the mowing of wheat. The
method is this : the scythe he uses is at least six
inches shorter in the blade than the common
Bcythe, and instead of a cradle, has two twigs of
osier put semi-circular wise into holes luade
in the handle of the scythe, near the blade, in such
a manner that one semi-circle intersects the other.

" By this method of mowjug wheat, the stand-

in" corn is always at the lefl hand. The mower
mows it inward, bearing the corn he cuts on his
scythe, till it comes to that which is standing,
against which it gently leans. After every mower
follows a gatherer, who, being provided with a
hook or stick about two feet long, gathers \i]) the
corn, makes it into a gavel, and lays it geiuly on
the ground. This must be done with spirit, as
another mower immediately follows."

SNAKE BITES.

The American Farmer has a long article under
this heail, written by a physician of the south, who
pretends to have had considerable experience on
the subject. Though his remarks relate to the bite
of the rattle-snake, they are equally applicable to
all others that are poisonous. He shows conclu-
sively the futility ot the many sovereign remedies
reconmicndedin such cases. The spirits of harts-
horn has been thought an infallible cure for the
bite of a rattle-snake ; the wonderful effic;^cy of
this ))rescriplion is founded entirely on the suppo-
sition, that the poison of the snake contains an
acid. He not only proves that this supposition is
unfounded, hut shows that the alkaline properties
of the hartshorn must be destroyed by the acidity
of the stomach, before it has time to undergo the
operation of digestion, and thus be fitted for mix-
ing with the blood in order to be carried to the
poison. He states, that in the beginning of his
practice fie believed hartshorn to he a certain
reinedy for snake bites, and administered it ac-
cordingly ; but careful observation and experience
convinces him to the contrary. He relates a num-
ber of cases in support of his position, among
which are the following :

" Walking with a gentleman in his field, he trod
on a rattle-snake ; he was without shoes, and the
snake bit him in the hollow of his foot. He was
very much alarmed, appeared to be in pain, and
vomited much ; he was very faint, he could not
walk, yet would not agree that I should leave him
to go for help to get him home. As he begged
for a remedy and I seemed to think that I, as a
doctor, ought to do something, I brought my hat
full of water, washed the wound, and put a chew
of tobacco to it, tying it on with my handkerchief
We waited several hours, when he became easy
and we walked home. A chew of tobacco in this
case, was just as good as hartshorn."

He relates another case of a man whom he
came across while travelling, who was bitten on
the aidde ; he says, " be was very sick, covered
with a cold sweat, appeared in the extreniest pain,
vomited much, and greatly alarmed ; grew worse
very fast, aiul in a little time I really thought the
nsan must die. The only thing we had like med-
icine, was a phial of the essence of lemon ; as he
was very faint, I directed him to smell of it, and
as he was gn atly alarmed and begged so much for
help, to pacify him and to quiet much as possible
his alarm, I told him to drink it all aiul it would
cure him. He did so. After several hoiu-s he be-
gan to mend, and when I left him I considered
him out of danger."

He relates another case in which camphor was
applied and proved equally successful. Also thp
case of a liorse that was bitten anil given over to
inevilable death, but recovered without any spe-
cific treatment. From all of which he concludes,
" the rattle-snake bite runs through nearly the
same symptoms, under any treatmeot of specifics."

He says, " when we shall properly ascertain the
true nature of snake bites, we will find they have
poison of sufficient strength to throw the functions
of a man in great, very great, disorder; to make
him very sick, cause great pain, to make him sick
almost unto death, but seldom to kill. When a
snake bite is fatal, death is immediate, and for the
most part before any remedy can be applied." —
The bite of an imprisoned snake is considered
even more dangerous, than the bite of one in a
natural state.

The treatment which he recommends for a snake
bite, is to wash the wound well with warm soap-
suds ; and then apply a very large poultice made
of Indian meal, sufiicient to cover the whole limb,
to be renewed as often as they become cool ; nev-
er bind a ligature about the limb above the wound,
but if the swelling extends up the limb and great
tightness is produced, the part above the poultice
should be rubbed freely with laudanum and olive
oil. If the patient be very much alarmed, lauda-
num should be given freely; forty diops followed
in an hour with forty more, will not be too much.
When the i)ulse sinks and the patient becomes
covered with cold sweat, give brandy toddy or
wine freely, they will at such times bear large
quantities with satiety. Very few have actually
died from snake bites, and these, with very few ex-
ceptions, have died almost instantaneously.

THE PALMER WORM.

This is a small worm about half an inch in
length, with many legs and extretnely nindile. It
appears at different times in different parts of the
country. I have seen them only on apple and oak
trees, in any great abuiulance ; they give trees the
same appearance that the canker worm does.
They appeared in the county of Cumberland in
the year 1791, about the middle of June, eating ofT
the covering of the leaves on both sides and leav-
ing the mcndiraneous part entire. The following
year there was none to be seen ; and I have not
known them in any place two years in succession.
The seeds of them may be constant, wanting only
a particular state of the weather to produce them.
The spring which preceded their appearance had
been remarkably dry, both in April and May.
The history of this insect is so little known, that I
will not imdertake to say how they may be feuc-
cessfidly opposed. I made smokes under the fruit
trees, without any apparent effect. As they let
ihemselvcs down by threads, they may be thinned
by shaking the trees and striking off the threads.
Their ravages had not any lasting effect ; for the
orchards thai had been visited by them bore plen-,
tifully the following year. — Deane's Farmer.

Vitality of Steds. — On boring for water, lately,
at a spot near Kingston-upon-Thames, some carlh
was brought up fiom a depth of three hundred
aiul sixty feet; this caith was carefully covered
over with a hand-glass, to prevent the |)0ssibilily
of any other seeds being dejiosited upon it : yet, in
a short time, plants vegetated from it. If quick
lime be put upon land, which from time immemo-
rial has produced nothing but heather, the heaih#
will be killed, and while clover spring up in its
place.

To scare Birds from Cherries. — Fasten the ends
of long shreda of cotton to the branches and let
them blovtr about.

404

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 4, 1S32.

OBSERVATIONS ON THE CULTIVATION
OF SILK. — No. 2.

Concladeil from page 396.

Having heretofore made some extracts, calcula-
tions and remarks, on the growth and mannfacture
of silk, in relation to its productiveness and rela-
tive value, I now make a few more, hoping that it
might be the means of exciting the agriculturalists
to a further consideration and examination of the
subject. The committee appointed by the Lefjis-
lature of Massachusetts, to consider the expediency
of encouraging the growth of the mulberry tree
and the culture of silk, in their report says, "they
have examined the subject attentively, and find it
to be of much greater importance than was at first
supposed ; and they are satisfied beyond a doidjt,
that we have the power to produce and manufac-
ture silk in this conmionwealth, to an immense ex-
tent ; and that no difficulty is to be encountered,
either from soil or climate ; that little capital is re-
quired to commence the culture of silk, except
that capital which consists in knowledge. The
culture of silk is important in relation to the
amount of silk imported and consumed in this
country, which exceeds .$7,000,000 ; while the
amount of bread stuff exported is on an average
less than $6,000,000. Tlie committee feel war-
ranted in saying, that as soon so the article can be
produced, a good home market will be found at
such prices as to atJord a profit on the expense and
labor bestowed upon it.

The white mulberry tree is easily cidtivated,
does not require the best soil, and serves for a val-
uable purpose for hedges, and is highly ornamen-
tal." Mr Jonathan H. Cobb, in his Manual, says,
" the white mulberry tree forms an excellent live
fence, and when once established, is probably the
nnost permanent of any other; everything is usefid
in the mulberry tree, its leaves are valuable in the
silk which they produce by nourishing the silk
worm ; its fruit is excellent for poultry, and mixed
with currants to make i)ies ; the wood is useful
for joiners, for fuel, and for shij) timber; and the
bark of the root for medicine as a vermifuge ; that
exclusive of using the leaves for feeding of silk
worms, the cultivating the trees extensively by
farmers, where wood is becoming scarce, is
well worth their attention, for there cannot possi-
bly be any risk or loss in the business ; the leaves
if not used will enrich the land, and the trees are
easy to be obtained. Therefore, there is nothing
to retard commencing the business extensively.

Dually, and France pays annually from fifteen to
twenty millions for raw silk, and prefers American
to any other, and the prospect of a market is im-
mense ; and let no one fear of interfering with
others in this In siness, for if there were one hiui-
dred where there is now one engaged in it, it would
be belter than it now is ; on every account, fila-
tures, thrbwsting mills, looms, and further infor-
mation in the business would be increased, and reg-
ular markets opened and established all over this
country. If any one is yet doubting as to the
utility and profitableness of the business, who have
help suitable and sufficient, let them read the
Franklin Journal, the Manual publL-ihed under the
authority of Congress, the first number of the Silk
Culturist, by Dr Felix Pascalis, of New York ; Mr
William H. Vernon's abridgement of the large
French work of M. de la Brousse ; Essays on
American silk, by Messrs D. Homergue and Du
Ponceau, of Philadelphia, and a pamphlet j)ublish-
ed l»y Gideon B. Smith, Esq., of Baltiniore ; Fes-
senden's New American Gardener; the several
volumes of the New England Farmer; and Jona-
than H. Cobb's Manual ; and I think they must be
convinced, tliat the silk business will in time be-
come a great source of wealth to America, and a
profitable and honorable employment for the fair
.sex, the aged and the infirm, as well as the youth ;
fi)r all the aforesaid wfiters agree in recommend-
ing it to be a healthy and profitablp business ;
though difierent writers make a difference in the
amount produced from an acre of mulberry trees,
hut none estimate it to be less than $200 worth
of sewing silk from an acre of about seventy trees,
and the net profit to be $86 ; and the highest cal-
culation from 3,000 trees on an acre, to be $1,87,5,
selling the cocoons at tweutyfive cents per jiound.
Now take the medium of those two, the produce
woidd be about .'jl,0.38 from an acre, and allow
three fourths for the labor, and there remains $259.
I further remark, that the education of youth is
of the uimost imi)ortance to the public. May I
be permitted to address the inhabitants of every
school district, that they would seriously and with-
out delay, consider the importance of connecting
the silk business with summer schools, by ])rocu-
rins two or three acres of suitable land near cndi

feet above the groimd, and two and a half feet be-
tween them. At one end of the shed, four more
shelves the height of the others, thirteen feet long,
one foot and eight inches wide. These twelve
shelves will serve for one hundred thousand
worms, and will consume about twentyfive hun-
dred [lounds of leaves, previous to their si)inning
cocoons, after each hatching, and produce two
hundred and eight pounds of cocoons and make
twenlysix I'ounds of reeled silk, according to Messrs
Honjcrgue's and Cobb's calculations. And by
hatching the worms in succession for sixteen
weeks, the second hatching in fourteen days after
the first, and then in ten days, and then once in
eight days, until there is ten hatchings, which at
that rate will make two thousand and eighty
pounds of cocoons, and two hundred and sixty
pounds of reeled silk, which at the lowest price
that Mr Cobb has sold his for, $4 50 per pound,
amounts toSU/O, or selling the cocoons at 40
cents, the price at Philadelphia, they would amount
to $t32 ; or say 25 cents, the lowest price oflfered
anywhere, they amount to .$520. Then allowing
the unstress $20 per month, and the board of the
tweniyfonr scholars for sixteen weeks, each at $1
per week, it amounts to $404, which deducted
from $520, there remains $56 ; which allowing
three acres of land and the trees to cost $600, the
,$56 will pay the interest of the money and $20
left to pay interest for two sheds, which will be
warned if the silk is reeled. Thus you have the
children schooled and boardeil without any ex-
pense to their parents or the town, and interest on
the capital in the bargain. What more do you
want, but faithful resolution. A. B.

WesipoH, Oct., 18;)L

[Cobb's Manual is publislied by direction of his
Excellency Gov. Lincoln, and luimbers of them
are to he distributed to every town in the Com-
monwealth, for the use of the inhabitants. It gives
very general and particular information in raising
the tree and silk worm.s, and reeling the silk, &c.
And is a very useful book to afl'ord correct inform-
ation in every branch of the business, though there
are some extracts taken from Me.«srs Parmentier,
Homergue, and Dandolo, in pages 2.3, 24, 40 and

with sheds near the school-house, for feeding the
worms and reeling the silk ; and having a suitable
mistress and twentyfour scholars and over, to be
but negligence and unbelief, for says Mr Peter S. I employed in gathering leaves and feeding worms
Du Ponceau, " I see no more difficulty in cultiva- at times, not interfering with regular school hours,
ting the mulberry, than any other fruit tree ; and for the term of four months ; the silk worms to be

(Ills i»»vj yji 1..1.-X, .....v.. w. .^.iiii»..i.. lull. I inrtii ,.<ii II i. t !• I . .• 1

,■ , , , , , ,, , •■ 41, where some of the amounts mentioned are not

school-house, and have them well covered with! •,

mulberry trees and fenced with a nuilberry hedge, I "■'

the art of raising silk worms seems to reduce it-
self to a few simple rules easy of observance."
And in his cominunication to the Speaker of the
House of Representatives in Congress, say.s, " that
the culture of the mulberry and the rearing of silk
worms, have considerably increased during the
past year in almost every State in the Union ; that
throwsting mills have been erected and are in op-
eration in many places ; that cocoons in Philadel-
phia sell for forty cents per pound, and that the
coarsest of reeled silk has been sent to Mexico and
sold for four dollars and seventyfive cents p«r
pound."

And instead of the business being overdone,
during the present generation or for a century to
come, is not probable. Only consider that Ainer-
ioa now imports more than $7,000,000 worth an-

hatched in succession, once in eight or ten months ;
and the produce of the silk will he more than
enough to pay the wages and hoard of the mis-
tress, at twenty dollars per month, and the board
of the scholars at one dollar per week, during that
time. This can be proved by actual experiment
.ind arithmetical demonstration, if we may believe
the testimony of all the silk growers and authors
on the silk business.

A shed may be erected near a school-house, of
the following dimensions, viz. twenty feet Ion;
and sixteen feet wide, with nine feet posts, board
ed with square edged boards, the roof shingled,
but no floor, two small windows, one at each end ;
two frames made like ladders, for four tier of

CULTIVATION OF ASPARAGUS.

When I plained my asjiaragns bed,<it'o years ago
this month, (May,) I had a quantity of horn shav-
ings and chips. They were spread over the
ground, and njy gardener was directed to dig them
into the bed prepared for asparagus. He was an
Englishman, and the best man I ever saw handle
a spade. But he scolded bitterly about it ; he de-
clared it would never grow, and no doubt wished
in his heart it would [)rove so.

For the first year no (fleet at all was observa-
ble ; last year tlie plants were tolerably thrifty ;
and for two weeks past, this spring. I have been
daily cutting large quantities of the finest aspara-
gus, half an inch in diameter. These shavings
have begun to decompose, and their fertilizing
power is enormous. They contain a quantity of
ammonia.

Last spring, a year ago, I spaded up a piece of

shelves, fifteen feet long and four and a half wide, ground with a good supply of horn shavings on it.
the lower ends of the ladder to be two and a half j It had been manured with nothing else. I sowed

Vol. X No. 51.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

405

a few seeds of tlie Sea Kale. They came up, but
the cut worm made sad work with them, and a
part only lived. In autumn I cut some crowns
and pieces of root from the living ones to fill the
missing places, and tliey are now pushing out witli
great vigor. I liave cut some fine blanched shoots
this spring from the large ones. It is equal to
asparagus, and afibrds a pleasant variety for the
table. Another sjiring they will be in perfection.
Last spring I piuchased a dozen roots of the
Pie Plant, for two dollars. I divided every root
into as many pieces as I had crowns, and i)lanted
them. I had fortyfour fine plants from them, and
furnished njy family with all they wanted for tarts
and pies, and had [)lenty to give away besides.—
These were planted on the same piece of ground
with the sea kale, two feet apart, and grew in great
luxuriance. Both pie plant and kale were covered
in the fall with fresh horse manure. It has not
been removed, and their large thrifty crowns are
pushing through, rank and green as ever I saw
it. All the ground for these plants was tilled only
in the usual way of making garden beds.

From Ihe Barnstable Journal.

CULTIVATION OF CRANBERRY.

The cranberry is a native of New Holland, Eu-
rope and America; it grows spontaneously in the
flat, sandy, and in some of the mossy hogs in this
country. At sandy neck, on the north side of
Barnstable harbor, are quite extensive tracts cov-
ered with the wiry vines of the cranberry, and are
estimated to produce in favorable seasons one
thousand bushels of fruit. The cranberry grows
most luxuriantly in soils composed almost wholly
of beach sand, where water, at all seasons of the
year, can be obtained a few inches below the sur-
face. It can be profitably cultivated. A particu-
lar account of the method pursued by Mr Henry
Hall, of Dennis, was some time since given in this
paper. He has been engaged in the cultivation of
this fruit upwards of twenty years, and his grounds
Lave averaged about seventy bushels per acre, an-
nually. Mr Hall practised taking the plants from
their natural situations in autumn, with halls of
earth about their roots, and setting them three or
four feet distant from each other. In the course
of a few years, they spread out and cover the
whole sttrface of the ground, requiring no other
care thereafter, except keeping the ground so well
drained as to prevent water from standing over
the vines. The cranberry may also be propagated
from the seed. It shoidd be planted in autiunn,
as soon as the fruit is ripe, and a year afterwards
the young plants may be transplanted to the situ-
ations where it is intended for them to grow. —
There are many situations in this country, and we
doubt not ill every |»art of England, well adapted
to the profitable cultivation of the cranberry.
Grounds that are overgrown with fine rushes or
moss, may be rendered suitable by spreading over
a thick dressing of beach sand, previous to trans-
planting the vines.

From the Geiiusee Farmer.

BUGS IN PEAS.

Mr Editor — 1 would mention, that I have
been in the habit of raising several acres of peas
yearly, for some years past. I selected my seed
in the fall, and put it up in barrels. The spring
following, after my ground was fitted, on exan'iin-
ing my seed peas I found that quite a portion had

heated, moulded and spoiled, and the balance ap-
peared to be much inhabited with bugs, it being
all I had of the last season's crop. But on reflec-
tion, I went to the rack-barn and found ten bush-
els of old peas, that had laid over one year in con-
sequence of their being buggy. I had bought new
seed and let them lay. I examined the peas, and
found them, to a pea, light shells and the bugs
gone or decayed. I had little faith in their sprout-
inff, but sowed the ten bushels on about three
acres, beside the others. They came up well, and
produced a fine^crop perfectly clear of bugs, while
the others along side were very huggy. I sowed
the same kind last season, and raised probably
three hundred bushels ; this spring they appear to
be a little buggy. I am calculating to keep over
a few bushels to change them again next season.
This proves a certain cure with me.

Respectfully, yours, JOHN SPICER.
East Barringtun, Yates Co., May, 1832.

— «

SPLITTING OF TREES.
Many valuable fruit and shade trees are every
year lost by the splitting of their trunks, at the
branching of the limbs. Many kinds of trees are
prone thus to split, and they are seldom preserved
when this happens. Hooping, absurd as it is, has
often been tried, and as often failed. I have now
growing a thrifty locust that was split in thisway
by the wind, ^wo years since. I secured it in, this
manner: with a bit, suited in size to the tree, I
bored a hole through the centre of the trunk, a
little below the top of the split. Through this
hole I put an iron bolt which filled it, having a
head upon one end and a screw cut upon the oth-
er. The head rested upon the bark, and a nut
being screwed on at the other end, the gaping
wound in the tree was closed. To draw it more
closely, I pressed the limbs towards each other
above, while one turned the nut until all was tight.
The protruding end of the bolt I then filed oft',
and the growth of the tree in ninety days covered
every part of the bolt and nut from sight. The
tree is now as sound as any I have, and certainly
is not in danger of failing again in the same place.
Should this hint be deemed worth recording, it
may be the means of saving many trees that would
otherwise be lost, from splitting as I have men-
tioned. H.

INSECTS OF APPLE TREES.

This is the very tiine when the small insects,
called lice, upon apple trees are hatching. As
they come forth from under the small shell where
the eggs have remained during winter, they ap-
pear a small downy speck, travel a small distance
upon the tree and locate themselves, and produce
a covering similar to the one from which they
emerged. While they are unprotected with the
shell, the application of strong soap suds to the
branches where they are, proves at once their de-
struction ; besides, it gives the tree a healthy ap-
pearance and destroys most of the small fungus
growing upon the bark. We hope those who
have fruit orchards will not forget to make the ap-
plication.

lowing extract of a letter, from a late Senator of
the Unite<l States, will show that the afiirmative
may be safely taken in this case : — •

" I lemeniber to have conversed with the late
Col. Forrest, who was a sagacious and exjierienc-
ed gardener He suggested, that what Dr Tilton
had communicated to ihe public in regard to the
curciilio, had been mostly obtained from him. He
had closely studied its manner, and was led to
plant his nectarine trees slanting over his fish
pond. The insect avoided depositing its eggs in
so dangerous a situation, where its young could
liave no chance of escape. — American Farmer.

Tlie leaves of the vine are greedily devoured by
all cattle, especially the cow, sheep, and hog,
which are excessively fond of them. They are a
great resource during a dearth of fodder. But it
should not be forgotten, that the wood will not
ripen without the leaves ; and that they are a great
protection against the frost, as well as essential to-
wards a mature and plentiful crop. They should
not be plucked ; but, as they fall, should be gath-
ered, heaped in a dry place, or salted and packed
hard in barrels. They may be packed alternately
with straw or hay, which soaks the taste of the
leaves and becomes a new delicacy to the cattle
— Vine Dresser's Manual.

Keep cool and temperate. — This caution was nev-
er more needed than now. The happy medium
between indifference and apprehension, should
govern the jiublic action in the present circum-
stances, which may happily pass off" without a se-
vere visitation, but which, should it come, ought
to be met with calmness, energy, and above all a
firm reliance on the goodness of an Almighty
Providence. The measures proposed by the City
Council, are not to be received as indications of
alarm, but as a determination to do all in the pow-
er of the authorities to avert an evil that may
come upon the city. — Boston Press.

THE CURCULIO.

It has been a question, whether the curculio
which destroys our plums and nectarines, has sa-
gacity enough to abstain from depositing its eggs
in fruit wliich hangs over a pavement, or other
places where its larvae must perish. And the fol-

Locusts. — For a week past, large swarms of
locusts could be seen and heard upon the trees in
a grove near this village ; since which, the old story
is current, that exactly seventeen years ago these
insects in considerable quantities were in the same
place. One thing is certain : the earth is perfor-
ated with holes, from which they have emerged.
The letter W is also to be seen upon their wings,
which those who deal in the marvellous interpret
as denoting War; but in our opinion it denotes
large crops of Wheat, such being altogether the
most probable from present indications. — Fredonia
Censor.

Slocking Factory. — The stocking factory in this
town has gone into operation. We examined the
first pair of cotton stockings made at the factory,
which we found to be handsomely executed, equal
in our opinion to imported. We hope the propri-
etor will meet with sufiicient encouragement, so
as to enable him to continue the establishment and
to make it a profitable concern. — Portsmouth
(M". H.) Journal.

CoiD Cahbase. — At a meeting of the Sterlingshire
Horticultural Society, a tree, or cow cabbage, five
feet high and eighteen inches in circumference, was
exhibited. " This giant succulent being stationed
on the terrace of the adjoining bowling-green, and
surrounded by enormous competing savoys, form-
ed a most imposing group."

406

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 4, 1832.

Boston, Wednesday Evening, July 4, 1833.

THINNING CROPS, PLANTS, LEAVES,
FRUITS, &c.
Thinning Seedling Crops. — Marshall observes, ' Jar parts only, such i)arts should be morlerately ihin-

abiindant set fruit on apricot, nectarine, peach, and
plum trees, is a necessary duty, as many of these
in good seasons set more than they can nourish or
bring near to perfection. This thinning, however,
must be cautiously performed and by degrees. If
the trees have set their fruit very thick in particu

that the thinning of seedling crops should be done ned out now, [the fore part of the season,] and the
in time, before the young plants have drawn one ! other pans not yet. But if the fruit be very thickly

another up too much. All plants grow stronger
and ripen their juices better when the air circu-
lates freely round them, and the sun is not pre-

be inherited. This is a most important bi't neg-
lected consideration ; for however desirable or
even perfect may have been the conformation of
the sire, every good point may be lost by the de-
fective form or want of blood in the mare. There
are niceties in this, of which some breeders used
to be aware, and they employed their knowledge
to great advantage, when they were careful that
the essential points shoidd be good in both parents,

et all over the tree, let it be generally thinned off and that some minor defect in either should be

to half its e.\tent, early in the season ; deferring
the final thinning till the stoning be over, that i:

vented from an immediate influence ; an attention till the shells be quite hard and the kernel is form-
which should be paid from the first appearance of' ed. For most trees, especially those anywise im-
plants breaking ground. In thiiming close crops, healthy, drop many of their fruit in the time of
such as onions, carrots, turnips, &c, be sure that stoning ; so that the thinning had better be pcr-
they are not left too near, for instead of reaping a formed at two or three different times; always oh

Greater produce there will be a less. When they i serving to reserve the fullest, brownest, and best , and dam." Page 223.

met and got rid of by excellence in that particular
point in the other, the result was creditable to their
judgment and highly profitable. The unskilful
or careless breeder will often so badly pair the an-
imals, that the good ))oints of each will be in a
maimer lost; the defects of both will be increased,
and the produce will be far inferior to both sire

stand too close they will make tall and large tops, formed ftuit."
but are prevented swelling in their roots ; it is bet-
ter to err on the wiile side, for though there will
be fewer plants, they will be finer and better fla-
vored.

Thinning the Leaves of Fruit Tees. — The
leaves have too essential an office as organs of
growth to the entire plant, to be lightly parted
with ; and where the climate is not deficient in
heat, compared with the nature of the plants, or
the portion of the year in which its season for veg-
etation falls, their shade is more likely to be ser-
vicable than detritnental, even iti the last stage of
fruiting. Thus cherries, raspberries, strawberries,
currants, and other species, whose full term of
fructification is more than comprehended in our

THE AMERICAN FARRIER.

We have recently been favored with a copy of
an useful work, entitled "The American Farrier;
containing a minute account of the formation of
the horse, from the extremity of the head to the
hoof; with a description of all the diseases to
which each part is liable, the best reinedits to be
applied in effecting a cure, and the most approved
mode of treatment for preventing disorders ; ac-
companied with a copious alphabetical list of med-
icines, describing their qualities and effects when
applied in different cases; and a comjjlete treatise
on rearing and managing the horse, from the foal

The above remarks are sound and practical, and
will apply to the breeding of other domestic ani-
mals as well as the horse.

ROUSSEAU ON BOTANY.
A friend has sent us extracts from letters writ-
ten by the celebrated J. J. RoiAseau to the Duch-
ess of Portland, on the subject of botany. We are
very much obliged to the person who conferred
the favor upon ns, but the extracts are, we fear, too
verbosely and loosely written to prove interesting
to our readers, who are mostly persons who have
no time to bestow on essays which are rather cu-
rious than useful. We cannot sav but Rousseau

ay have written something on the subject of bot-
to the full grown active laborer. Compiled chiefly | aiiy, which luight be worthy of attention at thiS'
summer, roach perfect maturity and acquire the . |Vom the celebrated ' Library of Useful Knowl- stage of that science, {for it has made great advan
color proper to each, though ever so much cover- edge,' just published by a committee of one bun- | ces since Rousseau's time,) but the twelve pagei

cd with leaves; whereas, for those kinds which
ripen with dilficulty here, because the direct rays
and most intense reflection of the sun, is scarcely
equal to the heat in the shade during the summer
of their native climate, it is proper, when the fruit
has nearly attained its full size, and is naturally
losing its absolute greenness, to remove some of
the leaves which shade it too much. Were the
leaves thinned sooner it would prejudice the
srowth of the fruit ; and should they even now be
swept off unsparingly, the growth of the year's
shoots might be arrested. The leaves which cov-
er the fruit, whether peaches, grapes, late pears,
or other late ripening fruits, must be removed
gi-adually, that is, at two or three times in the
course of five or six days; otherwise the unusual
full heat of the sun darling upon the fruit, would
occasion the rind to crack.

Nicol, a Scotch writer on gardening, says, "My
practice has been, as the fruits begin to color, to
pick off every leaf that may overhang them ; thus
very much enhancing their beauty and flavor. In
late seasons, if the leaves of wall-trees hang long-
er than usual, they may be brushed off, in order
to let in the sun and air the better to ripen the
wood. This brushing, however, should be cau-
tiously performed, never brushing niuch at a time.
The leaves should not be forced off violently.
The shoots from which the leaves are to be dis-
placed, should he gently stroked upwards and out-
waids, but never the reverse way, else there is
danger of hurting llie buds. Trees exposeil to the
wind seldom require this care ; but sometimes es-
paliers may, and if so, the same course is to be
pursued as above.

^Thinning Stone Fruit. — Thinning the over-

dred and fifty eminent agriculturists, who have j of letter paper with which we have been favored,
used every means in their power in investigating contain but little besides " confessions " of igno-
this useful branch of agriculture. The American ranee and incapacity in the writer, and professioni
Farrier contains the residt of their experiments, of admiration for the Duchess, who is honored with
and researches with the treatise which they oft'er ■ his lucubrations. VVe,however,highly appreciate th«
to the public. Illustrated with engravings, &c. ! kind intentions of our eorrespondcnf, who has fa-

By H. L. Barnum.'

vored us with the manuscript alluded to; whicl

The above, quoted from the title page, appears | we have preserved and shall retain, subject to hit
1 give a correct sketch of the contents of the order.

work, and an aiitici])ation of its value which is
fully realized in its pages.

The language of the book is simple, and no
"hard words" are used, which are not defined in
a vocabulary which precedes the treatise.

The following extract is a sample of the work.
Under the head " Priiu'iples of Breeding," it is re-
marked, that " the first axiom we would lay down

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

StTUROAT, JUT» 30, 1832.

Mr John A. Kendrick, of Newton, and Ml
Williiim E. Payne, of Boston, were admiltet^
members.

The exhibition of Flowers this day was very fine.

i.S that like will produce like, that the progeny I and the variety such as has very rarely if ever
will inherit the qualities or mingled qualities of the ; been witnessed in our vicinity. They were from
l.arents. We would refer to ^be subject of dis- the gardens of Messrs Winships ol Brfghton Mr
eases, and again .state our perfect conviction, that Haggerston of Charlestown, Mr Aspinwall of

Brookline, Mr J. A. Kendrick of Ne«tnn, MrZeb-
cdee Cook, Jr. of Dorchester, Mr William Ken
drick of Newton, Mr Nath'l Davenport of Milton,

there is scarcely one by which either of the pa
rents is effected, that the foal will not inherit or at
h'ast the predisposition to it ; even the conse-
quence of ill usage or hard work will descend to
the progeny. We have had proof upon proof, that
blindness, roaring, thick-wind, broken-wind, spav-
ins, curbs, ring-bones, and founder, have been be-
queathed, both by the sire and the dam, to the ofl-
spring. It shoidd likewise be recollected, that
though these blemishes may not appear in the im-
mediate progeny, they freipiently will in the next
generation. Hence the necessity of some knowl-
edge of the parentage, both of the sire and the
dam.

" Peculiarity of form and constitution will also

Mr A. Walker of Roxbury, an<l Mr H. A. Breed
of Lyim. A writer in the Boston Transcrii>t, who
ap.peurs to be well versed in horticidture, stated
that " there were at least one bimdred and fifty
varieties of the rose in the various bouquets.

"Messrs Winships' collection of roses," accord-
ing to the same paper, " was by far the largest and
yielded to none in beauty. Besides about fifty
varieties of the rose, among which were the white,
red, and black moss rose, we noticed many choice
herbaceous plants; among them were Anchusa
ochroleuca, Galium profusum, Silene parviflora,

Vol. X.-No. 51.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

407

Spirea tripolata, do. trifoliata,' do. aniiiciis, Cltnia-
tis alpina, do. verticiiata, do. iiitiij^ritblia, PIdox
listoniana, Geranium striatiiiri, Verbascim purpu-
rea, Licliius alljum, Robus purpurea, Campanula
latifolia, Achillia iiioiitana, Fumaria speriosa, Vale-
rian rubra, Viola grandiflora, jDigitalis lutea, do.
grandiflora, do. pentstemon, Lysiuiachia niumula-
ria. There were also three species of the Paeonia,
viz. whitleji, humie, and odoratissima.

" Mr Hajrgerston's flowers were also attractive ;
they consisted chiefly of pinks and roses of the
finest kind.

"Bouquets were also exhibited from the gardens
of Kenrick of Newton, Davenport of Milton, Breed
of Charlestown, Cook of Dorchester; in this col-
lection was a beautiful specimen of the Magnolia
glauca, raised in Mr C.'s garden."

Fine large flat Turnips were also presented for
premium, by Mr Nathaniel Davenport, of Milton.

Fi-uits Exhibited. — The fruits exhibited this
day, consisted of strawberries, which were all of
the finest quality.

By Elijah Vose, Esq., of Dorchester, Downton
strawberries very large. Pine apple do.

By Mr Haggerston, of the Charlestown vine-
yard, Keene's seedling, of celebrated reputation,
Wilinot's superb, ami Mulberry strawberries; this
last is a valuable and productive variety, and we
tire informed by Messrs Haggerston and Senior,
that it is supposed to have originated in the west-
ern parts of N. York, and was sent by the late Hon.
Rufus King to the late Hon. Mr Gore, and to Eng-
land. Mr Haggerston exhibited strawberries the
previous Saturday, which were the first fruits of
the season.

From Mr Davenport, of Milton, a fine specimen
of Downton.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

Kept at the garden of the proprietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., tliirtyfive miles west
from Boston, on the river Na^havvay.

June 23. Thermometer 78 at noon. English
Iris in blooin ; also, Poeonia whitleji, Gilia ca[)ita-
ta, Glauciuin fulvum, and Sileiie armeria, the lat-
ter a very showy annual.

24th. Thermometer S5 at noon. Oenothera
speciosa and O. fruticosa in bloom ; also, Penste-
mone levigata.

25th. Thermometer 84 ; cloudy and foggy day.
Pyrethum partbenium and Camjianula medium in
bloom.

27th. Thermometer 68; cloudy and rsiny.
Gladiolus comnmnis'in bloom ; also. Orchis fiin-
briosa (a beautiful indigenous perennial,) and Lyth-
rurn salicafolia {a handsome perennial.)

28th. Thertnometer 76 ; cloudy and windy.
Transplanted Sweet Potatoes, &c.

29th. Thermometer 49 in the morning, 73 at
noon. S|iigelia marylandica in bloom ; also. Co-
reopsis grandiflora. Clematis alpina, Coronella co-
ronata, and C. agrostenuna, all handsome peren-
nials.

30th. Thermometer 80 at noon.

Broom Corn. — It is stated in the Hampshire
Gazette, that broom corn seed has been used for
fatteinng cattle by some feeders for several years;
and iinmense quantities have been consiuned in
this way the past winter. Cattle fed upon it inix-
•U with corn, are eaid to be of the first quality.

Heiie Plant.

SEEDS of the Bene Placil, in |)ackiiges of 12^ cents
each, for sale at the New England Seed Stuie, 50^ North
M.irket Street.

This is an esteemed medicinal plant for the summer
complaints of children ; the green leaves thrown into a
tuiibler of water, converts it into a thin tasteless mucilage.

July 4.

Turnip Seed.

FOR sale at the Seed Store connected with the New
Engl-uid Fanner, No. SOJ Noith Maikel Pir.el, Boston :
While Flat Turnip Seed, the giowth of the present
season, raised in this viciniiy expressly for this establish-
ment.

Also — Ruta Baga of the first quality, of both Ameri-
can and European giowlh; Yellow Aberdeen, Yellow
Stone, White Norfolk Field, and Yellow French Turnips ;
Long Prickly and oiher Cucumbers, for pickling, war-
ranted genuine and fresh.

Also — A few packages of Dale's Hybrid Turnip
Seed, a new variety, highly esteemed in Scoiland. Price
]24 cents per paper. July 4.

Sportsman and Conquerer.

TH"SE Horses will stand the ensuing season, at the
Ten Hills Stock Faim, in Charlestown, two and a half
nules from Boston, on the Medlord turnpike ; tor parlicu-
lars, see late Nos. of ihe New England Farmer, and Bills.
They are contidenlly recommended to the public bv the
subscriber. SAMUEL JAQUES.

Ten Hills Stock Fai-m, May, 1832.

Sportsman's get may be seen on the farm.

Horse Pioneer.

PIONEER will stand for Mares the ensuing season at
the following places : at the cattle fair hotel, in Brighton,
every Saturday, P. M., and Monday (except the 25th
June.) thioiigh ;he season ; at Warren's in Framinshain,
Tuesday, P. M.; at Eastabiook's in Worcester, on Thurs-
day—returning, at Grafton on Friday, A. M. and arrive
at Franiingham the same evening, and at Fraraingbam
the 25111 and 20th jf June.

Pioneer is a dark hay, full fifteen and a half hands
high, ten years old this spring, is a horse of recnark.ihle
fine figure, temper and action, and a sure foal getter ;
was sired by the imporled horse Debash, out of. a fine
mare liy Cub, own by Gen. Van Reus laer of Albany.
Persons wishing to improve their breed ot horses, are re-
quested 10 call and exannne for themselves. He is pro-
nounced by good judges not to he inferior to any horse in
the Slate. That Ihe public generally may avail them-
selves of the services of said horse, he will stand at the
moderate terms of $6 tne leap, $10 the season, or .fIS to
insure. JOHN PELTON.

Brighton, June 13, 1832. 3f

Horse Quicksilver.

QUICKSILVER will stand this season at the stable of
the subscriber, in Brinbtnn, a few rods south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only twenty nuires Ihe present
season, at .$15 each, and $1 in adilition, to the gioom.
Mates warranted to be in foal, if $20 is paid, and $1 to
Ihe gloom; and in discbarge of v\atianty, the !|i20 will
be returned.

Quicksilver is ? beautiful bright bay, three years old ;
his sire, Sir Isnac Coffin's boise, Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, (rom
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fi.r her fine form, speed,
and bottom. Once owned by Mr Leavitto! Solem,to whom
perscms are referred for her cbaracrer, and will be to many
others in Massachusetts ard Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with areat symmetry
an) delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all the requisites
fni a first rate covering horse. Mares sent tu hini, and
if left with Ihe subscribe"-, will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be rc'^ponsilde lor acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.

Brighton, June 13, 18.32. tt

Pickering's Tree or Caterpill ir Urushes.

For s.dc al the Astriciiltural Warehouse, No 50^ North
Market Street. Pickering's Unproved Tree Brushes. —
This article, (which is likely to be in greater demand this
se.ison, than for many previous years,) will be constantly
(or sale as above, made of the best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for the purpose
of any now in use. May 16.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE-

Apples, russeltings, .
Ashes, pot, first sort,

pearl, first sort.
Beans, white, ....
Beef, mess, ....

prime, ....

Cargo, No. 1, .
Butter, inspected. No. 1, new.
Cheese, new nulk, .

skimmed milk, •
Flaxseed, ....
Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street

Genesee,

Alexandria, .

Baltimore, wharf, .
Grain, Corn, Northern, .

Corn, Southern yellow.

Rye, ....

Barley,

Oats, ....

Hay

Hog's Lard, first sort, new,
Hops, 1st quality.
Lime, .....
Plaster Paris retails at
Pork, clear, ....

Navy mess, .

Cargo, No. 1,
Seeds, Herd's Grass,

Red Top, northern.

Red Clover, northern, .
Tallow, tried.
Wool, Merino, full blood, washed

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

Merino, |ths, washed,

Merino, half blood.

Merino, quarter, .

Native, washed,

i_ f Pulled superfine
Q -6 1 1st Lambs,

£=-i2d, "

= i. I 3d, "

"^ l^lst Spinning. .

from

TO

barrel

5 00

6 00

ton

Ui3 00

106 00

•<

109 00

11200

iushel

90

10

barrel

12 50

1303

"

8 00

850

"

8 00

9 00

pound

12

13

*

8

9
3

bushel

1 12

1 25

barrel

6 50

6 75

"

6 26

6 50

<i

6 00

6 50

6 00

0 00

bushel

58

60

•I

55

68

i<

85

90

'.

87

100

"

45

4S

cwt.

65

70

"

9 00

10 00

"

22 00

23

cask

1 15

125

ton

3 25

3 50

barrel

16 00

18 00

"

13 00

14 00

"

12 75

13 00

bushel

2 50

3 00

''

87

1 00

pound

10

12

cwt.

8 50

8 75

pound

45

50

"

55

65

«'

40

42

>'

37

38

"

33

35

'<

33

35

• •

55

56

44

45

■ ■

35

37

• '

28

30

42 i

Southern pulled Wool is about 5 cents less.

PROVISION MARKET.

Beef, best pieces.

Pork, fresh, best pieces, .

whole hogs, .
Veal, ....
Mutton, ....
Poultry,

Butter, keg and tub,
lump, best,
Eggs, retail, ,
Meal, Rye, retail, .
Indian, retail,
Potatoes,
Cider, ^accordiug to quality,)

pound

10

«*

8

"

64

t*

6

"

4

'<

9

"

12

"

14

dozen

32

bushel

..

62

barrel

4 00

12
14
16
15
92
75
75
5 00

Wool Market. — The wool market is at present
very unsettled and prices merely nominal, and correct
quotations cannot be given ; until Congress shall have
settled the Tariff question, we shall have uoiegular mar-
kets.

Vegetable Market. — New Potatoes,! dollar a
peck ; Green Peas, 1 dollar per bushel ; Strawberries,
31 cents per box ; Cherries, 17 cents per quart ; Turnips,
12i cents per dozen ; Onions, 6 cents per bunch.

Bee Hives.

JUST received and for sale at the .•Vgricultural Ware-
house, Nos. 51 and 52 North Market Street, a few of Dr
Thatcher's impiovid Bee Hives, which surpasses all
other hives now in use, as the honey can be taken from
the hive without dislioying the bees.

June 13. J. K. NEWELL.

Cloth Straiaers.

FOR sa'e at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nos. 51 aod
52 North Market Street, Milk and Cheese Strainers;—
likewise, Gault's patent Churn, the most approved churn
in u.se ; Leve.t's improved Cheese Press; Curd Mills for
preparing cuid.a very useful little impl&rnent fo the pur-
pose intended, June 6.

408

NEW ENGLAND FARIMEll.

July 4, 1832.

Miscellany.

FOB THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

•MIDSUMMER.

Midsummer's all pervading heat,

Does sturdy farmers suit and seivice ;

But makes lank dandies wilt like weeds,
And white fac'd belles " amazing nervous

We hale and hardy cultivators,

Of well wrought iron fibres boasting.

Already being rather brown,

Dont mind a little extra toasting.

To us midsummer's hottest rays

Present no sort of molestation.
Though such a blaze might dissipate

The devotee of dissipation.

Iniir'd to open air and toil.

We spurn efienjinate indulgence,
Now revel in the polar blast.

Now bask in tropical effulgence.

But pleasure's pamper'd parasite.
Like Sybarite of yore is troubled ;

If lounging on his bed of flowers.
He finds a single rose loaf doubled.

GOOD INK.
Every person who has had occasion to examine
the early records of New England, in the public
offices, must have been often struck not only with
their elegant penmanship, but with their beautiful
ink, as clear and as black as if written yesterday.
A large proportion of the records of only thirty or ]
forty years date, is in such bad hand writing and
such faint miserable ink, as to be scarcely legible,
and two hundred years hence much of these later
records will be entirely useless. I have often
thought it would be a great acipiisition, if we could
ascertain exactly the mode in which our ancestors
made their best ink. There is nolhing like the
experience of two hundred years in such a case.

In Evelyn's Sylva is a receipt for making ink,
as follows: " Take 4 ozs. galls ; '2 ozs. copperas;
1 oz. gum arable. Beat the galls gross, and put
them in a quart of claret or French wine" to soak
eight or nine days, settinsf it in a hot sun in sum-
mer and by the fire in winter, stirring it often.
Then add the copperas and gum, and in a day or
.two it will be fit for use."

Some years ago I made a little ink according to
this direction, and foimd it superior to any I had
purchased. It run freely, and some of the writing
now before nie is of a beautiful black. —

heard something move about the head ropes of his
horses. On looking round, lie saw what Ke sup-
posed to be a large dog, which ran between his
legs and nearly upset him. The sentinel, howev-
er, had heard of the ability with which many of
the natives could imitate different animals, and
was not satisfied with this explanation of the noise
that had first excited his attention. He still sus-
pected that some roguery was on foot, and the bet-
ter to detect it, he placed himself behind what ap-
peared to be the stump of a tree, at a short dis-
tance from the spot on which he had been previ-
ously standing. On this supposed stump he hung
his helmet ; and bent on the most attentive scru-
tiny, he placed his head between the two limbs of
the stump, so as (unperceived) to command a di
rect view of the quarter from whence the noise
originally proceeded. This, however, was too
much for the ihief, (for such in reality was the
supposed tree stump,) who, unable to restrain his
laughter, and finding his situation somewhat criti-
cal, suddenly executed a sommerset upon the as-
tonished soldier, and inade clear-off with his hel-
met.

money and his gold-headed cane.' " The printer
soon after came back again, atid told his master
there were several words too many. " Why then,"
said the publisher, " you may leave out the gold-
headed cane."

Presence of Mind. — Presence of mind is that
rare and desirable disposition which displays itself
in a temper intrepid and serene. It qualifies per-
sons to take advantage of every occurrence of the
moment, to profit instantly by the mistakes and
faults of others, and to be fertile in all resources
that peculiar situations may oblige them to fly to.
A man may be a man of genius or of business, but
he cannot be a hero without jiresence of mind.

Preservnlion of Iron from Rust. — A mastic or
covering for this purpose, proposed by the Societe
d'Encouragement, at Paris, is as follows : Eighty
parts of pounded brick, passed through a silk sieve,
are mixed with twenty parts of litharge ; the
whole is then rubbed up by the muller with lin
seed oil, so as to form a thick paint, which may
be diluted with spirits of tm-pentine ; well clean-
ing the iron lefji-e it is applied. From an expe-
rience of two years, upon locks exposed to the
air and covered daily with salt water, after being
coated twice with this mastic, the good effects of
the preparation have been thoroughly proved.

Female Society. — Without female society, it has
justly been said, that the beginning of men's lives
would be helpless, the middle without pleasure,
and the end without comfort. The celebrated D'-
Alember makes a reflection that does honor to the
female sex and to his own feelings: "We are in
a peculiar maimer," .says he, " in want of the so-
ciety of a gentle and amiable woman, when our
passions have i^uhsided, to participate in our cares,
calm and alleviate our suflerings, and enable us to
support our infirmity. Happy is the man possess-
ed of such a friend! and more still if he can pre-
serve her and escape the misfortune of her survi-
val."— Ladies' Pocket Magazine.

Young Cleveland.

THIS truly beautiful and valuable Horse is of the
Cleveland bay bieed ol horses, of fine even temper, five
years old the 20lli of May, fifteen and a half hands high,
and of a beautiliil dark bay color, with black mane, tail
and legs. He walks and trots remarkably easy and fast;
and is equalled by very lew for imiseular strength, ele-
gant movement, and perfect synimetiy of form.

He his proved himself a sure and first rate foal getter.
The rolls sired by him possess a great share of bone and
muscle.

The pedigree of Young Cleveland : — He was sired by
the celeliratei bay horse, Sii Isaac, the son of the noted
hoise, Molineux. Sir Isaac was presented to the Agri-
cultur I Society of this Slate, by Sir Isaac Cofhn, and
was selected under his order as superior of his breed, and
the breed' recommended by him as the most higiily es-
teeiried for gentlemen's cirriages, anil all dri.ft, larming,
and saddle purposes, of any horses in New England. —
Hisilam was a first rate and high spirited native mare.
He will stand the ensuing season, at the stable of the sub-
scrilter, in Franklin

Terms : — Three dollars the single leap ; five for ths
season ; and eight to insure the mare with foal ; the
money to be paid when the mares are taken away, on
notes given payable the 1st October next. Those per-
sons who put mares to the Yorng Cleveland and have
them warranted, and pa'-t with them before foahng time,
or neglect (o bring their marcs regularly to the horse
through the season, will be con-idercd lioMen for insu-
rance money. ELI M. RICHARDSON.

Franklin, May 30, 1832. 4t»

THE BIIATTEE ROBBER.

"When the young Bhattee is about three or four
years of age, his education or training is commen-
ced by his being compelled to walk and run a given
distance dally, and as he advances in years the
exercise is increased. He must acquire the art of
bleating like a sheep, barking like a dog, crowing
like a cork, braying like an ass, and in like man-
ner of imitating all kinds of animals. He must
be able to throw himself on any occasion which
may require, into every kind of attitude ; to crawl

Love your H'ife. — The man who tenderly loves
his wife, will have the greater pleasure in lessen-
Gen. Far. | ing her care and heightening her enjoyment. The
professions that he held out to engage her affec-
tions, were all that language could ex|iress ; his
conduct that of the warmest attachment. Can a
woman, when she feels an increased cause for that
attachment, bear the sad reverse? A Scotch bal-
lad very prettily expresses the pleasure an aflec-
tionate wife feels at the approach of her husband :
*' His vei-y foot has nuisic in 't,
When he comes up the stairs."

Treatise on Domestic Animals.

THIS day published, by Lilly & Wait, and Carter &
Hendec, and for sale by J. B. Russell, No. SfliJ North
Market Street, " A trcati-e on breeding, rearing, and
fattening all kinds of poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
mestic animals By B. IHoubray, Esq. Repiinted from
the sixth Lom'on edition. With such abiidgments and
additions as it was conceived would render it best adapt-
ed to the soil, climate, and common course of culture in
the United States. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., ed-
itor of the New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.

June 13.

Published everv Wednesday Evening, at g3 per annum,
|.av able at the end of the \ear — but tlinKt who pav within
S!jty da\8 from the time of suhfciibing, rre entillid to a
deduction of fifty cents.

Hj' No paper wil be sent to a distance vithout payment

ben

adv

A Receipt to Fill a .Yetcspaper. — His printer
came running to the publisher of a newspaper, and
along or lie as flat as possible oti the groimd ; to I said, " Sir, we have a space in the pa|)er which we
run like a dog ; to stand on his head with his legs dont know liow to fill." " Nolhing is easier," said
extended widely, so as to appear ic the dusk like the publisher ; " insert that, ' last week an elderly
the stump of a tree, &c. | gentleman, walking through St James' park, was

A sentinel of the 4th Bengal cavalry, on duty, knocked down by two ruffians, and robbed of his Soit^reu'.'L. C.

Printed for J B. Ki ssell, by 1. R. BuT-.---by whom
all descriptions of Printing c;m be executed to mi et the
wi-Iks of customers. Orders for Printing rece "td by J. B.
I'lissn.i., at the Agricultural Warehouse, Nt 62. North
iikrket Street.

AGEXTS.

Nfw Yor/i — G, TnoRBUiiN vV Suns, 67 Liberty-street.
A'limiy — \Vm. Thokbuk.v, 347 Market-street.
Philailrlphia — D. fc C Laniikkth, Bo Chestnut-street.
Kallinwre —G B Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cinrinmiti— S, C, Park hurst, 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing N y, \Vm. Prikck &. Sons, Prop. Lin. But.Garden
Middfinrii- !''■ — Wight Chapman, ,
A/.irf/oit/— GoiiDwiN iV Co. Booksellers.
Sfirinn:/": d. Ms. — E . E u w A K ns,
IV^vt-Tt'ntport — r.i ENF/.FR Stf.iim \n, Booksi'ller.
rorlsmmUh. N. H —i. W. Fostkr, lioi.kseller.
Portland. Me. — Sami'el Coliuan, Booksi-ller.
A gvsta .S/c — \Vm. Mann.

Halifax, N. S, — P. J. Holland, Esq. Recorder Office
' " " Henry Hillock.

NMW 1]WGI<A]^I> FAMMI^ll.

inJBLISHEDBY J. B. JWSSELL, NO. 52, NORTH MARKET STREET, (at the Agricultural WarkhoU3E.)-T. G. FESSENDEN, EDITOR.

VOL. X.

BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY II, 1832.

NO, 52.

€ u I t ti 1* e .

From the Massachusetts Agriculturnl Keposilory aod Journal.

REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE

On Experlinenls, Di.icoveiies, and Inventions,
Trees, LAve Hedges, ^-c.

Concliuleil from page 401.

Tlie next appliciUiou which has been made for
a prerniiiin, is for an etfectual and satisfactory
mode of extirpating tlie worm which attacks the
locust tree. The only applicant for this premium
is William Bacon,«Es(]. of Richnioi.d, Berkshire
county. The experiments of Mr Bacon are ex-
ceedingly interesting, and we hope tint others, in-
fluenced by his example, will pursue the same
course. There can be no doubt that he cautions
stoppage of all the apertures, by which the locust
borer either enters or makes his exit, would ma-
terially lessen its depredations ; but our (bjections
to granting a premium to this discovery ii-e, first,
that he bad disclosed his discovery (if it be one)
to the])iibric in the New England Farmer, olume
jx. No. 3 ; and it was not the purpose of tie So-
ciety to grant premiums to persons, who, froij en-
lightened and liberal views, had .ilready discosed
their discoveries.

Secondly, they can perceive little distinction \e-
tween Mr Bacon's experiments and those of G6|-
eral Dearborn, long since given to the public 6)
the same subject.

Lastly, extensive experiments by some mem-

up till 1837. Since then, they have been hoed
round twice a year. Their api)farance was cer-
tainly very thrifty, with a smooth bark, and every
indication of careful attention. Their measure-
ment was generally from twelve to fourteen inches.
In noticing Mr Mackay's method, it cannot be
doubted, that a slight movement of the surface,
oftener than he practised, would be exjjedient
even foiu- or five limes a year, as having a tenden-
cy to discourage weeds and the encroachment of
the grass sward, as .well as to facilitate the passage
of the dews and showers to the roots; whilst the
aggregate labor would be little increased thereby.
That this should not have forced itself into ob-
servation, can only be accounted for, by the fact,
that in the use of ashes, the invariable production
of weeds, consequent on the application of barn
manure, was avoided. It may be doubted, also,
whether the stimulating princi])le in the wood
ashes, to the extent of one peck to a tree, every
other year, was the best course of procedure.—
The process of vegetation is gradual, but constant
and never ceasing. The means of fertile growth,
therefore, should be in reference to this order of
nature. An annual dressing seems most fitly lo
conduce to the mixture and enrichment of soil,' the
process of fermentation, and the best supply for
vegetable growth. It would therefore follow," that
a supply of a less quantity, aimually afforded,
would be better and safer, as the danger of sud-
den excess, often injurious, would be avoided.
To what extent ashes or other stimulating princi-

, , ,. . , , , '"'■.!^M..-;s may be applied, ran onlv be determined by

local application to the j-oo?, or the stems, or lower carciui rAixnmic , :j- ,■ , ,

^ ''"^ 'iSfe,

branches, can be, in any important degree, a pro
fection against the borer of the locust tree, whic'h
chooses in preference the young branches of :he
present year's growth.

The committee feel the great importance of nro-
curing a remedy for this deplorable evil, which
deprives the State of the most valuable of its for-
est trees, so important in naval architecture. —
Scarce any sum would bo too great an expendi-
ture, which would banish this destructive insect ;
as our climate is as faTorable to the culture of the
locust tree, as that of the Middle and Southern
States. But a knowledge of the ravages of the in-
sect, brings them to the coiiflusiou, that the rem-
edy proposed by Mr Bacon is not so effectual or
satisfactory, as to justify them ii^ awarding to him
the Society's premium, though he merits their
thanks for his experiments, and the laudable spirit
which gave rise to them.

The only regular, and certainly the most mer-
itorious application for premiuili, " on the best
managed apple orchard," was Capt. John Mackay's,
whose mode of treatment is set forth in the sub-
joined comrmmication.

His orchard, in Weston, was visited and care-
fully inspected. It is on a side hill, with a grad-
ual descent inclining to the north.

The soil is a heavy dark loam, originally very
rocky. The trees, about one hundred and forty in
number, cover about three acres of ground ; their
distance from each other is two rods. The trees,
it appears, were set out partly in the spring of
1823 and partly in the spring of 1824. The
ground, Laving been previously ploughed, was kept

recommended and used to advantage ot
by many cultivators, is well known. Many too
suppose, that the volatility and pungency of
their salts are offensive and discouraging to the
approach of the borer, and all insects, vermin, &:c.

The general result, from personal examination
made by the conmiittees on premiums for the best
managed appl/? orchards in this vicinitv, for several
years past, have most satisfactorily evinced, how
invariably, in eight or ten, years, an orchard may,
with proper alteiuion, be brought forward from the
seed into good bearing. The practices in \fhich
these skilful cultivators appear to concur, may be
briefly stated. First, to be careful not to set the
tree beneath the upper stratum of earth or black
soil. To go deeper is to insure the canker and a
diseased condition. In a light soil, a burrow or
two of stones beneath the upper stratum, prevents
the passage of the roots into a poorer soil, whilst
it supplies moisture when most needed ; and arti-
ficially, in a part at least, affords that advantage for
which a rocky soil is invariably distinguished.
Secondly, to have the land previously ploughed
and kept up for two or three years, taking care not
to disturb the roots. After this, the land may be
laid down to grass, and the surface near the trees
occasionally slightly stirred, to ])revent weeds
and give a more ready passage of air and water
about the root. Thirdly, about eight shovels of
compost manure or five or six quarts of ashes,
may be put to advantage at the root, and spread
about in the spring.

To keep an orchard in a good bearing state,
when it is deemed inexpedient to plough, from a

fear of injury to the roots, the land should be kept
in good condition from frequent top dressing.

As lo the ajiplications to the body of the tree
for a defence against vermin, &c, the subject is in
a course of experiment.

The rubbing with a coarse clolh with soap and
sand, and a wash with waste soap suds, appears
boll) beneficial and economical.

A wash, also, has been in use by many, and it
is highly recommended by the Messrs Winship,
"as preventing the destructive effects of the borer'
killing the moss, and destroying other insects
which injure the health of the tree, and giving
vigor thereto. We recommend," say they, " one
pound of potash to three quarts of water, to be laid
on with a brush."*

A coat of lime and cow-manure was used by
Mr Mackay, mixed with clay, one third each,
brought to the consistency of a suitable wash to be
a|iplicd with a brush. This is in frequent ])rac-
tice and has been thought well of, as discouraging
to insects. It may be 9 proper consideration,
whether in tlie use of materials on the bodies of
trees, in wasLes, there has not been some excess ?
Can thecolor of the bark be so unnaturally chang-
ed to a yellow hue, without injury .' Or is the
effect so snpa-ficial as not to deserve regard .'

Although the committee do not feci authorized
npon the princii)les which guide the Society, to
recommend that a premium be awarded for this
brief commiuiication, they yet, for the presenta-
tion of this i"'P"rtan^ "-i^". ;.. jiotice, with the
degree o<^ careanrt ->^"; "^^ ''} .v^ il,iivln»

ity be paid to Captain John Mackay, v,. twenty
dollars.

In the visits made to several successful and
highly skilful cultivators of the apple orchard,! 't
was lamentable to observe, that in most situations
the borer had made his deadly visits. As a pre-
ventive, lime at the root has been recommended.

But the insect goes higher up. Some of our
trustees have cased about the stem some way up,
with lime mortar; but here the same objec-
tion applies, and nothing' short of a complete en-
velopment of the trunk would seem to be wholly
effectual.

In closing their report, the committee are aware
of the motives which induced the society to lessen
the frequency of Cattle Shows, with a view of ap-
plying the funds to certain objects in agriculture,
which recent discoveries in science and arts have
made interesting.

It is with regret, therefore, that they are obliged
to stale, that notwithstanding the ofl'er of the whole
income of the funds of the Society, as well as what
arises fiom the liberality of the State, they are not
able to present to the public more multiplied ex-
periments, on the various subjects submitted to
them.

The ploughing in of green crops is important.

0

*Sce Mr Wheeler's communicalion in the New Eng-
land Farmer, vol. iv. page 348 ; also, Messrs Winship's,
vol. vlil. page 234.

ITbe orchards of C. Davis, Esq. Roxbury ; A. Baldwin,
Esq. Milton ; Col. Phiniiey, Lexington ; Mr Harding,

Walthani, and Mr Crosby, ol , all of which indicated

most skilful mauagetuent.

410

and occupies much attention abroad. The sub
ject of Hve liedges must in many parts of the
country become prospectively important. So also
the int'enuity of our manufacturers might present
many improved implements of agriculture. To
all of which subjects attention was invited, and
liberal premiums offered.

The novelty of the mode may perhaps in some
degree account for this, and the committee can
onty hope that our intelligent husbandmen may
more readily show forth their good practices, for
which it is well known many of them are so dis-
tinguished Kv order of the committee.
° JOHN WELLES, Chairman.
Boston, Jan. 14, 1832.

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

Jnly II, 1832.

there' We know that high and arid heaths nev- but little for manure ; and it is worlli noiinng, m-
er produce clover ; it cannot therefore be consid- , dee.l, so long as it remains in this slate. Other*
ered as proceeding from a plant which formerly are prevented from applying it on account of its
srew there But even did we admit the possi- comparative bulk, and the consequence is, it is suf-
l.ihtv that t'hese kinds of earth may contain clover fered to remain in the barn-yard, exi.osed to sun
seed this oiiinion cannot be maintained in some and rain, until is is reduced by fermentation to a
parts of East Friesland, where wild clover is black mass of carbonaceous matter.
!.-...i„ .., i,„ .,..o..in,r npnrl ashes on peatl By this means much oi the mannre is lost by

lade to grow by strewing pearl ashes on peat
marshes. — Bull. Univ.

By

evaporation, and

the noxious eases constantly

ITEMS IN RURAL ECON^OMY,

ORIGINAL AND SELECTED. BY THE EDITOR.

Salt in Agriculture. — A writer for the Garden-
er's Magazine, with the signature "Agronome,"
in treating of salt as a manure, &c, says in sub-
stance, that its use may be comprehended under
two general heads, viz. destroying weeds and worms.
I find I can keep a large coach yard perfectly free
from moss and weeds, for h-ss than a shilling a
year. This to gardeners must be very acceptable.
When families go from home, the weeding of pave-
ments is often a tedious job. I can also keep my
gravel walks clear of moss and weeds at a tenth
of the expense of hreaking-u]), raking, rolling, &c.
Care should be taken in sailing the walks, not to
let any drop on the box-edges, as it kills that also
and makes it very unsightly ; it his also been
found to discolor some of the skirts of ladies' dress-
es. I found it very effectual in destroying worms,
&;c, in the tan-pits, but the cure proved a great
deal worse than the disease, as it chilled t}ie whole

surface of U- •"" ° '^"^ "^"y <'«"•"• .Nothin

^"""f*^ °erinentation so ir,,..i- - . . it ,„ .u

chreTaiiuuuie to putrefnc-tiou, and yet it acts on
certain bodies in a wonderful manner. It com-
menced operations against the curb-stones of the
tan-pit at this place, and would soon have reduced
them to a heap of sand, if I had not scraped them
well and painted them also. And here, I believe,
1 have let out the secret why sail has been suppo-
sed to be a sort of manure, as it not only kills
worms and weeds, but even acts upon certain
earths and stones, in a similar manner that severe
fi'OSts do.

Equivocal Production of Plants. — It is undoubt-
edly a very remarkable phenomenon, that the earth
when dug to the deptli of eight or ten feet, or
more, produces many sorts of plants, provided it is
advantageously exposed to the sun ; but what is
more extraordinary, is that this new vegetation
frequently affords plants of kinds which have nev-
er been remarked in the country. It is natural to
ask, whence came these plants ? Can it be ad-
mitted that the seeds of those new plants were
contained in the several kinds of earth ? But
could all these seeds, which had been perha^is
above 3000 years under ground, without having
ever been exjiosed to the action of the sun, have
preserved the power of germinating ? If we strew
ashes on high and arid heaths, %ve shall see, some
time afterwards, clover and vetches growing there,
though these two plants had never before been seen
on those places. Shall we believe that the seeds

T. ■ „ „i.,f ' emanating from such a body, render the atmos-

Cheap and #^f '""* ;''5''""":-/f;'^ ^j,,''^'/ ph and are oftentimes the ca.ise

form of earth on the head land of a field, eight feet 1^^ _^___^|_ ^^^^^^^^^^ ^^^ ^.^^^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^^

wide, one foot high, and of any length accord-ng ^^^__^ ,„fleH„s those gases to poLson the air which

to the quantity wanted. Oi. this first stratum ol ^^.^^j,^^^ -^^,,j^i, jf ,„.o„„|v applied, would be

earth, lay a thin stratum of lime, fresh from "^<' ^,^,,,,r,ea bv th

kiln; dissolve or slack this ;^'';'Vt=^l'„ ',!':':i^.,^T. healthtul lUUrim

aking the

the rose of a watering-pot ; add immediately an-
other layer of earth, then lime and brine as befoi
carrying it to any convenient height. In a we

inient.
The true economical mctliod of

other layer of earth, then lime and brine^ as before,] ^^^^ ^^ manures, is to bury the whole under the

'^'^' ■, , , soil before fermentation commences ; in this man-

it should be turned over, '^"'"'''^"'ly ™" j;",° | ner the wh.le is saved. When decomposition

ixed, so that the whole mass may be thoroughly
incorporated. This compost has been used in
Ireland, has doubled the crops of jiotatoes and
cabbages, and is said to he superior to stable dung.
— James Reed, in Card. Mag.

Caterpillars. — An edict is published annually
by the government of the Netherlands, ordering all \
the proprietors of lands, and farmers, to clear off
caterpillars from the trees twice a year, viz. be-
fore the 2.5111 of March and the 2.ith of April, un-
der pain of the infliction of a certain penalty, de-
termined by law. Would not a law to that effect
in this country be of service?

Pearl Barley as a substitute for Rice. — This
substance is much used and highly recommended
in England and Scotland. The conductor of the
Gardener's Magazine, some time sinfc, observed.

takes plac^ the gases, as fast as liberated, are
taken up b' the roots of the growing plants, en-
tering iiiK new combinations and forming new
plants, flcurish for a period, and then wither and
decay lile the former. But to return to my sub-
ject — tie best method of applying straw as a ma-
nure, if to spread it over the ground intended for
corn, o as to cM)mpletely cover it. When the
grouni is ploughed, a man should follow the
plouiU with a rake, raking the straw into the ftn-
row! for a space just wide enough for the next
furow.

t is necessary that the ground should he
pliughed deep, and the straw raked in and trod
(bwn completely ; the raker walking in the fur-
ow to tread the straw down, so that it may be all
covered by the plough. The ground should not

that a grocer in London, (Robinson,) has obtain- (lie ploughed again, as it would plough ui>the straw.
- ..... ■•-'iru is well covered, but little of it will be disturb-

ed a patent for prenariiio
..^. J., f^iutinu rice.

Method of destroying Moles in meadows or gar-
dens.— Collect earth-worms, kill them, and mix
them u]) with the powder of nvx vomica. After
the mixture has remained in a heap twentyfour
liour.4, take the worms and place one or two here
and there in the routes and holes of the moles.
The desired effect is said to be a certain result.

ed when working among the corn. The effects
oftlie manure will be the greatest at the latter end
of he season, when it is most needed. At tlie
time of the filling out of the ear.s, the action of the
manure in this way is peculiarly adapted to the
pur|iose, as it then exerts its greatest influence,
and causes the cob to be covered with kernels of
good size to the very end.

The effects of manures applied in this manner
last longer, although their immediate influence is
not q'lite so energetic. *

" It apjiears from the experiments of Hassen-
patz," says Dr Thom])son, " that substances em-
ployed as manures, produce effects in times pro-
portioned to their degree of putrefaction ; those

STRAW.

Since the introduction of threshing machines
into this part of the country, it is a very common
thing to see large heaps of straw around the barns
where they have been in"o]ieration. Many farm- ' substances which are most putrid, producing the

ers are at a loss what to do with it, or how to ! most speedy eflects, and of course sooner losin

maiiiige it to the best advantage ; while others are
so indifferent to these things, that to get it out of
the way with the least trouble, is their only care.
It is an object of the highest importance to eve-
ry judicious farmer, to understand the right appl
cation of manure

their efficacy. Having manured two pieces of the
same kind of soil, the one with a mixture of dung
and straw, highly putrefied, the other with the
same mixture newly made and the straw almost
fresh, he observed, that during the first year, the
Plants need food as well as I plants which grew on the land manured with pu-
trefied dung, produced a much better crop than
the other ; but the second year, (no new dung be-
ing added,) the ground which had been manured
with the uuputrefied dung, jiroduced the best croji.
The same thing took place the third year, after
which both seemed to be equally exhausted."

animals ; and he who neglects to feed the former,
might with as much propriety neglect the latter;
for without the former, the latter could not exist.
The existence of man and all the inferior animals,
dejiend upon the annual quantity of plants which
the earth brings forth for our use. But by a care-
less mode of culture and a neglect to supply the

proper nourishment, the best soils will soon begin
of the clover and the vetches were previously ( to degenerate, and at last refuse to pay the hus-

ia the ground, and only waited for a stimu-
lus to germinate .' But how did the seeds come '

bandman for his toil

Dry straw is considered by some to be worth

T%e Vine. — A writer on the cultivation of the
vine in Sidney, states, that the blight after the fruit
is set, may be prevented by ringing the old wood
which sustains the young branch.

Vol. X.-No. 52.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

411

SWINE.

The following was added to the American edition of
Moubray on Poultry, &c, just published by Lilly & Wait,
ami Cartel- & llendee ; and was written and piepaied
for that work by the editor of the New England Farmer.

The Iloii. Oliver Fii-ke, of VVoicester, has ren-
dered great service to the comnuuiity by iiUrodii-
ciiig to the notice of farmers in this county, a va-
riety of this animal, called the Bedford breed.

The following is an extract from a letter to Mr
Fiske, written by his Excellency Levi Lincoln,
Governor of Massachusetts, and President of the
Worcester Agricultural Society ; originally pub-
lished in the New England Farmer, vol. iii. p. 222.

"I have great pleasure in voluntarily offering
myself, as your compurgator in the representations
with which you have recently favored the public,
of the Jiedford breed of swine. The care and
perseverance which have marked your attention
to the prospects and value of these animals, and
tlie success which has followed your exertions to
introduce them to the favor of practical farmers,
require, at least, an acknowledgment of obliga-
tion from all those who have been particularly
benefited by your liberality, and from no one inore
than from myself. This breed of swine has taken
the place of a long legged, long nosed, flat sided,
thriftless race, called by some the Irish breed, by
others the Russian, which would barely pay by
their weight for ordinary keeping, and never for
one half the expense of fattening, if, indeed, grain
would make them fat.

# * # # ^

" I had three pigs butchered from the same lit-
ter, precisely seven and a half inonths old. Their
weights when dressed were 230, 235, and 238J
pounds. One sold in Boston for OJ cents per
pound; the other was put up for family use. —
The ex])ense of keeping and fattening these pigs, j
I am satisfied, was less than any other breed I j
have ever raised ; and the proportion of bone and i
offal to the valuable parts, was surprisingly small.
I have fifteen more on nty farm, part designed for
the market in the spring, and part to be kept over
as store swine ; and their appearance will furnish
ocular satisfaction of the propriety of all which
has been said in favor of the breed."

The above is followed by a communication from
the Hon. O. Fiske, in which" he says, " I have ob-
tained the following account of the introduction
of this breed of swine, from the Hon. T. Picker-
ing. He saw them first on a farm of Gen. Ridge-
)y, about fourteen miles from Philadelphia. Gen.
R. informed him that they were brought to this
country as a present to Gen. Washington, from
the Duke of Bedford, who committed them to the
care of an English farmer by the name of Parkin-
son. This inan took a farm in the neighborhood
of Baltimore; but instead of sending the swine to
Gen. Washington, Parkinson sold them. Gen.
Ridgely esteemed them very highly, and sent Col.
Pickering a pair of them, in a vessel bound to Sa-
lein.

"Mr John Reed, of Roxbury, obtained the breed
from Col. P.'s stock. From Mr Reed I obtained
the offspring from separate litters, and transferred
them to Worcester, where by avoiding the breed
directly i?i a7id in, I have preserved them without
degenerating. The race is most perfect and valu-
able when unadulterated ; but affords a most valu-
able improvement to our native breed, when judi-
ciously crossed."

Capt. John Mackay, of Boston, has exhibited at
Brighton, a peculiar and excellent breed of swine,
which have repeatedly received premiuiris from
the Massachusetts Agricultural Society.

The author of Gleanings in Husbandry, an En-
glish work of merit, says, "There is an animal
kept tame in some of the East India Islands, call-
ed Baby-roiissa, of ihe same genus as the common
swine ; which, if it would bear our climate, would
be a useful animal, as it lives solely on herbs and
the leaves of trees, and never ravages gardens like
swine ; the flesh is well tasted."

The West India Islands and the Azores ought
not to be forgotten, as producing a fine and deli-
cate breed of pt^s, originally, it might be presumed,
Spaniards, which have at various periods found
their way thither : such have been used fiir the
purpose of refining our native breeds.

South America has also a fine breed of pigs.
At Lord Somerville's show, in 1809, Mr Gibbs,
seedsman to the Board of Agriculture, exhibited
a black wild pig from Monte Video. The sow
and litter were imported together, and were very
savage. They were deep in form, with very fine
bone. One of them fattened very young to tvven-
tyfour stone, and although ripe and carrying a suf-
ficient quantity of flair, it had more flesh in pro-
portion, in the opinion of the butcher, than he had
ever before witnessed. There was the least pos-
sible offal, the hiside seeming to be filled with
flesh. It was remarked, that the great gut was
smaller than the smallest gut of a small pig. This
pork was excellent, inclining to the savory.

It has never occurred, that I am aware, to our
breeders, to preserve any of the fine foreign varie-
ties pure, whence possibly a still more delicate
pork might be raised than any we at present pos-
sess, granting the attempt were made with those
which ftirnlsh muscular ^^e^h or lean, oa well
as fat. Some of the wild swine of the opposite
continent are well adapted to such purpose, and
are besides very prolific. Most countries abound-
ing with forests have herds of swine ; these ani-
mals, under such circumstance, being always
ready to quit domestication. I remember, very
many years ago, two young boars retiring, on
French leave, to an extensive wood, then the prop-
erty of Mrs Eldred, between Colchester and Mer-
sea Island, which became subse<juently, during
several years, the terror of the neighborhood.

From the Farmer's Manual.

HARVEST.

For this most important business, you have had
a whole season or I may say nearly a whole year
to prepare. I presume, not one single farmer has
left this employment to be attended to collaterally,
when some other jobs may be finished ; but has
had his eyes open upon it as a work of the first
moment, and is now ready with hands, and tools,
and teams, provided. Your rye harvest first
claims your attention ; is the straw all tuined, ex-
cepting at the joints .' and is ycur kernel become
so hard that you cannot mash it between your
thumb and finger ? or is the straw below the ear
become so dry, that no juice can be forced out by
twisting it ? You may put in the sickle, if the
weather is fine, and cut, and bind, and shock as
you go, generally. But if your stalk is very stout
and your ear full and heavy, let your gavils lie un-
til the after part of tlie day, (thundergusts except-
ed.) You may then bind and shock, stack or cart,

with safety, provided you house your grain where
it can have free air, or your mows do not become
too large; in this case, your grain will need more
curing. The advantages of beginning early upon
your harvest, are several.

1. Your grain will yield more and whiter flour ;
will waste less by shelling. Your harvesting will
be exi)edited, so as to prevent the waste of shell-
ing, by having your last cuttings become too ripe,
as is common when the first cuttings become fully
ripe, at the commencement of harvest. You will
have more time to attend to your turnip crop.i
upon stubble lands, before the wheat harvest or
afU'r the wheat harvest. You will also be in read-
iness for your wheat harvest, which you may cut
and manage as in your rye harvest. If you take
the same precautions against heat in your grain as
in your clover, by having your mows ventilated
undenitath with proper openings u]) through the
mow, for the circulation of air, the trouble will be
trifling compared with the safety and benefit. —
When your harvest is housed, you have secured
the prime object of your farm — bread, — tliis is
truly the staff of life, the basis of good husbandry
and good living.

If you discover a rust upon the straw of your
rye or wheat, as is common upon lands highly ma-
nured with rich compost or yard dung, you may
conclude vegetation is checked, and that your
grain either begins or will soon begin to shrink.

Lose no time with your sickle ; cut down your
grain if the kernel is formed into a consistence ;
the juices in the stalk will afford more nutriment
to the kernel in the gavil, than when standing, and
your crop will be saved from ruin. This method
is always safe and must never be omitted. When
yom- straw is cured, shock, stack, or house it, aa
before. One or two days in good weathc.", will
cure your grain in this state ; tut if the wcaiher
proves fold, bind and stack, or shock, for security,
and open your stacks in fair weather, until they
are fit to house. Every consideration must give
place to the saving of your crop. Ridge-in with
one bout ridges, such stubble lands as you design
to winter-fallow for spring crops.

To Escape the effects of Lightning. — It is par-
ticidarly dangerous to stand near leaden spouts,
iron gates or palisadoes, at such times ; metals of
all kinds having so strong an attraction for light-
ning, as frequently to draw it out of the course
which it would otherwise have taken.

When in a house, avoid sitting or standing near
the window, door, or walls, during a thimder
storm. The nearer a person is to the middle of a
room, the better.

The greatest evil to be apprehended from light-
ning, is the explosion of powder-magazines. —
These may, in a great degree, be secured from
danger, by insulation or by lining the bidk-heads
and floorings with materials of a non-conducting
nature, the expense of which will not be great.

Curculio. — This little enemy to our stone fruits
has not been as destructive this year as it was the
laSt, and the prospect is now fair for a fine crop of
cherries, plums and peaches. Apple orchards in
this vicinity promise much fruit. The striped cu-
cumber-bug has been less injurious to cucumber
and melon plants this season, than it was last
year. Wheat continues to promise a fine crop.
— Gentsee Farmer,

412

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 11, 1S32.

From the Farmer's iMag;i

ON CALCAREOUS MANURES.
If a piece of limestone be weiglied bel'oie bmn-
iii" and affain after burning, it will be foiinti to
have lost considerably ; and the loss will bo in
proportion to (he purity of the limestone and the
accuracy of the burning process. The substance
expelled by means of the heat was first ascertain-
ed by Dr Black, to be fixed air or carbonic acid
gas ; and the quantity of it which escapes in the
burning limc,\vhen collected and weighed, is pre-
cisely equal to the difiference of weight between
limestone and quick lime. In one hundred parts
of pure carbonate of lime, the loss in burning will
he fortyfoiu-; and this having been determined by
the most accurate experiments, furnishes a crite-
rion which may be of the utmost advantage in ex-
amining the comparative purity of different lin)e-
stones. For instance, let a piece of limestone of
three himdred grains be weighed exactly, and
burnt in a strong fire ; let it be weighed again up-
on cooling, and if it has lost fortyfour per cent or
one hundred and thirtytwo grains, the limestone
is of the purest kind ; but as it never happens that
any of our limestones are so pure as this, in any
two given spcciinens, the one which has lost most
weight in burning, so as to cojne nearest to this,
is the purest, and the quarry from whence it may
be taken should be, preferred. Such accuracy
may be admissible in preparing lime for building
purposes; but for agricultural uses, the proportion
of siliceous sand or clay to be found in limestone,
deserves no consideration.

There is another mode of examining substances
which contain carbonate of lime, wh ch is more
generally applicable, and is so simple that it may
be resorted to by persons almost entirely ignorant
of chemistry. The carhnnic acid, vvbieh, == I
have stated, escapes from lime in the process of
burninir, is so slightly united with it, that it piay
be separated by any of the mineral acids. Hence
when we suspect the existence of carbonate of
lime in any substance, if it is first powdered and
then a little spirit of sea-salt diluted with wa-
ter poured on it, the fixed air is disengaged,
and occasions a boiling motion called eflfervesccnce,
which is considered to indicate the jn-esence of
carbonate of lime. Any gentleman, particularly,
living in a limestone district, would do well to ex-
amine every substance resembling marl or gravel
by this criterion, by which a mine of wealth, hith-
erto disregarded, may be laid open to him. Vin-
egar would answer equally well for the purpose
of a test ; but if it is the farmer's intention to de-
termine the proportion of carbonate of lime in any
substance, he must have recourse to the muriatic
acid or spirit of sea-salt. The whole apparatus
necessary for this experiment, are a bottle of the
acid, a glass funnel, some filtering paper, a small
pestle and mortar, and a pair of accurate scales,
with ^series of weights descending from one hun-
dred to a single grain. Such gentlemen as ])OS-
sess scales for weighing gold, which have long
ceased to be of any use in their original destina-
tion, will do well to ap])ly them to this purpose.

The filtering paper should be well dried, atid
formed with the hand so as to fit the inside of the
glass funnel.

One hundred grains appear to be suflicient for
one experiment.

Keeping stacks clear of rats and mice. — Take
one pound of nitre or saltpetre, and one pound of
alum ; dissolve them together in two pints of
spring or well water; get a firlot* of bran and
make a inash thereof, putting in two pints of the
above liqnid, and mixing all together. When you
build your stacks, every second course take a
handful or two of said mash and throw upon
them, till they come to the easing. Allowing your
stacks to stand twenty years, rats or mice will not
come near them.

small laying between the hills brushwood, their
labor v.'oidd be richly compensated.

CUCUMBERS.

Although this is rather an article of luxury than
absolute necessity, yet it is one so easily obtainetl
by every person and consequently of so general
use, a few observations on its culture may not be
unacceptable to our agricultural friends.

It can hardly have escaped the notice of the
most uuobserving, that during the fore ])art of the
season, many of the blossoms on cucuniber vines
are what are usually denominated " false blows,"
which never produce fruit. We have seen it sta-
ted by a writer on gardening, that to prevent the
appearance of these, and greatly to increase the
productiveness of the vines when the j)Iants have
but two rough leaves, a stage to which they arrive
within a few days after they first come up, the
bud or top of the vine should be carefully cut ofl'
with a small knife or pair scissors, above these
rough leaves, but not too close to them. This
causes the plant to put forth runners sooner than
it otherwise would do, in greater numbers and
nearer the root of the plant; nrid thus it hocomrs
moi'e productive and at an earlier period than
those plants on which this operatioir i§ not per-
formed.

AVhat the efTect produced by siich treatment is,
we cannot say from personal experience, but a
friend has informed us that he made the experi-
ment last year, and that its success far exceeded
expectation. The plants treated in this manner,
|)roduce fruit several days earlier and in greater
abundance during the whole season, than othei-s
which were planted at the same time and in the
same hills with them, which were not topped.

It is a comnton error, not only in relation to cn-
cuiidicrs, but also as to almost all other veget.-djies
of this class, that too great a number are sufieied
to grow on a givctt quantity of ground. For in-
stance, it is not unusual to find on a square rod,
from one hundred to one hundred and fifty
plants, which is at least too great a number by
one half.

The root of the cucumber extends many feet in
all directions; the fruits require, in order to be of
a good quality, a large quantity of jgices from the
vino ; and consequently, where too many plants
are suflered to remait), the earth cannot yield the
requisite supply, and instead of continuing vigor-
ous and productive throirgh the season, becomes
feeble and barren.

Another corritiion error in the culture of this
vegetable, is suffering the vines to rest upon the

BONE-DUST FOR GRAIN.

The expoi-tation of 'bones from Germany to
England, constitutes a singular ejioch in the an-
nals of conmierce. Myriads of tons have been
already exported, without glutting the market or
causing a cessation of the demand. In the vicin-
ity of the North Sea, mills have been erected to
pulverize them. This bone-powder or bone-dust,
was long ago exclusively applied to the jimposes
of hot-houses, by German horticnltuiist.~ ; but the
English, emboldened by their riches, have extend-
ed its use to gener-al objects of agriculture, and fer-
tilize by these expensive means, their cold, huirrid,
and j)Oorest lands, bringing them to the highest
slate of cultivation.

There is consequently a pr'overb, that " one ton
of German bone-dust saves the importation of ten
tons of Geruran corn." As Malta formerly cover-
ed her naked r'ocks with foreign soil, so does Eng-
bind now fertilize her clay and sandy heaths with
German bones. Near the sea shore, even the
church yards are robbed of their venerable relics,
which is only ironically excused by rendering the
German bone trade popular.

Alt -agriculturist having instituted some exper-
iments to test the effects of this manure, obtain-
ed the following results: — 1st. That in respect to
the rpiantity of the corn, it effects a change as sev-
en to five ; in respect to quality, as five to four ;
in regard to the durability of the energy of the
soil, as three to two.

It Itkewise yields the following collateral advan-
tages:— 1st. It destroys weeds. 2d. It diminish-
es the necessity of suffering the land to lay fallow.
3d. This concentrated munui'e or substitute for
manure, is more easy of conveyance, less labori-
ous to spread, and can with facility he ajrplied to
the steepest vineyards or other iiurcctssible lands,
either in mountainous counti'ies or in wet mea-
dow land. 4th. It renders agricultui-e practicable
without cattle, breeding, grazing, &c.

" The acid should be diluted bv the addition of'i ^romu\. If instead of this, people would take the
two thirds of water. Substances intended to be \ tiotible of sticking them, or while the plants are
operated upon, should be dried in the air and kept
in bottles well corked.

* The Scotch firlot varie?, but is generally somewhat
more than a Winchester bushel.

ONIONS FROM TIME IMMEMORIAL.
To give some idea to those who have not
thought on the subject, of the effects of age upon
a cultivated soil, I shall here mention a fact that
struck me as being not a little singular at the time
it occurred. At Dunstafthagc, near Oban in Ar-
gyleshire, Scotland, which is a mountainous coun-
try'and naturally a barren soil, a small garden was
jiointcd out to me, on which was growing at the
time one of the finest crops of onions I had ever
seen. I look notice of it with some degree of sur-
jir-ise, because I bad seen no other crop of onions
in that district that was tolerable ; but my surprise
was a good deal augmented on being told, that the
present crop in that garden was by no nreans re-
markable ; that it had been cropped with"onioi)S,
year after year-, from time immemorial ; that the
|)iesKiit owner of it, who was a man above eighty
years of age, had never seen any other crop than
onions upon that ground ; and that the oldest per-
son alive, when he was a boy, had told him the
same thing, and the crop was always an excellent
one. DunstafJiiage was a royal palace, belonging
to the kings of Scotland at an early period of their
history almost beyond record, and there can be
little rea.son to doubt that this garden was brought
under cultivation at that time, so that it cannot

Vol. X No. 52.

AND HOUTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

413

now be less than five hundreJ years old, and prob-
ably sevm-al hundred years more. I queslioii
much iftlie soil could have been rendered capable
of proiliicing successive crops of such fine onions,
for a great many years after it was first turned up
from the waste, by any device that the ingenuity
of man could have suggested. To judge, then, of
the most profitable mode of cropping such old
soils, liy the same rules tbat would apply to those
which had not bad time to be fully matured, would
be very absurd. Many cases of this sort would
no doubt occur on our survey of the Netherlands,
could it be properly effected. — Dr Anderson.

BATHING.

Cold Bath. — 1. We are never to enter the cold
bath when the temperature of the body is below
the standard of health ; if it is a few degrees above
this, the bathing will be proportionably more
grateful and invigorating.

2. We should never reiriain long in the water,
no longer than to secure a vigorous reaction.
The common mistake on this point is, not only to
remain in the water till the glow of warmth aris-
ing from the shock is establisheil, but till it is dis-
sipated by continuing in the water too long, or by
returning too often.

3. We are to bathe before breakfast, or better
before dinner.

4. We are to bathe when the stomach is emjjfy
or nearly so. And,

5. We are to bathe every second or third day
only; or if our bathing depends on the tide, we
may bathe several days iu succession and then
omit as many.

Warm Bath. — 1. The warm bath should be en-
tered by persons in health, at ninetytbree degrees
of heat, and after waiting a fuw iniuules and at-
tending to the sensations, its temperature should
be so altered, if any alteration is required, as to
render it the most grateful to our feelings.

2. The best time for bathing is the forenoon,
after the breakfast is digested. The cases in
which it is preferable or expedient to bathe in the
morning or evening, are few, and to be regarded
as exceptions to the general rule.

3. It is not easy to point out as a general direc-
tion, any precise period as the best time for re-
maining in the bath. It will often be useful to
remain in the bath for half an hour, or even an
hour.

4. The frequency of bathing should also de-
pend much on circumstances. When the bath is
taken to prevent disease and improve health, and
is well borne, it may be used every second or
third day.

5. Bathing should be preceded and followed
by exercise. — Dr Coffin.

the pulling, watering, drying, criggiug, dressing,
s|)inning, weaving, and taking to market. Then,
wilh the proceeds of the sale of this cloth, togeth-
er with the sale of his corn, (for these men gener-
erally rent three or four acres of ground,) he con-
trives to pay his rent. While himself and family
live or rather drag out a miserable existence, en-
tirely on potatoes; for his ducks and fowls, geese
and turkeys, are all brought to market to enable
him to ])iirchase something to cover his naked-
ness ; nor will his utmost exertions enable him to
procm-c better fare. — Loudon.

CURIOUS PEACH TREE.
We have lately examined a peach tree which
was raised from the seed by Mr A. Brown,, of the
town of Greece in this county, which is a great
curiosity, as exhibiting variations from the com-
mon laws of vegetation. At the season when otlj-
er trees put forth their blossoms, there may be
seen upon this a great number of button shaped
btuls or projections, corresponding in situation to
the blossoms on other trees, which, instead of ex-
panding and showing petals or flower leaves, send
out from thirty to forty small peaches. As these
increase in size they make a singular appearance,
and woidd have us to conclude, that the stamens
and petals, by some unaccountable process, had
been changed into rudiments of fruit. It is not
unconmion among garden flowers, to see those
monstrosities whicVi we call double flowers, (as
the double pseony,) in which all the stamens have
been converted into petals, from vhich circum-
stance such flowers do not produce seed ; but we
do not recollect to have seen an instance where
stamens and petals both, appeared to have been
converted into capsules or fruit. Should any of
our nurserymen have noticed the like sports of

ITatnrc, ivc Tvouid be ghitt to- Jit?or £r*ym t4ior»»» :•

Genesee Farmer.

IRISH PEASANT.

Let us take another view of the inmate of the
cabin, for he may be found of all tints. Observe
the half-clad peasant, breasting tlie storm with
wiry sinews, his ragged coat streaming in the wind,
travelling to some neighboring market with a load
on his shoulders. This load is a web of linen
cloth, for which, should he be fortunate enough,
he may obtain from 6d. to lOd. a yard.

And this trifling sum is all that this man obtains
for a yard of cloth, after having grown his own
flax on land for which he must pay from tliirty to
eighty shillings per acre ; after the labor attending

VINES IN POTS.

Any one who is curious to have vines in pots,
full grown, should, at the time of pruning, take the
stem through the bole in the bottom of the pot,
and lay the rest of the vine from the bottom of the
pot in the ground, they thus shoot much sooner.
For such purposes, I take the old shoots that are
to be cut out that season. For the pots, I use the
same compost as for the border. I always keejx
rotten dung about the pots, as it makes the vin6s
strike much sooner than keeping the pots dry. I
have had twentysix good bunches in a pot, and
could have had more, but for thinning. When
the fruit is at maturity, I cut the old bunch by the
bottom of the pot, and remove the plant at pleas-
ure, for ornament.

I have often taken notice, that in some sorts of
vines the foliage turns brown, just as if it had got
a little frost. Such vines are generally on a clay
soil or on a bottom that does not let the roots push
freely, so causing a stagnation of th6 sap. — Cale-
donian Horticultural Society.

the king of Sardinia, where the art was practised
n all its branches. I was afterwards thirtyfour
years with the Hon. D. F. Halyburton, as cook
and house-steward. He being of delicate consti-
tution, and eating no sort of animal food whatso-
ever, I was, on his account, obliged to study vari-
eties of vegetable dishes. Hop tops formed one,
on which I by chance stumbled and of which he
very highly ajiprovcd, finding it agreeable and very
wholesome. — lb.

On Cleft-grafting the Vine. — This has been
practised whh perfect success at the Royal Gar-
dens at Potsdam. The grafting is done as near
the ground as ])0ssible, and grafts are chosen to be
equal in diaincter to the stock, so that both sides
of the bark of the graft and that of the stock may
fit exactly together. After being tied, the soil must
be raised to cover the graft, and when the stock
is too high this may easily be accomplished by a
flower-pot filled with earth. By this way of en-
grafting, grapes may be obtaineil the first year, as
large and plentifid as on any other vines. — lb.

Thi Crops. — The warm delightful weather
with which the country has been blessed, during
the last few weeks, has given a new aspect to the
country and vegetation. The crop of hay which
is now in process of gathering, is abundant and
remarkably excellent in richness. Wheat and rye
promise rich crops and a full garner to our hus-
bandmen. In a ride through the meadows the
other day, we noticed their almost exclusive devo-
tion to various kinds of grain ; a field of broom
corn scarcely showing itself. Indian corn, how-
ever, looks feeble and sickly, and the crop nujst be
small and valueless. The apple trees promise an
unusual rich return, and other fruits not so bad or
deficient in quantity .i.s was anticipated. Cherries,
strawberries, green peas, and other fruit and veg-
etable luxuries, are now abundant here. — JVorth-
ampton Courier.

Diseases of Peaeli Trees. — The grub worm or
borer, so injurious to peach trees, is not killed by
a strong solution of corrosive sublimate. The
best method is to examine the roots for a few
inches under the surface, two or three times, at
the season when most liable to be injured. With
a sharp pointed knife, the worms may be detected
and cut out. Tan-bark put around the roots, four
or five inches deep, preserves them. If any one
tree shows indications of the yellows, it should be
iminediately cut down or dug up. Soon after the
tree is attacked by the yellows, several feeble
branches grow out together in various parts of the
limbs.— jVfto York Farmer.

HOP TOPS.

The hop forms an excellent substitute for as-
paragus, and the tops may be had the whole year
round. Hop tops also form an admirable ingredi-
ent for a variety of dishes, such as soups, omelets,
&c. Long experience in the practice of cookery,
both in this and in my native country, for upwards
of forty years, makes me bold in recommending
hop tops. I was for some time in the kitchen of

TVic Season. — A gentleman who has just re-
turned from an excursion up the valley of the
Connecticut river, informs us that the warm de-
lightful weather for the last two or three weeks,
has given a new asjjcct to vegetation in that re-
gion, and that the farmers are not without hope of
yet seeing their crops fully ripened in their season.
Hay will be abimdant and cheap; apples will be
more numerous than was anticipated; corn is com-
ing forwaril rapidly, but cannot be quite as pro-
ductive as usiuil ; while cherries, strawberries, and
all the early and delicate fruits, are at present en-
joyed in full perfection. — Boston Traveller.

A London paper says, that 112,000,000 lbs. of
butter are consumed annually in London.

41 1

NEW ENGLAND FARMER,

July 11. 1832.

sriSNjy i22f*jaa>iisja) iPAOisisuja

Boston, Wednesday Evening, Jnly 11, 1832.

CLOSE OF THE TENTH VOLUME.

The lapse of time has brought us to the close
of anotlier and the tenth annual volume of the New
England Farmer. We shall not attempt a retro-
spect of our labors, nor shall we trouble our readers
with promises nor anticipations of future exertions.
What we have done is humbly submitted as the
only pledge we can offev for what we hope to per-
forin. A tolerable share of industry, and an anx-
ious desire to render services to our country and
mankind, are our only claims to patronage ; and
on these we shall continue to rely until we shall
perceive indications that our services are not
wanted, or not appreciated, in the sphere to which
we are devoting our labors.

Present appearances are favorable to the con-
tinued prosperity of the New England Farmer.
It is true we have long been in the field, but it is
wide and every day brings some useful novelty to
notice, or gives new views of well known objects,
which may lead to some improvement in the great
arts to which our publication is devoted. We
hope that our correspondents will continue to
lighten our labors and cheer us in our course, by
the results of experience and the deductions of
agricultural and horticultural science, till with the
aid of our own humble but unremitting efforts,
the community may he benefited to the full extent
of what our best friends and patrons have ever
been led to anticipate.

The Index to the tenth volume of the New Eng-
land Farmer is nearly completed, and will be piint-
ed and forwarded to our subscribers with all pos-
sible expedition.

and deposit them in bags or boxes till wanted.
Give water to such plants as require it, but let this
be always done in the evening, that it may be of
use to the vegetables before the sun shall cause it
to evaporate.

You may now inoculate or bud your fruit trees,
and, where it can he done without inconvenience,
t will be well to turn swine into your orchard to eat
the fallen and decayed fruit, and thus destroy the
insects which it contains. If, however, this cannot
well be done, or you have not swine in sufficient
miinbers to devour all your fallen fruit, it will be
well to gather and carry it from the ground before
the insects which inhabit it, make their way into
the earth, and make you destructive visitations
another season.

GARDENER'S WORK FOR JULY.

Clean and prepare your ground where your
eirly crops of peas, spinage, cauliflowers, and
cabbages grow, and all other vacant spots, to cul-
tivate thereon such plants as are proper to supply
your table in autumn and winter, with later-grown
productions. Y'ou may continue to sow cro])s of
small salading every eight or ten days ; but they
should now be sown on shady borders, or else be
shaded by mats, occasionally, from the mid-day
.sun, and frequently watered, both before and after
the plants appear above ground. You may now
plant out your celery ])lants in trenches, unless
you have already performed that operation. —
About the middle of July, and from that time to
the end of the first week in August, you may sow
turnips. Thin and transplant such lettuces as were
sown last month ; and sow more lettuce seed in
the beginning, middle, and last week of this month,
in order to have a constant supply for the table.
Sow likewise, radishes ; and in the last week of
this month, a good crop of s])inacli may be sown
for autumn use ; it will not then be so liable to
run to seed as in the preceding months. It is a
good practice to sow early kinds of cabbages about
this time, for a supply of good greens during au-
tumn. Collect all kinds of seeds as they come to
maturity, cutting off or pidliug up the stems with
the seeds attached, as they ripen. Spread them
in some airy place under cover, turning them now
and then, that the seeds may dry and harden grad-
ually, and be careful not to lay them so thick as to
hazard their heating and fermenting. When they
are sufficiently dry, beat out and clean the seeds,

CATTLE SHOW, .^c, AT NORTHAMP-
TON.

W^e have received a handsome handbill contain-
ing notices of the " Cattle Show, Exhibition of
Manufactures," &c, of the "Hampshire, Franklin,
and Hampden Agricultural Society," which is to be
held on Wednesday, Oct. 24, 1832. It is too long
for us to copy at full length, but we will give an
abridgment of some of the leading items. For
the best Bull, more than one year old, to he kept
for a sire wiiliiu the limits of the Society for one
year from and after the fair, f 8 ; for other bulls in
succession, from the second best .f (i, to the fourth
best $1. For the best Milch Cow, above three
years old, $3 ; for the best two years old Heifer,
f 3, &c. For the best pair of Working Oxen, not
less than four years old, &;c, 88, &cc. For the
best pair of Cattle for the stall, $10, &c. For the
best Merino Buck, &c, .95. For the best Boar,
&c, $4. For the best Stud Horse, &c, $8. For
the best Blue Woollen Cloth, &c, not less than fif-
i^vu ^aiils, .*0. For the t>est Woollen Cloth, oth-
er than Blue, &c, $G. Willi premiums for a va-
riety of other manufactures, including cassimere,
satinet, Scotch plaid, flannel, floor carpeting,
hearth rugs, cotton counterpanes?, woollen counter-
panes, stockings, sheetings, diaper, palm-leaf hats,
and straw bonnets. For the best liuttcr, not less
than twentyfive pounds, $3. For the best Cheese,
not less than one hundred pounds, $3. For the
best swarms of Bees, 810; for the five best
swarms, $5, &c. The greatest number of Mul-
berry Trees, &c, 815, &c. The greatest quantity
of Cocoons, 85, &c. Best acre of Winter Wheat
on old land, 810, &c. Best acre of Spring Wheat
on old land, &c, 810. For Winter Rye, Indian
Corn, Potatoes, similar premiums. The prospec-
tus containing the notices of which the above is an
abridgment, is signed by Mark Doolittlh, Pres-
ident, and by Daniel Steebi.ns, Cor. and Rec.
Secretarr/.

MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL
SOCIETY.

SiTURDiT, July 7, 1832.

The standing committee on ornamental trees,
flowers, &c, award the following premiums : —

To Mr David Haggerston, of Cliarlestown, for
the best Ranunculus, a premium of four dollars.

To Mr Augustus Aspinwall, of Brookline, for
the finest Roses, a premium of five dollars.

To Mr David Haggerston, of Charlestown, for the
best Anemones, a premium of three dollars.
Per order, R. L. EMMONS, Chairman.

Fruits exhibited. — The specimens of fruit ex-

hibited this day were not numerous, but were all
of the most extraordinary quality.

By Elijah Vose, Esq. of Dorchester, Downton
Strawberries. By Mr Haggerston, of Cliarlesiown
vineyard, Wilmot's Superb Stawlicrries. By Mr
Geo. W. White, from Pomeroy Place in Brighton,
Black Tartarean and White IJigarreau Cherries.
W^ILLIAM KENRICK.

N. B. — The Strawberries and Cherries were
very fine specimens, thought to be equal or supe-
rior to any ever exhibited at the Ilort. Rooms.
The show of Roses was rich and choice.

At a meeting held this day, the following gen-
tlemen were admitted members of the Society: —
Isaac L. Hedge, of Plymouth ; George W. Bond,
Francis Skinner, Elbridge Gerry Austin, and B.
B. Grant, of Boston.

Fine Roses and other Flowers were exhibited
by IMessrs John A. Keurick of Newion, Augustus
As|/mwall of Brookline, Messrs Vfinship of Brigh-
ton, William Kenrick of Newton, Samuel Walk-
er of Roxbury, and Richard Ward of Roxbury.

The following circular was received by the
President of the Society, accompanied with two
bottles of wine. No. 10 was found to coincide
with the description below, but No. 70 had been
robbed of its contents by some inquisitive baccha-
nalian, who possessed more taste than honesty.

Brooklyn, Long Island,)
June 27, 1832. >

Sir — Believing you feel a dee]) interest in the
progress of our agricultural and horticultural con-
cerns, I take the liberty to send you herewith two
bottles of American wine, made from a grape
lately introduced to our notice and called the Isa-
bella grape.

Bottle No. 10 is the pure juice, to which two
pounds of sugar per gallon were added, for fear of
its running into the acetous fermentalion.

Bottle No. 70 is one third water to two thirds
juice. A gallon of brandy was added to a cask of
nineteen gallons, three pounds of sugar for each
gallon. The grapes from which this wine is made
had been packed in wheat bran to preserve them
through the winter, but on examining them a
month after, I found them taking injury by fer-
mentation, and therefore converted them into •
wine.

This being my first experiment at wine making,
it must be regarded as a mere experiment. I can-
not, however, learn that any other person has at-
temiited to make wine of the Isabella grape, and
therefore believed that my first essay might be of
interest to cultivators generally.

My vineyard is young and covers nearly two
acres, planted at different times. Some of the
vines commenced bearing last season, and from
ihcm I sold about one thousand pounds of grapes,
in the New York market. My attenqit to keep
grapes through the winter, in wheat bran and in
dry sand, has failed. I am desirous of ascertain-
ing the best mode of preserving them.

The Isabella vine is probably known to you as
a most prolific bearer. It was introduced into
Brooklyn from North Carolina, by Mrs Isabella
Gibbs, the lady of George Gibbs, Esq. now of St
Augustine, Florida. It is the ornament of almost
all our yards and gardens, and the farmers and
gardeners are beginning to raise the fruit in quan-
tities for the New York market. It is known to
thrive well in the western parts of New York, and

Vol. X.-No. 52.

AND HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL.

415

I trust is destined to be one of the sources of
comfort and profit lo our citizens. . .
I am, Sir, very respectfully,

ALDEN SPOONER.

To the Proa. Mass. Horticultural Society.

HORTICULTURAL JOURNAL,

Kept at the garden of tlie proprietor of the New Eng-
land Fanner, in Lancaster, Mass., Iliirtjtive miles west
from Boston, on the river Na^haway.

July 3. Thermometer 84 at noon ; fair. Uteris atna-
ra, Convolvulus minor (a most beautiful annual.) Lilium
concolor (an elepant dwarf lily,) Coreopsis lanceolala,
Spira;a ulmaria (fine perennials,) Phlox carnea, Rud-
beckia purpurea, Verbascum nigra, and Dian4hus vulga-
ris, in bloom.

July 4. rhermometer 81 at noon; fair. Planted
Early Frame Cucumbers, (those planted earlier entirely
free from bugs in this quarter. Squash and Melon Vines
have also escaped their ravages )

July 5. Thermometer 85 : fair; ground getting dry.
Scorzonera lingitanus (a pretty annual honi Tangiers.)
in bloom ; also, Crepis rubra, Chrysanthemum corunaria
and Lupiiius pilosus.

July 6. Thermometer 87; fair; ground very dry.
Vines of all kinds look very promising. Malva roseo.
Coreopsis verticillata. Delphinium grandiflora, and Ciii-
CU3 canus, all handsome perennials, in bloom ; also,
Coreopsis tincloria and Silene rubella (both showy annu-
als,) and Thunbergia alata (a superb new creeper from
the East Indies.)

July 7. Thermometer 86; cloudy.

Among ihe interesting plants that liave recently been
introduced into England, by the exertions of ilistingnish-
ed florists, the Thunbeigia alata (so nauied from Doct.
Thunberg, Prolessor of Botany in the
Universily of Upsal,) from the East-
ern coast of Africa, has proved a great
acquisition. It was first cultivated in
England, in 1S2.5, by R. Barclay, Esq.
It is a climbing perennial, easily rais-
ed from seeds or cuttings, in light
rich nmuld ; comes into flower the
first season when quite younp, and
continues producing numerous beau-
tiful j'ellow floweis with a rich pur-
ple centre, in succession, for many
months. It grows well in pots for Ihe parlor, with a
small trellis, and will endure a slight frost without in-
jury. We have nearly two hundred plants just coming
into flower, from seeds presented us by Dr \A ard and Mr
Charles Lawrence, of Salem. It does not flower in per-
fection, however, till the beginning of August. We be-
lieve it is in but few American collections.

Indian Corn, ttiough rather backward in this quarter,
looks finely. Rye, which was winter-killed in many in-
stances, was benefitted much by the cold sprmg, and
promises a fine crop. Wheat, the culture ot which ap-
pears to be increasing, what few fields we have seen of
it, look well. We noticed an acre of Tea Wheat last
week, on Ihe farm of Mr Samuel Whitmarsh at North-
ampton, that was in excellent condition and promised a
heavy crop. Haying has commenced the past week,
with the prospect of a good crop.

Notice.

THE annual meeting of the Roxbury Yeoman Asso-
ciation for Ihe proteclion of Fields, Orchards, and Gar-
dens, will be held at the Town House, on Saturday even-
ing the 14th inst. at 8 o'clock, for the choice of officers
and for transacting such other business as may come be-
fore said meeting. DAVID DUDLEY, Sec'y.

Roxbury, July 10, 1832.

P. S. — Members having subscription lists and collec-
tions, are requested to forward Ihe same to Ihe treasurer.

Cradles.

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, No. 50.t

North Market Street, a few very excellent Grain Cradles"

July 11. J. R. NEWELL.

Lead Pipe and Sheet Lead.
LEAD PIPE and Sheet Lead of all sizes and dimea
sions, constantly for sale at No. 110 Stale street, by

ALBERT FEARING & CO.

Bene Plant.

SEEDS of the Bene Plant, in packages of 12^ cents
each, for sale at the New England Seed Store, 5U.i North
Market Street.

'I'his is an esteemed medicinal plant for the summer
complaints of children ; the green leaves thrown into a
tun.bler of water, converts it into a thin tasteless mucilage.

July 4.

Turnip Seed.

FOR .sale at Ihe Seed Slore connected with Ihe New
Enghind Fanner, No. 504 North Market sir. 'el, Boston :
While Flat Turnip Seed, the growth ot the present
season, raised in this vicinity expressly for this establish-
ment.

Ai-so — Ruta Baga of the first quality, of both Ameri-
can and European growth ; Yellow Aberdeen, Yellow
Stone, While Noifolk Field, and Yellow French Turnips ;
Long Prickly and oiher Cucumbers, for pickling, war-
ranted genuine and fresh.

Also — A few packages of Dale's Hybrid Turnip
Seed, a new variety, highly esteemed in Scotland. Price
124 cents per paper. July 4.

Horse Quicksiliver.

QUICKSILVER will stand this ieason at Ihe stable of
the subscriber, in Brighton, a few rids south of the meet-
ing-house, and will cover only tweiVy mares the present
season, at $15 each, and .$1 in adliition, lo the gioom.
Mares warranted to he in foal, if fSiO is paid, and $1 to
the gioom ; and in dis'charge of wai I nty, the $20 will
be returned. p

Quicksilver is ?> beautiful bright bar, three years old ;
his sire, .Sir Isaac Coffin's horse, Barefoot, conspicuous in
the racing calendar of England ; his dam, Rebecca, from
the imported Cleveland bay horse Sii Isaac, and Sky
Lark, a native mare, well known fur her fine form, speed,
and bottom, once owned by Mr Lea v ill of Salem, to whom
persons are referred for her character, and will be lo many
others in Massachuselts and Maine. Quicksilver is
thought by good judges to combine with great symmetry
and delicacy of form, bone, muscle, and all Ihe requisites
for a first rate covering horse. Mares sent to him, and
if left with the subscribe'', will be well attended to on rea-
sonable terms, but he will not be responsible for acci-
dents. BENJAMIN W. HOBART.

Brighton. Junn IK, l.q.ia. _ It

Barefoot.

THE celebrated English Horse Barefoot will return
from New York to Ihe Brighton stable about the latter
end of June. Barefoot has proved one of the most suc-
cessful racers of his day, at York, Doncaster, Newmarket,
Ascott, &c, and his pedigree exhibits the best blood
known. epCw May 23.

Treatise on Domestic Animals.

THIS day published, by Lilly & Wail, and Carter &
Hendee, and for sale'by J. B. Russell, No. 50^ North
Market Street, *' A treatise on breeding, rearing, and
fattening all kinds of poultry, cows, swine, and other do-
mestic animals By B. Moubray, Esq. Reprinted from
Ihe sixth London edition. With such ahridgnients and
additions as it was conceived would render it best adapt,
ed to the soil, climate, and conunon course of culture in
Ihe United Stales. By Thomas G. Fessenden, Esq., ed-
ilor of Ihe New England Farmer." Price 75 cents.

June 13.

Pickering's Tree or Caterpillar Brashes.

For sale at the Agricultural W^arehouse, No 50^ North
Market Street, Pickering's Improved Tree Brushes. —
This article, (which is likely to be in greater demand this
season, than for many previous years,) will he constantly
for sale as above, made of Ihe best materials and work-
manship ; and no doubt is the best article for Ihe purpose
of any now in use. May 16.

Brass Balls for Cattle Horns,

FOR sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, Brass Balls
for Cattle Horns, improved, which renders them easy for
filling and do not injure the growth of the horn. These
halls are not only a safeguard against unruly animals, but
add much to the appearance of a likely animal.

June 6.

Printing Presses for Sale.

FOR sale at this office, one Smith's Imperial Press,
one do. Medium, and one Ramage. July 11.

PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE.

FROM

to

Apples, russettings, .

barrel

5 00

600

Ashes, pot, first sort.

ton

103 00

106 00

pearl, first sort.

"

109 00

11200

Beans, white, ....

bushel

90

100

Beef, mess, ....

barrel

12 00

12 50

prime

"

8 00

ssa

Cargo, No. 1, .

•<

8 Oil

9 00

Butter, inspected. No. 1, new,

pound

12

13

Cheese, new milk, .

'*

8

»

skimmed milk, •

■ '

3

Flaxseed

bushel

1 12

1 25

Flour, Baltimore, Howard-street,

barrel

6 50

6 75

Genesee,

"

6 12

6 37

Alexandria, .

"

6 00

6 50

Ballimore, wharf, .

"

6 00

0 00

Grain, Corn, Northern, .

bushel

07

75

Corn, Southern yellow.

"

66

68

Rye

'■

85

90

Barley,

'•

75

87

Oats, ....

'<

50

55

Hay

cwt.

65

70

Hog's Lard, first sort, new.

"

9 00

10 00

Hops, 1st quality.

"

22 00

23

Lime,

cask

1 15

I 23

Plaster Paris retails at

ton

3 25

3 50

Pork, clear, ....

barrel

16 00

18 00

Navy mess, .

"

13 00

14 00

Cargo, No. 1,

"

12 75

13 00

Seeds, Herd's Grass,

bushel

2 50

3 00

Red Top, northern.

"

67

75

Red Clover, northern, .

pound

10

Tallow, tried.

cwt.

8 50

8 75

Wool, Merino, full blood, washed.

pound

45

50

Merino, mix'd with Saxony,

«'

55

65

Merino, |ths. washed, .

"

40

42

Merino, half blood,

«

37

38

Merino, quarter, .

"

33

35

Native, washed, .

IV

33

3S

1- f Pulled superfine.

«.

55

56

i -d 1st Lambs, . .

(i

44

45

35

87

1 S. 1 Sd. "

28

30

^ l_ 1st Spinning, . .

42

:t.

44

PFnVI.SION MARKI

Beef, best pieces, . ■ . | pound

10

12

Pork, fi-esh, best pieces, .

"

8

10

whole hogs, .

'<

6A

7

Veal,

"

7

10

Mutton,

"

4

10

Poultry, ....

"

9

12

Butter, keg and tub.

'1

12

14

lump, best,

"

14

16

Eggs, retail

dozen

12

15

Meal, Rye, retail, .

bushel

92

Indian, retail.

'

75

Potatoes, ....

"

62

75

Cider, (according to quality,) .

barrel

4 00

5 00

BRIGHTON MARKET— Monday, July 9, 1832.

Reported for llie Daily Advettiser and Patriot.

At Market this day 534 Beef Cattle, (including 45
unsold last week.) S Cows and Calves, and 2920 Sheep.
185 Beef Cattle and about 400 Sheep unsold.

Prices. Beef Cattle— The unusual numbei- of Cattle
at Market has caused a " glut." Sales dull and prices
much reduced. We quote three or four yoke, extra
some of which were engaged last week, at $6; prime'
at 5 25 a 5 50 ; good at 4 75 a 5 25 ; thin at 4 a 4 75.

Cows and Calves. — A few sales were effected, price
not known.

Sheep and Lambs. —We noticed lots of Lambs with a
few old Sheep, taken at $1 50, 1 53, 1 71, 1 88, 2 00,
2 08, 2 17, and 2 33 ; also, lots of Wethers at SI 07, 2 00,
2 25, 2 50,2 75, and 3 00,

Swine — None at market.

New York, July 7.— In maiket this week, 400 Beef
Cattle, 1000 lo 1500 Sheep and Lambs. Beef Cattle not
all sold, a few remaining over. Sales at fair prices, av-
eraging $6 25, ranging fjom 5 50 to 7. Sheep market
tolerably brisk, sales from $2 00 a 4 50. Lambs $1 50 a
3 00.— Daily Adv.

O'ln Ihe N. York market only the quarters of Beef
are weighed, the hide and rough tallow being included
without weighing. At Brighton, the hide and tallow are
weighed as well as the quarters.

416

NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

July 11, 1832.

Miscellany

FOR THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER.

THE COLUMBIAN CULTIVATOR.

Son of the soil, inured to toil,

Behold the cultivator,
Lead forth his band to till the land,

The happiest wiglit in nature !

O'ei Lawyer Pop and Doctor Slop,
And Captain Flash transcendent.

Church, camp and court, he must support,
Or ruin is impendent.

He feeds the great with pride elate.
Their prattlers and their charmers; —

Tips of the ton, ye Hve upon
The industry of farmers !

And though the train of vile and vain,

Society's excrescences.
Subsistence gain from crime and pain,

Misfortunes and malfeasances,

Farmers may boast they flourish most.
Where all is love and unity —

Where wisdom guides and worth presides,
And crime meets no impunity.

From the Genius of Temperance.

THE WIFE.

"Feel'st thou no joy, no quiet happiness,
No soothing sense of satisfaction, in
Loving and being loved ? Is there no weight
Removed from the heart, in knowing there is one
To share all, bear all with thee .' To sooth grief, —
Yea, to soften away its hum.in pain
By a superior love, the cup to temper
With words of consolation and sweet hope.
That even its very bitterness shall seem sweet,
Forgotten in the love that offers it ! " — E. L. Reade.
Woman's love, like the rose blossomin<r in the
arid desert, spreads its rays over tlie barren plain
of the human heart, and while all around it is
black and desolate, it rises more strengthened from
the absence of every other cbarin. In no situa-
tion does the love of woman appear more beauti-
ful, than in that of wife. Parents, brethren and
friends, have claitns upon the affections ; but the
love of a wife is of a distinct and difi'erent nature.
A daughter may yield her life to the preservation
of a parent ; a sister may devote herself to a suf-
fering brother; but the feelings which induce her
to this conduct are not such as tbos-3 which lead
a wife to follow the husband of her choice, through
every pain and peril that can bofal him, to watch
over him iu danger, to cheer biui in adversity, and
even remain unaltered at his side in the depths of
ignominy and shame. It is a heroic devotion
which a woman displays in her adherence to the
fortunes of a hapless husband. When we behold
her in her domestic scones, a mere passive crea-
ture of enjoyment; an intellectual toy, brightening
the family circle with her endearments, and prized
for the extreme joy which that presence and those
endearments are calculated to impart ; we can
scarcely credit that the fragile being who seems to
hold her existence by a thread, is capable of sup-
porting the extreme of human suffering. Nay,
when the heart of man sinks beneath the weight
of agony, that she should maintain her pristine

jiowers of delight ; and, by her words of comfort
and patience, lead the distracted munuurtr to
peace and resignation.

COMETS.

Comets are solid opaque bodies, with long trans-
parent tails issuing frotri the side which is turned
away from the sun. They move about the sun in
very eccentric orbits or cli|)ses, and are more
dense than the earth. The extreme heat, the
dense atmosphere, the gross vapors, the chaotic
state of the comets, seem to indicate at first view,
that they are altogether unfit for the habitation of
rational beings ; and therefore some are of opin-
ion, that they are so many hells for tormenting the
damned with perpetual vicissitudes of heat and
cold. But as the Deity displays his goodness
wherever he exerts his power and wisdoih, so we
conclude tijat such large masses of durable matter
as the comets are, if owever dissimilar to our earth,
are not destitute of/rational beings, capable of con-
templating with wonder and acknowledging with
gratitude, the wis/lom, symmetry and beauty of
the creation, wli/ch is more plainly to be obser-
ved in their extensive celestial tour, than our con-
fined circuit. h

In the year lll.SO, the inhabitants of the earth
were greatly alarmed by the appearance of a bla-
zing comet, which they expected would set the
world on fire. Sir Isaac Newton calctdatcs that
this comet moves at the rate of 800,000 miles an
hour, and in its nearest approach to the sun, is ten
thousand times hotter than red-hot iron. l)r Ol-
bers calculates that this comet will not apjjcar
again until the year 2000, and perhaps npt then.

The comet which is expected at the present
time is comparatively small ; it is called Enke's
comet, from the name of a German astronomer
wliii ai.-jCOvereil li.

The royal astronomer of Prague, David, says
that it may be seen at its first appearance, by the
best telescope, in the sign Pices, and will for a
time set with the sun. This comet will not inter-
fere with the earth, until the law of gmviialion is
suspended and destroyed. — Great Falls Journal.

the valley between two waves, there likiwi.se they
would continually remain, the one preceding and
the other 'following them.— Genius of Temperance.

ANECDOTE.

j The following is found in an ancient history of
Connecticut. Soon after the settlement of the
town of New Haven, several jiersons went over to
what is now the town of Milford, where, finding
the soil very good, they were desirous to effect a
settlement. But the premises were in the peace-
able possession of the Indians, and some conscien-
tious scruples arose as to the propriety of dispersing
and expelling them. To test the ease, a church-
meeting w'as called, and matters were determined
by a solemn vote of that sacred body. After sev-
eral s])eeches had been made in relation to the
subject, they proceeded to pass votes ; the first
was the following : " Voted, that the earth i« the
Lord's and the fulness thereof" This passed in
the affirmative. And, " Voted, that the earth is
given to the saints." This was also determined
like the former, mem con. 3d, " Voted, we are
the saints." Which was passed without a dis-
seuting voice, the title was considered indisputa-
ble, and the Indians were soon compelled to evac-
uate the place, and relinquish the posspssion of
the rightful owners.

MOTION OF WAVES.

There is a curious optical deception attending
the alternate elevation and depression of the sur-
face of a liquid. The waves thus produced ap-
pear to have a ])rogressive motion, which is coni-
moidy attributed to the liquid itself AVhen we
perceive the waves of the sea apparently advan-
cing in a certain direction, we are irresistibly im-
pressed with the notion, that the sea itself is ad-
vancing in that direction. We consider that the
same wave, as it advances, is composed of the
same water, and that the whole surface of the
liquid is in a state of progressive motion. A slight
reflection, however, on the consequences of such
a supposition, will soon convince us that it is un-
founded. The ship which floats upon the waves
is not carried forward with them ; they pass be-
neath her, now lifting her ou their summits, and
now letting her sink into the abyss between. Ob-
serve a sea-fowl floating ou the water, and the same
effect will be seen. If, however, the water itself
partook of the motion which we ascribe to its
waves, the ship and the fowl would each be car-
ried forward, and would have a motion in common
with the liquid. Once on the summit of a wave,
their motion would be as if they were propelled
on the calm surface of the lake. Or if once in

An Old Coat. — A spendthrift, who had nearly
wasted all his patrimony, seeing an acquaintance
in a coat not of the newest cut, told him he
thought it bad been his great-grandfather's coat.
" So it was," said the gentleman, " and I have also
my great-grandfather's land, which is more than
you can say."

Postscript. — George Selwyn once aflirined in

oomj>uny, llmt no woninii evi-r \viotc a Utter with-
out a postscript. " My next letter shall refute
you," said Lady G. Selwyn soon after received a
letter from her ladyship, and after her. signature,
" P. S. Who was right now, you or I ? "

Sportsman and Conquerer.

THFSE Horses will stand the ensuing season, at the
Ten Hills Stock Faim, in Charleslown, two and a half
miles from Boston, on the Medlbrd turnpike ; tor particu-
lars, see late Nos. of the New England Farmer, and Bills.
They are confidently recommended to the public by the
subscriber. SAMUEL JAQUES.

Ten Hills Stock Farm, May, 1832.

Sportsman's get may be seen on the farm.

Published every Wednesday Evening, at ,53 per annum,
(laN.able at the ejid ot thejear — but those who pay within
sixty days from the time of subscribing, are entitled to a
deduction ol fifty cents.

(EF No paper will be sent to a distance without payment
bemgmade in advance.

Printed for J. B. Russf,i.l, by 1. R. Butts — by whom
all descriptions of Printing can be eiecuted to nicet the
wishes of customers. Orders for Printing received by J. B.
FdssELL, at the Agricultural W^arehouse JNo 52 NortJi
itlarket Street.

AGENTS.

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Baltimore -- G . B. Smith, Editor of the American Farmer.
Cincinnati — S. C. Parkui'rst. 23 Lower Market-street.
Flushing. N. Y. Wm.Pkince&, Sons, Prop, Lin.Bot.Garden
Middletmnj, Vt. — Wight Chapman.
Hartford — Goodwin & Co. Booksellers.
Springfield, Ms. — E. Edwards.
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Portsvumth. N. H —J. W. Foster. Boukseller.
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Z'£Q 1909

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