'DDnaDDDDaDDDanDDDDDDaDDDDDDDnDn ^J^'|VF - ^Y OF MAS JSETTS AMHEkST, MASS. mmiw m^^mM^^m ^M^mmm^^ HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. CONTAlNIN« lSSSA'2'tSs) ®IIiII©nSS'^a ASJ® SI^lIdlSO^SIBs RELATING TO AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY, PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE BY HENRY COLMAN VOL. XVIII. -NEW SERIES VOL. VIII BOSTON: PDBUSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK AND COMPANY, 51 AND 52 NORTH MARKET STREET. 1840. P<2T KN44- l-SB^ ^0 INDEX TO THE EIGHTEENTH VOLUME OF THE NEW ENGLAND FAUMER. Atlilress nt Worcflsti-r, Hainpsliire, &.C. Cattlo Shows, bv H. Cdlinnri, I Address bpforc Essex Agriculluml Snciety, by A. Pul- niiiii, 308 AdiliHss b».for« Middlesex Agricultural Sucieiy, by H. Coliiian. :!33 Adilress of Jiiilge Biiel befuro the AffriruUural and H'trlii-iiliuriil Soci.ly of New Haven, "H)7 Aff.ctKin of a ini>thi'r, -328 A'Tiriiltiirt!, finite of. in U. Stnles, 2 — in Virginia, 13 A°rMultufe i.f MassachaseUs,2(l report, 21— 3d do. 38(') AiriciilMiro, encouragenienl to, in Massachusetts, 402, 410,420 Agric .Iture in England, present state of, 224, 229, 237, 248. 250 Agrienliiire in Europe. 194— .imo'ig llie Romans, 1:56 A^rirullural census, 414— gleanings, 5— rneetinijs, im- porla As-rieiilliiral exhibition at Coneord, 122— at VVorcesier, •19. l:W— .f E->ex c.Minly, 1 1 4 — iMiddle.sex county, ]:«— at Pawtuxil, 141— al Bristol, l.iO at PlynionUi, ■174— reports ol cominlleHS of I'lyniouth co. 174, 175, i70,3ii.:w3,;iyi,3yy. 407 Agriiullural notice of Woicester Agricultural Society, "by H. C 141)— reports o! comniiltees of Worcester CO. l.')7, l.-,8, lOS, I06,U)7, 173, 181 Agriiuliural Society, Essex, transactions of, 354, 375, 370, 401— notices of,^ by H C. 114 Agricultural Society of Masssachusetts. (See Mass. Ag. Society) Aaricuhural Convention in S. Carolina, 207 Agkiculti;rai. .MEfri.sG j.t the State House, H. C.'s invitation lo attend an, 210 First meeting, Webster's anil I'rofessor Silliman's Ad- dresses, 242, 24.'» — Second do. coinniitteBS cho.^en, 858— Third do. Soils and Manures, 206, 209— Wm. A. Haves, Esq'rs remarlis at 272— Fourth do. H.m. Isaac Hill present, 274 -Fifth do. Indian Corn, 282, 2!XI— Sixth do. E. H. Derby, account of Ins farm, 290— Seventh do. Col. Diiucan on Wheat, 2!W— Eighth do. misce laneous, 300- Ninth do. Silk, 314— 'IVnth, do. Beet Suijar, 322 Agricultural improvfinents, -^41 Asrncullural Wareliouses, account of, in the U. States, tlon on Bees, 118— Farmer's garden, 3d— on Forest Trees, 181 Bacon, niikinn of, 225 Bars, hints on handling, 288 Barllell's, KraMklin, statement on cows, 375 B'rrail's. Joseph, remarks loi canker worms, 302 Barren, J. seph, on the cutculi.>, 398 Beet Suaar, M. Diirov's proposition to manufacture, 46 Bet Suffiir uianulacnirc.l hv :\l D.iioy t,4 Keet Snther h..gs ll>2 Bement, C. N , commuuic.ilion on Berkshire pig-, 140, 241 Benefactors of the world, 70 Billaudeau Cabbage. 213 Birds, desituclion of, 416 Bird's benevolence in, by J. B , 280— exhortation to protect, 330 Binls and Canker worm", 266 Birds of Massachusetts, 156 Bird storv, 96 Blast, a disease, 517 Boys, letter Irom Peter Jones about, 323 I'ottomless meadow, I 13 Bone as a manure, 307 Bounty on wheat, decision of H. C. in a contested case, 226 Botany, knowledge of. important tn farmers, by W.B.287 Breck, Joseph, remarks on beet sipjar, 46 — On book Cabbages, food for hogs, 385— description of, 40 Canker Worui, remedy applied friqucnily injuiioUB, 406' — remarks of Joseph Bairelle Q limy , 398— (Jernian mode of preveniing, 414 — notices of, 425— pievenled bv leaden troughs, 329— encour.igemtnt of birds best remedy. 2(m— cs-ay on, 120 Calves, I'reatiiunt ol, 40— rai.-ing of, 320— fata! disease in, 422 Carrol, remarks on, 30. and luta baga— method of pre- si'rvinilin", 217— silk convention at Washington, 218— Dillin^i-'ham potatoes, 21.S— decisi'.n in a^coniest- ed case, d2e— remarks on premium butter, 2o4— no- tice of VVestbor.i'ag.icnltural meeting, 250— science and aTirulture, 958— obituary notice ot Hon. J. Lowclf, :U4— notice of model bee hive, 315— addiess before llie Middlesex Agricultural S..ciety, Mi— noulirv management and butter, 338— value of punc- tuality, 340— remarks on poultry, 3C2—on silk cul- ture, 394— notice of Week's Essay on Bees 370— ol Horula Bostoniensis, 370— notice ol Third Report ot An agricnlli re in France and Spain, 341 — communicatiim on irrigaliim and management of water, 373 — on agriculture, 400 — cider and apples, 406 — power of water, 424 Garlic, extirpation of, 39, 49 Garget, saltpetre a remedy for, 81 Geolooy and agriciillute of Wheatland, 12 — of Maine, review of third report, by H. C. 58, 66, 82, 98 Gilkies, 17 Gigantic Clover, 33 Good work advancing, 240 Goodsell on cross breeding in the vegetable kingdom, 319 Grain Plants, 49— crop of 1839, 136 — preservalioit of, 223 Gratitude, 203 Grapes, native, from Mr Perry. 122 Great .lileii, the end ol, 00— wall of China, 268 (jreen crops as manure, 354, 432 — of Indian oorn, 110 — manuring with peas, 216 Growth of plants, 264 H. Hampshire cattle show, address by H. C 1 Haggcrston, David, communication on rose bush slug, 418 Hard times 132 Harvest, prospects, 31 Haskell, Calvin, notice of his silk farm, 104 Harvesting corn, bv H. C , 74 Hams, curing of, by H. F..wle, 40 Happy, ihe way lo be, 140 — condition of the New Eng- j land Farmer, 191 Hays, William A., remarks at agricultural meeting, 272 Hay. II aking, 430 — racks, best way of placing, 8 — change in English. 278 — tea for swine, 253 i Haying, by H. C, 18,74 I Health, ■ ccupation to larniers favorable to it, 73 ! Hen coops, 33 i Hints to farmers, 198 — for the season, 143 Historical imidei t, 356 Hilling potatoes. 17 — plants, 10 Hile, James S queries on sugar Beet, 4.'i Horiicultural .'■■oei.'.ty. New York, annual exhibition, 100 — iVlassaclin^etls, annual exhibition Iruits and vegeta- bles, 129 — flowers, 128 — committee of aitangements for annual exhibition, 27 — premiums awarded for car- nations, 27— notice of exhibition, by H. C. 1,30— pre- miums ofl'ered for fruils 1840, 377— for flowers, 378— and vegetables 1840, 378 — premiums awarded for 1839 on vegetables, 297— on fruits, 304— on flowers, 303— premium offered for lose hush sing. 294.418— Exhibitions, 7, 19. 27, 34, 42, 50, 55, 58, 63, 78, 97 106,113, 135, 146, 151, 155,162,170,178,199,255, 278, 394. 402, 410, 418, 422, 434 Hog, notice of a large one. 249 — weight of fine ones raised by E Phinney, 283 — great weight of, 98 — sold in Providence, 231 — descriptioH of Russian, 169 Horses, slobbering, causes of it, *J6 — and cattle, to cure wounds on, 96 — hints on the care of, 273 Honest poverty rewarded, 3(i4 Honey-dew, causes of, 97 Holbrook on education of farmers, 9, 16, 85, 33 — on geology and agriculture of Wheatland, 12 — on far- mers' cabinets, 31 House plants, 31 House wife, rule for, 2.52 Housewifery, a hinl in, 56 House of Industry, report of the agriculture by Captain D Chandler, 386 Howard, J. E , success in cultivating Rohan Potatoes, 313 How to be rich. 8 Husbandman, life of, 225 Humphrey's Thoughts on Education, coininon schools, 177 — school houses, 183 — qualifications of teachers, 19-.', 200, 209, 225 Hunt, Thomas P. on poultry management, 330 — answrr lo inquiries relative to poultry, 362 Hunting Deer by steam, 100 Hydrangea, how to change the color of the flower, 65 H. Vose on education i^f farmers, 39, 72. I. Illinois, description of the face of the country, 64 Independence, by H. C, 18 Indian corn crop, Isaac Hill's account of large crops in in N. H., 189— green crop of, 110— suckcring, 34— benefits of ploughing in the manure for, 207 — suc- cessful cultivation of, 2()3 — discussion on the culture at the sUte house, 282 — crop, by M. A. 336 — John Brown, account ol crop, I'JO — account of Samuel Heartwell s crop, 286 Influence of climate upon seed, 95 — of native magne- sia, on the germination, vegalion and fructification of vegetables, 45 Internal Improvements, 124 Industry rewarded, 284 Insects, prevention against, 330 Improveil stork, 247 Importations into our country loo great for our pros- perity, 64 J. Jackson's, C J., Report on Geology of Maine, review of, by 1 1. C. 66, 58. 82, 98 — on manure from peat and lime, 77 — on soils and manures at th.rd agricultural meeting, 268 Jarvis, Leonard, on cullure of luta baga, 89 Jacobs, J. R. answers to the interrogoiories of the Mas- sachusetts Agricultural Society, 344 Jerusalem artichoke, 430 Jewish nation, statistics of, 372 Judicial anecdote, 268 K. Kenrick, W., the effect of s'avery on agriculture in Virginia, 13 — essay oti silk culture, new system, 365 Keep, N C , letter to C T. Jackson on peat, 78 — essay of an amateur farmer, UU Keeping truth in the dark, 364 Keely, John, on turning in green crops, 354 Knowleilge nniler difficulties 132— pursuit of 140 Kirklaiid, Rev. IJr., biographical sketch of, 38 L. Laborers, comparison of the Americans with the Eng- ghsh, 194 Labor and labor saving oiarhines, 208,410 Lanillord. a tender hearted one, 348 Lazy farmer, by B. S. 65 l..aoils, exhau.st.'d. loo soon ibanHoned, 239 Law toll, Joshua K., letter from, explaining his mode of cultivation, 327 Lelton, J E., essay on swine breeding, 167 Ligbtnina rods, 423 Lime, efficacy in preventing insicl depredations, 91 — remark-: on the use in agriculture, 81 — benefits of, as INDEX. a manure, H2 — use of il, 105, 430 — on wheat crop. I Onions, great yield of, 170 — Samuel Newman's account Review of tlie Third Annual Report of tlie Geology of influence of, 145 — Ruflin on calcareous manures, 344 I of preniium crop, 2S(i Maine, by H. C, 58, 68 Liiming and wheat on clover, 1!I3 — benetit of, and green i Ornithology, knowledge of, important to farmers, 3,18 manuring with peas, 21(> Live and learn, 148 Lincoln, VVilliain, report on swim:, 181 Lowell, Hon. John, obituary notice, 314 l.iOweII Hi'rtioullural Society, notice of, 83 — first exhi- bition of, lOG Loams, management of sandy, 135 London dairies. 249, 257; Locust tree, Uaniel Stclibins necount o? his plantation, 327 Lucvni'i cultivation t>f, 41" Lying, 100 M. Marl, it.« meliorating etleci, 13l> — espeiiment with, 30(5 Madison's homestead, 220 Mammoth pear, 241 Man's necessities his greatest l^tnporal UIes.*sing, 191 iVIanure, accumulating of, 13G, 173— from peat and lime, 17 — from sea weed and dry straw, 121 — application of, 54 — materials for, by H. C. 86^ — urate and pou- drette, 12.") — nutritive, 31G — experiments in, 354 — use of long, 414 — and ill effects of dirty stable, 329 — ap- plication of, by Jamis A. Garrett, G2 Manuring, cheap, .''>7 Mackey pigs, Mr Phinney's, 701 Marsh mud, experiment witli, 434 Management of the dairy, 112 Massachusetts Horticultural Society, see Horticultural Society — Society fur Promoting Agriculture, premium list 1839, 14, 23— remarks on premiums, by H. C 50— premiums lor butter and cheese awarded, 203 — report of committee on butter, 234 — report on beet sugar premiums, 2G4 — of Dr Stebbins on beet sugar, 384 — on best cultivated farms, 285 — on vegetable and grain crops, 28G — on trees and live hedges, 308 — premium farm reports, 325 — Icliabod R. Jacob's answers to in- quiries, 344— premium list for 1840, 381 Means and measures of educating farmers, 33 Meadow land, by W. B., 37 Merriam, H. C, on education of farmers, 281 Memorial of agricultural commissioner, 293 Milch cows, importanre of their having access to good water, 135 — and heifers, 375 Milking by women, 50 — instructions for, 217 . Milk, the importance of pure, for the supply ol New York city, 160 — sickness, observations upon, 88 Millet, time of sowing, great produce of, 30 Middlesex cattle show at Concord, 134 — notice of, by H. C. 122— address befiire the society, by H. C. 333 Monre, (^ol. Abel, notice of li,s larm, by J. B. 61 Mole, natural history of, 276 Monopoly, by H. C. 50 Morus Multicaulis, failure of cuttings, 40 — virtue..^ and value of, 63 — tea and cigars made from it, 63 — buds, failure of those planted, 64 — excitement about, 76 — shoes made of it, 100— sales reported, 112 — the staple product of New Jersey, 1()9 — speculation in at an end, 170- bad business, 209 Mulberry trees, sale of, 62 — and the silk business, con- fidence in, 81 — bad business, 209^silk culture in 1772, 112— essay on, by Daniel Stebbins, 385— Mas- sachusetts Agricultural Society's premiums on, re- marks, by H. L'. uO Mutual improvement clubs, 263 Much ado about nothing, 316 Mysteries of the Kitchen, 220 N. Natural history, 60 New Jersey farmin", 109 Negro fiddler, 100 ° New York Pondretle Company, 125 New York annual horiicullurai exhibition, 108 Newspapers, benefits of, 177 Night s..il, 230 Ni.hols, Dr. A., statement on mar.ures, 368 Notes on New Jersey farming, 109 Noithem shepherd, 85 Notices of larnis, minute? by the way, and li. Phinney's farm, 53. 61— Col. A Moore's farm, 61— E. L Pen- nimans place, 90— Gen. Holman's, 93— Calvin lias- Orchards, good eti'cct of swine running in them, 105 Order, every thing in its, 432 — and regularity, 393 Osborn, William, on reclaimed meadows. Oxen against horses, 5(1 — remedy lor pulling olV I each other, 199 P. Pawliixet cattle show and fair, 141 — jiri-miotn lis 1840,425 Parental affection, pleasures of, 188 Pauper farms, 277 reach tree borer, 361— pruning of, 382 — curiou freak jacn tree norer, jui— pruning oi.^v-i — curious ireak n ' r ,i,. r , ■ nc 1 ' 1 r I i/"» ' rvoinan agricu ture, l3b ol nature in, 95 — coal ashes for their preservation, 1(i7 : d l . Y' d . , p „, A A . J I I- 11' Koberts, L. P. account o real meadows, 4 — on peat and lime, from Jaikson s jl,- ' report, 77 Pepperell, notice of improvements iu, 104 Penn, William, getting what he wanted 130 i Penniman, E. L. notice of his pfice, 90 j Perluine of plants, deleterious in confined apartments, 10 ; Phinney, E. Esq. notice of his farm, .53 — of his pigsand r> piggeiy, 71 — un the cultivation of wheat, 389 — letter to C. F. Jackson on peat, 77 Pigs anil piggery, Mr Phinney's, 71 Pine, Norfolk Island, 288 Plant, insect, 356 Planting trees, 88 — seeds, inquiries bv W . Ames an- swered by Rev. M. Allen, II Plymouth cattle show, report of committee, &c. 174 — on improvi;ment8, 311 — reports on silk, working oxen, &c. 383 — on stock, produce, &c. 391 — on inventions, 399 — list of premiums for 1840, 3.56 — premiums awarded, 407 — remarks on, by H. C. 154, by M. 154 Poetry. I.ectufe to the world's people, 8 — the stormy Petrel, 92 — Y.>nkee girl, 100 — our mountains and val- leys, 108- the farmer, 132— birds in autumn, 124— farmers' choice, 228 — the wild flower, 260 — consump- tion, 292—1 bow not yet, 292— the monkev, 316— the horse, 332— the farmer 380 Potatoes, frost bitten, observations on, 223 — experiment with, 262 — planting in the furrow, 394 — Gilkies, 17 — hilling of, 17 — best soil for, varieties and cultivation of, 32 — preserving of. 145 Premiums awarded by Massachusetts Agrioutural So- ciety, 203 — list of Mass. Agri. So. 15 — Plymouth County Society, 356 Pruning fruit trees, proper time, 399 — remarks on pre- miums of Massachusetts Agricultural Society, by H. C. 50 — utility of, force of prejudice, 134 Politics fiir farmers, 400 Poultry, to fatten, and rearing of, 193 — on the keeping of, 57— management by Thomas P. Hunt, 330 — by T. W. and H. C. 338— inquiries answered by T. P. Hunt, 36'2 — and eggs, ;?51 Pouvliette, recoinmendHtions of, directions for using, &c. 12 Profits of farming, by H. C. 26— of crops, 21- of an English farm, by J. A. J. 131 | Profitable farming, 349 i Produce and expenses of farming, 29 Preserving cariots and ruta bagi, 170 Profession, choice of, 240— prolessional life, 389 Putnam Allen, address before Essex Ai;ricultural Socie- ty, 309 Putnam, Daniel, statement on reclaimed meadows, 376 Punctuality, value of, 346. Receipt for making table b(er,32 — to cure dysent3ry,73 — for taking out stains of berries, 84 — liir curing wpund* on horses and cattle, 90 — for curing broken wind in a horse, 137 — for making buck wheat cakes, IbB— to niake leather water proof, 238 — for making labor sa- ving soap, 261 — to make rancid butter sweet, 261-:- to prevent taste ol turnips in butler, 407 — to make rich bread puddings, 415 — to make rich baked Inrlian do. 415 — to make Indian boiled pudding, 415 — to make a strong cement for glass, 417 Rotation of crops, 21 — in gardening, 345 — applioatiott of the principles of, 200 I succesful culture of tree corn. Rohan Potatoes, Jnsiah Lovett, 2d., account of, 137 — value of, 289 — Humphrey Webster's account of, 137 — ;>reat yield of, 153 — distinguishing trait of, 153— J. L. L. F. Warren's experiments with, 277 — J. K. Howard's account of, 313 )cky Mountain Flax, 262 Rose bush slug, premiums for destruction of, 394, 418 Root cultivation, benefit of, , Rliode Island Agricultural Reports, 141, 160 — premiums offered, 425- report of the farm cf Wm. Rolch, 40J. Rye, Pcleg S. Gardener's account of premium crop, 2i^ Russian hogs, 169 S. : Salt Hay, by H. C, 66 ,'".... Salt, for killing white weed, 66 — useful for fruit trees, 30— value of, 207 Salting butter, 103 Saltpetre in meat, 416 — as a manure, 432 — in liquor. deleterious qualities, 416 — for garget, 81 Sandy Loams, management of, 135 Science and agriculture, 258 — applied to farming by W B. 277— for farmers by W. B. 350, 373, 408— import, ant to the farmer, 210 Scotland, agricultural state of, 101 Schools, common, remarks on, by Dr Humphrey, 177 — houses, by Dr Humphrey, J83 Season, state of, by H. C. 18 — and meadow lands, by W. B. 37 Sea sand, vegetative powers of, 193 Seed the continuance of vegetative powers, 369 — not germinating causes of, 119 Seed coin, preparation of, 47 Sedgwick, Theodore, Hon., obituary notice of, 178 Selfishness, 324 Sheep, browsing of, during the continuance of snow« 246 — fine wooled, 231 — shearing at Nantucket, 10 Shaw, Chief Justice, address at the centennial celebra- tion at Barnst.ible, 116 Shark, a large one, 20 Sherman, Aliiiot, anecdote of, 396 Short horned cattle, 41 Silk business, much good will result from if, 140 — gilh reel, 18(i— convention at Washington, 218-— from the spider, 236— manufacture of, 288 — ciiitu e ol, 297— culture, essay on, 365 — remarks on, by H. C, 394 growing in Hampshire County, 39 — incredulity of euo- cess will give way, 49 — business, its agents, odd timesj &c , 72 — as carried on by General Holinan, 94^a9 carried on by C. Haskell, 104 — Samuel Whitmarsh'B communication on, 9? — company in Washington, 97 Quince Trees, 353 R. kelFs, iheGc 104— "t E: ud H keeper Agricultural Society, 114 — ol Oats, large ones, 81 Odds and ends, 60 Observation, value to farmers, 87 Rain water cisterns, manner of constructing, 4 j Rail road engine, 36 — opening the western, 122 1 Rattlesnake, 08 I IJats, ingenuiiy of, 252 1 Raspberries, best metiii.>d of training, 255 Remarks on commencement of a new volume, 6 Remittances by mail, 113 Remedy, a simple one for dust in the eye, 20 — against disease in cattle, 32 Reaping machine, new one, 73 Kecliiined meadow, 376 Reproduclion ol Iruit, 151 Report, the second agricultural, by II. C 21,29, notice ol — ih.rd do. 386, notice of Reverses in trade, 3ti2 Rule worthy the fanner's atteniion, 207 Ruta Baga, best mode of transplanting, 18, culture— and the garden fla», 169— and carrots, by H. C. 176— mode of preserving, t.Scc. 89 — productiim and manufactuie, by H. C, 106— tnanu factoring, encouragement in it, 127 — Colinan's view of culture, 178 Silk Worms' Eggs, carelessness in saving, 119 Sllliman's address at the state house, 242 Slavery, effects on Virginia agriculture, 13 Sleep with ilie head covered, 180 Sleep, efl'ects upon the eves, 100 Slobbering of horses, lobelia the cause of it, 96 Smut in v\heat, how pr.'vented, 393 Soap suds, a specific fur nounshing flowers, 91— «oap makin:;, 190 Soil for the sugar beet, 15 Soiling cattle, 217 Spirit of the age, agricnltiirul papers, &c. 118 Speculation, evils of it, 186 Spofford, (j'eorgH, statement on cows, 375 .■strawberries, great amount realiz.-d from a small plot, 95 — acennnt of Mrs Arbigiist's plantation, by N. Lmigworth, 56 — im the cultivation of, by J. A- Powning, 48 — piofiis of raising, 25 — Hovey's new seedling; 7 Staking new set trees, 343 the locust iree, 33o— on the locust tree, 3'i9 — on the mulberry, 385 Ptorv, a true one, 385 Bt'iv'ef, 180— on tices :ind live hedges, 303 Steam nuvigatim ti> Englaiiit, 34 striata formnssissa Dahlia, 55 Swine in an Orchard, 105 — breeding and rcann>;, Ili7 —notice uf Trealise on, by H W. Kllswi.rlh, 201— hay tea for, bad effect upon, 253 — poisoned by bean pods, 326 Suckering Indian corn, 34 Subiioil, properties and use, 64 Sunflower seed oil, cure for the founders, 89 Sunshine, daily value, 73 Sugar Beet for rmlcli cow8, and soil for, 15 — q-ierios, by ■Tunes H. Hito, 45 — and oilier roots, cost of raising, 60 — value of the root for feeding stock. 9! — superior tor fattening mutton, IG4 — success m cultivating it, 185 — ai d the manufucture of beet sugar, 221 Swedish army, 132 T. Tare, notice of, 246 — varieties, mode of cultivation, 289 Taplcy, iNathan, statement on cows, 375 Teachers, qualifications of, by Dr Humphrey, 192 Tea, cultivation and use, 332 Temperance, progress of, 370 Thoughts and observations on matters and things rela- tive to larniing, 24 — on the education of firmers, by P. F. Ill— on farming, 113 Thatcher, Dr. James, on aberration in vegetable physi- ology, ill — on remedy for bee moth 112 Thorbiirn, William, remarks on Whittington viheal, 41 Transplanting fruit trees, 201 — trees, 230 — autumn a proper time 138 Vrre aieds, planting of. 111 Tiee planting, 88 Ureen, yi4— by K. F R.iberts 215 Travelling in tlie last ctniury, 148 Tomato, cultivntiun of. Tropical pl.ints, spices, 196 Turnips l;irge and small comparative value, 49— fly, remedy :igainst, 344 u. Urate and poudrctte, recommendations of, directions for using, 125 Uije of branches and leaves for manuring lands, 223 Useful hints, 345 U|)ton, F.dv. ird, siatenient on cows, 376 Vase, presentation of, to M. P. Wilder, 281 Vegetiibles, new mode of railing, lOli Vegetation, progress of during the month of May, 1839, 378— May, le40, 408 Vegetative puwtrs of sea sand, 193 — preservation of powers, 215 Vetch- or Tare, notice of, 246, 289 Virginia agriculture, by VV. Kenrick, 13 Vose, U., on education of farmers, 39,72 W. Wanderings in the West, 390, 397, 405, 422, 429 Walker's tulips and pansies, 386 Water, power of, by Williuiii Foster, Esq , 424 — causinn- fire. 95 Wall, building of stone, 254 Warren, J. L. L. F., experiment with Rohan potatoes, 297 Webster's, Hon. Daniel, speech at the state house, 242, 245— spi cell in England, 93 Weaiher, record i.f, fjr April, 1F40, 378 Weeds, impurtnnce of eradicating them, 49 Western Rail Road, opening of, 122 Westboro' Agricultural Society, noticeof formation, 200 — notice of meeting, 250 Wheatland, gerdogy and agriculture of, 12 Wheal fly, reniHiks on by R A. Harvard, .Montreal, 54 Wheal, 53 bushels to the acre, 13 — manured by lime |.t5 — on clover and liming, 193— great yield of, IV.}-. stcepinij it in brine before sowing 306 — cultivation of, by E. Phinnpy, 387— smut in, how prevented, 393 Whiiiiiigion Wheat, remarks on by W Thorburn, 1", 305 — a winter and not spring, 97 VVhitmarsh, Samuel, on the silU business, 79 Whitney, Peter, account of apple tree producing liuil i>f 0|ipo>ite qualities, 112 Wliale fishery, perils of, 212 Witch grass, method of destroying, 72, 231 VVinier butter, 201 Williams, Mr, uf Alfred, on steeping seed wheat in brine, 306 Wine, from currants, gooseberrie,-., &c., 399, 414 Wood, importance of having a stock of dry, 383 Wilder, IM. P. presented with a vase, 281 Wool, importance of. its amount, 263 — clean, 25 Women milking, ,50— in a thousand, 188 Worm inlesting the locust tree, 322 Worcester County Agricultural Show, noticed by Jl. C .50, 149 — report of committee on .igricnilural imple- ments, &c. 1.57 — do. on leather and wool, 158— on minulactiired ailicles, 165— on sheep, 166— on swine, 181 — on f.it cattle and milch cow.--, 173 — on wuikiiig o.xen, 167 — address before, by H. C, I Yankee perseverance, 36 Zoology important to farmers, 327 AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. PUI'-I.ISHED BY JOSEPH BllECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aoricultooal Wahehodse.) "vou xvin.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 10, 1839. CNO. 1. AGRICULTUtRAL. [From ihe July No. ofilie North Amtrican Review.] ^n Mdrcss at the .iivnial Cattle Shows of the If'or- cester ntnl the Hampshire, Hampden and Franklin Agricultural Societits, October, 1838. Bt Hen- BY Cdi.ma.n, Commissioner for tlie Agricultural Survey of the State. Boston : Otis, Broaders, & Company. 8vo. pp. 23. Agriculture, the first pursuit of civilized man, has been the last to receive the direct attention and patronage of governments. Commerce, navi- gation, manufactories, the mechanic and fine arts science and letters, had commanded much resp':;ct and reached high degrees of excellence, before the cultivation of the earth, either for the purposes of profit or embellishment, found favor among the af- fluent and enlightened, or was deemed an object worthy of the careful consideration of statesnun and legislators. But, when nations have reaci;ed an advanced position in prosperity and refinement, and other more attractive or lucrative branches of industry have been so extended, as to empl.'.y a lari^e portion of the population, an inniiensely in- creased amount of products is required to meet the augmented demand of consumption ; and the ne- cessity of rendering the earth more prolific, be- comes so apparent, that wliathad been improvident- Iv neglected, and was, in fact, the most" s.ilsiaji- tia'ly "jionientous interest of the country, il !h''< imperiously commands Uie most grave cocridera- tion. As the commercial and mechanical enterprise by Marshall, several years before, to the Society of Arts in London. The reports of,tlie several com- missioners being very voluminous, as they contain- ed exact details relating to practical operations in every department of rural economy, digests were made to render them more available, by the inde- fatigable projector and collaborator in the execu- tion of this enlarged and efficient plan for advanc- ing the important inierests of the whole country. But even in that reduced form, with the other ma- terials which he had individually collected during a period of nearly twenty years, which had been devoted to the subject, for compiling " A Compen- dious System of English Agriculture," the work consists of fourteen volumes. The expenditures of Great Britain having rapid- ly and immensely increased from the comtnence- ment and during the progress of the war which fol- lowed the French revolution, and nearly half of the whole revenue teiug derived from direct taxes and the e.vcise, it became of still greater consequence to the land-owners and their tenants, from whom that vast amount of income was chiefly received, to render each acre more productive, by the introduc- tion of every possible improvement in the science and art of cultivation, which genius and skill could create or introduce, from the practice of any other age or country. Interest, knowledge, and indus- try were, therefore, actively and zealously united in a common cause, and tho beneficial results have i beoii truly wonderful. With a territory whose area ; 15 not n th'rd, and jvhose pnpuca'ion is o ily half that of France, and with a soil and cunrue not so propitious, the agricultural products of England are ces. Tlie "Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture" was incorporated soon after that whic)l was establisiied in England ; and the example hu been emulously followed in most of the countiei throughout the State, while all have'-been encour- aged a(d fostered by the seasonable and liberal en- dowments of the government. Much has been thus accomplished within the present century ; but, acting from a yet more enlarged and generous pol- icy, tho executive and legislature of the co.nmon- wealth, with a munificence which reflects upon them the greatest honor, directed, two years since, an agricultural sui-vey ofeiich county to be made; and a gentleman was appointed as the commission- er ftr performing that difficult and laborious duty, whc, from his attainments, industry, ardor, and practical experience, was eminently qualified for the station. This may undoubtedly with propriety and jus- tice be considered one of the most important meas- ures that have been adopted since the organization of the government: for it is immediately interest- ing, and must be directly beneficial, not only to ev- ery citizen who depends upon the cultivation of the earth for his srpport, but to the whole population, of which the farming class constitutes at least sev- en.tenths, being, at the same time, the grand nur- sery and constant source of supply for filling all the other diversified occupations in society. With a soil naturally as capable of tillage, and to a.s high a degree of perfection as that of any other vegion.. Massachusetts has been dependent on oi^iti 'otatvV fj.' a large portion of the most indis- pensable products of agriculiuio, vhich are annual- NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JVhV 10, 1839. i ^ : From the first report made by Mr Colman, there is ample testimony to warrant the assertion that Massachusetts is capable of yielding more than triple the amount of agricultural products which have hitlicrto been obtained. There is not a coun- ty which the commissioner has visited, that has not presented examples of tillage, and experiments in all the branches of New England culture, which fully illustrate the immense advantages that are derivable from a skilful application of science to the practical arts of husbandry. This verified and consequently most useful of all kinds of krowledge, but which has been confined within very limited and far separated circles, will hereafter be as uni- versally possessed, through the medium of the re- ports on each county, as that which has been col- lected and published on every other subject con- nected with human industry ; and the whole, when completed, in the lucid, exact, and satisfactory man- ner in which the first has been presented, wijl, al- lowing for the extent of territory surveyed, foitn the most accurate and valuable agricultural cyclopedia which has appeared in any country. It will in- clude the actual operations of each individual, who has best perfected that portion of rural economy to which his attention had been most exclusively directed, from the nature of the soil, and geograph- ical position as respects a market. Hitherto all the publications which have appear- ed on agriculture, have been principally compila- tions from the various treatises that have been written on that all-important subject, since the pe- riod of the illustrious Columella ; and, however la- borious may have been the authors, and ingenious- ly faithful in design, or desirous of producing a work which might the most perfectly subserve the purposes of the region of country for which it was intended, it is notorious to every experienced and well instructed farmer and gardener, that they have invariably failed to accomplish what had been so confiden'tiy anticipated ; and it is evident, to even the most superficial 6"t>sen.'er, that there is no other mode of concentrating in a really useful form the requisite information, for the general guidance of the uninstructed as well a.s expe-ienced culti- vators of the earth, and of enabling them to partic- ipate in the advantages which have been derived from the most approved methods cf conducting the multifarious labors of a farm, than that which has fortunately been undertaken by the goverument of Massachusetts, and which, from what has already been done, we have tlie fullest confidence will be thoroughly executed. Each of the most skilful and enlightened experimentalists, whose results will be given in the reports of. the Agricultural Commissioner, must have consulted the most cele- brated authors, and to some extent taken them as guides, for directing them in their diversified ope- rations ; and the benefits obtained will be at the command of every citizen. The agricultural survey is but the continuation and completion of a system, which has been project- ed for obtaining accurate information, as to the physical geography, topography, natural history, and general statistics of the commonwealth. Mas- aachusetts has been the first of all the States in the Union, to cause a correct map to be construct- ed, based on the triangtlation of its whole area, which involves astronomical observations for estab- include a whole nation. Happily, however, for the navigation of the United States, the same operation is in progress, under the direction of the national government, for forming complete hydrographical charts of the coast from Passamaquoddy to the Sa- bine. Connected with these important labors, a geo- logical survey was undertaken, which has been most ably completed by Professor Hitchcock ; and the other departments of natural history, including the animal and vegetable realms, have been direct- ed to be explored, and the duty has been confided to several scientific gentlemen, from whom may be expected full and interesting accounts of the quad- rupeds, birds, fishes, reptiles, insects, and plants which are peculiar to the State. These works will be honorable monuments of the enlightened and expanded views of the legislature, reflect lasting honor upon the chief magistrates un- der whose direction they have been so successfully prosecuted, and entitle the enlightened and merito- rious gentlemen who have participated in the very responsible labors, to the respect and gratitude of the present and all future generations. We have indulged so far in the general remarks which the very interesting subject of agriculture has suggested, that there is left only suflicient space to commend to the real friends of the country the instructive address which the Agricultural Com- missioner delivered before the assembled yeomanry of several of the interior counties, during the last autumn. It is an impressive appeal to the farmers, urging them strenuously to endeavor to render their condition as prosperous and happy as their pursuits are respectable and important, by renewed efforts in the acquisition of intelligence, and to il- lustrate, by example, how independent arid deserv- ing of the highest consideration are those, who zealously emulate the hardy virtues and rural in- dustry of their adventurous Anglo-Saxon ancestors. STATE OF AGRICULTURE IN THE UNITED STATES. That the Agriculture of the United States does not, to use a commercial phrase, rank with that of the most favored nations, is perhaps generally ad- mitted ; that it might with proper care be made to do so, does not admit of controversy ; and it may be well to inquire into some of the causes that lead to this state of things. With one of the most fer- tile countries, by nature, on the globe, we do not in the amount of' products ^qual that of some coun- tries much less favored, but which by superior skill in cultivation- have attained a fertility unknown among us. As examples of this, we may name England, Belgium, and part of Germany ; in which the average per acre of the crops is much greater than in the United States, if we except, perhaps, some few of the best cultivated districts. In order to determine what should be, it is some- times useful to ascertain what actually is. Esti- mates have been made at different times of the to- tal of agricultural products in this country. Such esti.'flates have no pretensions to exactness ; they are only approximations to the precise quantity ; still, as similar estimates are made in other coun- tries, they may afford the means of comparison, as showing the proportion of production to the popula- tion. The vear 1838 was. on the whole, a favora- one hundred millions, and oats at One hundred and] fifty millions of bushels ; we should not probably be far from the truth. Barley does not rank high ' in amount as a cultivated crop, though the quantity produced is annually increasing. The wheat is principally grown in the country north of the Poto-- mac and Ohio, and south of the great lakes. The' corn is produced chiefly in the south, and in the' valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. Oats are cul- tivated in all sections unless the extreme south ; and are everywhere the principal food of horses, while they are given to cattle, sheep, and swice to a considerable extent. The average crop of wheat on the whole, cannot be estimated per acre at more than eighteen bushels ; corn, thirtyfive bushels ; oat5 the same ; and barley about twenty bushels. This rate will of course vary greatly in dififerent sections. In the States north of the Ohio, the av- erage of corn would perliaps equal or exceed fil"ty bushels to the acre, while in the States south of the Potomac, it has been estimated as low as fif- teen bushels per acre. The difference in the oth- er crops in the several sections of our country would be less, but still it is considerable. That these average productions might be greatly increased, does not admit of a question ; that the interests of agriculture demand that such should be the case, is equally clear. By attention to the se- lection of sseds and the preparation of the soil, an addition of ten per cent, to these averages might be readily made ; experience shows that such is the fact; and multitudes of individual instances might be adduced to prove that such has already been done by skilful and intelligent farmers. The causes which, in our opinion, have tended more than any others to depress agriculture, and prevent its receiving the attention it demands, as weL as to reduce the profits which should reward the laborer are the following. First, a want of re- spect in the agricultural interest for their own pro- fession. There is a feeling in certain portions of the community, principally those who have done nothing to increase the productive capital of the country themselves, and who may be termed the drones of the social compact, that personal labor is disgraceful, and that the cultivator of the soil is little better than a slave. Strange as it may seem, this feeling may be said to be promoted and per- petuated by the conduct of farmers themselves. There are too many men among us ; men who have good farms and who might employ their sons upon them, with the certainty that honorable competence would be the result; who prefer to see them be- come poor miserable retailers of tape and sugar candy, or second or third rate lawyers, men fit for nothing only to promote litigation, and sow the seeds ■'of strife, and bring into contempt the high principles of right which the law is intended to embody, rather than honest, high-minded, intelli- gent cultivators of tlie soil. For this evil, and it is a serious, one, the remedy is with the farmer. His sons should be well educated, but they should be taught to feel, what in fact is the case, that in the actual dignity and usefulness of their profession, the farmer has few equals and no superior. The second cause of the depressed state of agri- culture in the United States, is tlie inattention of farmers in selecting the best breeds of animals for their yards, and the best seeds for planting. In VOIi. XVIII. NO. 1. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. pdhown tliat animals can be formed in Uie hands of the scientific breeder to meet tlie wants or remedy the Jefopts of any existing race. Whether it be a lieautifnl form, weight of carcase, aptitude to fat- ten, or all these combined in cattle ; or the same qualities, willi or without wool in sheep ; Bakowell, Cu'ly, Berry, and p',ll:iian, have shown that domes- tic animals in the hands of the farmer who under- sUnds the principles of breeding, are as clay in the hands of the potter, to be moulded and transformed at will. Tlie records of Smithfield market, the roost decisive evidence that can be produced, prove that the average weight of cattle and sheep has in- creased one-third within less than half a century. Not less beneficial have been the resulU which have ensued from attention to improved or new va- rieties of seeds. The most valuable kinds of wheal, barley, oats and other grain in Europe, and of maize or corn in this country, have been the result of careful selection and long-continued culti- vation. Col. Lc Conteur, of the Isle of Jersey, who has paid more attention to wheat, and institut- ed a greater number of experiments in regard to the plant than any other man living, having devot- ed about twenty years and ample means to the pur- suit, states "tliat the only chances of having pure sorts was to raise them from single grains or sin- gle ears, and that tlie improvements he had made in this way had amply rewarded his labor, as the produce of his crops was increased from an aver- age of about twentythree to tweutyfive bushels an acre to about tliirtyfour; and sfncc he had raised wheat from single ears, or carefully selected sorts, he has increased his crops to between forty and fif- ty bushels an acre." Many of the best known kinds of wheat, barley and oats, now grown in Eu- rope, and some of them have been successfully in- troduced into this country, have been produced from single ears or heads of grain, selected by ob- serving men for some valuable qualities they ap- peared to possess. Such was the origin of the White Kent and Whiltingham wheat; the Cheva- i:_- A .„.,.! Ct..;„^. havlov. .nnfl the Potato. that matter undergoes in the transformation from inert atoms to organized life. Constantly among plants, and compelled to be familiar with insects, some of both of which lie nuud)or3 among his worst enemies, he is in part a botanist and ento- mologist by necessity ; and were his observations properly directed, there is nothing to hinder, but mucii to render farmers the most successful discov- erers in these sciences. Works which would give a proper course to his inquiries, may be found at almost every bookstore ; and it is not too much to hope, that volumes will be found in every common school and district library which will awaken inqui- ry, and direct observers, in the successful pursuit of these and other sciences. We think that blame may be attributed, in a greater or less degree, to most of the agricultural publications and periodi- cals of the day, in not devoting more of their pages to the discussion and elucidation of these topics. It ' may perhaps be said, tliat but little is yet known with certainty on these subjects ; that chemical analysis, vegetable physiology, and the development of the laws that govern the nutrition of plants and animals, are all as yet in their infan- cy ; still it cannot but be useful to have what is known, spread before the public mind, and if much that is supposed to be certain, should hereafter prove merely theoretical, useful observations will be prompted, and truth eventually e.stablished. Agriculture is strictly a science, and should be considered as such. The principles that govern and control matter, are many of them already un- derstood, and no one has any pretensions to fJie ti- tle of a thorough farmer, who is not able to apply such as are known to his course of practice in the field. We have many men who express surprise at tlie well known fact, that the most skilful and successsful farmers we have in the country, are men who have been bred to other pursuits, and never had tiie management of a farm till they pur- chased for themselves, and assumed the farmer at once. We think there is nothing surprising in this result. These men brought to the business of ag- of neatness and order. We cannot expect that a man will spend his capital in beautifying and put- ting his farm in order, in planting, and draining, and repairing, when such expenditures will not re- pay him more than seven per cent., when by pur- chasing more, or new lands, there is a probability that 30 or ,50 may be realized. It requires too great an effort of self-denial to see our neighbors enlarging their domains to the size of a German principality, while we are expected to be content with sonie two or four hundred acres. We have as a body of farmers yet to learn that the products of a small farm in proportion to the capital invest- ed are usually greater than on large farms. We have yet to acquire a taste for small, neat, well finished and well furnished houses, in preference to the enormous ' shingle palaces' which we take such a delight in erecting; and when shall we learn that a few acres, well fenced, kept clean of foul weeds, and growing richer and more produc- tive yearly, is better than many acres, with the fences rotted or thrown down, the fields and the crops choked with pernicious weeds, and the soil, from the wretched course of cultivation, annually deteriorating in value and productiveness. It is « very poor plan in farmers to wear out and impover- ish what land they have, because they can buy- more ; better raise a few acres to the height of fertility, place it in perfect order, and then, if there is a:iy surplus capital, after attending to the moral and intellectual wants of the family, it may be ex- pended in more lands to be gradually brought to the same state. Such are some of the most prominent causes that in our estimation have contributed to place agriculture where it now is ; not as bad, it is true, as it wns some twenty-five years since ; but still very far from what it might be, and what it would be, if farmers would awake to their own interests. It is idle to blame the German peasant, or the Rus- sian serf for transmitting to us their surplus. grain; they would never do it if we supplied the market with home grain, as we certainly and easily might; NEW ENGLAND FARMER. JULY 10, 183a RAIN WATER CISTERNS. The importance of having- a supply of water in the barn yard for cattle, has already been adverted to in the Cabinet, and it is a subject which cannot be too strongly impressed on the minds of farmers. The quantity of manure lost by driving stock twice a day to water, is much greater than is generally supposed, for the droppings are most copiously de- posited immediately after drinking. In many situa- tions water is easily procured frou'. wells of moderate depth and at little cost, compared with the benefit derived ; and in all situations cisterns may be built, and the water from roofs conveyed into them at a very small expense, when contrasted with the advantage resulting from them. In this climate, the average fall of rain annually is about three feet, which furnishes about twenty gal'ons of wa- ter for each square foot of surface during the year, and from these data it is easy to estimate the (Quan- tity which may be collected fiom a building of any given dimensions. A cistern will cost from 55 to 50 dollars, built after the best manner, and theibest is always the cheapest in the end ; the interest on this is from $1 50 to $3 a year, being a sun far below the expense and trouble of taking the cat- tle to water, without reference to the great lois of manure. The following table shows about the number of gallons of water contained in cisterns of the fol- lowing diameters in the clear for each foot of their depth, viz : Diameter. Gallons. 5 feet ......... lao 6 feet . 170 7 feet 230 8 feet 308 ■ 9 feet 390 10 feet 480 By multiplying the number of gallons here stated by the depth of the cistern in feet, the product will be the number of gallons it will contain suffi- ciently near for any practical purpose. The circular form is preferabb to any other for a cistern, as it possesses greater strength with less materials ; the principle of thf arch keeping the parts combined together. Where they are con- structed with brick, the width of a brick is suffi- cient for the thickness of the wall ; where stone is used, the wall must nccessarly be thicker, but the main matter is to have the ffortar well made of the best clean sand, and nat toe much lime, and great care must be taken that all the interstices are well filled in, so as not to admit the water to escape. A coat of plastering well pu; on, of common mortar, made in the best manner, with no more lime than ia absolutely necessary tc coat the sand and cause it td work evenly, has been found to be a complete protection against leakage, but the whole should be executed in a masterly manner by a careful, con- scientious workman ; o'herwise, you will have a broken cistern holding lo water. Those who are disposed to incur a litle more expense, may pro- cure Roman cement, orwater lime, such as is much used in the construction of locks for artificial nav- igation for plastering, tnd when used, it should not be put on thick, but as evenly as possible; and in the use of this article a second coat should never be applied over the first ; all that is done should be done at once ; it will not adhere well and would Boon peal off, and endanger the stability of the Cisterns have been iu use from the earliest pe- riod of which we have any liistorical account, and in modern times many have been constructed, which have been long in use, and which their owners would not dispense with for ten limes their original cost ; therelore let those who are destitute of other means of furnishing water to their stock in their barn yards, proceed at as early a period of time as practicable, to construct a cistern in the best man- ner, and in two years the saving of lime, trouble and manure, will repay the cost with interest. Therefore " Build for yourselves cisterns holding water." jParmer's Cabinet. PEAT MEADOWS. As planting is now over, some farmers will be- gin to think of their peat swamps. We have tried various modes to bring these into English grass, and have never failed to do it when we persevered. On commencing our editorial course last Janua- ry, we resolved not to attempt to lead our brother farmers into any expensive process of farming which might never yield an adequate return. We well know it is quite easy to recommend the purchase of manures — the making of compost heaps — the raising of grain to supply the whole State, &c. &c. It is always much easier to show us how to lay out ten dollars on a farm than to show us how to get a rettirn of ten for an outlay of five. As our search is after truth, we shall ev^r ad- mit into our columns the opinions and the state- ments of othfers who may think differently from us — for these opinions thus admitted we are not ac- countable, and we wish our patrons to take them for just what they are worth. But there is another class of opinions for which we feel ourselves res- ponsible ; and we must beg our readers to distin- guish our own recommendations from the theo- ries of others which are admitted into our col- umns. On thn subject of reclaiming peat lands and bog meadows, we have had many years, of personal experience, and it is our wish that our readers may avail themselves of the advantages to be derived both from our failures and from our success. Our first attempt to raise English grass on a low peatmedow was in 1826. Three of us joined togeth- er in the purchase of eight acres of peat land lying in the centre of the town of Framingham. Major B. Wheeler and John Ballard, 2d. were our part- ners in the purchase. When we first made known our purchase and our object we were !at;ghed to scorn by many of the inhabitants. W6 fofgive every one of them, for they have since confessed their error, and are ever ready to applaud the advances we have made in cultivation. They were not then aware of the mischiefs ihey caused us by tlieir want of faith — it was almost impossible to procure help to labor on this meadow — people require extra wages while la- boring here, and when enquired of where they had been at work, they were studious to conceal the scene of their operations. Fortunately, the pur- chasers were all skilled in the use of the bog-hoe and of the paring-plough, and by taking hold and set- ting the example, others were at length induced to join them and " to dig on old centre meadow," be- cause much less unpopular, afier one summer's than We well remesnber an exprossiion of one ofthe- oldest inhabitants, J. Maynard, Esq., on this sub- ject. He said he did not wish to live any longer after he should see one ton of good English hay grow on old centre meadow. He did live m.any years after. At a meeting of the trustees of Praiiiing- ham Academy which stood on the border of tbis meadow, Doctor D. Kellogg, Rev. Mr Packard, and J. Maynard, Esq. were present. Doctor Packard looked out on the old meadow, and seeing it flood- ,ed, enquired if it was dammed. " Yes," said May- nard, " and it always has been ever since I knew it." This meadow was so miry in the centre that we could easily sink a rail eleven feet long, endwise out of si:?;ht. Our first business was to drain off the water. We drained it off one foot and a half below the surface. We then commenced the par- ing and burning system. This paring is perform- ed by hoes — sometimes assisted by a paring plough. When the meadow will bear up oxen, a paring plough facilitates the operation. Such a plough has a wide share — say one foot and a half — which branches out in a wing on each side. It has no mould plate, and does not turn the furrow over. It only cuts the turf in slips, and suffers it to lie to bear the team up ; then, with the hoes, the sods are easily turned over to dry. When the paring plough is in good order, one yoke of oxen will draw it through a strong hassock. 1 he plough has a sharp coulter like that of an old fashioned wooden plough, and much resembles one except in the want of a mould plate, and in the addition of a second wing to the sharp, branching out to the left, or land side. In a dry summer, the turf thus turned over will soon bum if fire is applied. It burns much better the first summer than if allowed to lie a year on the ground. It is well to commence paring and burn- ing in June, for then we have the summer before us, and can choose the dryest time for burning. When some of the sods are well on fire they may be heaped tons in January VOL. XV III, NO. 1. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER theFurmer ; but in the exercise of (in hanest judgment, a right wliicli they may be sure we sh;ill under nu cir- cum-itances surrender, we may fail to do tliis ; and un- knock a poor farmer over with a bludgeon (we mean figurative- ly of course) if on a hot Sunday afternoon in July, after a week's haying, he should happen to feel a " leelle" drow- sy under some nice hair-splitting division of the test, or some one of the five or .six *' finallys, and to concludes" of the discourse. But how we could be suspected of any ill-design toward our own brethren we cannot di- vine. We will offer all the amends in our power ; tainmenls. We shall s.ay nothing of a living friend, who by hisinlelligence, his practical skill, and his pub- lic spirited exertions has conferred most distinguished benefits upon the agriculture of the Old Colony. Cut the clergy everywhere have a direct interest in agriculture. How are we to have praying and preach- inn without bread and beef.' Even our good t'riends (irahaiu and Alcott, with their most sublimated philoso- phy, would lose their wind if the plough should stop. 'Thi: better the preaching and the better the |)niying the more and the better the bread and the beef Good hus- bandry promotes good morals ; and if good morals be in the opinion of any no part of religion, they certainly are a most wholeso.ne I'oiindation for religious institutions and enterprises. The clergy then have a particular in- terest in the improvement of agriculture. We do not think iheir hands would be incurably soiled if they should sometimes handle a hoe ; nor would they lose their uprightness* by standing hohind a plough. We ihink likewise lliey would find continually new stimu- laDls and strong encouragements to ministerial labor if they themselves more frequently cast the seed into the ground, and saw that when the land was. well prepared and enriciied and tile lender and growing plants care- fully tended and watched over, and man faithfully per- formed his part. Divine Providence does not fail to give its sunshine and rain and mature the harvest. We must therefore urge upon our friends the clergy, to take an interest in agriculture. We wish them for their own sakes to go upon the land ; it will be conducive to physical and therefore mental health ; and then we wish them to give us the results of their intelligent ex- perience; and this will be for the health of the Farmer and of the agricultural community at large. Wo shall persevere in our Inliors to bo useful in this department. We cannot make any farther promises, and can give the past only as a pledge of the future. We have various competitors in the field, but the field is wide enough for us all, and wo begrudge no man his honest success. We shall run no tilt with any man, and shall give the road to any impatient man who choos- es to force himself by us even at the risk of overturning his own vehicle ; and in meeting, we are determined. By li. Weston, jr., Esq. and F. Parker : Epilobium an-- gustifoliuiii, Sainbucus Can.idfensis, Rhododendron max- iinuni, Lilium fhiladelphiouin, Aster miser, Galeopsis- Tetrahit, Convolvulus sepium, Prinos verticillatus, I'y- rola rotundifolium, Calla Virginica, Holcus lanatus, Cornus alba, Hieracium venosum. For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman. (HFTHE Premiums on Carnations- will be awarded on Saturday next, 13th inst , viz. ; Forthe best display $5 ; for the best six varieties $3 ; for the best seedling $3. Per order of the Committee on Flowersi S. WALKER, Ckairinan. ESUlBinoN or FRUITS. Handsome specimens of the White Antwerp Rasp- berries Iroin Mr T. iVIason, Charlestown. From Mr S. UoWner, Dorchealer; White Tartarian Cherries of the London Hort. Soc. catalogue, 200 ; and Downer's Red Heart Cherries. From E. Vose, Dorchester ; True English Black Heart and White Bigarreau Clieriies, of the London Hon Soc. catalogue, 15. From Mr B, V. French, Braintree, Elton cherries, of the London Hort. Soc. catalogue ,79. Fiorn Mr J. M. Ives, Salem, Mottled Bigarreau, a seedling. Lroni Mr R. Manning, Salem ; BfgarreaUjCherries, of the Loudon Hon. Soc. catalogue Nos. 15 and 26. From Mr O. Johnson, Lynn ; a handsome specimen of the Zinfendal grapes, finely colored- From Messrs Hovey & Co. Cambridgeport, seedling strawberries. This specimen was more excellent than any exhibited by them before, and was the 8th box pick ed from 12 plants set out in 1838, in a bed of 2 1-2 by 10 feet. The specimens of cherries were all excellent, and the show of fruits today was superior to any we have had this season. For the Committee, B. V. FRENCH. Exhibitio/t of Fruits June 29. From Mr Vose, the President of the Society, Black Tartarian Cherries, Me- thven Castle and Wood Strawberries. From Mr J. L. L F. Warr.n, Amber Heart or Belle NEW ENGLAND FARMER JULY 10, 1839. MISCbLLANEOUS. We give place to the subjoined with pleasure, and like poor Oliver Twist, we hold out our plate for mere. It is the production of a charming 'friend, who has youth, talents, beauty, and much 'Jiigher_ adornments of the heart and character to ifitike this world delightful. It was evidently written some cold stormy evening of winter, wlien she .sat shivering with her feet between the andi- rons, and the fire burning very blue. It has no affinity with this delightful season of fruits and , flowers, of gre'en fields and waving harvests, and r'fragrant zephyrs. But we give it that the contrast mty throw at least some light upon the darkly shaded picture which she has conjured up to her imagination. Human life we know jias much in it of vanity and vexation of spirit ; but old age is not always a season of regret and sorrow, of sick- ness and pain. Then there is the hope that comes to all, that so often fringes the setting sun with an ineffable beauty and splendor. H. C. Me Editor : — Shall 1 help you lecUire the " world's people" for their ardrnt devotion to the " Money God"? — By way of beguiling a winter evening, I turned my thoughts on the subject into rhyme — if my self-esteem was very large, I should say poetry. They are at your service if you want somethmg to belp fill up one of the «xtra pages you promise, but pray do not crowd out any- thing that has value in it. Your friend, . We toil, — and still toil on — To gather wealtli and wo, Nor think how soon the wealth may fly ; The wo will never go. If for ctarnity We thought to gather gold. If countless years of happiness That treasure could unfold, Not harder should we strive To heap the glittering dross. Counting all time spent otherwise A serious, certain loss. And thus we delve in youth. And thus through manhood's prime. Hoping in agi. to reap the fruit Of all this wasted time. — But when the years arrive To which we 'vc looked for rest, And when we just begin to think Our labors will be blef^ Come sickness, pain and age ; — Comes all the mournful train Of wasted days, and ill-spent hours. Careering through the brain On memory's fleet wings, To sadden all our joy, And mix our srufdcn happiness With misery's alloy. HOW TO BE RICH. . "The way to get credit is to be punctual ; the way to preserve it is not to use it too much. Settle often ; have short accounts." Trust to no man's apiearances — they are decep- tive— perhaps assumed for the purpose of obtain- ing credit. Beware of a gaudy exterior. Rogues usually dress well. The rich are plain men. Trust him, if any one, who carries little upon his back. Never trust him who flies into a passion on being dunned ; make hira pay quickly if there be any virtue in law. Beware of him who is an office seeker ; men do not usually want office when they have any thing else to do. A man's affairs are rather low when he seeks for support. Trust no stranger; your goods are better than do\ible charges. What is character worth, if you make it cheap by crediting all alike? Agree before-hand with every man about to do a job, and, if large put it in writing ; if any decline this, quit or be cheated. Though yi/u want a job ever so much, make all sure at the outset; and in a case at all doubtful, make sure of a guar- antee. Be not afraid to ask it, it is the best test of responsibility ; for if offence betaken, you have escaped a loss. If he be in fact responsible, he will like you the better, for he thus knows that he is dealing with a man who looks at the end of things and only expects to be well served. If not, he will be provoked, and discharge you instantly. Thus you have it in power always to protect your- self in any doubtful case, by simply insisting on security. "Once well begun, it is twice dune." No, is a very useful word — be not afraid to use it. Many a man has pined in misery for years, by not having courage to pronounce that little mono- syllable. Work for a man that is punctual at less wages than for him who is not; you get the balance in certainty of payment. One dollar sure, is better than two doubtful; and it will avail more upon a shift. If you cannot get full wages, take less ; better do so than to be idle. Shun idleness. A shilling a day is better than nothing. The very act of being at work will pro- cure employ, by and by, at a fair rate. Men avoid him who is always Etrolling about the streets ; he is judged unfit for any thing, and may die for want of employ. If you can find nothing else to do, read and im- prove your mind, and fit yourself for better doing vvhat you may have to do. Instruct your children ; see that they have good schools, visit them occa- sionally, and take a giunce at the method in whicli it is conducted. Do you think they will ever re- spect you, or be worth having, if you neglect them in their youth, whi'n the mind first takes its bent and inclination ? No man who has a family should ever say that he has nothing to do. Dr. Franklin once lived upon fifty dollars a year, including all expenses. One may, in this country, carry him- self well through with less money. Stroll nut about begging patronage :. — What is patronage'? Nothing after your ability is known. Then, if you are fit for employ, you will have it — if not, a better man should. You must stand competition ; this is the life of busines ; get work by superior skill, punctuality and attention. Men know their interest, and will follow it in spile of friendship. Give me the skill, and you may have all the patron They will stick to you as long as you serve them best — no longer. If too many are in business, let the balance clear out, and they will soon do so, if the public do not falsely cherish them with lair words of patronage, which mean nothing ; — " but every man for himself." Recollect the main point is employ, and not fiiir words. One man giving a job is worth forty prnn ising it, — promises are the ruin of many, and usua ly import nothing but a vitality to hope. Many a man promises for mere good nature, and will wan- tonly promise tlie same thing to a hundred a day, and disappoint ninetynine. Doubt every man who has not strictly complied with engagements. If he has disappointed others he may disappoint you In fine, never tliink you have money at your com- mand, until it is actually in your hand ; and there- fore take care how you promise it. Neglect of such prudentials hinders men from becoming rich, and produces hard times. Tulips, Kaiiuitcnlases, Anemoilvs, Auriculas, Car— NATIONS, PiCOTBES, PiNKS AND GehaNIUJSIS H. GIIOOAI, of Walworth, near London, England, by ap. poiiilment Florist to Her Mp.jegly Gtueen Victoria, begs re- spectfully to call the attention ot his friends and the admir- ers ol'flowers in .-America generally, to his extensive col lectio- ol* the above flowers, which from his havuig been very suc- cessful in their cultivation this season he can offer at very moderate prices. He would particularly recommend to those persons about commencing trie growlh of the Tulip (whicli in England is becoming very fashionable) the unde rcodec- tions in beds, as it is by far the cheapest mode of purchasing them. Tulips arranged in beds wilh their names. First Class. A bed of 30 rows containing 210 bulbs including several of the newest varieties, - - - - - - ,£l5 A bed of 45 rows, £->l A bed of 6U rows, ----- 25 guineas Second Class. A bed of 30 rows including many fine sorts, - £lO A bed of 4a rows do - - - £l4 A bed ol 60 rows do - - - £l7 Ills Tulips not arranged, too Superfine sorts with their names from £7 7b to £ 13 Superfine mixtures, from - - - 7s 6dto2ls Ranunculuses. 100 Superfine sorts, with their names from £3 3s to £5 5s Superfine mixtures, from - - - Os to 21s per lOO A nemones. 100 Superfine sorts wilh their names, - - £3 \0s Superfine double mistures Irom lOs 6d to 21s per 100 Auriculas. 2.5 Superfine sorts with their names, - - £3 13s 6d Catalogues wilh the prices of the other articles may be had on application. Orders received by JOSEPH BRECK & CO, Nov. 1. eow. MULBERRY FOLIAGE. Quantities of Mulberry Leaves lor feeding Silk Worms, may be had by application, personally or bv mail to WIN- SHIP'S Eslablishment. or to JOSEPH B'RECK & CO. 52 North Market Street, Boston. Brighion, June 17. CORN SIIELLERS. JusI received at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos 51 and 52 Norlh Market Street, a sup- ply of Currier's Patent Corn Sbellers ; a very convenient and cheap arlicle. A right to usmgsaid machines in counties or towns may be obtained by applying as above. April 17. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. NEW BOOKS. A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Dahlia and Cactus. By E. Sayers. Al-sii Birds and Flowers and other Country Things. By Mary Howitt. Denms' .Silk Manual. American Elower Garden Companion- Aineriran Fruit Garden Companion, and An Essay on the Praciicabiliiy ol Cultivating the Honey Bee in Marilime Towns and Cities as a Source of nnmeslic Ecnnnmy and Profit- By J. V. C. Smith. M. D., for sale by June la JOSEPH BRECK & CO. DUKH.V.M SHOUT HORN Bl LL. For sale, a very fine Durham Short Horned Bull, three years old. For lurlher particulhrs inquire at the New Eng- land .iVgncultural Warehouse. Boston, June 12, IS33. SCYTHES ANU R^KES. The subscribers have received their usual supply of Scythes, Rakes, &c. among which are 100 doz. Hall's Rakes, superior. 100 '■ Wilder and Eddy's, do. 200 " Common. do. 20 " English Cast Steel Grass Scythes. 10 " '■ '■ " Cradle " 100 " " " " Border " 200 " Round Scythe St.ines and Rifles. 100 " Square " " " 300 " Patent Scythe Snaiihs, superior. June 19. ■ JOSEPH BRECK & CO. THE KEVV EKGLA'-D FAIiMKR Is puliiished every Wednesday Evening, al S3 per snnim payable at the end of the year — but ihose who pay wulr.B sixly days from the time of subscribing are enlillcd to a de- duction of 5a ocuts. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CU1SB0I.M, FRINTFK3, 17 SCHOOL STBIkT BOSTUK; -vo^.icv-"r. j!o. i. AND HORTICULTURAL RE G I S T E R . 9 Lc'ters oil E tuviti'otl (>fFm-mers. — We havo just received th« Cleveiaii,'] Herald containing; six es- says of Mr Holfcrook, referred to in tlic Fanner re- cently, CHI tlie subject of'tiie education of farmers. He is desirous thall'iey should be published in the N. K. Farmer, and wt are happy in Uie opportunity. In the views generally, ^e entirely concur. the essays are fuH of sr.lmd, practicMl, good sense ; and show llie farmers the immense good which is with- in their reach. They cons'.st of six essays which wie shall give in successive papers, and shall be ex- ti^emcly happy to hear again and often from Mr Holbrook, and to second in any way according to the measure of our humble aliility, his public-spir- ited plans for popular education. II. C. EDUC.\TIO-M OF FARMERS— No. 1. Mr Harris — I have concluded to avail myself of your politeness, for presenting to the public a few practical hints on the education of farmers. — The fact that more than three-fourths of the com- munity belong to this class, identifies with their character and influence, the happiness and the lib- erties of our country. It is evident that our repub- lic must be, both in its character and destiny, what they make it, and what they say it shall be. I pro- pose, in several short essays, to invite the attention of your readers, and especially those directly con- cerned in the case, to the physical, intellectual and moral power of farmers, and to give a few hints on The kind of education necessary to in- crease and direct that power, for the highest pros- p.rity and for the liberties, not only of themselves, but of every other class of .'Vmerican citizens. | In the few remarks I have to make on the sub- ject, I. shall attempt to sustain the following -propo- i sitiuns. First, that a greater amount of really use- | ful knowledge is, at present, in the possession ofj fanners, tlian cif any other class of the' community. Second, that neither merchants, nor lawyers, nor physicians, nor clergyujen, nor professors of colleges, | convictijns will be produced by the same force up- on other minds, if the subject should be carefully and candidly e.xamined by them. It is too evident that the operations of our re- public, political, civil and religious, are subject to great irregularities, and cvep violence, and of course that some better balance wheel or regulator, than we now have, is necessary to equalize if not to con- tinue their motions. Education has been sought, and professedly applied, for the purpose of regulat- ing and continuing these motions ; but in that there is evidently so far, some defect — probably two de- fects of a radical character, viz : education is not general enough, and it is not good enough. It does not reach every plain farmer's son and every poor mechanic's daughter ; it also wants a soul, or moral principle, as the foundation stone, or the cen- tral and main wheel of motion, of all motions, whether applied to state, church, or common busi- ness. And it may fairly be questioned, whetiier some of the measures to remove these defects, have not in- creased them. It is e.xceedingly doubtful whether our numerous colleges and high schools, establish- ed at great expense, and to some extent at least by the people's money, and still incurring an ex- pense too great for the people generally to partici- pate in their instructions, have not produced an ar- istocracy of learning, (I do not mean useful knowl- edge,) which has unfitted young men for the indus- trious and productive pursuits of life, and thus lead them into professions or pursuits calculated to in- crease rather than relieve the burthens of society. V\ hatever else many of our literary institutions may be cilled, they cannot be called schools of indus- try, morals, health, or a knowledge of business ; for with many young men, not to say young women, who resort to these institutions, all these valuable qualities are laid prostrate. Is there any remedy for these evils? or must all be given up for lost .' If it can be shown that farmers — eveni farmer — nnn with ar-^mo],, r^^;.,™ useful knowledge, which is probably much oflener repeated than understood. It may be seriously questioned, whether, with many, the attention de- voted, and the value attached to subjects of learn- ing, are not nearly in proportion to their nseless- ness. In a college course, for example, embracing the preparatory studies, and occupying in the whole, from six to eight or ten years, rtuch the greatest portion of the time is devoted to the dead languages and the abstractions of mathematics, and furnishing to many of their pupils a very meagre smattering of many even of these. How far a knowledge of the Latin and Greek languages, or of the terms used by the Greeks and Romans to ex- press their ideas about their heathen gods, wars, bacchanalian feasts, and many other subjects as little connected with the pursuits or duties of Amer- ican citizens, may properly be considered useful knowledge, is the quesiion ; and whether the three or five years devoted to these languages in a col- lege course, might not produce a greater amount of knowledge, more really useful, if employed upon some other subjects. The rights and duties of re- publican citizens, secured and implied by onr con- stitution and laws, the reciprocal interests, and the relations existing between different classes of citi- zens, between the employer and employed, master and apprentice, farmer, mechanic and merchant, men and women, husband and wife, parent and child ; also between the different members, or states of our republic, embracing all the fundamental principles of political economy ; the physical sci- ences, embracing the fundamental laws of chemical, and other branches of natural philosophy, animal and vegetable physiology, especially of the human system, also geology, mineralogy and botany, witli a particular application of the whole to agriculture and the mechanic arts ; and above all, the relations subsisting between the creature atid his Creator, and the duties arising from these relations, so clear- ly, fully, and beautifully developed in the volume of inspiration and from natural religion ; a familiar, 10 NEW ENGLAND FAEMER, JtlLY 10, 1839. I my knowledge respecting the vegetable kingdom, and respecting American trees it is the only work of my acquaintance of much value. But that is valuable and interesting to every farmer, and every mechanic, and even to a general reader. But where did they obtain the materials for their ■work .' Was it from the graduates or professors or presidents of colleges ? Not a particle ; and very little from any American botanist. Much the greatest and most valuable part of the materials for these very useful volumes, were obtained of this ship builder, that carpenter, and another cabinet maker, or some other mechanic, and a large portion from farmers. I will suppose a case on the same subject; a case too, of which many thousands actually exist in our own coimtry. Suppose that a scholar, in his five years thumbing his Latin and Greek diction- aries, learns that what we call oak, the Romans called quercus, and that the Greeks called the same thing drus. But if an oak and maple tree were shown to hira he could not tell one from the other, or the name or properties of either. Show the same things to an unpretending farmer, and he could inform you that the one was white oak, or black, grey, red or Spanish oak ; also of its growth, strength, durability, &c., and of its various uses founded upon its properties. The case is of course, that the scholar has three terms, but not one idea ; the farmer has one or two terms with various ideas connected witli each. Here is a learned scholar and an ignorant farmer, but which is the man of knowledge ? As the same illustration will apply to hundreds of other subjects as well as botany, ■whose ideas are most e.xtended ? The occasion does not permit of an extended view or a variety of illustrations of the subject. I must therefore leave it for the present, with the question, UTiich have the greatest amount of useful knowledge, farmers or professed scholars ? If any should think the latter, I have only to add, that he differs from me in opinion. With the kind regards of Your Friend, J. HOLBROOK. a supply of light fresh earth around the stem, and renewing it as occasion may require. In my opin- ion, the experience of our best potato growers is in accordance with these facts ; certainly my own ■would go most conclusively to show . thatrthe more ample the supply of Ifght, rich, pendrablt earth, furnished the plants, the better usually would be the crop. But it also follows, from my view of the matter, that the greatest care should be exercised, not to disturb any of the first formed shoots, by subsequent earthing ; a -point to which too little at- tention is paid in ploughing and hoeing this plant. I have noticed tliat in potato plants grown in hard land, or that were not properly hoed and furnished with a supply of loose earth for the shoots, that they Avere short and diminutive, the tubers crowd- ed, and usually inferior. A potato crowded out of the ground, and exposed to the air in growing, is good for nothing ; and where hilling is not prac- tised, more or less will be in this predicament, if the crop is anything like a fair one. Yoii will, therefore, permit me, for the reasons given above, to question the propriety of not earthing potatoes, though the observance of hilling can well be dis- pensed with in the culture of corn. Planter. [From the Genesee Farmer.] HILLING PLANTS. Mr TncKER — I have seen in the columns of the Farmer, and the Cultivator, considerable writ- ten on the subject of hilling plants, particularly potatoes and corn, and tlie conclusion to which the writers have generally arrived, seems to have been tliat the practice was injudicious, and should be abandoned. To this conclusion I give my as- sent, so far as corn is concerned ; as from the na- ture of the system of roots, and the manner in which the braces are thrown out, it is clear that hilling, by covering the first crop of these upper roots, and starting new ones, exhausts the plants needlessly, as but one set of brace roots are es- sential to the plants. But unless I am much mis- taken, the case is different with the potato. In this plant, as every one who has paid attention to it knows, the tuber, or valuable part, does not grow on the root proper, but on shoots protruded .&om the stalk of the plant, beneath the surface of tl'ie earth. To produce good potatoes, and a large crop, the putting forth of these shoots should be encouraged as much as possible ; and no way seems so likely to produce this effect, as providing The Perfume of Plants Deleterious in Confined Apartments. — It is not sufficiently known by the admirers of flowers, that the agreea- ble perfume they emit, when in full bloom, is de- cidedly deleterious when diffused through close apartments, producing headache, giddiness, and other affections of the brain. But it is only in confined rooms that such effects are produced. In the garden, when mingled with a wholesome and exhilarating atmosphere, amidst objects that awa- ken the most delightful sensations of bur nature, these sweets are a pai-t of our gratifications, »nd health is promoted as a consequence of our enjoy- ment. Who has not felt the excitement of spring ? of nature in that delightful season, rising from lethargy into beauty and vivacity ; and spreading the sweets of the primrose and the violet for our gratification? Amidst the beauties of the flower garden, these pleasures are condensed and refined; and the fragrance there hovering on tlie wings of the breeze, is not only pleasant but wholesome. Whatever increases our gratifications, so peculiar- ly unmixed with the bad passions of human na- ture, must surely tend to the improvement of man- kiiid, and to the excitement of grateful feelings towards that beneficent Creator who has so bounti- fully supplied us witli these delightfiil luxuries. — JV*. Y. tiun. Sheep Shearing in Nantucket is an annual jubilee. The "woolgathering" of the present season is thus noticed by the Nantucket Inquirer. "The Carnival has commenced. The orgies of the mutton-worshippers are beginning to burst fortli, and all the woolly world is in an agony and a catastrophe of helter-skelteriiahness. The mill- hills skip like rams, an(3 the hammocks like young lambs ; and the sheer-pen rageth and foameth as it were a sea of living fleece — not lleas — bah! Four legged creatures of all practicable sorts — and one, two, three, aad four wheeled vehicles of all supposable shapes, are getting into a furious passion. The very cows' commons are in commo- tion. All around, the moving elements are head up and tail up — and the predominating cry is "cut- on-Dunnum," which meanetb, Go it Jerry ! The whole countrv is bewitched : th;; sands thereof are turning topsyturvy ; and the grand design is toi knock all creation into a Whooraw's nest ! Reader ! didst ever bestride a water-logged spar in the still dock — and spying in the oozy bed be- low a wriggling eel — didst ever clnp thy thumb upon the serpent's tail with the hope of holding him thereby ? Or didst ever think of detaining within thy grasp, by the aid of soft soap or other saponaceous unction, the like extremity of a swine or an alligator ? Or hast ever undertaken, in any similar fashion, to catch a bumblebee or a devils- darningneedle .' If nay thou answerest, then dost thou know naught of the impossibilities of philoso- phy I Thine experimental acquaintance with the perplexities of existence, are as nothing and less than nothing, and thy wisdom not wortii a brass baubee : for thou art but an abecedarian in the mysteries of potheration ! But if thou canst com- prehend these aforesaid difficulties, then wilt thou appreciate that tribulation which at this present tiftie besetteth us, tlie publishers and printers here- of— viz: the revolt of all hands against laboring among types and ink during the Feast of the Mut- tonheads, which they profanely call the Patriachal Jubilee. Consequence is, no paper next Satur- BRIGIITON MARKET.— MosDAT, July 8, 1829. Reported for (lie New Englind Panuer. At Market, 290 Beef Cattle, 20 Cows and Calves, 2500 Sheep, and 280 Swine. 140 Swine have been be- fore reported. 100 Beef Caltle unsold. Prices — Bee/ Cuttle. — We again reduce our quota- tions to conform ro sales. First quality, $8 75 a $9 00. Second quality, $8 25 a $8 50. Third quality, $7 00 a $7 75. Cnws and Calves. — Sales "dull." We notice the fol- lowing : $30,. •542, $50 and $58. Slieep and Lamhs. — Lots $2 25, $2 50, $2 75 and $3 Ot, VVeihers $3 25, $3 50, and $3 75. Sujine — Lots of large barrows at 7 1-2 and 8. A lot of small pigs at 7 and 8. At retail from 7 to 9. Small pigs 10. THERiMO.METRICAL. IlttpiirteU for the New England Farmer. Rangeoltlie Tliennometer at the Ganlenof the proprietors of tlie NewErigland Farmer, Brigliuin, Mass. in a shaded iVoitlierlyoiposure, week eniling July 7. JPLT, 18!9. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, I 5 A.M. I 12, M. 1 7, P.M. Wind. 70 1 E. 74 1 S. 72 1 N.E. 75 1 S. 64 1 E. 65 K. 66 1 E. TULIPS, RAXINCUH'SES, PIXKS AMD VIOLiAS. S. WALKERof Roxbury, olTers lor sale in l.eds, or of suuh quantities s may suit purchasers, from I to 250U liuibs of choice Tulips The bulbs were imported from Holland, France and Ellwand, to which yearly additions have and will continue Uihe made of the newest and choicest vari- eties. Persons 'ishinsr 10 pu*hase a bed of superb Tulips will do well to na/ct a selection X^r themselves when Ihe bulbs are in blooi. (aliout the 1st of June.) The prices will conform to the quJity of the flowers selected, but in no ca.se will the charge e.:eed the lowest market prices, in the coun- try where the buU were raised, and cheaper than the like quility can be imprted. Tulips in beds! from 30 to 100 rows, containing from TIO to 700 bulbs, cby Ihe dozen, lOO or 1000. Viola grandijlrji — Pansi/, or Heartsease. Upwards of 2000 superb varans will be exhiimed and offered for sale when the Tuhps a: in bloom. Ranunculuses— ns mixtures, at from Sa to Ss per 100. l-'inks— fins naied varieties, from 25 cents 10 Si each. For particulars ipply to S. WALKER, or to JOSEPH BRECK & CO. eow vol.. XVIII. NO. 1. AND H ORTICULTURAL REGISTER. SECOND EXIllUITIO.\ AT HUINCY HALL. The MASSACHUSETTS OHAUITABLR MECHANIC ASSOl'IA TION to niu.ouncelo ihe pulilic, llmllheir Second ExhiliilioM for ihe Encourngemi>nt of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts, will he held at Quincy Hall, in the city of Boston, commencini; on Monday, September 23d of the pre- sent year. The Officers and Trustees for the year IS35. havin? heen vested by the Association with full powers to niuke the ne- cessary arrangements, respectfully invite Manufacturers, Mechanics and Artists, Ihe Ingenious and Scienlitic, to tiflijr for Cxhtbition and Premium, articles in every department of Art. Science and Taste ; choice specimens of native skill and ingenuity ; rare and valuable domestic productions, natural and artihcial : useful labor-saving machines; implements of husbandry, and new models ol machinery in all their variety. In 6ne, every species of article for any useful or ornamental purpose, maileof wood, stone, metal, or other mnlerial ; the products of the loom in silk, cotton, wool, hemp, flax or hair; and articles deviseil by female ingenuity, or wrouijht with their industry, wdl have a proper place iu the exhibi- tion. Medals (of Gold or Sdver) or Diplomas, will be awa'-ded to all articles of merit, deemed worthy of such distinction. The strictest impartiality and fairness will bo observed in iheir distribution, and competent judges appointed, who in no case will he interested in articles exhibited. At the Exhibition of 1,537, which was kept open for ten days, and was visited by upwards of 70,000 persons, 15,000 articles were entered, nineteen Gold and one hundred and eighteen Silver Medals, and two hundred and seventyfive Diplomas were awarded. Mechanics, Artisans, and Manufacturers, who may wish to present Machines, Models, or Goods, for Premium, are re- quesied to address WILLIAM VV ASH BURN, Superintend- ent, or JOHN GORHAM ROGERS, Secretary, (post paid) which will meet with immediate attention, and every iacility within the means of the Managers will be given to exhibit their several productions to the best advantage. Articles intended for exhibition must be delivered to the Superintendent, at Quincy Hall, on or before Wednesday, September J9ih. Arrangements will be made to exhibit by steam power any working models that may he offered. GEOJIGE DARRAUOTT, President. Julv 10. tf Complete Garden aud HortictUtural Tool Chests, Fr"m Sheffield, England; containing Garden Shears, im- proved Pruning Shears ami Scissors, Pruning and Grafting Cnives. Flower Gatherer, Garden, Dutch and Triangular Hoes, .Saw, Spud, Weeding Hook, Garden Rake, Trowel, Hammer and Garden Reel ; comprising every useful imple- nent necessary for the cultivation of the Flower Ganlen. ?0T sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse, No. ;i and 52 North Market Street REVOLVING HOKSE RAKE. 11 WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where they were till ol late but little known, although they have been in very general use in the southern and western Slates, for many years, and which is found to be decidedly the best mode i.f harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one For sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 & 52 North Market Street. JuIt 10. Slarshall's IVecder, or Hand CuUlTator. Tds is a very useful article for going between vegetables, in Older to keep down the weeds. A man, with one of these maciines, will do more work than four or five with the hoe For ia!e by JOSEPH BRECK & CO , 51 and 6S North Market Street. July 10. GARDENER AVA\TED. A Gardener will be wanted by the subscriber on the 21 st Es, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " ■' " . Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, No. 1. . . . ■ . prime, ■ . , . Beeswax, white, yellow. Cheese, new milk, Bone Mashse, in casks. Feathers, norlbern, geese, ^ southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. I , . No. 2, No. 3, . Alewives, drv salted. No. 1. Salmon, No.l, Flouk, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Kye, . . . Meal, Indian, in bbls. GaAiN : Corn, northern yellow, southern fiat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, . . Oats, northein, (prime) southern. Hay, best English, per ton, . '. Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, . . _ " _ Laud, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leatheb, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, LijiE, best sort, .... Oil, Sperm, Spring and Summer,' . Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Fool, .... Plaster Pakis, per ton of 2200 lbs. bushel barrel pound bushel pound quintal 2 00 13 00 12 00 6 50 20 00 6 37 6 00 6 25 6 25 5 60 4 37 pound cask gallon 12 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JULY 10, 1380. The subjoined account of the geology and agvi- cultiire of Wheatland, from J. Holbrook, Esq., and published in the Genesee Farmer, will be found highly interesting and deserving of particular atten- tion. We are happy to transfer it to our columns. H. C. GEOLOGY AND AGRICULTURE OF WHEATLAND. Mr Tucker : — By a ride to Wheatland, and the politeness of its citizens, I was favored with a few facts which may be interesting to your readers. This town, situated in Monroe Co. N. Y. is on land Itnown by the name of " Oak Openings," and con- sidered by the first settlers of the neighboring towns of little or no value. Five families of rocks are found here, namely, calcareous, gypseous, granite, hornblend and con- glomerate. The calcareous, or lime rocks, are common limestone, secondary formation, calcareous sandstone, a mixture of lime and sand or silecious matter, calcareous shale, or a limestone slate, prob- ably containing a portion of silex and alumine, cal- careous tufa, perhaps hydraulic lime, or water ce- ment, and occasional masses of coral. Heds of gypsum are somewhat numerous, and of great value to the farmers, not only of this town, but of all others in the neighborhood. These beds, indicated by swellings or small elevations on the surface, are overlaid by calcareous shale, and un- derlaid by limestone of a purer and more compact character. They are uniformly in a single rock, from C to ]2 or 15 feet long, and from 3 to 7 or 8 wide, always thicker in the centre than at the edges, and wider in the middle than at the ends : or in the language of (he owner of the beds I vis- ited, they are shaped like a goose ngg, a little flat- tened at two opposite sides. The quantity in a single bed, varies from 1 to .30 tons. The strata are horizontal, or nearly so, from 3 to 12 or 15 in- ches thick, compact, color brown, light grey and clouded, frequently interlaid with thin veins of fibrous gypsum, snow-white, with occasional mass- es of granular gypsum. Various theories have been advanced respecting the formation of them and other ranges of gypsum, but as I was not there during its fornnition, and as I am not learned in theories, the only account I can give of that part of the subject is that J do not know how or when they were formed. Tlie granite rocks, like those of the hornblend and conglomerate families, appear to consist entire- ly of " boulders," or loose masses, probably strag- glers from some other country, having taken pas- sage perhaps upon ice cakes, at a time when this country was a portion of the bed of the Atlantic. Only two of the commonly recognised members of the granite family are found here, viz : granite and gneiss, little if any of the mica slate having ever visited this region, or taken residence here. Of the hornblend family are found masses of hornblend, nearly pure, hornblend rock, or horn- blend with a small portion of quartz and perhaps felspar, hornblend slate, sionite and greenstone. Of the conglomerate family are sand stone and pudding stone, the latter apparently in small quan- tities. Perhaps this town and the surrounding country to a considerable extent may properly be termed a gypseous region, assulphur, one of the elements of sulphate of lime, or gypsuin, appears to be diffused through the carbonate of lime, or common lime- stone, in considerable quantities. Allen Creek, the principal stream in Wheatland, I the KJth to the 20th of June is the time f^.r sowing, runs nearly through the centre of the town, and moves in four flour mills nineteen run of stones, four saw mills, three plaster mills, two stave machines- and one woollen factory. The four plaster mills mentioned, with one on Mill Creek, giind annually about 4,000 tons of gypsum, which is sold at the mills at §.3 a ton. A canal of 1 1-4 miles, cost $14,000, and a rail- road 8 miles, cost $34,000, are provided by the citi- zens of this town, for their accoinmodation in busi- ness. Wheatland contains about 18,000 acres of land, three fourths of which are under cultivation, and about 5000 acres in wheat annually, averaging for the last ten years about 20 bushels to the acre, or 100,000 bushels for the whole town annually: for the ten years previous to the last ten, the average crop of wheat was not more than 15 bushels to the acre, and in some sections, not more than 8 or 10. The two leading features in the agriculture of this place are wheat and clover culture, whidi fre- quently alternate with each other every otherlyear ; the wheat crops occupying the ground one year and clover the next. In connection with the raising of wheat, which is the principal object of farmers here, and in a wide extent of country in this section of the state, wool growing forms an important item. L is a common opinion among farmers, in Wheatlant par- ticularly, that as many sheep can be kept uion a farm as acres' of land cultivated, without injury, rather with benefit to the wheat crop. On some farms of 200 acres of cultivated hnd, are kept 250 sheep, or in that proportion, making as many sl^^ep, as acres of land in the whole farm, embracing the wood land and all other not cultivated. Sheejiare Merino and Saxony, with a few crosses of the [.ei- cestershire and South Down : the merinoes aver- aging from 3 to 4 lbs. annually on different farms, the crosses 6 or 7 lbs. not fine. About one fouith of the whole nupiber of sheep fatted for the slaugh- ter annually. About IGOO fat hogs are sent to market annually from this place, 200 of which are sold for fresh pork after harvest, weighing about 150 lbs. each, the remainder 275 lbs, some prefer the first of June. Apples are also fed to diflerent animals, especial- ly swine, ^br which they are considered excellent feed, especially for store hogs. In one case a far- mer kept for two or three months in winter, thirteen hogs weighing 150 lbs. or more, upon two bushels of apples a day, given raw, a bushel in the morning, the same quantity at evening, and never had hogs do better. For fatting hogs, apples need boiling and mixing with provender. A plough in considerable request, perhaps gen- erally preferred in this vicinity, is an improvement on the Clute and Iden Patents. Jointed harrows are common and of different patterns. In some instances the old fashioned triangular harrow is used, and for grounds not well subdued, frequently preferred. It is evident from the facts here stated, that wheat, clover, and sheep, aided by a free use of plaster, may form the ground work of a good sys- tem of farming. It is also evident from these and other statements from various sources, that hay is not the cheapest feed for stock during the winter, and that the ruta baga, wurtzel, carrot, beet, pota- to, &c., are objects worthy of more attention than they generally receive from farmers through the country. The soil of Wheatland appears to be no less fa- vorable for the cultivation of intelligence and sounc morals, than that of baser productions : of which 1 was furnished with proofs entirely satisfactory, botl by private interviews with many of the citizens, ant at a public meeting held for the piu-pose of adopt ing measures to elevate the character of commoi education, especially atnong farmers, and no lesi- through the agency of families than of schools, h connection with the intelligence and morals of ou country, a general feeling, many regrets, and not i little indignation were expressed at the characte of the matter filling our public journals, more par Ucu'iarly the political papers. Ofi the subject of advancing the intelligence an' elevatmg the morals of American citizens, especial ly in ther own conmiunity, several resolutions wer passed a, the meeting referred to, which, on som future octasion, I may put into your hands, to b Not less than 1.50 fat cattle are annually sent to ; disposed if at your discretion. Among these reso market; of butter and cheese not as much made as consumed in town. Of horses, not more than half raised in town, which are used by farmers, millers, &c. utions, the one relating to our Public Journals, ani not only [tssed unanimously, but with a genera and strong expression of feeling on the subject, i probably wcrliiy of a careful perusal and attentio Horse teams are in all cases principally used, on \ gf the condwtors of the American press generally manv farms entirely ; the common opinion prevail- I On some titi>-e occasion, I may give you a par inff, that a horse team will plough 1 1-2 acres a ^^.ular accouit oi several farms I visited, embrac day, or in the same time that an ox team wn. plough one acre. • i v. Besides the common breed of cattle, which by some are preferred to any imported breeds, the Devonshire and Durham cattle are introduced to some extent, and propagated with great attention for market. An excellent breed of swino prevail here, being a mixture perhaps of several breeds, but the By- field and the Lcicesterehi.re appear to predominate. With many farmerf; in Wheatland the ruta baga, mangel wurtzel and sugar beat, are articles of con- siderable attention, and considered much cheaper than hay for krepino ■ stock. A common crop ol ruta baga is about G( 10 bushels to the acre, plant- ed on clover lays wit h once ploughing, rolling, and harrowing, in drills, 3 feet by six inches, by a dnu barrow, one man pla u ung 3 or 4 acres a day , efore the revolt in Texas covered 27 degre-s of laltude, and had a territor equal to that of France, Slain, Austria, Portiiga and Great Britaii combiuei, Over this imniens reoion they had a scattere. population of eigh millions, of all castes, conditioki and colors ; and ye how imbecile and powerless, a, a people and na tion, they were, ant still remain., Flour is selling i.i Cincinnativ 5^4 25 per bo rel. '\ AND HORTICULTURAL 'REGISTER. PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aobicui-tubal Warehouse.) VOL. XVIU.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 17, 1839. [NO. a. AGRICULTURAL. VIRGINIA AGRICULTURE. We copy tho following correspondence from one «if the most instructive and ably conducted anricnl- tural publications in this or any other country, the Farmer's Register, published at Petersburg, Va. The enterprise of our neighbor Kenrick in trans- Jerring a portion of his lucrative cultivation into tht- Old Dominion is highly creditable, and shows the irue spirit of Yankee enterprise. His observations «)U the low state of agriculture in Virginia are inter- esting, and have called forth a spirited reply froii'_ JUr Rutfin. We shall allow both parties to be heard, and leave every reader to form his own judg- ment. H. C. Alleged Effect of Slaveri/ on tht .'Igriculture -if Virginia. To the Editor of the Farmer's Register : Portsmouth, Va. April 1, 1839. You have indeed, from all accounts, a vast ai^l fine tract of country, from GO to 80 miles broad aloi.g the whole Atlantic coast. This vase country is now, in a good measure, a desert, or covered witli forests — the land ruined by continual cropping, and now deserted. Good lands, as I am told, may now be obtained in this vicinity for from $5 to $8 an acre, in p'irt covered with a young apd luxuriai ' growlh. "We know the causes of this destruction , and these same causes continuing, it seems not very probable that these lands will ever again be recovered or rise in value until those causes are re- about 500,000 slaves, which are probably valued by their owners, one with another, at $400 each, or .*i-^00,000,000, for the whole. Now, can any one doubt but that if all these slaves wore emancipated, that the lands of Virginia would rise $5 an acre, and this rise of $5 an acre would bo equivalent to the estimated value of all the slaves. I am per- suaded, however, that the rise of lands would be far greater ; and that, were all the slaves emanci- pated at this day, the State of Virginia would ex- perience a clear gain of more than $500,000,000 in the rise of their lands alone. Emigration would then take place to a great extent from the northern free Stat?."?. The Yankees would then flock hither, and hire up at advanced wages the freed slaves, and the whole of eastern Virginia would then be. come a perfect garden. The advantages of th's j part of Virginia for th» pro;'.uction, especially of all early vegetables and fruits for the supply of the ; markets of the great cities of the northern and mid- dle States, is very great, and unrivalled; as these j cities, by the aid of rail-roads, and Steam naviga- i tion will soon be brought within' 'M hours of Nor- | folk ; yet the seasons are at Portsmouth full a j iiionth in advance of some of these northern cities. I he wheat of lower Virginia almost always com- mands a higher price than that of the north, new flour being .preferred by all. The fields of Virgin- ia may be reaped and the produce converted into flour, and this flour for, sale at Nev( York and Bos- ton even befvre the whtJkt'fi»l<^'«ife»{fc«i«oiyi-, VjT J_i n x^ iv i ji. iv . JtJIiT 17, 1839. both for public and private interest , in Virginia we offered, in the same letter, to sell to him or to a company formed for the purpose of making silk, a marled farm of GOO acres of land, and to vest the purchase money in the joint stock of the adventu- rers. We quote from memory, but believe with no material variation from the substance of the letters ; and the opinions then so expressed, and the in- vestments which we were then (in advance of all other adventurers in Virginia) re.-idy to make in silk culture, if some practical and experienced cultur- ists would undertake the management, mh.y serve as strong proof, in addition to others of another kind recently adduced, that we have long- and earn- estly advocated the advantages of silk culture in this region, and would have risked much of our property on the soundness of that opinion. It shwild be observed that at that time no one antici- pated the multicaiilis speculation, and the enor- mous prices which have since been obtained — or counted on profits from so strange a circumstance. For our own part, we had not then the sliglitest expectation of ever soiling a plant from the silk farm then proposed to be established ; and Mr Ken- rick, in his scheme, probably counted on merely making the usual sales and profits of that branch of his general nursery business, to be increased in product and amount, hpwever, by his availing of our more genial climate. '!'o that operation he limited his following of our advice; and tlmugh at the end of two years, he sold plants (as we have heard from other authority) from a few acres of land near Richmond, for $30,000, that enormous profit was a result beyond all previous calculations, and for wliich we claim no credit in having encour- aged the scheme by our advice. As we failed in inducing the commencement of silk culture as the main object, we cared nothing about the mulberry culture alone ; and did not then set out a single plant, nor until a year afterwards, when it was caused by accident, and not by design, oV by calcu- laiions of profit. It was under these circumstances that Mr Ken- rick became a cultivator to some extent in Virgin- ia, though still continuing a resident of Massachu- setts ; and we have thought that the statement, though a digression, mi;ht be interesting and use- ful, as exhibiting, in a strong light, the practical proof of the superiority of our climate. For the adventurer has not only labored under all the dis- advantages of remote residence, but also under those caused by his prejudices against the facilities offered by our cheapest and best labor. Mr Kenrick is altogether mistaken as to slavery being the cause of the admitted agricultural degra- dation of the fine region near Portsmouth and Nor- folk, and, in a less degree, that of lower Virginia generally. The holding of slaves doubtless in some measure helps to produce the general result, just as the faciliiies for comfort, ease, and rich products of land anJ labor, so abundantly oflTered to our countrymen by other circumstancei,. all tend to lessen exertion, and to make us indolent and care- less. This i« but according -.to the nature of man ; and if there were not a slave in Virginia, there would still be so much more ease in acquiring tlie bare necessaries of life, (and, on the seaboard, many of its luxuries also,) that our people would, in labor and frugality, still be far Ijehind the crowded peo- ple of Massachusetts, who, on a rocky and barren soil, arid under a rigorous climate, must both toil and save incessantly — or starve. It is because ne- cessity does not drive, that perhaps on no one farm in Virginia is there so much economy of means and of expenditure, as is general in the north. But in other respects, there is as well planned and as skilfully executed agricultural practice, and alto- gether far better farming in Virginia, than in Mas- sachusetts, [t is true that good fanning is rare here ; and so it is elsewhere. But it will surprise Mr Kenrick to be informed 'that our best farming in lower and nuddle Virginia is always to he found in connection with, and absolutely dependent on, the most complete establishment and entire use of slave labor. We could name many farms in Vir- ginia of which the skilful and excellent cultivation, the system of improvement, and the general manage- ment, could not be deemed otherwise than admira- ble, even to a New Englanderthe most intolerant of and prejudiced against slavery; and we may add, though not bearing on our proposition, tliat these are generally the places where the comforts of the slaves are best cared for, and their condition is better than that of ninetynine hundredths of the free laborers throughout all other parts of the world. It may be true, on each one Of these our very best cultivated and best managed farms, that a Yankee might pick up a comfortable income, and means for maintenance, in the matters regularly and con- tinually wasted and totally lost. But it may also be said, that without the cultivation and returns be- ing very good, and there being much "profit actual- ly made, so much waste and loss could not be af- forded. Even with all our admitted faults of sys- tem, and of execution, we feel 9sf-uied from such information as we have, that there are many farm- ers in Virginia who deserve to rank in their pro- fession at least as high, if not higher, than the best in New England. Still, we yield the palm, and 'freely award the praise to these our northern breth- ren, of greater economy in everything, comprehend- ing better habits of labor and of frugality. But this latter difference and superiority on their part, are owing to the difference of other ciicumstances — the greater pressure of necessity in the one case than the other, and not to the existence or absence of slavery. Nor do we mean to underrate these highly valuable elements of agrirultural success. On the contrary, we have continually adrritted and applauded the superior merits of our northern coun- trymen in these respects, and recommended their example to be better followed here. There are many circumstances v/hich have con- curred to depress the agriculture of Virginia, which we will not here stop to rehearse ; and there is no part of the state where agricultural skill and pro- ducts are lower, compared to the great natural ad- vantages of the lands, than in the region in which Mr Kenrick is now cultivating, and to which he more especially refers, iu these respects. And if a number of his more industrious and frugal coun- trymen will come among us and avail of the ad- vantages which ours so mucli neglect, we are con- fident that, either with the benefit, (or incumbrance, if so considered,) of slaves, or without, that they can even now make far greater agricultural profits than anywhere in New England. If the capabilities of an agricultural region are to be estimated by its ivorst instead of its best prac- tices, we might, perhaps, find even in Massachu- setts, subjects for condemn-ation as great as any in Virginia ; and grounds on which to pronounce the northern people as deficient as any elsewhere, in system, in judgment, and even in their peculiar and acknowledged merits of provident foresight and economy. We will quote, for example, a passage copied from the Survey of Berkshire, by the Agri- cultural Commissioner of Massachusetts, which has just been published, and from which excellent re- port we shall copy sundry items of good husbandry with much more gratification than we thus present defects for comparison and illustration. " Yet with all this it must be admitted that the agriculture of the county in extent and productive- ness is far below what it should be. As well as I could learn, Egremont is almost the only town in the county which raises not only its own bread, but has some for exportation. Vast amounts of flour, grain of various kinds, pork and dairy produce are brought into the county from the neighboring states of New York and Vermont. It was asserted as a fact, and if so it deserves notice, that two years since, some families in one of the best towns in the county, were without bread of any kind for a time, from the impossibility of obtaining it. They were persons for e.xample, who worked for the large wool farmers. They asked for money for their labor ; but money was not to be had, because the clipping of wool, owing to the derangements of business, had not been sold. They asked to receive their pay in grain ; but the wool farmers had abandoned all cultivation for the sheep husbandry. They ask- ed for their pay in pork, but the farmers who rais- ed no grain could raise no pork. Now whether this be a true history or fabulous, it illustrates clearly the error committed in abandoning the pro- duction of grain." — Second Report of the vinicul- ture of Massacliusdts. If these facts had been stated by a northern trav- eller, of a cotton instead of a ivool-grov/'mg region, a.nAof slaves instead of fret laborers, v/\ia.t would have been the measure of severity of comment, both on the improvidence and the inhumanity of the farmers ! MASSACHUSETTS SOCIETY FOR PRO.MOT- ING AGRICULTURE. Premicm List — 1839. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, announce to the pub- lic their intention to oft'er in premiums not only the sum granted by the government, but the whole amount of the income of their own funds ; and as they omit for the ensuing year their Cattle Show at Brighton, they propose in addition to their usual premiums on agricultural experiments, the following premiums ■ For Stock. From any county of the Commonwealth to be exhibited at Worcester, on Wednesday, the ninth day of October next, being the day of the Annual Cattle Show of the Worcester County Agricultural Society, viz : For the best bull, not less than 18 months old $50 For the next best , 30 The competitor may claim for any animal wheth- er raised in the State or not, provided the owner be a citizen of Massachusetts, and on receiving the premium will oblige Iiimself to keep him for use at least one year after the show, within the State. For the best fatted ox $50 For the next best 40 It is required of the owner to certify in writing, the age, breed, manner of rearing, and time and mode of fatting, with such other facts as will ena- ble the Trustees to decide the cost, and to estimate the weight which will give the richest and best vox,. XV 111. NO. a. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 15 beef; one object being to sliuw the relative price Tlie person or persons making the inspection, of such ipiality of beef to the cost of production. i will rc(]uire_of the respective owners nr occupants For the best boar, not less than six months old $iO I of farms, answers to the following inquiries : Of the most valuable breed, and to be kept at Of how much land does your farm consist, ex- least one year for use witliin the State. j elusive of wood land ? Notice of the intention to offer animals for the | Wh;t is the nature ofyonr soil — does it consist foregoing premiums must be given in writing t( Kenjamin Guild, Esq., Boston, Recoiding Secreta ry of the .Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, on or before Monday, the seventh day of October next, and the animals must be plac- ed in the pens at Worcester, by nine o'clock, A. M. on the said ninth day of October being the day of tlie Cattle Show. They also propose the following premiums to be a«-arded to competitors from any part of the Com- monwealth who shall exhibit at the Cattle Show of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, on Wednesday, tlie second day of October next, at PiltsfieU, viz : For the best team of working cattle from any one town, consisting of not less than 15 pairs $30 For the second best 25 For the third best 20 For the best stock of neat cattle For the best yoke of working oxen For the best yoke of four year ohi oxen For the best yoke of three year old steers For ditto two year old ditto For ditto yearling ditto For the best milch cow not less than three years old 10 For the best two year old lieifer 8 For the best bull 10 For the best bull calf 5 For the best heifer calf 5 For the best buck 7 For the best five ewes For the best boar 6 For the best sow 4 The distribution of the amount on stock having been thus subdivided at the suggestion of the trus- tees of the Berkshire Agricultural Society, the com- petitors will be expected to comply with the rules of sand, gravel, clay, loam or peat? If of a part or all of the above kinds, what do you consider the best method of improving them .•' How many acres do you till, and how many cart- loads of maniu'C (meaning by cartloads 30 bushels at least,) do you generally put on an acre? Is your manure applied in its long, or green state, or in compost ? Do yon spread and plough in your manure put upon field.i to be |)lanted with corn or potatoes, or [lilt it into the hills? What is your method of ploughing and cultivat- ing green sward ? How many acres of upland do you mow, and what is the average quantity of hay upon an acre ? How many acres of t^-rass land do you irrigate ; at what season and how long do you allow the wa- ter to flow your land, and what is the efl'ect ? Do you manure the land irrigated or any other land you mow, how much to an acre, and what kind of manure do you put on ? How many acres of low land, not suitable for the plough, do you mow, and what is the quality and quantity of the hay cut the present year? What is your method of reclaiming low, bog or peat lands, and what has been your success? How many acres of corn have you planted the present season ; what was yout mode of preparing the ground and the seed, the kind and quantity of manure used to an acre, the manner of applying it, and the quantity of corn raised to an acre ? How many acres did you plant with potatoes the 7 present year; what was your method pf planting, your manner of cultivating, and what the average quantity raised on an acre, and what kinds did you ant? What number of acres of other vegetables did you plant, what kinds, and how many bushels of produce had you to the acre, and to what use shall How many cartloads of manure do you take from your hog styes in a year, and of what materials is it made ? What number of hands is employed on your farm, and what do you pay for labor ? Wliat is the number of your apple trees, and are they of natural or grafted fruits ? Wliat number of fruit trees have you exclusive of apple trees ? Have your trees been attacked by canker worms or borers, and what is your method of destroying them ? In the cultivation of your farm, do you allow the use of ardent spirits ? 'i he Trustees are desirous that these questions should be answered with as much particularity as possible. The applicant will not, however, be re- quired to answer them under oath, but according to the best of his knowledge and belief. The Trustees hope and believe that by the meth- od proposed, many important facts may be elicited, and the farming community enabled to derive much useful information from the skill and e.xperience of practical farmers. N. B. — Claims to be addressed to Benjamin Guild, Esq., in Boston, before the first day of Octo- ber next. (Form of the Application. ) To Benjamin Guild, Esq., Boston : Sir : The subscriber, living in the town of hereby makes known his intention of applying for a premium for the best farm, and offers the same for inspection. [Concluded next week.] Sugar Bed for Milch Cows. — An intelligent gentleman from the eastward, assured us a few days ago, that by giving his cows a peck of sugar beets twice a day, cut up with their hay, h6 was enabled to get just as rich milk and butter during the winter as in summer, when the pasture was at its best. Now as an acre of ground well manured, planted in this root well attended, would yield beets enough to keep ten cows from the 1st of November till the 1st of May, should not every farmer make 16 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JTTLY ir, 18TO (From the Cleveland Herald ) EDUCATION OP FARMERS— No. III. FACILITIES FOR KNOWLEDGE. BIr Harris — I have already hazarded tlie opin- ion that fanners, even in their present neglected state, posse.ss a greater amount of useful knowledge than any other class of the community. I also be- lieve that their knowledge is very limited, compar- ed«with what it might be, if they understood and appreciated what they already possess, and improv- ed their advantages for acquiring more. For I am entirely settled in the opinion that their advantages for acquiring useful knowledge are superior lo those of any other class, and much superior to those of the professed scholar. For acquiring a knowledge of natural science, a farm is one of the best schools — is perhaps the best school which can be provided. Chemistry, Natu- ral Philosophy, Kotany, Entomology, Geology, Min- eralog}'. Physiology, Geometry, and some other de- partments of mathematics, are all brought to view upon a farm, and not in abstract theory merely, but in their practical operations upon a large scale. \\ hile the farm is a laboratory and a cabinet of nature, where the laws and the products of science are constantly and beautifully developed, every op- erator must necessarily form some acquaintance with those laws and products, and an acquaintance too, more familiar and more thorough, because more practical, than can be acquired by the mere student of books. The intercourse of farmers with other classes of society, gives them an opportunity for an acquain- , tance with men and the reciprocal interests of men of different pursuits which the mere student can never form by reading, let it be ever so e.xtensive and various. On these reciprocal interests are founded the principles of political economy, and the necessity of governments and laws to promote and protect those interests. Consequently a farm, and the business of farming, furnishing as they do, the very best school for a practical acquaintance with men and things, are well calculated to pro- duce more enlightened and sounder statesmen than can be produced by a confinement within the walls of a college or the shelves of a library, however long that confinement may be, or however studious- ly devoted. The winter evenings of farmers are admirably fitted for enlarging by reading, for arranging under genera) laws and bringing into the form of science, the results of their summer operations upon their farms. For compaiing their own views and exper- iments with those of other farmers, as triven in va- rious agricult'-iral journals, one of whicii' certaltily ought to be taken by every man who conducts a farm. The benefit of farmers' winter evenings will be greatly increased by social meetings of some doz- en or twenty in the same neighborhood, once or twice a week. These farmers' social lyceums have sometimes resulted iu the course of a winter, in a volume or two of notes, taken from the remarks and statements made in the form of conversation on subjects previously selected for the occasion. P>y the aid of chemical and philosophical apparatus and specimens of minerals, soils, vegetables, insects, &c., which may be procured at a slight expense, especially w hen the farmers' lyceum is a depart- me: t of a town or village society, a great variety of experiments and observations may be made, which could not fail to benefit every individual who should engage in them, both as a farmer and an enlightened citizen. Besides the winter evenings and social lyceums of farmers, they may without difficulty, during the summer, even in their greatest pressure of business, find time to read a weekly or monthly journal, like the New England Farmer, by II. Colman, the Gen- esee Farmer, by Mr Tucker, the Cultivator, by Judge Buel, or the Farmer's Monthly Visitor, by Governor Hill. They may also try a great varie- ty of experiments, without cost or inconvenience, which have sometimes,at their social lyceums, been distributed and assigned to their fespective mem- bers, for their special attention, to be reported upon the succeeding winter. The business of the farmer presents fewer temp- tations to dishonesty than any other profession. They are consequently, as there is reason to be- lieve, more honest as a body, than any other class. 'I hey are also favorably situated for devotional feel- ings and exercises, and with them, for the study of the bible, that inexhaustUile fountain of knowledge and wisdom. These views and facts, with many others which might be presented, if time and the occasion per- mitted, will prob.ibly be sufficient to satisfy any candid mind that farmers have peculiar facilities for acquiring extensive and sound knowledge, and for becoming enlightened' citizens and consistent christians. Their inducements for becoming truly scientific and intelligent, are certainly not inferior to their facilities for such acquisitions. There is perhaps no d partment of natural science which the farmer has not frequent, and almost daily occa- sion to apply in his business. Geology and miner- alogy teach him the nature of his soil, with the proper materials and modes of improving it. Chem- istry teaches the best modes and applications of manures, preparing soils, preserving his hay, root*, and other vegetables, and preparing food for mrfn and beast. Hotany teaches the laws of vegetation, the properties of plants, both for cultivation and to be eradicated from his farm, changing and improv- ing his seed, the rotation of crops, &c. Entomol- ogy acquaints the farmer with some of his most powerful enemies — with the cut worm, the wheat fly, the canker worm, the grasshopper, the rose hug, the moth, the weavil, and many other insects which he has frequent occasion to destroy, or to avoid their ravages. Natural Philosophy teaches the proper construction and best application of the plough, the scythe, the jhoe, the wagon, the har- ness for the horse and ox, and of every agricultural implement which can be named. Geometry teach- es the construction of buildings, the fencing; and di-viding of his farm, the measuring of wood timber, and stone, the construction of drains, the digging of Tvsll? and cisterns, and many nameless but impor- tant operations which he has occasion to perform. If I am not mistaken, no men or class of men, have so many facilities or so many inducements, for an extensive and familiar acquaintance with science and various departments of useful knowl- edge as farmers. But I must close for the present with the high esteem of your friend, J. HOLBROOK." No. IV. SCHOOL TKACHERS. Mr Harris — Furnishin_g the seventy thousand American schools with well qualified teachers is, perhaps, the most important and the most difficult subject connected with the intellectual and moral character, and of course with the liberties of our republic. As long as lalents, like every other ar- ticle of commerce, will find the best market, meiL of high intellectual and moral attainments c.innot be retained in schools attwentyfive dollars a month, while other professions offer four times the salary, with one-half the labor and drudgery, and twice the respectability. No matter how many teachers' seminaries are established or how richly endowed, and how great the number or the qualifications of teachers — they can never be retained in common schools until they are paid, and until the profes- .sion of teaching stands as high in public estima- tion as that of law, medicine, or divinity. It must also be recollected on this subject, liko every other in a system of national education, that more than three-fourths of the subjects of education are to be farmers and farmers' wives. Conse • quently, that system which is best fitted to pro- mote the farming interests, is best fitted for the in- terest of our Republic. In view of that fact, mt one can doubt hut a practical and scientific farmer may be better qualified to educate farmers, than the mere scholar, however highly accomplished. — This opinion is entirely corroborated by facts, as many farmers, whom I have known to pursue teach- ing as a winter profession, for a course of years, have made far better teachers than are ever found in students of a college, or in medical, law, or. di- vinity students, who use teaching as a kind of cats- paw profession to aid them into another, wliich of- fers larger emolument and higher respectability. While our schools are furnished from the students mentioned, it is evident that they must suffer all the embarrassments, losses and other evils which cannot fail to arise from inexperienced laborers ; and not inexperience merely, but those making no calculations and taking no means to acquire either experience or skill. Let young farmers adopt teaching as their pro- fession during the winter, for a course of years, and these two hither insurmountable obstacles, the want of salaries and experience, will, in a measure, at least, be removed. The farmer could afford to teach in his own district, at thirty dollars a month, for four months in a year, better than one who de- pended entirely upon teaching for the support of a family could for fifty dollars ; as with the aid of a laborer whom he miirht hire for ten dollars a month, or perhaps by the assistance of his sons without hired labor, he might attend to all the winter busi- ness of his farm in addition to his services in tho school. It is evident that a young farmer, who at sixteeni Or eighteen years of age, should commence shaping his course for the business of teaching as a profes- sion, though it might be but for the winter, would act under very different motives, and consequently make greater and higher efforts than a kind of in- terloper, who had escaped from another profession just long enough, and devoting just hours enough to secure a few dollars to help him on to his more respectable calling. The former would be upon the alert to learn the best modes of teaching, to as- certain what were the best books, and to become truly intelligent and skilful in his adopted profes- sion; while the latter would meet, they always do meet, any proposals for school improvements with " / have not time to attend to them," as I must keep along with my class in college, or I wish to be ad- mitted to the bar next court, or next year, or to a license for preaching or practising medicine. To Diy mind it is evident that a praciical farmer VOL. XVIII. NO. a. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 17 wlio lias also the science ami tlie experience tor teaching, may be better (nialilied lor educating far- mers than any person who makes teaching cicln- sivtl:/ his profession. By connecting his pursuits of science and reading in winter, with his farming operations in summer, he would not only make edu- cation more jiraciical, but farming more scientific, consequently both professions would be benefited. His illustrations and experiments in geology, bota- ny, entomology, chemistry, natural philosuphy, ge- ometry, &c., made for the ben. arshall's IVecder, or Hand CultlTator. This is a very useful article for going lietween vcgetaMes, in order lo k>?ep doivn the weeds. A man. with one of these machines, will do move work than (uur or five wilh the hoc Forsale by JOSEPH ftRECK Sl (JO , 51 and 62 North Market Street. July 10. OR AIM C'R.\OL.ES. .1 large Shark. — A shark was taken on board the brig Helen, of this port., on her last passage to Matanzas, which measured 18 feet. His liver con- tained ten gallons of pure limpid oil ; his jaws when extended, mensured 21 inches apart; he had 44 rows of sharp saw teeth — 220 in number. The day previous to taking him, a large shark juinped on the gunwale of the boat and capsized it, and took one man ; after which a chain hook was baited with a large piece of beef, and this monster of the deep was shortly taken. — Providence Journal. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where Ihcy were till ot late but Utile known, although ihiy have been in very general use in the southern and we>tcrn States, for many years, and which is found to be decidedly the best mode rf harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one Krr sale by JOSEPH bRECK &.C0.,51 & 52 North Market Street. . July 10. THIi NEW KKGLA D FAKMKK Is puniishcd every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per ann^mi payable at the end of the year— but those who pay wilhm si.\ty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duclionof 58 cciils. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRIMTEKS, 17 SCHOOL STKELT BOSTON. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ voIj. XA'in.i PUIiLISHED BV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH M.'VRKET STREET, (AGaacuLTuaAL Waeehouse.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 24, 1830. [NO. 3. AGRICULTURAL. SECOND REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURE OF MASSACHUSETTS. BY REV. HENRY COL MAN. As many of our readers may not have in tlieir possession the second report of the agricultural commissioner, and as it contains much important and interesting information, we shall in the absence ofMrColman, give from week to week extracts from it, which will no doubt be read with interest and profit by every intelligent fanner. J. B. The crops in Berkshire are those cultivated in other parts of the State, and consist of the usual grasses, herds grass, red top, and clover. Of grains, Indian corn, wheat, barley, rye and oats; and of esculent vegetables, potatoes, carrots, ruta baga, mangel wurtzel,and common white turnip. In ad- dition to these, buckwheat is raised to a consider- able extent, some small amount of tla.x, and com- paratively large amounts of teasels. The cultiva- tion of hops was at one time attended to in some places ; but is abandoned on account of the low price. Large amounts of rye have heretofore been used for distillation ; but this is now pursued to a small extent. Indian corn, the great grain crop of New Eng- land, with the exception of the two cold years, 18oG and 1837, has been'always raised in the favorable locations in Berkshire with advantage. In some towns, however, tlie high prices obtained for wool induced the farmers to abandon entirely the grow- ing of grain for bread, and devote their farms to the sheep husbandry. Of corn,'large crops have been frequently raised. In one of the hill towns, more than one hundred expenses of cultivating any crops, it will be under- stood, that a man's labor has always been estimat- ed at one dollar per day ; and the same for a yoke of oxen, and half a dollar lor a horse. In many parts of the country this, undoubtedly, is an over- estimate of the price of labor ; but it seemfid nec- essary to fix some price as a uniform standard throughout the State ; and in the cost of labor in- volved in the production of any crop, one dollar is to be considered as the representative of a day's work. The prices of labor and the prices of board vary in different parts of the State. The estimat- ed price includes both labor and board. Expenses of cuUwaiing an acre of corn in Sheffield, Mass. Ploughing SI 50 Manuring, 15 loads, at 50 cents, half the ma- nure to be charged lo the corn 3 75 Getting out manure $2; planting $1 25; •seed 95c. 3 50 Hoeing twice $2 ; gathering and husking $2 4 00 Interest on land at $50 per acre 3 00 - $38 75 $15 75 Product. Corn stalks for fodder, equal to 3-4 ton of hay "k $5 00 45 bushels of corn, st 75c. I '3,? '5 Profit on the corn " Estimated expenses of an idcri'-of. Potatoes. Ploughing ^ $1 50 Manuring as per corn, .$3 75 ; hoeing $4, 7 75 Digging the crop $12 ; injferest on land $3, 15 00 Seed, 15 bushels ''" 3 75 $23 00 two acres the crop amounted to 40 bu. 20 qts. The mode of cultivation pursued by this farmer is some- what peculiar. The land on which this crop was obtained, was the preceding year in corn ; and the corn crop planted on an inverted green sward. Some of this field was manured in the hill ; and on some of it the manure was spread at the rate of twenty common cartloads to the acre. There was not a remarkable difi"erence between the appearance of that part of the corn crop manured in the hill, or that on which the manure was spread. A circum- stance, to which the attention of farmers is partic- ularly invited, is that in cultivating the corn, in hoe- ing and harrowing, particular care was taken not to turn up or break the sod from the bottom. I shall now quote from the account given by this in- telligent cultivator : " About the 15th of April the corn hills were split with the common harrow, and ploughed once with great care. A thin coat of barn manure was spread. The manure was principally fresh horse manure. After sowing and dragging, leeched ash- es were spread over that part of the field not ma- nured. Six bushels of clean seed were sown, after having been prepared by soaking in brine from 24 to 48 hours, and rolled in finely slacked lime, care being taken to have as much as possible adhere to the kernel. Care was taken to cover the wheat sown before •!, became dry. After sowing, the ground was dragged (harrowed) every day for five or six days, alternately crossing the field in oppo- site directiims. Dry light soils are greatly bene- fited by working them while the dew is on. Heavy soils, however, shi>uld be thoroughly warmed and dried previously to working them. When the blade was up two orHhree inches, a good dressing of plas- ter was given." Entire expenses of cultivation. 22 NEW E N G L i N D FARMER JULY 34, 1839. I subjoin from another enterprising cultivator, whose whole management in respect to cultivation and stock is entitled to high commendatiou, an ex- act account of a crop of ruta baga and flat turnips in 1837. The charges for preparing, cnltivating, gather- ing, and the product of 4 acres ruta baga and Eng- lish turnips are as follows : April 21 and 22 — 2 days man and horse team first ploughing 9, " $4 00 June 5 and 6 — 2 days man and horse team second ploughing 2, 4 00 " 6 to 9—3 teams and 3 hands 3 days each making 9 days, drawing on 64 loads ma- nure, 1 50 13 50 " 10 — 2 men spreading manure, 1, 2 00 " " — 1 day man and horse team harrowing 2 00 " " — 1 day man and horse ridging 1 50 " " — 1 day man sowing I 00 " " — 11-2 lbs. seed at the price I sold seed, 1 00, 1 50 $21) 50 July 5 and 6 — 8 days' labor hoeing and thinning, 1 00, $8 00 " 12 and 13 — 8 days' labor hoeing and thinning, 1 00, 8 00 -$16 00 Oct. 16 to 18 — IS days' laWr charg- ed for gathering, and 3 teams each 3 days, drawing, at 75c. $20 25 Cr. Deduct for tops, $2 per acre 8 00 n2 25 The quantity gathered from 1st and 2d acres 1600 bush. 3d acre 1060 " 4tli " 900 " 3580 bu. less than 2 cts. per bu. If the interest on land were charged at $40 per acre 9 60 And the manure at its value, (a com- post of muck and stable) 32 00 41 60 $99 35 The turnips would cost not far from 2 3-4 cts. per bush.— $98 45. He adds — " From my own observation much de- pends on having the land for the turnip crop, as also all root crops, potatoes excepted, mellow ; they ought to be hoed at least three times, and oftener if the crop will admit of it. My crop of 1836, was hoed three times in the month of July, the ground was kept, light until the tops covered it." I annex to this tlie statement of a crop of ruta baga, in Great Harrington, from another farmer, whose agriculture shows his industry and skill. The amount of land was 1 acre and 20 rods — the amount of product well cleaned roots, was 46,495 lbs. The land on wliich they were raised was green sward, and ploughed the last days in April, 1837. It had had no manure for three years preceding ; it then received a thoro\igh harrowing ; it remain- ed until the first of June ; then harrowed it again smooth, and drew on 30 loads short barn manure ; principally the manure of sheep, which is deemed preferable to any other for this root ; this was spread and harrowed until it was thoroughly incorporated with the soil; it was then with a plough thrown in- to ridges 24 inches apart. It was then sowed on the 24th of June, which was ten days after the proper season for sowing ; when well out of the ground, they were plastered at the rate of one bush- el to the acre ; they were then ploughed and hoed twice. In cultivating them great care should be taken to have them stand 24 inches apart between the rows ; and the plants 6 or 8 inches from eacli other in the rows. From Lanesboro' the subjoined return was ob- tained from a farmer whose whole establishment is a model of neat and e.xact husbandry ; in neatness and carefulness, perhaps no where surpassed. Ploughing 2 doll. ; seed 1-2 bu. 50 cts. $2 50 Manure, 20 cartloads, 1-3 of the cord to a load, 50 cts., half to be charged to the corn Getting out manure 3 doll. Planting 3 feet square, 1 50 ; hoeing 3 times 7 50 Cutting up and gathering 2 doll. ; husking 2 Interest on land at $40 5 00 3 00 9 00 ; 4 00 2 40 90 Product. Corn fodder equal to 1 ton of hay 9 00 .50 bush«ls corn 50 00 Pumpkins, 2 loads 9 00 61 00 Profits on corn .$35 10 This farmer is in tlie practice of occasionally planting potatoes among his corn. In this case he plants his corn 3 feet 6 inclies apart in the rows, ajid a hill of potatoes between the hills of corn. In this way he frequently obtains 150 bu. potatoes upon an acre, and considers the crop of corn not much lessened on account of the potatoes. The injury to the ctirn is in this case rather a matter of judgment than of exact experiment; and therefore this conclusion is in my mind to be somewhat dis- trusted. Corn and potatoes planted in alternate rows, or one row of corn and two of potatoes, have succeeded well ; and from two acres of corn and potatoes planted thus alternately, there is little doubt that more corn and more potatoes may be ob- tained than from two acres where the corn and the potatoes are planted separately. Incases of alter- nate planting, the corn has a great advantage in its exposure to the sun and air. In the case above mentioned the potatoes occasioned a very small diminution of the number of hills of corn on the land. Here the potatoes, which require particular- ly, coolness and moisture, obtained an advantage in being protected to a degree from the drought by the leaves of the corn. In all these cases, howev- er, of mixed crops, and of multiplying plants upon the land, tv/o things are to be remembered ; the first, that they are always of more difliicult cultiva- tion ; a potato crop is kept clean with much more difiiculty than a corn crop, and the corn crop with potatoes intermixed with it, is kept clean with much more difiiculty than when cultivated alone. The second thing to be remembered is, that the prepar- ation of the land must correspond with the amount of vegetation grown upon it ; and a great crop can be expected only from a soil abundantly enriched. The art of producing fire and warmth without fuel, or of sustaining either vegetable or animal life with- out nutriment, is not yet attained. FLAX. I recollect meeting with a few patches of flax. The crop on an excellent farm in Sheffield gives usually about 400 pounds of flax, and 12 to 14 bs. of seed ; and it may be cultivated on the same land once in four or five years. Under such circum- stances, it is deemed-a profitable crop. Farmers have yet to learn the great value of flax seed made into jelly, in fattening cattle. No substance of the same bulk and expense within my knowledge, is so fattening for neat cattle and sheep. DAIRY HHSBANnRT. I proceed to speak now of another of the great interests of the agriculture of Berkshire — the dairy. The dairy business has always been a great business. For a time it gave way to the raising of fine wool, when the prices of that staple were high. Since the abatement of the demand for wool, with that caprice for which mankind always have been, and there is reason to think always will be remarkable, many farmers have sacrificed their flocks, and are now giving their exclusive attention to the dairy husbandry. These changes, in mat- ters so important as the dairy or the sheep husband- ry, involving, as they do, a considerable investment of capital, and many expensive fixtures, cannot be suddenly or frequently made without risk of serious loss and disadvantage. The county of Berkshire is admirably adapted to the dairy husbandry. Grass is everywhere abun- dant. The soil is suited to the cultivation of es- culent vegetables in the highest perfection. Sev- eral increasing manufacturing villages, with their swarming population, require supplies from the farms in the vicinity. Besides this, the great mart of the country, the city of New York, is easily ac- cessible'. Most of the farmers in Berkshire can reach Hudson with their produce, by a journey of four to eight hours, and put on board the boats at 4 o'clock, p. m., it is in New York by an early hour the next morning. The farmer usually allows two cents a pound commission for the freight and sale of his butter; and, upon other produce, it is equal- ly reasonable. He does not return from the river empty; but carries home a load of plaster, or of ar- ticles of necessity for his family. The great roads to the river,/ after the hills are surmounted, are among the best in the whole country. The rail- road already open from Hudson to West Stock- bridge, will afford to many of the farmers all the facilities they can desire for reaching the Hudson river. (To be continued.) Salt should be regularly fed to cattle both in winter and summer. They will never eat too much if it is placed constantly before them where they can obtain it at all times. The best way to feed them with it, except when snow is on the ground, is to employ salt troughs for the purpose, which are made most convenient by making a deep cavity in the convex side of a short thick piece of slab, or a chip from scoring timjjer, to be kept filled with salt, and placed flat upon the ground. They are very cheap and will not easily upset. In win- ter when the ground is covered with snow, salt should be applied by brining the fodder — Farmer's Cabintt. They are sifting the land of Missouri for gold — they would find it sooner by planting the land with seed Daily Times. vol.. XVIII. MO. 3 AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 23 P 11 E M I U RI LIST Of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting .fgri- cu«i dark''' — one to avoid being taxed for money at in- terest, the other to keep up his credit. These far- mers, many of them, had worked hard, fared hard, for the sake of having money at interest, trusted it to the dashall family and lost it, which made the whole case very hard. I know farmers that lay up from one to five hun- dred dollars per annum, and not very great farmers neither; they either loan it out at six per cent, or buy lands they do not need, or get it in specie and lock it up ; but I think there are ways in which a farmer can vest his surplus, better than the above, where he need not fear the loss ofthe principal, and be sure of good interest. Suppose a farmer at the end of the year lias saved two hundred dollars, has a family of children growing up to men's es- tate, has a comfortable farm house, but neither painted inside or out — there is no door yard in front, nor shrubbery or shade trees about it, nor garden worthy of the name — no other fruit than common apples, few books in the library, . and no interesting periodical taken. The children of such farmers have eyes that can see, feelings that can be gratified or wounded ; they can contrast their cheerless looking houses and out buildings with those of the professional man, traders, industrious and prudent mechanics, and they see about these situations an air of neatness, comfort and elegance they do not possess : home has but few attractions. Now if this farmer would expend 100 dollars to- wards repaiiing and painting his house, ornament- ing his yard with shrubbery and choice fruit trees, even if he liad to send 60 or 80 miles to Winship's or Kenrick's for his trees, buy a few good agricul- tural books, subscribe for the N. E. Farmer, with your weekly lectures to spur him on to " improve- voi>. xvm. xo. 3. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 25 inoiit," it woiiUi linve a wonderful effect upon his children— it would cause them to hold up their heads and to sinir, " There's no place like home." The other 100 dollars lay out in part for first rate tools, such as the best cast iron ploughs, cultivator, cast steel shovels, hoes, scythes, &.C., &c., not tor- getting " Partrid^ers. The only misfortune is, that they are not elected to fill our legislatures or to constitute a majority of them. If I am not greatly mistaken, one of the princi- pal sources of the civil and political evils we suffer is in makmg the profession of law so much the channel to offices of emolument and honor. The practice presents an inconsistency on the very face of it. It is evidently inconsistent, and hi;;hly im- proper, that one class of men should institute laws, expound laws, and execute laws, which it may be supposed they will do to promote their interests, while that class constitutes a very small minority of the community, though there are ten times, and probably fifty times as many as the most healthy state of the community requires. The greatly in- creased, the rapidly increasing, and the largely disproportionate number of our citizens who resort to the law for a profession, is probably not the least evil resulting from appointing so many of this pro- fession to places of honor and trust. Without any prejudice against the members of this profession as individuals, for by an extensive acquaintance with them, I know many of them to be honorable and respectable men, I am convinced, as they themselves will undoubtedly acknowledge, that a large number of lawyers promote litigation. And no one will pretend that extensive litigation is favorable, either to the pecuniary, the moral or so- cial health and prosperity of the community, but highly destructive to all. Consequently any ar- rangements ormeasures adopted for conducting the operations of society which have a tendency to in- crease the number of lawyers, which is already en- tirely out of proportion with that of other classes of the community, must do an injury to that commu- nity. And appointing them to fill the seats in our legislatures, especially the chair of state and the highest seat in the nation, must do a double and an irreparable injury : it produces bad laws, and in- stigates quarrels and contentions in the observance and executing of those laws. To avoid these evils, and as far as possible, to repair the injury alreadv done by the inconsistent sounder and safer men to be relied upon, and be- cause by neglecting to fill our offices from the pro- fession of law, the number engaged in that profes- sion might be diminished, and litigation diminished witli it; and by that means the wealth, the intelli- gence and the virtue of our republic greatly pro- moted. If the education of farmers was what a rational and an enlightened system would make it, at a less expense of time and money than is now incurred for the purpose, they would be entirely qualified to perform many kinds of business, for which they now resort to the legal profession ; such as drawing contracts, giving power of attorney, making out bills of sale, conveying property by deed or other- wise, and various other acts of a similar character, which would save themselves great expense and trouble, and permit lawyers to engage in pursuits better calculated to promote the health of society.- To avoid the evils and secure the benefits here referred to, no one need to act under the influence of prejudice or desire of proscription. Farmers and mechanics have simply to select and appoint indi- viduals from their own professions to promote their interests and to secure and protect their rights, and they can hardly fail to accomplish their object. I remain Yours, Truly and always, J. HOLBROOK. Strawberries. — The following extract of a letter from Newton, Mass., is worth recording, as one of the best fruit stories of this fruitful season. After referring to the Jersey story of 240 dollars worth of strawberries being raised from one acre of ground, which story is travelling the rounds of the news- papers, he says — " To recall our friend E. to re- gions he was onco familiar with, we will state their productions in one particular, that old New Eng- land may not be forgotten. On a patch of 1800 square feet, being less than one-twentyfourth of an acre, a neighbor of ours raised the last season, 120 quarts of strawberries, which, at 2.5 cents the quart, the Boston price, would have produced 30 dollars, .,„i t.. '?'>n ,1,.11ti-o nr..- .ii'i-ol Tupntvslv oiiarts 26 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JtriiY 34, 1839. AND HORTICDLTDRAL REGISTER. B08TOK, Wednesday, July 24, 1S39. PROFITS OF FARMING. Much discussion and convers.ition have been had up- on this subject. We do not mean to enter Ailly or much at large upon a subject which requires to be ex- amined in various aspects and relations, in order that an enlightened and well-founded judgment may be made up; and especially in order that we may not lead to any false inferences of its unprofitablenes«, nor encourage an)' fallacious expectations as to any adv:int;iges, (we mean pecuniary advantages,) to be derived from it. The erroneous opinions and calculations which have been formed in this matter, have led to most painful results, to serious losses, and to bitter and vexatious disappoint- ments. We know a gentleman who tried farming, on an extensive and experimental scale, whopointed 0 award llie premiums on Carnations. The contribu- ors were Messrs Mason, Meller, Winship, Johnson, barter. Jno Hovey, Miss SuMiiicr, and Saui'l Walker. " The Committee appcyinled to award the premiums [)r Carnations, have attended to that duly and report as allows : For the best display of Carnations a premium of $5 to lessrsiMnson. For the best 6 Carnations, a premium of $3 to Wrn. leller. For the best seedling Carnation, a premium of $3 to /m. Meller. Signed, C. M. HOVEY, JOSEPH BKECK ■' JulyWth, 1639. Bouquets and a variety of cut flowers from the garden Messrs Winship, of Brighton. Dwarf Rocket and Neapolitan Larkspurs (line) from iseph Breck & Co.; also, Kockel Larkspurs of great auty, trom Hovey it Co. Jfative plants, by Wm. Oakes, Esq : Gnodyerarepens, iciepias ohlusifolia, Vaccinium dumosuin, VVoodsia ■ensis.W. obtusa,.\s[denium ebeneum, A. trichomanes, ^pidium marginale, Adiantuni pedatuin, Lycnpodium nolinum, L. dendroideuni, do. var., L. complanatum, lultheria hispidula, and fruit; Trifolium arvense and icumbens, Sarracenia purpurea, Xylosieum ciliatum, (fruit. We were much picas.d with a specimen of Cactus d Larkspur in the collection of Messrs Winship. For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman. COMMITTEE OF ARRANGEMENTS \rthe .inimat Exhibition of the Horticultural So- ciety. I Samuel Walker, Isaac P. Davis, Thomas Lee, Wm. ver, L. P. Grosvenor, Marshall P. Wilder, Edward Richards, John L. Russell, Wm. T. Eustis, Ezra lstonjr,Rob't Treat Paine, J. E. Teschemacher, Benj. I French. Samuel Uowner, John Towne, Olis Jcdin- , David Hago-erston, Wm. McLellan, Robert Man- ^, J. M. Ives, Charles M. Hovey, M. P. Sawyer, Jo- a Breck, Cheever Nevvhall, Wm Kenrick, Jona. Win- 1, Henry Sheaf, Ebcnezer Putnam, Samuel R. Johii- I , S. Sweetser, J. C. Howard, P. B. Hovey, J. L. L. ( .Varren, Wm. E. Carter, John A. Kenrick, J. W. pi'an,J. W. Russell, Rufus Howe, Samuel Pond, 9 the Committee are authorized to add to its number I und desirable. THERAIOAIETKICAL. Repiirteil for the N'evv Englunil l^'arincr. Rartijeof the Therinomeierat llie (lardcnof the proprietors of tlieNew Englanil Karnier, Brit;hioii, Mass. in a shaded iVorilterly exposure, week ending July 2L July, 1839. | 5_A.M. | 12,i«^|J7,P.M. | Wind. STRAAVBERRl ES. Those who arc desirous of cultivating this delicious fruit are respectfully informed that the subscriber has succeeded, after a number of years experimenling (jpon the Strawberry, not only in obtaining nap mrirtiVs, but in ascertaining the best method of cultivation. Specimens of the fruiis grown in his Garden have been exhibiled at the Massachusetts Horticultwul Society Rooms the, Towrposi years, and are also too well known in Faneuil Hall Market to need a particular notice here. He has for sale at his Garden in Brighton, Mass., the following eight varieties of Plants. They are of superior stock and quality, all warranted to be truly named and free from the viixlures often found in those oifered for sale pro- miscuously. Those who are in want of Strawberry Plants, are respect- fully invited, and they will find it interesting, to call at the Gtrden and see the manner of cultivation. The method ol cultivation, and any information desired will be cheerfully given. The subscriber would state that from many yo^rs personal crperience, he is saiisGed that plantations of these vines made the last of July or early in August, by careful and constant attention will produce nearly or quite as much (ruit the season following as those plantations made in the Spring will produce the second year. Warren's Seedling Methven. — A new and valuable kind. A free bearer, fruit very large and juicy; fruit measuring four and a half inches have been e.xhibiled the present sea- son. Meiliven Castle. — Fruit extremely large, high flavored, and showy. Specimens of this kiiul have been exhibited at the Horticultural Rooms for two years past, measuring five and a half inches in circumference. Bath Scarlel. — Fruit large, full bearer, and beautiful scar- let. Early Virginia. — This is considered the earliest fruit — a free bearer, hardy, and very early ; decidedly ajinc kind for market. Royal Scarlet — Fruit long oval shaped and juicy. Hautbois — Fruit smaller but very numerous. English Wood. — Fruit well known. Monthly. — Fruit is gathered from the vines from June to October, and in good quaniily and fine quality. JJ" Orders left at the Garden, or directed to the snhscri- WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " ■' " . Beans, white, Foreign, *' '* Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. I prime Beeswax, white, yellow, Chefse, new milk, BoseJIanube, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . FisH, Cod, Grand Bank, . B'lv. Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, No. 3, . Alewives, dry salted. No. 1 . Salmon, No. I, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal. Alexandria wharf, Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls. Gkaim: Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yello white, . T^ye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northein, (prime) southern. Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality. Lard, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort. Leather, Philadelphia city tannage do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, • . Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, I.iME. best sort, .... Oil, Sperm, Spring and Summer, . Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, Mess 6 !iO 5 00 bushel 1 75 a 00 barrel " 14 60 pound " " 10 bushel pound 37 o 9 quintal 3 02 o 2 00 barrel 9 75 (, 6 2S ,, 5 75 o 6 00 o 5 S7 " 5 67 „ 4 37 bushel 87 >i 83 " 95 " 61 IS 00 1260 pound „ 12 ,1 11 II 29 (( 25 26 24 ,, 22 K 22 1, 2t cask 80 gallon »* 1 15 " 50 „ 95 2 75 25 00 24 00 " 17 00 t 00 2 87 26 DO 28 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. JULY a*, 1839. MISCtLLANEOUS. WONDERS AND MURMURS. BY HISS MALL. Strange that llie wind should be left so free To play Willi a fluwfir or tear a tree; To range or ramble where'er it will, And US it lists be fierce qr still ; Above and around to breathe of life, Or to mingle the earth and sky in strife; Gently to whisper with niornin;;'s light, Yet to growl like a fi'tlcred fiend at night, Or to love and cherish and bless to-day. What to-morrow it nilhlessly rends away ! Strange that the sun should call into birth All the fair flowers and fruits of earth. Then bid them perish and see them die While they cheer the soul and gladden the eye ; At morn its child is the prime ofspring, At night a shrivelled and loathsome tiling ; To-day lliere is hope and life in his brealh, To-morrow it shrinks to a useless death : Strange doth it seem that the sun should joy To give birth alone that it may destroy. Strange that the ocean should corne and go, With its daily and nightly ebb and flow — To bear on its placid bieast at morn The bark that ere night should be tenipest-lorn ; Or cherish it all the way it must roam. To leave it a wreck within sight of home ; To smile as the mariner's toils are o'er, Then wash the dead lo his cottage door, And gently ripple along the strand. To watch the widow behold him land. But stranger than all, that man should die When his plans are formed and his hopes are high ! He walks a lord of the earth to-day. And the morrow beholds him part of its clay ; He is born in sorrow and cradled in pain, And from youth to age it is labor in vain ; And all that se\ enty years can show, Is that wealth is trouble, and wisdom wo; That he treads a path of care and strife, Who drinks the poisoned cup of life. Alas! if we murmur at things like these, Which reflection tells us are wise decrees — That the wind is not ever a gentle breath — That the sun ialvania and KeiA Jerscj is found to i one of llie most useful and labor saving machines now use. One man aud horse with a boy to lead, will rake i an average from 25 to 30 acres per day, with ease, and i the work well. They are are coming into very general u in all parts of the country, and will, no doubt, in a lew yea supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is great advantage in this rake over all others, as the persi using it does not have to slop the horse to unload the rak For sale by JOSEPH BRliCIK &. GO., 61 and 52 Nor Market Street. GRAIIV CRfVUliES. The Grain Cradle is an arlicle winch is coming into vi general use in the New England States, where they were of late but little known, although they have been in vi general use in the southern and western Slates, for ma years, and which is-found to lie decidedly the best mode harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle ( acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one 1 le by JOSEPH BRECK &. CO., 51 & 52 North Marl Street. July 10. FINE CA1,P FOR SAI.E. A fine young heifer calf, from J. P. Cushing's celebi bull. Enquire of JOSEPH BRECK & CO. DURHAM SHORT HORN Bl !>!,. For sale, a very fine Durham Short Horned Bull, ih years old. For further parliculhrs inquire at the New K land Agricultural Warehouse. Boston, June 12, 1839. THE NEW ENGLAMJ FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, al S3 per ann payable at the end of the year — liut those who pay wit sixty days from the time of suiiscribing are emitted to a duclionof 5W cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLiW, PRINTERS 17 SCHOOL STREET BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL RECxISTER. PUlil.ISHED BV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AonicuLToaAL Warehouse.) vot. xvm.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 31, 18:39. CNO. 4. AGRICULTURAL. SECOND REPORT OF THE AGRICULTURE OF MASSACHUSETTS. BT REV. HENRV COLMAK. (Continued.) PRODUCE AND EXPENSES. 1. Egrenwnl. — I will in this place state as an example, the operhtion of a farmer whj resided about twentyfive miles from Hudson. The great object of his attention was the making of butter, which was sold every week in the New York mar- ket Prom 18 cows he sold 2400 lbs. butter, at23cts. net. With these cows he fed 17 spring pigs un- til October, whose average weight was 177 lbs. each ; half of this pork, say 88 lbs. was to be cred- ited to tlie cow. He is of opinion that when pork is $10 per 100 lbs., a cow will give at least $8 worth of pork per vear. Cow, Cr. 133 lbs. butter, at 23c. (commission paid,) $30 59 Pork 8 00 2. In Otis. — Twenty cows gave 5000 lbs. new milk cheese for sale; each averaging also 25 lbs. of butter ; 000 lbs. of cheese were also used in the family. Cow, Cr. 280 lbs. cheese at 8c. $22 40 25 " butter at 20c. 5 00 Calf 4 00 Pork, 26 lbs. at 6c. 1 56 Supra, Dr. Winter keeping |12 00 One acre of land costing $50 will pasture the cow 3 50 Salt 25 cents, 3 bs. bran $3 3 25 Interest on tlie value of cow at $25, 10 perct 2 50 Labor of r iKing, making butter, cheese, &c. 4 00 $25 25 Cow, Dr. Wintering $13 00 Pasturing 5 ()0 Interest on cost of cow $15 — 10 perct 1 50 Labor and attendance 2 16 $32 96 20 66 Cow, Dr. Wintering $12 00 Pasturing 5 00 Salt 25 Interest on $25, 10 per cent risks in- cluded ■ > .■^a $38 59 ■ $19 7c Profits of a cow $18 84 It is understood that no e.xtra feed is in this case liven to the cow ; and the butter and milk used in he family, it is supposed wil! fully pay for the at- endance. This is a fair profit; but it is, as I hink we shall presently see, much less than it :hould be. No animal is better entitled to good :eeping than a cow ; because none makes a more iberal return for all the extra kindness and feed .nd attention bestowed on her. Ill another dairy, nine cows made 1550 lbs. of utter and 300 lbs. of cheese. Another dairy of twenty cows produced,— of utter ."lOn lbs. •' nf new mill- pKnoco ^ nnn 1K.1 Balance in favor of cow $12 24 3. Lantsboro' Sales from 12 cows: cheese at 12 cents — butter at 25 cents — gross amount, 600 dollars. No account in this case is made of supplies in the family. 4. Sondisfield. — The average yield of a cow in ordinary seasons is rated at 250 lbs., with common keeping. By extra keeping, the quantity is in- creased to 350 or 400 lbs. The quantity of butter in addition, to each cow, is supposed to be from 40 to 50 lbs. where new milk cheese is made. The amount of cheese made in Sandisfield, in 1837, i"as e.-^tiinated by n .n^tl cyin?''*'"''^ ""ithoritv at 300,000 lbs. Another firmer, with a dairy of 15 cows, states the average product of a cow, if she rai.ses her calf, at 250 lbs. ; if otherwise, at 300 lbs. ; and 25 lbs. butter also, from each cow. Four hogs may be kept to 20 cows. In this way, weighing 100 lbs. in the spring, they will weigh 300 lbs. in the fall. 140 lbs. of pork is to be credited to 5 cows. The cost of wintering a cow here, is rated at $10; pasturage $4. A good dairy woman will take charge of thirty cows, with assistance in milk- ing and in handling cheese. Her wages will be $1 .50 per week, with board. 5. In Ti/ringham, the average yield of a cow Bala ce in favor of the cow $24 08 The quantity of land estimated for pasturage in this case seems small. It must be small for a gen- eral rule ; another farmer in the same town assur- ed me thai he kept one yoke of oxen all the season and one horse half the season, on two and a half acres of land, which he showed me. 'Ihe land had been greatly benefited by plaster. EXTRAORDI.VARY COWS. I sh.all give an account of some remarkable ani- mals which have been found among what are called our native cattle. It is not pretended that they constitute a distinct race or characterize a particu-' lar class of animals ; but they show at least what materials are within our reach, upon which to build a stock of high character. A cow bf Samuel D. Colt, of Pittsfield, from 1st December to 27th April, 148 days, produced 193 lbs. of butter. A cow owned by R. Campbell, of Pittsfield, has vicldej 2(.l3efr quarts of milk per day. A cuw (iwnod oy llosea Merrill, gave 30 beer quarts of milk pen day. A cow owned by I). Fenn. of Stockbridge, 8 years old, produced inone week 12 lbs. 9 oz. but- ter. During the same time, 10 quarts of the milk were sold, and in addition cream and milk were used freely in the family. A cow owned by Calvin Davis, 4 years old in the spring of 1838, in 172 days produced 225 Iba. butter, and fatted a calf. An accidental injury to the cow, prevented a continuance of making butter. Two cows of Wm. Dewey, of Alfijrd, in good season, averaged for a length of time, 14 pounds of butter each per week. A cow belonging to the late Dr Hyde, of Stock- :?u i> r^ w iL, .N ijr L. ii i\ u r A K ivi r^ jtt , JULY 31, 1839. The above is exclusive of 25 lbs. made while [calves the same sprinsf; and the whole milk of one fattening three calves. He adds: " My metliod of keeping has been grass only, from spring to lall. In the fall i begin with pumpkins and potatoes, and feed moderately during the time slie gives milk. — An account has been kept for only three yetirs ; but it would not vary much from the above, for the twelve seasons I have had her, except the present season she has been farrow." This cow is now 18 years old, "and will calve again about the middle of February." Two cows owned ^n Pittsfield, produced each 50 lbs. of milk per day ; and one other 32 lbs. at a milking. A cow owned by Thomas Hodges, in North Ad- ams, produceii last year 425 lbs. of butter ; 400 lbs. of this amount were made in nine months. Her feed consisted of one quart of rye meal and a half peck of potatoes per day, and very good pasturing. To this list I will add the case of another cow in the neighboring county, whose product must be considered as quite extraordinary. She is owned by Joseph F. Upton, of Ashfield, Franklin county. From the 1st of April, 1837, to the middle of February, 1838, her product was 335 lbs. 15 oz. From the 9th of May, 1838, to tlie 28th of Decem- ber, 1838, she had produced .303 lbs. 3 oz. of butter, and was still making at the rate of one pound per day. The owner adds "In the year 1837, I killed my calf at three days old, and gave my cow the skim- med milk through the summer. I commenced the first of October to feed on potatoes. I gave her about one peck per day boiled, as long as she gave milk. In the year 1838,1 fattened my calf and killed it at four weeks old. It weighed 75 pounds. She has had nothing but grass this year, until the first of October ; since then I have fed her with one peck of boiled potatoes per day. My cow is seven years old last spring." Her winter-keep at present, while giving milk, is as mucli hay as she will eat, and one peck of boiled potatoes per day. "Hiese cows are all of native stock, without any admixture of foreign blood. The three cases of largest product certainly cannot be considered as examples of high feeding. It is extremely desira- ble that some skilful farmer should, by a judicious selection from such animals as these, endeavor to form an improved race for the dairy. I have al- ready said that this has been attempted by one gentleman in the State. Before I proceed to say what he has accomplish of them was taken by her calf during six weeks out of the thirteen. Some of the milk of the other was taken for family use, but the quantity not deter- mined. Under these circumstances, these heifers could not be rated as equal to more than one cow of full age and milk. From this stock, however, thus circumstanced and fed, 389 lbs of butter were made in the thirteen weeks. An additional pound would have given an average of thirty pounds a week for the whole time to a stock which must be in fairness, set down as three cows only. This ex- periment was made in 1837. CARROTS. Jeremiah Valet, late of Stockbridge, but now an emigrant to the fertile west, a true philosopher in a homely garb — a pure diamond, though never in the hands of the lapidary — (I would not say this if he were not out of the reach of my voice) — was much in the habit of raising carrots, and gave a preference to them over every other vegetable for fattening swine and cattle. This was the result of repeated trials and long experience. To fatting swine he gives them boiled — to store hogs, raw. — His crops average 800 bushels to the acre. John Merrill, of South Lee, has been a very suc- cessful cultivator of carrots. He states the yield on two acres at GOO bushels to the acre ; and the cost of cultivation, exclusive of manure and rent of land, at 25 dollars per acre, or a little more than four cents per bushel. For feeding horses, he says, he should prefer one hundred bushels of car- rots and one hundred bushels of oats to two hun- dred bushels of oats. He ap|ilied them in a raw state to the feeding of his team horses, and horses in preparation for market; and they were kept by them in high health and spirits. Oats followed his carrot crop on the same ground with great success. The experience of J. C. Curwen, Eng., in the use of carrots for horses, corresponds with that of Mr Merrill. The authority of (?urwen is unquestiona- ble ; and he' was in ihe habit of employing con- stantly as many as eighty horses on his farm and in his extensive coal mines. " I cannot omit," he says, "stating the great profit of carrots. I have foimd by the experience of the last two years, that where eight pounds of oat feeding was allowed to draft horses, four pounds might be taken away and supplied by an equal weight of carrots ; and the health, spirit, and abili- ty of the horses to do their work be perfectly as ed, I will mention an interesting fact, communicated igooJ "S with the whole quantity of oats. With to me by an observing farmer of Stockbridge the drill-husbandry and proper attention, very good Thirtytwo years since, he became the possessor of a very productive cow; and has continued the breed to this day ; she has never produced a bad milker, and some of her descendants, owned by oilier persons in the village, do equal credit to their parentage. The yield of one of them, which came within my knowledge, is twenty quarts per day. DAIRY AND SOILIKO. crops of carrots iiiay be obtained upon soils not generally supposed suitable to their growth." He adds in another place — "The profits and ad- vantages of carrots are, in my opinicn, greater than any other crop. This admirable root has, upon re- peated and very extensive trials for the last three years, been found to answer most perfectly as a ' part substitute for oats. Where ten pounds of oats - „, , , ,,. , „ ! are given per day, four pounds may be taken away In VValtliam, Middlesex county, a jrentleman i Ti • i r j u c i c . , . . ', , / ^ I and their place supplied by five pounds oi carrots. had tour cows ; but not a rod of eround which I rn. • i i, .■ j ■ »u r j- c ■ u. , , , . , = " This has been practised in the feeding of eighty poll H no nnnrnn-mtprl tn n-ofrnr-irva T^hoaii QTii _ _ _ ... => ^ My own experience of the value of carrots, which has not been small, fully confirms these statements. I have obtained at the rate of more than a thousand bushels to the acre on three-quar- ters of an acre; but on several acres my crop has usually averaged COO bushels to the acre. Smith, of Middlefield, Hampshire coun- ty, from throe-fourths of an acre obtained 900 bush- els. Charles Knowlton, of Ashfield, Franklin county, this year obtained 90 bushels on twelve rods of ground. This was at the rate of 1200 bushels to the acre. D. Moore, of Concord, Middlesex county, from six rods of land, obtained this year 56 bushels, or at the rate ol 1493 bushels to the acre. According to Josiah Quincy's experience, in Quincy, Plymouth county, charging labor at one dollar per day, his carrots cost him eleven cents per bushel. David' and Stephen Little, in New- bury, Essex county, in 1813, obtained 961 bushels to the acre, at an expense of $79 50, every expense included, excepting rent of land. This was at a rate less than nine cents to a bushel. I shall subjoin in the Appendix an account of an experiment made in feeding swine, illustrating the value of this vegetable, from Arthur Young. The great objection to the cultivation of carrots lies in the difficulty of keeping them, while grow- ing, free from weeds. If solved without any prep- aration, the seed is a long time in germinating, and a plentiful crop of weeds is liable to get possession of the land before the carrots make their appearance. There is another difficulty. The carrot seed, from its minuteness, is liable to be sowed too thickly. To obviate, in a degree, these objections, let the ground be ploughed deeply, well manured, and put in fine tilth ; and let the first and perhaps the sec- ond crop of weeds be ploughed in. After this, let the land be thrown into ridges two feet apart, and the seetJsown on top of the ridges, either in a sin- gle lire, or the ridges be made so wide as to re- ceive two rows of carrots, eight inches or one foot apart. In the mean time, the seed should be free- ly mixed with fine sand ; and this sand kept so moist that the seed shall germinate. As soon as it is sprouted it should be sown. This may be so arranged that the sowing shall take place about the first of June. They will then have the start of the weeds. The mixture with sand will prevent their being sown too thickly. After the first thinning and weeding is over, if done with care, the battle may be considered as won. Afterwards let them be cultivated with a plough or a cultivator, and kept clean. When the time of digging arrives, the work will be greatly facilitated by passing a plough directly along the side of the carrots ; and they are easily thrown out by the hand. could be appropriated to p-sturage. These ani- mals were, therefore, never out of the barn or the barn-yard, and were fed with grass mown for them; with green corn fodder, which had been sown broadcast for this purpose ; and with about three pints of meal each per day. The amount of their produce was kept for thirteen weeks. Two of these animals were heifers of two years old, who had horses for the last three years, with the most com- plete success, and the health and condition of the horses allowed to be improved by the exchange. An acre of carrots supplies an equal quantity of food for working horses, as sixteen to twenty acres of oats."* *Curwen's Hints on Agriculiural Subjects. Millet. — It is stated in a work on agriculture, that a gentleman in Pennsylvania sowed a peck to the acre the last of May — sowed four acres — cut middle of August, and suffered to dry in the sun for two or three days — produce 75 bushels of seed and one and a half tons of fodder to the acre. Cattle relish it The produce per acre is frequently much greater than stated above. It is often cut in the milk. It is first sown in drills about three feet apart, and the plants should stand six inches from each other in the rows after hoeing. In this lati- tude (New Jersey) it may be sown from the middle of .May to the 20th of June. — Corr. Farmer's Cabinet. VOL. XVIII. NO. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER Ri [For the New England Farmer. ] FARMERS CABINETS. J\'ew York July, 17, 1839. 31 Mr Colman, — My 'Dear Sir, While on a visit tor a niglit, to a Pennsylvania German farm- erne had some conversation oiv the facilities possess- ed by t;irmcrs, for aiding in the general diffusion of Knowledge. Among these facilities was speci- fied tlieir knowledge of forest and fruit trees, and tlieir convenience for preparing specimens for the use of public cabenets. Within a «eek or ten days after that, I received a letter from him, con- taining the names of fifty different kinds of trees growing in his vicinity, stating that himself and son, since I left them, had procured specimens of forty kinds, and expected soon to have the remain- der, and probably several others. They also pro- posed, during the fall to collect specimens of the fruit or seed produced by the several trees ; also to burnish, by impressions of the leaves, made by oil- 3d, smoked, paper, Snd by the leaves themselves, "ormed into Foliums, to preserve the character of ,he foliage of tlie various trees of their forests and )rchards. His mode of preparing the specimens of wood ^as to take from a limb or a small tree, from four to iix inches in diameter, a section of four or five inch- !3 in length, and split it into quarters or si.vths, vith a portion of bark upon each, one side smootlied vith a plane, and the other left in the form it took I n splitting, and one end cut perpendicularly, the ■ther obliquely, to the grain of the wood. The lartic liar object of the specimens was for present- ng to the cabinet of the County Lyceum, also an- ther set to send to Philadelphia. My object in mentioning this fact, i,-' to present ne, among many hundred modes, which have been iken to promote and diffuse useful knowledge, a uowledge of things, among all classes and ages cf le community ; by wijich ignorant farmers,''even Dumb Dutchmen," can enlighten the minds of lany, who already profess to have great light, and ussibly to look upon their neighbors, less favored lan themselves, as enveloped in thick clouds of fnorance. In nearly every section of Pennsylvania "Cabi- ETs OF Natdre and Art" are exceedingly corn- on in families, schools, and Lyceums. These ibinets consist of minerals, plants, embracing spec- (lens of wood, seed or fruit and leaves ; shells, in- lets, drawings, penmar-sliip, needlework, mechan- m, &c. They are most always collected and •epared by the younger members of families, both r their homes and their schools. House plants, id frardcn hprl« fnr fl,',,uo,.^ „M„ „..it;.......i .. -.i child can hardly be found over eight or ten years of age, especially in many parts of the county, who is not entirely familiar with all the connnon and most of the useful minerals, and with a large portion of the plants growing in their vicinities. In Westchester a small town, are five large build- ings devoted to the purposes of education and science, which cost not less than 20,000 dollars, be- sides commodious houses for district schools. In one of these buildings, the County Lyceum, forty feet by fifty, three stories high, with rooms for some use. book; though these will all come in their course: rather they will produce teachers, Jjooks, scientific halls and a full supply of tlie very best instruments of knowledge. Such being the character, and such the tenden- cy and ri^sults of this natural, instructive, and de- lightful mode of furnishing employment for children, why not commence it at once ? Why not propose soine day when the friends of schools, especially the young naturalists in all our schools, shall be in- vited to meet in every town or neighborhood in the m the basement and attic, ,s an extensive cabinet, country, (or presenting to each other, the fru.ts of winch, besides specimens of all, or nearly all, the their efforts and intelligence previously encoura-red ™!!fl .^: "".u ' ' '"'^'^f''" '""' °"-" "."ini^lH "^nJ aided by parents or teachers. I will take this opportunity to say, that I had no intention in a hasty letter sent you a few weeks since, to speak disparagingly of systematic, scienti- fic lectures. As aids, not substitutes, for personal effort, I liave deemed them the very best. To de- preciate the lectures of Professor Sillman, would be both unjust and ungrateful ; as he lias done more, if I am not mistaken, than any other man in the U. States to difl^tise useful knowledge, and as I have partaken largely of his politeness, as well as of his instructions. I am sincerely, and always Yours, J. HOLBROOK. found in the county, contains numerous foreio-n speciirens in different departments of nature. Their herbarium is probably among the most ex- tensive in the United States, containing numerous European plants received by way of exchange from various parts of Europe, and probably from other quarters of the globe. One school in this place, collected, pressed and put up, two or three years since, in sheets or books, forty four collections of plants, each containing one hundred specimens for the Lyceum Cabinets in each of the forty four towns in the county. An- other school collected, labelled and put up, 250 small mineral cabinets, for all the schools in the county. Specimens of drawing and needlework, were also prepared in the schools in this, as they were in many other towns for the use of conventions held in different parts of the state. These various specimens of juvenile improvement, prepared in numerous schools in the state were also sent to al- The Harvkst Prospect. In this eating world, the harvest question is one of much importance, far above that of the Presidential question, or a thousand other questions which often interest the public. It is stated in a New York paper, that „ , , , I wherever the harvest has taken place, it has proved most every quarter of the globe, especially to the abundant, far beyond that of late yen s. 1 1 wlZ various missionary stations in d.fferent parts of the I ern New York ,t is said to exceed all precrde i earth A volume o 500 pr COO pages, describ- I„ the Scioto valley (Ohio) more wheat has been ing^ll tjie plants ,n thiscounty, has been prepared j fathered than for any year for twenty back. lH More and Pennsylvania and Maryland the promise is abund- by Dr Darlington of West Chester better instruction in drawing, embracincr architec- ant; — and in short, every where. North and South. ture, machinery plants, birds, insects and other de- East and West, ha'rvest time has' proved, a bles" ng partmenta of nature. IS nrobahv o-ivpn n Plina,l«>i_ „_j _i-._ „, ^, ' , a uitaoiug partmenta of nature, is probably given in Philadel phia, than in any other town in the U. States. It is also taught with great skill in many, if not most schools, in all sections of the state. This exercise is becoming exceedingly common, and ought to be universal, or practised by every pupil in every school, as one of the first and most elementary branches. There is not a man or woman in the whole world, who has not frequent occasion to use it. If permitted, children will teach themselves this art, and much better than they are taught by most professed drawing masters, whom I have seen, who merely teach their pupils to {mitnte pictures. If permitted to tench Ihemse.lvcs, ciiildren will nev- and a source of joy. — Sntem Obs. House Plants. A method has been recently discovered, by which even the most delicate plants may be cultivated in parlors and elsewhere, with great ease and perfect success, avoiding all the evils resulting from the dust and smoke, and from negligence in watering, which are the ordinary course of decay and final destruction of plants kept in dwellings. The remedy is, to enclose them in glass cases, which may be either inverted vases, or boxes containing earth in the bottom, and glazed at the top and sides. The rapid evaporation is thus prevented, and the plarits preserved from in- 32 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JU1,Y 31, 1839. POTATOES. The potato is unquestionably the most valuable root cultivated by man. It is grown with little care, yields good crops, can be grown in almost every variety of soil, and its nutritive properties are not exceeded by any other root either for man or beast. Though it can be cultivated with little care, and though almost any soil will produce pota- toes, there are few crops that in both quantity and quality better repay any extra attention they may receive than this root. The potato, like most other cultivated plants, delights in a strong rich loam, and other circimi- stances being equal, such a soil will usually pro- duce one-fourth more than one very tenacious and heavy, or very light and sandy. In new settled districts large crops of potatoes are grown in the j soils that contain great supplies of vegetable mould, but experience -would seem to justify the opinion that in such soils the quality of the potato is rarely first rate. A grass ley — clover is the best— has been found, when properly prepared and manured, to be excellent for this crop ; and if the soil is rath- er moist than otherwise, it is considered as increas- ing the chances of a good yield. Countries that have naturally a cool tiioist atmosphere, are found to produce far better potatoes than those that have a dry and high temperature. Thus Ireland, sur- rounded as it is by the ocean, and necessarily of a low and equable climate, is famous for its potatoes ; and of tliis continent, the part most famed for the quality of this root is New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, which districts are noted for the moisture of the climate. With any part of the northern or middle States, however, tlie fault of not having good potatoes, or not having them in sufficient quantity, must be traced to the negligence oi" the farmer rather than to any deficiencies of soil or cli- mate. The preparation of a field for the polato is sim- ple. If a grass ley be sufl^ciently rich without ma- nuring, (a rare case with this crop,) the sod may be carefully turned over, rolled dowii, and then the surface earth loosened with a fine harrow, in which the tubers or sets are to be planted. If it requires manuring, let the manure, and this should be long rather than short, be evenly spread over the ground ; with the plough make a furrow, and into this let one hand haul the manure to the requisite width, ■while another drops the seed potatoes on the ma- nure so placed in the furrow. This row is cover- ed by tlie plough, and the operation is repeated till all are planted. Corn on the ley is generally pre- ferred, and roots well manured after the corn. — The first in the rotation may depend on conve- nience, as the turf is excellent for either. A multitude of experiments have been made and recorded both in England and the United States, to determine the best method of planting the seed, whether in whole tubers or in roots cut into two or more pieces, called sets. The results of these ex- periments have been somewhat contradictory, yet they seem to have e.^tablished the fact tliat white ofalltha civilization has done, is still to be classed among lh( most ferocious of the beasts of prey. Great riots have taken place among the operatives a Birmingham, and numbers have been shot down by thi dragoons after some of the police had been killed.— These matters are spoken of as coolly and philosophical ly as would be the bunting of wild game and bagginj our patridges and woodcocks at night. In our humbli opinion, the state of society in England is most threat cning to the public peace ; and she is sitting upon the crust of a volcano. Mobs and riots we hold in utter a larm and abhorrence ; but there is too much reason it munv cases of outbreak among the lower classes of thi people, to think that they are in the main right; an< that these are but the effervescences of honest thougl it may be misguided minds, stung to the quick and brok en down with despair under a sense of oppression, cru elty, irijusiicc, and outraged humanity. The day of ret ribuiion must come in the end. H. C. Bread Stuffs.— The Pittsburg Gazette of the 2a inst. states that flour was Belli ng there on that day a $3 ,!() per bbl. In some parts ofOliio, it is added, wbea had fallen within three or four weeks past, from $1 5^ to TS cents per bushel. At Louisville, wheat was sellin, at75cts.but it was expected to fall tnG2 1-2 cts. — 7'imes Massacliusetts HorticuKutal Society. EXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, July 20, 18^9. Among the fruits exhibited this day were Peaches o surpassing beauty and exquisite fragrance ; Grapes, o fine ciilor, heavy clusters, and the berries of large size Tlie following gentlemen were the contributors; By J. F. Allen, Salem; Royal George Clingstone and Admirable Peaches. By Robert Milne, Portland, Me ; Royal George Free- stone Peaches. By Or Eiistis, Brookiine ; Black Hamburgh anc White Chasselas Grapes. By Otis Johnson, Lynn; Black Hamburgh Grapes By Jacib Tidd, Roxbury; Black Hamburgh anc White Chasselas Grapes. By Samuel Walker, Roxbury; several varieties o dessert Gc'oseberries. By James L. L. F. Warren, Brighton; a number oi sorts of Gooseberries, names unknown. By J. Hovey, Roxbury ; Gooseberries and large Dutcl white Currants. By Thos. Mason, Charlestown ; Seedling, Barnet, and White Antwerp Raspberries — all very fine. For the Committee, E. M. RICHARDS. vol.. XVII I. NO. *. AND HORTICULT[JRAL REGISTER ^ 35 Saturday, July 29. The ilisplny of Fruits was very cliDicc, and it gave us lensiire til noiice the very deciiicd ini[irov<'inrnt in tlip ze and eoliir (since the last week) nf J. F.Allen's caches, grown in Salem 'iMipy were truly very splen- d. 'i'lie same gonilenian alsn exhibited fine spe'c-iinens r Blark Hamburgh Grapes, and three varieties ol' t'hile ChHsselas. By J .S Kllery, VVoodlanil nrnokline— Glack Hain- iirgh, White tMiassclas and Miller's Kuryundy grapes ; le latter nncoininonly larj;e t'nr that variety. By .Matthew Skilioo, Charleslovvn ; large Apricots— jme H'lt mentioned. By B. V. Freneh, Brainlree ; Heath's Early Nonsuch pples — a small but desirable fruit for its early maturi- By William Kenrick, Nonanlum Hill, JNewton ; va- uus sorts of Gooseberries, also large White Dutch uri8n:$. For the Committee on Fruits, E.M. RICHARDS. BRIIiHTON iMARKKT.— IWo.MiAT, July 29, I8i'!t. Keiwldl r.itthe .New Englaiiil Fanner. At Market, 170 Beef Cattle, (including those unsold St week,) 12 Cows and Calves, 110 Stores, and 2600 leep. Prices — Reef Cattle —Sa\es quick and prices of last ? -k were fully sii.xtained. We qimte First quality, I 00 a $8 2.5. Second quality, $7 SO a $7 75. Third ality. $li 50 a $7 20. Stores. — .\biiin half at market were sold in one lot. e did not learn the p' ice. A few only were peddled. O'ws and Calves. — Sales were noticed at $26, ,*33, 5, $54 and $00. Sheep — Dull. Some lots of old sheep were sold for cents a head, less than they cost in the country. We ticed a fine lot of Wethers IVom Hosick, N Y., sold s than the original cost. We quote lots from *1 25 $3:-.(). * Siciiie. — None at market e.'scept a very few old hogs sold last week, and there appears to be no demand. le old hogs were very fine and were taken for 7 1-4, 'stiv barrows. THERMO.VIETRICAL. RepdrteJ for the Neiv Enfrland Farmer. langeof the Thermometer at the fiardeiiof the proprietors the Neiv England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded rlherlj exposure, week ending July 28. July, 1839. nday, ; 2sday, : :dnesday, ; ursday, ! day, ; urday, ! iday, ! I 5A.M. I 12,M^|J,P^. I Wind. ^ "s:Er W. E. S, F.. W. N. E. 70 88 74 68 83 69 66 79 71 67 82 74 70 83 70 64 80 67 60 S2 73 :howers every day except two, notwithstanding which it been a very good time for making hay. DORKIKG FO^VLS. 'or sale, a few pair pure Dorking- Fmols. " Few breeds jprehend, haveamletoboasi ol so hisrh and lone con- led a reDulalion .is ihe l1r.rL-,nn ti,„ n..r.; ° The Revolving Rake which has been in general use in most parts of Pennsylvania and New .lersey, is found to he one ot" the most useful and labor saving machines now in use. One man and horse with a boy to lead, will rake on an average from 25 to 30 acres per day, with ease, and do the work well. They are are coming into very general use in all parts of the country, and will, no doubt, in a few years supersede the use of the common baud rake. There is a great advantage in this rake over all others, as the person using it does not have to slop the horse to unload the rake For sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 and 52 North Market Street. GRAJN CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where they were till ol late but little known, although they have been in very general use in the southern and western Slates, for many years, and which is found to be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cainiot reap more than one. Frr sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 & 52 North Market Street. July 10. AUSTIN'S SCYTHE RIITLES. For sale at New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Slore. 'I'hese Rifles are considered the best. They are cased wilh fine Emery, wear well and give a good sharp dge to the scylhe. They have come into very general use and are a good substitute for the scythe stone. A fresh lot just received. JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 and 62 North Market Street. KE-W BOOKS. A Treatise on the Cultivation of the Dahlia and Cactus. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " ■' " . l>i:.\Ns, while, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Bbeswax, white, . yellow, . . . Chefse, new milk, BosE MAsuaK, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Fl.\x. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Rank, . Biv, Chalcur, . Haddock, new, . Mackerel, .\o. 1 , No. 2, No 3, . Alewives, dry salted, No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, .... Meal, Indian, in bbls. GsAiN : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, , Barley, Oats, norlhein, (prime) . southern, Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, .... Labd, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leatheb, Philadelphia cily tannage do. cnunlry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New Vork red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Li.AiE, best sort, .... Oil, Sperm, Spring and Stammer, . Winter, . Whale, refined, Linsettd, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, . . . ' . Mess, .... Prime, ... Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax Ked Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, No. 1, " No. 2, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort Wool, prime, or Saxony l<'leeces, . American, full blood, washed. bushel barrel pound bushel pound quintal barrel pound cask gallon pound pr M. pound i ou >n 2 25 3 00 16 00 14 60 M75 13 00 2S 1 50 9 37 6 50 6 00 21 00 5 75 6 110 5 75 24 00 17 00 19 00 15 00 IS 50 2 87 3 00 90 1 00 160 2 62 3 00 1 25 160 13 3 50 62 S6 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JTDI-Y 3!, 1939, ■ MISCELLANEOUS RAILROAD ENGINE. The following grand description of this new and tnighty anima], that is now careering through our land, is extracted from the London Quarterly Re- view : " There are, no doubt, many of our readers who iiave yet to receive those common-place impressions which are made upon the mind of the traveller, when for the first time he sees and hears the en- gine, as from a point in advance on the railway it ored figures on one of the long stripes of painted glass, which, after slow exhibition before children, are by the showman rapidly drawn across the lens of his magic lantern ; all these sensations unite in making the traveller practically sensible of the as tonishing velocity with which not only he and his fellow passengers, each seated in his arm chair, but heavy goods, can now be transported." The following communication comes from an es teemed correspondent, who has left us some of the oak galls referred to for distribution to those who reTroVrIdingly\7proVcle7in"orderto'behooke'd^n>^''^ *«'■■ ^''"'"^^ '" ""= ^''^^'^ '" to a train composed, a^ on the London and Liver- q'^e^t'on.— Ba«. Jlmtr. pool line, of eighteen or twenty huge cars, besides j Remedy for Dysentf.rt — Grate a dry oak gall S>rivate carriages on runners, caravans full of hor- I ("i" b^i'l) fine and .stew it for a few niinntes in about ses, wagons of heavy goods, &c. &c. &.c. The j the third of a tea-cup full of water ; then add a tea Immense weight, upwaids of eighty tons, to be cup full of brandy and sufficient loaf sugar to make transported at such a pace to such a distance, when j >' *'ery sweet For a grown person take a table '■ " ■ spoonful and repeat every hour or two according to the virulence of the disease. For a child a tea- spoonful is sufficient. Two or three doses will gen- erally effect a cure. I have known this remedy to succeed in the most violent case of dysentery. I do not know whether the oak gall can be had of the apothecaries, but they are abundant in the country, and can be obtained gratuitously at almost every farm in the vicinity of Baltimore. A few of them are left with the editors of the American to be given to such as desire to try them B. compared with the slight, neat outline of the en gine, the circumference of whose black funnel would not twice go round the neck of an antelope, and whose bright copper boiler would not twice equal the girth or barrel of a race-horse, induces the stranger to appn^hend for a moment that the ap- proaching power must prove totally inadequate ; but the tearing and deafening noise with which this noble animal of man's creation advances to his work, satisfactorily demonstrates that it has itself no fear, fjut comes as a bridegroom out of his chamber, re- joicing like a giant to run his course. If the character of this noble creature be con- sidered for a moment with that of a horse, the com- parison is curijus. With sufficient coals and wa- ter in his manger, which, it must, be observed, whenever he travels he takes with him, he can, if Che aggregate of his day's work be considered, carry cveiy day for years, at the rate of si.\teen miles an hour, the weight of an army of 21,404 men, of 10 stone 10 lbs. each ; whereas a good horse could not, at the same pace, and for the same distance, continue to carry, every day, more than one such man. For a distance of 80 miles he can carry the weight of 2,768 men at a rate (16 miles an hour) that neither the hare, the antelope, nor the r i ■ ■-■ - horse could keep up with him. No journey ever tires him'; he is never heard to grumble but for want of work ; the faster he goes Uie more ravenously he feeds ; and for two years he can thus travel without medicine or surgery, ft requires however, £2000 a year to support him. We Yankee Perseverance. — An itinerant map sell er went into a merchant's counting room near our office, the other day, and asked the occupant if he w ished to purchase a map. " No," was the tart reply. "Will you look at one ?" "No; I have more of my own now than I have time to examine." " Will you allow me to look at yours then ?" " Yes, there they hang." " Well, while I am looking at your's I'll just tmroll mine — that you know won't hurt any body." So the map vender displayed sev- eral of his best at full length upon the counter, and then quietly commenced looking at the mer- chant's, which hung against the wall. Afler mak- ing a few observations about some curious water falls, caves, &c , at places which he traced out up- on the map before him, he managed to engage the merchant's attention, and at last referred to his own map, lying on the counter, for a more perfect illus might to these observations" add a graver reflection ; j tration of his descriptions, and finally so much in that, as by the invention of the telescope, man has extended his vision beyond that of the eagle, so, by the invention of the locomotive engine, he has now surpassed in speed every quadruped on the globe. We will, however, detain the engine no longer, but for a few moments will, with our readers, accom- pany the train with which it has now started. The dashing at full steam speed into ihe small orifices of the tunnel — the midnight darkness that prevails there — the flashes of light that occasion- ttUy denote air shafts — the sudden return to the joyous sunshine of the world — the fi company's green servants, who, as the past them, stand all in the same attitud as statues, with white flags (the emblems of safety)" in their extended hands — the occasional shrill, plaintive whistle or scream by which the engine, whenever necessnry, scares the workmen from the rails — the meteor-like meeting of a return car, of which in transitu no more is seen than of the col- terested the auditor, that he bought three different maps, at six dollars each, of the pedler, and very politely asked him to call again when he put out a new edition ! — Bost. Post. Eloquence. — A Mississippi paper gives the fol- lowing pathetic commencement of a speech of one of their lawyers some years since, on the trial of a negro for the murder of another named Daniel, whom he buried on the hill-side, in such haste as to leave one of his feet uncovered, which led to the detection of the crime : Daniel is no more ! k the snowy cotton ball, plough the straight furrow — no more shall he enliven the negro quarter on Saturday nights with the recital of coon hunts, or sing "jaw bone" at the corn shuckling! No, gentlemen, he lies buried on the iiill-side, with one foot out and one foot point- ing to the arched vault of heaven I" c ,, 1 aeiection oi tne crime : gures of the ; train whisks " Gsntlemen of the Jury ]e, motionle^Bkno more s'lall Daniel pluck ems of safety Por plough the straight fun STRA1VBERR I ES. Those who am desirous of cullivniing this delicious I are respectfully informed that ihe suliscrdier has succee afler a number of years experimenling upon the SlTawbi not only in ohlamin^ 7if7r varictlfSf |jut in ascertaining best methoJ ol'cultivation. Specimens of the fruiis grown in his Garden have 1 exhiliiieil at the Massach usetli Horliculturul Society Re \he four past years, and are also too well known in Fai Hall Market to need a particular notice here- He has for sale at his Garden in Brighton, Mass., following eio'kt varieties of Plants. They are of supi stock and quality, all warranted to he truly named and from the mixtures often found in those offered for sale miscuously. Those who are in want of Strawberry Plants, are resj fully invited, and ihey will find it interesting, to call al Garden and see the manner of cullivalion. The melhc cultivation, and any information desired will be cheerl given. The subscriber would state that from many years pers experience, he is saiisBed that plantations of these v made the last of July or early in August, by careful constant attention will produce nearly or quite as much the season followinjas those plantations made in the Sp will produce the second year. Warren's Seedling Mclkven. — A new and valuatile k A free bearer, fruit very lar^e and juicy; fruit meusu four and a half inches have been exhibited the present son. Melhren Castle. — Fruit extremely large, high flavo and showy. Specimens of this kind have been exhibtte the Horticultural Rooms for two years past, measuring and a half inches in circumference. Balk Scarlet.— Ftail large, lull hearer, and beautiful s let. Early Virginia.— This is considered the earliest fruil free bearer, hardy, and very early ; decidedly i; Jine kind market. Royal Scarlet — Kruit long oval shaped and juicy. Hauthois — Pruit smaller but very iiurr.'crous- English Wood —Fruit well known. Monthly. — Kruit is gathered from the vines from Jun October, and in good quan.iiv and fine quality. J>- Orders left at the Garden, or directed to the suli! her, Brighton, .Ifass , or left at Messrs J. Breck & ( Agricullural Warehouse, Hoston, will be carefully promplly allended to, and all Plants will be carefully pi ed and forwarded agreeably lo directions. .iAMES L I.. F. WARREP Nonantum Vale, Brighton, Mass. July 17. isSw irlciilas, C Tulips, Kaiiunculujies, Asiemo NATIONS, I^ICOTEES, PiNKfl AND GEHANlUftlS H. GROOM, of Walworth, near London, England, by poinlment Florist to Her Majesty Gtueen Victoria, begs spectfully to call the attention of' his friends and the adi ers (if flowers in America generally, to his extensive collec of the above flowers, which from his having been very ! cessful in their cultivation this season he can offer at i moderate prices. He would parlicularly recommend toll persons about commencing the growl h of the Tulip (wl in tl^nglaud is becominir very fashionable) the unde rco. tinns in beds, as it is by far the cheapest mode of purcba: them. Tulips arranged in lieds with their names. First Class. A bed of 30 rows containing 210 bulbs including severa the newest varieties, -..---. A bed of 4.1 rows, - .^ uv.- ol no rows, - - - . . Second Class. A bed of 30 rows including many fine sorts, A bed of 4o rows do - - A bed ol 60 rows do - Tulips not arranged. too Superfine sorts with their names from Superfine mixtures, from Ranunculuses. too Superfine sons, with their names from £3 3s to £s Superfine mixtures, from - - - 5s to ais per Anemones. 100 Superfine sorts with their names, - - £3 Superfine double mixtures irom 10s Gdto2lsper Auriculas. 25 Superfine sorts with their names, - - £3 13! Catalogues with the prices of the other articles may had on application. Orders received by JOSEPH BRECK & CC Nov. 1. eow. 25 guic £17 £7 7s to . 7s 6d to THIS HEW e:ngla>u fakmf.k Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per anr payable al the end of the year — but those who pay wil ixtydays from the time of" sufiscribing are entitled lo a ductionof 5U cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRIRrERi n SCHOOL STREET BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ JUJ1U.ISHKD liY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aoh.cultural WAnEHo.sE.) vol.. xvm.j BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUG. 7, 18:39. [NO. 5. N. E. FARMER [For ihe New England Fanner.] THE SEASON— MEADOW LANDS. Mr Colm.^n — With us, an unpleasant mowintr :s a matter of so rare occurrence, that when one nakes its appearance we are confident that some •og in the wealher, or perhaps more properly in )ur3elves, is amazingly out of place, oi- it would lot be so. We are willing to say that there is nuch differenct in mowings, and to this difference hey may perhaps owe some of their charms, and he very contrast which one o-ives to the other, to IS makes them b ^autiful ; as for instance, after a Iry time, what can be pleasanter than to awake and learthe rainpatteringagainst one's windows, while he stillness which may long have held the air iij urance, has been broken by rougl) winds, that lake the forest leaves tremble on their branches, r shake the limbs of the old oaks as if they inspire lem with a belief that all nature was created foi ctivity. All this is necessary as well as verv leasant. .Man must have exercise or he becomes puny, diseased being, both in body and mind, 'he beast of the field and the fowl of the air will ot for a long time put themselves down to rest in uiet dormancy, but indulgi? in stillness only when itigue requires it. They are things of active hab- s, and nature has endowed them with power to ractice their own gymnastics, which is manifested y their skipping upon the hills, racing in the val- ■ys, or sailing through the air. But vegetable na- iro possesses not within itself this power ofchano-- ig place to impart muscular energy, consequently iture, like a nursing mother, supplies the defect. id while the rough winds become subservient to e exercise of the tall old trees of the mountain, e gentle breeze sighs playfully among the small les of the forest, which they shelterr or sweeps ndly along over the tender productions of the ■ain field and the meadow, giving health and rength to the subjects of its influence. July thus far has been the bettu rrul of ourideas 'a beautiful month. We have had the gentle ower, and the rain in torrents, sometimes so great seriously to injure the roads, as if it would try e Wnrl.-o r^r ■„=,.,__ .K„ K,:i J _._.^. ., ,. ■' around and beneath us, is a tine picture of rural beauty, for while the mountain's side is rich in the loveliness of its emerald shield, dotted here and there with the tall stump of some old tree, whose sear and yellow leaves a long time ago may have fallen for the last time to the earth, leaving itself to stand only as the remains of another age, with the tnll chesnuts hanging out their blossoms of pure white, give a variety to the woodland scenery; — while the valley, beautifully sprinkled with groves, whose sires like those of their occupants, have pass- ed away, leaving to them the inheritance which they once so proudly claimed— are fringed with the meadow, ready for the scythe, or the grain field ripening for the sickle, or perhaps the corn field, dressed in the rich coloring of healthful veg- etation, waiting the influence of our golden summer sun to mature it to a golden harvest, with a multi- tude more of lesser but essential and smiling beau- I ties, which greet us not with the smile of decep- tion or the kiss of treachery, but with all the love- liness-which our varied scenery can offer. Haying is just commencing, with a prospect of more than a middling crop — consequently the at- tention of the farmer is naturally drawn to his meadows, and a fair opportunity offers for him to make such improvements in them as will make them beautiful and more productive. We say beautiful— why not ? We are all of us admirers of beauty, and sometimes when it presents itself in worthless objects, very properly then may it he ad- mired when blended with utility and comfort ; and a meadow in order to be comfortable must be beau- tiful. According to our idea of this beauty and utility, a meadow should in the first place be made very smooth, as much so as a nine-pin alley or a J>urade ground — places which are seldom occupied except for a ti3w hours' amusement, or to perform the service of one or two days in a year. But we are heedless about our meadows, which should oft- en meet the eye and chain it with their even sur- face, so much so that a man even in these temper- ance days, can scarcely walk on them without stumbling — a pretty apology for drnnkenness sure- ly, these rough meadows, and a pretty employment they furnish for the boy at the grindstone, besides due encouragement to the scythe-maker, for in the very first season of mowing-, these little protuber- is the stone on his meadows, some of which may lie in heaps from which an occasional one mav have rolled into the grass, just to inform the mower of his approach to a moniunent of folly, while others are scattered here and there as ihe harrow lef\ them last year— the raemoiials of indolence or j sheer carelessness. In either case their presence 1 is attended with " vexation of spirit," a " dreadful ; sort of feeling," which never ought to disturb the j farmer's bosom, because if m.ikes him unhappy I A very proper time for removing stones from mead- I ows, when it has been neglected at a more proper I one, is soon after the grass is taken oflT, and it may : be done on a lowery day in hay time with much \ more propriety and comfort than the said day could j be spent in fishing or in many other employments. j If not done then, attend to it as ■soon as hayin"- is I over. I Another thing, (and in many meadows it is not a small one) to be attended to is the selection of the poor parts of the meadow, or those which are in the lowest state of e.xhaustion. I'hese may be truly defined now, for harvest tells no untrue tales of the condition of the earth, and they should be carefully marked out with stakes, (if they do not as in some cases, extend to the fence or hedge-row within it,) that they may meet with proper encour- agement either in fall or spring, to do better next and coming years. We have tried various ways to render these spots and blemishes more productive. One which we have found very beneficial is, to collect what ma- nure we can in summer, [we always clear our yard in spring] and os soon as may bo after the crop is taken off, carry out and spread it, which we prefer doing just beft u fi rain, that it may benefit the earth insteuii A the atmosphere. We sometimes repeat the operation of yard-cleaning in November, for it is a principle with u? that manure is a capital which should be soon iuvested in order to make the greatest returns, and we had rather have it spread in autumn than in spring by thirty per cent We do not, however, apply it often as a top dressing, except on lands too moist to plough advantageous- ly, and we think that the sooner it is applied afler the crop is taken off the better, provided rain soon follows, as it is then that the grass is making new iffnrla tn =lir>/if f,^,.*!, „ r>>„ „ ..,l,;„1, 1 38 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AUG. 7, 1839. [For ihe New England Farmer.] FARMERS' GARDENS. To most farmers the idea of a good garden is synonymous with something quite beyond their reach — perhaps we "may as well out with it" and say, something quite beneath their notice. They " like to see them," (though we have once heard a farmer or ratlier an apology for one, say he had rather see a hill of potatoes in a field than a gar- den of choice vegetables, fine fruits and gaudy flowers, which he had just been viewing: poor man— we pitied him ;) but then they require so much labor, such small work too, fit only for women and children ; they have no time for it ; and then after all, they do not seem to amount to much. Such are the common remarks of farmers with regard to gardens, those emblems of the residence appointed to man in the state of his purity, and the types of what the productive parts of the earth may, proba- bly will be, when man retraces the path which his sinning parents took, when "with wandering steps and slow," they took their last journey from the home which their Creator had fitted up for their permanent enjoyment. But to the remarks. They like to see them, and we have in many instances seen their approbation manifested by a rude tramp- ling upon and breaking down without leave or mer- cy, of many of the choicest products of a garden — plants which had required much labor in rearing and promised much pleasure in enjoynjent. A hor- rid species of afl^ectinn to be sure, but we had rath- er sometimes see this manifested in a small degree than to see an individual pass one of these beauti- ful repositories of nature and art, blended in sweet communion, with sheer inditference, for while man notices, even if his notice is marked by a shade of savage ferocity, there is hope that he may improve. But these remarks apply not to all. We _allow there are many who do like to see them, and some who like to have them so near their dwellings as to see them at any time. " They require so much labor." Whatever renders life delightful, " all is the gift of industry." U'e are fully aware that a garden in order to show well — (this world is made up of shows, many of thera useless indeed)— and to produce well, requires much labor, and so does any other object worth possessing. All however, who know anything of the comfort and lu.xury that a garden can be made to. produce, will join me in the assertion, that in all the divisions of the farmer's labor, there is none which yields him a t»reater re- turn than this ; not in our inland towns a return es- timated by dollars and cents it may be, but of sub- stantial comforts and healthful lu.xuries, of objects to charm the eye and please the soul, as well as to satisfy the cravings of the mortal man. What no- ble achievements to be gained by one's own labor ! For man, proud, aspiring man, it may indeed be small business to labor in a garden, but it was not beneath his Maker to create one, and adorn it witli all that was pleasant to the sight and good for food, nor is he now regardless of the smallest of all his works, however despicable they may appear in human eyes. That tlie labors of a garden do not amount to much, is a supposition worthy only of those ^*ho have never enjoyed its benefits. Hut why do we see the attention (small compared with what it should be) paid to gardens, which is done in most of our villages ? Simply because the quantity of land appropriated to such family is necessarily small, and that they wish to make the most of it — or is it rather, the inhabitants of such places appre- ciate the luxuries that a garden aflbrds more fully than the farmer .' Something of both may be the case, and if both or either make it an object in town, it surely may be one in the country, at least so far as is necessary for family consumption, and if a want of time is an apology for the farmer, it surely might be with the merchant and mechanic, with their thousand customers at their heels. But the excuse is good no where. Every man has, or may have, if his time is properly apportioned, an ample supply for the garden, inasmuch as it is a repository into which all the odd ends and loose change of time may be profitably thrown. The great difl^erence is, that application to business is a part of the education of the mechanic or merchant, while too many farmers are brought up to indulge in many an idle half hour, which is often sadly spent in discussing the qualities of an enviable neighbor, or indulging in a favorite sport, which savors of cruelty. Solomon says, "there is a time for every purpose," and we have no doubt but it extends to making and tending gardens, for we have the assurance that he spake of all plants from the humble hyssop to the cedar of Lebanon, also that he dug pools of water, and planted orch- ards and vineyards. W^e are established in the opinion, and our ex- perience fully confirms it, that a garden is abso- lutely necessary to the completion of a farm estab- lishment, and that where good farming does actual- ly exist, many of the choice productions of the earth must be lost unless removed to the garden. Take for instance the strawberry. It is usually found in old worn out fields — very seldom in those highly cultivated. Is it economy for the farmer to let his meadow or pasture depreciate in order to furnish him witli fruit ? Is it desirable that his family should be denied the healthful luxury it af- fords simply because it will not grow in his fields .' W'e think not. The garden is its appropriate place and there it should be cultivated. W^e have tried it, and we find tliat including the amount of labor of cultivating with gathering in the garden, the cos^ is less than that of gathering in the fields, while in the former case we know whore we are sure of a supply, and in the latter all is uncertainty, for on ar- riving at the field you may find that your neigh- bor's boys, who have no time to spend in the gar den, have preceded you and robbed you of your spoil, though tliey actually had no business to do so. Here then you are saved the vexation of a disap- pointment, which is calculated to give you no very kind feelings toward your surrounders, and the ex citability which the sight of your trampled mead ow or famished pasture is calculated to inspire. Strawberries which grow in gardens under the hand of culture, are larger and frequently of more delicious flavor than those grown in fields, and be- sides,'ike appearance of a strawberry bed is very pleasant, laid out in beautiful rows and decorated with its chaste white flowers, or its fragrant fruit giving a balmy softness to air around. The same remark applies to the raspberry and bramble. They have nn business in the corners of fence or along the walls and around old stumps, extracting from the richest soils their fertility, and-where the same vexations attend their procurement as do that of strawberries. They should be aliens in the farm- er's fields and citizens 'at home in his garden, where they should " enjoy all the rights and immunities" that cultivation offers. Their presence will beau- tify the garden — their absence ornament the mead- ow.— But our native fruits and plants should not usurp this peacefial, quiet domain. The produc- tions of other countries should be brought in to dispense their share of beauty to the beholder and comfort lo the consumer. In short, the garden should be a sort of cabinet, where the valuable and curious productions of all climes should be arrang- ed in order, according to their rank and in classes according to their diversity : and ye should talk of them to your children when ye walk among them, when ye sit down and when ye rise up. Let a portion of the garden be appropriated to each of your sons and daughters ; this will excite in them a laudable ambition to excel in a good work — will furnish thera an agreeable and healthful employ- ment— will encourage them to be useful in raising the richest fruits and choicest flowers, will encour- age a love of nature, and we verily believe at the same time, a hatred of vice ; for vice appears to us an unnatural thing, — will kindle in their souls more ardent attachments to each other, will inspire a love of home, the place where the habits are to be form- ed and the principles are to be sown and take roof and spring upward, which are to actuate them in after years, and then may be disseminated to all around them. When the home whence they orig- inated may be far away, what kind associations will be awakened by the memory of their early days thus spent with their dearest and best friends ? When the eye grows dim, what a halo of light will reflect upon it, when it looks back to these early scenes of virtuous employment. Farmers, who of you will improve your premises and your families by improving your gardens ? — Some must begin, or by the mass it will never be completed. The world will never rise en masse for its own improvement. Whatever is done must be commenced by individual effort, and the exam- ple of individuals and their success will accomplish the object. But success does not always immedi- ately crown our eflTorts. Perseverance is its har- binger, and in no pursuit is perseverance more nec- essary than in the culture of the earth, particularly the garden. Be not discouraged then, if in your first humble essayings you meet with failures, but go cheerfully on and in due time you will reap the reward of all your labors, " if ye faint not." Mt. Osceola, July 16, 1839. W. B. From the Geneva (N.Y.) Courier. The Crops. — The whole of the western farming districts is groaning with abundance. Every acre of land has been this season made to yield. Many farmers have sown grain in their orchards, yards, and many by-places, heretofore quite useless. Their, efforts and industry, we are happy to say, will un-^ doubtedly be crowned with unparalleled success. We think the growing grain of all kinds is suffi- ciently advanced to be beyond the reach of the e- vils which have so often befallen crops in this seci tion. No serious complaints are heard about the worm or fly. The berry of the wheat is filling well and rapidly, and the weather is so favorable as to preclude all fear of its rusting. We believe we are safe in asserting that the crops of 1839 will vastly exceed in quantity and quality, those of any year since the settlement of the country. 'Ihe Journal of Commerce estimates from the richness of the wheat crops already gathered and the promising appearance of those yet to come in, that the value of the bread stuffs will be $10,000,000. VOIi. XA'HI. NO. 5. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, Fonhe N. E, Farmer. THE EDUCATION OF FARMERS. In a late number of your paper, Mr Editor, we alluded to the self education of farmers, as all im- portant to the improvement of our agriculture, and to some of the means that present themselves for tills mode of self-culture. We alluded more par- ticularly to their professional education, and not to their moral and intellectual development. To this portion of our subject we shall presently come We conceive that this matter of self education, this combination of scientific knowledije and skilful practice, will be one of the great engines for the regeneration of our husbandry, and that it is the absence of it that has kept a discreet culture of the soil so long in the back ground. We moreover en- tertain the highest respect for all self-educHted men, be their calling what it may. 'J'he builders of their own minds and fortunes, they give a char- acter and zest to any pursuit they may enter. Tied down by no dependence upon tlie favors of moneyed 3r literary institutions, or the munificence of indi- ifiduals, they are enabled to give free scope to any energy or originality of thought they may possess, ind can model themselves to suit the circumstan- ;es of their situation. They are more nearly tlian iny otlier class of men, creatures of nature, without he artificial deformities of human invention ; and ; know of no more ready and efliciei.t method for mproving any pursuit than the professional self- !ducation of those engaged in it. Let them bury !very prejudice that is not founded on long and veil tried experience — let them avail themselves )f insti-uction from every and any quarter, whether t be book or paper or the lips of those already ersed in the pursuit— let them adapt such instruc- ion to their circumstances and e.xpericiice and here is no reason why any profession, and more 'articularly agriculture, should not meet with all he success and assume the highest rank it can pos- ibly be entitled to. But in urging upon our farmers the importance f more thoroughly educating themselves than they ow do, for their peculiar calling, we would not Jrget that there is another vast power for improv- ig our husbandry, and that is by educating our irmiTs' sons for their profession. And here again ic agricultural interest meets with a most unac- ountable and unpardonable neglect at the hands f the public and of those most intimately concern- d in its welfare. While institutions are endowed )r the preparation of yoimg men for almost every ursuit, while the countenance of government is mt to the support of almost every other branch of ducation, and while the munificence of private in- the pursuit they are to follow .' Do we ever hear of any peculiar text books offered them to prepare them for being tillers of the soil .= Arc the differ- ent branches of Natural Philosopliy, of Mechanics, Political Economy, &c. &c., put into their hands with reference to, and to train them for, being far- mers ? Are their uiiiids ever directed, in the les- sons they arc continually receiving from friends and teachers, from the pulpit and the rostrum, to the beauties and pleasures, the importance and dignity of agriculture.' And, what is still more, is instruction ever conveyed to them on the imme- diate divisions of husbandry, as conducted on broad and scientific principles, except such as they can gatlier from watching the systems and operations, perliaps crude and erroneous, of their fatliers .' In these remarks we would not be understood as complaining of our universities or high schools, or our common schools, as misguided or futile in their efforts. We are not of those who indulge in groundless murmurs at " an aristocracy of learning," 'as it is cantingly termed,) or who would draw in- 'idious comparisons between ;;cnc(icai common sense and a classical education. It would ill become a citizen of Massachusetts to complain that not e- nough is doing for tlie universal education of the people, or tliat it is not being done in the most ef- fectual manner. Our complaint is, tliat amid the many erfi(ca/io?ianmprovements of the day in our country, so little, I may say that nothing is done to prepare so large a body of our youth, professional- ly, for the culture of the soil. It is the absence of this early education for farmers that has given birth to the idea that is so prevalent, that agriculture is merely the turning up of the sod and the fatting of cattle. Our farmers themselves have too often considered it so, and- the community, judging by those engaged in it, have naturally drawn the same conclusion. And hence the distaste that a large number of our young men manifest for the pursuit. Their minds as well as their bodies must be active, and they are naturally disinclined to bury them- selves in a calling, dependent, as they have been taught to believe, upon muscular exertion alone for success. There are then several reasons of great force in our own mind, why agriculture should be made a matter of early education. And first, the success- ful culture of the soil, it will not be denied, draws as largely upon the energies of the mind as the body, and that, besides being dependent upon their development, it is equally so upon many branches of science and art, which to be thoroughly attain- ed, must be early commenced aud long continued. The great principles of animal and vegetable phys- iolncrv mn.ll hp nhtainorl V.ir Inn.r „.,,1 ,.1„„ 1 89 like the mechanic with tools and materials, without knowing tl.o peculiar, technical principles of the object he is to construct. We can ^nly say, we pity such a man, and trust that his good fortune will supply the deficiencies of his professional ac- quirements. But our limits warn us to close, and we reserve, with your permission, Mr Editor, our remaining remarks for another paper. Greenfield, July 15, 1839. n. y ,Silk Growing is destined to be no small business in Hampshire county. We took occasion with a friend last week to visit three or four of the most intelligent and active men in the neighboring towns engaged in the mulberry and silk business. In Williamsburg, deacon Bodman is growing some twenty or thirty thousand trees of the different kinds, Multicaulis, Canton and Alpine. Some of them promise well, and already he has engaged the crop of Canton trees now growing upon one- fifth of an acre, to be delivered this fall, at $1000. His cocoonery is an old, but spacious building, well ventilated, and he has fed and is feeding about seventy thousand Worms. Dr Bardwell, of Whate- ly, has a plantation of some ten or fifteen thousand trees, of the three varieties, all of which look equal- ly well, and throw off about the same amount of fo- liage. He is not feeding extensively yet, but some specimens of raw silk, reeled upon a simple, but neat machine of his own construction, can hardly be surpassed in beauiy. Mr Timothy Smith, of Amherst, is going into the business on a large scale. His plantations of about 50,000 Canton trees, (for he cultivates no other,) are both luxuriant and beautiful. His co- coonery is a very neat affair, the worms having just finished winding, and another crop are about hatch- ing out. His method of winding the cocoons is both neat and beautiful. Small bunches of straw are placed between the boards, upon which the worms feed, and the top and bottom spread out so as to resemble an hour glass. Sixty cocoons are sometimes found in one bunch of straw, the flgss is easily saved, and the place seems just tlie sort of refuge desired by the worms. His reel for winding is simple, and the raw silk just wound by his wortliy spouse, would make an honest Chinese blush, at its superior lustre and beauty. It is an entire mistake to suppose those engaged in the business in this county, intend to confine their operations to growing trees. Every practical farmer who has tried the experiment, is satisfied that it can be made one of the most lucrative bran- ches of farming. At least, those now growing trees have so decided. We nre nnt wM =nt;ofie.^ 40 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, From l!ie Genesee Farmer. DICTIONARY OF TERMS USED IX AGRI- CUI/rURE, And in the Scieiires most inlimcitdy connected with its ndvnncrment. Cabbage. [Brnssica oterucea.) This well known plant is extensively cultivated in most gardens for culinary purposes; and in some places is grown largely in tlie field for feeding to animals, 'i ho cabbage fonned a prominent article in the plan of Cobbett, by whicli one-fourth acre of land was to support a cow the year round. In climates that are suitable, the plant called the tree cabbage will furnish a great amount of food, and is profitably cultivated for animals. The common cabbage re- quires a rich soil, and will thrive the best in loam. It should be planted from four to six feet apart, according to the kind ; some varieties being much larger than others. Cabbages should be planted as early as the ground can be fitted for their re- ception, and those designed for summer use, should be started in hot beds, where this conve- nience is at hand. In the preservation of cabba- ges for use in v^inter, they are generally put in cellars, but they are very apt to mould and rot ; and if the temperature is not very low, the heads will crack open, and the new shoots put forth be- fore the season for transplanting arrives, thus de- stroying the head. Burying in the ground where the earth is dry, the covering of earth comparative- ly slight, is probably one of the best methods of preserving them fresh and in good order. The cabbage will bear a considerable degree of cold without injury, if situated so that the frost is taken out gradually by the earth. Large quantities are annually made into sour krout, an article which forms an important part of all ship stores destined for long voyages, and to the use of which, much of the exemption of sailors from their terrible dis- ease the scurvy, is now to be attributed. There are many varieties of this plant ; but the general properties are the same. Calcium. This is the name of a metal discov- ered by Sir H. Davy, and constitutes the basis of lime. It is of a silver color, burns with great brilliance when brought in contact with atmos- pheric air, and absorbs oxygen so rapidly, that it quickly assumes the form of lime. The term cnl- careous as applied to earths containing lime, is de- rived from this word; and in the form of carbonate of lime, or common limestone, there is perhaps no substance more universally diffused, or which acts a more important part in the economy of vegeta- tion. , Caloric. This is the name given to that agent which produces heat and combustion, and e.xercises a great influence on the principal phenomena of nature. It is imponderable, and appears to exist in two states — -free, or uncombined, and latent, or combined. Perhaps there is nothing that has a more decided influence in nature than caloric. Un- der God, it seems to be the supporter of all vege- table and animal life ; and it appears certain that a state of absolute cold would be a state of abso- lute death. The opinions of learned men at the present time seem tending to the belief, that calo- ric, electricity, galvanism, magnetism and light, are effects of one and the same agent, depending for the different appearances and effects on its accu- mulation, rest or motion. On agriculture this a- I gent acts with great effect, since the soil is cold or hot according as it retains or parts with the caloric ' it receives from the sun. Soils that are black or white receive the least benefit from heat ; the black mould, while it acquires heat with great rapidity, giving it off still more freely ; and the white soils, owing their color principally to clay that retains moisture very strongly, scarcely feel its influence, the heat being carri'jd off in evaporating the water. I he experiments of Rumford and Leslie show, that a vessel covered with lampblack radiated heat at the rate of 100°, while one made of bright tin plate gave out only IS''. Soils in which mould or black earth is properly combi^ned with silex and alumine, will retain heat the longest, as the black gives it out to the others instead of radiating it into space. A melon laid on a bed of powdered charcoal will ripen, when one on common earth will remain green and immature. Calves. The young of the cow — bos of Lin. The value of the futule o.x or cow is greatly de- pending on the treatment the calf receives ; and hence much attention has been paid to the rearing of the young animal, in districts where tlie breed- ing of cattle forms an important object to the far- mer. Where circumstances will permit, allowing the calf to run with the cow and draw his food di- rectly from her, is probably the best method, since it is that of nature ; but as the milk for dairy pur- poses is valuable, breeders have substituted many modes of feeding the calf, in which milk is partly dispensed with, some other nutritive substance taking its place. As a general rule, the calf should be aliened to suck the cow till the milk is good. Some allow them to suck a week or fortnight, ac- cording to their strength ; but we have found that where calves were to be taken off, the earlier it was done the better for both cow and calf it was, both making less ado at the separation. Accord- ing to Marshall, a celebrated English breeder, the best method after the calf is taken from the cow is this : " new milk in the pail a few meals ; next, new milk and skim milk mixed, a few meals more ; then skim milk alone, or porridge made of milk, water, oatmeal, and sometimes oil cake, till cheese making commences ; after which, whey porridge, or sweet whey in the field." When fed from the pail, calves require about two gallons daily; but care must be taken not to give it them too cold, as it will cause the calf to purge. When this is the case, one or two sf.ionfuls of rennet in the milk will be a good remedy. Great regularity should be used in feeding calves ; and they should always have sweet grass or good clover hay to nibble up- on in the intervals of feeding with milk. Calves should always be housed in the winter, have good hay, water and occasionally salt. They are easily taught to eat carrots or turnips, and we never knew a lot of calves that had each a good 'nubbin' of corn daily from the hand of the master, and plenty of good hay, that did not go through the first win- ter well. (To he«ontinued.) Extract of a letter from Ohio, dated July 9. — "There is a general failure of mulberry cuttings in this region. We have all been humbtia-ired into the plan of cutting the trees into single buds ; the consequence is, not more than one-fifth of them have vegetated." By another letter from Vermont, the same story about the failure of cuttings is told, with the opin- ion that in our climate the only way to ensure suc- cess, is to lay down the root and stalk ; for where this has been done, tliere is an abundant return of AUG. y, 1839. vigorous sprouts. Mulberry seed has universally failed ; is it possible that this failure is a safety «£t7 to screen the seller? Extract of a letter from Georgia, of July 16 : "Our mulberry trees, such as are spared by the unexampled drought, are now growing finely ; some will be from 5 to 10 feet high. VVhile rid- ing out yesterday I passed a garden where I saw a mulberry of this year's growth, and which I judged to be from 10 to 11 feet in height. Respecting the price of trees, T cannot exactly say what they will be worth ; however, I should think 50 cents might be a fair price. One house is offering trees of northern growth at 10 cents per foot. S is laying down his trees with all despatch, in hopes of making up for the great loss and failure of cut- tings. The large leaf Canton flourishes wonder- fully ; the leaf is large and thick set upon the stalk. Out of 20,000 cuttings only 814 have survived;- and it is understood that some who have suflfered yet more severely, have ploughed up their land and planted it with corn ; but I hope that our few cuttings saved, and what may be increased by lay- ers, will, after all, make somewhat of an imposing yield." — jVorthampion Courier. The Philadelphia Ledger says — "The Wash- ington City Silk Company planted about 200,000 buds and roots upon about 12 acres of land, admi- rably suited to the growth of Morus Multinaulis, about the 25th of March ; they have now about 60,000 trees growing— 140,000 having failed ; they selected the best buds for the planting, and have had much better success than any other planter in this vicinity, who depended upon one bttd cuttings. A near neighbor of ours planted 20,000 buds raised by himself and planted by his own hands during every favorable season in April, and he cannot count more than 200 of them growing; from what I have seen and heard, the number of trees grow- ing in this district this season, will be equal to about one-tenth of the number next year. 1 sup- pose 1,000,000 of worms are now feeding in these ' ten miles square.' " From the Genrsee Farmer. Owing Hams. — I beg leave to present to tho public my manner of preserving hams. I turn my barrel over a pan or kettle in which I burn hard wood for seven or eight days ; keeping a little wa- ter on the head of the barrel, to prevent it from drying. I then pack two hundred weight of ham in my barrel and prepare a pickle, by putting six gallons of water in a boiler with twelve pounds of salt, twelve ounces of saltpetre, and two quarts of molasses. This I stir sufficiently to dissolve tho salt, &c , and let it boil and skim it. I then let it cool and pour it on my ham, and in one week I have smoked ham, very tender, of an excellent fla- vor and well smoked. Wlien the weather becomes warm, there will be a scuin rise on the pickle. By keeping my ham under pickle, it will keep the year round. It is better to have a good white oak barrel than any other. Try it, and if you ever had meat smok- ed earlier after killing, and more palatable, please inform the public through the columns of your pa- per. Yours, &c. H. FOWLER. Hanover, Mich., March 7, 1830 VOL. XV III. no. s. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 41 CHANGE OF FOOD. Tlipre seoins to be a natnral disposition in nan, II the brute, ami in the vegetable, to a chanire or Iteratiim of food, alike conducive to the gratifica- ion of the appetite and the promotion ij^ health. This propensity in man is apparent to all. 'I hat change is conducive to lieallh, is evidenced by le fact, that persons long confined to the same di- t ire much more liable to di.-oiisc th.in those who uliilge in a variety. This is seen in long voyages nd in the army, where men subsist daily upon 18 same rations. If there is any exception to the lie, it is where the food is of the simplest kind, as le brose of the Scotch, the potatoes of the Irish, rthe rice of the people of the tropics. The general principle bjin« admitted, or that rena change is not prejudicial to health, how ini- 3rtant is it to our comfort, and economical in re- ird to expense, to multiply around us the fruits, jgctables, &c., which aie the subjects of garden id field culture, and to select for this purpose the ;st varieties; and these are undergoing constant crease and improvement by means of culture and cundation. Every season brings to our notice ;w species and new varieties, particularly in gar- :n productions, favorable alike \o health and to nocent gratification. The tomato and the rhu- irb, both of recent introduction to our gardens, e of this character. "By means of new varieties," says I?ishop, "the oduce of our gardens and fields are not only in- eased in a ten fold degree, but the quality of the oduce is increased in a still greater proportion, id the difl^erence between varieties that have rung from the same species, fit them for diiferent rposes, different soils, situations and climates lus in edible plants and fruits, we are supplied th an agreeable change throughout the year, )m a difference in varieties that have sprung ira the same species. Nothing is more obvious, on comparing original species with their varie- s produced by culture, than that we, by means the latter, enjoy a vegetable food far preferable that of our forefathers; and as it is probably be- nd the power of man, of cultivation, or of time, determine the degree of excellence attainable by rieties over the species whence they have sprung, d as that degree is unknown, we are justified in jarding it as progressive, and to consider the )duction of a good variety as the sign or harbin- r of a better.' i The disposition of animals to change their food, ' evidenced by their habits and their disposition j pluck a variety of herbage, and to select that I ich is new to them. That a change is condu- ! together, not only contribute to the health and thrift of the animals depastured upon it, but that the product was greater, considerably, and exceeded that of the best old pasture grounds. From these f.cts Sinclair and others argue, that wo ought, in stocking down our grounds, to avail ourselves of all the grasses that we can procure, and that our soil will nourish. Groom observes, that out of more tlian 200 grasses suitable to England, only one genus, the rye grass, has as yet received gen- eral culture ; and that of (50 species of clover,°on- ly three or four have received attention. The pre- sumption is, that many indigenous grasses which j have hitherto escaped the notice of our farmers, wo^ild be improved by culture to as great an ex- ' tent as the wild carrot, parsnip, cabbage, potato, apple, plum, peach, &c. That the vegetable is improved by a change of food, is not only evidenced by the natural law of alternation, witnessed in forests and in cultivated grounds, but by the improvement which takes place from a change of seed. It has become a well es- tablished principle, that a change of seeds from one soil and from one district to another, is highly ad- vantageous. We have had this particularly veri- fied in the potato, where foreign seed, of like varie- ty and size as that raised on our farm, produced in the same field one-third the largest crop. Grow, ing from the same seed, without change, seems to be a sort of vegetable breeding in-and-in. The progeny seems to deteriorate in both cases, and ul- timately to become worthless. Upon these princi- ples we should not only recommend an alternation of crops, but a frequent change of seed, to ensure a healthy vegetable constitution and vigorous growth. ■—f^hany Cultivaior. the most handsome wheat we ever saw, which pur- ported to be the Wliitington ; in consequence of which, and of its being represented to bo a spring wheat, we sowed one busliel early in April. But it evidently is a winter grain; as only an occasion- al plant shows an indication of producing seed at this time, .Inly 15. We are satisfied "that the Messrs Thorburns, as well as ourselves, have been imposed upon by the foreign advertisements and circular which accompanied the wheat from Lon- don. We purpose to mow ours, in the hope of get- j ting a crop from it in 1840. [Remarks. — We had two bushels of the " Whit- ington New White Spring Wheat," and sold it to our customers for spring wheat, as the circular from England which we published in the N. K Farmer described it to be : we received it from Geo. C. Thorburn, of New York. It was the finest sample of wheat we had ever seen ; and thinking it very desirable to have it distributed as much a« possible, declined soiling over a pint to one person, except in a few instances. We regret that we have been deceived in its character, and are willing to make all necessary satisfaction -to those who have been disappointed in it. — The idea of mowing it, as suggested by Mr Buel, is a good one, as it may thus be made to produce a crop next season. JOSEPH BRECK & Co.] From the Cultivator. WHITINGTON NEW WHITE WHEAT. Mbom/, Jabj \Zlh, 183P. Mr j. Buel — Dear Sir— In the month of March (ast, I received from my brother, Geo. C. Thorburn, two bushels Whitington New White Spring Wheat.' From the high recommendation the wheat received at the Liverpool .\gricultural Society of England, and its fine appearance, (a largewhite plump grain) I was induced to recommend it to our farmers, and would not sell over two to four quarts to any one person, (except in a few instances) in order to give this wheat a wide circulation through our country. I have reason to fear it is a lointer wheat. " From the circulars sent from England with the wheat, I sold it in good faith as a spring grain ; I never Free Marti.ns. — When a cow has twin calves, one a bull calf and the other to appearance a heifer calf, the last is called a free martin. It is a singu- lar law of nature, and apparently limited to cattle, that twin animals so produced, are unfit for the propagation of their species. 1 he free martin is to appearance a cow, exhibits at times sexual in- clinations, and some have been known to receive the male, but always without effect. These singu- lar facts led Dr Hunter to a physiological examina- tion of their structure; and recently, Dr Allnatt, of London, has examined several with the same ob- ject. The cause of this singular animal phenome- na is found to result from a peculiar vaginal art! uterine organizatiim, which effectually preven .-i conception. The expulsion of the urine was, m the animal examined by Dr A., propelled in jets rather than a continued stream, and a singular mal-conformation of the parts, on examination after death, satisfactorily explained the cause. Free martins work well in the yoke, are strong and kind workers together, or with another ox. When al- 42 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AUG. 7, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL RF.GISTER. BosTOK, Wednesday, August 7, 1839. To OUR Subscribers. — We gave notice in the clos- ing number of the last volume of the N. E. Fanner, that we should issue the paper once a month or oftener, in an enlarged form. We engaged our paper, but found that it could not be printed so as to fold in any regular order; we were obliged therefore to send it out in a most awkward shape. As we are disappointed in this arrangement, we have concluded thai it would, perhaps, be as well to publish ocr-asionally an extra, particularly at the time of the cattle shows, and at the season of the year when advertisements pre.'ss upon us, &c., which we trust will give equal satisfaction. J. B. BEET SUGAR. We perceive by a recent number, that nur neighbor the publisher oflhe Yankee Farmer, proposes forming an association for the purpose of ascertaining the practicability and advantages, if any, of the manufac- ture of sugar from beets in this country, by the latest and most improved methods. Especially he is de- sirous of determining whether it can be so managed, as has been represented, that every farmer's family in the country may, by a simple household practice supply their own wants. We most heartily wish him all possible success. How far the calculations which he has given to the public in relation to this matter, are to be relied on, we are not able to say. But the funds ask- ed for are a small affair compared with the importance of the object in view ; and, divided as they will be, can- not fall heavily, even if the project should fail. But success is highly probable. The sugar beet is beginning to be much cultivated in various parts of the State. We have seen considerable fields of it in many places ; and trials of it as feed for cattle and swine, have served to bring it into favor. A company is prosecuting the cultivation of it, as we have been informed, to a large e.vtent in Micbigm, with a view to the manufacture of sugar. One sprriii'd indi- vidual has informed us that he has one hundred acres in that State devoted to sugar beet. The present year therefore, will probably decide what can be done. There are facts in regard to it now existing in France, which we find it ditRcult to reconcile to statements which are constantly made in respect to the manufac- ture in that country. The first is, why if the cultiva- tion and manufactuie are as profitable in that country as is represented, they require so heav}' a duty upon colonial sugar in order to protect the manufacture of beet sugar. The second is why, if the new methods recently discovered are successful, and by them the su- gar can be produced at a low rate, they are not at once adopted, and the government protection rendered i3n- necessary. An intelligent gentlemiin, sent out by t'ue Northampton Beet Sugar Company, for the e.xpress purpose of obtaining all necessary information in rela- tion to the matter, informed us that Shulzenhach's meth- od upon trial in France was not approved. Fleischman in his interesting report to Congress on this subject, states the discovery of a method of extracting the sugar from the beet, by which a considerably larirer amount of sugar was obtained than by Shutzenbach's method, at a less expense, and in a way which would place the manufacture within the reach of every farmi;r's family in the country. It is now full time that we should have received the result of experiments made by this method. Probably they have been made and others are in pos- session of the results. We have not been so fortunate. Shutzenbach's method, as we have been informed by persons who were not proprietors in the ctmcetn, has been tried at Northampton with success. We have seen a sample of the sugar made there, which promises well ; tiutcan give no particulars. More than a year since we mentioned the discovery of a method of exliacting and manufacturing the sugar by a gentleman at Stoneham, in the vii;inity of Boston, which promised the advanta- ges of general practicableness, small expense, and a large per centa>;e of sugar from the amount of product. We saw the sliced and dried beets; the mode ofobttiin- ing the syrup; the crystallization of the syiup, and the sugar pnrfected, but not refined — certainly a beautiful article. For the amount which could be obtained from the bei;l by this process, and which was represented to be from eight to ten per cent., and for the expense re- quired in the extraction and manufacture, we relied up- on the testimony of the operator, whose integrity is be- yond a qutsuon. We deemed it a most important dis- covery, and after a patent tor the manufacture had been obtained, we had great pleasure in announcing it. We thought the vessel had not only entered the harbor but actually reached the wharf; and were quite disposed to throw up our hat with the farmers and give three cheers. But il seems to have been a phantom ship or a sort of •' flying Dutchman," for wo have not been able to ob- tain a word farther on ihe subject. The matter deserves all the attention wliich any a- mong us seem disposed to give to il ; and we wish our neighbor all the beet sugar he can need in his tea and coffee Ihe rest of his life, sweet creature as lie must be- come, if his useful project should prove successful. H. C. BUTTER. There is no article in our market or on our farmu, in respect to which there is more just ground of complaint than butter. In few cases is it found fresh and sweet. In most cases, we speak particularly of public houses, it is absolutely detestable ; and often comes upon the table " daubed over" in a manner thoroughly disgust- ing. How we are to find « remedy for this evil it is not easy to see. It is difficult to induce a patient to take medicine, who has not the slightest consciousness of ill health, or to submit to an amputation when tliey have never felt any pain in the limb ; or to speak more plainly, to induce those persons to wash their faces who I never look in a glass, or who perhaps in the course of I their lives never yet saw the true color of their skin. j We are determined, however, as often as convenient, 10 throw in our mil«, and protest against the manner in ; which this article, whicli is almost a first necessary of life, is made, kept, and served up. We might have good butter if we would; but with our usual modes of management, it is not surprising j that thinis are as they are. The milk is not ahv.iyi drawn clean ; and impurities find their way into the pail which no strainer will take out. The pans into which the milk is poured are not always thoroughly eJeansf^d and scalded, and dried before using. The dairy room is oftentimes ill-placed and badly ventilat- ! ed ; and frequently made a general receptaole for brok- en meats and dirty dishes, and the nameless and mis- cellaneous fragments of the table. Then loo, the cream is kept too long before churning; the butter is imper- fectly worked ; the article is oversalted ; and put to be kept in a place where ihere is little or no difficulty in its soon passing into a state of rancidness. The farmers have no excuse whatever to otFur for poor butter. They might have good butter always.— There is encouragement enough given in our markets. The butler of some farmers who send weekly to Bos- ton, commands always thirtyseven and a half cents pound; and if they could send a thousand pound week they would find a ready aiarket for the wholt it. The butler sent in for exhibition and premium brii usually from thirlythree to fifty cents per pound. ( farmer within our knowledge, has for years receii fortyfive cents per pound for his butter through whole winter season. Can farmers ask any belter ] ces than these .' and why should any farmer consen be outilone by his neighbor, if he has the spirit o man ? I'erliaps however, this matter belongs more ji ly to the " appropriate sphere" of women. We st say nothing uncivil to them most certainly ; but we h at least they will hear what we have said to their li bands. We occasionally hear housekeepers remark that tl buy a cheap butter, because it *' will answer well enoi for cooking.'' We always mark these people ; and sire to keep clear of their cookery. Nothing should swer for cooking which is not entirely sweet and win some ; and rancid butter is poison, let it be disguised it may be. Poor butter in the market ought neve find a sale ; and in spite ofall the noisy discussion n ringing in the public ear about sumptuary laws, we maintain, without compromise or abatement, that use of spoiled butter for food, ought to be made an diclable offence. H. C Massachusetts Horticultuial Society. EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS. Saturday, Aug. 3d, 183£ By John Towne, Esq. ; some fine pot plants : ami them we noticed Fucheir tenella, Bonvardia triphy Erica cinerea, do. multiflora (?), do. verlicillala, Mei esia coerulea, and Erythana cristagalla. Madam Eustis, of Koxbury, presented some fine s ciinens of Carnations ; some three or four oflhe flow were equal if not superior to any exhibited at our roc the present season. From the grounds of Thomas Lee, Esq.,of Brooklii fine specimens of Roses and other choice flowers. We welcome the scholars of Stephen M. Weld, E of Jamaica Plain, Roxbury, to our rooms Their B quel was such an one as we should expect from youthful lovers of Flora and her handmaids. Dahlias, by Col. iVl. P. Wilder, of Dorchester, vi Birmingham Victor, Striata formosissima, Zeno, IV! A. A. Broadwood, Squibb's Prima Uonna, and S phurea elegans. From Mr J. L L. F. Warren, of Brighton ; Madon Welter's Jlary, Napoleon, Royal William, Smith's f purple, and Duke of Wellington. Striata formosissima, in the collection of Mr Wile was greatly admired. We were much pleased w Madonna, in the stand of Mr Warren. A'atiee Plants, by Ezra Weston, jr , Esq., and Frar Parker; Clethra Alba, Asclepias verlicillala, Sabbi chloroides, Gerardia flava, Polyala sanguinea, Lysir chia ciliala. Euphorbia maculata, Cephalanthus occid talis, Orchis fimbriata, Solidago lanceolata, Dal stramonicum, Mentha Boiealis, Eriophorum angusti lium,Cuscuta Americana, Spirea tomentosa, Spirea al Qi^nothera Pumila, Eupertorium purpureum, Lobi pallida, Hcdyrasum paniculatum .' Mimulus ringe Drosera tenuifblia. By G. Gilbert, Esq. ; Sabbalia chloroides, Coreof rosea, Stachy's hyssopifolia. Polygala rubella, (2x h. i radical flowers,) Gnaphalium margaritaceum, Crotala sagiltalis, Asclepias tuberosa ; all from Plymouth, Ma By Wm. Oakes; Sabbatia chloroides, do. How white; Stachy's hyssopifolia, Polygala rubella, Asc pias tuberosa, Drosera lenuifolia, Lycopodium alopei roides, Coreopsis rosea — all from Plymouth, Mass. Bouquets from Messrs Winships, Hovey &, Co., Howe, Jno. Hovey, and Sam'l Walker, of Roxbury. For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman Vegetables exhibited Saturday, August 3 : By Mr J. L. L. F. Warren, Brighton ; fine specime of Tomatoes and early shelled Beans. For the Committee, AARON D. WILLIAMS. VOL. XVIII. NO. AND HORTICQLTURAL REGISTER 43 NOTICE. Jiirsliscriliers in Hartford, Conn., an'l vicinity, will plen-so icrve that we have appointed Dr E. W. BULL, Agent liir N. E. Karm.-r. JOSEl'II BRECK &. CO. liignst -. REVOr>VING HORSE RAKE. ;RI(;HT0N MARKKT.— MoM,»r, Augusts, l'^.■-:9. Kcl.(.rtt-il f.irllif .\>\v Kaslin.l FiirinlT At Market, 150 Beef Cattle, 100 Stores, 35 Cows !>nd Ives, \S'25 Sheep, and 150 Swine. ■'rices —'Heef Cattle — In consequence of the limited mher at market higher prices were obtained and we rancn our quotations. Kirst quality, $S 50 a $8 62. :ond quality, $7 75 a $8 2^. Third qiialitv, .«;7 00 a 50. Stores. — A very few sales only, probably owing to ■ absence of purchasers. Ciiies and Caltcs. — A large proportion al market were m Can.'ida and of an »>rdinary quality. We notire esat .$25, $33,f38, $45 and $55. S/iee/i — Sales quick and si higher prices. Lots $2 00, 25, $2 50 and $2 75. Wethers $3 00, $3 SO and Jiri'ne — Dull and prices still on the decline. A lot small piffB, prime quality, were sold for 7c. At retail m 7 to 10. THERMOMETRICAL. Rupiirleil lor the New Enslanrt Farmer, iangeof the Thermometer at the fi its pleasant sub acid flavor is agreeable to all palates, and lorms one of the most delightlul additions to the dessert in summer, it is also extremely wholesome, never, as is the case with n'ost other fruits, undergoing the acetous fer- mentation. In some diseases it has even been found highly beneficial,- and it is aftirmed that Lin- nseiis was cured of the gout by abundant use of the berries. The strawberry, though a low herbaceous plant, sends down remarkably strong roots. In good soils these are often found to penetrate to the depth of eighteen inches or more in a season. It is neces- sary, therefore, to produce a fine bed, that the soil be deep as well as rich. Where the sub-soil is not positively bad, the ground is always much im- proved by trenching, (two spades deep,) before set- ting the plants. In doing this, a good coat of ma- nure should be deposited between the two spits: old garden soils -ivhich have been long cultivated, are astonishingly improved by this practice, the whole becoming renewed by the presence of the fresh soil; and the growth of plants in such mould, when again acted upon by the sun and air, is of course proportionately vigorous. A deep mellow loam, rather damp than dry, is undoubtedly the preferable soil for this plant, but almost any soil for so limited a species of culture, may, in the hands of a judicious gardener, be rendered suitable for it. We have seen very splendid crops of fruit upon a very stiff yellow clay, mellowed down by mixing with it anthracite coal ashes and manure. The best season for making new plantations of the strawberry is either in spring, at a pretty early period, or directly after the beds have ceased bear- ing, in August. If the latter time is chosen, the plants generally get sufficiently well established to bear a considerable crop the ensuing year. There are various modes in which to plant the beds when formed. Some arrange the plants so as to be kept in, hills, others in rows, and others, again, allow them to cover the whole surface of the bed. We consider the first method preferable, as in that way the ground can be kept cultivated between the plants ; the fruit is generally larger and finer, being more exposed to the genial influ- ence of the sun, and the duration of the bed is greater. Three or four ro-ivs may be planted in each bed, at a suitable distance apart, and the run- ners from the- rows should be shortened or cut oft" about three times during the season. If the plants are not thriving well, a light top dressing between the rows in autumn ivill be of great advantage. — Burning ofi" the upper surface of the bed in the spring has been highly recommended by some per- sons, but we have never found it to answer our ex- pectations upon trial. This fruit receives its name from the very ancient custom of placing straw on the beds, between the rows of plants, to preserve the berries clean. The custom is not yet too antiquated to be of less value to those who desire the fruit in its greatest perfec- tion. Clean wheat or rye chafl^ may be substitu ed for straw, and it has the very great additional ai vantage of not only preventing most weeds fro growing, by excluding the light, but also, by d composing with considerable rapidity alter the fro season is past, it contributes much to the enrici ent of the surface soil of the bed. Youiig an strong runners well rooted, should in all cases I chosen to form the new bed, and not old plants, ( those offsets which grow near thesi. There is a fact with regard to the strawberr plant little known, the ignorance of which puzzle many a good cultivator. This is the existence i separate fertile and sterile or barren plants in man of the varieties, otherwise plants n-hich produc chiefly male, and others that produce only femal- flowpi-s. Botanically, the strawberry should pn duce both stamens and pistils in each flower, ar the blossoms should consequently all mature frui This is really the case with the alpine, the wo( strawberries, &c., but not entirely so with the larj scarlet and pine strawberries. These latter sort it is well known, produce the largest and fine fruit ; but we very often see whole beds of them ; fine flourishing condition, almost entirely unprc ductive. The common parlance in such cases that the variety has run out, or degenerated, b' the idea is a confused and ignorant one while ti healthy aspect of the plants fully proves the vig^ of the sort. The truth is, that in all strawberries of the for going classes, although each blossom is furnish! with stamens and pistils, yet, in some plants tl pistils are so few that they can scarcely be percei ed ; in others, there are scarcely any stamens vi ible. When the plants bear blossoms furnishi with stamens only, (or in a large proportion,) tb are of course barren ; when pistils only are pr duced in abundance, they are fertile. To have bed planted so as to bear abundantly, about oi plant in eight or ten should be staininate or barr blossoming plants ; the others the fertile ones — i if the latter only be kept, they alone will also found unproductive. If any person will examine a bed of the Hudsi or any of the large scarlet strawberries, -when thi are in blossom, he n-ill discover a great number plants which bear large showy blossoms filled wi fine yellow stamens. These are the barren plani Here and there, also, he will discover plants bea ing much smaller blossoms, filled w-ith the heads pistils, like a small green strawberry. The latt are the fertile ones. Now the vigor of the barn plants is so much greater than that of the ferti ones, and their offsets are so much more numcrot that if care be not taken to prevent this, they so( completely overrun and crowd out the fertile bearing plants, and to this cause only is to be a tributed the unproductive state of many beds of tl Urge fruited strawberries, which are in many i stances perhaps, entirely devoid of fertile plants. The proper method undoubtedly is to select few fertile plants of each kind, plant them in small bed by then:selves, and allow them to increa: freely by runners ; then, on planting, the prop proportion could be made and kept up by the reg! lar clipping of the runners. Many of the fine English varieties of strawberr (Wilmot's superb, for instance,) are generally foiii worthless here. This is owing, in some cases, the ignorance or want of care of those persons wl export the varieties, in sending often, no ferti plants ; in other instances, it is equally owing i VOL.. XV III, NO. 6. AND HORTI-'CULTURAL REGISTER. 49 our negligence here, in not preserving the due proportion ol barren and fertile plants. This peculiarity in the blossoms is very little known or understodd, even among scientific culli- vaters. It was first pointed out to us by our es- teemed friend, N. Longirortli, Ksq., of Cincinnati, one of our most distinguished Western horticultu- rists. Its truth we have repeatedly verified, .Tnd a slight examination will convince any person of the cause of the numerous worthless yet thritty looking strawbe-ry beds throughout our gardens. The finest of the large English varieties of this fruit which we cultivate here is the Bishop's. It is remarkably large, a most abundant bearer, and of superior flavor. Many of the larger berried sorts, as the Methveu Castle, have been hollow and com- paratively tasteless, though of uncommon size. — This variety, however, appear to us to unite all that can be desired, to constitute a truly fine and delicious strawberry. a. j. d. Silk. — Incredulity as to the possibility of rais- ing silk in this country, must, we should think, give way, if facts have any force. It has long been contended by gentlemen who have investigated the matter, that silk might be as easily raised here, and of as good quality, as any where in Europe. — Every experiment, judiciously conducted, has prov- ed the truth of this conviction. We have now al- most before our eyes while we write, another dem- onstration of the practicability of the silk culture in our climate. Dr Deane, of this village, has in the course of rearing, about 40,000 silk worms. — This we believe is the first attempt in this town. Some of his brood have spun their cocoons, a part of which have been reeled and made into very beautiful raw silk. The reeling was performed on a common reel, by a young gentleman, as a tempo- rary amusement. We advise all who are curious in the matters, to call at the doctor's. They will probably see specimens of the business from half to full grown worms ; feeding and winding cocoons, together with cocoons ready made, and the raw silk procured from those that have been reeled. There can be no doubt that the silk business is a profitable one when properly managed. In the first place it is entitled to a bounty of 10 cents a pound on cocoons and a dollar a pound for reeled or raw silk, wiiich is about equivalent to two dol- lars a pound, where one person raises and reels the cocoons — and tliis will just about pay the expense attending it. The market price is about five dol- lars a pound, which will be mostly elear profit. — What better business than this can a man find ? — Greenfield Mercury. ing, a worthless intruder that occupies the ground exclusively where it spreads, and that is rapidly, when it is once allowed a foothold. See that this weed is cffoctually demolished wherever it appears. Look on your spring sown grain, and if it is full of yellow blossoms, you will jjrubably find that char- lock is in your fields, and if it is not pulled prompt- ly and completely, you may find busmess for years in attempting vainly its extirpation. The crow- foot of your meadows, or the daisy of the pastures, umst be looked to, else lean cattle may be expect- ed when fat beasts should be looked for. In short, allow nothing to be in your fields that usurps the place of more valuable plants, lessens the amount of your crops, or renders your fields a place in which pests are multiplied to reduce your own prof- its or vex the souls of your neighbors. — Genesee Farmer. GliAiN Plants. — The growth of the wheat, both winter and spring wheat, barley and oat plant, this year, is on the most magnificent scale, approaching to the luxuriance of the tropics. Wheat from six to seven feet in height, not a few stalks only, but whole fields ; oats which in size already resemble the cane brakes of the south, and are still towering upwards ; barley on the same scale of rapid growth ; in short scarcely a cultivated plant, with the ex- ception of corn, (and this is now coming on finely) that does not exhibit the same aspiring character. There is now, (July 22,) every prospect that the barns and the granaries of the husbandman will be filled to overflowing. The wheat crop as far north as Pennsylvania has been secured, and in good con- dition ; and from every account is better than a medium one. Wheat in Michigan, and some parts of Indiana, has suffered much from insects ; in some districts of these States the crop will be al- most a total failure. This is particularly to be re- gretted, as the financial condition of the West re- quired the aid of good crops to restore prosperity, and a healthy sound state of things in that respect. — Genessee Farmer. From the Cullivaior. EXTIRPATION OF G.VRLIC. Montcalm, Va., June 'SUt, 1839. J. BuEL, Esq. — Sir — The extirpation of wild garlic has been regarded rather as an object to be desired by the agriculturist, than one to be suc- cessfully accomplished. An experiment, made by myself, not with that view, however, will at least point out one mode by which this unpleasant plant may be destroyed. In one-third of a field of about eating the garlic. In the spring, I sowed the field in oats and clover. The oats were good ; the clo- ver was destroyed by the burning drought of last summer; thus leaving the field entirely naked. I then determined, (last fall,) although the fourth crop in succession, to sow it in wheat, which I did, and this spring in clover and timothy, a full quan- tity of each. Now, sir, I have in the last fortnight, repeatedly and carefully searched for the garlic, and found two stalks only, where thousands stood before. The garlic is now in full bearing, and may be easily detected. It is manifest that this method of destroying this pest will not generally answer. But the idea may be improved on. If a farmer have but one field of corn, and garlic prevails in it, he may gather near- ly the whole of it, and instead of seeding it, as is the usual practice, let him turn in all his hogs that are to be kept over to the next year, and they will soon get hold of the roots, &c. He will then put in a spring crop with grass seed. So well satisfied am I with the result in this case, that I shall pur- sue the same plan in respect to two other fields in which tliere is a good dral of garlic. It will occur to you, that the ground being light and mellow, from the recent cultivation of the corn crops, the hogs have no difficulty in finding the bulbs, which they will not attempt in a field well set in grass or stiffened with a sod, although abounding in garlic, and this for two reasons : they have a plenty to eat, and with less labor. Vours, &c. JAS. McILHANY. E.iriy rising is conducive alike to health, to pleasure, and to profit — we mean to the farmer. — To health, because it gives exercise when the at- mosphere is most cool, pur>' and bracing. To pleasure, because nature is then in her most lovely garb, and the birds most full of song. To profit, because the two morning hours effect more in la- bor and avert more mischief than four hours at mid- day. Early rising and exercise in the open air, are the best stimuli for our meals, the best anodyne for sound sleep, tlie best solace for care, and the best evidence of thrift. " Come boys', is the best rev- eille upon the farm. The farmer who rises late is generally behind his work ; while he who rises ear- ly keeps before it. — Cultivator. Comparaiive value of targe and small turnips. — We have frequently alluded to the fact, that the ruta baga is the only cultivated root that increases in nutritious properties as it increases in size. — Sinclair found, on analysis, that a root of the com- mon turnip, measuring seven inches in diameter, 50 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, AUGUST 14, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, August U, 1839. MASSACHUSETTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY PRE.MJUMS. The list of premiums offered by the Massachusett* vro- ciety for Promoling Aj:ricuilure, have been given lo the (lublic in the columns of the N. E. Farmer, and circulat- ed on a separate BJieet through the .Stale. We liope they will excite the attention which tliey justly demand, and lead to an animated competition. Tliey are drawn up with good judgment; the subjects of premium arc well selected ; anil the conditions in every respect liber- al to an e.xtreme. Onr only regret is that their appear- ance was unavoidably delayed to so late a period in the season. On this account ihey may not be seen by some who would otherwise have been competitors j and oth- ers may not have cultivated crops which they would have cultivated or in the manner they would have done, had they known wliat would have been the subjects ol premium. In respect to most matters the notice is suf- ficiently early to do all that is required to be done. It will be seen that the Massachusetts Society have placed a portion of their premiums amounting to nearly four iiundred dollars, at the disposition, in conjunction with a committee of their own body, of the VVoicesier and BerUshire Agricultural Sccieties ; and to be bestow- ed upon articles or subjects suggested by the Trustees of these societies, and at their respective cattle shows. These premiums are open to competitors from any part of the Commonwealth, who will conform to the regula- tions of the local societies. This is an excellent arrange- ment. It ought to conciliate the favor of the farmers of the Commonwealth towards the State Society, whose proceedings from its foundation have been exceedingly liberal and munificent ; and in a degree it is a good sub- stitute lor the Show at Brighton, which the Society has judged It best to intermit now for three or four years. It will be seen in the next place, that the very liberal premiums oft'ered for dairy produce, amounting in four jjremiums to two hundred and sixty dollars, are open to competition from any !»tate in the Union ; and the large preiniiuns of one hundred dollars for a perfect remedy against the locu'^t borer, and the premium of fifty doll.irs tor a remedy again.st the apple tree borer, and tlie pre- mium of fifty dollars for the best treatise on the cultiva- tion evoial volumesof valuable agricultural papers, which B'ere distributed through the State. They have made likewise two or three attempts at getting lip Cat- ile Shows, and ploughing matches, hut there" \sere no premiums ol}ered, a^id they became nearly abortive. ■fill.- Legislature of .\ew Y^ork of late years, notwith- siaoding she has been rr'poaledly urgedby some of her most enlightened and able citizens,' has refused lo do any thing, though her resources are most abundant, and agriculture must constitute he.- great inlei-est. The highest duty of every enlightened government is lo encourage agricultural imliistry. Without ao-ricul- ture, commerce, manufactures, and every important interest in thecommunily must languish. The prodm^ts of agricultural industry constitute substantial wealth. In proportion as the products of the eartii are multiplied tlie comforts of the great mass ef the conimunitv are in- creased. It is infinitely better for a man, for his lieallh, comfort, and morals to be compelled ti» resort to a good farm fo. his subsistence than to a mine of gold — to pro- duce bread and potatoes by his labor, than to heap up the precious metals at his pleasure. A hard soil, which demands inueh laboi, a climate which calls fir the constant exerci^e of prudence and care, and a condition of things wliieh makes activity and industry indispensable habits of hie, are far more favorable to morals, to physical health and to mental vig- or and improvement, than a soil which yields sponta- neously all that human subsistence requires, and a cli- mate and condition which render all loresiglit and prov- idence useless. All that seems requisite is that the cli- mate with ordinary and reasonable precautions should be f'avm-able to health and activity; that the soil ^ll"uld yield an ample compensation to well directed labor, and especially that the political arrangements of society should be such as lo leave lo labor the quiet and pcrfecl enjoyment of the fruits of honest industry. In all the.se respects Massachusetts presents advanta- ges which should attach to her most strongly the affec- tions of her children. Notwithstanding all tliat has been .said against her climate, the staiidanl of health among her people is as high as in any portion of the world. Her soil, though in jnany parts hard and f .ibid- ding, makes every where ample returns to those who faithfully perform their duty towards it. Every step wo take in the progress of our examination, more and mote satisfies us ofthi.-;. We know thousands of acres of" land in Mas.sachusctts, which produce two, three and even more tons ofhay to the acre. We know many an acre of land which has been redeemed at an expense of one, two and even three hundred dollars per acre, wiiich even at the last sum, pays an interest of twelve per cen- tum per annum clear of all expenses, and may be kejit in this productive slate at an expense of the crops of one year in six. We know thousands of acres of land in the State, which might be redeemed and rendered produc- tive at an expense of thirty or fifty dollars per acre, the whole expense of whose improvement would be paid by the first or the two first years' crops, which would prove as productive as any lands in the country. Why then should we complain .' ah I there is the labor— there is Ihe labor! This is always the complaint of indolence and self-indulgence — of physical and mental imbecility. But we shall never accomplish any thing truly great, useful and valuable, until we come to the deep convic- tion that that wliicli costs nothing is, generally speaking, worth nothing; that [lerseveriiig labor will surmount all difficulties and effect all that human power can do ; that in the present condtion of human nature, it is a blessing and not a curse that man is dorrned to get his living by the sweat of his brow ; and that when all its influences are considered, labor is the necessary founda- tion and source of all that is truly good in the character and condition of man. H. C forestallois are laid flat upon their backs. There may they lie till doomsday. Yet perhaps they are not 3i> blameable as ihe government, which creates and permits the abuse of such facilities to the enriching of a few favored ones al the e.xpeiise of the many, who cannot get into the sunshine. But i'rovidence suffers no evil lo come unmitigated ; and renders sometimes the most severe evils productive of good. The high prices of flour for a few years past has greatly stimulated the cul- tivation of wheat; and abundance now floods the land. 11. C. DlSTRESSIiNG CALAMITY! When will man be satisfied ! The papers and letteis from the West represent the crops of wheat as abundant as they have ever been known to be. The farmers are beginning to complain that they cannot sell their wheat but at a much reduced price. They seem to be in hopes that their corn, which promises as well as their wheat, may be cut off by the drought that is now coming on, and this may render tl],eir wheat the more saleable^ Un- f iliinale men ! flow often does it seem to be necessa- ry in the dispensations of the Divine Providence, that man's ungrateliil complaints should bo cured by what the poet calls the " wholesuniie draughts of unaffected pain." WO.VIEN MILKING Thirty years ago it would have been almost as diffi- cult to lind a man milking as to find a woman mowing, excepting in cases of very large d liiies. In this respect matlei.-i are greatly changed ; and any hope, for aught we see, of getting hack to the old practice, would be vain. Half of the young girls now-a-days hardly know, al least they would pretend that il would be immodest and not at all lady-like to be presumed lo know, wheth- er the milk comes from the udder or the liorns. " The rosy milk-maid, " the title iifa song which we remember to have often heard when a boy, is an animal not known in modern natural history ; and as to a young lady with thick shoes, a chequered apron, her sleeves turned up, and a handkerchief tied over her head, though the apron should be as clean and the handkerchief as white as snow, nd never so pretty a pair of black eyes and ruddy Iieeks peeping out from under it, it would be an idea too shocking for one of your modern exquisites even to dream of ; and if presented to her abruptly, while look- ng in the glass in her muvslin de luincs, with her satin shoes, her gilt hair comb, her paste earings and her in- sect waist, us crooked as the limb of n scrub oak, she would probably not recover fiom the fright for a week. We say we have no hope of lecovering the good old habiis of former days. Revolutions never go back. Yet in this respect we have lost a great deal. Men are sel- dom neat enough in their habits tube trusted with milk- ing. They have not the patience to wash their hands or to wash the udder before milking. Tliey are not gentle, and often abuse the animal by their kicks and thumps. They are in a hurry in ihe morning to get through a business which they dislike ; and they come borne tired lit night ; the cows are necessarily milked at an unseasonable hour; and the business is very often very badly perfoimed. Wormn, on the other hand, are luore patient, more gentle, more faithlul, nioie neat; and we were about to say — they ought to do the milking. — The morning air Would be bracing to their muscles, (if the modern girls have any musclCs, for there begins to be a reasonable doubt in this matter;) and the odrr of the cow has been long known lo be, and is often recom- mended by physicians as iiiedicinnl. But we will not say what we were disposed to say, because it would be useless. It is utterly vain lo attempt a contest with f isliion ; for according to Franklin's proverb, " he that spits against the wind spits in his own face." We must however, be just : and in riding through Dedhara last week at the close of lh(.' day, it » as quite refreshing to see in at lea.^t four covv yards, woman in her appropriate sphere ; and by hei pleasant looks and her gentle con- duct as she -■■al al the side of the bountiful cow, evinc- ing her gratilufle to I'rovidence for this richest of all the benefactors which Heaven has given to man inihe form MONOPOLY. It 1 of flo iild seem from various accounts that the price for a few years past, has been kept up by spe ulutors in western New Yoik and other places, who ha iiig the most abundant facilities ill the rmilrol of larr banking establishineots, liave bought up all the whe which tliey could re.ir-h by their agents distributed over the coUMlry, and then have fixed the prices at ihei pleasure. This is one of the beautiful and beneficial operations of an excessive bank capical. The abundance of ihe crops and various other circumstances have made such changes in the price of flour, that many of these if a quadruped. H.C. Horticultural Society. Saturday, £vg. 3d, 1839. Black Hamburgh and Zinfendel Gra,.es, from Mr Otis Johnson, of Lynn ; large bunches and finely colored. Apricots, from Mr C. H. Jcmes, No 14 Friend street, Boston — fine specimens. A|>ricots, frwin .Air lliindle, Bo.ston — a fine specimen. Gooseberries, from Ml John Candler, Marblehcad. — RoarinirLion and oiiier-;, bandsome. Old JuncatingPear, from Mr J. L. L.F.Warren, Brighton. Pied and white Currants— fine specimens, from Mr Aaron D. Weld, Koxbuiy. Early Apples, from Mr E. M. Richards, Dedliam, viz. ; Early Harvest, Curiis' Early Striped, William's Favor- ite, Sopsavine, Red Juneatiug and Red Astracan— a fair specimen for early fruits. For the Committee, B. V. FRENCH. vol.. ';VIII. NO. «. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 51 £N OF FKUITS. Satujilay. .')u!,'ust 10, 1839. Tile Hon. John Welles cxiiibited fino sjieciinens of the Peach Apric"t, from .i treu imported from Fninri!. Mr \V. kindly oflwrs to furnish buds of thfi saniK at his house in Siiniiner slreel, on Sulurdiiv next. Otis Johnson, Esq., of l.vnn, exhibited tine speriinens of Black Hamburgh nnd White .Muscat Grapes — the latter of superior qiidlliy. Messrs Mason, (I'harleslown vineyard,) exhibited the following variety of Rasiiherries ; Mason Seedling, lied and Wiiite .\nt\verp anil Barnet — the specimen of the Seedling was pronounced very superior. E. M. Richards, Esq , of Uedhain, exhibited speci- mens nf the following kinds of .Apple.s : Early IJnugh, Early Harvest. Ued .istracan, Rod Juneaiini-, Curtis' Early Striped, Sops of Wine, WillKim's Favorite, Su- gar-loaf Pippin, Summer Rose, (from a scion of 1S38,) Benoni, and the Calvilie d'Ete ■, the above specimens by their variety, made a very fine display, and were indeed Sne for early fruit, particularly the four or five first named. For the Committee, JAMES L. L. F. WARREN. Vegetables. — James L. L. F. Warren exhibited a new variety of Boiling Corn, called Tit Bit—\erj early and of superior quality. For the Committee, SAMUEL POND. ICrPARTICULAR NOTICE. Massachicsetts Horticultural Society. THE Committee of Arrangements will meet at the Rooms of the Society, 23 Tremont Rov?, on Saturday next, 17ihinst. at 1^, M. A punctual attendance is re- quested. Per order, S. WALKER, Chairman. Boston,Aug. 10th, 1839. NOTICE. Our subscribers in Hartford, Conn., and vicinity, will please observe that we have appointed Dr E. W. BULL, Agent for the N. E. Farmer. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August ". BRIGHTON MARKET.— MoKDAT, August 12,183!). Repnrted for the New Ensland Farmer. At Market, 210 Beef Cattle, 20 Cows and Calves, 1500 Sheep, and 200 Swine. Prices.— Beef C'a«?c. — Last week's prices were fully sustained and on some qualities rather higher prices were obtained. We quote First quality, $8 50 a $8 75. Second quality, $7 75 a $8 25. Third quality, $7 00 a $7 50. Cnws and Calves. — A large number were sold. We notice $28, $35, $42, $45 $55, and ,•$60. Sheep. — Sales quick. Lots were taken for $2 25, $8 50 $2 75, $3 00, and $3 50. Swine — " Dull." A lot of old hogs, mostly barrows, were sold for 6c A lot of 8eshy shoats lo kill at 7. No lots were sold to peddle. A few shiats were retailed from 7 to 9. THER.MOMETRICAL. Repurleil for the .New Enghiml rarnier. Range of the Thermometer at the Garden of the propr of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a si Northerly exposure, vveek eii'Iiiio August 11. STRAIVBERRIES. Those who are desirous of cultivating this delicious fruit are respectfully informed that the sulisuriher lias succectlod, after a number of years experjnifnling upon the S/r:ui'berry, not only in obtaining new varieties, but in ascerlainiug the best method of cultivation. Specimens of the fruits grown in his Garden have been exhibited at the Masmch\isdi.i HorlicullMrul Soeieltj Rooms Ihe .four past years, and are al.',o loo well known in Funeuil Hall Market to need a |i!irlicidar nolice here. He has for sale at hi.s danlrn in Brig-hltm. Mass., the following eisrht varieties of Plants. They are of su|ierior stock and quality, all warranted lo lie truly named and free from the mixtures often found in those offered for sale pro- miscuously. Those who are in want of '-Strawberry Plants, are respect- fully invited, and ihey wdl find ii interesting, lo call at llie G'lrden and see the manner of cultivation. The method ol cultivation, and any iidbrnmtion desired will he cheerfully given. The subscriber would slate that from many years pcr^'ora/ experience, he is satisfied that plantations of these vines made the last of . Jtdy or early in August, by careful and constant attention will produce nearly or qinte as much Iruit the season following as those plantations made in the Spring will produce the second year. Tf'ariTn's Seedling Melkven. — A new and valuable kind. A free bearer, fruit very large and ,]nicy; i'ruil measuring four and a half inches have been exhibited the present sea- sou. Methren Os/ic. —Fruit extremely large, high flavored, and showy. Specimens of this kind have been exhibiteil at the Horticultural Rooms for two years past, measuring five and a half inches in circumference. Bath Scarlel.—Fnnl large, full hearer, and hcautiful scar- let. Early FtVs-tra'n.- This i.s considered the earliest fruit— a free bearer, hardy, and very early ; decidedly a fine kind for market. Royal Scarlet — Fruit long oval shaped and juicy. Hautbois — Fruit smaller hut very numerous. English (Foorf.— Fruit well known. Monthly. — Fruit is gathered from the vines from June to October, and in good quamily and fine quality. JJ" Orders left at the Garden, or directed to the subscri- ber, jgrjo-Aion, Mass., or left at Messrs J. Breck & Go's Agricultural Warehouse, Hoslon, will be carefully and promptly attended to, and all Plants will be carefully pack- ed aud forwarded agreeably to directions. JAMES L. L. F. WARREN. Nonantum Vale, Brighton, Mass. July 17. isSw WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. Pot, ■ . IJeans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess. No. 1. . liriii vbite IVevr York Urate and Poudrette Compauy. Not incorporated but carried on by individual enterprise. The manures are not divided among the Stockholders, as are those belonging to another establishment, kut sold, to ap- plicants, for cash on delivery. Orders are supplied in the order of time in which they are received. Urate 50 cents and Poudrate 40 cents per bushel, with contingent charges for bags or barrels, &c. ■The company are daily preparing for use, during the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the past winter, and will have several thousand bushels ready before the first of October next. The material is disinfected and rendered free from offensive smell, by a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. The experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1839, on Long Island, has satisfied many of the farmers that these manures have the quickest operation upon vegeta- ble matter, producing greater abundance, and the cheapest of any manure they have ever tried. Amended instru(Uions for their use, the result of practidl experience, will be furnished on application. The effect q/" Poudretle upon Grape Vines and Morus Muliicaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works ir the vicinity of the city of New York to prepare the manures and farmers and gardeners may confidently rely on a supply. yellow, Chkfsk, new mill*, L'o.VE Masuhk, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) Fi.iH, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bav, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2. No. 3, . ■\lewives, dry salted. No. I. Salmon, No. i, Floub, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howaril street, Richmond canal. Alexandria wharf, Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal Oats, northern, (prime) southern. Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl quality, 2d quality, . Labd, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leather, Philadelphia city tannage do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Oil., Sperm, Spring and Summer, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Pl.<.steb Paths, per ton of 2200 lb: Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess Prime, .... Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax, .... Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, No. 1, " No. 2, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, primCj or Saxony b'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common. bushel 1 1 7S " 1 2 00 'barrel jjiound lliushel ipound quintal barrel 6 50 6 00 21 00 G 02 6 2."; 6 00 6 00 4 25 pound cask gallon 2 00 12 50 10 on pound pr M. pound 93 I 00 2 75 2 87 20 00 23 00 15 00 16 00 12^)0 2 37 3 00 90 1 00 150 2 S2 3 00 1 25 1 50 17 20 MISCbLLANEOUS CULTURE OF THE MIND. Mind makes the man — Want of it the fellow. This motto, somewhat altered from Pope, has a peculiar bearing upon the agriculturi-st. The far- mer possesses all the privileges, and most of the advantages, of other classes of the community ; and if he will improve his mind, his influence will be as potent, and his e.-iample as salutary, as the influence and e.xample of any other profession. The richest natural soil will produce neither bread nor meat without culture. 'I he highest natural natural gifts of intellect will not profit the posses- sor, unless, like the rich soil, they are cultivated with assiduity and care. Good culture not only improves the mind, and fits it for high mental grat- ification and enjoyment, but it lightens the toils, and greatly increases the profits of labor. Frank- lin owed his fame, his fortune, and his usefulness, to his early habits of study, of industry, and of virtue. Without these early habits, he probably would have risen to neither fame nor fortune. Some minds, like some soils, are naturally richer than otl-.ers ; yet even apparently sterile minds, like infertile soils, may, by good culture, be made to yield great returns. Let the young farmer, then, aspire to the highest honors of the nation, by en- deavoring to improve his intellectual faculties ; and if he does not attain tlie goal of his wishes, he may he sure of greatly improving his condi- tion and of benefitting others, provided always, that he is industrious and honest. However me- nial and survile agricultural labor may have been considered among the privileged classes of Europe ; and however degrading it may yet be held by the would-be aristocracy of America, it has comman- ded the highest respects of good men in every age, and constituted in our country, the favorite study and employment of a Washington, a J(?fter- son, a Madison, a Monroe, and a Jackson : of an Huniprey, a Livingston, a Shelby, an Armstrong, a Lowell, a Lincoln, and a great many others, whose names will stand out in bold relief upon the future annals of our country. Let, tlien, no young aspi- rant for fame and usefulness, shun rural employ- ment, because it does not feed his hopes of dis- tinction, and let no one, engaged in this employ- medt forego the opportunity, which his condition presents, of cultivating his mind, as the surest means of sinking the J'tUoii), and rising to the dig- nity of the man. the thing was done. I knew all about it just as easy, 'cause I was watchin all the time — so I de- cided the case accordin. This is a great country ! Why, marm, the corn here grows as high as witch hazels, or cherry trees, and the cottin and other fruit beats all cal- culation. I'm makin' my etarnal fortin here just as fast as I can. I can du any thing a little smarter than any of 'em, 'ceptin playing cards, but I du think they rather go ahead of me at playin lu and po- ker, 'cause they almost always win my money. You know them shirts you said you'd made for me and didn't know how to forrid on; you can send 'em by mail now, as I don't have uny postage lo pay in consequence of the virtue of my office. If the watermelons are ripe I wish you would .=end on tu or three : also, them tu pair of nankeen trouses I hadn't room for in my trunk when I start- ed. You'll find a button off on one pair unless you've sow'd it on since I left, and while you are about it you might as well let out that gather in the bottom of 'em — I e.\pect I've grow'd a little since I left hum. Send 'em all by mail — they wont cost me the first red cent. I've now" been here nearly nine months and my health has been first rate nearly all the time. The only sickness I've had worth a mentionin has been the billious fever twic't, the congestive fever onc't, the fever and ager occasionally, and the dumb ager all the time. Marm, I wish you give my luv to Eunice Homes, and ask her if she recollects that time we went to Hepsey Steam's quiltin ? I wish Eunice was out here now. If you see Zack Stearns tell him he may keep that knife I cum away and forgot, as one blade was broke out and it aint of no great ac- count. I feel as tho' I had a shake a comin on so I must stop writin. Dont forgit the shirts and trou- sers. Your luvin sun, Eben Pettingill. N. B. Apples is quite scace out here. I would ask you to send on a barrel by post, only I'm afraid they'll lumber up the mail. You can send a peck any how. might be guilty of to be made the subject of con- versation amongst their neighbors. It would be better if they were to consider the noble destiny which all mankind partake off in common with themselves, both as respects the great moral ends of this life, and the more sublime prospects of the future, if they would remember the great fellow- ship of our common humanity — the social end — which (as parts of a great community) we are all working to attain, and which awaits us at the close of our brief existence. Let them reflect on these things, and not ofiend their Creator by injuring their fellow creatures — rather let them judge oth- ers with tenderness, as they would wish to be judo-ed, putting aside the v/eeds that cover the sur- face of the characters of their neighbors, to ascer- tain the depth and sweetness of the clear water benciith it. — „Vf w York Sun. The Advantages of Office. — The following letter might have been written by a young man in Arkansas to his mother in New Hampshire, and might not — we do not endorse it. It seems iliat the young Yankee had lately received the appoint- ment of post-master in that State, and that he pre- sumes a good deal upon the strength of it. — .A'ew Orleans Picnyune. WiLDCATSviLi.K, Rattlesnake Co. Ark. Dear Marm : — You haint the least idea in the world how I'm a gitting along out here in this Rackansack country. They've lately appinted me post-master in this town, and I'm expectin to get the office of justice of the peace afore long. I've had three cases left out to me already. One on 'em was where a feller had gouged out another chap's left eye, and neither on 'em was sartin shure whether he was at the top or bottom when I Speak ill of no one without a just cause. j There are many people in the world who are in the habit of s])eak:ng lightly or contemptuously of their neighbors, and some who do not scruple to treat tho.se who are absent with the greatest dis- ; respect, by showing up their faults to those who I are present, without ever alluding to any good I qualities they possess. There is nothing so de- i testable as this habit of backbiting iu society ; it often pi'oduces the greatest bitterness of feelings between those who ought to live in peace and good fellowship towards each other, and it never , does any good. It generally arises from a selfish ; feeling, but sometimes from thoughtlessness; in ' either case it is injurious to society, and ought to i be condemned by every well meaning and sensible j person. Selfish persons have generally such an over-appreciation of themselves, and the situation i they hold in society, that they are apt to speak of otliers with contempt, and are never so happy as I when they discover the least fault, (however trivial I it may be,) in some of their neighbors or acquain- tances. Instead of which, it would be well for them to examine their own conduct, to see wheth- er they were witliout fault, and ask themselves whether they would like any fault or foible they REVOI..VIiVG HORSE R.\KX:. The Revolving Rake which has been in general use in most parts of Pennsylvania and New .lersey, is found to he one ot the most useful and labor saving machines now in use. One man and horse with a boy lo lead, will rake on an average from 25 to 30 acres per day, wiih ease, and do the worl! well. They are are coming into very general use in all parts of the country, and will, no doulil, in a few years supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is a great advantage in ihis rake over all others, as the person usin' it does not have lo stop the horse to unload the rake. For sale hy JOSEPH BREOK & CO., £.1 and 52 Norlh I\Iarkct Street. GRAIK CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an article wnicn is Lommg into very general use in the ISew England Slates, where they were till ol late but little known, although they have heen in very "eneral use in the southern and western Stales, for many year* and which is found lo be decidedly ihe hest mode of harvc'sung grain, as it is supposed one mau will cr.adle five acres in a day wlien he cannot reap more than one. For sale hy JOSEPH BRECK & CO , 51 & 52 North Market Street. July 10. THE NEW ENGLAND P.AUMER Is pubiisheil every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year— hut those who pay wilhm sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 59 cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISIIOLM, PRINTERS, n scnooL street bobto.n ^miw AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. vol.. x■\^^.] PUIiLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AGnicnLTUiiAL Warehouse.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 2J, 1839. [NO. 7. N. E. FARMER. NOTICES OF FARMS—MINUTES BY THE WAY, &c. Having li.id occasion to make excursions in the couutry ibr some weeks past in various directions, and having invitations to visit many Hnurishing farms in the neigliborhood of Boston, we shall en- deavor to present to our readers from week to week the various improveiiients which have already fallen under our notice in the different places we have vis- ited, or may have occasion to visit for a . month or two to come, hoping that we may he enabled there- by to stimulate and encourage others, who have im- provements begun or contemplated. We have seen the products of the farm increased ten fold, by pursuing a well digested system of husbandry for a few ye.-irs only, which, if generally adopted, would add millions to the annual income of the agricultural productions of our Commonwealth. f'isil to the Farm of Elias Phinney, Esq., Lexing- ton, Mass. We have in the farm of this gcntlt'man substan- tial proof of the efficacy of " book farming." He assured us that his interest in agriculture was first awakened by reading the N. E. Farmer. Having received a classical education, he has to be sure, the advantage of our farmers in general, for whom so little has been done by education,— we were prepared, therefore, in viewing his premises, to witness soraetliing a little extra, from what may be seen on well cultivated farms in general : but we found that our expectations had not been raised suf- ficiently high : we were in fact delighted and as- tonished to be made acquainted with the wonderful improvements which have been effected on this place since he began to cultivate it fourteen or fif- teen years since. It was then a poor worn out farm, covered with rocks, wliortleberry bushes, and scrub oaks ; while the lowlands were inaccessible quagmires and alder swamps of the most unpromis- ing description — the whole farm, consisting of 160 acres, not affording more than 8 or 10 tons of hay, and all other crops in the same proportion, — the fences out of repair; the fruit of an inferior quality, fit only for cider ; and every thing upon the place at sixes and sevens, as the saying is. It does not seem hardly possible that so much could tive pastures, and bringing them into fertile fields. 4th. In his orchard of apple trees, which for beauty, thrift, and produce can hardly be excelled. 5th. In his choice collection of fruits of every desirable vai'iety. Gth. In his improved breed of swine. 7th. His barns and accommodations for cattle, swine, poultry, &c. To which may be added many other improve- ments of jninor importance, but which add to the interest, beauty, and profit of the place. The idea of planting upon the green sward with- out disturbing the sod, has been ridiculed by a wri- ter in the N. E. Farmer, vol. 17, page 317 — as be- ing impracticable especially in the potato crop. — We saw an example of this operation, and one too of a most perfect kind, which we should suppose sufficient to convince the most sceptical. It was in a lot of three acres of potatoes. On the 20th of June there was a heavy crop of grass upon the ground, in addition to which twenty loads of com- post to the acre was spread on, and at that time turned over ; after ploughing, it was rolled with a heavy roller, (an implement by the way which should be in the possession of every one who calls himself a farmer.) The potatoes were planted in drills — had been hoed but once ; yet hardly a weed was to be seen, nor a spear of grass daring to show itself, and sufficient earth, about the plants, with every prospect of an abundant harvest. In the spring this ground will be in fine order to lay down again to grass, and that too without disturbing the sod ; or if advisable, planted with corn or any oth- er crop. Allowing the vegetable matter turned in equal to 20 loads of compost per acre, we have with that spread what is equivalent to 40 loads per acre. No wonder then that by followipg this process con- tinually, he should be able to cut from 2 1-2 to 3 1-2 tons of hay per acre, which he actually does from his grass lands. He has another idea which we think important for a good crop of grass ; that is, to sow an abundance of seed. His rule is 20 lbs. of clover seed per acre, together with a liberal al- lowance of herds grass and red top to boot. This would astonish most of our farmers, who can afford only from 4 to 10 lbs. per acre. We saw a field of six acres of corn, from which the institutions and hills of New England, make an effort and bring them into subjection : it will prove an antidote to the western fever, or we are much mistaken. We noticed a fine field of wheat of 8 acres, which the laborers were gathering into the grana- ry. It appeared well filled out: the produce esti- mated at 20 bushels per acre : it was of the varie- ty called the Black Sea, which we find succeeds best in the vicinity of Boston and most generally cultivated. We were informed that about 30 acres were under the plough the present season. Besides Indian corn, potatoes and English grain, Mr Phin- ney cultivates the root crop extensively. His ruta bagas, mangel wurtzels, sugar beets and carrots looked very promising, and will afford an abun- dance of food for his numerous family of swine, and other stock. In draining his low lands, Mr Phinney first cuts off all springs from the surrounding hills by a deep cut at the mai-gin or outer edge of the piece, which is converted into a blind ditch : from this most im- portant, cut, the drains are made to the centre ditch. Where there is an abundance of stones as in this case, all tlie drains may be filled and covered over, so that the operations of the plough, &c., may not be impeded. We were shown one piece over which it was dangerous for his cattle to pass, and in which they sometimes got mired, before he com- menced the draining process ; here his first es- say on draining had been made, in which, tlirough inexperience, he cut only the centre and cross drains, but with all he did, it would produce noth- ing but skunk's cabbage, hellebore, braises, &c., and it seemed that all his labor had been lost, un- til he learned the importance of the ditch around the margin, which produced the desired effect, and now it ranks among his most productive grass lots, and a loaded team may be driven without difficulty over it. We were pleased with his system of digging peat, of which he has an ample supply. Where peat is generally dug, the grounds are left in the roughest state, and present an unpleasant and un- sightly appearance, and remain an unproductive waste : but it is his rule to have the top spit, a depth of ten inches or a foot, (the portion unfit for the fire,) throwtj over and leveled as the work of digging proceeds : in this way it soon becomes be a ton of them. All the other walls are double, from 5 to ]0 feet thick and 5 to 6 feet high, and must have consumed an enormous quantity of stone. We noticed grapes upon many other portions of wall. J- B. (To he continued.) For the N, E. Farmer. BEET SUGAR IVIANUFACTURE. Boston, Jus;. 8, 1839. Mr Editor: Permit nie to offer through the medium of your excellent paper, a few remarks on a subject that seems at present to engross the atten- tion of farmers, and must at no distant day afi'ect materially their interest — T refer to the manufactur- ing of sugar from beets. I am aware I cannot sug- gest any thing new, for much has been said already to impress the importance of raising the beet and demonstrate the practicability of its conversion into sugar. There seem to be a few facts connected with it on which all agree, viz. : first, that beets do not all contain the same quantity of saccharine matter in a given weight, owing to the quality of the soil on which they are raised, the kind of ma- nure used, and the mode of applying it: therefore in accordance with these principles, when the ex- traction of sugar is contemplated, farmers should not endeavor to raise very large beets, — they should not use very rotten manure, and whatever manure is applied should be given to the crop pre- ceding that of beets. I believe a compost of peat or muck and lime, or ashes is among the best of manures for that crop. Second, that beets rank among the first; vegetables as food for cattle. Third, that it is a most sure and abundant crop. Fourth, that the cultivation of beets tends greatly to ame- liorate the soil. Fifth, that even when sugar has been made from them, they afi'ord a vast quantity of good fodder as well as manure, (accounted the best for that crop.) With all these advantages to recommend tbe sugar beet, it is gratifying to see that farmers have begun somewhat extensively the cultivation of it, without perhaps auy regard to the making of sugar; but as it can be made (in my humble opinion) more profitably on a farm than elsewhere, and as it is emphatically a farming prod- uce, it is on this topic that I would call attention. Where a small quantity of sugar is wanted, the cost of perfected apparatus seems to preclude the possibility of making it. But small farmers should not give it up ; — they may use their cider mill or grater to grind the beets — their cider press to ex- tract the juice, and if they have not a sufiicient number of tubs or pans to receive it, cfliks or bar- rels sawed in two wi]l be found as coovenient. Perhaps they will need a ketUe larger than they possess, but if it cost a few dollars they may use it for other purposes after the sugar is made, and their cattle will fare none the worse for having cooked food. They can every day work up just the quantity required to feed their stock, fo as to have no loss, and if by these simple means they do not extract all the sugar, it is not lost, for it will go to their cows. Where a large quantity of sugar is e.xpected, I shall suppose of course, that the farmer who under- takes it is wealthy ; therefore if he is already provid- ed with a steam apparatus for steaming the food of his cattle, let him apply it to sugar pans or kettles of proper size, dispose every thing so as to save time have efficient graters and press, dispose of the pulp, as fast as made, except if it is pressed with a hy- draulic press, for then he can keep it considerable time by excluding the air from it, or he can dry it, for the time is not distant when it will sell at $20 a ton for paper making. Farmers seldom will de- vote to it more than the winter months ; but those who wish to manufacture in the spring or summer, can do it by connecting the dry and fresh process. I mean that while they are manufacturing from fresh beets, they should slice and dry all they can. Most any kiln will answer. With proper care, that method of drying the beet will aflbrd to farmers in general a profitable way to dispose of their beets when manufactories will be in operation about the country. Dried beets can be sent in packages like dried apples. K cattle at first refuse to eat the puff, the addition of a small quantity of meal and molasses (beet) or molasses alone will make it rel- ishing, thus giving a way to turn molasses to better advantage than by distilling. I should here state my reason for preferring to operate on green beets instead of dried ones : it is because the mode is easier, cheaper and quicker — it produces about as much, every thing considered, and sugar of a fair quality is regularly obtained without being subject to mishaps that oftentimes aflcct dried beets. The pulp is preferred by cattle. These assertions T am aware come in direct contradiction of the theory so earnestly advocated by well informed and well disposed people, but as yet nobody in this country, even the most sanguine, whether for public or pri- vate interest, has proved, practically, the superiori- ty of any recent improvement. All the new meth- ods seem to have obtained favor from their apparent facility and great return in sugar, and no doubt the patriotic efforts of many a philanthropist instead of advancing the cause as intended, in endeavoring to secure to farmers the best of European inventions, have only occasioned the neglect of well known processes by which hundreds of factories have thriv- ed to this day. I do not wish it to be understood that I am op- posed to improvements — far from it. I think every body who makes any sugar should, as far as prac- ticable, give a fair trial to all those valuable dis- coveries, no matter how extravagant. Most invari- ably those experiments will lead a close observer to someihing applicable to his own interest. But fir.=it, I do not think it right for us to remain passive admirers of the success of our transatlantic friends, without trying to share their profits, in the hope that new inventions giving double profits are act- ually made or in progress. Second, I am support- ed in what I advance by a conviction founded on some experience, that good sugar can be easily and regularly obtained from fresh beets when prop- er manipulations are used, and that by tbe dried process, the solution of saccharine matter from the beet is far from being obtained except a gum or n.ucilage that seems to prevent the easy extraction of the sugar, and it requires for either process t!ie use of the same chemical agent. Now farmers should not be frightened by those technical words, which sound, it is true, as if a chemical education could not be dispensed with. But every farmer possessed of a sound head, knows enough already to make sugar. It is a simple, very simple opera- tion— about as chemical as the making of butter or cheese, and as certain in its results, in spite of all that has been said of operations that did not suc- ceed, or of the difficulty of extracting sugar from some particular beets. I am, with respect, sir, Your very humble serv't, M. DUROY. From the Albany Cultivator. ON THE APPLICATION OF MANURES. Fredericksburg, Va., June i&h, 1839. J. l5uEL — Dear Sir — In your paper for the pres- ent month, I have read the following intimation : " A subscriber wishes Mr Garnet's opinion of the best method of applying manures to land" — and presuming that I am the person meant, I avail my- self of the earliest opportunity to evince my willing- ness to gratify him. But as no man's mere opinion on such subjects is worth any thing without the facts and reasons upon which it is founded, I shall take it for granted that he desires to hear both, and will therefore state them together. Whether your subscriber means by the term " manures," all things commonly so called, or only putrescent substances, I have had but one opinion for a long tiine in regard to their application, and this has been confirmed by all my subsequent ex- perience, each year adding something to the great mass of consentaneous facts. When my attention was first turned to this subject, some thirtyfive or forty years ago, I had adopted, but without exam- ination, the notion then most common amongst us, that it was best to let all putrescent manures be well rotted first, and next, to bury them deep, eith. er by the plough, spade, or hoe. This notion, like the common law, was so old that " the memory ot man extended not to the contrary ;" but happily foi us all, the revolution had broken the entail of opin- ions as well as of landed estates, and left us at lib- erty to think and act for ourselves. The naturae consequence of this increased freedom was, the in- troduction of many new practices in the arts, as well as in government; and agriculture camie ii for some small share of these benefits. Araonf them Was the application of putrescent manures U the surface, and in a mueh less fermented stati than had ever been tried before. But so dreadful ly afraid were the first experimenters of the formi dable laugh of that once numerous family, "th' Goodenoughs," that they made their trials as i were, by stealth; and consequently .the results re mained for a long time unknown, except to a few I happened to be among the number, and could nc long resist the evidence of my senses, although must 'confess, that at first, it seemed to me a sor of sacrilege, even to doubt, and still more to act, ii direct opposition to an opinion which, for aught k-Bow, had descended from Triptolen]US himself By dfegrees, however, my courage waxed stronge and Stronger every year, until I felt myself bravi enough to commence the following experiment which several old farmers in whose veracity I per fectly confided, had assured me they had often triei and always with the same result as that which am about to report in my own case. 1 began penning my cattle late in the spring, am continued it until frost, in pens of the same size moved at regular intervals of time, and containin; the same number of cattle during the whole period Tliesfe pens were alternately ploughed, and left un ploughed, until the following spring, when all were planted in corn, immediately followed by wheat.— 't he superiority of both crops on all the pens whici had remained unploughed for so many months afte the cattle had manured them, was just as distinct ly marked as if the dividing fences had continue< standing : it was too plain to admit even of thfi slightest doubt. A near neighbor, a young farm- er, had made the same experiment on a somewhak different soil, the year before, but with results pr© vot. xvm. NO. 7. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 55 cisely the same. Similar trials I myself have made and seen made by otliers with dry straw, alternate- ly ploughed in as soon as spread, and left on the surface until the ne.\t sprin sustain them? I can answer only for myself by saying, that I will ever abide by facts in preference even to my own opinion, whenever they conflict with each other. But in regard to the subject now under consideration, I believe there is a perfect accordance between them. Your sub- scriber, however, may possibly think that I liave "jumped too speedily to my conclusions :" I will therefore, respectfully offer to him such explanation of the operation of surface spread manures, as has been satisfactory, at least to myself. Should it prove so to liim, I shall have gained my object in complying with his request. [Concluded next week ) Alassacliugetts Horticultural Society. KXHIBITIOS OF FLOWERS. Saturday, Aug. 10, 1839. We -were not present at the exhibition to-day ; but from a memorandum made, and kindly handed to us, by our attentive Corresponding Secretary, Robert Treat Paine, Esq. we are enabled to make the following report Tv/o splendid specimens of Nerium splendens, from Mr Warren of Brighton. A beautiful specimen of Echinocactus Eryiesii, and a bouquet from the garden of S. Sweetser, Esq. of Cambridgeport. By Thomas Lee, Esq., of Brookline, Roses, Dahlias, and other flowers, Col. M. P. Wilder, of Hawthorn Grove, Dor- chester, fine specimens of the following Dahlias, viz. Marquis of Lothan, Striata formosissima, Sud- bury Hero, .'\. A. Broadwood, and Reliance. Balsams, Carnations, Picotees and other pretty things, from Mr S. R. Johnson. U .,„tc f-„™ Moaco T Hr.vov onrl S Wnllror Wilder, Messrs Carter, Warren, Mason, Howe and Walker. Bouquets from Messrs Carter and Walker. There were two specimens on our tables which we consider as very beautiful, viz. a seedling Phlox (alba), by Mr Carter of Cambridge. We hazard our opinion, and our taste, when we say it is the best of all the numerous, and we had almost said the nnmberless varieties of the Phlox. The other a fine specimen of Dahlia, var. Striata for- mosissima, by iM. P. Wilder, Esq. This carnation striped flower has exceeded our expectations, and has opened to our mental vision a new field ; we now look forward with hope that we may yet see this gorgeous flower with a pure white ground striped with scarlet or crimson. From our know- ledge of parti-colored flowers, as also froHi report, we were led to suppose that this variety would sport very much, but the specimens exhibited by Col. Wilder, on the 3d, 10th, and this day, have been very uniform and very beautiful. Native flowers by Wm Oakes, Esq. — Liatris scariosa, Apios tuberosa, Gerardia glauca, Rud- beckia laciniata, Spirea alba, var. with rose colored flowers, Solidago canadensis, Eupatorium pubes- cens, Cinna arundinacea. Aster acuminatus, A. solidaginoides, A. conyzoides, Solidago flexicaulis, Scutellaria lateriflora, Apocynum and rosaemifoli- um, Actiea alba, var. fruit with slender pedicels, Viburnum dentatum in fruit, Coxeus alternifolia in fruit Native plants by E. Weston jun. Esq. and F. Parker. — Scutellaria lalerifolia, Glycine apios, Li- num Virginiana, Clematis Virginiana, Trenauthes alba, Solidago Isevigata, Gerardia maritima, Hype- ricum Virginica, Liatris scariosa, Eupatorium ver- ticillatum, Gerardia glauca, Hedysarum Canadense in flower and fruit, Gerardia pedicularis, Monarda allophyila, Vernonia novaborecensis. EXHIBITION OF FRDITS. Saturday, August 17, 1839. Mr J.'Deane, of Mansfield, exhibited three vari- eties of Apples Cnot named), very fair for early kinds. Also, very fine looking Peaches grown in open air. B. V. French, Esq. of Braintree, exhibited Ap- ples : Early Harvest, River Apple, Sopsavine, and Kentish Filbasket — the latter a very choice fruit, and worthy cultivation. From Otis Johnson, Esq. Lynn, superb speci- mens of Black Hamburg Grapes, weighing 2 lbs. and upwards. Messrs Mason, Charlestown Vineyard, exhibited fine clusters Sweet Water Grapes. Aaron D. Williams, Esq. Ro.xbury, exhibited a basket of " The Williams Jlpple," pleasant to look upon, and sweeter to the taste ! This apple should be cultivated by those who like fine fruit Fiom ihc Genesee Farmer. BEES. Mr Tucker — I procured me a hive of bees last spring, and a few days since they swarmed for the first time. It was a large fine swarm, was hived readily in a new hive, and went to work apparent- ly good natured and in earnest. The next day, however, they came out of the hive and went off into the woods. No one saw them until they were fairly under way, and it seemed uncertain whether they came from the new or the old hive, as tliey were standing close together, and no diflerence in the numbers or labors of either swarm could be dis- covered. The activity at the new hive continued till near night, when it suddenly ceased, and at night, the hive was found empty of bees, a few small pieces of comb being left as the result of their labors. Now I should like to know from some of your subscribers who have had experience with the honey bee, whether the bees select then- tree in the forest before swarming ; — the best meth- od of preparing the hive and hiving the swarm — and whether a swarm, intent on leaving for the woods, can be prevented, and in what way. It ap- peared to me that the bees absent from the hive at the time the swarm left, were unacquainted with the movement ; but on returning with the honey they had collected, immediately left for the new res- idence in the woods. This would account for the general activity about the hive uptil the absent bees had returned, and again departed in train of the de- camped colony. If so, there must have been a gen- eral knowledge respecting the new location ; and to tliat point all directed their course, so soon as it was discovered that tlie main body with the sover- eign, had left. A B:;gin.ner. From the Cincinnati Gazette. STRAWBERRIES. The following communication came to us yester- day through the Post Office. It has reached us in thirteen days and after the strawberry season is over; but still it may be of interest to those culti- vating the delicious fruit The conmumication probably remained in the writers pocket until yes- terday. Cincmnnti, June 27, 1839. Mr Hammond : In your paper of this morning, you give an extract from the New York Journal of Commerce, by which it appears that a person in th? vicinity of that city, "the present season, sold $240 worth of strawberries, from one acre of ground." Mrs Arbigust, for several years, from strawberries, made at the rate of .*1000 per acre, from her gar- den in the vicinity of this city. She raised the va- riety called the Hudson, and they measured frorr. 9 to .5 inches in circumference. For many years she was the only person in the vicinity, aware of the fact, that in this and most oth&r varieties of the strawberry, there are two classes of plants — the one defective in the male and the other in the fe- male organs ; and that an acre of either kind, separ- ate, would not produce a perfect fruit. In running, the barren, or male vine, forms ten new plants, where the female forms one, and the latter soon dis- appear. She is the only person, with the exception of her children, that I have ever met with who can tell the male from the female when out of blossom. When in blossom, they can be distinguished at the distance of 20 feet. This subject is, even now, but partially understood i and with tlie care used by Mrs Arbigust, in the vicinity of New York, an equal yield may be obtained. N. LoNGWo ;th. A Hint in Houseici/a-y. — In summer and autumn your soap grease is apt to accumulate beyond your immediate wants; if put it away it is apt to be de- voured by maggots, and if made into soap, you may not have pine or other vessels enough to hold it. — Having suffered loss from being placed in s.ich cir- cumstances, we were much gratified with a piece of intelligence accidentally received, which relieved us from the disagreeable dilemma. By the boiling your soap with salt, about a quart of the latter to three gallons of the former, you can separate lye and water enough to make the soap hard. After boiling half an hour, turn it out into a tub to cool. Cut the cake which swims on the top into pieces, and having scraped off froth and other impurities, melt again, (without the lye and water underneath, of course,) and pour into a box to cool. You may then cut it up into bars of proper dimensions for drying. By adding a proportion of rosin, well pul- verized, at the last boiling, you will have yellow soap like that made for market. Families moving to the "far west" or elsewhere, would find it more advantageous to make their soap fit for carriage in this way, than to givj it away or sell.it for next to nothing.- — Farmer's Mo. -Visitor. OXEN vs. HORSES. Mr Tuckf.p. — There are different opinions a luong the farmers in this vicinity, respecting the ex pense of keeping a yoke of oxen, and a span of horses. Having used oxen from my youth up to the present time, I know pretty well what the ex- pense is of keeping them during one year. A yoke of oxen will not perform more than half the labor that a good team of horses will, and the expense of keeping a span of horses is but a trifle luore than that of keeping oxen. No team can labor without being pretty well taken care of. I will admit hors- es cost something more than oxen, but a team of good horses will perform enough more in the course of a year to pay for all the diftercnce that there would probably be in keeping. If a farmer has nothing but an ox team to put in his spring crops, and it should bo excessively warin, (whicKit very often is in the spring,) it would be very late before he would get his seeds into the ground. Farmers who are obliged to have hired labor through the summer season, would do much better to have horses for their teams tlian oxen ; that is, if they desired to get the worth of the money they have to pay for the labor of tJieir hired men. — In a hot summer's day, if a luan were sent into the field for the purpose of ploughing with an ok team, I would warrant you the man would do but very little. Oxen are very good in their places ; for instance, take a yoke of oxen into a new fallow(for tlie purpose of drawing logs,) and they are far better than horses ; and there are many other kinds of work on a farm for which oxen are preferable to horses — for ploughing, by all means give me a good span of horses. No farmer ought to be without oxen upon his farm, but in my opinion they never ought to be put into a plough, when horses are so much better. For repairing fences, carting manure, stone, rails, &,c., oxen are preferable to horses ; but they are poor animals for the farmer, in any other employment on his farm. Whether any of my brother farmers will agree to the above I know not. If any should not, I hope they will express their opinion" through the Columns of the Genesee Farmer. — Genesee Farmer. A gond Cow, good Butter, and a good deal of it. — Mr Editor: As a good deal has been said rela- tive to the quantity of butter exhibited some short time since, by Mr Kenworthy, made from one week's milking of a single cow, I was curious to ascertain the facts, as well with regard to her keep as the produce. I accordingly inquired in the proper quarter, and was informed that the cow Filton, now about seven years old, was purchased of John Zane, of this county, with her dam, both for thirtyeight dollars. Filton, at the time of her purchase, was four months old. This is all the information I have been able to obtain. Mr Kenworthy informed me that her keep was as follows ; a small quantity of hay in the morning, then a mess of bran, while eat- ing which she was milked ; then about half a peck of grains, well mixed with a suitable portion of cut stuff, with the addition of a little salt She was then well curried, then watered, and especial care taken that she did not drink too much. If the v.'eather was favorable, she was permitted to run in the barn yard, if not, she was stabled again, and fed with hay only. At noon and night she was treated in the same way, as above described, in ev- ery particular, except that the grains were omitted at noon. Milked morning and evening, the quan- tity of milk varying from twentytwo to twentyeight quarts per day. The following is the produce of butter fiom the two weeks' milking : First week's butter 18 lbs. Second week's ]0 1-2 34 1-2 Three pans of milk, belonging to the second week's milking, were frozen, and thereby lost The butter was very beautiful to appearance, and of a very superior quality, and we hope that many of our fair country-women will follow the example of Mrs Kenworthy, who deserves no little credit for her care and attention to the duties of her dairy. — Farmer's Cabinet. Memoranda for young silk cullfirists.— Let silk cultivators bear in mind that the careful and atten- tive manager of silk worms, will make his worms spin cocoons in four weeks ; eight pounds of his cocoons will make a pound of raw silk, and a pound and a quarter of his raw silk will make a pound of finished sewing or other silk. The careless mana- ger will require at least six weeks before his worms spin their cocoons — ten pounds at least of his co- coons will be required to make a pound of raw silk, and at least a pound and six ounces of his raw silk will be required to make a pound of finished sew- ing silk. Lot the rules of arithmetic be applied to find how well the silk business will pay for care and attention.,— /our. of the Amer. Silk Society. Growth of a drove of pigs. — Col. Merritt, of Jay, informs us that he purchased a drove of pigs or young shoats in Brighton last fall, and drove them vp east into Maine. He was four weeks upon the way, and part of the time was stormy and bad trav- elling. He kept them upon corn and water, and they gained 2000 lbs. weight '1 his was probably growth rather than fat, but at 6 cts. per lb. would pay nearly or all the expenses. — .Maine Farmer. VOL. XV III. NO. 7. AND PIORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 57 From ihc Farmer's jMoinlily Visitor. It'anier, June 5, ISSIK Mr Hili, : — A frieiid at AFontreal sent iiie tlie '■ .Morning Courier" of April 1;), containing; a coni- miuiicalion on the Wheat Fly. Tlic reasonings of tlie writer, Mr Harwood, I think ore fully sustain- ed by fact;3 and observations in this vicinity. F forward you the article: perhaps you may think it of sufficient interest to rp|uiblish it. Yours, &c. L. Bahtlett. THE WHEAT FLY. To the Editor of the .irorni..g CoHrier; Sir, — I have just seen, in your paper of the 1st instant, a letter frotn Mr Papineau on the subject of the Wheat Fly, wherein he recommends the ap- pication of a solution of blue vitriol to the seed wheat, as certain in its effects to protect the grain Irom the ravages of the wheat fly. Lower Canada has, for several pears past, been sidly afflicted by this fly, and the knowledge of any means to destroy its destructive etfocts is very important. For my own part, I have no faith in tlie means recommended in JNir Papineau's letter. The in- stance he mentions of Mr Cuillard's success, was, I think, purely accidental, as such instances are no way uncommon, even in parts of the country where the fly has been most destructive. The wheat fly, there can be no dotibt, is propa- gated by depositing its eggs on the young ear of wheat ; which egg in a few days produces the gnat ; that, by feeding on the milk of the wheat, robs the farmer of his crop ; this gnat afterwards is changed to a chrysalis, in which state it remains until the next mid-surnnier heat, when it emerges into the fly state. If this is true, it is evident that the remedy rec- ommended by Mr Papineau could have no efl%ct in preventing the appearatice of the fly; and that the soaking of the seed grain can affect the future plant, so as to make it distasteful to the fly, at so late a period as when the new grain is formed, is scarcely possible. Let any one observe the first appearance of the worm on the grain of wheat ; a mere orange speck, which, in a few days, arrives at its full size ; it then crawls about the kerr.el, and lives upon the milk. In this state it is quite soft and easily crush- ed ; but in a few days tnore it becomes hard, and will roll between the fingers. It is then trans- formed to the chrysalis, in which state it falls on the ground, or remains in the straw dormant, until the next summer's heat. The gad fly continues its species by depositing will make its appearance whenever the season is sufficiently hot, and such wheat as is so far advanc- d as to be fit to receive the deposite of its eggs is sure to be attacked, and the grain destroyed. Now by sowing the wheat early, as is done on old lands, particularly in the French settlements, that wheat is sure to be in the ear when the fly conies, and the farmer's labor is lost.. From every information that I can obtain, I have found that in those parts of Lower Canada wliere wheat has been the least injured, tlie fiirmors are in the liabit of sowing their grain much later than in the Frencli settlements, as in the eastern town- sliips, the new land in the rear of Beanharnois, and up the Ottawa. In my immediate neighborhood, I have not heard a single exception, where the farmer's first sown wheat has not the most suflered, and the last sown the least. Two years ago, a farmer of the name of Daptiste Lalonde, had a very good crop of wheat when all his immediate neighbors' crops were cut off. He sowed as early as his neighbors, but fortunately for him he was careless, and left his fences down, and his sheep and cattle were constantly in his wheat until late in the spring; by this means it was re- tarded and his crop saved. Another man named Jacqtie Sinette dit la Rente, ploughed up an old meadow of about 1 3-4 acre of landj in the fall of 183G, intending to sow it in oats in the spring. It was consequently left until his regular wheat crop was put in, as well as all his other grain, when finding that he had no seed oats left, he sowed two minots of spring wheat late in May, and they produced him the large yield of 41 0-4 minots. His regular wheat crop did not give him three seeds for one. It will be observed that in this case the old sod had time to heat before the grain was sown. In the springof ]8'37, I sowed some wlieat on the 2Gth May, and it was not in the least injured by the fly, nor suffered from the rust, but ripened per- fectly well. Last year I did not begin to sow wheat until the 20th May, and sowed some on the 1st June : the wheat again escaped the fly, nor did it suffer from the rust, so much dreaded by late sowing. Aspart of the land sown last spring had been in wheat the year before, there was to be seen now and then tufts of wheat far advanced of the others, probably the product of the seed fallen from the previous crop, and invariably every grain of that advanced wheat was destroj'ed by the fly, which shows that the enemy had been there. I have never suffered much from rust, except wheii I have sown wheat immediately after manure. I may be in error in the system I pursue, but I lay it frankly before the public ; but I think 1 am not, and if it be the means of inducing more intel- lio'ent agriculturists to sliow their views of defeat- ing the attack of these destructive insects, a great public benefit will be obtained. I am, sir, your obedient servant, R. U. HAIIWOOD. Montreal, April 8. ON KEEPING POULTRY. Messrs Editors : I once knew a couple of indus- trious sisters, who lived near a never fiiiling brook or streatn in Massachusetts, who kept generally through the winter thirty geese, male and female. They had erected some suitable but not costly sheds, in which they had apartments for them to lay, set and hatch. Their food in the winter was meal of the various kinds, to soine extent, but principally apples and roofs. In the suminer they had a pas- ture enclosed with stone wall, or board fence, which embraced the water. They kept their wings so clipped that they could not fly over such tetice. — Their owners well knew (what we all know,) that live geese feathers are a cash article, at a fair price. They picked off their feathers three times in the season. Those thirty geese wintered, would raise say seventyfivegoslins or young geese, and of course they had that number to dispose of every fall or in the beginning of winter, when they are sent to market, and again picked, tnaking four times that they obtained feathers from those they wintered, and twice from the young ones that they killed. I tell the story to induce some family, sisters or brothers, fathers or mothers, situate near some nev- er failing brook of water, to go and do likewise. Those remote from water cannot be benefited by the history, yet their friends may ; but if I can by this account, cause one family to partake of the ben- efits of the business, I shall he satisfied. Many fam- ilies there are, in all our towns, so situated that they may aKike the raising of geese a profitable business ; yet perhaps have never thought of their privileges. It is known that we must import most of our feath- ers ; and is it necessary to send abroad for an ar- ticle so easily produced among us ? Those who calculate to commence the business must prepare for it the ensuing fall, and not kill their geese. No one will object to the keeping of even more than thirty geese, if an enclosure is made suflScient to keep them at home and out of mischief — Maine Farmer. Cheap Manuring. — Many farmers in this State of late years have adopted the practice of manuring their land for wheat the ensuing season, by turn- ino- in green crops. For instance, take a field AUGUST ai, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, August 21, 1839. '^n'^"^^!'"^''^ Report of the GEOLony or Maine By C. T. Jackson, M. D., Geologist to the State of Maine. Augusta, pp. 35G, 8vo. We have h.-.d the pleasure of receiving this work from its learned and industrious author, and tender him our thanks. The acknowledgment should have been ear- lier ; but on account of absence from home, and our necessary locomotive condition during the travelling season, our letters and papers are often long in reachin" ue ; and many, we have reason to think, miscarry. The limits of our paper admit only of a brief, and that must of necessity be a very iniperfoct nnlice of a work of this nature. It exhibits learning, ability, industry, and indefatigable perseverance ; added to all this, an enthusiasm in the pursuit of its object, which is always sure of success where success is practicable. The work in connexion with the numbers which have preceded it, treats at large of the geological features and condition of Maine, and particularly with a view to develop its com- mercial, manufacturing, and agricultural resources and capabilities. In these respects, the Geological Survey has already conferred on Maine benefits of a substantial character, compensating fifty-fold the expenses which it has occasioned lo the State. It has stimulated agricul- tural industry by tiie ample encouragements, which, it has shown, are inherent in the soil of many parts of Maine. It has awakened inquiry, enterprise, and ex- periment, bottomed upon rational grounds, jvhich must lead to other discoveries and results of great importanc and utility. It has increased much the estimalion of the value of the lands in Maine, by demonstrating that, in spite of the rigors of its climate, agricultural industry may be exerted, and labor and capital expended in the improvements of many of her lands, with a certainty of such a recoinpensi: as ought to satisfy a reaSi^iable mind. It has led to the correction of many mistakes in regard to earths and ores and sloHes, by showin" their true character, which might otherwise havo involved individuals in extensive and ruinous losses. It has checked in the bud many speculations, got up often through ignorance— we fear more often through fraud, by which hundreds may have been imposed upon, cheat- ed, and robbed ; and perhap.^ in their turn, on the mis- erable and detestable selfish principle of " save himself who can," have imposed upon, cheated, and robbed in- numerable others. It has revealed the existence of me- tallic and mineral substances ; and especially the exis- tence of most extensive deposits and locations of iron ore and limesti.nus, which are destined to prove to Maine richer or belter .-ioutces of wealth than mines of gold, silver, and precious stones, or large depisits of the bright- est pearl upon her rock-bound coasts. Besides this, it has served to enlarge the bounds ofus-ful and practical knowledge, and is a valuable contribution lo the science of Geology— a science highly inleiesting in all its as- pects and relations to a philosophical curiosity ; of gnat value in the useful and ]. radical atts;. and when pro- foundly studied even in its preseal imperfect cxploia- lions, revealing continually newer views and inspiring loftier conceptions of the power, wisdom, and bcnevo'^ lence of the Creator. We speak of the imperfect explorations of the scionco of Geology ; such they must be considered in re-^pcct to what remains to be done, before we can ihoroughly understand this earthen ball on which we are floating and whiiling through immense space and in the fath- omless depths of ether. Geology is comparatively a re- cent science and still in its infancy. Its growth, how- ever, has been rapid almost beyond example; and the interest which is now among the inquisitive so gener- ally taken iu it, in the old world and the new, will con- tribute to the rapid enlar;reinent of its acquisitions.— Yet tifltr all, the depth to which human inquiry has pi'nelratcd towards the centre of our earlh, is hardly more than boring with a pin the varnish of a twenty- four inch globe. How much farther we can go it is not for any one to say. The human mmd has noi yet reached the end of its line in any science. We hope indeed it never will find a deptii beyond which there is no lower depth ; a height beyond which there is noth- ing higher. If the hero of .Vlacedon wept because there were no more worlds to conquer, a deeper oppression would come upon the human intellect if it should reach an insuperable barrier to its inquiries, the actual limits of human knowledge, and there should be an end to all the activity and all the charms of inquiry and intellec tual acquisition. The great delight of life is the con- sciousness of progressive advancement, intellectual and moral ; and the great stim.nUis to exertion, by which all our intellectual and mora! capacities are excited, unfold- ed, and strengthened, is the hope and prospect of far- ther acquisition. We ask pardon, however, for being drawn aside by these general considerations, from the particular subject before us. The Report of Dr Jackson seems to be little else than a transcript of his diary. This is a popular form, and on that account the more attractive and interesting to the great mass of readers ; but not a sci- entific form ; n',r that in which we know the learned author will choose his work shall appear in the sequel, Some one says that we follow a traveller with interest and pleasure, if he will but tell us where he oated his horse, and what the landlady gave him for dinner; but in scientific reports we consider this as extraneous mat- ter. Now, whether the Dr, in some of his distant and fatiguing explorations, lived upon salt-pork raw orcook- ed ; or whether his host was accommodating and hospit- able, or surly and discourteous ; or whether his accom- plished assistant, found under some hemlock " boughs sufficient protection for his head and shoulders, and left his inferior for his superior) extremities to the kindly influence of a roaring camp fire," are matters in them- selves entertaining, but not important; and though suf- ficiently amygdaloid and conglomerate in their charac- ter, are yet not exactly " in place" in a Geological Re- port, These slight blemishes in the mere style of the report, however, deserve no consideration in comparison with Uie importance of its general matter. The just apology for the form in which the report appears, lies in the unreasonable impatience of the public lo know what their servants are doing, and in requiring them to present their accounts long before the expedition is finished. The evil in the case is first to the author's literary reputation and his own honorable ambition ; but what is more, it is an inconvenient form for the public eye. The truth is, that so many subjects of inquiry are now pressing upon the public atteniion, and so many books ofevery description are pouring down upon us in a sort of avalanche, that we must utterly despair of keeping up with any thing unless knowledge and infor- mation, by those, who wish .and who deserve to ;be heard, be presented in the most direct, systematic, and condensed form. This, we liave no doubt will be done, at the completion of the survey. The survey, we trust, will be completed for the honor of our sister state, who we believe, will have too much good sense and too much self respect to stop where she now stands in it. She is troubled, it seems, with some miserable qualms of false and ridiculous economy in a matter where the ex- penditure of a ihw cents will be returned to her in thou- sands of dollars; and if she should persevere and maite her suspension a ccBsation of this important survey, she would present herself in the aspect ot the man, who is ready enough to uncork his dozen bottles of champaigne, to show his liberality to his guest; and then will deem it only a commendable economy to " beat down" the bill of his washerwoman. Maine, in her recent martial ex- plosions, was quite willing to incur a debt of hundreds of thousands for the sake of showing her courage, and with a great flourish oflrumpels marched her glittering battalions " up the-|iill, and then marched down again" for the protection of a strip of wild land, of whose value she never dreampi, until it it was pointed out by the learned geological surveyor ; but we hnve no hesitation in saying that the perfect com- pletion of this inporlant survey, would confer upon the state more honor than all the fliij;s of the British army captured from the enemy, and floating in triumph on the walls of her eapitol, if obtained in any contest what- ever, where the point in dispute might he settled by honorable and peaceable negotiation. Dr Jackson's report is divided into two parts — scien- tific and agricultural Geology. We shall at a conveni- ent season take a more extended view of the report, especially of the agricultural Geology. This contains much important matter. H. C. THE SEASON. The weather for the last fortnight on the sea coast has been cloudy and cold; and Indian corn seems to be at a stand. Its growth is very luxuriant, but it must do a great deal in a short time, if it means to get out of the way of the frost. This summer must be set down among the cold summers, though we have not had as in the cold seasons of 1836 and 1837, frequent Irosts. In the year 1816 there was not a mouth without frost 1836 nearly resembled it. 1839 has been remarkably uniform in its temperature; — the mercury, we believe, has never ris.'n above 90° Fahrenheit ; and an unusual quantity of rain has fallen. Tiie verdure through the season has been almost unexampled. The full moon in September usually brings a severe frost. Last year was, however, an exception. We hope this may be. A large portion of the corn now on the ground would be illy prepared for it. If it escapes that period we have then generally a favorable season in the latter part of September and October for its ripening. The smaller grains within our knowledge have in general been abun- dant ; and are well secured. H. C. ANNUAL EXHIBITION OF MASS. HORT. SOC. The Committee of Arrangements at their meet- ing this day, voted, that the Annual E.\liibition of the Horticultural Society shall take place on fVed- ncsday, Thursday, and Frid.iy, Sept. 2.5th, 26th, and 27th. Voted, That committees be chosen to visit the gardens and green-houses belonging to members of the Society, and solicit and select fruit, flowers, plants, &c., for the exhibition ; and thereujion the following committees were appointed. For Boston, J, E, Teschemacher, Isaac P. Davis, and W. T. Eustis. For Salem and Lynn, Otis Johnson, and Mr Ives. For Charlestown, Cambridge, and Watertown, David Haggerston, Wm. E. Carter, C. M. Hovey, Samuel Pond, and J. W. Russell. For Brighton and Brookline, Jona. Winship, Joseph Breck, W. H. Cowen, and J. L, L. F. Warren. For Roxbury, Col. Marshall P. Wilder, A. D. Wil- liams, J. S Gardiner, Samuel Walker. Voted to adjourn to this day two weeks at 12 o'clock. Per order. SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman. Boston, August 17, 1839. TOL. XVIII. NO. 7. AND HORTICULTURAL lEGISTER 59 eaiGHTOfJ MAllICKT.— Monday, August 19,18:?'). Reponeil for the New Gnijlnnd Fnimfr. At Market, 2S0 Beef Cattle, 80 Stores, 30 Cows and Calves, 3950 Sheep, and 430 Swine. Prices.— Bce/CaK/c.—Wa quote to correspond with last week, viz: First quality, $8 50 ii $8 75. Second 1 experience, will be furnished on application. The effect o/ Poudrette upon Grape Vines and Moras Mulllcaidis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works in the vicinity of the city of New York to prepare the manures, and farmers and gardeners may confidently rely on a supply. n..J „„.-*„„";^ Air^^.ort »n " Tb ^ IVmf Vnrlr TTrnle n-nri Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " " " . Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domesuc, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, .... yellow. Cheese, new milk, . . Bone Manuse, . . . • in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) .... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. 1 , . . No. 2. No. 3, . Mewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flocb, Genesee, o»s-li. . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rve, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain ; Corn, northern yellow, southern fiat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, fjirime) . southern, Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, ad quality, .... Lakd, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leatheb, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, li^ht, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, LiM.E, best sort, .... Ouiifiperra, Spring and Summer, . Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. PoBK, extra clear, clear Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, , Canary, Hemp, .... Flax, Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, No. 1, " No. 2, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, . . . . Wool, prime, or Saxony H'leeces, . American, full blood, washed do. 3-4ths do. do. 1 -2 do. do. 1-4 and common. bushel barrel pound bushel I pound quintal pound cask mllon pound pr M. pound 3 00 1 5» 20 MISCELLANEOUS From ihe Connecticut Courant. NATURAL HISTORY. Sagacity of the Land Tortoise. — Some time in June, 1828, an animal known here by that name was found in my gaideii, in the act of treating himself to green peas, small cucumbers and melons, among which he had feasted several days, but tlie trespass liad been attributed to the hens and chickens. Be- ing unwilling to put him to death on the first con- viction, a small hole was bored through the skirt of the upper shell, and a small cord of two or three yards in length was attached to it, and he tethered out in a convenient place a few rods distant from the garden vegetables, and marked on his breast- plate, " S. H. W. 1828." The next day it was dis- covered that he had made his escape, havinir gnaw- ed off his " tether string." A few days after this lie was again detected in the same place of his for- mer trespass, and to secure him from committing further depredations, a small ring of iron wire was linked into tlie hole of the shell, a more substantial cord attached to it, and the prisoner again placed upon his tether. This, however, proved insufficient for his safe keeping. The new cord was soon sev- ered, and tlie vagrant carrying off with him his iron ring and a small part of the cord, made a second escape. In June, 1820, " Monsieur Tonson come again !" and was detected in his old line of busi- ness. A trial for his crimes was instituted — the evidence against him was too clear to admit of doubt — he was found guilty — the number of pea- pods, cucumbers and melons of different kinds which he had champed and ruined, was ascertained as nearly as might be, whereupon the court, consisting principally of the females of the family, sentenced him to be immediately put to death by decapitation. But the poor convict had one friend in the court: that friend e.xerted his influence, and finally ob- tained a commutation of the punishment from death to transportation, without limit of time. Pursuant to this order he was conveyed to a small pond about a quarter of a mile from the garden, the scene of his transgressions ; but, not pleased with his ac- commodations among frogs and otlier creeping things, soon found his way back to his old friends and their garden. He was thencariied nearly half a mile in an opposite direction, and thrown into a small muddy brook environed with bogs and sedi^e grass. In June, 1833, who sliould appear but our old visitor again, with his marks and iron ring I What should now be done ? '] he majority of the court denounced him an outlaw and utterly beyond the reach of mercy. His friend and advocate, howev- er, urged in behalf of the convict that the sentence of transportation was t^•^■/Ao^(< Kma of time, and as- sured the court that if a convenient opportunity should offer, he would send him ne.xt to Botany Bay — but if not, lie would pledge himself to carry him to a place so distant that little fear could be entertained of his returning again to his old haunts. Upon these terms a respite was obtained, and his sponsor caused him to be transported to Suffield, and there left in a grass field a little north of the meeting house. This expedient served for that year; but in June, 1833, we had the pleasure of another family visit from our old acquaintance. By this time the resentment which had been felt to- ward him had, in a great measure subsided. He had become a sort of pet, and as we had a plenti- ful supply that year of cucumbers and other garden Onus .and End.s.—Wc are remarkably well pleas vegetables, he was allowed the whole range of the ed with the rebuke which Wm. Gray of Boston garden. But to fulfil my engagement as his surety, ' familiarly termed " Billy Gray " once gave He and as no opportunity offered to ship him off to happened to be at market one day, when he " heard Botany Bay, I wrapped him up in a piece of old ; a spruce young lawyer who had just opened an of- carpet, so that he could have no means of noticing fice for the practice of his profession, inquiring for objects, earned bun to Poquonoc and threw him ' some one to carry home a piece of meat for him into a small stream in an alder swamp near Rain- [ which he had been purchasintr. Steppino- up to' bow mills. But, " true as the needle to the pole," , the man of law, said Billy to him, « Sir I will car he renewed his visit m 183.5, but manifesting a de- ■ xy your meat." " Very well," was the 'reply as it sire to tarry with us longer than his company was i was handed to him, and he led the way th'rour agriculture. Tet lon«; experience and observation in all matters of physical science, compel us to moderate our expectations of any extraordinary and sudden results. The chemical analysis of soils will help us to approach the knowledge of the methods by which tliey may be improved, their p.irticular deficiencios sup- plied, and their superfluous reiiuudanee of certain ingre- dients corrected ; but in the present state of science, it will do little more than help us to approach this knowl- edge. It is one thing to determine by cliemic:i| analy- aia the particular ingredients in certain soils, and quite another lo ascertain tlielr particular mode of operation when combined ; and under the action of various cx- ernal influences of air, light, heat, motion, et cetera, by which they are ciuitinually acted upon. The triumphs of chemical science are immense, and riiay be pronounc- ed magnificent', 'but compared witii what remains to be done, the science even in its improved condilion, is merely the first step (premier pas) of infancy; it is merely the admission of a few rays of sunlight through a crevice into a subterranean cavern ; it is like attempt- ing to sound the middle of the ocean with a skein of thread. In a late number of the Cultivator, of «hich we had merely an accidental' glance, the learned editor is pleas- ed to say that he hopes the time will sooncome when the science of vegetable food and digestion will be un- derstood as well as the science nf animal dii'estion. We quote from memory merely, wiiat we understood to be the 8en.se, not tho words. Now we say that that time Las alreaily arrived. We understand vegetable digestion as well as we understand animal digestion ; that is, we do not understand eilher of ihem al all. \A e beg leave fully to explain what we mean. The physiology of ffian and of vegetable substances is a highly improved *Wesay accidental, for we are so unfortunate that we can- not set this paper for love or mnnev ; we do not know wheth- er through the fault of the Post Office or what. We should be happy to pay a double subscription, if 1 hat would bring it science. Much has been ascertained ; and the labors o' many distinguished anatomists and boi^nistshave thrown a flood of light upon it. But there are secrets in respect to it which human sagacity seems as incapable o( pene- trating, as the human eye is incapable of looking through a block of granite. The experiments and observations of L)r Beaumont, who was favored with such rare op- portunities of looking into ihe human stoii.ach, and ob- serving the action of the juices or fluids of the stomach upon the subslaiices taken into it, aie exceedingly cu- rious and instructive, and ofgreat practical utility. But, after all, the secret is nut reached ; tho secret of diges- tion and nutrition is not even approached, nor even be- come matter of rational conjecture. The food taken into the stomach i.i dissolved by ilio opeiation of the gastric juice upon it; some in shorter, some in longer time : an «fFerve5ceiice occurs; a solution and separation of parti- cles takes place ; but this is a small part of the process. But as to the remaining steps by which it is converted into blood, f^esh, bone, sinews, hair, nails, &c. &c., and by which life itself is sustained, where is the human mind capable of producing even a plausible conjecture ? The science of vegclation is leaclied lo this same ex- tent and no farther. When man is able by any conceiv- able artificial process to form one drop of blood, to com- pact one ounce of bone, or to frame or to color a single flower or leaf, then and not until then shall we say that the processes of animal and vegetable digestion are un- der.stood. It is the same with other branches of sci- ence. The immense discovery of Newton, the noblest triumph of philosophy — next in our humble opinion, (ri- diculous as it may seem to any,) to the discoveries of Phrenology, of the great principle of gravitation, is comparatively 2 very small advance in science. That this principle prevails throughout the material creation as far as it comes' under human observation ; that it op- erat2s with a force proportioned to the quantity of mat- ter contained in the bodies atlracled, and to the squares of the distances which divide them; and that in the planetary system iis etfeets are counteracted by another and opposite impelling power, are matters of perfect demonstration and of the most exact calculation even to portions of a second of time ; but after a!!, in whatlhis force consist s, and how it ope, atcs, so that an atom of matter on earth has its proportionate share of influence upon the remotest bodies in the great system of the ma- terial universe, are malters utterly irrecognisable by man's intellect, and the solution of which the giant mind of Newton v?as as iiicapable of solving as that of the infant child. This barrier to the progress of inowledge, however, which now seems impenetrable atid impassable, should not discourage us, nor deter us from persevering and indefatigable ailempts to J.IO farther. We may advance slowly, but every advance gives the power of going farth- er ; and every gain in physical science, however small, is a great gain to man's improvement and comfort. — The practical arts of life have made immense progress under the improvements of chemical science. Agricul- ture has already been a great gainer. The careful anal- ysis of soils m.iy presently lead to the most direct modes of improving them. But what we arc chiefly in dan- ger of is, of arriving at general conclusions too hastily and holding them loo confidently. Every thing ihere- fore, the de uonstration of which is not iiicontroverlihiy established, (and there are not many things of this de- scription,) shimid be regarded as open to faither inqui- ry ; and especially under the light which actual experi- menl may throw upon it. We know that the intelligent and inquisitive mind of Dr Jackson will acquiesce in these views ; and there- fore we shall compare in another number the facts which AIIGIST a?, Ig39. he has given in respect to the necessity and utility of the carbonate of lime in soils, in order to raise grain crops, with his own theories on this subject. He has distinct- ly stated ('page 123) that " an imperfect or blighted prod- uct is sure to f.dlow the planting of this grain (wheat) upon soils destitute of lime; while certain districts where the soil contains this mineral, are always favored with luxuriant and heavy crops. This is one of the set- tled pointK in agriculture." Now we frankly avow ourselves favorably inclined to this beliif, somewhat modified however in the universal- ity of its application. Further we have no theory to es- tablish on the subject. But we shall examine hereafter hovv ia.T the facts accumulated in the report support this position. H. C. SALT HAY. The tide fields of the maritime pans of the State, that is the salt marshes, are now covered with laborers busi- ly occupied in securing their crops, which come for tak- ing. Whatever improvements may be effected upon these grounds, it cannot be denied that scarcely any are attempted; and large tracts of them remain precisely in the condition in which ihey have been since the set- tlement of the counlry. It is not so howeviT universal- ly. The only improvement which they seem to admit of, while they ate continued in salt marsh, is that of draining. This is done generally at a distance of two rods apart; the ditches, if made three feet wide at first, will soon btcsme hy the settling of the meadow con- tracted lo a small space, and the effect of this draining is, first, the consolidation of the whole meadow; and next, the speedy removal of the tide, which, where it is suffered to stand as it will in hollow places on meadows not drained, destroys the grass. Where these hollows have become deep, it is advisable to fill them with the materials thrown out of the ditches. Where this is not the case, these materials may be carried into the barn-yard or styes, and will firm a valuable part of the compost heap. Tho effect Of this drainage, where it has been well executed, has been to double, in some instan- ces to quadruple the crop. It is not however in all ca- ses equally advisable. Where the soil of the marsh is not deep, as near the margin of salt meadows, and by ditching, the hard subsoil, whether of sand or gravel or clay, is soon reached, this drainage is not perhaps advi- sable ; at least some experiments render its utJlity doubt- ful. But where the mud is deep and the subsoil is not reached by a ditch of three feet in depth, the drainage cannot be too thorough. H. C. Salt for killi.ng White Wf.ed. — When the whita weed has not become too plenty upon the farm it can bo I eradicated and its spread prevented by a little care and attention, and '* an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Many who have small patches upon their firms dig up all they can find, but siill some of the roots are left and spring up the next summer to the no small annoyance of the farmer who supposed that he has rid himself of the pest. Mr L. Whitman, of this town, in- forms us that he followed the plan of digging until h» was tired of it, for there would always some of the roots escape and show themselves the next year in spite of him. He then prepared a strong solution of salt in wa- ter, and poured it upon spots infested with the white weed. This effected a cure. Ifyou have any of this weed beginning to show itself on your premisea, pickU it down. — Maine Farmer. Erratum. — In Mr Duroy's communication on " Beet Sugar Manufacture, ' page 54, 2d column, 17 lines from bottom, for "except a gum or mucilage," read, exempt from gum or mucilage. VOL. XVIII. NO. 8. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 67 BRIGHTON MARKET.— MoMiAT, August 2G, IdX!). Krportf d for Ilif Nfw Knelanil Fanner. At Market, 390 Beef Callle, 70 Stores, 20 Cows and Calves, 4000 Sheep, and 350 Swine. About 100 Beef Cattle unsold. Pricis.— Beef C«K/e.— Prices have declined, and we reduce our quotations. Tirst quality, $8 25 a $8 50. Second quality, $7 50 a $8 00. Third quality, $6 50 a $7 00. Starts. — We omit prices. Cows and Calves.— Wu notice sales al $30, $38, $45, $4 6, and $60. Sheep. — About the usual prices were obtained. We quote lots at $2 25, $2 50, $3 00, $3 50, and $3 75. Saine — Sales were quite dull, .nt the prices obtained last week. Several lots were sold at 6 for sows and 7 for barrow.'. One lot, nearly all barrows, 6 1-2. At retail 8 for sows and 9 for barrows. THERMOMETRICAL. Keportei) for the New England Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the (iardenof the proprietors of the New England Fanner, Brighton, Mass. in n shaded Northerly exposure, week ending August 25. August, 1839. | 5A.M. | 12,M. | 7,P.M. j Wind. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, Hal«'« Patent Horse Power and Patent TbresU- ing Maclnine. JOSEPH BRECK & CO offer for -sale this valuable machine and feel great confidence in recommending it as the best machine now in use. It will thresh from 75 to 10(1 bushels per day in the best pnssihle manner. The horse power is calculated to propel any kind of machinery, is very simple in its construclinn. occupies but the small space of nine feet by two, and can easily be transport- ed from one place to another, and when comhined with the' Threshing Machine it forms the most superior article for the purpose ever invented. They can be supplied at short ino- tice at the N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. MBCIIANICS' l-'AIR. At Qi'iscY Hall, Boston, Septemdek 23, 183C. The public are reminded that the Second Kxhihition of of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Asso iatioii, for the encouragement of Maniif.ictures and the Mechanic Arts, will he opened lu Uuincy Hall, on Monday, September 23, 1839. Mechanics, Artisans, and Manufacturers, who intend to offer anicies for Premium or Eshiliilion, are particularly ic quesled lo give notice to the Secretary or Superintendent, at as early a day as convenient, specifying the articles intended lo he offered. Contributors are also reminded that all articles intended for Exhibilion must be delivered lo the Superintendent, WILLIAM WASHBURN, al (^uincy Hall, on or previous to WEDNESD.^ V, Septemlier 13, accompanied by an in- voice, and a particular description of all new and important inventions, or improvements in the articles off-red. Steam Power will he furnished lo put in operation al! Ma- chinery, and the Superintendent will take particular charge of all Models offered for this purpose. Competent Judges will be selected to view all articles pre- senled. Premiums will be awarded lo those deemed most worthy of that distinction. Articles may be offered Iiy Apprentices, wiio will have a division specially appropriated for their productions. Tickets of admission will he furnisheo lo all conlrihulors. GEO. DARRACOTT, President. J. G. ROGERS, Secretary. WM. W.\SHBURN, Superinlendeot. August 28. Neiv York Urate^and Poudrette Company. Not incorporated but cai^ried on by indiridital enterprise. The manures are not divided among the Stockholders, as are those belonging to another establishment, but sold, to ap- plicants, yor cask on delivery. Orders are supplied in the order of time in Schick they are received. Urate SO cents and Poudrate 40 cents per bushel, with contingent charges lor ha^s or barrels, &c. The company are daily preparing for use, during the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the past winter, and will have several thousand bushels ready before the first of October next. The material is disinfected and rendered free from offensive smi-ll, by a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. The experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1839, on Long Island, has satisfied many of the farmers that these manures have the quickest operation upon vegeta- ble matter, producing greater abundance, and the cheapest of any manure tliey have ever tried. Amended instructions for their use, the result of practic'l e.vperionce.will be furnished on application. The efTeci o/" Poudrette upon Grape Vines and Moms Mtdticaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works in the vicinity of the city of New York lo prepare the manures, and fanners and gardeners may confidently rely on a supply. Order's, posipaiV. directed lo " The New York Urate and Poudrate Company," Box, No. 1211, Post Office. New York, or sent to ihe store of STILLWELL & DEY, No. 365 Fullon Street, Brooklyn, will be attended to. The Company will be very much obliged to gentlemen who have used the manures, to give them a statement in wri- ting what has been the result of their use and experiments in relation to them. New York, August, 1839. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, AGRICUIiTURAIi AGENCY. The subscriber having been removed from the Post Office, by the pleasure of the President, and left for the present without any means of support, has consented to resume the editorship of the " American Farmer," which he originally established, tnd the first periodical in America dedicated to the cause of Agriculture— That resource, though "better than nothing," being altogether inadequate, as an additional Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. Pot, " •' " . Beans, white. Foreign, '' '' Domestic, . Beef, mess, No. 1. . . street, prime, ... IjV;esv. AX, white, yellow. Cheese, new milk. Bone Manu.ie, ... in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese. . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . B:iv, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, No 3, . •Mewives, dry salted. No. I Salmon, No. 1, Floub, Genesee, cash, Baltimore, Howar Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, . Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow while, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) southern, new. Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, IsI quality, 2d quality. Lard, Boston, Isl sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leather, Philadelphia city tannage do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring and Summ Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Pari.^, per ton of 2200 lbs Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, Prime, Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax, .... Red Clover, Bortliern, Southern Clover ,.none, .Soap, American, No. 1, " No. 2, Tallow, tried. Teazles, Isl sort, . ... Wool, prime, or Saxony l''Ieeces, . American, full blood, washed do. 3-4lhs do. bushel barrel pound bushel pound quintal pound '' 1 20 " BO 1 o 95 1 2 75 20 00 <» 15 00 " 12 00 lushel 2 87 " 90 „ ' 2C2 " 125 pound 17 " 6 " 6 " 12 pr M- 3 00 pound 60 " 55 " 53 MISCEILAMEO US THE RATTLESNAKE. This snake is peculiar, we believe, to North A- merica, and was formerly found in great abundance in New England — but since the country has be- come settled, and an exterminating war declared against these noxious reptiles, tlieir nuuibfrs have rapidly decreased, and now they are seldom seen. They are still to be found, however, occasionally, we believe, in certain parts of every New England State, but generally confine themselves to rocky ledges in uncultivated tracks of the country. In Chester, N. H., there is a hill, which, from the great number of these reptiles which formerly made it their abiding place, is called Rattlesnake Hill. A few still remain — and they are sometimes killed in the adjoining towns, where they wander in aearch of water. A number of years have passed away since an occurrence took place in the neighborhood of Ches- ter, which caused considerable excitement in the neighboring families at the time, and which is still worth relating. Some men were employed in mowing a meadow, which was at a distance from any dwelling or road — and as the weather was sul- try and many parts of the meadow covered with water, one of them, Mr R., thouglit proper to divest himself of nearly all his garments, and led the van of the mowers, sans cullote .' It is well known that at this season, when droughth generally prevails, rattlesnakes are very apt to come down from the high lands in quest of water — and as Mr R. got at the end of his swarth, and stepped on the dry land, he placed his foot almost in contact with a huge rattlesnake, which raised its tail, gave it a few quick and sharp shakes, and sprung at the poor man just as he turned to flee, half frightened to death ftuni the venomous reptile ! His crooked, poisonous fangs entered the lower part of the only garment which Mr R. wore at the time — the text- ure of which was particularly strong, and they could not be easily disengaged. Mr R. gave a scream and started off on the full run; the snake sticking to him closer than a brother. He passed through woods, bushes, fields and pastures — he crossed fences, ditclies, brooks and bogs — he jumped, hal- looed, galloped, and screamed for aid — vainly try- ing to rid himself of his ugly-looking associnte. At length, crazy with fear and fatigue, he reached the public road, and passed along it on the way to his dwelling house,. at a rate which would have aston- ished the most desperate pedestrian — looking be- hind him at intervals, and screaming whenever ho beheld the horrid appendage to his homespun linen garment. He passed several persons in the road, wJio were thunderstruck at the sight of the unfor- tunate man cutting up such antics, using such vio- lent exercise — and exhibiting himself in dishabille, without regard to propriety or decency. Mr R. at length reached his own dwelling, a distance of three miles from the meadow — the door of which stood invitingly open, through which he nuhed tO' the consternation of the women folks— having still attached to him the grim looking reptile. By this time he was completely overcome with terror, heat, and fatigue, and fell fainting on the floor. The poor rattlesnake, however, had got the worst of it, and had been threshed about at such an unmerci- ful rate, that his life, as well as a large portion of his tail, had departed, long before he reached the ^al [n the wild hills and trap ledges of Ulanchester, Saugus, and Lynn, in this State, this reptile is still seen and sometimes killed — of a size measuring five and six feet in length. It is also found among the hills in some portions of the interior — especial- ly on Mount Tom and Mount Holyoke on the banks of ihe Connecticut. In some parts of the western country the rattle- snakes abound, and grow to the size of six or sev- en feet. Hunters, or persons who have occasion to explore the woods, glens, and uncultivated spots, wear leggins, made of stout deer skins, to protect their legs against the bite of this venomous animal, as they seldom strike their enemy at a point high- er than the calf of the leg. When a party of hun- ters or travellers find it necessary to encamp at night, they select a suitable sfKJt, examine it thor- oughly, that there are no holes or rocks about it, which may serve as abiding places to venomous reptiles, and then draw around thcin at a proper distance, a stout rope manufactured of horse hair, thus describing a sort of magic circle, in which the members of the party enter, throw themselves on the ground, and repose without any fear of intru- ders in the shape of snakes — as it is a singular fact that these creatures will never crawl over a rope made of horse hair ! It is not uncommon to find on awaking from their slumbers in the morn- ing, several of these unwelcome vi.'-itors handsome- ly coiled up at the distance of a few yards from the circle I In the wild and mountainous region which sep- arates Virginia from Kentucky, rattlesnakes are found in immense numbers — indeed, great precau- tions are necessary in travelling among these ledg- es, lest the traveller receives a fatal wound. In the latter part of September they may be seen crawling up by hundreds from the low lands, in search of winter quarters,' and congregating by thousands in various spots, where they may be seen by whoever wishes to indulge in such a curi- os.ity, sunning themselves on the precipices. '! his tract is also the favorite abode of the catamount, the panther of North America. Rattlesnakes are also found in great abundance to ihe westward of the Rocky mountains. Cox, in his adventures on Columbia river, says, "these venomous reptiles are so numerous near the Grande Rapid, that they are seen in immense numbers basking in the sun, and crawling among the rocks. At one time, half a dozen of the party fired at a bunch lying under one rock, and killed and wound- ed thirtyseven." In the western part of Michigan, and in the Wis- consin Territory, a species of rattlesiiske abounds, which is smaller than the ordinary yellow rattle- snake, and of a hue almost approaching to black. They are very venomous. In some places on the banks of the Wisconsin, the numbers of these rep- tiles have decreased astonishingly since hogs have been introduced by the settlers. Swine declare war against them, never ending war, and hunt them for the sake of their carcasses, which they consid- er a great delicacy. And what is singular, the j bite of the snake seems to have no injurious eflTect I on the hog — who never hesitates about attacking I one of the largest size. He seizes the reptile by i the middle with his teeth, and maugre all his writh- I ings, and hisses, and bites, soon tears him to pieces, '' and devours him with all the apparent relish of an I epicure ! I The largest rattlesnake of which we have any authentic intelligence, was one killed some years I since on the shores of Apalachicola Bay, in Florida, which measured nine feet si.x inches in length and had twentyone rattles ! He was a real old bruiser, with long and crooked fangs like a man's finger. A wound inflicted by such an animal must be very inconvenient, to say the least. — Bost. Merc. Jour. The largest library in the country is the " Phil- adelphia Library," established by Franklin It contains about 50,000 volumes. Respectable strangers are permitted to use the books during the hours at which it is open, a privilege which may be improved to advantage, since there are many rare and valuable manuscripts connected with the times of the Revolution to be found here preserved. The second library in size is that of Harvard University, near Boston — containing about 40,000 volumes. In Germantown the leaves of the mulberry are made into delicious pies I in another place they are dried as a substitute for Young Hyson tea! and it is said that a down-easter is making paper of them! REVOLVING HORSIS R.VKE. The Revolving Rake which has been in general use iii most parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is found tn be one of ihe most useful and labor saving machines now ia use. One man and horse with a lioy to lead, will rake on an average from 25 to 30 acres per day, wiih ease, and do the work well. They are are coming into very general use in all parts of the country, and will, no doulit, in a lew years supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is a great advantage in this rake over all others, as the person using it does not have to slop the horse to unload the rake. For sale hy JOSEPH BREUK (2. CO., 61 and 52 North Market Street. GRAIN CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an arlicle which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where they were till ol late but little known, although they have been in very general use in the southern and we>icrn Slates, for many years, and which is found to be decidedly the best mode o harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle fiv' acres in a rl.-^y when he cannot reap more than one Fo* sale hy JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 & 52 North Marke' Street. t July 10. A GARDENER WANTED. One who understands his business and has good habits. Inquire of Mr BRECK, Agricultural Store. G. C. B. August 7. THE NEW ENGLA\D FARMER Is puDiished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable »t the end of the year — but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duclionof 59 cents- TCTTI-E, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, FRINTCRS, n SCHOOL 3TREKT... .BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ PUHMSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK ^ CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (.V<=„.cuLTunAL W::;^;;;;;^^ voii, xvm.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 4, J830. two. 9. N. E. FARMER MR. WEBSTER'S SPEECH. We give in the Farmer of this week the speech of our distinguished senator, Mr Webster, at the triennial National Agricultural Convention of Eng- land. It is sensible, condensed, and strictly ap- proi)riate. The report of it is undoubtedly imper- fect; but it is characteristic of this eminent man that he uses language always with great precision, and employs no needless circumlocutions or repe- titions ; that what he says is always intelligible to the most common and uneducated mind; tliat he says what he evidently designed to say ; and that which is always worth saying and worth iiearing. The compliment wiiich he pay.s to British Agri- culture is particularly^ worthy of remark. "Tjio agriculture of England was instructive to all the world ; as a science it was here better under- stood ; ss an art it was here better practi.sed ; and as a great interest it was here as highly esteemeij as in any other part of the globe." We presume this compliment is well deserved. Yet we believe it should be in a measure qualified In productiveness of cultivation, that is to say in getting the greatest amount of product from 'the smallest quantity of land, we suppose that the Fleii- sh are preeminent above all other people. In sc:- >ntific agriculture, in the application of chemi." I fcicnce to Uie cultivation of the earth, and in exper- ments upon various manures, wo suppose the French ire far in advance of England. In devotion to ag- ■iculture as a means of subsistence, and in the imount of population sustained by agriculture, and jerliaps in the amount of labor bestowed upon the loil, and in the frugal and exact saving and use of nanures, we presume the Chinese surprss all othtn- lations on the globe. In the improveucnt of live lock, in the breed of horses, cattle, sheep, and WHie, we suppose; no country can come in compe- ition with Great Britain. And especially in the •Btimation in which this great interest is held and herished in this intelligent, cultivated and mighty mpire, she stands far iu advance of al others,°and ■ives a most instructive lesson to the vorld. The .xl^aordinary fact, however, that France has, with- n a comparatively short, period, increased her an- malous product of beet sugar, underthe orotec- I wo confess our feaj-s that we shall fall short of, are stronger than our hopes that we shall reach it. Our cane-sugar, cotton, and tobacco crops are to be sure, enormous, and admit of no competition in countries whose northern latitudes forbid their cul- tivation, with the exception of the latter crop, to- bacco, which of a certain and superior description, is now cultivated with great success and profit in Upper Canada. But in regard to the products com- mon to lis and the northern nations of' Europe, the cereal grains in particular, we may well be asham- ed of ourselves, while with a soil and climate offer- ing every advantage for their most successful cul- tivation, we can acquiesce in the degrading neces- sity of importing wheat, oat.s, rye, potatoes, and even hay from Europe. We are very tar, however, from desiring to be brought under a system (.f tariff protection in re- gard to our agricultural products like that which prevails in England. 'I he agriculture of England ■is burdened with governmental impositions and bui- dens, which have most injuriously affected its pro.s- perity, and rendered the price of bread enonnous, and crowded their alms-houses with paupers and I their prisons with wretched convicts. The corn laws are now agitating the whole kingdom to its centre ; and the singular anomaly is presented in the richest and most fertile part of the British king- dom, of a people dri\en to desperation by poverty and starvation. The farmers of this country should ask little else of government than to be let alone. With no taxes which deserve to be named, with a climate eminent for its salubrity, with a soil which never refuses an ample return to skill, industry, temperance, and frugality, with a ready market for every production of agricultural labor, with the ample experience of other and the most improved countries to instruct them, and with intelligence and general education sufficient to enable them to avail themselves of every lesson, facility, and ad- vantage for agricultural imprnveraent and success, if they do not excel, if they (we speak'particularly of the northprn and middle States,) still' submit to buy their bread, and, through extravagance of ev- ery description, will go on to involve themselves in a debt to other countries, wiiich must presently be- come irredeemable, why t'len there is room for noth- ing but shame; the curse of heaven wHl brino- its- he hoped might often be seen again. Among these foreigners was one gentleman of a most distinguish- ed character from the United States of America [cheers] — that great country, whose people we were obliged legally to call foreigners, but who were still our brethren in blood. [Loud cheers.] It was most gratifying to him that such a man had been prese.nt at that meeting, that he might know what the fjrmers of England really were, and be able to report to his fellow citizens the manner in which they were united, from every class, in promoting their pe.iceful and most important ob- jects. He gave, " The health of Mr Webster, and other distinguished strangers." The toast was re- ceived with much applause. ^ Mr Webster said the notice which the noble Earl at the head of the table had been kind enough to take of him. and the friendly sentiments which he had seen fit to express towards the country to which he belonged, demanded his most cordial ac- knowledgments. He should therefore begin by saying how gratified he had been in having it in his power to pass one day among the proprietors, the cultivators, the farmers of old England ; [cheers] — that England of which he had been readino- and conversing all his life, and now for once had the pleasure of visiting. [Loud cheers.] He would say, in the next place, if he could say, how mr-'-; he had been pleased and gratified with the exhibition of one product, or branch of product, of that agriculture for which England was so just- ly distinguished. When persons connected with some pursuit, of whatever description, assembled in such numbers, he could not but look on them with respect and regard ; but he confessed at once that [ he was more than ordinarily moved on all such oc- casions, when he saw before him a great assemblage of those whose interests, whose hopes, whose objects and pursuits were connected on either continent with the cultivation of the soil. [Loud cheers.] Whatever else might tend to enrich and beau- tify society, that which feeds and clothes comforta- bly the great mass of mankind should always, he contended, be regarded as the great foundation of national interest. Ho need not say that the agri- culture of England was instructive to all the world; as 1 science it was here better understood ; as an art it was here better practised ; and as a ffreat in- enable them to dispose profitably of their own sur- plus ; but the fact went much farther, for when there was such an occurrence inthe Eiiijlish capital, the centre of commercial speculations for the whole world, where the price of coumiodities was settled and arranged, where the exchanges between nations were conducted and concluded, its consequences were felt every where, as none knew better than the noble Earl who occupied the chair. Should there be a frost in England fifteen dr.ys later than usual — should tlicro be an unseasonable drought, or ten cold and wet days instead of ten warm and dry ones, when the harvest should be reaped, every exchange in Europe and America felt the consequence of jt. He would not pursue these remarks. [Loud cries of "Goon, goon."] He must, however, say, that he entertained not the slightest doubt of the great advantage to the inter- ests of agriculture which must result from the for- mation and operation of this society. Was it not obvious to the most common observ- er that those who cultivated the soil had not the same conveniences, opportunities and facilities of daily intercourse and comparison of opinions as the commercial and manufacturing interests ? — [Cheers.] Those who are associated in the pur- suits of commerce and manufactures naturally con- gregated together in cities; they had imniediaie means of frequent communication. Their sympa- thies, feelings and opinions wore instantaneously circulated like electricity through the whole body. But how was it with the cultivators of the soil ? Separated, spread over a thousand fields, each at- tentive to his own acres, they had only occasional opportunities of communicating with each other. — If among commercial men, chambers of commerce and other institutions of that character; if among the traders, guilds were found expedient, how much more necessary and advisable to have some such institutions which at least annually should bring to- gether the representatives of the great agricultural interests .' [Cheers.] In many parts of the country to which he belong- ed, there were societies upon a similar principle, which had been found very advantageous. They had rewards for specimens of fine animals; they had rewards for implements of husbandry, supposed to excel those which had been known before. They turned their attention to every thing supposed to facilitate the operations of the farmer, and improve his stock and interest in the country. Among oth- er means of improving agriculture, they had im- ported largely from the best breeds of animals known in England. [Cheers'.] He knew that a gentleman who had toiiiay tit,- servedly obtained many prizes for stock, would not be displeased to learn that he had seen along the rich pastures of the Ohio and its tributary streams, animals raised from those which had been furnish ed by his farms in Yorkshire and Northumberland. [Cheers.] But, apart from this subject he must be allowed to make a short response to tlftj very kind sentiments which went near to his heart, as uttered by the noble earl at the head of the table. Their noble chairman was pleased to speak of the people of the United States as kindred in blood with the people of England. [Cheers.] " I," con- tinued the honorable gentleman, " am an American. [Cheers.] I was born on that great continent, and I am wedded to the fortunes of my country for weal or for wo. [Loud cheers.] There is no other re- gion of the earth whicli I can call my country. — [Cheers.] But I know, and I am proud to know, what bbod flows in these veins. [Cheers.] I am happy to stand here to-day and to remem- I her, although my ancestors for several generations lie buried beneath the soil of the Western conti- nent, yet there has been a time when my ancestors and your ancestors toiled in the same cities and villages — [qheers] — cultivated adjacent fields — [cheers] — and worked together to build up that great siructure of civil polity which has made Eng- land what England is. [Cheers.] When I was about to embark, some friends asked me what I was going to England for. To bo sure, gentlemen, I came for no object of business, public or private; but I told them I was coming to see the elder branch of tJie family. [Loud cheers.] I told them I was coming to see my distant relations — [cheers] — my kith and kin of the old Saxon race. [Loud cheers.] With regard to whatsoever is ini])ortant to the peace of the world, its prosperity, the fkrogress of knowledge and of just opinions, the diff"usion of the sacred light of Christianity — [loud cheers] — I know nothing more important to the promotion of those best interests of humanity and the cause of the gen- eral peace, amity, and concord, than the good feel- ing subsisting between the Englishmen on this side of the Atlantic and the descendants of Englishmen on the other. [Cheers.] Some little clouds have overhtuig our horizon — I trust they will soon pass away. I am sure that the age we live in does not expect that England and America are to have controversies carried to the extreme upon any occasion not of the last im- portance to national interests and honor. [Cheers.] We live in an age when nations as well as indi- viduals are subject to a inoral responsibility. — [Cheers.] Neither government nor people — thank God for it — can now trifle with the general sense of the civilized world, [cheers] — and I aiu sure that the civilized world would bold^your country and my country to a very strict account, if, without very plain and apparent reason, deeply affecting the in- dependence and great interests of the nation, any controversy between them should have other than an amicable issue. [Cheers.] I will vehture to say that each country has intel- ligence enough to understand all that belongs to its just rights, and is not deficient in means to main- tain them, [cheers] and if any controver-sy between England and America were to be pushed to the extreme of force, neither party would or could have any signal advantage over the other, except what it could find in the justness of its catise and the ap- probation of the world. [Loud cheers.] With respect to the occasion which .has called us together, I beg to repeat the gratification which I have felt in passing a day among such a company, and conclude with the most fervent expression of my wish for the prosperity and usefulness of the Agricultural Society of England. [Loud cheers.] Benefariors p'f the world. — The man who turns a weedy desert into a fertile garden — an idle stream of water into an instrument of industry and profit — wlio can press the id^>■^Yinds into his employment and make them productive — ivho can make the streauiing exhalation of boiling water move ships through the ocean against wind and tide — who can, with the same simple power, make ten thou- sand wheels revolve which a million of men could not move, and with almost magic aid convert our flax into fine cloth, and extract from the centre of the mountains their richest ores — these are the men who are the benefactors of the world Yankee Far. [For the New England Farmer.] J. Breck, Esq. — Dear Sir — In compliance with your request I cheerfully devote a i'ew moments to giving you an account of u.y piggery. I will pre- mise by the way, that the writer ofaii article which appeared some months since in the Yankee Farmer, and which I regret should have found its way into many other papers, has greatly exaggerated the profits of my establishment. I have often stated and now repeat, that the manure from my hog pens will pay for all the food which I purchase for them: the residue of their feed, by far the greater part, being the produce of my own farm. When die average price of corn is one dollar per bushel and potatoes 38 cents, and pork will bring 12 1-2 cents per pound, I have no hesitation in say- ing that theie is a handsome profit in raising pork for the market, provided the hogs be of the best breeds. With such breeds I have always found that four quarts of Indian or barley meal, with an equal quantity of apples, pumpkins, potatoes or oth- er roots well cooked, will give two pounds of pork. At this rate it will be perceived that there is a profit on the pork at the above price, exclusive of the manure the hogs make, which is of great value to the farmer, but by no means equal to the whole nor even half the expense of feeding. My breeds are principally of the Berkshire full bloods and a cross of this breed with the Mackey breed. 'J his cross I have found decidedly prefer- able to the full bloods of either. I have an import- ed sow of the " Essex half blacks," being a descend- ant of the Berkshire, and highly spoken of by Eng- lisli breeders. The Mackey pigs were imported in(o this country from England some 15 or 20 years agu, by Capt. iMackey, of Boston, and till within a few years were decidedly the best stock in New England, and perhaps in America. When first im- ported, Capt. Mackey, on his farm at Weston, not unfrequently brought them up to tlOO lbs. at the age of 18 months. In all the essential points, such as maturing eady, lightness of oflal, greater weight in the more profitable parts, thinness of skin, &c., they greatly Exceeded the Berkshire breed. But by breeding in and in as it is termed, they had greatly degenerated, had become weak and feeble in constitiitio|i, small in size, ill-shaped, and in some instances delormed. With the exception of the human sptcies, no animal degenerates so rapid- ly by this practice of breeding in and in as the hog. Judicious criising is the only way by which a good breed ofswine can be kept up and preserved. By proper attintion to this principle, all good and valuable qualities of a breed may be preserved and the bad rejected ; — without it tlie best breeds will sooii bej^omo Worthless. With a view of restoring some of'the i)od properties of the Mackey, I tried crossing \heii with various breeds, and with none , have succeedld so well as with the Berkshire. The , produce ol tlJs cross possesses all the good and valuable points of the Mackey united to the health, vigor and size without any of the coarseness of the Berkshire, "llie best pigs, however, that I have ever raised, and I can say without hesitation, the „ best I have ever seen, were produced by putting a full blood Berlshire boar to a sow which was a , cross of the .Mickey with the " Moco," a New York breed, the projtny being half Berkshire, a quarter ' Mackey, and aquarter Moco. ; My stock oflfattening swine usually consists^of about one hunted, besides about fifty stores. My ■ time for slaugltering is in February and March, I vol,, xvm. NO. 9. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 71 when half my pigs are at the age of 15 and 1(3 months, being the fall and winter litters of the pre- vious year, the other half being the pigs of the spring next previonj to killing, and are at the age of 9 and 10 months. The former in years past have weighed from 350 to 100 lbs., and in some in- stances as high as 500 lbs. The latter from 950 to 350 lbs. An enquiry is often made as to the best time of killing, or at what age it is most profitable to slaugh- ter them.. On a large farm where much green herbage is produced and where the value of the manure is taken into the account, I consider the pigs killed at the age of 15 and l(j months as giving the greatest profit. When it is intended to kill them at this age, they may be kept on more or- dinary and cheaper food for the first 10 or 12 months or till within 4 or 5 mtnths of the time of killing. The manure they make and the e.xtra weight of pork more than pay tlie expense incurred in keep- ing them the longer time ; but the spring pigs which are to be killed the ensuing winter and spring, must be kept upon the best of food from the time they are taken from the sow until they are slaughtered. The older class of pigs, for tlie first 10 or 12 months, are kept principally upon brewers' grains, witli a small quantity of Indian or barley meal or rice, ruta baga, sugar beet, &c., and in the season of clover, peas, oats, cornstalks, weeds, &c., they are cut green and thrown into the pens; the next four or five months before killing they have as much Indian meal, barley meal or rice, with an equal quantity of potatoes, apples or pumpkins as they will eat, the whole being well cooked and salted, and given to them about blood warm. During the season of fattening, an ear or two of hard corn is every day given to each pig. This small quantity they will digest well, and of course there is no waste. Shelled corn soaked in water made as salt as the water of the ocean, for 48 hours, with a quart of wood ashes added to each bushel and given to them occasionally in small quantities, greatly promotes their health and growth. Their health and appetite is also greatly promoted by throwing i a handful of charcoal once or twice a week into • each of their pens. Their principal food should, I however, be cooked as thoroughly and as nicely as j if intended for table use. From long practice and repeated experiments, I am convinced that two dol- '■ lars worth of material well cooked will make as much pork as three dollars worth of the same ma^j terial given in a raw state. j Pigs when first taken from the sow should, be' treated with great care, to prevent scouring and: from becoming stinted ; when either of these hap- nen. it will renuiremanv davs and sc niptimps wpbIjo food, but kept in a healthy, growing condition, till within four or five months of the time of killing, when they were fed as high as the others. They were all slaughtered at the same time, being then 16 [iionths old. At the age of 9 months the full fod pigs were much the heaviest, hut at the time of killing, the pigs fod sparingly for the first 10 or 12 months weighed, upon an average, fifty pounds each more than the others. Besides this addition- al weight of pork, the three "lean kinc" added much UK>re thaU: the others to my manure heap. — These results would seem very obvious to any one who has noticed the habits of the animal. In con- sequence of short feeding they were much more active and industrious iu the manufacture of com- post, and this activity at the same time caused the muscles to enlarge and the frame to spread, while the very fat pigs became inactive, and like indolent bipeds, they neither worked for their own benefit nor for that of others. For the purpose of increasing my manure heap, my pens are kept constantly supplied with peat or swamp mud, about three hundred loads of which are annually thrown into my styes. '1 his, with the manure from my horse stable, which is daily thrown in, and the weeds and coarse herbage which are gathered from the farm, .give me about . 500 cart loads of manure in a year. On legular and systematic feeding and clean and dry bedding, the success of raising and fatten- ing swine very much depends. A faithful feeder, also, who has some skill and taste, and withal a lit- tle pride of vocation, is indispensahle. Homer in- forms us that much of the success of Ulysses, in rearing his fine hogs, was to be attributed to his faithful Umeus, whom the old soldier syled (SiOi gv6 U t L L fl N t 0 U 5 [From ihc Soherlown Moms Mullicaulis Gazetlo.] GREAT MORUS MULTICAULIS KXCITE- ^?ErVT. Great excitement in Sobertown — Public Meetinc Squire Jones called to the Cliair— Mr Wilson, Editor of the Courier, addresses the meeting Dr Potts discovers tlint tlio iMiilberry leaf con- tains medical qualities, &c. It is not my purpose to enter into a learned ilk- aertation on the stupendous benefits our country is likely to receive in the successful culture of the mulberry, or to speculate on the influence whicli the raising of silk worms- will have on the morals, religion and domestic habits of our people. I hese I leave to abler hands ; but with becoming deference l^will refer the curious of your readers to "Whit- marsh on the Mulberry Tree and Silk Worms." I propose, however, to give a rapid sketch of the rise and progress of tliis speculation in the village of Sobertown, Connecticut — a village that, in former years was remarkable for the sober and staid indus and the raising of silk worms the cause of humani- the growth of mulberries, it would be expedient to !.{::„u !! i "'i\'^'°™'P°'"'"":^." '"'^^ ^ d'^tm-l send a committee to the Desert of Sahara, to test guished gentleman of Massachusetts, who assured him that the mulberry business was destined to be the great and absorbing business of the country, and that this gentleman had plenty of trees to sell. Mr .Tones assured bis hearers that all climates ai]d every .'ioil were f\ivorable to the growth of the trees, and that the profits arising from the s; speakablo ; he was not in the habit of indulging in speculation, but he felt authorised from his owngx- peripnce, in saying, that every man, woman, and child, would 3pe:'dily amass a fortune by attending to the business. Phuit mulberries 1 concluded Mr Jones. Deacon Smith said, im liad ever been an incred- ulous man— his friends thought it a fanlt— he had never believed in Metallic 'JVactors, Animal Ma forced growth," "bottom heat," and " ^reen net.sm, or Phrenology, but the lucd expositmr, of houses." Squire .Tones Great Pioneer, ' couviuced him that the mul- the ern humbug. The farmer was contented with the fruits of his labor, the mechanic was fully employed in his workshop, and .the merchant was satisfied with his profits. There was only one individual in the town who appeared restless and dissatisfied. Squire Jones ever bore the comprehensive title of " speculator," and though of the age of fifty, and a bachelor, he was continually scheming and enyao-. ed in some new operation. In the early part oflast spring, the Squire was often seen to work in his front yard, cultivating a few rows of small cuttings, which his ignorant neighbors supposed to be fruit trees. The occupation at first attracted but little notice, but soon the little trees began to put forth very large leaves, quite unlike any leaves in the village, and curiosity was at once aroused. The Squire gave evasive answers to the many inquiries of the busy bodies, which tended to heighten their wonder, and when, on one morning, they discover- ed that these mysterious trees had been taken up, and gone, the e.xcitement e.xceeJedall bounds, and the news flew like wildfire through the village. The natural anxiety was relieved, however, when the Squire entered the public bar-room in the evoninff, and stated that he had sold his trees which cost him ten dollars, to a stranger, for the sum of two hundred dpllars, hard cash, and that the trees were Morus Multicaulis. This extraordinary sale set the whole village in a state of feverish excitement: crowds of idlers gathered before the fence which enclosed the Squire's front yard, and marvellous were the speculations there formed and related. It IS impossible to say to what extent this excitement would have carried the villagers, had not Mr Wil- son, the distinguished editor of the Courier, sug- gested that a town meeting should be immediateTy called, to adopt such measures as would best insure a general cultivation of the Mqvus Multicaulis. The people unanimously responded to his call, and on the day appointed, the Town Hall was filled with anxious speoti.tjis. Squire Jones was summoned to the chair, and the editor of the Courier proposed that he be called the '-Great Pioneer," which was adopted with acclamations. Mr Jones on rising was delighted to sec so much enthusiasm manifested on the important subject which called them together. He considered the son then arose and said he had a coinmunicaiion to make to his fellow citizens, which he thought would create a great revolution iu the miilberry cause and ' the Great Pioneer," was detected in clearing out his conservatory, filling it with boxes containing earth, and repairing his fur- nace. The secret was soon out. Every green house, hen house and smoke house was secured ; raisin boxes and fig drums rose a hundred per cent, apd cuttings commanded any price. The whole town shared in the excitement — even the ladies permitted boxes of mulberry shoots to grace their drawing rooms instead of flowers and orange trees. matoriaUy affect the interests of the town and coiin- Mr Cr.me positively asse;t;d ^^Z li:? di^;:: try. After mature deliberation and reflection, he had resolved to change the name of his paper from "Sobertown Courier" to that of "The Sobertown Morus Multicaulis Gazette." This announcement completely electrified the audience, and was re- ceived with corresponding applause. From the adjournment of the town meeting, morus multicaulis was the all engrossing topic of conversation, Ev- ery stage was watched as it entered the village, and the passengers questioned about the progress of the trade. Seeds and cuttings were purchased at enormous prices, and all hands turned to plant- ing. The young and old, the rich and poor united in the work, and even poor Giles, the vagabond, was so much excited, that one day he imagined himself a silk worm, and went reeling through the streets. Autumn comes, and prosperity still shone upon the laborers. Squire Jones had been offered one thousand dollars for five hundred trees and re- fused it. Deacon Smith came very near selling out his whole stock at three dollars per tree, for the man asked him if that was the lowest price. It must be confessed, however, that amid this general prosperity, there were a few instances of ill luck and disappointment. Mr Williams, the tailor, bought a paper of seeds of the real Alpine Mulber- ry, of a pedler, foi- a suit of clothes, which he cal- culated would yield a thousand trees, but what was his rage and horror, when he discovered that the products of his seeds and labor was a beo of double headed cabbages. Mr Hunter was also a victim; for he had procured of a Thomsonian doctor a bun- dle of trees warranted as the real Multicaulis, but they grew- up crpb apples, and the insects upon them which he at first th(mght a spontaneous growth of silk worms, proved, to be caterpillars. Schemes were formed for future operations. — Squire Jones thought the attention of Congress ought to be called to the subject, and proposed that samples of the soil of Sobertown be forwarded to our representatives, requesting them to present the samples to the chairman of the committee of commerce, and ask him to make a report. Deacon ered how to produce "bottom boat," by runnino- flues under the earth and supplying them with hot water. Deacon Smith thought hms might be used to advantage in accelerating the development of the buds, and though this novel application of hen- labor might be thought detrimental to the egg-pro- ducing interest, he thought ,tlie result would be different, and that hens would lay better than for- merly. The very boys of the village emulated as far as their means permitted, the enterprising spirit of their parents, and carried about in their pockets roots and cuttings, and even slept in their panta- loons to ensure a uniform temperature. The winter has just passed, and the result has .equalled the expectation of the sanguine, though not a person has had an offer for a single tree. Still the work of transplanting is going on with unabat- ed vigor. Our village is a wilderness of mulber- ries, and it is computed that the value of the trees a.t asking prices, exceeds one million of dollars. REVOLVTIVG HORSE RAKjg. The Revolving Rake which has lieen in g.eneral use in most parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is found to be one ol the most useful and labor saving machines now in use. One man and horse with a hoy to lead, will rake on an average from 2,5 to 30 acres per day, willi ease, and do the work well. They are are coining inlo very general use in all parts of the country, and will, no doubt, in a few years supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is u great advantage in this rake over all others, as the person using it does not have 10 stop the horse to unload the rake For sale hy JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 61 and 62 North Market Slrect. cause of mulberry trees the cause of the country ; I Smith thought as sandy soil has proved favorable to GRAlSr CRAULJQS. The Graili Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use ih ihe New England States, where 'Ibey were till ol late but little known, although ihey have been in very general use in the southern and western States, for manr years, aud which is found to be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle fiv« acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one For sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 & 52 North Market Street. July 10. THK NEW ESIGLA.iD FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year — hut those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 59 cents. I AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ PUHLFSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agbicultuhal Wakehouse.) voii. xvni.j BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 11, 1839. AGRICULTURAL, From the Third Aunual Report on the Geology ofMaine. MANURE FROM PEAT AND LIME. Peat also occurs abundantly in the same meadow, and by a litt'o chemical skill may be converted in- to an excellent manure by means of a mixture of lime and a little barn-yard manure, ov any ani.mal niatter. Thus three or four cords of the peat mix- ed with one cord of animal manure, and treated with a cask or two of slaked lime, will make a com- post superior in value to five cords of the best sta- ble manure alone. They ought to be placed in al- ternating layers, thus : PEAT, LIME, IMMAL MANURE, The whole forming a regular compost heap. The chemical reactions which follow are chiefly thus : The lime extricates a large quantity of gaseous ammonia from the animal matter, which is absorbed by and enters into combination with the peat, and is thus retained ready for use in the state of ulmate or geat of ammonia — (a most powerful manure) — and the lime becomes completely carbonated of air slaked by the carbonic acid given out during fer- mentation, and in this state is a proper and perma- nent ameliorator of the )5oil. The peat is convert- ed into a powder and soluble pulp, and becomes more suitable for tlie nutriment of plants. While it lime and animal matter was used in excess, we shall have also a considerable quantity of carbon- ate of ammonia in the peat, a well known and pow- erful saline inanuie. In case the soil is sandy, the clay marl, neutral- ized with lime, is the most proper amendment for it, and such is generally the condition of the fields in Saco, so that by a proper use of this marl, the happiest effects may be realized by the farmers in that town. I could quote other instances of the kind, but the Ltringtvn, Jununrij 30, 1830. Dr. Charles T. Jackson, Dear Sir — I herewith send you a sample of my peat. I am very desirous of availing myself of the benefit to be derived from a chemical analysis of the same, which you kindly offered to make. A more intimate knowledge of the nature and properties of peat, which can be obtained only by a scientific examination of its constituent parts, would enable farmers more justly to appreciate this valu- able species of land. It is from a want of this knowledge, that our extensive tracts of low mead- ow and swamp lands have hitherto been esteemed of little or no value. Allow me to say, sir, tliat I know of no way in which you could render a more essential service to the public more especially to far- mers, than by enabling them to convert their un- productive and unsightly bogs and morasses into luxuriant fields and sources of wealth. I consider my peat grounds by far the most valuable part of my farm — more valuable than my wood lots for fuel, and more than double the value of an equal number of acres of my uplands, for the purposes of cultivation. In addition to these, they furnish an inexhausti- ble supply of the most essential ingredient for the manure heap. A statement of the uses to which I have appropriated peat lands, and my management of them, though very imperfect, may serve to give you a partial conception of their value and uses, and at the same time enable you to see how Impor- tant it is that the farming community should have more information on this subject. In the first place they are valuable for fuel. I have for twenty years past resorted to my peat mead- ows for fuel. These, with the i)runings of my fruit trees, and the brush from my uncleared lands, have given me my whole supply. The prunings and brush are bound in bundles, and housed, and with the help of a small bundle of these faggots, and peat, a quick and durable fire is made.' It gives a summer-like atmosphere, and lights a room better than a wood fire. The smoke from peat has no ir- ritating eftect upon the eyes, and does not in the slightest degree obstruct respiration, like the smoke of wood ; and it has none of that drying, unpleas- ant effect of a coal fire. The ashes of peat are, to be sure, more abundant, but not more troublesome, and are less iniurious to the furniture of a room. when dried. It may be cut from May to Septem- ber. If the weather in autumn be very dry, the best time for cutting will be from the middle of Au- gust to the middle of September. If cut the latter part of summer, or early in autumn, it dries more gradually, and is not so liable to crack and crum- ble, as when cut early in summer. The pieces are taken out with an instrument inade for the purpose, from two to three inches square ; and if of good quality will shrink about one-half in drying. It is considered a day's work for a man, a boy and a horse, to cut out and spread a rod square. The man cuts it out, and lays it upon a light kind of drag, made for the purpose, and it is drawn off by the hoisc, and spread by the boy as thick as the pieces can lay singly. After becoming dry enough to handle without breaking, it is made into piles, cob-house fashion,, of from twelve to twenty pieces in a pile. It will then require about four weeks of dry weather to render it fit to- be housed for use. The top or turf is thrown back into the pits from which the peat is taken ; and if well leveled, and the ground drained, it will, after the first year, give a large crop of foul meadow, or other lowland grass. Poat taken from land which has been many years drained, when dried, is nearly as heavy as oak wood, and bears about the same price in the mar- ket. The value of peat and swamp lands for til- lage, is now pretty well known and acknowledged. Some years since, I occasionally sold to my neigh- bors a few rods .of my peat land, yearly, to be cut out for fuel, at three dollars per rod, being at the rate of four hun'lred and eighty dollars per acre ; but finding this sum to be less llian its value for cultivation, especially when laid to grass, I have declined making further sales at that price. T have raised upon my reclaimed meadows seventyfive bushels of corn, five hundred bushels of potatoes, or from four to five tons of the best hay, at a first and second cutting, to the acre, at a less expense of la- bor and manure, than would be required to produce half this crop upon uplands. To render these lands productive, they should be thoroughly drain- ed, by digging a ditch around the margin of the meadow, so as to cut off the springs and receive the water that is continually flowing in from the surrounding uplands. If the meadow be wide, a ditch through the centre may be necessary, but this will be of no use without the border ditches. wrought iron share or coulter, ground to a sharp edge in the driest season, say in the month of Sep- tember— roll down as hard as possible, carry on in the winter a sufficient top-dressing of compost, twenty cartloads to the acre, and in the spring plant witli corn or roots, without disturbing the sod. — When the com or roots are talien off, the surface is made smooth with the cultivator, or hoe and har- row, and late in November, or just before the heavy frosts set in, sow with herd's grass and red-top seed, half a bushel of the former and one bushel of the latter to the acre. The field is then rolled, which completes the process. If the plough does not turn the sods smouth, it will be necessary to follow it with the bog-hoe, tn level the uneven pla- ces. By keeping the sod undisturbed in the culti- vation, a more firm and compact surface is formed, upon which o.xen or horses may work, generally, without danger of miring. If the land is intended for grass, without the intervention of a hoed crop, the turf is turned over with the plough, as before stated, in August or September, or as early as the surface becomes dry enough to admit the o.\en or horses upon it ; then follow with the bog-hoe, and turn over such parts as the plough has left unturn- ed, make the whole smooth with the hoe, and late rn November, spread on a top-dressing of compost, not less than twenty cartloads, made half of loam and half of stable manure, to the acre; then sow the grass seed, and bush, and roll down. If the ground be miryj^o as to render the use of the plough impracticable, the bog-hoe must be resorted to, and the whole turned over by hand, and top-dressed, and seeded to grass, as above stated. The cost of turning over w,ith the hoe will be twenty dollars per acre, at the usual price of labor. This mode of culture completely subdues the natural wild grasses, and gives a compact and rich surface of vegetable mould, which will give an abundant crop of the best English hay for four or five years, without the aid of more manure. If the sod is disturbed and attempted to be pulverized in the course of the cul- tivation, the surface, when laid to grass, will be loose and spongy — an extra top-dressing of loam and manure will be required, and after all, the sur- face will not become so compact, nor the produce by any means so great. Should meadows be found too soft and miry to admit of their being ploughed in the summer or autunui, and the e.xpense of turn- ing with the hoe should be thought too great, I would advise ploughing in the spring, when the frost is out, to the depth of three or four inches, carting on the manure, and then sowing or plant- ing at a convenient and proper season. °The art of reclaiming these low meadows, consists in taking off all the surplus water by judicious draining, and in thoroughly exterminating the natural herbage and grasses. This being effected, we have our rich bottoms, equally as productive as the deep al- luvials of the west, and obtained at a cost and sac- rifice infinitely less. The third particular in which peat lands may be considered valuable to the farmer, consists in "fur- nishing him with a very important ingredient for his compost. Peat is made up principally of decom- posed vegetable substances, with a portion of the lighler particles of vegetable mould, washed in from the surrounding highlands. But when taken fresh from the pit, it contains certain antiseptic properties, injurious to vegetation, which must be absorbed or neutralized, by a combinaticm with other substan- ces, in order to render it food for plants. This may in some measure be effected by exposure to the action of the air and frost. Where the sur- rounding uplands are composed of gravel or sand, the peat or swamp mud may be called silicious, and is less valuable for manure, especially if the adja- cent uplands rise abruptly ; when composed prin- cipally of clay, the peat is aluminous — this is fre- quently found resting on beds of marl, and is con- sidered much richer, and more valuable for the compost heap. I have annually, for some years past, used on fny farm some hundreds of loads of peat mud, which is either thrown into my hog stye or mixed with fresh stable dung, or with lime. WI.en mixed with green stable manure, the proportions are two parts of peat lijud to one of dung ; and I am confident, from re- peated experiments, that a load of this compost well mixed and fermented, will give as great a produce and a more permanent improvement to the soil than the same quantity of stable manure. In this opin- ion I am not alone. Other accurate and iutelli- gent cultivators have made similar experiments with similar results. The vegetable substances of which peat is com- posed having been decomposed in stagnant waters, they have not passed through a putrefactive fer- mentation, and are therefore supposed to retain much of their natural oils, gums and acid. Peats in this region, are also supposed to contain portions of sulphate of iron, or copperas, oxide of iron, &c. This opinion is formed from noticing the difterence between the effect produced by using the peat mud on ground, when first taken out of the meadow, and that which is produced after fermentation, with sta- ble manure, or by mixing it with lime. The ashes of jieat have little or no perceptible effects, when used alone, but by mixing them with lime, they become a valuable manure. That our peat may possess other and different properties, which are in a great or less degree in- jurious to plants, is highly probable. These can be detected and remedied only by the aid of sci- ence. It is to the agricultural chemist that the practical farmer must look fur a development of his resources, to remove the obstacles which impede his progress, and to impart that information which will give confidence to action, and a successful is- sue to labor. With an earnest desire that you may persevere in your useful labors, I am, dear sir. With tlie highest respect, Your obedient servant, E. PHINNEY. Having two years since, given to Dr. N. C. Keep some instructions relating to the management of peat compost, that gentleman communicated them to his father, an old and intelligent farmer, residing at Longmeadow, upon the Connecticut river; and the experimental trial having been made to his sat- isfaction, he politely furnislies me with the follow- ing interesting statistics : To Charles T. Jackson, State Geolorist, &c.. Denr Sir — Being much indebted to you for in- formation in regard to the use of peat, as a manure, and tlie mode in which its acid properties may be not only neutralized but made a most valuable food for plants, I beg leave to state, that in the fall of 18:5(), I took from my bog about three cords of peat, and placed it in a pile on the nearest solid land in the woods. It remained there undisturbed until sometime in November, 1837. By the action ofthe frost of the preceding winter, and the heat of the summer, it had lost much of its adhesive property, and was greatly reduced in weight. I now brought it home, and while one was un- loading, another sifted in lime with the hand, (it having been previously slaked to a fine powder,) at the rate of one bushel to a cord of peat. Lime hav- ing been thus scattered evenly through the whole mass, nothing further was done to it until about the middle of next May. Observing, after the ma- niiie had been removed from the barn-yard, that a considerable quantity of water from the rains had collected itself in the lowest part of the yard, (say six or eight barrels,) I had the peat removed into it. The garnet -colored wash of the yard was rap- idly and entirely absorbed. I allowed it to remain in this situation until the first of June, during which time its color had changed from mahogany to a jet black. Fermentation did not take place. By the successive action of the frost, lime, and the wash ofthe yard, the sensible qualities of the peat had very much changed. When first taken from the bog it was pulpy and very adhesive — could bespread like butter; now it was a fine powder, having entirely lost its peculiar adhesive properties. I used the manure thus prepared, for squashes — planting fifteen rods of ground, very sandy and much exposed to drought. After the manure had been dropped, (one shovel full in a hill,) I sprinkled a little lime in each hill, directly upon the peat. — Upon this I planted the autumnal marrow squash. The seeds came up well, and the plants were of a healthy color. Some of the plants were entirely destroyed, and all of them badly eaten by insects ; the yellow bug was most destructive. The plants, after they had recovered from this shock, grew more rapidly than any that I had before witnessed. The color of the vines, and the rapidity with which they covered the ground, were most convincing proofs to my mind that they were perfectly healthy, and well supplied with nutriment. In tlie severe drought which came on in the summer, these vines, for many weeks, did not appear to suffer, while others of a similar kind in the neighborhood, were dead and dying, 'i he result was, that notwithstanding the long continuance ofthe drought, in which near- ly all our potatoes, peas, &c. were killed, these squashi'S were preserved, and yielded a middling crop. I also used the compost, as above, on intervale land, near the Connecticut river — soil alluvial — no stones or gravel — can be easily compressed— does not bake in the sun — has been cultivated for more than one hundred and fifty years, and yields a very scanty crop without manure. The compost was spread over the ground and ploughed in, at the rate of nine cords to the acre of ground : thus prepared, I planted thirty rods with sugar beets — distance between the rows, eighteen inches — hills eight in- ches— one seed in a hill. The seeds proved bad, ' not more than one-third coming up — yet I had 116 bushels of beets ; while above an acre of tlie same land manured with the best stable manure, at the rate of twelve cords to the acre, did not produce one hundred bushels. Two rows of potatoes were planted next the beets ; the land had been design- ' cd for beets, and was prepared precisely the same. ■ Between these two rows and more than an acre im- : mediately adjoining, (where a large quantity of best m barn-yard or animal manure was used,) there was * a very perceptible difference in favor of the former. "^ I also planted a few hills of potatoes on very sandy land, in the latter part of June. Into the hills I put peat, which had been saturated with lye, from VOL. XVHI. NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 7S the bottom of a soap tub — no lime. The tups of these potatoes, during' the wlioio drought, were of the most livinpf green, and the mustluxuriantgrowtli th;it I ever beheld. They were killed by the frost in the fall before maturity. The potatoes were !i[}iall. In conclusion, I would mention that I am so well pleased with the result of tlieso experiments on a small scale, that 1 am now preparing one hundred and fifty cords of peat and fifty casks of Camden lime, and all the animal manure I can make, to en- rich as fast as possible my whole farm. Expense. — I get out my peat by ox-team and cart. Three men can, in this way, get out eight cords per day, .$4 00 ; price of lime, f 1 .TO per cask. My peat being three and a half miles from my barn, that portion of it which I bring home, I estimate to cost me for carting, $1 00 per cord. — The peat and the lime for the compost — using one- third of a cask of lime to a cord of peat — then, cost me on the ground near the peat bog — three cords of peat, $1 50; one cask of lime, $1 50; that which I cart home, $1 00 per cord more. I intend to put about one-sixth part of animal manure, but as it cannot be purchased in any ade- quate quantity, it is more difficult to fi.K a price. — The nearest place where livery stable manure is sold, is four miles ; price tliere per cord, §-"i 00; cost of carting, $1 50. Five cords of peat delivered, $7 50 Two and one-third casks of lime deliv'd, 3 .50 One cord livery stable manure, 4 50 $15 50 divided by si.v, the number of cords, not estimating the increase of quantity from the bulk of the lime, gives the cost, two dollars and fifty eight cents, de- livered, or one dollar and fiftyeight cents per cord at the peat bog. (Signed) SAMUEL KEEP: Dear Sir — Herewith are the facts collected with care, at my request, by my father, Samuel Keep, of Longmeadow. My own opinion is, that a new era has begun in agriculture. The quantity of one- third of a cask of lime to a cord, was selected in the absence of chemical experiments, to determine how nnich was absolutely needed to neutralize the ulmic acid, because he prefers to put on ten to twelve cords to the acre — and twelve cords would take four casks of lime to the acre. If lime was as cheap as in Maine, lie would probably have put in more. Notwithstanding the expense appears to be great, my father feels confident that he gets a bet- ter article in compo.st at .fi .58, than the livery sta- bles furnish at $3 00, with the additional cost to him of $1 50 for carting, making §4 50. N. C. KEEP. The great principles of Agriculture are the same every where. Animal and vegetable matters con- stitute every where the food of plants; and he it, moisture and. atmospheric air, universally, the ac- Kor the ISew Euglaiul Farmer. ^•}vondalc,near St. Charles (Mo.) Aug. 2\st. Messrs Joskimi I'iieck & Vo. Gentlemen, — Your paper of the 7lh inst, is just received, and seeing in it an account of the failure of (hv' " VVhitington White Wheat" in consequence of its proving to be a winter, instead of a spring wheal, and seeing further, a suggestion to moto it, in the expectation of its producing next year — I hasten to inform you of an experiment made by me with winter wlieat, which if it reach you in time miy possibly be of service to those who have been disappointed. In the fall of 1837 I sowed some white, wheat, but notthe" Whitington"and had a remarkably fine crop. Its appearance early in the spring of 1838 induced me to try an experiment withybi/?'(cfn quart.'i of the seed, which I had left after my fall sowing, in order to ascertain two points — first — whether it could be made a spring wheat — and secondly, whether the oft repeated statement was true, viz : that smooth stem wheat (winter) sowed in the spring could be- come bearded. The result of the experiment I here- with send you. — Above twenty heads or more came to maturity in 1838 and was good wheat — the bal- ance produced nothing. I did nothing with it ex- cept pluck tlie heads that had come to maturity and throw the grain away. Having satisfied my- self with this part of the experiment, I allowed the wheat to remain, entirely undisturbed, till this year, not doubting but that it would all come to ma- turity like otlier fall wheat; and having very little doubt that it would come bearded (it was a smooth stem wheat.) I find however, it does not change its nature — it is still smooth stem wheat. It how- ever came much later, perhaps two or three weeks late than fall-sown wheat, and yielded I presume about three pints or two quarts of seed — I not did gather it, and of course did not measure it — but being a Yankee exercised my birth-right and g-»es- sed at tlie product. From this experiment I am inclined to think that those who sowed the " Whitington wheat" may eflTect some return for their seed, if they should leave it undisturbed. I think I should have gotten a larger return this year, had not the winter killed much of it. Whether mowing it will benefit it or not, I presume every man can judge for himself; I thought my experiment so much to the point at issue, that I send you this " xinlicked eub" in the hope it may reach you in time to prevent the de- struction of the " Whitington wheat." With sentiments of respect, I am. Gentlemen, Yours, WILLIAM CLOUGH. P. S. In examindng this liastily written scrawl I find there may a question arise, viz: whether, when. " I plucked the ripe heads and threw tlie grain away," I threw them among the remaining wheat, and con- sequently whether the " three pints or two quarts" were not in the produce of the grain thrown away — I therefore state, that the produce this year, was niatisnrhtigetls Horticultural SoctcCy. KXHIBLTION OF FLOWF.KS. Saturday, Hepl. 7, 1839. The display of Dahlias was the best wc have had the present season. Col. Wilder takes the lead: he presented twentysix fine specimens. A- mong them we noticed Ilienzi, Ne plus ultra, An- sell's Unique, Knight's Victory, Sarah, Striata for- mosissima, and others of great beauty. Messrs Ilovey & (^o. presented ten varieties, viz: Ne plus ultra. Striata formosissima. Unique, Rienzi, (fine,) Mrs Rushton, Middlesex Beauty, &c. By Joseph Breck & Co. : Striata formosissima, Ansell's Unique, Golden Sovereign, Star, Granta, Medona, Gem, Sarah, Ariel, &c. By Mr D. Mclntire: Sudbury Hero, Mrs Rush- ton, anil Rival Sussex. By J. J. Low, Esq. : Striata formosissima, and Unique. Mr J. L. L. F. Warren, of Brighton, presented many fine specimens with other cut flowers. Bouquets, by Mr Wm. Kenrick, J. Hovey and S. Walker. Cut flowers, Asters, Balsams, &c., by Messrs Breck, Warren, Johnson, and S. Walker. JVative plants, by Wm. Oakes, Esq., (exhibited Aug. 31st.) — Lobelia cardinalis, L. inflata, Mikania scandens, Zizania aquatica, Mentha boreahs, Ge- rardia purpurea, Liatris scsniosa, Polygala san- guinea, Sanguisorba Canadensis, Heliantlius divar- icatus, Coreopsis trichosperma, Corylus Americana, Sonchus acuminatus, Cicuta bulbifera, Scirpus Eri- ophorum. Plants exhibited by Wm.. Oakes, Esq., Sept. 7 — Arbutus Uva Ursi, Liatris soariosa, Myrica ceri- fera, Lespedeza hirta, and L. sessiliflora, Arum tri- phyllum. JVative plants, by E. Weston, jr., Esq. and F. Parker: Lobelia inflata, Gnaphalium uliginosum, Anthericum Canadenso, Ranunculus repens, Poly- onum sagitatum, Hypericum parviflorum, (in fruit,) Potentilla argentela, Neottia cernua, Gentiana crin- ata, (in bud,) Aster Dumnosus ? A. Cyaneus, A. Laevis, A. Pumiceus, Solidago nemoralis? Bidens crysanthemoides, Trifolium arvense. Aster corym- bosus, Eupatorium verticellatum, Lobelia inflata, Aster amplexicaulis, Hypericum parviflorum, Heli- anthus divaricatus, Apocynum androsamifolium, Gerardia maritima, Chelone glabra, Mentha viridis, Neottia cernua, Trichostenia dichotouia, Mentha boronlis, Hedysatum hamifusum. For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman. 05=-THE COMMITTEE ON FLOWERS Are requested to meet at the rooms, 23 Tremont Row, on Saturday next, 14th inst. at 12 o'clock. Per order, S. WALKER, Chairman. Boston, Sept. 7th, 1839. COST OF RAISING SUGAR BEETS AND OTHER ROOTS. In examining an estimate of the expenses of making beet sugar in this country, many farmers will consider that the expense of raising the roots is reckoned too low ; this is owing to the little at- tention that has been paid to root crops ; and to farmers in general not beini,' acquainter years with gen- eral and almost invariable success, is West Newbury, Essex county. No carbonate of lime has been discov- ered here. Upon the farm of Mr Adams, in Chelms- ford, an alluvial soil on the Merrimack river, wheat has been raised successfully at an average rate of thirty bush- els to the acre for twenty years in succession with but a single instance of failure from any cause. Upon the chemical analysis of this .soil by Dr. Dana, it was found not to contain a trace of the carbonate of lime. Such an instance as this thus fully established, is as good as a thousand l<. disprove the position that the carbonate of lime is indispensaUe to the production of wheat. (See the Second Reportoftlie Agriculture of Jlassachusetts. Appendix.) But it may be said in this ca^e that the portion of lime needed was furnished by the manure ap- plied. The manure itself came from Ihe products of the land. It lollows then most clearly that where the manure is returned to the soil, there can be no exhaus- tion of the ingredient necessary to the production of wheat. Indeed the doctrine suggested by Prof HitcJi- cock, that our soils have been drained of calcareous matter by cultivation, where the land has been enrich- ed by its own products, is not, in our opinion, likely to find much favor. The amount oflime orofsilex found in any planl is a very inconsiderable matter ; and until the earths can be rendered volatile and made to assume a gaseous form, i: is ditficult to conceive of their being carried away. The suggestion of Sir Humphrey Davy that an acre of clover or sainfoin would, if reduced to ashes, yield three or four bushels of gypsum, requires other proof than has yet been furnished to render it credible. A fourth tact, and a very curious one, is slat- ed by Professor Hitchcock, which is, that on an exam- ination of five oflhe most productive oflhe rich soils of the Western States, it appears " that although they are of the very first quality, the superiority of the western soils over those of Massachusetts (in respect to the salts ol lime) will not appear as great as is generally supposed." Five analyses are given. Carbonate of lime is found in them in these proportions; 1.5 percent , 1.3,3.3 2.8. In seven of the Massachusetts soils where the carbonate of lime is found, and two of these are from limestone soils, the proportions in which this form of lime is found areas follows; 1.3 per cent., 0.8, 3.2,3.0,2.1,0.4,2.0. But in respect to the presence oflime in the ITjrm of a sul- phate or phosphate, the Ma.ssaehusetts soils can hardly be said to be inferior to the western soils, from the ta- bles given in Prof Hitchcock's report. Indeed they present a greater average propoilion. In the fifth place, there is wanting the proof from facts that the applica- tion of lime to the soil in any form in Massachusetts, has been sure to secure a crop of wheat, according to the statement of what Dr Jackson pronounces a settled point in agriculture. The application of lime vo the seed of wheat after it has been steeped in brine, is an established remedy VOL. X'. III. NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 8S against tlie smut in wheat ; but whctlier in lliis case it is the lime or the brine or the combination of the two, is not so well (Iclerinined. It is settled thai riiising the seed in pure water and then applyiiii; lime is not effec- tual. A case likewise ha»; not rome under our obscr- valiiin, where when the u heat has been washed with brine and then sprinliled with gypsum or ashes, the smut has Tollowed. But in all the inquiri<:s wo have made in respect to the application of lime to tho soil. whether in the form of quick lime or mild lime (carbon- ate of lime,). a single case has not come under our no- tice, where as well as we could judge, it has been prov- ed effectual against blight ; not a single case in which its efficacy in any 'orm has been so marked and signal in respect lo the crop that the farmer has been able to say confidently, "the lime has done this." We of course speak only of trials which have come under our obser- vation. These have not been few. We wish the far- mers would furnish us with other fiicts in the case. The application of the marls the last year in Berkshire was, we believe, a universal failure. We know very well how imperfectly and carelessly eiperiments of this nature are made ; and therefore are far from considering the case as decided. We regard ourselves only as inquirers in the matter, and sliali keep our minds open to farther light. Irj the mean time we submit these considerations to persons interested in the subject, and shall continue it on anolher occasion. H. C. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY W LOWELL. We are gratified to learn by the Lowell Journal, that a Horlicullural Society has been recenlly formed in tliat place. A society of this description should be organiz- ed in every town in the State, however small it may be. An association of individuals for the purpose of intro- ducing choice fruits and flowers, and for protecting them after they have been introduced, would produce a great revolution in the character of our fruits, as, well as in- creasing the quantity, which is at present far too small for the population, as well as inferior in quality. If every landholder would set out a few choice fruit trees about his house, there would soon be no induce- ment to the thieving scamj) to rob his neighbor's gar- den, as all would be supplied. We have been pamed to learn from cultivators in various places, that they are obliged to gather their pears, plums, peaches, and other choice fruit prematurely, or they are stolen. We hope the example of Lowell will be extensively (i)llow- ed. J.B. BRIGHTON MARKKT—Mo.vnAT, Sept. 9,183'). Reiwleil fur the .\civ Englaiiil Fanner. At .Market, 400 Beef Cattle, 650 Stores, 4000 Sheep and 420 Swine. Several lots of Sheep ajid a few Bee' Caltio unsold. Prices.— Bee/ Cattle.^We ooniinue our quotations without much variation. First quality, giS 2n a $8 50. Second quality, $7 50 a $S 00. Third quality, $G 50 a $7 00. Stores.— Yearlings $12 a $10. Two Year Old $18 a $2S. THER.MO.MKTRICAL. Repnrleil lor Uk New Bnglaiid Fanner. Range oi the Thermometer at the (Jardeiiof the propricio of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in » «had, iVortherly exposure, week ending Septembers. Sept., 1S39 5A.M. 1 12, M. 1 7,P.M. Wind. Monday, 2. su 7S 60 1 N. Tuesday, 80 72 1 Wednesday, 4 63 7S 66 1 R. Thursday, 6 63 -c 65 1 S. W. Knday, Saturday, 6 59 8U 68 s. 7 63 74 64 S. E. Sunday, 8 60 62 68 S. E. HORTIClIl.TUK,\l, EXHIBITIOW. The annual exhibition of the Massachusetis Horticultural Society will he held at the Society's Rooms, No. 23 Trc- ,'nont Row, (nearly opposite the Saving's Bank,) on Wed- nesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 25th, 26th, 2rih Septem- ber instant. The Members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society and the public generally are respecU'uUy invited to contribute choice and rare specimens of Fruits and Flowers for the Ex- hibition, and to send the same to 23 Tremont Row, on Mon- day or Tuesday, the 23d and 24th inst., where Comniillees will be io attendance to receive them, and will retain the same subject to theorder of the contributors. Contributors of Fruits and Flowers are respectfully request- ed to send a list, with their specimens, giving the names of all the varieties presented. Season tickets, and tickets for a single admittance, may be had at the door during the exhibition. By order, .SAMUEL WALKER, September 11. Chairman. of Com. of Arrangements. niassacllusetis Horticultural gocl«ty. The members of this Society are hereby notified that Saturday next at II o'clock has been assigned for the choice of a Committee to nominate oflicers for the year, beginning on the 5th of October next. And the members are also hereby notified, that on Satur- day, the 5th of October next, at 11 o'clock; A. M. at their hail in Tremont Street, the officers of the Society for the en- suing year, will be elected, viz. a l*resident, four Vice Pres- idents, a Treasurer, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Council, an Executive Committee, and Standing Commiltees on Fruits, Flowers,, the Synonyms of Fruits, the Library, and on Finance. R. T. PAINE, Corresponding Secretary and ex officio Recording Secretary pro tempore. Boston, September II. Hlorus, J>lulticaixlis Trees from Seed. The Siuliscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced from seed of the genuine Morus Mnltitaiilis. The seed was rais- ed on his premises in 1833; the trees have been multiplied for the two last years by layers, their growth is more rapid than the original tree, and appear lo he sufficiently acclima- ted to endure the winter, some of them having been left standing in the open "field unprotected during the two last winters without any essential injury. The leaves are very large and equal in quality to any other kind for feeding the silk worm. Those who are wishing to purchase a superior kind of .Mulberry are requested lo call and examine for them- selves, before the foliage is destroyed by frost. CALVIN HASKELL. Harvard, September 11. MUIiBERRY TREES. The subscriber has on hand a quantity of MulberryTrees of a quality which is probably superior to any kind ever introduced into this country. They were imported ybiir years since and though they have su.stained the rigorous cold of the last three winters entirely unprotected, yet it is believed a Southern or H^es(e™ climate would be more admirably adapted to their growth and propagation. Their foliage is most luxuriant and afibrds more nourishment than any other variety. Silk producerl by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronqi^nced by judges to be the best ever manufactured by them, and de- cidedly superior to the best Italian. A few thousand will be for sale if immediate application is made to the subscriber, where specimens may be seen. W 1 1 O L K S A L K PR ICES CURRENT. AsiiE8, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . 6 75 7 00 . Pot, " "','.. C 37 5SII Beans, white, Foreign, bushel 1 76 2 26 " " Domestic, . 2 00 3 00 Beef, mess barrel 14 50 No- 1 1350 prime, .... 11 50 Beeswax, white, .... pound yellow, " 28 3* Ohkese, new milk, " 10 13 Bo.n-eMasubk, .... bushel 35 in casks. " 40 Feathehs, uorLhern, geese. pound soiilhern, geese, . 37 46 Flax. (American) .... " 9 12 Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, quill ta 3 37 3 62 Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . " I 50 17S Mackerel, No, I barrel 12 50 13 00 No. 2, 10 50 10 75 No. 3, . 7 00 7 50 •\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. 6 00 6 50 Salmon, No. 1, " 23 00 Flour, Genesee, cash, . 6 87 7 00 Baltimore, Howard street, " 6 50 6 62 Richmond canal. " 6 37 6 50 Alexandria wharf. " 6 37 Rye, " 4 25 Meal, Indian, in bi.ls. '* 3 87 4 00 Grain: Corn, BortHern yellow. bushel 96 97 southern flat, yellow. " 87 87 white, . 80 82 Rye, northern, . " 85 Barley, nominal . " Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. " 35 37 Hay, best English, per ton, . 16 00 18 00 Eastern screwed, . 12 50 13 50 Hoes, 1st quality, pound 16 2d quality, .... " 14 Lard, Boston, 1st sort,. " U 12 southern, 1st sort. " 11 Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, " 29 30 do. country do. " 25 27 Baltimore city tannage, " 26 28 do. dry hides, . " 24 25 New York red, li,ght, . Boston, do. slaughter. " 22 24 " 22 23 Boston dry hides. *' 21 23 Lime, best sort cask 95 1 00 Molasses, New Orleans, . gallon 32 34 Sugar House, " 50 58 Oil, Sperm, Sprwg, Winter, . " 1 12 1 15 " 1 20 126 Whale, refined. II 60 60 Linseed, American, " Neat's Foot " 95 I 00 Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. 2 75 3 00 PoBK, extra clear, barrel clear, ..... " 20 00 23 00 Mess '* 15 00 17 00 Prime, .... '( 12 00 13 00 Seeds; Herd's Grass, bushel 2 87 3 00 Red Top, southern, " 90 100 northern, " I 50 Canary, " 2 26 Hemp " 2 62 3 00 Flax, " 125 ISO Red Clover, northern, . pound 17 20 Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, No. 1, " 6 7 No. 2, <( 5 6 Tallow, tried, .... <> 12 13 Teazles, 1st sort, .... pr M. 3 00 3 50 Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . pound 60 65 American, full blood, washed. " 55 60 do. 3-4ths do. " 53 55 do. 1 -2 do. *' 50 53 do. 1-4 and conimon. " 45 60 £ ■ C Pulled superfine, " 60 62 .S«JNo. 1, S-3lNo.2, .... *' 55 58 '( 35 40 Z f^ [ No. 3, " 25 30 PROVISION MA R K] GT. MISCELLANEOUS ILLINOIS. A correspondent of the New York Observer gives the following attractive descriptian of the face ' of the earth' and mode of tilling it, in a sec- tion of the state of Illinois. In travelling through Illinois, from Qnincy to Springfield, and thence to Chicago by the way of Peoria and Ottawa, I did not notice a single swajup, large or small : and I cannot recollect that I saw an acre of really waste land in any one place. But .suppose the whole state to contain a million of a.cre$ of such land, there is then no less than Ihir'.yseven millinns fit for cultivation ; and by far the greater part of it, of the very best quality. I have not a single doubt that Illinois, alone, is capable of sus- taining a population of twenty millions. Fortyfive bushels of corn to the acre, is less than an average crop ; and with better cultivation it might be in- creased twenty per cent. Put fftcen millions of acres into corn, and then multiply it by fortyfive, and see what it will amount to. Put ten millions more into wheat, and estimate the average product at the very moderate quantity of twenty bushels to the acre, and it gives you 200,0(10,000 of bushels per annum. Then you have thirteen millions of acres left for rye, barley, hemp, farinacious roots, grass, timber, &c. Would it be strange, if before the thousand years of the millenium shall have half rol- led away, Illinois, with such an extent of territory, and sucli a soil, should feed and clothe thirty mil- lions of people .' Missouri is nearly as large as Il- linois, and and supposing the curse of slavery to be removed, (as I am sure it will be) is capable of sus- taining nearly as dense a population. And then there are all the other great and fertile states of the valley, besides the imuiense unexplored regions, perhaps equally fertile, up on the tributaries, and about tlie sources of tlie Missouri and the Missis- sippi. One of the reflections which forced itself upon uiy mind in travelling through a little of the West, and having before my eyes from day to day proofs of its extraordinary fertility, and of the little labor which it requires to produce a redundance of food, was, that these immense regions were intended and reserved chiefly for the millenium. The land is far too good for man, with those indolent and de- praved propensities in full strength, by which he has been hitherto governed. Indeed, the two great- est objections to the west, in my judgment, are, that the land is too cheap and too productive. Tak- ing human nature as it is, howeycv industrious and virtuous emigrants from the scanty and rugged soil of New England may be, tliey must in general, without a miracle to prevent it, degenerate when planted down upon the fat vallies of the Scotia, the Wabash, or the Illinois. It is a law of our lapsed natures, not to work if we can help it. Ninetynine out of a hundred persons will throw off just about as much of the primitive curse as they can. If the labor of five days in a week is sufficient to support them they will not work six. If they can live upon the product of two days, it is vain to expect them to work three ; and if they could subsist comforta- bly in any other way, they would not work at all. Where the laziness of the boy has been counter- acted by early habits of industry, and the man has spent many of the best years of his life in hard la- bor, under that ironheaded task-master necessity, he may carry his habits along with him, and continue to moisten the soil with the sweat of his brow, from the mere love of actron and regular employment. But I was told over and over again, when I was passing over those rich lands of promise, that after a while, the great majority of the Yankees, as they call them, «ho had been most laborious at the east, re- lax and fall into the habits of tlicir neighbors. Now if this is the case, even with the fathers, what can we expect from their children, but that they will be jtist as lazy as as they can be — that is, as the soil and climate will allow; and if idle, then vicious, almost as a matter of course — for there never w-as a truer saying than that of ' the an- cients,' that 'an idle man's brain is the devil's workshop.' What then is the actual con SEPT. II, 1839 be no want of young trees in any of our woodlands ; if cattle or sheep can have access to them, they will certainly be browsed down and destroyed. Let those who wish to grow young timber in their woodlands, (and all who have not a large supply should do this,) pay attention to this, and they will in a few years find their grounds fully occupied. There is some difliculty in • taking trees from woodlands, and putting them in cleared lands; but if proper precautions are adopted in the removal, such as taking as many of the fine roots, and as much earth as can be made to adhere, they will generally succeed. Trees may be transplanted in the spring or fall, as best suits the convenience of the farmer. They will succeed any time after the year's growth of wood is completed, and before the next summer's growth begins. Evergreens ■will best boar transplanting later in the season. A va- riety of experiments seem to prove, that they will do better as late as June than earlier in the season. As such trees, growing in woodlands, have usually but few fine roots, the custom has been adopted in Europe, and tried with success here, of cutting around the young tree at the distance of two or three feet, a year or two before removal, in such a way as to divide all the principal surface roots, and thus cause the formation of a great quantity of fine and vigorous roots near the body. The tree is then lifted from the earth, without disturbing the earth on the roots, and is transplanted in perfect safety and certainty of growing. As in the propagation of the atones producing fruit trees, such as the cherry, plum, and peach, the seeds germinate with more certainty after freezing, particularly in our latitudes ; the stones should be planted in the fall of the year, and but slightly co- vered with earth, that this preliminary process may be ensured. In some instances where it was not convenient to plant in the fall, the benefits of freez- ing have been gained, by mixing them up with wet earth in a proper vessel, and having them frozen through the winter in that state. The danger of being destroyed by vermin may be thus avoided, and if put into properly prepared ground in the spring before germination commences, they vege- tate with about equal certainty. MILK SICKNESS. A gentleman at tlie west has announced, that he has discovered the cause and the cure of this formi- dable disease, which has been so destructive in some parts of the western states, at)d has, in some few instances, destroyed or driven the inhahitants from some of the most fertile sections of the coun- try. He is claiming considerable sums from the state legislatures for the promulgation of hia sper cific, and should there be no hurabuggery about it, he will certainly be entitled to a handsome reward, in those states where the losses from this cause have already been so great. There are no traces of a similar disease in any other part of the world ; and in the United States it has been principally confined to Tennessee, Ken- tucky, Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois, though it is be- lieved some few instances have occurred in Wis- consin, and west of the Mississippi. A multitude of speculations have been made as to the probable cause of this fatal complaint, both among medical men and others ; and there is scarcely a poisonous mineral or plant to which it has not in turn been attributed. Public opinion at the west seems to have settled on tJie opinion, that it was produced by ■:| vol,. XVIII. NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGLSTER. 89 a low shrub or vine assuminir at times the form of a climber, and bearing bunches of brown berries. Whatever the poison may be, it causes cattle to quiver, stacrger, and die within a few hours. If cows eat of it, the milk is poisoned, the butter is also poisoned, and those who partake of either, are as surely injured, as if they had partaken of the original cause itself. The slightest symptoms are vomiting, and this more severe as tlie quantity of poison is greater, until violent spasms and death ensues. Dogs and wolves wlio feed on animals that have died with this disease sliare the same fate, and to prevent the e.\tending of the evil to dogs and swine, cattle that die with the poison are buried carefully to avoid such results. In districts where the disease prevails, great care is necessary in killing beef animals, as sometimes the beef will produce vomiting, when the animal is 60 little affected as to escape notice. To test the presence of the disease, some butchers are in the habit of driving the animal a mile to heat its blood ; when if it is poisoned it will e.\hibit that peculiar trembling so certainly indicative of the presence of the complaint. In remarking on the formidable nature of this complaint, a writer from the west says, — "I have seen many farms with comfortable buil- dings and improvements, entirely abandoned, and their owners fled to other quarters, to avoid this dreadful curse." But perhaps the most signal instance of its fatality is given in the following extract of a paper from Col. Hinde of Illinois, who has given much attention to the topic : " Calling to see a friend on Darby Creek, Ohio, whom I had not seen for twenty years, he pointed to his wife and remarked — ' She is my third wife ; I am her third husband ; and in yon grave yard lie fifteen members of our families taken off by that dreadful disease, the puking complaint !' " Surely there must be some unusual fascinations in any place that would lead an individual for so many years to encounter so fatal an enemy to life. Should the announcement of the discovery alluded to, prove well founded, it will be a valuable boon to the west, and save annually great numbers of cattle and many valuable lives. — Genesee Farmer. From the Farmer's Monthly Visitor. CULTURE OF RUTA BAGA. Hon. Isaac Hill — Dear Sir — Believing ruta baga to be of great value to the stock farmers, and as the season for sowing is at hand, I send you an extract from my farm journal, relative to my mode of culture the first year, though, as it was my first experiment, I am far from thirdiingit to be the best mode. However, as I was pretty accurate in de- tail, its publication may be of use to my brother farmers, by inducing some one better acquainted with its culture than myself, to point out the errors in my process. ing smooth, marked it into squares of eighteen inches, and planted by dropping two or tlireo seeds in each intersection, which was done by taking the seed from a box, with a single hole in the to[i, I sowed from the 1st to the 4th of June ; on the 23d began to weed, thinning out where the plants were too crowded, and setting out where deficient, which I continued to do occasionally when other work did not press, till the 28th July. On the 26th October, I began to pull and cut, finishing onthedth of No- vember ; and I found the plants last pulled as unin- jured as the first, although tliey had been exposed to several severe frosts. They were pulled by hand, the workmen striking two plants together to shake oflf the dirt, and then throwing them down, where they lay spread for three hours to dry the loose dirt that still adhered to them ; the tops were then twisted otf, and the plants thrown into heaps for carting, so that each root was handled three several times. They might have been got into the cart with less labor, but my object was to get them into tlie cellar in a tolerably clean state. Having heard much of the difficulty of keeping them in cellars, from their tendency to rot, I stored in one cellar 1,500 bush- els without injury to a single root, and I have now, {May 5,) more than 100 bushels as full and as fair as when first placed there. The cellar was thirty feet square, on the bottom of which, eight inch timbers were placed, and covered with plank two inches apart. The whole was divided into two bins, with one foot space between the bins, and one foot between the bins and the cellar wall ; the sides of the bins being made with narrow boards, with a space of four inches between each board. I fed out my twelve hundred bushels to my sheep, six hundred to my horned cattle, and the re- mainder to my horses. They all ate with avidity, preferring them to potatoes. For my horses and cattle they were merely cut with a spade ; for the sheep, they were passed through a vegetable cut- ter. They were carted in two carts, each contain- ing thirty baskets holding more than a bushel, and weighing seventyfour pounds. The number of baskets was twentyone hundred, and the whole weight seventyseven ions. Number of roots, 36,000 — as put in the extract from my journal alluded to above. I am, sir, very respectfully, your ob't ser- vant, LEONARD JARVIS. Riita Baga, Dr. To interest on three acres, at $100 per acre, $18 Twice ploughing three acres, 6 Harrowing and rolling, 4 Seed, 2 To 130 days' worl> on above, viz. 9 days sowing, 85 weeding, hoeing and setting, and 36 drying and cutting — 130 days, or five months, at $13 per month, "^0 22 week's board, at 9s. per week, CV. By 2,100 bushels at 10 cents, Profit, estimating at 10 cents, $240 sive practical farmer in the state of New Hampshire, in favor of the root culture. Ho sliows by this exper- iment what much manure will do for a succession of yearii : it gives double payment in a single year for the labor bestowed; and this double payment will extend itself into a series of from four to ten years, according to the capacity for retention of the soil to which it is applied. — Ed. Far. Mon. Vis. EGGS. Almost every body loves good fresh eggs, and with or without glasses or silver spoons, can con- trive to eat them ; whether boiled or fried, raw or roasted, made into custard with sugar and spices, or swallowed gently with a bordering of old port, they agree with the palate and the stomach, and neatly laid out with fair slices of bacon, they form a repast within the reach of all, and to be despised by none. But though most farmers keep fowls, and raise their own eggs, there are many who have not yet learned the difierence there is in the rich- ness and flavor of eggs produced by fat and well fed hena, and those from birds that have been half starved through our winters. There will be some difference in the size, but far more in the quality. The yolk of one will be large, fine colored, and of good consistence, and the albumen or white, clear and pure ; while the contents of the other will be watery and meagre, as though there was not vitali- ty or substance enough in the parent fowl to prop- erly carry out and complete the work that nature had sketched. In order to have good eggs, the ' hens should be well fed, and also provided during the months they are unable to come at the ground, with a box of earth containing an abundance of fiae gravel, (if of limestone so much the better,) that they may be able to grind and prepare for di- gestion the food they receive. Fowls form no small item in the profits of the small farmer, and few creatures better repay the care and attention they receive. Of eggs, those of the domestic hen are decidedly the best j but those of both ducks and geese may be used for some of the purposes of do- mestic cookery. Eggs can be kept any leiigth of time, if the air is perfectly escluded, and the place of deposite kept at a low temperature. — Genesee Farmer. As our cotemporary teaches us how to make good eggs, we beg to reciprocate the favor, by advising him how to cook them. To be nutritious and healthful, and to suit most palates, the yolk of an egg should be cooked hard, and the white should be cooked to a jelly, the consistence of a custard. This is best accomplished neither by boiling, frying nor roasting — but by caudling, that is, by turning upon it scalding water, either in a caudler or other close dish. In this way eggs may be properly cooked ; and by repeating the hot water, or leaving them to lay in it a longer or shorter time, they may be easily graduated to the liking of every one, without tro.uble or waste. — Cultivator. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wedkespav, September 11, 1839. NOTICES OF FARMS, MINUTES BY THE WAY, &c. VISIT TO DEDHAM. A ride in the railroad cars gives the traveller but a glimpse of the country through wliich he passes ; yet he may see enough to convince him, that what- ever has been done by the way of agricultural im- provements in times past, tliere is still enough to be done, to busy the next generation as well as the present in renovating old worn out fields, reclaim- ing unprofitable meadows and swamps, building .stone-walls, setting out fruit-trees, rearing forests for timber, wood, &c. As we leave Boston for Dedhau), on the railroad, the eye is busy in viewing the receding city, the villages of Roxbury, Cambridge and Charlcstown, or the beautiful cultivated hills of Brookline and Brighton, which fill up the circle of splendid scen- ery, and the passenger is hardly aware that he is passing over a marshy, watery waste of a mile and a half or two miles, fit for neither city or country. He soon finds himself gliding through gardens and cultivated fields, and crossing over highways ; every moment the scene changes, and presents some new object to view. The most prominent country-seat which appears to the traveller after gaining the open country, is that of Benjamin Bus- sey, Esq. Roxbury, which is situated on elevated ground, and at a proper distance from the railroad to be viewed to advantage. The grounds about it are highly decorated with evergreens and other trees ; but what strikes the eye of the agriculturist with most pleasure is the large extent of highly cultivated meadows and uplands, which are spread out before and around it. We hope at some other time to be able to give a particular account of his place, as he has done much by the way of convert- ing his waste swampy ground, as well as his up- lands, into a state highly productive ; and although he has arrived at a very advanced age (past four- score), he still carries on his improvements with the vigor of youth. We noticed as we passed dlong, many tracts of unprofitable waste meadow land, which might with- out much difficulty be drained, and subdued and made to produce abundant crops. By the railroad we sse the poorest part of the country ; it gives the traveller an erroneous opinion of our improvements in farming and gardening. To fyrm a proper esti- mate, the route should be by the old road over Ja- maica Plains. Two miles from Dedham, we ex- change steam for horse power, and pass over a portion of what is called " low plains," famous in times past for division musters. We see here an extensive plain, that has probably been cultivated nearly two centuries, which, by a constant cropping, has become rather barren, producing generally mi- serable crops unless an extra quantity of manure is applied ; in whicli case a fair return is realized. By ploughing in green crops,we think this land might be much improved ; but tlie trouble of it is, with some of our people, if they sow a field down with buck- wheat or cloyer for that purpose, and it looks pro- mising, they conclude to make tlie most of it, and save their scanty crop, which should be given to the soil when in bloom. They probably come to the con- clusion that they may not live another year to realize the benefit their hiiid might derive from tlie operation; and so they go on froiu year to year, taking wliat they can get from their lands, without adding enough to furnish sufficient food for the plants. The conse- quence is, their lands are impoverished, and pro- duce little or nothing. As well migbt we expect to get fat hogs upon half feed, or a full quota of work from the laborer with short allowance, as to get successive crops without manure. A young man, an acquaintance of ours, called in the spring for a few bushels of buckwheat to sow. He said he had considerable plain land, which formerly pro- duced good corn, rye, and other crops, but that it was now pretty much run out, and gave but little feed for his cattle, which he pastured on them ; he thought he would plough up a piece of it and sow buck-wheat, in the expectation of getting a fair crop. We asked him why he did not try the ex- periment of ploughing in a few sowings of buck- wheat, and see if he could not bring up his land a little. " O," says he, "I can't do that ; I must get a crop from it tliis year." This is as far ahead as some of our farmers look ; they will not enter upon a course of cultivation, which may take from three to seven years to bring to maturity. No ; they are satisfied only with the operation which will bring an inmiediate return. The idea of adding to the value and strength of the soil seems not to enter into their plans. Horticulture has received a good share of atten- tion in the village of Dedham, and we see efforts made by many of its inhabitants to stock their gar- dens with good fruits. We called upon Mr E. M. Richards, a worthy member of the Horticultural Society, and to whom they are indebted for his weekly contributions. It always gives us pleasure to see a good collection of fruit, and we think higlily of that individual who furnishes his family and fiiends, at all seasons of tlie year, with a succession of the most delicious ; his example is manifest in the gardens of liis neighbors — for a person hates to be excelled by his neighbor, even though it maybe nothing more than in the excellence of his fruit, and where one man leads the way others will fol- low. How many luxuries of our own production we may have continually at hand, if we choose, and yet it is provoking to think, that with a climate and soil unrivalled for most of the fruits of the tempe- rate zone, there are so many who have time and land enough and to spare, that " can't afford" (it is an ugly expression we know) to have anything more than winter apples, and perhaps these of inferior sorts, for the use of their household. There is, however, a growing desire manifest in the public generally, for the cultivation of choice fruit, if we may judge from the increased demand for trees. Mr Ricljards has taken Unwearied pains to obtain a clioice collection. Pie has had to en- counter a great difficulty in the natural poverty of the soil, which, like most of the soil in tlie village, is thin and light, upon a sandy, and, in some places, gravelly bottom, and very unfavorable for most fruits. He has many varieties of Apples, Pears, Peaches, Plums, &c. It is not the bearingyear for his apple trees, and his crop will be small ; his gear and peach were loaded . with fruit. We noticed a number of pears on quince stocks, whicli we would not advise the cultivation of for standard trees ; they may answer well enough for garden walls, but in the open ground they never succeed fruit earlier than those on pear stocks, are not so durable. Mr Ebenezer Wight has taken great pains to procure a fine breed of hogs. We called to give them a look. He has some fine Berkshires, from C. N. Bement, of Albany, which are pure blood, and some crosses from E. Phinney, of Lexington, and others of his own raising, about thirty in num- ber. He resides, himself, in tlie city, and visits his place only once a week, yet, under the care of a boy about 14 years of age, his hogs looked in fine condition. We are much pleased with the Berk- shire breed, and think they are a great improve- ment over the hogs generally raised by our farmers. Mr Wight has done considerable by the way of setting out fruit trees for a few years past, most of which were in a flourishing condition. He is very particular to preserve the name of each tree, the time it was set out, and the place from which it came ; for this purpose he has a book in which the location of every tree is noted, the nursery from which the tree was taken, what year set out, the name of the fruit, with remarks upon the quality of the fruit, &c. ; or, if an old tree grafted, the year it was performed and the source from which the scions were obtained. We thought this an ex- cellent plan when a large number of trees are planted. NOTICE OF E. L. rtNNIMAN's FARM, RIVER DALE, DEDHAM. In noticing this farm we shall be very brief, as in the first place we made but a hasty visit, and secondly Mr Penniman has but just commenced ope- rations. If life is spared, we shall take pleasure to record at some future period his improvements, which, from the energy he has commenced with, bid fair to be of no ordinary kind. He has lately left the city and purchased his farm containing about one hundred acres ; it is pleasantly situated on Charles river, one mile from the village, somewhat secluded, on what is called "the island," and affords some of the finest river scenery imaginable. He has given it the appropriate name of " River Dale." Like a good farmer, he commenced operations, not quite a year since, by making a geological survey of his premises, and was rewarded by the discovery of two valuable mines, viz : one of fine granite, where stones of almost any description may be got out for underpinning, door-step, &c. ; very valuable in this place as there is a deficiency of good granite for building. Secondly, a valuable mine of meadow- manure, of which there is an inexhaustible supply. It is strange, that although this farm has been cuU tivated probably from the first settlement of the town, this treasure has remained undisturbed. This, when worked over by his hogs, will produce won^ ders upon the farm. He has made a fine road from' the public highway to his own house, a distance of about half a mile, partly through low miry ground, set. out many trees, commenced in good earnest in cultivating root crops, built a commodious house and barn, &c. But what at present is most attracting is his fine Berkshire hogs, which we were politely asked to step into the pens to see : as we had neither silk stockings nor morocco shoes upon our feet, we clieerfully accepted the invitation, and soon had his pigs by the ear. This breed are remarkably quiet and docile, and exhibit symptoms of much satisfac- well ; the tops grow too heavy for the bottoms, and tion in the attention bestowed upon them. We are easily blown over, and though they produce | were shown a litter of full-bloods which would make vol.. XVIII. NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 91 pretty pots, and much more desirable to fondle than some of the lady's lap-dogs. They were throe weeks old, and about all engaged at $12 each. He has a tine large Berkshire boar and sow, from C. N. Bement, witli full-bloods of liis own raising, and some mi.xed. He has forty or fifty hogs on his place. He has one fine boar, crossed with tlie Hallani breed, for sale ; a noble animal, and worthy the attention of purchasers. His prin- cipal object in raising swine, was the making ot manure. He has probably learned tlio Flemish maxim that, " without manure there is no corn — without cattle there is no manure — and without green crops afid roots cattle cannot be kept " We think, however, he will kill two birds with one stone, for while his hogs make manure, they will also yield him a handsome profit. J. B. his own interest, bo a niot grower. We are con- ing salt dissolved in water somewhere reconuuend- vinced, that in this country, as elsewhere, the root , ed, I had it sprinkled over iho bushes, several culture lies at the basis of all profitable cattle bus baudry. — Gc7tesec Farmer. From the Cultivator. SUGAR BEET. The valuable qualities of this root for feeding animals is beginning to be better understood ; and we may reasonably expect that its culture will here- after be much increased. The common beet and tlie mangel wurtzel, have both boon proved valuable roots, but the sugar beet is much superior to either of the former, as was indeed to have been expected from the greater quantity of saccharine matter it contains. It is cultivated with as much ease and certainty as the common beet, and though usually more difficulty has been found in preserving the beet or the carrot, than the ruta baga, there is re- ally no more danger of failure where cellars of pro- per temperature are t6 be had. For making fine mutton, the sugar beet is said to be unrivalled. We find a letter on this subject in the Whip, from which we make the following extract, which we are confident is worthy the attention of all those who wish to produce from their flocks meat of the first quality. The writer was an extensive mutton grower for the Philadelphia market, and his mutton, before he commenced using the sugar beet, had obtained a high character ; at last he commenced the use of this root, and as he says, — " What surjirised him most, was the rapid man- ner in which they took on fat, when fed on the sugar beet ; and when carried to market the sad- dles excited particular attention, from their very superior appearance. But it was not in appearance only ; the meat was of a much better quality, more juicy, and e.xceedingly tender. The inquiry was — Why, sir, on what do you fatten your sheep ? — and when I replied, on the sugar beet, hay, and a small portio" of corn, it would generally call forth excla- mations of surprise. My first trial was four years since, aiid since that time I have been a constant grower of tlie beet. The meat I bring to market is always in demand, and brings several cents more per pound, than that fattened in the old way; and yet, strange to say, some of my neighbors, though I have often urged them, will not plant the beet for their stock, I have been benefitted to the extent of several hundred dollars by the introduction of this root — the effects are visible — my neighbors see it, and know it — and yet they stand lookers on, halting between two opinions. But light is break- ing in upon us, and of one thing you may be assured, that is, that the time is not far distant when ever'j eitensive stock feeder will also he an ex- tensive root glower." Tu., „„;.>;«>. Vioro loot EirltiiinrpH iH doubtless a EFFICACY OF LIME IN PREVENTING IN- SECT DEPREDATIONS, &c. Mr Buei. — Sir— Although not a tiller of the soil, 1 have lately become a subscriber to your val- uable paper, and feel a disposition to perform what little may be in my power, to increase the stock of auricultural knowledge, and to stimulate to re- newed exertions those who are practically engaged in this all important, though .still too much negVect- ed source of national wealth and greatness. In the Cultivator for May, page 57, 1 observed a com- munication, which stated among other things, that a piece of corn on ground where fragments of wall, &c, had been strewn for manure, was exempt from the ravages of worms. This recalled to my recol- lection some facte which were communicated to me in conversation some years ago, by an intelligent old gentleman, who was for many years a farmer in Columbia, county in this state, and which were in substance as follows :— He once applied what he supposed at the time was plaster, or gypsum, but which was afterwards ascertained to be lime, to a number of hills of corn, potatoes, cucumbers, melons, &c. It was applied at the time of planting, about a handful being thrown directly over the seeds in each hill, previous to their being covered with with earth. He remarked that the corn to which this application had been made, was entirely ex- empt from worms, while other pieces of corn in the vicinity sufTered severely from their depredations. The cucumber and melon vines, &.C. were also ex- empt from their attacks, neither were they troubled by the striped bugs or flies, with which they are generally molested. The gentleman assured me, that he had afterwards repeated this experiment a number of times, and always with a like satisfacto- ry result. It would seem from this, that lime is to a great extent a preventive of the ravages of the grub and other insects, when applied at or previous to the time of planting. The mode practised by my informant, may not answer for all soils and situa- tions, but the same result might probably be at- tained by I tin-owing the lime mixed with the earth over the 'surface, and ploughing or harrowing it under previous to planting. A short time since, at the house of a friend, while overlooking a volume of the Cultivator, (for 1835,) I noticed a communication in which hydrau- lic or water lime, (some account of which was giv- en in a recent number,) is highly recommended as a paint for fences, out-buildings, &c. The writer asserts that it is more durable and much superior in all respects to common lime. With the exception of stating that he mixed it with skim milk, he gives scarcely any directions respecting the proper man- ner of applying it. I shall be pleased if some of your correspondents, who bave usedthe water lime for such purposes, will communicate the result of their experience, and if favorable, state the best method of mixing and preparing it, &c. There are in my garden, some young gooseberry bushes, which have been well manured and pruned, but the fruit, since they commenced bearing, (about three years a^o,) has been uniformly rusty, as it is times, commencing when they were in blossom, but without efloct. I have also tried lime, (recommend- ed 1 believe in the Cultivator.) Last fall, it was applied freely about the roots, and the branches whitewashed as thorouglily as practicable, and a small quantity mixed with water was sprinkled over the bushes two or throe times this spring. This experiment answered no better than the other. It would be a source of gratification, to me, and doubt- less also to many other persons, to be informed of ;iny effectual remedy fgr this disecise, which may be known to you or any of your numerous corres- pondents. Respectfully yours, E. Mw UlrtM, L. I., July 18, 1839. Remakk.— We have cultivated the gooseberry eighteen years — during sixteen of which, we lost most or all of the crop by mildew or rust ; — but the last two years the fruit has been fine, clear and healthy. We impute the recent exemption to the application of brine (salt and water) to the ground about the bushes in the month of February, which we have done two years. We consider the mil- dew a vegetable parasite, whicli abides permanent- ly upon the collar and root of the bush, and from which seeds are disseminated, under a suitable state of atmosphere, in summer to the fruit ; and that the application of salt, when vegetation is dor- mant, destroys the parasite without hurting the bush. Pickle may be used in the growing season, at the rate of one ounce of salt to one gallon of water. In winter it may be much stronger. — Cond. Soap Suds a Specific for Nourishing Flowers. — A fair correspondent writes to us from Newton Stewart, in the following terms :— " Recently I hap- pened to gather a beautiful pansey, and when tired of admiring it, tossed the toy aside, which partly, by accident, fell into a box full of soap suds. The said pansey had neither joint nor root, and you may judge of my surprise when, at the end of a day or twot I found it growing. From this time forward I watched it narrowly, and now find it, after the lapse of a fortnight, a goodly plant with several buds on it. Thinking water might produce the same effect, I placed a newly cropped pansey in an element, which, pure in itself is the medium of purity m everything else ; but it withered and died on so spare a diet. By way of confirming the first expe- riment, I have since placed a slip of a rose tree and a pink in suds, and both are flourishing in great vigor in my dressing room. Should this ac- cidental discovery prove useful to florists, it will aff"ord sincere pleasure to your correspondent."— Dumfries Courier. It may o-ratify some of your agricultural readers to be made acquainted with the consumption of the citv of Paris in the following articles : During the month of May, 1839, the Pans Jour- nal states there were consumed 6328 oxen, 128b cows, 7614 calves, 35730 sheep, and 517,965 kdo- grammes of tallow (about 2 lbs. to a kilogramme.) This was an increase over the consumption ot May, 1838, of 1073 oxen, 809 calves, 1966 sheep, and 7343 kilocrrammes of tallow, and a decrease of 4Be cows. This considerable general increase is in part attributed to the great number of strangers at- tracted to the capital by the exhibition of arts and ., . -1 j„„t „f tV,o usual influx ot MISCELLANEOUS. THE STORMY PETEREL. BY MARY HOWITT. ,0 Stormy, stormy Peterel, Come, rest tliee, liird, awhile ; There is no storm believe me, Anigh this summer isle. Gome, rest thy waving pinions : Alight thee down by me, And tell me somewhat of the loro Thou learnost on the sea. Dost hear beneath the ocean, The gathering tempest form 7 See'st thou afar the little cloud That grows into the storm 7 How is it in the billowy depth ? Doth sea-weed heave and swell 7 And is a sound of coming wo Rung from each cavern'd shell 7 Dost watch the stormy sunset In tempests of the west, And see the old moon riding slow, With the new moon on her breast 7 Dost mark the billows heaving Bel'ore the coming gale. And scream for joy of every sound That turns the seaman pale ? Are gusty tempests mirth to thee 7 Lovest thou the lightning's flash ? The booming of the mountain wave— The thunder's dealening crash 7 O stormy, stormy Peterel ! Thou art a bird of wo ! Yet, would I thou could'st tell me half Of the misery thou dost know. There was a ship went down last night, A good ship and a fair ; A costly freigbt within her lay, And many a soul was there ! The night-black storm was o'er her,'; And 'neath the cavern'd wave, In all her strength she perished, Nor skill of man could save. The cry of her great agony Went upward to the sky ; She perished in her strength and pride, Nor human aid was nigh. But thou, 0 stormy Peterel, Went'st screaming o'er the foam ; , Are there no tidings from that ship. Which thou canst carry home 7 Yes ! He who raised the tempest up. Sustained each dropping one : And God was present in the storm, Though human aid was none ! bone: dianure. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that, liter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground tones form the most powerful siimulaut that can be applied bo the earth as a manure. He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural commuViity. Price at the Mill 35 cents per bushel j put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting. Also, ground Oyster Shells. Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Roi- hury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse anil Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will receive prompt attention. March 27. NAHUM WARD. GREEN'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. .TOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 51 and 62 North Mar- ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hav and Slalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not b'efore applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are : 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requisite to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient [O work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machme even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in whichthey cut, require sharpening less often than those of any other straw cutler. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. GRAIN CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where they were till of lale but little known, although they have been in very general use in the southern and western States, for many years, and which is found to be decidedly the best mode ol harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one. For sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., 51 & 52 North Market Street. July 10. AGRICUI,TURAI, 'AGENCY. The subscriber having been removed from the Post Office, by the pleasure of the President, and left for the present without any moans of support, has consented to resume the editorship of the '■ American Farmer," which he originally established, and the first periodical in America dedicated to the cause of Agriculture — That resource, though ''better than nothing," being altogether inadequate, as an additional means of livelihood, he has formed with his son, Theodonc Bland Skinner, a partnership to conduct an AGRICULTU- RAL AGENCY for the sale of real estate, and for the sale and purchase of domestic animals, horses, cattle, sheep and hogs, especially of improved breed, Agricultural roachincrj' and implements, seed grain, garden and field seed, and for sale of patent rights, Morus Afulticaulis Trees, &c. He will only add, that they will strictly guard the interests of their employers ;— and that through them no humbuggery shall be practised knowingly. Address, postage paid, to Baltimore, August, 1839. J. S. SKINNER. MECHANICS' CAIR. At Quincv Hall, Boston, Septemdee 23, 1338. The public are reminded that the Second Exhibition of of the Massachusetts Charitable Mechanic Association, for the encouragement of Manufactures and the Mechanic Arts, will be opened m (iuincy Hall, on Monday, September 23, 1839. Mechnnics, Artisans, and Manufacturers, who intend to offer articles for Premium or Exhibition, are particularly re- quested to give notice to the Secretary or Superintendent, at us early a day as convenient, specifying the articles intended to be offered. Contributors are also reminded that all articles intended for Exhibition must be delivered to the Superintendent, WILLIAM WASHBUB.N, at Quincy Hall, on or previous to WEDNESDAY, September IS, accompanied by an in- voice, and ^particular description of all new and important inventions, or improvements in the articles ^ffered. Steam Power will be furnished to put in operation all Ma- chinery, and the Superintendent will take particular charge of all Models offered for this purpose. Competent Judges will be selected to view all articles pre- sented. Premiums will be awarded to those deemed most worthy of that distinction. Articles may be offered by Apprentices, who will have a division specially appropriated for their productions. Tickets of admission will be furnished to all contributors. GEO. DARRACOTT, President. J. G. ROGERS, Secretary. WM. VVASHBURN, Superintendent. August 23. Complete Garden and Hortlcultiu-al Tool Chests, From Sheffield, England; containing Garden Shears, im- proved Pruning Shears and Scissors, Pruning and Grafting Knives, Flower Gatherer, Garden, Dutch and Triangular Hoes, .Saw, Spud, Weeding Hook. Garden Rake, Trowel Hammer and Garden Reel ; comprising every u-seful imple- ment necessary for the cultivation of the Flower Garden. For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse, No. SI »nd 52 North Market Street. WINTER RYE. Just received at the New England Agricultural Ware^ house and Seed Store, a supply of prime Winter Rye for sowing. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August 14. STRAAVBERRl ES. Those who are desirous of cultivating this delicious fruu are respectfully informed that the subscriber has succeeded, after a number of years experimenting upon the Strawberry, not only in obtaining neio varieties, but in ascertaining the best method of cultivation. Specimens of the fruits grown in his Garden have been exhibited at the Massachusetts HoHiculturul Society Roovis \\\G four past years, and are also too well known iu Faneuil Hall Market to need a particular notice here. He has for sale at his Garden in Brighton, Mass., the following ci!^ht rarictics of Plants. They are of superior stock and quality, all warranted to be truly named and free from the mixtures often found in those offered for sale pro- miscuously. Those who are in want of Strawberry Plants, are respect- fully invited, and ihey will find it interesting, to call at the Garden and see the manner of cultivation. The method of cultivation, and any information desired will be cheerfully given. The subscriber would state that from many years personal experience, he is satisfied that plantations of these vines made the last of July or early in August, by careful and constant attention will produce nearly or quite as much fruit the season following as those plantations made in the Spring will produce the second year. Warren^s Seedling Methvcn. — A new and valuable kind. A free bearer, fruit very large and juicy; fruit measuring four and a half inches have been exhibited the present sea- son. Meihmn Castle. — Fruit extremely large, high flavored, and showy. Specimens of this kind have been exhibited at the Horticultural Rooms for two years past, measuring five and a half inches in circumference. Baik Scarlet. — Fruit large, full bearer, and beautiful scar- let. Early Virginia.— This is considered the earliest fruit — a free bearer, hardy, and very early ; decidedly a fine land for market. Royal Scarlet — Fruit long oval shaped and juicy. liautbois — Fruit smaller hntvery numerous. English IFood.— Fruit well known. Monthly — Fruit is gathered from the vines from June (a October, and in good quantity and fine quality. U" Orders left at the Garden, nr directed to the subscri- ber, Brighton, Mass., or left at Messrs J. Breck & Co's Agricultural Warehouse, Boston, will be carefully and promptly attended to, and all Plants will be carefully pack* ed and forwarded agreeably to directions. JAMES L. h. F. WARREN. Nonaatum Vale, Brighton, Mass. July 17. is8w AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 9 PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aoricui-tubal Warehouse.) VOL. XVIII.3 BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 18, 1839. [NO. N. E. FARMER. NOTICES OF FARMS, MINUTES BY THE WAY, &c. Mulberry Trees — Silk Business — Call at General A. Holman's Farm, Bolton, Mass. Passing through Bolton, we availed ourselves of the opportunity to call upon Gen. A. Holman, who has had considerable experience in raising and set- ting out mulberry trees, feeding worms, &c. He commenced his operations six or seven years since, ind began to set out his trees for the purpose of producing silk. His farm is admirably adapted for his business, there being but few places in our es- imation, which are more favorable. It is situated m the eastern side of an elevated and extensive well of land, commonly known by the name of Bolton hill," from whose summit a great extent of ' eautiful country is visible : the soil is generally n itrong loam and rather rocky. Ho l.as from 5 to [000 trees, which have been planted at different jmes from 5 to 7 years : many of them stand from I to 10 feet distant from each other, and have low leads : the land is laid down to grass. It is now )ur years since he began to feed worms. Two 9ars ago, about 50 lbs. of manufactured sewing Ik was produced: last year 55 lbs. of reeled silk, hich was sold for $6 per lb., which witli the boun- from the State of $1 50 per lb., would amount the sum of $412 50. The quantity of silk this ijar cannot be ascertained, as all the eggs which lin be produced from his cocoons have been con- Ijcted for by a house in Philadelphia. The quan- |,y of cocoons is supposed to be not quite so large it was last year. He will probably have from |i to 25 millions of eggs, which will .be worth six |nes as much as what tlie silk would bring. His Ijrms are a very superior variety, called the " brown immoth," which he thinks the best of all varie- s for our climate : they have given universal sat- action wherever they have been used. Two Dps of worms have been produced this season : 3 first were hatched out the last of May : the :ond the 4th of July. Two crops he thinks is that can be profitably raised in our climate. lere is no difficulty in keeping t.iie eggs from tching before they are wanted. They are put .0 a demijohn and corked up, but not perfectly ht, as that would destroy the vitality of tlie eggs ; y are then placed in a cool part of the cellar on ' bottom : in this way they may be retarded un- late in the summer. He is satisfied now that he J injured his trees by stripping the leaves too se before they had attairied sufficient strength d vigor to bear it, and that they havij been much nted and retarded by it. This is the reason why : quantity of silk has not increased with the age the trees. The trees are of the common white iety, and do not give satisfaction on account of smallness of the leaf, as it requires much time gather them in comparison with some other vari- He thinks highly of the morus multicaulis for the soutiiern climate, and has many growing for sale. They will not probably be profitable in this region, if we may judge from the ill success which has at- tended their cultivation this year. We hear of some growers who will not raise so many trees as they planted in the spring, and others who are much disappointed in the number calculated upon ; they either planted them too deep, or cut them up too much, or it was too cold or too wet, or they were injured in the cellar, or some plaguy thing or other befel them. We have seen many fields from which but little foliage could be spared, even as late as the first of August : they will do for the southern climate, but not for ours. Gen. Holinan has converted the upper part of one of his barns into a convenient cocoonery, 50 feet by 35, well ventilated on every side, and filled with shelves in six tiers, capable of accommodating 500,000 worms. An elderly and infirm man and his wife have performed most of the labor in tend- ing the worms and gathering the leaves: some extra help was given during the last stages, when an in- creased quantity of leaves are necessary. They v.ere bu.sy in stripping the cocoons from the bunches of straw on w^hich they had spun. We have fre- quently seen branches of trees with the leaves on, nut up for the worms to spin upon, but the straw appeared to us much better, as the cocoons are more easily taken off: a handful of straw is tied at one end, and cut off the other end the length of the distance between the shelves, and set up be- tween them on the tied end, forming an inverted cone ; the worms crawl up and fill the straw. Gen. Holman spoke with confidence concerning the silk business, and feels encouraged by the suc- cess which has attended his first efforts, to pursue it, and thinks it will ultimately prove profitable. It would be wrong in calculating the profits of the business, to take as a guide the produce of the three past years : if the rent of the land, interest of the money expended for trees, labor, &c., were all reckoned, it would probably appear that the proceeds of the business have fallen considerable short of the interest of the outlay and labor. It should be remembered that a mulberry orchard does not be- gin to pay until from 7 to 10 years of age, although we have had statements to the contrary, which have greatly misled those who were disposed to embark in the business. When we had our first silk fever, five or six years since, multitudes were urged . Thk Silk Company. — Not many days ago we accepted an invitation to visit the farm formerly belonging to Samuel H. Smith, Esq., about three miles north of this city, and now in the possession and occupancy of the Silk Company which was formed some time ago in this city. We understood that the capital stock of this com- pany is $10,000, a moiety of which (500 shares of $10 each,) has already been paid in. The Silk Company purchased Mr Smith's farm for $12,000 ; they have planted about 170,000 buds of the Morus Multicaulis, and have now growing about 80,000 very healthy trees. The farm is about three miles distant from the centre of the city, and is under the superintendence of an intelligent gentleman, Mr Hand, who resides with liis family in the mansion upon the farm. Besides the morus multicaulis trees there is a choice and well selected orchard of peach, apple, apricot, pear, plum, and other fruits in great abundance. There are also about eighty acres of wood, a spacious, pleasant, and comfortable dwel- ling, with all the necessary outhouses and appur- tenances of such an establishment. We are gratified to learn that the Silk Company are much pleased with their purchase and the pros- pect before them of a profitable result of their en- terprise. With the present appearance of the mo- rus multicaulis trees on the farm, (which, indeed to our view appeared generally healthy and thriving,) the company are much delighted, believing that all the shareholders will derive substantial benefit. It is stated to us that the Silk Company contem- plate feeding several ounces of silk worms this sea- son ; and the next year they intended to feed sev- eral pounds of the several varieties, and manufac- ture a large quantity of sewing silk, the machinery for which they have already procured. We presume that this information will be ac- ceptable not only to those country friends who are anxious to learn from us what the Silk Company in Washington and the individual cultivators of the morus multicaulis are doing, and how the silk cause progresses in the district, but to all others who are Massnchusetts Horticultural Society. EXHIBITION OK FluriTS. Saturday, Sept. 7, 1839. The show of (ruits was very imposinf; and highly cred- itable to tiiecontributorB : the most ardent and sanguine vutarii'S of Puinona, who witnessed the exhibitions in lorraer years, could h.irdly have anticipated such desira- ble results in so short u period of time as has elapsed since the formation of the Society. Mrs Biijelow, Medford, exhibited splendid specimens of Rareripe Peaches. Mr Voi-e exhibited Purple Gage, I mperial Gage, Corse's Nota Bene, and Duane's Purple Plums; Lady Haley's Nonsuch Apples. Mr Brimmer, Jamaica Plains, exhibited Nectarines. Mr Oliver exhibited Franc real d'ete and Washington Pears. Mr J. G. Coolidge exhibited Coulidge's Favorite Peaches. Mr Manning exhibited Petit Mirabelle, Elfrey, Green Gage, Red Aprioot, Peter's Yellow Gage, Bingham, Nota Bene and Byfield Plums; Striped Cherry Apples, Julienne, Grise Bonne, llasel, Dearbon's Seedling, Franc real d'ete, Lowry's Bergamot, Duquesne d'ete, Paysans de Portugal, Sugar and Hoyerswerda Pears. Col. Wilder exhibited Bon Louise d'Jersey Pears; Smith's Orleans and Bingham Plums. Mr Mitchell exhibited a splendid cluster of Grapes from his green house, Nantucket, weighing 3 1-4 lbs. Mr S. R. Johnson exhibited Bolmer's Washington and White Gage Plums. Mr Tidd exhibited a large basket of Black Ham- burgh, St. Peter's and White Chasselas Grapes. Mr Vandine, Cambridgeport, exhibited Plums resem- bling the Orleans, but said to be a seedling. Mr J. W. Newell, Charlestown, exhibited Flushing Gage and White Gage Plums. Mr Pond exhibited Bolmer's Washington, Smith's Orleans, Green Gage, White Gage, Duane's Purple, and Isabella Plums; Julienne Pears. Mr James L. L. F. Warren, exhibited White Gage, Green Gage and Seedling Plums ; Royal Kensington, Royal George and Heath's Favorite Peaches ; Prolifique Figs. Mr Richards exhibited Summer Pearmain, Pie, Red Juneating, William's Favorite, Yellow Ingestre, Orange Sweeting aad Benoni Apples; Bell de Beaucaire and Seedling Peach'68. Among the great variety of fruits, particularly of Plums, were specimens remarkable for their size and o-reat beauty. On the previous Saturday, Mr F. A. Curtis, Newton, Lower Falls, exhibited 6ne specimens of Peaches. For the Committee, E. M. RICHARDS. EXHIBITION OF FLOWF.RS. Saturday, Sept 14, 1839. JVative plants by Wm. Cakes, Esq., viz : Aster .' from Cambridge, Mass. ; Solidago bicolor,do. ; puberula, Em- petrum Conradi, Aster spectabilis. Bouquets from the gardens of Wm. Kenrick, Rufus Howe, John Hovey, Wm. Carter, Thos. Mason, Hovey & Co, and S. Waliier. Dahlias by Mr Swectser, MrMcIntire, Mr Wm. Car- ter, Mr Slickney, Messrs Breck & Co., Hovey & Co., Col. Wilder, and Samuel Walker. Rival Sussex, by iMr Mcintire, was the best specimen presented this sea- son, Hope, and Prima Donna, in the collection of Mr Wilder, were very fine, The " unknown," in the stand of Mr Sweetser, and also presented by Col. Wilder, was beautiful. We were very much pleased with several of Ihe specimens of Messrs Hovey & Co. and Mr Wm. Carter. Mr W. H. Cowen presented a fine specimen of Stre- litzia Augusta, from the conservatory of Hon. T. H. Perkins, of Brookline. We were much gratified with a si>rht of this splendid flower, it being the first specimen presented at our rooms, and probably the first specimen seen in the United States. Mr S. R Johnson presented Balsams, Asters, &c. Mr Albert H. Hovey exhibited Viola grandiflora, As- ters. *fec. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, September 18, 1839. THIRD GEOLOGICAL REPORT OF MAINE— BY C. T. JACKSON, M. D. Agreeably to our promise, we revert again to this re- port; and respectfully slate our coiiviclioiis tliat the learned geidogist has not made out his case hy any evi- dence which he has adduced. We understand him to stale distinctly, that the exis- tence of lime in the soil in the form of a carbonate, is indispensable to the production of wheat ; that when this is found, even in very small proportions, as one per cent, of the cultivated soil, there the crop of wheat is sure. (Of course, though he states his proposition thus strongly and universally, we do not understand him to refer to any security from blight occasioned by atmos- pheric influences or destruction by insects of every kind.) And in the third place, we think it only a matter of fair inference from the opinions expressed in this report, and others given by him in various forms to the public, thai he regards the capacity of a soil to. produce wheat as bearing (within certain limits,) a direct relation to the degree in which lime in the lorm of a-carbonate is pres- ent. Perhaps we do him an injustice by this irjference, which we should much regret ; but this is certainly the popular conclusion generally made from his expressed opinions. Let us now examine some of the cases which he has adduced ; and we beg leave strongly to repeat in this matter, that we protest against any imputation of a captious or controversial spirit in the case, for we feel nothing of it, and entertain no sentiment but that of the most sincere respect for the author of this report ; that we have ourselves no theory whatever to establish; and that our only desire is to reach the truth in a subject where sound conclusions are of so much practical im- portance ; and as far as truth, in a matter so mysterious as the hidden processes of vegetation, can by human sa- gacity be arrived at. The report presents numerons analyses of various ' soils. It is understood in all cases, that 100 pans of the soil are taken; and we shall, for tlie sake of brevity, quote only the amounts of soluble vegetable matter and carbonate of lime. 1. One of the first soils referred to is in page 45, on the Moose River settlement. " The soil is said in this place to be rich and well adapted to cultivation : fifty acres produce twentyone bushels of wheat to the acre. This farm is on the highlands, dividing Canada from the United States. The sides of these mountains are argillaceous slate, [always favorable to wheat, h.c] while granite rocks probably form their central mass." The Dr. reports no lime, which he would have been sure to have done, we think, rould lie have found any. 2. Anson (p. 53,) is the next town referred to. This town produced more wheat than any other town in the State. The analysis of the soil on the farm of B. Bry- ant gave geine, (vegetable matter) 5.0; carbonate of lime 4.6— and the product of his fields has been 40 bush- els of wheat to the acre. This is very remarkable; but there are two other facts to be taken with it. The av- erage yield of wheat through the town was only 16 1-2 bushels to the acre ; and this field of B.Bryant had been cultivated for years, and barn yard manure had been used for dressing. 3. Norridgewock, (p. 54.) The farm of Dr Bates produced 17 bushels of wheat to the acre. " This wheat had suffered materially from the fly and weavel." We presume it was not manured. Under these circumstan- ces the crop must be considered large. Vegetable mat- ter in the soil 10.2; carbonate of lime 0.9. 4. Dresden, (p. 53.) Soil a clay loam ; average crop of wheat 15 bushels to the acre; vegetable matter 7.6; carbonate of lime 2.5. 5. Thomaston, (p. .58.) Dr. Jackson iiere found " one of the most luxuriant fields of wheat which he had examined.'' Yield, however, is not given. Vejj'e- table matter in the soil 8.0 ; carbonate of lime 2 0. It is to be observed, however, that the farmer had dressed the soil with muscle mud and about twelve loads of sta- ble manure to the acre. 6. Orrinston and Brewer, (p. 70.) Luxuriant fields of wheat. Orrington — vegetable matter 4.9; carbonate of limo 0.3. Brewer— vegetable matter 7.9 ; carbonate of lime l.O. The Dr. does not give the amount of crops. He says one of the fanners had limed his fields to some extent ; but he gives no information to what extent or how ap- plied. We know very well how to estimate such inde- finite statements of farmers, and in geneial consider them as worth just nothing. The soil it seems is com- posed of " argillaceous slate rocks, with valleys filled here and there with tertiary clay deposits." This we know is exactly the soil for wheat. The Dr. adds that " tertiary clay itself contains from five to ten jier cent, of lime, and hence its fertility in crops of wheat." How does it happen that the analysis of the soil shows noth- ing of this .' 7. Foxcrofi, (p. 72 ) " Soil of excellent quality, bearing heavy crops of wheat." Geological aspect — " huge blocks of granite resting upon argillaceous slate." Vegetable matter 11.1 ; carbonate of litne 0.8. 8. Dover, (p. 80.) Two bushels of wheat sown gave 30 bushels. In another case, one and three-quarters of an acre of wheat gave forty bushels. The Dr. adds, " the soil of Dover is luxuriant and capable of produc- ing heavy crops of grain. It is evident that the occur- rence of carbonate of lime as one of its components, is the cause of its reinarkable fertility." Qj' Please now to observe the analysis of this very soil — vegetable mat- ter 11.1 ; carbonate of lime 0.8. 9. Guilfoid, (p. 60.) " Five acres of wheat produced 100 bushels. But for the Hessian fly and weave!, the crop would have been much larger," Analysis of this soil gives, vegetable matter 11.4 ; carbonate of lime 0 3. The Dr. adds in this case a remarkable note — " His field on the opposite side ofthe road, was last year treat- ed with plaster of Paris as a top dressing; and on half an acre ofthe land he planted one bushel of wheat, the produce of which was thirty bushels. From this fact it will appear that gypsum exerts a beneficial influence on soils containing a very little lime distributed in clay loam." This seems rather a hasty general conclusion from a single fact. Three-tenths of one per cent, of car- bonate of lime is a *' very little" ; and the gvpsum was put on the previous year as a top dressing. The amount applied is not given. There is another fact in the case which deserves notice — " The rocks of Guilford are ar- gillaceous slate." 10. Dexter, (p. 85.) B.Green raised of wheat last year 40 bushels to the acre. Sup[)Oses he shall get the current year (1838,) 25 bushels per acre. Vegetable matter 10.2; carbonate of lime 1.0. The land by the by was dressed with barn yard manure. 11. Wilton, (p. 106.) Fortyeight bushels of wheat have been produced per acre. " A small quantity of lime is found disseminated in the soil, and hence it is productive of good crops of wheat. The analysis gives of phosphate of lime 1.5, but mark, of soluble vegetable matter 12.0 ; insoluble 5.5. Are we to understand that this great crop was raised without manure, and why has he not favored us in so important a case with a fuller notice ? Ko carbonate of lime is found in this soil. 12. Union, (p. 150.) This soil is said to have pro- I duced forty bushels of wheat to the acre. In table, p. 173, its product is leported as corn ; we therefore pass it over as doubtful. 13. Warren, (p. 160.) A good crop of wheat. Veg- etable matter 6.6 ; carbonate oflime 0.8. 14. Sebec village, (p. 101.) A good crop of wheat. Vegetable matter 10.10; carbonate oflime 0.9. 15. Foxcroft, (p. 101.) Good crop of wheat. Soil granite. Vegetable matter 13.9 ; carbonate of lime 1.0. 16. Minot. " Wheat said to be good." Vegetable matter 4.9 ; carbonate oflime 0.5. 17. Livermore, (p. 171.) Wheat 30 bushels to the acre. Vegetable matter 8.0 ; carbonate of lime 0.3. 18. Glenburn, (p 164.) Wheat good. Vegetable matter 6.3. ; carbonate of lime 0.7. The foregoing, we believe, embrace all the examples of the analysis of soils presented in this learned report of the geological surveyor. We shall leave them mainly to speak for themselves. He has not, in our humble opinion, made out his case that the carbonate oflime in the soils is indispensable to the production of wheat ; that its deficiency is a sure cause of the failure ofthe crop; or that the productiveness of a soil in wheat bears any direct relation or correspondence to the amount of lime ill the form of a carbonate, which is to be found in every soil. We stated in our last number that the soil of Mr Ad- ams, in Chelmsford, Mass., which had yielded a crop of wheat nineteen years in twenty, averaging thirty bush- els to the acre, contained by the analysis of Dr Dana, no trace ofthe carbonate oflime. It seems by Dr Jackson's own showing, that the most productive soil in Maine, No. 11, Wilton, which yielded fortyeight bushels of wheat to the acre, [in page 173 it is put down 45 bush- els,] contained no lime excepting in a very inconsidera- ble quantity of 1.5 ofthe phosphate oflime. These are cerlaiuly remarkable facts. There Is another inference to be made from these ca- ses, which will not, we think, have escaped the intelli- gent reader; which is, that although the productiveness of a soil in wheat does not always correspond to the de- gree in which tlie carbonate of lime is present, it does bear a very obvious relation to the amount of vegetable matter contained in any soil and to the application of ma- nure. We can hardly, therefore, accede to the position of Dr Jackson, so emphatically stated in page 153, that it is "proved decisively that lime is the best fertilizer ofthe soil." We have much question whether in any proper sense it is to be called a fertilizer of the soil at all. To have established his case, it was necessary not to show merely that the carbonate of lime is present in soils where wheat is successfully raised, but that where this form oflime is not found that wheat cannot be rais- ed ; and further, he should have shown some corres- pondence between the crop produced and the amount of this matter present. But where, as in the case of An- son, No. 2, the crop of wheat is 40 bushels, (upon land manured for several years,) though the average crop through the town is only 16 1-2 bushels to the acr« ; and this soil gives an analysis of carbonate of lime 4.6; and then in Wilton, No. 11, the crop is 48 bushels of wheat to the Acre, and no carbonate of lime is founds and of phosphate of lime only 1.5, itbeeomes rather difficult to arrive at the conclusion that the presence of the carbon- ate of lime in the soil is the great desideratum for the productiveness and security of a crop of wheat. We shall make a farther claim upon the candor of our readers hereafter in the discussion of this subject. H.C. VOL,. X* in, XO. 11. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 99 ANNIVERSARY EXHIBITIONS IN MASSACHU- SETTS. The Mechanics' Fair will be open in Boston on the 23d inst. The Essex Agricultural Show will take place at G«orgetown, on Thursday, the iGth inst. Address by Allen Putnam, Esq., ot'Danvcrs. The annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticul- tural Society will t.ike place on the 25ih,26th, and 27th inst. at their rooms in Boston. The Berkshire Agricultural Society will hold their Show on the first Wednesday of October and continue two days. The Massachusetts Society will unite with them. Address by Hon. Josiah Quincy, Jr. The Middlesex Society of .Mechanics and Husband- men hold their Show at Concord on the first Wednesday in October. Address by Henry Colman. The Worcester Agricultural Society hold their Show at Worcester, on the second Wednesday in October, 9lli day. The .Massachusetts Society unite with them. The Plymouth Agricultural Society hold their Show at Bridgewater, on Wednesday, the ICth of October. Address by Rev. Mr Stone, of West Bridgewater. CoNSECTicoT.— There is to be an Agricultural and Horticultural Fair at New Haven, on the 24th, 25th and 26th of Septeoiber. Address by Judge BuRl,of Albany. There is to be an Agricultural and Mechanics' Eihi bition at New London, on the first of October. PROVISION MARKET. RETAIL PRICKS. Hams, northern, . southern and westoru, . Pork, whole hogs, PouLTBV, per III., Butter, tub, lump. Eggs, Potatoes, .... .\PPLES, .... CiDEB refined. pound 13 IQ '; 17 22 dozen bushel dozen barrel 1.'^ 50 1 25 1 75 3 00 THERMOMETRICAL. Reported for the New England Farnieri Range of the Tliermometer at the (5 ardeii of the proprietors WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. of the New England Farmer, Brighton, M: fVorlherly exposure, week ending September 15. in a shaded Sept., 18 Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, |5A.M. 12, M. 1 7,P.M. 68 83 74 ce 73 66 50 70 59 45 69 54 43 61 50 42 63 52 40 72 60 Wiiid. s:' N. W. W. E. N. N. W. S. To Correspondents. — We have several communica- tions on hand which shall receive our earliest attention. ' The model of the butter press has been received by the Agricultural Commissioner, and will certainly gain favor. It will go to the Mechanics' Show. The ploughs have been received by hiiii from Mr Ste- vens, of Vermont. They are capital in 1 heir construc- tion, and from former personal trials with ptotighsof this description, and the principles on which they are formed, he believes that they are not and cannot be surpassed bv any for the ploughing of green sward. He will, if practicable, have them tried at some one of the ploughing matches. Hj-MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY.— The Comniitiee of Arrangements are notified to meet at 12 o'clock on Saturday next, 21st inst. A punctual atten- dance is lequested. Per order, SAM'L WALKER, Chairman Com. of >^rrangevtenls. BRIGHTON MARKK/r.— MoRDAT, Sept. 16, 182!) KeiKirled fur the New Entzhnd Fanner. At Market, 485 Beef Cattle, 750 Stores, 4450 Sheep and 1G20 Swine. Prices.— Beef Cattle. — We quote First quality, $7 75 a $8 25. Second quality, $7 00 a $7 50. Third quality, $6 00 a $6 50. Stores.— Yearlings $12 a $10. Two Year Old $18 a 3Ias8acliusctts Horticultural Society. The members of this Society are hereby notified, that on Saturday, the 5lh of October next, at 11 o'clock, A. M. at their ball in Tremont Street, the officers of the Society for the en- suing year, will be elected, viz. a President, four Vice Pres- idents, a Treasurer, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Council, an Executive Committee, and Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, the Synonyms ol Fruits, the Library, and on Finance. R. T. PAINE, Corresponding Secretary and ex officio Recording Secretary pro tempore. Boston, September II. HORTICUI4TURAI, EXHIBITiOlV. The annual exhibition of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society will he held at the Society's Rooms, No. 23 Tre- mont Row, (nearly opposite the Saving's Bank,) on Wed- nesday, Thursday, and Friday, the 25lb, 26th, 27th Septem- ber instant. The Members of the Massachusetts Hortiuultural Society and the puhhc generally are respectfully invited to contribute choice and rare specimens of Fruits and Flowers for the Ex- hibitiou. and to send the same 10 23 Tremont Row, on Mon- day or Tuesday, the 23d and 24th inst., where Committees will be in attendance to receive them, and will retain the same subject to the order of the contributors. Contributors of Fruits and Flowers are respectfully request- ed to send a list, with their specimens, giving the names ol all the varieties presented. Season tickets, and tickets for a single admittance, may be had at the door during the exhibition. By order, SAMUEL W.\LKER, September U. Chairman of Com. of Arrangements. pound Cows and Calves. — Sales $30, 17, $55, and Sheep.— X)a\\. Lots $1 50, $1 67, $1 88, $2 00, $2 17, $2 33, $2 42, $2 75, and $3 00. Swine. — Prices have further declined. Lots to peddle were sold at 5, 5 1-8, and 5 1-4 for sows and 6, 6 1-8, and 6 1-4 for barrows. At retail 6 a 6 1-2 for sows, and 7 a 7 1-2 for barrows. RISRKSHlRl!: BOAR. Morns MultlcaiUis Trees from Seed. The subscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced from seed of the genuine Morus Multicaulis. The seed was rais- ed on his premises is 1S35; the trees have been multiplied for the two last years by layers, their growth is more rapid than the original tree, and appear to be sufficiently acclima- ted to endure the winter, some of them having been left standing in the open field unprotected during the two last wmters without any essential injury. The leaves are very large and equal m quality to any other kind for feeding the silk worm. Those who are wishing to purchase a superior kind of Mulberry are requested to call and examine for them- selves, before the foliage is destroyed by frost CALVIN HASKELL. Harvard, September 11. Min^BERRY tre:e:s. The subscriber has on hand a quantity of MulhcrryTrees of a quality which isprobablysuperior toany kind ever introduced into this country. They were 1 rn ported Xot"" years since and though they have sustamed the rigorous cold of the last three winters entirely unprotected, yet it is believed a Southern or Western dimaie would be more admirably adapted to their growth and propagation. Their foliage is most luxuriant and affords more nourishment than any other variety. Silk produced by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronounced by judges to be the best ever manufactured by them, and de- I cidedlv superior to the Ijcsi Italian. A few thousand will be Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " •' " . Beans, white, Foreign, . . bushel " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... barrel. No. 1 prime, Beeswax, white, .... pound yellow. Cheese, new milk, Bone Masuri:, .... Ibusbcl in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, . . pound southern, geese, . Flax. (American) ... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . . quintal Bay, Cbaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. I , . . No. 2, No. 3, . ■\lewivcs, dry salted, No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Riclimond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, ..... Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal Oats, northern, (prime) southern, new, Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality Lard, Boston, Isl sort,. southern, 1st sort. Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime,* best sort Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax, Ked Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . .American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4tbs do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, E_: f Pulled superfine, J S 1 No. I, g-3tNo.2 Z =■ [ No. 3, 1 75 2 00 14 SO 13 60 11 60 28 1 50 12 7 10 75 72; 6 00 22 00 6 94 6 50 6 37 6 60 3 87 7 62 5 25 2 26 3 00 3 62 1 76 13 00 1 1 01) 7 50 6 60 23 00 7 00 6 62 6 62 18 00 13 50 cask gallon pound pr M. pound 2 75 20 00 1500 12 00 2 87 85 2 00 2 62 1 37 23 1 00 3 00 23 00 17 00 13 00 3 00 1 00 1 50 2 26 3 00 1 62 * Lime. By a law passed by the Legislature of Maine, at its last Session, the size of the Casks and the inspection of this article was altered. The act went into operation on the first of August last — the casks now contain about one quarter more then formerly and are more uniform in appear- ance. The price has advanced and we have altered our quo- tations accordingly. Sales 800 a 1000 casks at 1 20 per cask the past week. Further sales of Thomaston new inspec- tion, have been made at the quoted rate. — Courier. MISCELLANEOUS THE YANKEE GIKL. She laughs and runs a cherub thing, And proud is the doating sire, To see her pluck the birds of spiing, Or play by the winter fire. Her golden hair falls thick and fiir, In many a wavy curl ; And freshly sleek is the ruddy cheek Of the infant Yankee girl. The years steal on and day by day, Her native charms expand, Till her round face beams in the summer ray Like the rose of her own blest land. There's music in her laughing tone, A darker shade on the curl, And beauty makes her chosen throne On the brow of the Yankee girl. She is standing now a happy bride. At the holy altar rail , While the sacred blush of maiden pride Gives a tinge to the snowy veil, Her eye of light is the diamond bright, Her innocence ihe pearl ; And these are ever the bridal gems Of a happy Yankee girl. Naomi on her last passage down the Mississippi, encountered a fine large buck swimming in the middle of the river, and immediately gave chase. Having soon come up with the enemy, she rounded to and threw out grappling irons ; but the deer let- ting out a reef in his topaails, scudded away from tlieir reach. Now commenced a regular and inter- esting trial of skill. The deer doubled and tacked with the skill of an old privateer. At length the deer, wearied at bis exertions, and dismayed at his persevering adversary, surrendered himself an un- conditional prisoner of war, and was treated with great honor and attention at a public dinner given on board the next day. — St. Louis Bulletin. A JVegro Fiddler. — A negro man was going through the woods with no companion but his fiddle, when he discovered that a pack of wolves were on his track They pursued very cautiously, but a few of them would sometimes dash up and growl, as if impatient for their prey, and then fall back again. As he had several miles further to go, he became much alarmed. He sometimes stopped, shouted, and drove back his pursuers and then proceeded. The animals became more and more audacious, and would probably have attacked him had he not ar- rived at a deserted cabin which stood by the way side. Into this he rushed far shelter, and without waiting to shut the door, climbed up and seated himself on the rafters. The wolves dashed in after him, and becoming quite furious, howled and leaped, and endeavored with every expression of rage to get at hira. The moon was now shining brightly, and Cuff being able to see his enemies, and satis- fied of his own safety, began to act on the offen- sive. Finding the cabin full of them, he crawled down to the top of the door, which he shut and fast- ened. Then removing some of the loose boards from the roof, scattered them with a tremendous clatter upon such of his foes as remained outside, ■who soon scampered off, while those in the house began to crouch witli fear. He had now a large number of prisoners to stand guard over until morn- ing ; and drawing forth his fiddle, he very good na- turedly played for them all night, very much, as lie supposed, to their edification and amuseiTient ; for, like all genuine lovers of music, he imagined it had the power to soften even the heart of a wolf. On the ensuing day some of the neighbors assembled and destroyed the captives, with great rejoicings. — Hall's J^otes on the Western States. Efffcis of Sleep upon the Eyes. — A due portion of sleep is as essential to enable the eyes to perform their office comfortably and effectively, as a due portion of rest is to enable the limbs wearied with toil, or the mind with reasoning, or other kind of exertion, to resume with alacrity their wonted offi- ces. But sleeping, too long protracted, on the oth- er hand, is hardly less destructive of accurate, healthy vision, than when taken too sparingly ; for as in the one case the organ is enfeebled by unre- mitting activity without a proper degree of repose, so in the other case, the eye from unfrequent or in- sufficient exercise, becomes torpid and dull, and if inaction be persisted in, it is at length unfitted for Its functions. — Curtis on the Eye. MoRUS MuLTicAULis Shoes ! — We presume that Hartford can boast the latest application yet of the far-famed morus multicaulis — being noth- ing less tlian than the manufacture of shoes. — We have just been shown a lady's shoe, full siz- ed and handsomely finished, made from a morus multicaulis leaf The advantage of shoes made from this article is, that after they are worn out, they are as valuable as ever — they will still do to feed worms Hartford Cour. Hunting Deer by Steam.— \Me have heard of boots being blacked, clothes washed, love letters written, and butter churned by the application if steam ; but we never before heard of deer being caught by the same omniscient agent. The steamer Lying. — There is no vice so pitiful, so contempti- ble as that of lying. He who permits himself to tell a lie once, finds it much easier to do it a sec- ond and third time, till at length it becomes habit- ual: he tells lies without attending to it, and truths without the world's believing him. Though you cannot see when you take one step what will be the next, yet follow truth, justice and plain dealing, and never fear their leading you out of the labyrinth in the easiest manner possible. If a person is bent on quarrelling with you, leave him to do the whole of it himself, and he will soon become weary of his unencouraged occupation. — Even the most malicious ram will soon cease to butt against a disregarding object, and will usually find his own head more injured than the object of his blind animosity. Hale's Patent Horse Power and Patent Thresh- ing Machine. .lOSEPH BRECK & CO. oiiTer for sale this valuable machine and feel greal confidence in recommending it as the best machine now ui use. It will thresh from 75 to 100 bushels per day in the best possible manner. The horse power is calculated to propel any kind of machinery, IS very simple in its constrnclion, occupies but the small space of nne feet by two, and can easily be transport- ed fn)m one piaie to another, and when combined with the Threshing Machine it forms the most superior article for the purpose ever invented. They can be supplied at short no- tice at the N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. Auirusi 23. fie-%v York Urate and Pondrette Company. Ntit incorporated but carried on by individual enterprise. The manures are not divided among the Stockholders, as are those belonging to another establishment, but sold, to ap- plicants, for cask on delivery. Orders are supplied in the order of lime in, which they are received. Urate 50 cents and Poudrate 40 cents per bushel, with conttngent charges for hags or barrels, &c. The compiiny are daily preparing for use, during the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the past winter, and will have severdl thousand bushels ready before the first of October next. The material is disinfected and rendered iVee from offensive smell, by a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. The experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1839, on Long Island, has satisfied many of the fanners that these manures have the quickest operation upon vegeta- ble matter, producing greater abundance, and the cheapest of any manure they have ever tried. Amended instructions for their use, the result of praetied experience, will be furnished on application. The effect o7" Poudreite upon Grape Vines and Morus Multicaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works in the vicinity of the city of New York to prepare the manures, and farmers and gardeners may confidently rely on a supply. Orders, postpaid, directed to " TIte New York Urate and Poudrate Company," Box, No. 1211, Post Office, NewY'nrk, or sent to the store of STILLWELL & DEY, No. SB5 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, will be attended to. The Company will he very much obliged to gentlemen who have used the manures, to give them a statement in wri- ting what has been the result of their use and experiments in relation to them. New York, August, 1839. Exercise. — Exercise is generally considered too omnipotent ; and relying upon its restoring power, people run into every kind of extravagance in liv- ing, apparently in the firm faith that an evening or a morning ride will fully indemnify them against any deleterious results from such excesses. Xhey seem to think that late hours, excessive drink, and gluttonous eating, may all be indulged in with im- punity, if they will but occasionally submit them- selves to a gentle jolting in a carriage, or the almost imperceptible motion of an ambling nag. Exorcise is indisputably a capital assistant in the preserva- tion of health, but, without the concurrent aid of a temperate and prudent course of life, it is but a broken reed to lean upon for the promotion of a healthful state of either body or mind. Hard Currency. — " Musket balls full bore," were a legal tender in Massachusetts in 1656, ," current for a farthing apiece, provided that no man be com- pelled to take above 12 at a time of them." In 1680, tlie town of Hinghain paid its taxes in milk pails. Multicaulis, Alpine and other Mulberries. WILLIAM PRINCE & SONS, proprietors of the Lin- nsean Nurseries near New York, are ready lo receive orders to any extent for all the varieties of Mulberries, including the Chinese Muhicaulis, American Multicaulis, raised from seeds and very hardy, Expansa, Elata, Alpine, Canton, Broussa, Rose of Lombardy, Dandolo, Pyramidalis, &c., the six first named of which surpass all others and are placed in rota- tion according to merit. The prices will be moderate and terms easy, and priced Catalogues will be sent to every one desirous of purchasing. Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Green House Plants, Bulbous Flower Roots, Field and Garden Seeds, Rohan Potatoes, &c., can be supplied, and priced Catalogues will be sent to every applicant. September 4. St TO WOOIi GROWERS, For sale a full blood Leistershire Ram, 3 years old this spring ; wa."; imported into this country in May, 1838, by the present owner. This ram is particularly valuable to raisers of sheep, as he is very large an.f of beautiful propor- tions, and produces extraordinary long wool of the best qual- ity. Applvto JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August 2'l. 4tis THE NEW KNGL.A^D FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year— but those who pay whhin sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 58 cents. DENtSTETT ANP CHISHOLM, FRIHTEKS, 17 S0H00:-STRBET.....B0»T0-'« AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. PUBi.ISHEO EY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO 52 NOliTH MARKKT STREET, (Aqbicultural Warehouse.) irot. xvm.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 25, 1839. [NO. la- AGRICULTURAL. From the Cultivalor. rHE AGRICULTURAL STATE OF SCOT- LAND. And what has that to do with American husband- ry ? it may be asked. Much, we reply." We may learn from what Scotland was, and what shetsijn igriculture, many useful lessons in farming. •We may learn our own errors in practice ; and, if wc ire not too proud, or too conceited, we may learn, from Scotch lessons in farming how to correct them — we may learn from tiiem how to" double at least, the products of our agricultural labor. The histo- ry of Scotcli agriculture for the last fifty years, is invaluable to every farmer who would improve his practice. History is wisdom, teaching by example. We find a valuable, essay in the Edinburgh Quar- terly Journal of Agriculture, showing what Scot- land teas, and what she ?s, in regard to her agricul- ture. Slie was, in 1784^ two years after the close ^f our revolution, " as poor as a church mouse." She is now, perhaps, the richest in agricultural products, Df any portion of Great Britain, at least so far as regards hej arable lands. The writer descrihes the face of the country at the middle of the last ecu jury, "no better than that of a bleak, howling wilderness," md well, he adds, might the poet at the inn win- dow indite — \ i " Bleak are thy hills of north, Nov lerlile are thj' plains. Bare-legged are thy nymphs, And bare — ^ are tny swains." " In 1784, a few gentlemen, full of zeal for their country, and it may be a little love of society, formed themselves into a sort of hole and coiner club, in a coflee-house called the E.xchange, situated in the court of that name, near "the market cross of Ed- inburgh." Here, in the enjoyment of agreeable conversation and a good supper, did those worthies talk over plans fcr the amelioration of the High- lands, and from this nucleus arose the now widely extended and powerful Highland Society." ** * "To say what was the state of agriculture in Scot- land at the date of the formation of tiie Highland Society, would, to treat of it minutely, require greater scope than the limits of a periodical admit." " But, to take one sweep over hill and dale, corn- field and meadow, we may at once pronounce the agriculture of Scotland, at that period, to have been wretched — execrably bad in all its l'>calities ! Hardly any wheat was attempted to be grown; oats full of thistles was the standard crop, and this was repeated on the greater part of the arable land, while it would produce twice the seed thrown into it: turnips, as part of the rotation of crops, were unknown: few potatoes were raised, and no grass seeds or clover were sown. The whole manure of can recollect, a great part of the summer was em- ployed in the now fertile shire of Fife, in pulling thistles out of the oats, and bringing them home for the horses, or mowing the rushes and other aquatic plants that grew on the bogs around the homestead. Such was the state of Scotland, with but little appear.ince of amendment, \up to 1792." The general outline of this picture of wretched husbandry is suited to the prosent condition of many districts on the eSistern borders of our coun- try, though the filling up of the picture would re- quire to be somewhat different. " Time, with her ceaseless wing, had now brought in another century, and on the arrival of the nine teenlh, the richer part of the low country bad put on a:iother aspect. Beautiful fields of wheat were to be seen — drilled green crops and clean fallows every where abounded — the bogs had disappeared — the thistles no longer existed. In the Lolhians, all this was carried on to a great extent. The far- mers forgot themselves — they were coining money, and ' light come, light go,' was their motto. They went on in the most reckless manner — they began to keep gfeyhounds, to be members of coursing clubs, subscribed to the 'silver cup,' or 'puppy stakes,' and yelped the same note of folly as their betters in birth, their equals in extravagance and vice. Then followed yeomamy races — the good sturdy nag that would be of use at a time in the operations of the farm, was exchanged for a blood steed, and on market-day, instead of rational con- versation about matters connected >.ilii their own calling, they began to talk 'A:noiOi»ig'/i/' about the turf At this time, that is, from 1810 to 18J4, the agricultural horizon was the brightest ; the gas was fully up, the nation was alive, all was activity and business." But at this time the battle of Waterloo came, and with it peace and low prices. Farmers qould not sustain their extravagance — tliey had been unable to bear prosperity — and their farms fell into the hands of mure prudent managers. We have seen much of the same routine of industry, extravagance and poverty, among the farmers of our own coun- try. Not willing to 'let well enough alone,' they have embarked in speculation, or in pursuits to which they were strangers, and have gone into ex- travagances and follies, to ape the great, which their means did not warraivt, and which neitlier their comfort nor the welfare of their children re- quired. The conspque.".ce often has been, that, like the indiscreet Scoich farmer, their lands have come into the possessionof more prudent managers. But thcugh Scotch farmers failed, from not know- ing how to bear prosperity, Scotch husbandry did not retrograde. "In 1815, the turnip husbandry had got a firm hold in the country — the benefit accruing from it of driving their cattle to a distant market. Two discoveries removed these impediments. The first, "the most important," says our author, "that ever occurred in the annals of agriculture, viz., that of bone dust," and the second, the applicatiotr oj steam, by our countryman, Fulton, to the propelling of vessels, which enabled the Scotch farmer to trans- port his fat animals to Smithfield market, at a mod- erate expense. "So palpable was the benefit to be derived from the use of bone manure, that in a few years there was not a farmer who did not avail him- self of it. The larmers could now grow turnips to any extent, and the bare fallow was exploded." — We have bone dust, and poudrette, and other newly discovered means of fertility, which the farmer is shy of buying and using. We have tried them all, and are .;atisfied both of their utiRt^ and the econ- omy of their application, especially upon naturally dry or well drained soils. They add much to the products of agricultural labor, without any thing like a corresponding outlay. The Scotch fanner could now grow turnips to any extent. He could fatten upon these his stock, and he could send this stock to market at a trivial expense, for the " steam engine had become his drover." But another — a third improvement followed, which we have yet to learn the value of — we mean fun-bio draining on flat and tenacious soils. Heai; what our author says upon this subject : § " No man holding land ought to be ignorant of the thorough or Deanston drain. Mr Smith, deep- ly cngicrpri. in the "ctton spinning trade, could not procure a fall of water on the river Teitli, ten mileg west ofthe castle of Sterling, without renting along with it a considerable portion of very bad and wet land. Not liking to have a heavy rent to pay for such trash, Mr Smith turned his powerful mind to the subject, and perceiving the folly of throwing away large sums of money on deep and useless drains, with all the stufi'of tapping and boring, to cak/i the water as it were a wild beast for which gins and traps must be 1 '.id, hit on the idea of mak- ing drains in parallel lines in the hollow of every ridge, cutting them to the depth of thirty inches, filling them with small stones half way to the sur- face, above this putting a green turf reversed, and replacing the mould. Following up his first dis- covery by ploughing deep, ho has now a farm.of tlie finest land ever seen ; and so convinced is the writer of the utility of this mode of draining, that each year he has been increasing the quantity he has made, and during the last twelve months has put in above fifteen miles. Nor is the Deanston drain confined to those parts of the country where stone or gravel can be procured: the same system can be and is followed « itli the same effect, by using the Marquis of Tweeddale's tile ; or even the poorest farmer, who has not capital to undertake costly improvements, can fertilize his farm by mak- clays are converteJ into turnip eoil, and even what would formerly have been accounted dry, is ad- vanced in quality. Whole parishes in the vicinity of Stirling are completely transformed from unsight- ly marshes into beautiful and rich wheat fields, and where the plough could scarcely be driven for slush and water, we see heavy crops per acre and heavy weight per bushel, the quantity and quality alike improved." * * * * " It is the greatest quantity produceii at the cheapest rate that will ever make a prosperous trade. If wheat is low in price, the fanner must bestir him- self. Let him remember that if he can but grow. one or two quarters more per acre, he will be in a better position, even with the low price, than he was before." In speaking of the Highland Society, the writer enumerates the following means which that Society adopted, as contributing largely to the ujighty ad- vance of the agriculture of Scotland: "In the days of its youth and feebleness, the Highland Society sent the leaven of the turnip hus- bandry into all the glens and straths of the north, by offers of small prizes to certain Highland par- ishes ; and the same may be said as to the growth of clover and the finer grasses. As it advanced in strength, (as to numbers and to cash,) attention was turned to premiums for stock ; then came offers of reward to men of science to discover better imple- ments and machines, to diminish friction and con- sequently draugfrt, such as in the thrashing mill and other parts of agricultural macliinery. Still ad- vancing in the scale of intellect and of science, pre- miums were offered for essays to bring to light the facts connected with chemistry and natural pliilos- ophy ; and, under the auspices of the society, was set up the Quarterly Journal of Agriculture, a work which has been the vehicle of conveying so much useful information to the agriculturist, that we humbly venture to say it ought to appear on the ta- ble and book shelf of every farmer's parlor. After this, the great stock shows were resolved upon as anotiiei' iuik ui' uuiuii beiueen the soi;ieiy auu the practical farmei-, at the same time throwing aside all paltry feeling, and making them open to stock from both sides of the Tweed, [i. e. frorji 'England as well as Scotland.] How well they have suc- ceeded, let the last one at Glasgow bear witness. [This was the most splendid show of fine cattle ev- er exhibited.] Nor has the society forgotten the beauty of the country, as the premiums offered in regard to planting trees and such like subjects ful- ly testify ; and to sum up all, it may be said, the Highland Society has been a point d' appiii, a ral- lying point, to which the agriculturists of Scotland might look, and a fostering mother to all who, al- though strong in talent, were weak in interest to make it public. An ardent lover of the ploutjh and all that can speed it, the writer of this article would advise the society of p^ngland, and all other agri- cultural societies who would be useful to their country, to look into the annals of the Highland So- ciety, and from them to cull whatever m.:y be of use in the advancement of the delightful science, the culture of the fields. '•The men Whom nature's works can eharni, with God hiiiisell' Hold converge ; grow faniili .r day hy day With his coneeplions; act upon his plans, And form to his the relish of their souls. " The Highland Society have this year offered prizes to the amount of $17,000, under the follow- ing classification : Class I. — Agricultiiral machinery, .'iOO sovereigns and a gold and silver medal. Class II. — Essays and reports on various subjects, embracing thirtyone subjects of high interest to the farmer, viz : 1. Geological surveys. 2. Reports on coal districts. 3. Mines and minerals. 4. Products of peat moss, &c. 5. Comparison between different kinds of ma- nure in raising potatoes. 6. E.xtended application of water and other pow- er to farm purposes. 7. Comparative efficacy of the two modes of thor- ouErh draining. 8. Reports on irrigation. 9. Forest planting. 10. Sheep pastures at high elevations. Jl. Improved sheep salve. 12. Oil crossing the Cheviot with the New Lei- cester ram. 13. Cultivation of the recently introduced ce- real and other grains. 14. Feeding farm hotses on raw and prepared food. 1.5. Early rearing and fattening of lambs. It). Insects injurious to agricultural plants. 17. Insects injurious to forest trees. 18. Comparative nutritive. properties of grasses. 19. Extirpating f irns from pastures. 20. Thorough. draining. 21. Subsoil ploughing of thorough-drained land. 22. Mole plough. 23. Experiments with manures. 24. Analysis of bone or rape dust. 25. On the effects of altitude on vegetation. 26. Feeding of cr.ttle. 27. Forests of larch. 28. On raising improved varieties of grains. 29. Reports on improved rural economy abroad. 30. Honorary premium for reports on certain districts in Scotland. 31. Investigation of certain points connected with tiie science of agriculture, viz: An essay or memoir explaining on scientific prin- ciples, the mode in which soil operates in pro- ducing or facilitating the germination and.growth of ■Vegetables. An essay or memoir describing and proving, on scientific principles, what is the best admixture of the ordinary elements of soil, for promoting ttie germination and growth of particular vege- tables. An essay or memoir describing, on scientific prin- ciples, the mode in which lime operates in ren- dering the soil better adapted for the germina- tion and growth of particular vegetables. An essay or Biemoir explaining, on scientific prin- ciples, the effect of drainage in altering the con- stitution or qualities of the soil, and increasing its fertility. An essay or memoir, showing the nature of the at- mospheric influences on soil, in promoting its fertility, including the modification of these in- fluences arising from heat and cold, dryness and moisture. CJass HI. — Waste lands— their improvement by tillage. Class IV. — Crops and culture. Class V. — Pastures — their mmiagement. Class VI. — Live stock— district competitors. Class VII. — Products of live stock — butter and cheese. Class VIII. — The best kept cottages and cottage gardens. Class IX. — Woods and plantations. Class X. — General show of live stock and agri- cultural meeting at Inverness. Having shown, by our quotations, something of the vast extent of ihe recent improvements in the agrieultufe of Scotland, and the influence which its agricultural society has had in promoting these im- provements, we have given the above sketch of their premiums, as indicating the means they have adopt- ed, and are adopting, to bring about this great and salutary change— to show how vast a field they oc- cupy, and the great bearing which science is made to have in the improvement of tho soil, and in th( operations of the farm. ^EgKSHIRE AND OTHER HOGS.— HARDI NESS OP DURHAM CATTLE. We offered the belief some weeks ago, that the Berkshire hogs, although a very superior breed for family pork or for slaughtering and packing on or near navigable streams, are not good travellers. — This was mere matter of opinion, from observation of the animals, which have remarkably short legs and bodies, as well as from the statement of Mr C. N. Bement, of Albany, N, Y., one of the oldest breeders of them in the United States, concurring in the same opinion, and which was published in the first volume of this work, page 307. We sup- pose a full Idood Berkshire hog has never been driven to the South, and we do not know of a lot of mixed bloods having gone. We think it likely the cross of the Berkshire upon the long legged breeds would produce a fair travelling animal, and one uniting other excellencies. We have received sev- eral letters from breeders suggesting the propriety of a revision of our opinion as to the travelling ca- pability of Berkshire hogs; but, till better advised, we must adhere to the opinion. We would thank the gentlemen to furnish us some facts on which we would be justified in. remodelling our present opinion; and such facts would be exceedingly in- teresting to others too. We have been acquainted with this breed of hogs nearly as long as any one else in this State, and have now a fine lot of mixed and full bloods ; but never heard, till lately, that they were a good travelling breed. But if they are, they have still higher claims to public estima- tion. We can truly say, that on the farm, they are the busie.st hogs we have ever seen ; but do not deem this any evidence of ability to travel to the south on their short legs, bearing such enormous barrels, through the deep mud of winter. Those who are breeding hogs are interested in knowing the trutl%, not only as to this but all' the qualities of hogs ; and we would be glad to have the opinions, but more particularly the experience of others on the matter. In point of/ort», the Berkshire is superior, incur opinion, to any other breed we have seen — but this is only our opinion. For thrift we deem them equal to any, and as to haj-diness, inferior to none — two more opinions, based somewhat upon observation and experience, however. We have tried all the popular breeds but the Russia and Irish ; (which we propose yet to try,) and so far as our own pref- erences are fixed, we prefer the Berkshires for fam- ily pork and for slaughtering and packing, but the Woburns or Bedfords for travelling. These are preferences which are based, however, more upon opinion than upon satisfactory or conclusive tests, vol., XVIII. NO. 19. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 103 ind which are worth just as little and just as much i true rriiin (upon' known quantities of food) at nil 18 any other unverified opinions— and they may go seasons and upon the ordinary modes of feeding or whiil they are worth. \\c have never lieard, ' generally practiced. An oxpcriinpnt which shows lor still loss entertained a doubt that the Irish hogs | what may be effected by a mode of husbandry which ire fine travellers. I cannot bo adjusted to the circumstances of the coun- Whether this or that breed of hogs is the best | try, although it may load to rational conclusions, or this or that farmer, depends upon various con- j is not the most valuable for general usefulness, iderations— position with reference to market— : We do not know what is the final result of Dr. M.'s ire tliey to be slan;;hternd and packed at home or I experiuient, or indeed whether it is satisfactorily 0 driven abroad — the mode ol keeping — the kind completed ; but we should be glad to hear, and par- if food, &c. &c , all which every reflecting far- i ticnlirly to know the cost as well as the result. r(er will duly appreciate. Coarse boned animals, of i We know of an experiment which was made with ill kinds, the world all over, rre known to be less 'the same breeds, last winter, in the ordinary meth- hrifty than those of fine bone. Ifhojis therefore ' od of keeping stock hogs, which resulted greatly ire to bo slaughtered at home, ve .should prefer I in favor of the Berkshires ; but in neither case do hose of fine bone ; but if the hogs are to bo driven ' we know whether the gain obtained by each breed, 1 long way to market, and the bone be too fine and under the differently conducted experiments, was he le'gs too short for travelling, the coarse boned had at the cost of food and labor, equivalent or log must be adopted of necessity. But the jndi- inore than equivalent to the value of the gain. If ;ious breeder well knows how to secure, in tae i one animal gains fifty pounds in the same time greatest compatible degree, all the desired quali- i that another gains forty, and upon the same quan- ies, by crossing; and why should we feel asortof jtity offood, i,here can be no dispute as to the su )artisan spirit in regard to any particular breed , periority of that animal : but if he consumes an vhich does not possess all the ciualities desirable ? ' amounc of food more than the other, equal in value Fhe fact is, we none o.f us know enough in rela- , lo his excess of flesh, his superiority consists only ;ion to any of the breeds, to justify dogmatic con- in the quickness with which he fattens. Some ani- llusions as to their superior fitness for all purposes, i nials take on flesh much more rapidly in some peri- It is true we have some well-founded opinions de- ods of life than in others. This aptitude manifests ■ived from experience and which serve to guide us : itself in some breeds early, and in othor, late in jften to very favorable results; but we have not life. There is said to be a breed of pigsatthe ill the data by which to test every mooted ques iion arising in this branch of rural economy. Facts — indisputable facts — the well-attested results of skilful, accurate and thorough experiments, are ivhat we want before we can decide the superior lvalue of this or that breed of animals and lay down immutable laws for the guidance of breeders. We know of no such experiments having been made in reference to the relative qualities and value of va- rious breeds of hogs. It is true every breeder who has several breeds, forms his opinions, and for the soundness of which he can give substantial reasons, sufficient to govern himself and influence others ; north, which mature sufficiently for slaughtering at nine months old; but these are stuffed in the stye, we presume, from the start. Under this treatment any breed of ordinary thrift, would do the same; but this treatment cannot be adopted in Kentucky. The whole system of stuffing, in reference to calves as well as pigs, we regard as affording no useful information, except in developing an aptitude to fatten quickly. It is a system which cannot be adopted in general practice ; and the fat calves and pigs which we see at the fairs — who can tell us wliether the labor and food expended in fatten- inor them is not worth more than the animals would and we doubt not these opinions and reasons are bring in the shambles ? This is at last the true the best which could be derived under the circum- i test of things ; and it is important that such exper- stances of their formation; bnt the most eminent ! iments should be made and the results accurately breeders arrive at different conclusions in relation [ recorded. In this view of the subject, we have to the same breeds. Hence we say different cir- ' sometimes thought that no premiums ought to be cumstances are to be taken into account, and that , awarded at our fairs, except upon animals whose they are not duly weighed and ascertained by accu- ! owners produce accurate statements of the mode rate experiments in seeking definite conclusions, and expense of keeping and the amount gained up- Dr. Martin (if he will pardon the unauthorized use 1 on the food consumed. If any of our Kentucky of his name and practice,) is making some experi- ' breeders have made such / experiments and kept ments upon the relative thriftiness of the Herkshire their accounts accurately, we should be extremely and Woburn hogs, by putting an equal number of glad to publish their statements, each in the same stye and feeding them alike. — | We find also, that some of the experienced These are young hogs, highly fed, and the experi- breeders do not admit the correctness of our opin- ment so far, is decidedly in favor of the Woburns. ; ion, published some weeks ago, that Durham cattle Well, this experiment will teach some facts pretty \ are less hardy than the native stock. On this sub- clearly, but still we doubt whether it is an entirely Iject we earnes;ly desire enlightenment; and if ex- fair one in view of testing the question whether perimental facts are offered, showing that this in- the one or the other breed, upon the whole, is the , valuable race is capable of enduring the rigors of most valuable and profitable broed. It may be shown, indeed, which class of animals, fed in the same stye, takes on more flesh in a given time ; but it does not show at what additional cost of tood the gain is obtained ; nor indeed, is an experiment of stuffing pigs at all a satisfactory mode, to our mind. wintef and the stint of food under which the com- mon stock of the country are sustained, one of the most serious obstacles will be removed and their spread will be much more rapid. We do not at all entertain the unfavorable opmions on this subject affected by many ; but at the same time we were /..jr>,11,l In the tiplipf tliat. the native stock oossess SALTING BUTTER. On some occasions, a part or the whole of the butter may, perhaps, be disposed of fresh : but in general it niu.st be salted bef)re it can be carried to market. And as this part of the process requires as great nicety as any other, a few remarks on the subject shall be added. • Wooden vessels are, upon the whole, most prop- er to be employed for containing salted Dutter. — riiese should be made of cooper work, very firm, and tightly joined with strong wooden hoops. It will be advisable to make them very strong where circumstances permit them to be returned to the dairy; for as it is a matter of considerable difficuky to season new vessels so well as that they shall not affect the taste of the butter, it is always advisable to employ the old vessels rather than make new ones, as long as they continue firm and sound. Oak is the best wood for the bottom, and staves and broad Dutch split hoops are to be preferred to all others when they can be had. Iron hoops should be rejected, as the rust from thorn will in time sink through the woc^d, though it be very thick, and injure the color of the butter: one iron hoop, however, should be put at the top, and another below beyond the bottom, the projec- tion below the bottom being made deep for this pur- pose. No form is more convenient than that of a bar- rel, unless, perhaps, it be that of a truncated cone, with the apex uppermost ; as in this case the but- ter never can rise from the bottom and float upon the brine, which it will sometimes do in the under part of a barrel when brine is necessary. But this inconvenience may be easily obviated, by driving a wooden peg with any kind of a head, into the bot- tom before it be filled, as the butter, closely embrac- ing the head all round, will be kept perfectly firm in its place. — An old vessel may be prepared for again receiving butter, by the ordinary process of scalding, rinsing, and drying; but to season a new vessel requires greater care. This is to be done by filling it frequently with scalding water, and al- lowing it to remain till it slowly cools. If hay or other sweet vegetables are put into it along with the water, it is sometimes thought to facilitate the process. But in all cases frequent effusions of hot water are very necessary, and a considerable time is required, before they can be rendered fit for use. The careful dairyman ought to be particularly guarded with respect to this particular, or he may soon lose his character at market After the butter has been beaten up and cleared from the milk, as before directed, it is ready for being salted. Common salt is almost the only sub- stance that has been hitherto employed for the pur- pose of preserving butter; but I have found by ex- perience, that the following composition is, in many respects, preferalilte to it, as it not only preserves the butter more effectually from any taint of ran- cidity, but makes it also look better and tasto sweeter, richer, and more marrowy, than if the same butter had been cured with common salt alone. I have frequently made comparative trials with the same butter, and always found the difference much greater than could well be conceived. The com- position is as follows : Take of sugar one part, of nitre one part, and of thg best Spanish great salt, or best rock salt, two parts : beat the whole into a NOTICES OF FARMS, &c Mr Calvin Haskell's Farm, Harvard, Mass. Wa notice the farm of this ofentlomgn on account of the experience he has had in the mnlberry and silk line. This farm is well situated for the raising of trees and the prodnction of silk, boing located on high ground with a western aspect; the jioil a good black loam, pretty free from stones, with a fine smooth surface. It is a well known fact that the frosts hold off in the autumn two or three weeks longer on high ss\ells of land than in the valleys ; consequently the young wood of the trees is better ripened and prepared to stand the winter without injury. The principal varitnies cultivated by Mr Haskell, are the coumion white and a variety rais- ed from seed of the raorus inulticaulis. He pur- chased two of the last named trees soon after their introduction into the country, planted them out and suffered them to remain through the winter; these survived two winters and perished the third ; but the third season they produced 30 or 40 berries : these wei-e saved with great care and planted the following season (]83(),) from which were raised about 500 trees, with leaves of various sizes and shapes, but generally resembling the mother plant, and in many cases a very near approach to it. The result has been that he is in possession of a variety to all appearance hardier than the parent, and equal- ly valuable in point of weight of foliage. Asa proof of its hardiness, part of the trees have been fully exposed for two winters^ — even the roots were made bare in some cases, and they did not suffer so much as those placed in the cellar. So well satis- fied is he of this, that he intends to plant out an acre the next season for 'feeding worms, to remain undisturbed through the li'inter. They are propa- gated with as much ease as the parent tree. He has trees over six feet high from the layers this year, and about 15,000 of this variety. We often hear it said that the morns inulticaulis will become acclimated eventually ; but experience, as far as our own observation goes, and the opinion of a number of cultivators of good aithority, proves the reverse; that by continued propagation by cuttings or layers, it becomes more tender. We see an ex- ample of this kind in the worthless Lomhardy pop- lar, which was in every body's ground twentyfive years ago. It was easily propagated from the cut- ting, and in no other way were the trees produced : the consequence has been, that it has completely run down and enfeebled. The only prospect of ac- climating the inorus multicaulis, in our opinion, is by raising a few generations of plants from seed, and probably Mr Haskell has made some approach to this desired result. For feeding worms he has depended principally upon the white mulberry: of these he has about 3000, mostly cultivated in hedges, about four feet distant from each other in the row, and from five to nine years old. Until a more hardy variety has been thoroughly tested, we io not think it wise to reject the common white, surely not for the multi- caulis. Selections may be made from a lot of seed- ling white mulberries, which have leaves nearly as large as those of the Broussa. 'I he be.^t varieties of the Broussa to all appearance now, will super- sede the white. As near a% we can learn, what is called the Alpine is only a superior variety of the Broussa: we have not been able to find any other diflTerence; if there is, v.'e should like to know wherein the difference consists. Mr Haskell has now been a producer of silk for five years, but has labored under great disadvantage until the present season, in consequence of not having a suitable place for feeding his worms : last year they were very much injured by. keeping them in a hot garret not well ventilated. He has now erected a conve- nient cocoonery, 35 feet by 25, two stories high — each story containing four tiers of shelves with six in a tier, and capable of accommodating 500,000 worms. He will have of this year's raising from 150 to 1.'5 lbs. of cocoons, and might have produc- ed more if he had been disposed ; but the plan he adopts is to spare his young trees and not strip tiiem too close, as he considers it poor economy to do this until they are well established.. He calculates that 1000 worms will make four pounds of cocoons, and that it requires from 10 to 12 lbs. of cocoons for 1 lb. of reeled silk. He raised this year three broods of worms : the first hati.-hed out the first of June ; the second the middle of June, and the third the first of August. The last brood however, did not succeed well, as they sufl^ered from the cold nights ; for the future he intends to have none come out later than the middle of July, so that the worms shall all have finished their work by the first of Sep- tember. Mr Haskell does not devote himself ex- clusively to his farm, as he is engaged in trade. — He supplies his customers with sewing silk of his own manufactuie, which is generally preferred to the imp<.rted. From the success which has attend- ed his first efforts and the prospect before him, Mr Haskell feids encouraged to pursue the business, with the assurance that it will prove a profitable one in the end. Some of our readers may think we have occu- pied loo much of the paper of this and the last week, on this subject; but it has been our desire to re- cord what has fallen under our own observation for the encouragement of others. There has been so much misrepresentation, hnmbuggery, and de- ception practised upon the subject, that we have been seriously afraid our farmers would become dis- gusted and give it up in despair. We trust this will not be the case without further trial. It is grati^"ying to learn that considerable is doing the present season in the silk uusiness in New England, independent of raising trees fiir sale, and that those who have experimented and devoted themselves to it the longest and of course ought to be the best judges, are fully persuaded of its final success. The great excitement which now pervades the country in relation to the sale of trees is an unnatural one raised by speculators, and will probably end in the disappointment and ruin of multitudes or we are much mistaken. Those whoso object has been to raise silk, and have not made their calculations to become suddenly rich, will, we think, have their anticipations fully realized; but letthem have pa- tience, and not be in too much haste to keep worms until their trees will bear sufficient foliage without stripping them to death. Improvements of the farming inttrest in Pepperell. For twenty years past we have been somewhat acquainted with the state of agriculture in this and the neighboring towns. In this place we spent twe've years of our life: having been absent from it for the last eight years, we were in a situation, on a recent hasty visit, to form some estimate of the progress of agriculture in this part of iMiddle- sex county. To a resident who has his eye con- tinually upon the slow march of improvement around him, it will not appear so conspicuous as to those who have been absent. We noticed in comparing the present appearance of the farms with ndiat they were 20, 15, or 10 years ago, that a marked and decided change for the better has taken place The improvements consist in better husbandry, more comfortable and better finished dwelling hou- ses and barns, a greater abundance of shade and ornamental trees, together with a general appear- ance of independence and thrift. In saying this, we would not be understood that there is no chance for improvement left : very far from that ; the far- mers have hardly begun to look up, comparatively speaking. The surface of the town is agreeably diversified with hills and valleys, and well watered by the Nashua on its southern border, the Nissitis- set running through it, and other living streiims of minor importance, giving life and beauty to the scenery, otherwise interesting and pleasant. The upland soils are mostly brown color, inter- mixed with aririllaceous slate, the decomposition of which gives fertility to it, and when stimulated with a due proportion of manure, gives large re- turns, and is highly favorable fiir corn, wheat and other grain, as well as for all sorts of fruit. We find that much more wheat has been raised of late years than formerly. We were told by one gentleman that he raised last year 28 3-4 bushels to the acre, and this year the produce will probably be greater: as it had not been threshed out he could not give us a statement of the present crop ; but when this is done, an account of his mode of cultivation with the quantity raised may be expect- ed. On another farm we were shown a field of fine ruta bagas, part of them having been manured with bone manure and the remainder with ashes : those manured with the bone manure were the most luxuriant. Many of the farmers have commenced the cultivation of roots for their cattle and hogs, a thing unknown a few years since: no doubt, as they see the beneficial effects of roots upon their cattle and farms, their cultivation will be more gen- eral and on a larger scale. We were informed that an extraordinary crop of rye was raised the present year on some light intervale land. The land was prepared by first sowing a crop of clover seed, which produced a good burden, and to the as- tonishment of his neighbors, the proprietor ploughed itin and sowed his rye. Probably they thought him almost insane to waste so fine a crop of clover, but he had read of such an operation before if he had never practised it. On another farm we examined an orchard which had been set out about 18 years : the soil a dry, slatoy one. The owner was of opinion that trees planted in cultivated ground were forced ahead too fast and more liable to decay, and had taken an opposite course and kept his land down to grass. The trees were very healthy and vigorous — had been taken good care of, and a small space round the body of the tree kept clear of grass. To com. pare them with .Mr Phinney's, noticed a few weeks since, reared in cultivated ground, and as to soil about on the same footing as to fertility, and plant- ed nearly the same time — we should say it was best to keep the ground cultivated: how they will compare twenty years hence we cannot say ; but at the present, Mr Phinney's are twice or three times as large and produce four times the fruit. It is true, however, that while Mr Phinney lost quite a number of trees by the severity of the cold winters, those we now examined stood unharmed. This orchard had been ploughed up and planted with corn the present season, and has produced a luxu- riant crop; probably from 50 to tlO bushels per Toit. xvm. NO. la. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 105 icre : it was manured in the liill witli a compost naile of three parts of meadow nmd and one of barn yard manure. There are many farms we shouhl like to notice in tliis town, but we have not time at present, but as we have liad some encouraprcment from a number of gentlemen, wo hope to hour throunfh them more from the Pepperell farms. J. B. SWINE IN A FRUIT ORCII.\RD. Mr Phillips, in a letter publi.-gno- men. In some places it is called, as he says, twitcli grass ; in some witch grass ; in some Sprague's grass . in some joint grass ; in some places and among a set of men (we shall not s,.y where they live,) who get sud- denly in a passicm, and use hard names, it is called dev- il's weed^for certain folks are always fond ofaff"ection- ate associations, and of remembering their intimate friends on all occasions. But none of these names are , ^ . , ■ 11 J I half (Ml resnectable as the true botanical name, by the this importani branch of the business we have had half so respeciauie as I. .,, L,„ """"V ., ' yje nf which we hope our friends conscience will here- , . , . f „ ,„ ,„„..,r„M„n Th «' after be relieved; that is, Triticum repens, or Creep\ng the one 1 use, which is of my own conelrujtron. in.s , ■»'<" "^ • ' ' U C instrument is exceedingly simple, and performs its work , Whc-.al. in the finest manner, and I should be happy if I knew ^ RAISING VEGETABLES. any person who could use it, to exhibit It also. 1 be- Nb w ...uur, vj .,.,,, , ., lieve its simplicity would commend itself to the favora- 1 Mr Stanley Carter, of North Wrenlham, un er date ble notice of judges, as being the best machine of the j of September iOlh instant, informs us that he has dis- k „d and peculiarly adapted for faudly use. Its move- covered a process of forwarding vegetation, by which, TeL are the same as the famous Piedmontcse reel. , he says, vegetables can be brought to --"y - ">- The reeling of silk is a verv delicate operation, yet it , fourths nflhe time usually required for that result^ He isone that patience and industry will easily surmount, is of opinion that great improvements are not eft-ected I believe you will be surprised to see , he specimens always and exclusively by master minds, as those of a ee ed in my roon., for indeed I am surprised myself ! Newton and a Frankliu ; but often by the most seel ud- When seveal months since you asked me why I did , ed and humble operators ,n the community. In this Bot direct my attention to the silk culture,! had no idea we entirely agree with him, and shall most heartily con- LOWELL HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The first exhibition of the Lowell Horticultural Soci- ety took place at Mechanics' hall on Wednesday, the I9!li inst It gave us much pleasure to be present and witness the first offerings to Flora and Pomona. From the spiiit which has marked the formation of this soci- ety, and the result of its first effort, we anticipate that it will become an object of much interest and usefulness to the city of Lowell and vicinity. As we take a deep interest in the dissemination and cultivation of fine fruits and flowers, we hail with pleasure its existence, and shall at all limes be pleased to extend to it the right hand of fellowship. The show of flower? was very good considering the recent organization of the society — much better than could have been expected. The dahlia appeared the most prominent among the floral tribe : some fine sp.'ci, mens were exhibited by a number of contributors ; there were also numerous bouquets and cut flowers, peculiar to the season. The fruit consisted of apples, [lears, peach- es, plums, grapes, melons, &c. of which there wasagood display, reflecting much credit upon the cultivators in the neighborhood ; many of the specimens were of the first order. Overgrown squashes, pumpkins, and other huge vegetables were to be seen as usual on such occa- sions. A bushel basket of large Rohan potatoes was ex- hibited, raised from twenty eyes, some of them weigh- ing 1 1-2 lb. each. The hall was thronged with ladies and gentlemen, .Tpparently well pleased with so success, fill a commencement. In the evening an address was delivered on the occasion by the Rev. J. L. Russell, which we did not heal, as it was necessary for us to return before night ; but from his well known ardent love of Horticulture, and his perfect knowledge of Bot- any, no doubt it was well adapted to interest and in- struct his audience, and encourage them to persevere in their efforts to promote a taste for the cultivation of fruits and flowers in Lowell and vicinity. J. B. itiaasachiisetis Horticultural Soclely, EXHIBITION OF FROITS. Saturday, Sept. 14, 1839. The show of fruits at the hall of the Society have thus lar been uncommonly good for the season. Mr Manning exhibited Gravenstein Apples ; Golden Beurre of Bilboa, Styrian, Buffum, Beurre of Mons, of the London Horticultural Society, and Belle Lucrative TOL. XMU. NO. la AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 107 Tears; I'nitie d'Agoii, Diamond, Viololle, Reino Claude, »nd tlie rrfiieli Long Blu.i Plums. MrPon.l exhibit«d Julienne, Gushing, St. Gliishiin and Williams' Bon Chretien, (B.iiliott ofHoston) Pe;[rs ; Green Gage, Lonibaid and Corse's Field Marshall Plums. Cul. Wilder e.'jhihited Cor>e'9 Admiral Plums, anil Remsen's Favorite ;. a breaking, sweet, but not highly flavnreil Pear. Mr Jaeob Deane, of Munsfield, seiil in the " Superb Sweet' and Spice Apples, also large '• Early " Peaches Mr Warren e.xhibited the Julienne Pear and small Early Figs. White Peach, natural fruit, probably the Brailles Wliite, H-hich can generally bo reproduced from the stone, was sent fr(^m the ganlen of Mr Burroughs. Isabella Grapes, open culture, from .Mr Parker. Seedling Peaches, of good size and fine flavor, were exhibited by Mr Richards. White, or Flushing Gage, from Mr J. W. Newhall White Sweetwater and Black Hamburgh Grapes; small yellow Plum, unnamed, and the Bromfield Nec- tarine, fiom Mr T. Mason. The well known •' Yellow Egg" Plum, of a large size, measuring 7 3-4 inrhes in diameter, was sent from the garden of Mr Samuel Lamson. Williams' Bon Chretien and the Gushing Pears, were exhibited by Mr Fisher, of Brnokline. Apples, unnamed, from Mr Henry Sheafe. Julienne Pears, from Mr Warren. For tho Comraitlee, JOHN M. IVES. [I5"At a meeting of the Horticultural Society on Sat- urday, the 2!st inst., the thanks of the Society were vo- ted to 'PuRELL Tufts, Esq , of Medford, for his valuable and acceptable donation to the Society of a complete set of Aublell's History of Plants. Messrs John Clark and George Hallelt, of Boston, were admiited subscription members. BRIGHTON MARKET.— MoNOAT, Sept. 23,1829. Reiinrtecl fur the New England Farmer. At Market, 725 Beef Cattle, 540 Stores, 4r)50 Sheep and 675 Swine. A large number 'bat is vt,oung of I'ra'Ci The a.lvert well ncquaiuled wilh the cullivalion of vegetables, and om Ihat is also capable of taking charge of horses, cotes and wine, one thai understands il,1ie must be energetic, active Hid load of nearness and order; he must produce evidences if a "-(W moral character. Such a person may find a per- nauent silualion liy calling on Messrs BR120K &. CO. ^^ None need apply but such as answer lo ihc above. September 2a islf A FARMBR ■WANTED. A man and wife or a single man are wanled lo carry on a Farm about N miles from Boston, for which reasonable wages will he paid. None need apply but Americans and ihose that are acquainted wilh Farming ami Oardeninc;. Kirsl rale recnmmendalions will be required for honesly and sobriety. Please apply al this office. September 2.5. Great Auction Sale of Itlorus ItliUticanlU Trees. ,f,.Mtsst. On ihe 1st October next, al PRINCE'S W^^^ Nurseries, Flushing, near New York. ■^^hf^^: William Prince & Siui have concluded, for ^Sr.' -.v^* ihe purpose of more general dissemination, to _*^rfL— -^ nlfera pari of their stock for sale, as follows. 150.000 splendid Trees rf ihe eenuine Morns Multicaulis. 50,ono Large Leaved Alpine Mulberry, very hardy. 2.';,ni)0 Rrseof Lomhardy Mulberry, ;md a few thousand of ihe New .American .Multicaulis, raised from genuine seeds. The leaves are very large, and the tree exceedingly hardy. The terms will lie very liberal for notes or mortgages, and very tree will positively be sold, without reserve, lo the highest bidder. The Ir.-cs will be sold on the ground, wilh II Iheir tiranches and very large fools, jtivt as they stand, and a few thousand Irees will also lie sold of new and extremely rare varieties of ihe Mulberry, not lo be found in any other establishmeiil. September 25. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. .Ilassaclxusetts Horticultoral Society. The members of this Society are hereby notified, that on Salurday. ibeSlbofOclobernexl.al 1 1 o'clock, A M. at their hall in Tremont Street, the officers of the Society for theen- iuing year, will be elected, viz. a President, four Vice Pres- idents, a Treasurer, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Count-il,an Executive Commitlee, and Slandinsi Committees on Fruits, Flowers, the Synonyms ol Fruits, the Library, and on Finance. R. T. PAINE, Corresponding Secretary and ex oflicio Recording Secretary pro tempore, Boston, September 11. niorus Multicaulis Trees from Seed. The subscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced from seed of liie genuine Morus Multicaulis. The ss^ed was rais- ed on his premises in ISM; the trees have been mulliplied for the two last years by layers, their growth is more rapid than the original tree, and appear lo be sufficiently acclima- ted to endure the winder, some of them having been left standing in the open field nnprolected during Ihe two last winters without any essential injury. The leaves are very large and equal in quality to any other kind for feeding the silk worm. Those who are wishing lo purchase a superior kind of Mulberry ar? requested lo call and examine for them- selves, before the foliage is destroyed by IVosI CALVIN HASKELL. Harv.ird, September II. niULiBERUY TRKES. The subscriber has on band a q'.ianlityof*TVruIherryTreesora qualily which is probably superior lo any kind ever introduced into this country. They were inriported./bitr years since and though they have sustained the rigorous cold of the last three winters entirely nnprolected, yet it is lielieved a Southern or Hes(ern climate would be more admirably adapted to their growth and propagation. 'Iheir foliage is most luxuriant and aflbrris more nourishment than any rther variety. Silk produced by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronounced by judges lo be the best ever manufactured by them, and de- cidedly SH|ierior lo the best Italian. A few thousand will be for sale if imniediale application is made to the subscriber, where specimens may be seen. Also— A few hundred Morus Mullicaulis and Asiatic. JOHN N. BARBOUR, September II. No. 30 Commercial Street, Boston. Complete Garden and Horticultural Tool Chests, Frm ^^heffield, England; cnnlaininij Garden Shears, im- AsHEs, Pearl, per ion lbs. . Pol, " •• " . BtiANS, while. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Hee.swax, while, yellow, . . . licITER, lull, . . • . lump, Chkfse, new milk, Cider, . . . ■ • refined Bone Masuhk, ... in casks. Feathers, nortlieru, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Biy, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. I No. 2. No 3, . \lewives, dry sailed. No. I . Salmon, No. I, Flous, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yelbnv, southern fiat, yellow, white, . . ■ . Rye, northern, . Barley, noniinal Oals, norllicrn, (prime) . southern, new. Hams, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl Iqualily, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, Isl sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leatheb, Philadelphia city tannage, do. counlry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Like, best sr^v Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, .American, Neat's Fool, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 Ih Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeus; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, ' Canary, Hemp, .... Flax Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Bi'own, " Casiile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, Isl sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-'llhs do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_; f Pulled superfine, ^ s; I No. I, E-3lNo.2, . . . . Z * I No. 3, bushel barrel pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal barrel pound pound casif 'allon pound pr M. pound 6 60 1 76 2 0U 14 50 13 50 1150 2S 16 00 12 50 6 62 5 23 2 25 3 00 2 00 5 00 I 50 13 50 14 00 11 Oil 11 25 7 25 7 50 6 00 6 50 22 00 23 00 6 50 6 62 6 50 6 62 6 37 6 63 6 50 4 26 3 75 4 00 18 00 15 50 12 1 12 1 15 120 125 50 60 85 1 00 2 75 3 00 20 00 23 00 15 00 17 00 12 00 12 60 2 87 3 00 65 100 1 SO 2 00 2 26 2 62 3 00 1 37 162 MISCELLANEOUS. From the Knickerbocker. | OUR MOUNTAINS AND VALLEYS. i " GiiD of our fair, px(en(led [ilains, i Thy sweet green fluids contented lie, | Thy mountains rise, like holy lowers, . To hold communion with the sky I" Ptiilwdij. ! The mountains and the valleys wide, Ofour dear native land ; In all their bright green loveliness, How gloriously ihey stand ! The white clouds built on azure skiis, Like palaces and towers, The spanning rainbow's brilliant arch, Formed of the sun and showers ! The creeping breeze that floats in waves, Far o'er the flowering rye. And purple hills, with clover buds, Reposing blushingly : Rich are the fields with bearded grain, Where the broad valleys run, To meet the mountain ramparts blue, Gilt by the cheerful sun. , Oft shadowed into darker spots. Beneath the floating cloud, Oft gleaming with a rosy tinge. Where mantling forests crowd ; All o'er the waving, graceful line, As forth it sweeps along, Sweet, varied into lofty peaks. And deep dells, filled with song. Down midst the slopes, the village spires, Are rising among bowers. And o'er each dwelling's garden wall, Break ibrth the truant flowers. And here are all the yeomanry That grace our happy soil ; Who bid it smile thus beautiful, Beneath their cheerful toil. The plough, and scythe, and harrow conic. And cradle, in their time, And spread the boon of plenty round, Within our changeful clime : 'Tis God that gives the sun and shower, The soil, and forest shade, And husbandmen make joyful here, The lovely world He made. HoRTicULTHKAL SOCIETY. — We vlslted twice yesterday, the exhibition of fruits and flowers-atthe saloon of Niblo's Garden. It is truly a choice ex- hibition, embracing numberless varieties of plums, peaches, nectarines, melons, grapes, &c. &c. &c., both of rare kinds and uncommon TJimensions. The display of dahlias is truly gorgeous — the extent and variety of the collection and the tasteful disposition of the flowers, exceeding bv far, any former exhibition. The specimens of fruit and the flowers, are for the most part arranged upon a long table in the centre of the saloon. The vegetables, of rare sorts and enormous size, upon tables along the sides. The gentleman whose contributions are the most extensive and various, is Alexander Walsh, Esq., of Lansinburgh. And to his taste the society is in- debted for a very appropriate and beautiful orna- ment at the head of the saloon. It is what Mr W. has fitly named the horticulturist's coat of arms. forming a pyramid twentyfour feet high, construct- ed entirely of the various instruments of horticul- ture. A thermometer, handsomely decorated, is placed in the centre, with the motto, " Sciencf. di- rects OUR Mov:-MENTS." The spade, vake, hoe, &c. &c., covered with a wreath of evergreens, and decorated with a superb variety of dahlias, rare ex- otics, and native flowers, form the frame work of this fanciful device. From the most prominent parts of the structure are suspended filberts, teazle, madder root, woad, sumac, perennial flax, &c., all produced by Mr Walsh, emblematic of the aid hor- ticulture affords to manufactures. The silk busi- ness is fully represented by the eggs, reeled silk, and a tasteful display of cocoons and wreaths ofthe silk moth. Near the centre of the structure the grape, and that which maketh the heart glad, corn, oil and wine, are justly represented. The pedestal, some thirty feet long, is loaded v/ith some fifteen or twenty varieties of plums, al.«o apples, pears, filberts, a profusion of choice and rare vegetables, and we may here also mention, a diminutive bee hive and a snn-dial. On the right, a little raised from the pedestal, are placed a variety of rural engravings. Copies of the New York, New England, Michigan, and Genesee Parmer, the Cultivator, and other publications, fully to complete this gardener's budget, have likewise been placed upon the table — ^Mr Walsh's motto be- ing, " Son utile aindn que hricondo :" " I am useful even when sportive." Amidst all this beautiful display we are not only chagrined, but provoked, to find thatlbe New York- ers, the cultivators of fruit and flowers in this city, and its environs, have been so backward on this oc- casion. While Mr Downing, and others, of New- burgh, Messrs Holbrook, Kneeland, and others, of Duchess CO., Messrs Gen. Stephen Van Rensselaer, Judge Buel, Isaac Denniston, and others, of Albany, and Mr Walsh, of Lansinburgh, have taken such pains to favor us with choice specimens of their horticultural labors, we have not more than two or three exhibitors of fruit, and as many more of flow- ers— none, we believe, from Long Island or New Jersey. Our friends from the country have done verv handsomely on the occasion, but the coldness ofthe city and its environs is chilling to their feel- ings and enterprise. It has struck us also, that our contemporaries of the press have been unusually backward in stirring up our citizens to the impor- tance of this most interesting and beautiful depart- ment of practical political economy. We cannot enumerate the e.xhibitors either of fruits or flowers this afternoon, and must await the secretary's report. The most inviting and beautiful nectarines that we have ever seen, are from Mrs Van Rensselaer, of Albany, and we think the choic- est looking peaches are from Mr Kneeland's gar- den in Hyde Park. The annual discourse is to be dblivered this after- noon at half past 4 o'clock — -a most unfortunate hour — in the saloon, by William Emerson, Esq. The elegant scholarship of .Mr Emerson warrants the expectation of an able and finished performance. But a small portion ofour papers will be distribut- ed at that early hour ; but we nevertheless entreat all who see the notice — the ladies especially — to attend. — JV. Y. Com. Adv. 'I'here recently arrived at New York one bull and ten full-blooded short-horned Durham cows — • imported by Henry Clay, for his farm at Ashland, Ky. Ne'w York Urate and Poudrettc Company. Not incorporated but carried on by individual enterprise. The manures are not divided among the Stockholders, as are those helonaing to another estahlisliment, but sold, to,ap- plicants. for cash on delivery. Orders are supplied in the order of time in which they are received. Urate 5(1 cents and Poudrate 40 cents per hushel, with contingent charges for ba^s or barrels, &c. The company are daily preparing for use, d'Jf'ng the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the past winter, aiid will have several thousand Imshels ready before tlie firs', ol October ne.tl. The material is disinfected and renderi'd .ree from offensive smell, by a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. The experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1839, on Long Island, has satisfied many of the farmers that these manures have ihe quickest operation upon vegeta- l)le mailer, producing irreater abundance, and the cheapest of any manure ttiey have ever tried. AmendeA instrudions for their use, the result of practicil experience, will be furnished on application. The effect o/" PoudreUe upon Grape Fine-s and Moi-us MuUicaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works in the viiiniiy of the city of New York to prepare the manures, and farmers and gnrdeners may confiilenily rely on a supply. Orders, po,i(;)i]id. directed to" The New York Urate and Pouilralc Company," Box, No. 1211, Post Offic'e, New York, or sent to the sinre of STILLWELL & DEY, No. 365 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, will lie attended to. The Company will' he very mu?h obliged to gentlemen who have used the manures, to give them a statement in wri- ting what has been the result of their use and experiments in relation to them. New York, August, 1839. Hale's Patent Horse Po^ver and Patent Tliresli^ Ing Blachine. .10=;EPH BRECK & CO. offer for '-ale this valuable machine and feel great confidence in recommending it as the best machine now in use. It will thresh from 75 to lOft bushels per dav in the best possible manner. The horse power is calculated to propel any kind of machinery, is very simple in its construction, occupies but the small space of nne feet by two, and con easily lie transport- ed from one plaie to another, and when combined with the Threshing Machine it forms the most superior article for the purpose ever invented-. They can he supplied at short no- tice at ihe N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. August 33. BOKE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the pnhlic, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground hones form the most powerful slimulant that can l.e applied 10 the earth as a nianiue. He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural cominunily. Pr'ce at the Mill 33 cents per bushel ; pui up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents jmt bushel, and no charge for casks or carting. Also, ground Oyster Shells. Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- liurv, at the New Ensland Agricultural Warehouse and Seeil Store, No 59 North :\Tarkel Street, or through thePost Office will meet wilh pro;Ti|)t attention. GREEX'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.5! and 5'2 North Mar- ket '-^Ircet, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Sialk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are; 1. So great a reduction of the quantum ol power requisite to use it, that the strength of a half grcwn hey is sufficient jO work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderEtte power, ii easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in whichthey cut, require sharpening, less often ' than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its constrnci ion, made and put together very strongly. Il is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER Is putiiished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annnni payable at the end of the year— but those who pay williiii sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 58 cents. TUTTLi, DENNETT AND CHISBOLM, PRINTEKS, 17 SCHUOrSTREKT BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 9 PUnMSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK &. CO., NO. 52 NOIITH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural EHOUSE.) vol. ynn.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 9, 1839. >:• [NO. 13. AGRICULTURAL. From the Cultivator. ] NOTES ON NEW JERSEY FARMING. A recent visit to Ne«' Jersey lias enabled us to : sec more of its husbandry tliiin we have before wit- : nessed in passing across the State by the ordinary , routes of travel, and to judge better of its capacities for agricultural improvement. The few remarks , which we have to offer, arc the result of incidental | observations which we were enabled to make on our passage from Newark to Trenton, and from Bnr- linn'ton, through Bnrdentown, Ilaightstown, Free- hold, Shrewsbury and Middletown to Kejport on Amboy Bay. New Jersey is very advantageously situated for marketing the products of her soil. Surrounded, except on her northern border, by navigable waters, with several beatable streams coming from the in- terior, and two canals and two railroads extending from her eastern to her western border, the agri- cultural productions of the State may be sent to either New York or Philadelphia in a few hou.-s, and converted into money ; and a great many farm productions which are perishable, or which would not bear tlie expense of ordinary inland transpoila- tion, are thus rendered sources of immediate niul substantial profit. Thus, for instance, the fruits and garden productions of the valley of the Dela- ware, where the .season is earlier than on the ,\t- lantic border, are sent off in the afternoon by tiie railroad, and are in the New York market the next morning before sunrise, in excellent condition. We returned, a part of the vooto, m wlial is tev.iic^ ili. truck train, which, before it reached Ilaightstown, or the li.ilf-way station, consisted of eighteen cars, filled principally with melons, peaches, and other garden truck. The facilities for transporting lime, marl, manure, &c., are equally advantageous. The soil of those parts of New Jersey through which we passed, is mostly sandy, frequently with a tenacious subsoil. The surface in the interior is gently undulating, but more so near the eastern and western borders ; while a ridge, extending from southwest to northeast, may in some parts be called hilly. Many of the lands are con-sequently too much saturated with water in the spring, and in wet summers, for profitable husbandry. When laid dry, these lands are wonderfully improved by the Application of lime or marl, aided by ordinary ma- nures. We were shown a farm of this character, which the present owner purchased a few years since at seven dollars ai) acre, and which he had since drained, marled, &c., and which was now considered worth iSlS.i an acre. We examined the crops on another farm, and they were fine, which a short time since was purchased for about the same price, and which is now estimited to be worth $100 an acre. It may be still much improved by nnderdrains and a further application of fertilizing materials. The defects in New Jersey farming seem to have been the same as have too generally prevailed in all the Atlantic States— a system of continued, cropping, without regard to draining, manuring, or alternating crops. The fact seems to have been but little known, or little regarded in olden time, that plants, like animals, feed and fatten — not upon mere earths — but upon the organic matters in the soil and that every crop taken from a field dimin- ishes its fertility. Another fault in New Jersey, as well OS in American farming generally, has been, spreading the farming capital and farm labor over too broad a surface — in cultivating one hundred acres poorly, instead of cultivating ten, twenty or thirty acres well — the returns and profits of the latter generally exceeding those of the former, of which New Jersey herself exhibits many notable and highly commendable examples. Draining is essential, in many places, to the healthy growth of clover, in which New Jersey farming seems very deficient; and indeed all grass seed are too much neglected. We saw several fields which had been crept with corn and rye, and turned into pasture without grass seeds. We suspect that another de feet in New Jersey husbandry is, the small number of neat cattle which are reared and fattened. In this matter, the Jersey farmers might learn a useful lesson from the neighboring counties of Pennsylva- nia, where lean cattle are purchased in autumn and fattened upon roots and coarse grain, for the great markets. They leave upon the farm the elements of fertility to the soil. If the products of the farm are consumed upon it, that is, the hay, straw and roots, and the dung carefully husbanded and ap- plied, the fertility and profits of the farm will cer- tainly, under a suitable alternation of crops, pro- (/ressivoly increase. But if these products are all carried off, and nothing returned, sterility will cer- tainly ensue. Dung feeds crops, crops feed and fatten cattle, and cattle manufacture dung. We have another example to offer to our Jersey friends, of the facilities of enriching theirlands. We called upon a gentleman upon the confines of their State, W. A. Seeley, Esq., of Staten Island, who, has a farm of 200 acres, which he has brought into an excellent condition from in..ijjipoverislied state. His crops were all well inatiured and fine, and he showed -us piles of surplus manure, estimated to contain 2500 loads, composed of yard dung, peat earth, peat ashes, sea-weed and fish, all furnished by his own farm and his own shores. Such is the effecl of capital and skill judiciously applied. We will not say we saw the best corn growing upon these grounds — but we think we saw as good as we saw any where in Now Jersey. '! he Jersey and Dutton corn were growing side by side ; and we are promised a statement of their relative products. The means of lertilising the lands of New Jersey are abundant, the facilities of procuring them great, and a disposition to employ tliem rapidly extending. We saw near the beatable waters great quantities of lime, marl, green sand, oyster shells, ashes and manure, and in many places marl pits which had been extensively excavated, and were told that the use of all these fertilising materials was sensibly increasing. The Morus MuUicaulis is at present the staple product of New Jersey, particularly ab^ut the cities and villages. On asking a grower ncjju; Burlington, what portion of the land in that vicinitjj^^ttjpro- priated to the growth of this plant, he replied, be- tween a third and a quarter. Many gentlemen have made fortunes by the sale of the trees and buds, and many, very many, urped to malj^ fortunes ill a like way. and some by feeding worms. We sawseverare.vt'iisive cocooneries, but principally at present r-ijpiopriated to the production of eggs, which have borne a very high price. Lai}d*"Fiave let for .$50 an acre, for raising the multicaulis. — There are onsiderable failures in the crop, owing to the unfavorable spring, the plants having gener- ally been grown from single buds. Actual sales have been made at 15, 20, and 25 cents. We heard of none being sold higher. The plants are from one to five feet high. In Virginia and Mary- land, sales are said to have been made at 34, 50 and 100 cents. We saw at Haightstown, many of the multicaulis graaed, at the ground, upon the white mulberry. ' Their growth had been surprising. We measured some on the grounds of Mr Coward, which had grown, during the season 8 feet 4 inches, e is principally brougl^t from Pennsylvania, .old at 10 and 12 cents per bushel, slaked. It , plied, in rather an effete state, at the rate of 56\o 100 bushels an acre, the poorer land receiv- ing the umaller, and the richer land the larger dress- ing. It is generally mixed with arable lands by the harrow." Its benefits are palpable ; and the increase of the first crop often pays the outlay. Marl, which includes green sand as well as shell marl, abounds in Monmouth county. That procur- oJ froi>' the southern border of the county is deemed best, '."b expense of d.essing an acre at Shrews- bury, with a charge of twelve miles of land carriage, is from 15 to $20. Inferior qualities are procured there cheaper, though a greater dressing of these is required. It amply repays charges in the first crops, and permanently improves the land. Among other fertilising materials, we saw barilla ashes, and the fleshings, hair and tan from morocco factories, and great quantities of sea-weed, collect- ed on the beacli, and afterwards spread in the hog and cattle yards. Seaweed forms an important item of manure on the seaboard. We should be pleased to receive a communication from some gen- tleman familiar with the subject, as to the best mode of preparing it and applying it to the soil. Peaches are a profitable article of culture in the country through which we travelled. The fruit is convertible into money in twentyfour hours after it is gathered. The profits would be far greater if melns could he adopted to prevent the early decay of the trees. The average continuance of a peach orchard is from six to eight years ; and four crops of fruit are considered a liberal return. The dis- ease which destroys the trees is termed the yellows. Would it not be commendable in the New Jersey State Agricultural Society, which has just been or- ganized,"or even in the legislature of that State, to offer a bounty for the discovery of a cure or pre- ventive of this disease ? It is preferred by the peach growers to leave the trees without pruning, even in the nursery, that the branches may spread naturally. A Delaware peach grower practises cutting in the branches, after they have borne two crops, and thereby gets newer and better bearing wood. By plantiag thick, and heading in a portion every year, altBjtfatffly, the fruit is very much im- provedjWithout being sensibly diminished. Tii% extent of the peach plantations will seem extravagant to some of our noithern readers. Many gro^HlgjPy a S 0,000 trees, one 30,000; a:id at one plac^WSnfewsbury, there are 50,000 trees grow- ing contiguous and forming as it were one magnifi- cent-orchard. Melons also constitute one ofthe staple products of some ^arts of New Jersey. Sloop loads are daily taken to the New York and Philadelphia markets, and sold at ten and twelve dollan a hun- dred Some idea of tlie profits of the melon cul- ture may be formed from data which we obtained at Key port. P. Hopkins bought twelve acres of land, in 1837, in Middletown, for which he paid $30 jjer acre. In 1838, he put four acres in melons; his erop aver- aged .$150 per acre. He put the same in rye in the autumn, and in 1839, got 30 bushels the acre. And in the present year he put six other acres in melons, the average value of which is estimated at $150 to $200 per acre. The expense of lime, ma- nure and fish was $32, and of labor $10 per ' acre. The account for the two years would therefore stand as below. Cost of 12 acres of land, at $30 Cost of manure and labor on 10 acres, at Total outlay Receipts from melons, 4 ac. $150 per ac. in 1837, do do 6 do 1838, do from rye, 4 acres, 120 bushels, Deduct cost of land and charges Nett profits in two years, arid the land in the bargain. $1,620 '600 $i,oao Green Crop of Indian Corn. — N. Shotwell, of Rahway, has made an experiment with corn as a green crop, which proved highly advantageous, and which, if we mistake not, affords a valuable sugo-es- tion to the farmer ; as there is probably no o-reen crop which will impart so much fertility to the soil as Indian corn. Mr Shotwell sowed four acres with corn, broadcast, four bushels to the acre, at the u^ual planting time. When the corn -Was about breast high, ho ploughed it under, affixing a chain to the whifHetrees, to break down the stalks ; at tlie usual time he sowed timothy sei-d, and ob- tained a greater crop of grass than he ever gSt af- ter clover, buckwheat, or other green crops. J JVew mode of preserving apples. — We were pre- sented by our host at Trenton, Aug. 10, with a pip- pin of last year's growth, as crisp, juicy, and. of as fine flavor as those we have eaten at miBwinter ; and on inquiry were told that they had been kept in a tight cask in an icehouse. With regard to the state of society in I^e'w Jer- sey, we are disposed, from the observation we were able to make, to think highly favorable of it. jf greater equality seems to exist among the inhabi- tants, and more good feeling and kind-heartodijels towards each other, than is commonly witnessed. All seem to be well off to live ; and there ai;4 t'-'^^ of those artificial or aristocratic distinctions which are the bane of social and friendly interceurse','. and inimical to republican habits and institfftions.^ Rev. Mr. Colman — Dear Sir — I enclose to you the essay of an amateur farmer who takes great de- light in tracing the links of cause and effect, where they can be discovered, and in seeking for those which are as ye;- beyond our reach. If you think favorably of it, please use it as it was intended : if not, I should like to have it returned to me. Yours, truly, N. C. KEEP. [We are very happy to give the subjoined com- munication to the readers of the Farmer. It will be justly appreciated. It shows an observing and inquisitive mind. We are not prepared now to enter into the discussion, because it has been made matter of particular injunction by the government, to prosecute the inquiries which are here presented, and we do not therefore wish to anticipate our re- port. But there is much reason in what is here stated, and we shall deem it a favor to hear at any time from our intelligent correspondent. — H. C] For ihe New Eagland Farmer. " The surplus crop of wheat in west New York was one and a quarter million busliels jess in 1838 than it was in 1835. Whence this great diminu- tion of product.' Not from there having been less sown in 18,37 than there was in 1834, for it is be- lieved that the quantity sown in 1837 was at least one-tenth if not one-fifth greater than in 1834. The deficiency was not owing to bad culture, for the culture it is believed has been gradually improving; nor to a bad season, that of 18.38 being at least equal to those of ordinary occurrence." — Jilhuny Cultivator. We might add to the above quotation that nearly the whole of New England was once a wheat-grow- ing district, and that now it is rare to find a field of wheat on the Atlantic border. How is this change to be accounted for ? I answer, first, in the good old way, negatively. It is not because we do not manure our lands. The contents ofthe dung heap and the barn yard are dispensed with a more liber- al hand than they were in the days of our ancestors. Second : it is not owing to a change of climate ; for on some of our soils in New England, wheat is still raised without difficulty. To what then is this general failure of the wheat crop in New England and its great diminution in New York to be attrib- \ uted ? In my opinion chiefly to this — the vegeta- j hie matter of the soil has been exhausted, or so much reduced as to be unable to bear a good crop of wheat. Let us look at the facts which may be brought forward in confirmation of this opinion. First — an abundant crop of the finest wheat can still be obtained on new lands. Here are the vege- table deposits of ages — the very food which, accord- ing to our supposition, the wheat demands. It is true that interval lands are sometimes found so ex- ceedingly rich in vegetable deposits that they will not bear wheatuntil after several years cultivation: the .reason pi'cbably is, there is not enough silex witiiin reach ofthe wheat roots to form the straw, and though the growth is luxuriant, the straw is unable to sustain its weight, and lodges as the far- mers term it. Second — a liberal supply of ashes sown upon the growing wheat will sometimes bring up a good crop. The office which the ashes perform in this case, I apprehend to be J;his : they render what vegetable matter there is in the soil soluble, so that it may all be appropriated by the growing crop. Third — it has been ascertained by experiments which have been lately instituted in France, that certain saline manures which have a wonderful en- ergy in increasing the foliage of plants, have no tendency whatever to increase or perfect the seed. Now these saline substances are constituent parts of our animal manures. No wonder then, if when our barns are filled with sheaves we find but little grain. Fourth — on the intervals of Connecticut river the best crops of rye are those which grow on the decomposing sod of turf. We plough grass'land in the spring — plant it with corn — in the fall we plough it again and sow rye ; a large crop is almost sure to follow such a course. Fifth — a crop of wheat has sometimes been se- cured by very deep ploughing. Might not this case be explained by supposing that while the veg- etable matter in the surface was exhausted, there still remained enough in the subsoil to carry up a crop? These are some of the reasons which have wrought in my own mind a strong impression that the failure of our wheat crops in New England and their alarming diminution in New York, is to be attributed to a deficiency of vegetable matter in the soil. If this impression is well founded, may we not infer also that for the perfection of other seed- bearing crops, mote vegetable matter must be added to the soil. Where shall it be obtained ? I an- swer, from the peat bogs; or if this is impractica- ble, let resort be had to that exhaustless store-house from which the vast deposits of peat have them- selves been drawn. Any one who know s that peat is formed solely from air and water, and that it has accumulated in some places to the depth of sixty feet, will readily understand why such extraordina- ry fertility should be imparted to the soil by turn- ing into it successive crops of clover or other vege- table products of large growth and abundant foli- age, formed also mostly from air and water. Lot no hasty reader ofthe preceding remarks infer that vegetable matter is the only requisite for the successful culture of wheat and other grain crops. We must have sunshine and rain — we must have the earths — we must have alkalies or alkaline earths to prepare the vegetable food, so far as it may be wanted, to enter itself into the substance of the plant J. R. K. Longmeadow, 1st Sept., 1839. [For the New England Farmer.] Dedham, Sept. 17, 1839. Dear Sir — Though I have not the pleasure of knowing you personally, I take the liberty of re- questing the benefit of your advice as to the best mode of planting forest trees, such as acorns, ches- nuts, walnuts and ash seeds — all of which I plant- ed two successive years in the month of Novem- ber, and covered very lightly with earth, sometimes only with grass or leaves ; yet with all my pains, not one seed in fifty has come up — these have grown very slowly : none of the walnuts, though three years old, are six inches high: the ashes and the rest are no better. They were planted in grass land, of which some is dry and solid, the rest meadow — all favorable to the growth of wood, a large forest having grown there m times back, and there are a great many thrifty young trees of a nat- ural growth there still in the north end of the field. I propose to plant again this season. What is the proper time .' Should the seeds be buried or VOL. -Will. NO. 13. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, Ui left on tlie surface? Please answer when conve- nient. M;iple trees used to grow on the land — what is the best way to plant the seeds ? Yours, triilv, WILLIAM AMES. Mr Joseph Breck. Boston, Sept. ISIh, 1839. Rfv. Morrill Allen — Dear Sir — As you have had some experience in planting forest seeds, will you be so good as to answer the above queries, as I have never had any experience myself in this line: by so doing you will not only much oblige me, but a number of correspondents who have desired infor- mation on the subject. Respectfully, yours, JOSEPH BRECK. Mr Breck — Dear Sir — It is not in my power to give very definite answers to all the inquiries of your correspondent, Mr Amea. I have had no ex- perience in planting chesnut, walnut, ash, or maple seed. Very little of the soil in this section of coun- try is favorable to the growth of chesnut or walnut trees : ash and maple will flourish very well in some situations, but require better soil than we are at present disposed to convert into forests. Acorns have been planted by me to considerable extent and always with less success than was anticipated. A large portion of them have either perished in the soil or been devoured by vermin ; — probably been devoured, for it has always been noticed that the greatest number vegetated in land that had been recently stirred by the plough, where there was neither grass nor any sort of rubbish to furnish the field mice with materials for building habitations. According to my experience it is a correct method of planting to cover the acorns lightly with soil ; covered with only grass or leaves they may vege- tate, but the plants will not take so firm hold of the soil. The growth of oak from the acorn is at first ex- tremely slow. Whoever undertakes thus to rear a forest must "exercise long patience" and labor, as all ])hilanthropists do, for the benefit of those wlio will live after him. Young trees from acorns are apt to be shrubby and ill shaped: none of mine appear as if they would ever grow to sightly and valuable trees. — Some of them have been planted five years, and do not exceed fifteen inches in height. My present purjiose is to cut them down about the first of next IMay even with the ground. 1 would not in very positive terms recommend this course to any other person. The efiect may be different from what is anticipated ; but from observations on the origin aiiil ])rogress of shoots in the forest, my expectation ij, that from each of the stumps a sprout will imme- duitely spring ; that it will grow more rapidly ami 111 more regular form than the seedling shoot. This purpose is here disclosed in the hope that others will make experiments, for it seems to me if oak trees cannot be advanced to maturity sooner than seedling shoots will naturally grow to trees, that the plant- ing of acorns can benefit only those who may live in a future century. It is, however, proper to re- mark in this connexion, that the land planted by me with acorns has always been of poor quality. — Seedling shoots might grow much better in stron- ger soils. My object has been to redtice to forests plats of land which produced little herbage, and which were considered too much exhausted for profitable cultivation. On such land some acorns acquire knowledge, he must come to the conclusion have been planted, but the chief dependence for an that he does not know any thing ; then he will place early growth of wood is on white birch and pine. — , himself in a situation to learn ; but if he thinks he Birch will come to full maturity from the seed in has arrived at the top of the hill of science and can about twenty years ; and white or yellow pine will learn no more, hd most assuredly never will, do to cut in thirty years from the planting. | On the farm wliich I live a few years ago there The best time for planting any kind of forest was kept on it but five cows, one yoke of oxen, and trees I suppose is at the season when the seed is ; one horse — cut 1.3 tons of English hay and made matured and naturally falls on the earth, in the , from 50 to 75 loads of manure a year. JVoto it montlis of October and November. Some writers will keep well 25 cows, 6 oxen, 2 horses, summer recommend the spring as preferable, but it is pre- ] and winter. I cut 60 tons of English hay, and sumed no other advantage can attend spring plant- ] make 400 loads of manure a year: and if I and my ing than something of greater security against the | family live by the blessing of divine providence, I devouring jaws of vermin. After several unsuccessful trials in planting on sward land, I have ceased repeating tlioin, and the land where it is intended to sow fo.-est seed is ploughed in June or July, winter rye is sown in August, and then forest seeds planted'^'n the rye during the autumnal months as the .seeds ripen.— f Pine and birch seed are often saw^ broadcast on the surface, but a light coverjuf no doubt woul4 be better. «*" V Respectfully, &c. ■ MORRILL ALLEN.. Pembroke, Sept. 23rf, 1839. For the N, E. Farmer. Mr Editor — I have had the pleasure of reading your paper as a subscriber for six years ; but while I admit I have received great benefit from its peru- sal, I have not cast in my mite for the benefit of others. The reasons are these : I am one of those illiterate farmers not capable of doing common busi- ness in life, and much less for putting any thing on paper for others to read. When at the age to have acquired a good academical education I was not permitted the privilege. When I consulted my father upon going to school, " O," said he, "you are going to be a farmer, and learning will do you no good. I never ciphered farther than interest: I could read and write : this has answered my pur- pose, and it will yours." I say this with respect for my father, (who is not living,) "for it was then characteristic of the age.' I have, sir, read a number of pieces in your pa- per headed "The Education ofFarmers": 1 always read them with deep emotion of feeling, believing that where we farmers lack the most in is, the want of education : in my humble opinion then, just as fast as farmers increase in knowledge, so fast will increase the improvements in agriculture. Now, sir, how shall this be done? I answer, through read- ing, reasoning and observation. I do not believe, sir, there is any occupation which offers so large a field for the mind to work in as that of agriculture. I heartily rejoice in the belief that this once neg- lected occupation is fast rising in the estimation of the community. The honorable title of a 'country bushwhacker and ploughjogger,' is fast gaining ground. In the town in which I reside, if I mistake not, six years ago no more than three or four agri- culturai papers were taken ; now I think I can safe- ly say there are between thirty and forty. I take two myself, and have them ready on the table, so that when I come in to stay ten or fifteen minutes, will not stop till I have doubled the present amount : at any rate, I will try. I acknowledge I have re- ceived great benefit from reading agricultural pa- pers and books ; but a man must also bring into ac- tion his own reason. The kind of grain or quanti- ty which will suit one piece of land will not anoth- er, and so it is with grass seed requiring double the amount on some land that it does on other land. — And now, sir, when I read in your paper or any other agricultural paper, the scientific and practi- cal results of old and experienced farmers, I treas- ure it up and make all the improvement upoi^ it_I ican. More anon. P. F. f~.Southboro\ Sept. 18, 1830. [Rkiviarks. — We like the spirit of our corres- ponffint much, and are heartily glad to learn that he is'tegihning to feel it his duty to give as well as receive. We think he does himself injustice, however, in classing himself with those " not capa- ble of doingcommon business." We do not like to hear our noble hearted farmers express themselves thus. What ! increase the products of his farm four fold and meal(sto " try to double" that amount, and not capable of ■doing common business ! Im- possible ! it is not so, nor shall it be. Whatever may have been his disadvantages in early youth in obtaining an education, (and we have no doubt they were great, in common with a large majority of our farmers, and we will class ourselves with them,) it is pretty certain he will not long remain at the bot- tom of the hill, even if he places himself there. — The expression " I will try," has, and will do won- ders. He has tried and given us a communication. Try again and give us some account of your farm, your manner of operation, your success, your fail- ures, &c. ; and we have no doubt but the eflfects of your trying will stimulate others to try, and then we shall have a pleasant interchange of feelings, sympathies and opinions, as there should be among farmers, through the press, as well as in a neigh- borhood. Do not stop then, but try, try again. J. B.] [For the New England Farmer.] » Plymouth, Sept. 2;3rf, 1839. Mr Editor — Dear Sir — I observed in the Far- mer of tlie 18th inst. an account of some singular aberratioTiS' in vegetable physiology, instanced in the peach tree. In your remarks in reference to the apple tree you say, " this of course is a stum- bler to our faith, hut still we cannot give up the idea that witliout artificial means the thing is im- I catch them up and read— (and I believe it does j possible." My object in this address, Mr Editor, me more good than a glass of bitters did in old is to produce another stumbler to your faith, but at fashioned times) — and while my body is resting I am feeding the mind. 1 am a young farmer : I glory in the title : I have just commenced my ABC the same time you must excuse me if I add, when undeniable facts are presented, however unsuscep- tible of illu^ation, we should not be faithless but in agriculture, and if a young man would wish to I believing, for the improvement of science » Nature in her teaching spooks in very intelli- gible language, and that language is conveyed by experience and observation," In the year 1825, I published a little vvork enti- tled " The American Orchardist," &c. &c , from which I now extract as follows — page 23: An account of a singular apple tree, producing fruit of opposite qualities— a part rftke same apple be- ing frequently sour and the other sweit : in a let- ter from the Rev. Peter Whitney, published in the Memoirs of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences — vol. ls(. "There is now growing, in an orchard lately be- longing to my honored father, the Rev. Aaron Whitney, of Petersham, deceased, an apple tree very singular witii respect to its fruit. The apples are fair, and when fully ripe, of a yellow color, but evidently of different tastes — sour and sweet. The part which is sour is not very tart, nor the other very sweet. Two apples growing side uy side on the same limb, will be often of these different tastes the one all sour and the other all sweet. And, which is more remarkable, the same apple will fre- quently be sour one side, end, or part, and the other .sweet, and that not in any order or uniformity ; nor is there any difference in the appearance of one part from the other. And as to the quantity, some have more of the aqid and less of the sweet, and so vice versa. Neither: are the apples, so different in their tastes, peculiai to any particular branches, but are found promiscuously on every branch of the tree. The tree stpaids almost in the middle of a larfe orchard, in a rich and strong soil, and was transplanted there forty years ago. There is no appearance of the trunk or any of the branches having been engrafted or inoculated. It was a number of years after it had borne fruit before these different tastes were noticed ; but since they were first discovered, which is about twenty years, there has been constantly the same variety in the apples. For the truth of what I have asserted, I can ap- peal to many persoiis of distinction and of nice tastes,' who have travelled a great distance to view the tree and taste the fruit ; but to investigate the cause of an effect so much out of the common course of nature, must, I think, be attended with difficulty. The only solution that I can conceive is, that the corcula or hearts of two seeds, the one from a sour, the other from a sweet apple, might so incorporate in the ground as to i)roduce but one plant ; or that farina from blossoms of those oppo- site qualities, might pas.s into and impregnate the same seed. If yon should think the account I have given you of this singular apple tree will be accep- table to the American Academy, please to commu- nicate it. I am, &,c. Pkt;:ic Whitney." I will embrace this opportunity to communicate for the benefit of the bee cultivator, wiiat I believe to be an infallible remedy against the bee moth, which has proved so destructive to bees throughout our country of late years.. The remedy is simple and easily applied. It con.'iists merely in .covering the floor board on which the hive stands,, with com- mon earth about one inch thick. A hive set on earth will never be infested with worms, for the beo moth will not deposite Iier eggs where the earth will come in contact. She naturally resorts to a dry board as her element, 'fhis remedy has been employed by a number of persons in this vi- cinity for several years with complete success. With my best wishes for the continued success of your valuable efforts in the great cause of agri- culture, I subscribe myself with respect, Your ob't serv't, JAMES THACHER. For ihe New England Farmer. MULBERRY TREES. Mr Colman — Sir — My attention was attracted a few days since, in looking over an old alma- nac, (of the year 1773.) to an article with this cap- tion—'■ Memoirs of the Culture of Silk," giving some items of its progress in Europe within the last century, as follows : " One thousand mulberry trees in Italy are worth £100 sterling per annum": and also. " One million mulberry trees in the Prov- inces will enable a yearly i omittance to Great Britain of a million sterling per annum." Without any undue prejudice, I am inclined to the opinion, that the culture of silk at the present time in this country, is more flattering than it was in Europe at the period referred to above. Yours, NoN Dependf.ns. Sept., 1839. To the Editor of ibe Farmer's Cabinet. Sir — The handsome manner in which you no- ticed my first communication, emboldens me again to address you on a subject which is, I conceive, peculiarly within my province, I mean THE MANAGEMENT OF THE DAIRY. I have heard that in many of the English dairies the use of large leaden pans, for the reception of the milk for creaming, has been introduced, very much to the convenience of those engaged in that branch of husbandry ; and the present communica- tion is, to enquire if any of your readers are suffi- ciently acquainted with the mode of management, and the structure of the pans, to be enabled to de- scribe them, for the benefit of those immediately concerned. I understand they are sometimes made large enough to contain the whole milking of the dairy; are dish-shaped, and set on a stout frame of wood, sufficiently high to admit a pail being placed under the centre of the bottom, by which the milk is drawn off by means of a tap, without disturbing the cream: so that, after the milk has passed off, the cream remains in the lead, to be removed in the niojt convenient and economical way imaginable. Now, to appearance, this is^a most valuable im- provement over the present tiresome and unsatis- factory process of skimming, asd if two or three objections which at present strike me, can be re- moved, I think the introduction ot these pans into ceneral use, would be of all ihingsroost desirable. In the first place, is it not to be expected that the lead, especially if the milk be left to become sour, as is often the case, would communicate to the milk a decidedly poisonous quality ; and would not this property be increased in the hands of filthy and careless persons .' In the next place, would there not be a danger that a portion of the cream would pass away with the milk through the tap, at the lime of drawing off.' and would it be easy to know at what point to stop, when all the milk and none of the cream had been drawn off.' And again, would not the use of the lead pans deprive us of the opportunity of setting the milk contained in the receivers into streams of water in the spring- house, as is customary in very many cases, for the purpose of keeping the vessels cool in hot weather ? Now these are the difficulties which at present strike me. I only hope that some of your readers and numerous friends will be able entirely to re- move them, and add such a list of advantages to be derived from their general introduction, as will not leave even the most careless and indifferent amongst us a single argument in favor of the present very inconvenient and tiresome method of skimming, which has always appeared to nie about the most fatiguing part of my labors, to say nothing of the great loss of cream attending it in the hands of careless persons, and on the other liand, of in^xiry to tlie butter, when a portion of the milkis removed with the cream, in the endeavor to skim close. Bucks Co., Penn., Aug. 28, 1830. P. S. — I have the pleasure to inform you my husband has done ^^'cooning," and will henceforth devote all his energies to the raising sugar beet for the use of the dairy, and has calculated that we can keep three times the number of cows, and make six times the quantity of butter that we now do, on the same number of acres. A neighbor has thirty tons of these roots per acre this season ; if his do the same, leads or some other contrivance will be necessary to contain the increased quantity of milk which will be obtained. LIME. A farmer who has been applying lime to his land for the last seven years, informs us that he has just finished hauling out his stable manure on to the field that he intends sowing with wheat, and that he has a surplus which he has applied to another field. He stated that his stable manure had in- creased to about double the quantity since he com- menced using lime. He now grows much more grass, can keep more stock, and consequently en- riches the soil more rapidly, and raises an increas- ed quantity of grain. This farmer years back found it hard scuffling to get along with a large family and make both ends meet, and he then thought he could hardly afford to use lime. But e.xperience has opened his eyes full wide, and he now thinks he could not well afford to omit the ap- plication of that grand panacea, lime, which has been the grand agent of his prosperity. Those who have not made an experiment with lime, would do well to try it this autumn on their stubble fields that are intended to be mown next season, and if they do not find their interest essen- tially promoted by it, the result will differ from that of numerous farmers who have often adopted this plan of application with the greatest advan- tage.— Farmer's Cabinet. Sales ofMorus Multicaulis Trees. — The follow- ing sales of trees have been made within the last two weeks, viz: 20,000 in East Hartford, at 30 cts. a tree ; 50,000 in Wethersfield, at 30 cents ; 13,000 in Glastenbury, at 40 cents ; 2,000 in Berlin, at 37 1-2 cents ; atid a gentleman in Farmington has paid 45 cents a tree for a lot. We learn that about 300,000 trees have actually been sold this season in the vicinity of Hartford. Of these 70,000 have been sold to go to Pennsylva- nia, 50,000 to Jlichigan, 20,000 to New Jersey, .50,000 to Massachusetts, and 10,000 to New York. — Conn. Courant. It is stated by Dr Jackson, in his last geological report, that twelve persons at the forks of the Ken- nebec river, manufactured 3(3,()5!>' lbs. maple sugar. This, at 10 cents a pound, would be worth $3,665. VOL. XVIII. NO. 13. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 113 [•"rom the b'armer's Cabinet. A SOURCE OF COMFORT. "It conies ho:nc to every man's business and bo- som, liticking closer to liim than a brother, and is an article which no good f.nnner should be without." " .\h,"' said his friend, "I see you mean a good wife !" " No," said the farmer, " [ mean flannel next the skin ! — the next best thing to a -. KXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, Sept. 21 , 1839. The display of fruit this morning was very good, and it was contributed as follows: From R. Manning, Esq., Salem : Croft Castle and Sharp's Emperor Pears. Also, Red Magnum Ronum (London Hort. Soc. Catalogue,) and St Catharine Plums. From VVm. Oliver, Esq., Dorchester: Bartlctt or William's Bon Chretien and St. Ghislain's Pear, and beautiful specimens of President Peach. From Otis Johnson, Esq., Lynn : Zinfendal Grapes, {superior specimens;) and Beurre Roniain Pear. Superb specimens of Seedling Peaches were presented by Col. M. P. Wilder, from the garden of Edward Sharp, Esq., Dorchester. Mrs Bigelow, of Mtdford, presented three bask- ets of Peaches, equal to any that have been exhib- ited this season : they were Bigelow's Rareripe ! iMelacaton, and a natural peach. From James L. L. F. Warren, of Brighton, two varieties of Seedling Peaches ; also. Royal Ken- sington and George IV. Peaches: William's Bon Chretien and Washington Pears, Mr Thomas Mason, East Boston, exhibited Black Hamburgh Grapes and Bromfield Nectarines. From N. Webster, Esq., Haverhill, two varieties of Plums. Very fine Peaches were exhibited by Mr C. Gol- derm.ann, of Chelsea. Mr J. A. Kenrick, of Newton, exhibited Cutter's Rareripe Peaches. Seedling Peaches were presented by Mr Joseph W. Newell. John C. Lee, Esq., of Salem, exhibited speci- mens of the Buflfum Pear ? Extra fine Peaches were exhibited by Mr James Hill, jr. Mr John Dunklee, of Brighton, exhibited a bas- ket of very beautiful Peaches, called the Pine Ap- ple ? presumed to be the old Yellow Rareripe : they weighed seven ounces each. Mr Park, of Roxbury, exhibited Bartlett or Wil- liam's Bon Chretien Pears. J. G. Coolidge, Esq., of Cambridge, exhibited two baskets fine Yellow Rareripe Peaches. For the Committee, JAMES L. L. F. WARREN. EXHIBITION OF VEGETABLES. Saturday, Sept. 28, 1839. Hon. John Lowell, Roxbury, exhibited Rohan Potatoes of very superior size and form. For the Vegetable Committee, J. L. L. F. WARREN, Ch'mn. Fiftythree bushels of wheat to the acre. — Edmund Richmond, of Euclid, near Cleaveland, Ohio, raised this season from two acres of land, one hundred and seven bushels of excellent wheat. The soil is clay, and is known by farmers as beech clay, a kind of soil that heretofore has been thought not very good for wheat So much for proper cultiva- tion. In East Tennessee wheat is 37 1-2 cents per bushel, and farmers a short time since, were con- tracting to sell corn afler harvest, at 12 to 18 cents per bushel. — Bast. Times. AND HORTICnLTDRAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, October 2, 1839. ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SHOW. The Essex Agricultural Society held their annual Cattle Show on Thursday, 2Cth inst. at Georgetown, (formerly New Rowley.) The attendance was very large, and tlie arrangements were made and executed in a satisfactory manner, saving only that the dinner liall was not large enough to receive more than two- thirds of those who would liave been glad to have ob- tained admission. There was a well drnwn ploughing match, contested with much spirit and skill. Four teams of one yoke of oxen each, two teams ofapairof horses each, eight teams of two yoke of oxen each, entered the field. The ploughs used on the occasion were, first Moore's plough, from Barnet, Vt., sent by Henry Stevens, Esq., of thai place, for trial ; Winslow's plough, made in Middleton, Essex CO., which was a wooden plough, and well con- structed; Brickett's plough, which was also a wooden plough, and much esteemed by those who have been ac- customed to its use ; several ploughs made by Ruggles & Nourse, of Worcester ; one of Howard's ploughs, and one from Prouty & Mears' establishment; the character of these ploughs is well established. With some excep- tions, the ploughing was well executed, and some of it could hardly be improved. We understood that the several committees were to make up a judgment of the comparative excellence or character of the different ploughs used. This was not done, we believe, but perhaps we may have it hereafter in the full report. We shall not obtrude our own judg- ment, lest it should seem invidious. Great advances have been made in the construction of this most impor- tant instrument within a few years. The introduction of the improved cast iron mould board may be consid- ered almost as marking a new era in agriculture. Yet it can hardly be supposed that we have as yet attained to perfection in the construction of this valuable imple- ment. What has been accomplished will, we hope, stimulate to new exertions. Whatever remains to be done, however, in the construction of the particular form of the tool, it must be admitted that the workman- ship of many of the ploughs and agricultural instruments now on exhibition at the Mechanics' Fair in Quincy Hall, Boston, discover a skill and perfection of finish most admirable and seldom equalled. Two things are requisite in all iigricultur.il instruments and in all other machines designed to assist and facili- tale labor; the first is that the implement or machine should do the work which it is intended to aceomplish, well; and next that it should do It wiih the least ex- pense of labor that is practicable. That a plough should have these excellencies, particular attention is required to the centre of traction, and to the line of traction, and to the form of a mould-board, wliicli while it shall lay the inverted sod at the desired angle, .shall, at the same time raise the sod and slide forward with the least a- mount of friction possible. These are matters of scien- tific and exact mathematical calculation ; and that we have still something to learn in this case will appear to a practised eye, from comparing some of the most ap- proved ploughs among us with a plough used on this occasion from Barnet, in Vermont, and made, in a meas- ure, after the model of Small's Scotch plough. There are, however, defects or mistakes in the form of this Vermont plough, especially in the construction of the beam. These might easily be remedied. The mould- board is excellent in its form. The show of cattle at Georgetown was respectable. — The working cattle were very good. There were sev- eral excellent milch cows, one of which was stated to have made fourteen pounds of butter per week for a length of time. There were some good young cattle. — The entries of swine amounted to seventeen, embracing boars, sows and pigs, and fat hogs. Two fat hugs be- longing to I'erley Tapley, of Danvers, weighed over fif- teen hundred pounds live weight. There were several different races of swine, but the Berkshire seemed to carry the day, for their neatness, compactness and thrift, though other breeds then; showed much larger size. — The Berkshire of all others must be considered the poor man's or the small farmer's hog, as coming earliest to maturity and giving the greatest amount of pork for the e.'spense incurred. We have never seen at any of the Cattle Shows in Essex, so fine an exhibition of swine. Several horses were entered for premium and some of them of much merit and beauty. The bulls had little to recommend them. There was some very good young stock from the Moody farm, in West Newbury. The show of articles of domestic manufacture or household industry, was very honorable to the ladies, who contri- buted liberally to this part of the exhibition. Several premiums were awarded to children under twelve years of age — one premium for needle work, to a little girl on- ly five years old ; and the best grass bonnet presented was from the hands of a lady of eightyfive years old. If we suppose the young competitor of five years to go on in her successful and skilful industry until she reaches the venerable period attained by the last lady, she will certainly have accomplished her share of the work of this world, and have given an admirable and useful ex- ample. There were several specimens of dairy produce pre- sented. Of the cheese we cannot speak, other than that its appearance was good. Some samples of the butter, and particularly from Mr Howe,of Methuen, and anoth- er lot, the name of the maker of which we do not re- member, showed much neatness and care in the man- agement and manufacture; but most that was exhibited was quite inferior, certainly as matter of exhibition.^ Much of it was salted to excess ; and much of it had a wnxy, daubed appearance, which showed that it was badly worked. There are few things in which we more need improvement than in the quality of our butter. We know more than one farmer in the vicinity of Boston, whose butler, oil that he can make, commands always thirtyscven and a half cents pHr pound. We have seen butter sold within the last few months in Boston mar- ket, by the quantity, for thirtythree, thirty^even, forty- four, fifty, and even sixty cents a pound. One would think, therefore, that there is no want of encouragement to pnins-taking in. the manufacture of this necessary ar- ticle. VV« understood' tfiair the drawing match was well con- tested, but we did not see it. The truth is, that a sin- gle day for such an occasion, gives one hardly an oppor- tunity of seeing any thing. Every thing must be done in a Imrry ; and many things must necessarily be passed over with scarcely a glance. There was some valuable fruit and several beautiful bouquets of flowers presented by that excellent florist and liberal contributor, Mr J. M. Ives, of Salem, and others ; and many rich products of the vegetable king- dom, in the form of Rohan potatoes, squashes, sugar beets, carrots, &c. Froii ten lbs. of the seed of the Ro- han potato, Dr Robinson, of West Newbury, produced fourteen and a half bushels weighing 65 lbs. per bushel, equal' to 942 1-2 lbs., which is nearly one hundred for one. Mr W. Thurlow showed six squashes from one seed, weighing 199 1-2 lbs. ; and Mr Samuel Balch offer- ed five squashes from one seed obtained at the Cape de Verd islands, whose joint weight was 27.5 lbs. Mr Win. Osborn,of Lynn, a spirited and successful cultivator, exhibited a sample of Dutlon corn, of beautiful appearance; and of China I'ree corn, which was very handsome and promises to be a valuable variety. This China Tree corn does not ear upon the end of the stalk, nor produce so many ears upon a stalk, nor ripen so early as we were led to suppose from the advertisement giv- en to the public; bul from many specimens seen in a state of perfect maturity, we believe it will be well worth cultivating and saved from the condemnation with which a month since it was threatened from all quarters. We are strongly of opinion, however, that the actual difference between what it proves to be and what Mr Thorburn represented it to be, requires lor his own sake, some explanation. Such explanation, if he will give it, we shall be happy to lay before the public. A numerous company sat down to dinner, and after dinner the President of the day, Mr Duncan, called up Mr Saltonstall, the representative from the south con- gressional district, who addressed the company in a most agreeable manner. The company then proceeded to the meeting house, where an instructive and excellent address was deliver- ed by the Rev. Allen Putnam, of Danvers, now a prac- tical farmer. After this, the reports of the several com- mittees were read and the premiums announced, of which we shall give a list as soon as received. Mr Putnam stated on his own knowledge, a very cu- rious and instructive fact in the management of the dai- ry ; which was, that from the same dairy, the same num- ber of cows, and the same cows,fedin the same pasture, and in the same way, and in the same season, three dif- ferent dairy women made in equal periods of time and under other circumstances as nearly alike as possible; one 17, one 23, and one 27 pounds of butter per week. So much for a difference in skill and care. H. C. "The Good Housekeeper, or the way to live well .-.nd to be well while we live." By Mrs. S. J. Hale. Weeks, Jordan & Co. : Timo. pp. This is a good book, and to be commended to those who are, and to those who purpose to become good housewives. It abounds with sensible advice and use- ful receipts. Wo agree in the main in ihe notions of the author respecting animal food. Man is omnivorous, and the great cause of disease is excess, rather than kind of food. We thank her for her protest against raw meats, or half cooked meats, and gravies which differ little from pure blood. They should be banished from civilized life, or the cannibals who eat them should be banished. We are sorry that she has not borne a loud testimony against bread so mixed up with salseratus that it has a soft- soapy taste, .ind feel and smell absolute- ly detestable ; but with such bread the country is almost every where surfeited. We commend her for her advo- cacy of the Irish. Few people have ever been more grossly abused. Their introduction among us has been of the highest advantage to the country. They have all the elements of a good and useful character; audit will be through our own fault and injustice and inhu- manity towards them, if they do not prove as valuable and useful citizens as we can possess. This book is an unpretending but a substantial contri- bution to good economy and domestic comfort. [Ij=ln consequence of the Muster which takes place in this city to-day, some of our subscribers will not re- ceive the Farmer as early as usual. VOL,. XV m. KO. 13. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 115 inrOur venerable frienii.Dr Thnclier, liiis given us "another slumbler" relative to ilie singular freaks of nature, in the account of tho apple tree, producing fruit of opposite qualities, which no doubt will be interesting to our readers. We have seen and tasted an apple from this very tree alluded lo ; vvc should be glad, however, to have another taste, iis that was a nuiuher of years since, and not very satisl'aotory. requirin;;some fancy to distinguish between the sweet and the sour; it was not probably a good specimen, as we were assured at tho lime that the tree was known to many as producing fruit as described in Ihe description published to-day. J. B. U' We acknowledge the receipt of a basket of 6ne native grapes, from our friend, E. Phinney, Esq , of Lex- i-Boton. The flavor of them was fine— the color a light claret— bunches very compact. This is the same varie- ty we saw growing in such profusion on his stone walls 1 few weeks since, and noticed in the Farmer. J. B. llj=We feel ourselves under great obligations to the Rev. Morrill Allen, for his answers to the queries of Mr mes. [0"A notice of the Annual Exhibition of the Horti- ;alttiral Society will be given in our next. BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Sept. 30, 1829. Ueiwrteil fur the New Englnnd Farmer. AtMarket, 700 Beef Cattle, 520 Stores, 3300 Sheep nd 2720 Swine. Prices.— Beef Cattle.— We quote to correspond writh ast week, viz. First quality, $7 25 a $7 75. Second uality, $6 50 a $7 00. Third quality, $5 50 a $6 00. Stores.-Yearlings $12 a $10. Two Year Old $18 J36. Cows and Ca(»es.— Sales $32, $37, $46, $48, $50, nd $58. Sheep.— LoU were sold at $1 62, $1 71, $1 98, 1 08, $2 42, $2 62, $2 88, and $3 25. Swine. — A large number were sold at reduced prices. ne entire lot sold at 4 for sows and 4 3-4 for barrows. lOta to peddle at 4 1-4, 4 1-2 and 4 3-4 for sows, and 1-4, 5 1-2 and 5 3-4 for barrows. A lot of old hogs, 5W8 at 4 1-4 and 4 3-4 ; barrows 5 3-4 and 6. At re- lil 5 1-2 and 6 for sows, and 6, 6 1-2 and 7 for barrows. Erratum. — In our report last week peddling lots were ported one cent less thin the sales. THERMOMETRICAL. Reporteil for the New England Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the Gardeuof the proprietors r the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in it shaded ortherly exposure, week ending September 29. Sept., 1839. | 6 A.M. | 12, M. | 6,P.M. | Wind. [onday, 23 I 61 | 72 I 59 I N. uesday, 24 | 4t 1 66 | 68 [ N. W. ^fednesday, 25 51 I 67 I 58 j E. hursday, 26 | 54 | 57 | 60 | N. W. riday, 27 I 38 I 62 I 62 I W. ilurday, 23 39 | 51 48 N. mday, 29 | 33 | 59 1 60 | S. E. A Young Alan \Vantoil on a Fnrni. The a.ivertiscr is in want of a smart young man that is well acquainted with the cullivatioii of vvffdahles, and one Ihat is also capable of taking charge of horses, cows and swine, one that understands it, lie must be energetic, actice and fond of neatness and order; he must produce evidences of a ^oot( moral charat-lcr. Such a person may find a per- manent situation liy callin? on Messrs BRECK &i CO. |j» None need apply hut such as answer lo llie above. September 25. istf DlassncUusetts Hortlcnltnral Society. The members of this Society are hereby notified, that on Saturday, the 6th of Octoberne.xt,al 11 o'clock, A. M. at their hall in Tremonl Slreot. the officers of the Society for the en- suing year, will he elected, viz. a President, four Vice Pres- idents, a Treasurer, a Corresponding Secretary, a Recording Secretary, a Council, an Executive dommiltce, and Standing Committees on Fruits, Flowers, the Synonyms of Fruits, the Library, and on Finance. R. T. PAINE, Corresponding Secretary and ex officio Recording Secretary pro tempore. Boston, September 11. Itlorus ninlticanlls Trees from Seed. The subscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced from seed of the genuine Morns Multicaulis. The seed was rais- ed on his premises is 1835; the trees have been multiplied for the two last years by layers, their growth is more rapid than the original tree, and appear to be sufficiently acclima- ted to endure the winter, some of them having been left standing in the open field unprotected during the two last winters without any essential injury. The leaves are very large and equal in quality to any other kind for feeding the silk worm. Those who are wishing lo purchase a superior kind of Mulberry are requested to call and examine for them- selves, before the foliage is destroyed by frost CALVIN HASKELL. Harvard, September 11. MXJIiBBKRY TREES. The subscriber has on hand a quantity of MulberryTrees of a quality which is probably superior to any kind ever introduced into this country. They were imported Tour years since and though they have sustained the rigorous cold of the last three winters entirely unprotected, yet it is believed a Southern or Western climate would be more admirably adapted to their growth and propagation. Their foliage is most luxuriant and affords more nourishment than any other variety. Silk produced by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronounced by judges to be the best ever manufactured by them, and de- cidedly superior to the best Italian. A few thousand will be for sale if immediate application is made to the subscriber, where specimens may be seen. Also — A few hundred Morus Multicaulis and Asiatic. JOHN N. BARBOUR, September 11. No. 30 Commercial Street, Boston. Complete Garden and Horticnltural Tool Chests, From Sheffield, England; containing Garden Shears, im- proved Pruning Shears and Scissors, Pruning and Grafting Knives, Flower Gatherer, Garden, Dutch and Triangular Hoes, Saw, Spud, Weeding Hook, Garden Rake, Trowel Hammer and Garden Reel ; comprising every useful imple- ment necessary for the cultivation of the Flower Garden. For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51 and 52 North Market'Street. BOKE manure:. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful stimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure. He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural community. Price at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting. Also, ground Oyster Shells. " Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Roi- hury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, or through the Pbst Office will meet with prompt attention. WINSIIIP'S BRIGHTON NURSERIES, AND BOTANIC GARDENS. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Cieep- ers. Herbaceous, Perennials, Green Hi .use Plants, &c. Orders addressed to Messrs WINSIIIP, Brighton, Mass., will be promptly exec ited, and forwarded to any part of this or other countries. April 10. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. FM)M TO " Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . 6 60 6 62 Pot, " •' " . 5 26 Beans, white. Foreign, bushel 1 76 2 25 " Domestic, . " 2 00 300 Beef, mess, .... barrel 11 50 No. 1 13 50 prime 11 50 Beeswax, white, .... pound yellow. " 28 34 BuTTEn, tiih, . . • . " 17 20 lump,, .... " 22 28 Cheese, new milk. " 10 12 Cider, dozen 1 75 2 00 refined barrel 3 00 5 00 Bone Manube, . . . - bushel 35 in casks, " 40 Feathers, northern, geese, pound southern, geese, . " 37 46 Flax. (American) .... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . " 9 12 quintal 3 37 3 56 Bay. Chaleur, " Haddock, new, . " 1 50 Mackerel, No. 1 . . . barrel 13 50 14 00 No. 2. " 11 Oil 11 26 No. 3; . 'i 7 25 7 50 ^lewives, dry salted, No. 1. " 6 00 6 50 Salmon, No. 1, " 22 00 23 00 Floub, Genesee, cash, . " 6 25 6 37 Baltimore, Howard street. " 6 50 6 62 Richmond canal. " 6 37 6 62 Alexandria wharf. *' 6 37 Rye " 4 26 Meal, Indian, in bbls. " 3 75 4 00 Grain : Corn, northern yellow. bushel southern flat, yellow. " 78 79 white, . " 73 75 Rye, northern, . " 90 Barley, nominal . " Oats, northern, (prime) . " 53 66 southern, new. « 38 40 Hams, northern pound 13 14 southern and western, . " 10 13 Hay, best English, per ton, . 16 00 18 00 Eastern screwed, . 12 50 13 60 Hops, 1st quality. pound 10 12 2d quality, .... II 14 Labd, Boston, 1st sort,. 11 12 southern, 1st sort. " 11 Leather, Philadelphia ^ty tannage. " 29 30 do. country do. " 25 27 Baltimore city tannage. " 26 as do. dry hides, . " 24 25 New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter. '* 22 24 " 22 23 Boston dry hides. " 21 23 Lime, best sort, .... cask 120 Molasses, New Orleans, . gallon 32 34 Sugar House, t' 60 68 Oil, Sperm, Spring, " 112 US Winter, . " 120 1 26 Whale, refined; " 50 eo Linseed, American, " Neat's Foot " 85 I 00 Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. 2 75 300 Pork, extra clear. barrel clear, ..... 20 00 23 00 Mess, .... " 15 00 1700 Prime, .... " 12 00 12 50 Seeds; Herd's Grass, bushel 2 87 300 Red Top, southern. " 66 1 00 northern. 0 150 Canary, " 2 00 2 25 Hemp, . . . " 2 62 300 Flax, " 1 37 162 Red Clover, northern, . pound 17 20 Southern Clover, none, " Soap, American, Brown, . " 7 3 " Castile, " 12 13 Tallow, tried, .... " 12 13 ;,Teazles, 1st sort pr M. 3 00 3 50 'Wool, prime, or Saxony H'leeces, . American, full blood, washed. pound 60 65 " 66 60 do. 3-4ths do. " 33 65 do. 1-2 do. " 60 63 do. 1-4 and common. 'I 45 50 £ ■ f Pulled superfine. " 60 » S3) No'. 2', .'.'.". ',! 55 36 P |°-lNo.3, " 25 ,*" BERKSHIRE BO IR. For sale, a fine Berkshire Boar, 9 m onths old, and large. of his age, bred in Albany, from iiBpor gree will be furnished at the time of sa ed stock. The pedi- e. Price S50. Ap- ply to Messrs. J. BRECK & CO. September 18. 3t M I S C t L L A N E 0 U S The subjoined address of Chief Justice Shaw, delivered recently at the Centennial Celebration in Parnstable, Mass., is so full of charmingr sentiment, and shows so strongly the v/orking^-i of the finest feelings of ournature, that we are ha;)py to be able to enrich our last page with it. 11. C. After the eighth regular toast, some remarks ■were made by Chief Justice Shaw, of which the following is a sketch : , J\lr President — It would be mere atfectation in me, not to understand at once, that the sentiment now expressed, alludes to myself, Such an ex- pression of kind and respectful remembrance, by such an assembly as the present, on an occasion so full of deep and solemn interest, fills my heart with unmingled gratitude, and I can do little more than to express to the company my heartfelt thinks. To be held in cherished remembrance by my earliest associates, the friends of my beloved pa- rents, the companions of my infancy and childhood, by those who cherish an ardent love for my dear native land, whatever may be their pursuits, or wherever their residence — tliis indeed affords me a .gratification which I would not willingly exchange for any advantage which rank or distinction could confer. Here, on such an occasion, all minor distinctions of occupation, of condition, of fortune and residence, vanish before the one deep, absorbing sentiment which binds our hearts indissolubly to our native soil. Here the merchant njay rejoice to come, leav- ing behind him, far a time, his ledgers and accounts, leaving his ships, his stocks, and his merchandise to take care of themselves : the clergyman, in per- fect consistency with his holiest duties, may for a short time leave his pulpit and his flock : the far- mer may well leave his fields and his marshes: the seaman his vessel — the shoresman his fish flakes — and judges and lawyers are glad to tear themselves away from the wrangles of the courts, and the tur- moil of judicial controversy, to indulge togetlier, for a few brief hours, in the cherished recollection of by-gone years — recollections always dear though often sad. But joyful or sad, prompted by the bet- ter principles of our nature, and deepened by a common sympathy, we know and feel that they bind thousands of hearts in one common feeling of mu- tual attachment. And why should it not be so ? — Indeed it is good for us to be here — to be here upon such an occasion, and to yield to the thoughts and feelings which come thronging upon us. Sir, there's pleas- ure and profit in it — there's wisdom, philosophy, and religion in it — Was not this the home of our infancy and childhood ? Here we first felt the dear delights of parental love — here the first thoughts and feelings of our social and intellectual nature were enkindled and developed — here we first felt the pleasures of friendship and the joys of social existence, when every feeling carried with it the purity, the ardor, and the joyous freshness of youth. — Why sir, every house, every field, every grove has its history, and brings back a clustering i jno-g jjg looks list of the thousand objects, which awaken vivid recollections of the past, and above all — more than all, remind us of those who participated in our early aflfections and friendships. And is it not good thus to be moved sometimes by a noble feeling of generous sympathy and af- fection ? Does it not teach us all, the merchant, the seaman, the farmer, the lawyer, each and all of us, whatever our employment, or whatever our suc- cess in life, that there is something worth living for besides profits and wages, and fees and salaries ; that there is something in the joys of memory — of hope and iniagination — in our social affections and sympathies — in the consciousness of our moral and intellectual being, which rises above the ordinary routine of cares and labors, whose object is bound- ed by the acquisition of mere worldly goods ? May it not even inspire a holier thought? If, as we feel and know, these attachments and sympathies so closely connect the past with the present, may it not lead us to indulge the hope, to rest on the as- surance, that there shall be some similar connec- tion between the present and the future — that the affections of the soul, so pure and perennial, are not destined to have their full accomplishment here, and shall not be crushed and annihilated by the termination of our earthly existence, but that, surely, there is another and a better life ? But sir, let us not be thought wild or visionary, or to depart too widely from the spirit and feelings of the occasion. Indeed the very spirit of the oc- casion is, to perceive in the persons and objects around us, not the mere visible and sensible images, but the recollections and feeling-s which they sug- gest. Take a single instance. Did we not ob- serve, as the procession was moving on to-day, a long range of hills skirting the town ? You and I, sir, know it by the name of Sandy Neck. And what does it present to the eye of the casual ob- server? Why a range of sterile sand hills, inter- spersed with a few patches of brown woods and swamps, and surrounded by marshes. Who of us, has not heard the tremendous roar of the surf, as its iriountain surges lash the long line of beach back of those hills ? But to the eye of the native Cape Codman whn.t does it suggest? — a barren waste of waters — a barrier to his exertions — a con- finement to his sterile soil ? Not at all. It re- minds him of the ocean that lies beyond — the ocean with all its grand and beautiful associations. He looks at it not only as the field of his fame and of his o-lory, l)ut as the field of industry and enterprise, of his enjoyment and improvement, aye, even of his social and intellectual improvement. It connects liim wiih all lands — with all that is magnificent in nature or polislied in art— with all that is valuable in knowledge, refinement and civilization. His neighbors are not those only, who live in the next town, or state, or kingdom : wherever there is com- merce, there he has neighbors and friends. He not only repeats the words gf the seaman's song, but imbibes its spirit — " In every clime we find a port, In every port a home," But the home of his memory and his affections is here: — to his native land, atiiidst all his wander th a steady eye ; and whatever ac- them — and they are alike sterile to the idler, the dissolute and the heartless. Indeed, that soil can never be deemed sterile, which yields a large and steady growth of intelligent and enterprising men, and of amiable and accomplished women. But I am encroaching on precious time, and will onlv propose as a sentiment — Cape Cod — our beloved birth place ; — may it long be the nursery and the home of the social vir- tues— a place which all her sons and daughters, whether present or absent, may, centuries to come, as in centuries past, delight to honor and to love." New York Urate and Poudrette Company. Not incorporated but carried on by individual enterprise. The manures are not divided among the Stockholilers, as are those lielonging to another estahlishmont, but sold, to ap- pUcantSJ, for cash on delivery. Orders are supplied in the order of time in which they are received. Urate GO cents and Poudiale 4U cenis per liushel, with contingent charges lor ha^s or liarrels, fitc. The company are daily preparing for use, during the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the past winter, and will have several thousand bushels ready liefore the first ot Octoher next. The material is disinfected and rendered trie from offensive smell, by a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. The experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1939, on Long Island, has satisfied many ol' the farmers that these manures have the quickest operation upon vegeta- hie mailer, producing e-reiiier abundance, and the cheapest of any manure they have ever tried. Amended instructions for their use, the result of praclic". experience, will he furnished on application. The effect q; Po.udrette upon Grape Vines and Moras Multieaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works it the vicinity of the city of New York to prepare the manures and [armers and gardeners may confidently rely on a supply Ordurs, post paid, directed to " The New York Urate one Poudrale Company," Box, No. 1211, Post Oflice, New York or sent to the store of STILLWELL & DEY, No. 36: Fulton Street, Brooklyn, will he attended to. The Company will be very mu^h obliged to gentlemei who have used the manures, to give them a statement in wri tjng what has been the result of their use and experiments ii relation to them. New York, August, 1839. Hale's Patent Horse Power and Patent Thresh, iug Machine. JOSEPH KRECK & CO. offer for sale this yaluabl. machine and feel greot confidence in recommending it as th best machine now m use. It will tliresh from 75 to 10 bushels per day in the best- possible manner. The hors power is calculated to propel any kind of machinerj IS very simple in its conslrucuon, occupies but th small space of nne feet by two, and can easily be transport ed from one plaie to another, and when combined with th Threshing Machine it forms the most superior article for th purpose ever invented. They can be supplied at short no lice at the N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seee. Store. August 23. throng of recollections. Every local object is a ; qujgjtjgns of property, or pleasure, of hospitality talisman, which revives its long train of remember- 1 ^nd friendship he finds elsewhere, he regards them ed joys, or sorrows, amusements and occupations : ■ ^jj ^g [j^g means of comfort and enjoyment on his the school, the wedding, the funeral, the social cir- , return. The land and the sea are alike fertile to cle, the play ground, the meeting house, the bury- : those who have the hardihood, the skill and the en- ing ground :— time would fail me in naming a mere I terprise to improve them, and the hearts to enjoy GllKEX'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul tural Warehouse and Heed Store, Nos.51 and 52 North Mar ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay ant Sialk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not Befori applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: t . So great a reduction of the quantum ol power renuisiti 10 use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufiicien to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in whichthej cut, require sharpening less often than those of any othei straw cutter. 4. The machin,? -IS simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. Ii is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order, THE NEW KNGLiAND FAUMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annuni payable at the end of the year— but those who pay wilhit sixty days from the time of subscrib: -_.:.i.j . duclionof 50 cents. ' are entitled to a dfr DENNETT AND CHISBOLM, PRINTEKS, n SCHOOrSTREKT BOSTON AND HORTICULTUKALREGISTER. * PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO S2 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AoRicutTrRXL Wabehoose.) roxj. xvm.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 9, 1839. tlHO. 14. N. E. FARMER For the New England Farmer. 'ITHE SPIRIT OF THE AGE— AGRICULTU- RAL PAPEtlS, &c. !Mk Editor — The strongest characteristic of the Lge we live in, is the spirit of progress and ini- )rovement which pervades thecommunity : improve- ncnt in every ihing susceptible of it; — improvement n art — improvement in science — and, may I not idd, improvement in human nature. There exists, n fact, a progressive excitement — and so long as ts effects shall be to substitute right for wrong, to levelop mind and stimulate genius to invention, it s to be hoped it may not subside. Among the arts and sciences which have felt, ir. lifiercnt degrees, the beneficial influence of this mproving spirit, is to be named agriculture. (I al- ude particularly to our own.) The obstacles which lave heretofore prevented this great national inier- st from being as an art better understood, and as a science correctly practised, are fast being removed : iged error is receding before the quickened march )f mind, the light of science, and the convincinf; ieductions of reason and philosophy ; — deep-roote'i )rejudices, venerated rather for their antiquity that heir worth, are giving way to the enriching truth.- )f modern discovery ; — twin-fettered ignorance am uperstition are fast losing their baleful influenct )ver human affairs, and men are beginning to se? md appreciate the might of mind when enlightexe.1 )y science. It is well for the prosperity of our country and its very interest, that the improving spirit abroad is effecting a revolution in our husbandry, — a revolu- ion of mind and a revolution of matter ; — and, as hese mighty agents of good or evil 'never go back,' ive can look with confidence for the consummation jf the desired reform which has commenced and is •apidly progressing in those parts of our country where light hath reached, reason convinced, and aractice demonstrated Through all the clouds Hrhich yet hover around, the attentive observer can- not fail to discern 'the dawning of a brighter day for American agriculture,' — a day which shall give the modern system of farming the ascendancy over the old ' exhausting system,' whose only honor is its age. We do not believe that error can long flourish when right is abroad to combat it ; " Truth crushed to earth will rise again ; The eternal years of God are hers ; While Error writhing, lives in pain, Or dies amid her worshippers." The old system of cultivating the earth has little of right in any of its processes ; — it was conceived in error and brought forth in ignorance : — the modern system is the offspring of science, and bears on its front the impress of right : it is supported by rea- son, by philosophy, and by the experience of the intelligent; and as soon as it is generally under- stood it will be generally adopted : the prosperity of the country demands this : its independence calls for it; and it may be necessary for the perpetuity of our existence as a free nation; for, judging from the sad history of past republics, liberty finds support in agricultural strength and danger in com- mercial greatness,* What are the causes which have combined to prevent agriculture from advancing with the other arts and sciences .' They are to be found in the prejudice of farmers for ancient customs ; in their (seeming) unbelief in the pro'gress of mind and con- sequent aversion to improvements; in their hostili- ty to what they term ' book farming' which may be defined the practising of scientific truths and the recommendations of the intelligent, promulgated through the press. These are the principal causes which have operated to retard the progress of im- provement in the rural art. Thanks to agricultural newspapers, they do not now exist to the extent they did a few a few years since, but tlieir preva- lence is still extensive — by far too much so for our national independence,f for the pecuniary interest of the husbandman and for every interest of the community. How shall it be lessened ? By the dissemination oj knowledge among the yeomanry. — 'Knowledge is power' — it confers the power which the farmer needs, — the power of making every inch of land productive, and to produce to the extent of its capability, — the power of overcoming by art the obstructions of nature. The knowledge which will give this power, is most easily found and conveyed in agricultural papers. These are within the reach of every cultivator, and should be patronised by all — as well by the indigent as the opulent ; for their tendenc'y is, not to make the rich richer at the ox- pense of the poor, but to make the poor happier in an increase of their crops, and show them how to becotrie independent of the rich. There is not a whit of economy in refusing to become a subscriber to one of these publications. He who has but one acre might be learned through this means how to cultivate that so as to treble his usual products, alike with him of his hundred acres : at any rate, either could not fail to be benefited by a year's reading of a paper, to more than treble the amount of the subscription price. This is proved in the case of those who are subscribers. It is a fact worth noting, that you seldom (I might, probably, say never,) meet with a subscriber to an agricultural paper who does not set a high value upon it, or who is in the least dissatisfied with paying a dollar or two a year for its periisal. Such an investment of money is in their opinion the best they could possibly make, as none other to them yields so great an interest, I was told by a farmer-^a subscriber to Judge Buei's Cultivator — that a plan which he found in that paper for steaming apples, potatoes, &c. for his swine, had been of a vast deal more consequence to him than a dozen years' subscrip- tion money. Such instances are common, — in fact it is absolutely impossible, in our view, that some *I mean to be understood that the freedom of a country agriculturally great, is more secure than that of a country great only in a comcaercial sense. tHowever independent we may think oursehes, wecannot in truth be styled ind^ipendent, till we cease to rely upon for- eign oatioos for soi»s of the essentials of life. useful information or valuable hint should not be acquired in the course of a year's reading, which will not repay many fold the price paid for the pa- per. Farmers need to be made aware of these facts, and to be shown through the convincing means of experiment, how falsely founded is their notion of economy in refusing to take a paper de- voted exclusively to their interests. These vehicles of knowledge, are productive of good in another respect ; — they take with the young with those whose minds are not yet warped by prejudice nor fully imbued wiih false notions, — with whom any thing novel and plausible in theory, be- gets a passion for experiment. I will state an in- stance the better to illustrate my meaning. A far- mer of my acquaintance in New-Hampshire, was bitterly prejudiced against all other modes of farm- ing than tiiat practised by his ancestors from the earliest generation, and transmitted unimpaired (and unimproved) to him. He was loud in his abuse and ridicule of ' book farming,' about whick he talked as learnedly as he could of other matters whose discussion renders something more than a. knowledge of the alphabet and Itco ideas necessary — declaring, in his wisdom, that it was ' intended for the wealthy and college larnt,'' and that 'he was' nt fool enouirh yet to plant his land with mulberry trees ! and buy corn to live on,' &c. Tliis man had a sop — a lad of some nineteen years — who was much inclined to reading, and who had often en- deavored to induce his father to subscribe for an agricultMi^ I onper, but without effect. The father iiad tiic Q.jsfortuue to be stricken with a dangerous sickness, and the management of the farm devolved upon the son, who had obtained the parent's con- sent to conduct it as he pleased, with the proviso that he should plant no mulberry trees. As a pre- liminary step to the reformation contemplated, the son subscribed for an agricultural paper and follow- ed 'book farming' to the extent of his means : the swamp wns resorted to for materials for compost, (an idea which never entered the head of the father,) lime was purchased for manure ; the swine were in- creased to increase the means of fertilising the soil ; root culture was adopted — alternating crops — ma- nuring by turning in green crops— (for which last act. in particular, he incurred the censure of his neio-hbors, who were unanimous in pronouncing him" a ' fool,' 'notionv,' 'crack-brained boy,' &c.) and such other improvements made as he found suggested in his paper. The beneficial change which had been wrought n the order of things on the farm, was so palpable and manifest as to excite the wonder of the father at his son's unexpected success, and he could not help acknowledging that his prejudices against 'book farming' and agricultural papers were ill- founded and supremely foolish. This farm, under the father's exhausting culture comparatively a desert and yielding but a poor return foi toil, has, by the scientific and skilful management of the son, been made to teem with plenty and well reward for the sweat of the cultivator's brow. I have heard this farmer declare that his yearly profits did not exceed |100, and grumble at his ' hard lot.' Under is annually 'cleared.' Tliis case is no fiction — and if it were, it would be a faithful representatitm of many unwritten in- stances of like results. If atrricultural papers, then, are productive of so much good — if their tendency is to ' make two spears of grass grow where but one grew before,' no means should be spared to extend their circulation: let the fanner «ho is a .subscriber induce hi.s neighbor who is not, to become one also ; — let agricultural societies lend all possible aid in the cause. I can conceive of another method for advancing my ob- ject : — In every village there are generally two per- sons upon whom the citizens bestow extraordinary respect, or a sort of voluntary reverence, on account of their (supposed) superior intelligence — I mean the minister and the physician. Suppose these important pe.-sonages should exercise the influence they are capable of, to the end of improvino- the sa- a'iculture of their towns, by inducing their fellow citizens who follow the plough, to read — to improve tlis mind in order to improve the soil, — could not the great object of enlightening the yeomanry the hard-handed, honest-hearted yeomanry — be further- ed by such a praise-worthy movement .' It is, chiefly, to the influence of such papers as the New England Parmer, the Albany Cultivator, the Genesee Farmer, and others of a like charac- ter, that our improvements in rural economy are to be ascribed ; — that influence needs encouragement — encouragement from States as well as individu- als,— it needs to be more widely diffused ; for, in proportion as it is extended, in nearly that same proportion will the profession of agriculture be ex- alled in the public estimation, its operations facili- tated, and its products increased. J. H. D. Boslo7i, October, 1839. [For the New England Farmer.) BEES. Mk Colman. — We wonder every body does not keep bees, such active beings as they are and so liberal in dispensing " the swee's of life." Yet we afe glad they do not, for if they did, even though they had a " small beginning," they would at length become so numerous tjiat sad consequences might result. This we have found to be the case to our cost, for in the Spring of 1833, we establish- ed a colony, which, as there were none about us, , did very well, and our success excited others to em- bark in the same enterprise, so that in two years they were "as thick as bees" through the neigh- borhood and town. The consequence was, all the bee pasture in the community was overstocked, and the long, severe winter which followed put an end to all our anticipated sweets, inasmuch as that there was scarcely a hive remaining in the circle of our acquaintance, whose inhabitants could be numbered among the living. We might have saved ours in a way which we shall speak of soon, but they had a usual supply of honey and we did not expect an unusual winter. Last spring, we obtained a hive and began again. Maugre the cold wet May and .Tune,°we have obtained three swarms from it, the hive-( of two of which are very heavy and the third in quite a wmterable condition. Our first swarm came off about the middle of May, and lit on a curraat bush, consequently we had no trouble in hiving it, but Ihe second which came off only a few days later. cies, ror tney lit on tne Dody ot a beautiful ftiaple on one side of our yard, just at the place where the lower branches put out. We tried almost as many devices to get them off as the " old man" did to drive " the rude boy" from his apple tree and with no better success ; we jarred the tree, but we could not jar them off; we tried to brush them down, but to this they objected ; we confined a liive to the tree, and wound a cloth around it and them, hoping to lure them to a domicil in this way, but they had no more ambition to climb, than propensity to de- scend. We however secured them where they were in this way, for that day and the coming night, which brought the elements to our aid in the form of a " hoarse north easter" cold with wind and tol- erably charged with rain, which two qualities unit- ted so benumbed the physical faculties of our tru- ant friends, that we could dispose of them as we pleased ; we accordingly with all care took them down and placed those which possesed animation in the hive, while the remainder we protected from the storm, and on the first sunny day laid them out to dry. iMost of them revived and joined their family, but their tranquillity was of short duration, for in consequence of their exposure, a dysentery attacked some of the community, and those in health, instead of remaining to protect the weak and heal the sick saw fit to decamp, and after en- joying a healthful sailing excursion in the air they went to the hive in which the first swarm had been put. Their stay there was not very tedious, for in a week or ten days and instead of aspiring to the trunk of a choice shade, at ten feet from the ground, their '' meek and lowly spirits," led them to clus- ter on a raspberry bush but a few inches from the surface, from which they were taken and put in a condition satisfactory to themselves as their quie- tude and thrift fully attest. Our last swarm came off in June, and not with- standing the old adage that "a swarm in June is not worth a spoon" we should refuse an ©ffer of two spoons for this, and more unless they were very nice and very heavy. True, the quantity of honey which they have gathered is not very great, but with our way of managing such hives we tnink amply sufficient for their supply. We propose bury- ing them, through the winter, a practice which we have adopted in two successive years, and had we continued it the third, our old colony instead of coming to an untimely end, would probably have been in existence now through its descendants. My method of burying bees is as follows. The operation is performed the last of Nove.nber. The pit in which they are to be placed is dug considera- bly larger than the hives, in every respect. On the bottom of the pit two sticks say of scantling four inches square, are placed that a cavity may be left into which the water if there is any may settle and run off without inj^!''V to the bees. On these blocks I lay my floor board, which should be sound and full an inch thick, if more no matter. The top of the hive should be covered with a two inch plank, or if more convenient a piece of wide thick slab with the rounding side up, so that if the frost comes out, and heavy rains fall it may serve as a roof to carry the water from over the hive and turn it into the pit below, Straw is then placed as compactly as may he around the hive and the earth thrown on 30 fts to form a cone above it, which again operates as a, roof to turn the water as it falls. With regard to the depth of burying we can only say, that in our former experiments, we never sunk displayed an obstinacy worthy of the human spe- 1 the\/ip"of tbrhive'bllortre'VurfaTe.'" W^ would be well to do so we Cannot say. Some when burying their bees, drive doM-n a stake neat tlie hive as they say to admit the air, but we do not see why a stake drove down with the earth com- pactly placed around it, can form an air hole more than the earth itself And if it could, we do not , can expect but little profit from them, unless le they become hii^hway ro')bers, (and then the par- taker is teorse than the thief) and enter his neigh- bor's lieUls and spoil his crops. Tlioiigli we have no idea that a comnuinity of bees can be restrained by fences, pokes or fetters, yet we do think that their rambling propensities may be checked. The facilities of their labor increase their enterprise, and the endearments of their home made still more dear by — we should have said cultivating flowers for their benefit, but this would sound weak to the ears of some strong minds, so to such we say allow- ing tliem to grow. But the ladies admire flowers — so do gentlemen, therefore we have no hesitancy in recounnending their culture, especially when so many objects of utility demand it, as in the present case. The mignionette is a beautiful little flower, and when once sown will keep itself in, if the ground is kept clean. It continues blossoming very late, its fra- grance perfumes the atmosphere agreeably, to a great distance, and bees are as fond of it as we are of lioney. '1 he raspberry and bramble flowers are favorites with them, and we never heard a person sav that they did not like their fruit, so they should be set plentifully in the garden and eultivided, that they may, at home, produce an abundance of flowers for the bees and fruit for man. The strawberry too, that we unitedly love so well, ishould always je found growing for our mutual benefit in our con- mon gardens. The poppy, thoug'h somewhat cal- culated to lull the drowsy faculty uf man to repose, possesses not the least lethargic quality to them, but in the reverse arouses their faculties. Catnip not in mints or juleps, but in blossom, they much admire. We too have tested the effic acy of its heal- ing qualities through strong potions of its tea. Yours truly, W. B. Mount Osceola, Oct. 4, 1839. altogether upon the frames. Some persons not having time to reel all their silk, butterflies are seen to go out and lay eggs almost immediately. The accumulation of cocoons produce a kind of fermentation, and the heat causes the butterflies to hatch before the proper period. This prema- ture development has never any good results, fur the butterflies are sick : and from thence it conu'S that the silk-worms produced from their eggs, are affected by diseases from the moment of their hatching. " The cocoons for reproduction ought to be sepa- rated, and put in a well aired chamber, and spread upon very clean mats, a layer nf the thickjiess of a single cocoon only." (Chinese Treatise, published by P. Force, p. 150.J I have about 40,000 silk- worms of seven varieties. They are remarkably healthy, and a large portion of them spinning in handsome style. Respectfully yours, Layton Y. Atkins. P. S. There is no advantage to be derived from a forced and premature development of the silk- worm in any of its stages. 'J'lie nearer the time of spinning to the nitural period of its lite, as stated by Dandolo, the better. The precocious and the tardy are always feeble, and eggs should never be saved from them. I have made nine roarings of the " two-crop" white, and of the cocoons formed between the 25th and ;30th days it has reqi ired from 700 to 800 to weigh a pound, and so of the last which spin ; but ol cocoons formed from the 30th to the S.'Jth day, .350 to 400 to make a pound. De- pend upon it modern writers on silk-culture are promulgating a pernicious error on this point ; and before the learned silk-ioorm doctors publish any more infallible prescriptions, I advise them to put on their spectacles and bring their remedies to bear on four or five cases. If a forced and premature development is so im- portant, what reason or sense would there be in the following passaje from the Chinese' Treatise : " The moths which come out the first day are called grass moths The last of all are called mogno, (that is to say.thr last butterflies.) Mither of these ought to be kept." iMark the care of this people about procuring eggs. Cocoons are first selected, and when the butterflies come out, the first and the last are re- jected. Let the people of the United States make numerous and careful experiments. We beardless boys of Virginia at least, do not mean to open wide our mouths rnd swallow nostrums as an unfledged bird does its food. L. Y. A. Causes of seeds not germinati.ng. — We have known and heard of considerable loss and disap- pointment from seeds, particularly onion seeds, not growing. We have thought and inquired in refer- ence to the cause, and the result of our cogitations and inquiries may be thus stated. Without a certain degree of moisture^ &eeds will not germinate. On dry sandy soils, and; in a dry season, it seems highly probable, then, that seeds may be deprived of the requisite degree of mois- ture : perhaps receiving |ustas much as will mould them and destroy their vitality, or being so near the surface as to be injured by the sun's heat and light. Hut the seeds may have germinated, and have commenced to send out their roots and stem stalks and yet be destroyed. If the soil is not pressed closely to the seeds, and very dry weather occurs just at this period of the process of germinati, and the life thus destroyed. If you would avoid disappointment and loss from seeds failing to grow, the preventive process is in- dicated by a knowledge of the causes most fre- quently productive of this result, which we think are those stated above. If you sprout your ;-eed8 before putting them into the ground, you will pre- serve them from the first cause of failure, but if you pulverize your soil thoroughly and press it in this state with hoe. spade, or roller, upon the seeds thus sprouted, the root stem will soon and surely derive suflicient moisture from the soil. In a few instances I have found my neighbors blaming the seed as useless, particularly of onions, carrots and parsnips, when I have obtained a little of the seed, and found it to sprout quite well. You may easily save yourselves from such reflections, or from the temptation to bhme others, by steeping the suspected seed in warm or tepid water from six to twenty-four hours, according to the size and hard- ness of tlie seed, and then setting it away in a warm- ish place for a day or two. If good it will sprout in this time ; if kept warm in a darkish place, and it does not sprout in this time, the seed is faulty. In connexion with this subject, I may state that several circumstances incline me to the belief that corn which has been sprouted — no matter in what steep — is safe from the ravages of the red or wire- worm. It has been fashionable to steep in a strong solution of copperas, and to ascribe the safety of the seed in this state, not to the change which fer- mentation has produced in the germ or chit which is usually first attacked, but to the change in the taste from the copperas. We have known corn soaked in simple water — in water alone — to escape from the attacks of the worm as well as that soaked in a copperas steep. Until this matter is made more certain however, I would hold it bail husbandry to neglect the copperas, as in addition to the change produced by heat and moisture, we have also the disagreeable taste communicated by this salt. — Cul- tivator. Fruit Trees The famous Pickman farm, in Salem, the best in the country, is lined round the borders of the fields with engrafted apple trees These trees are very thrifty, deriving most of their nourishment from the ground under the walls, which keep the soil loose, warm and moist, and preserve the roots of the trees from external injury. The trees in this situation are an ornament to the farm, while they are no hindrance to the farmer in culti- vating his field, nor injury to the crops by with- drawing nourishment, like those in the interior of the field. Yet those trees round the field are be- lieved to yield a greater profit than the annual crop within, with all the labor necessarily bestowed up- on it — and the annual sales of the apples and fruit on this farm are said to be enough to purchase a farm of moderate dimensions in the interior of thi» State jYewburyport Herald. In the Irish Gardener's Magazine it is stated that the decoctions of the leave? of the common camo- mile, will destroy insects, and that nothing con- tributes so much to the health of a garden as 8 number of camomile plants dispersed through it. — No green house or hot house should ever be with- out camomile in a green or dried state. From the New Haven Daily Herald. THE CANKERWORM. We would invite the attention of our citizens to the following article on the Cankerworra. 'J he re- newed foliage with which our shade trees are now covered, has in some degree removed the apprehen- sion entertained a few months since, that we were ID danger of losing one of the chief ornaments of our city. Our citizens ought to be apprised, how- ever, that the effort required to put forth two sets of foliage anually, cannot be sustained, ordinarily, longer than two or three successive years. For one year, or two, this may occur without serious detriment ; but tlie third year commonly proves fatal to the tree. Many of our most valuable orna- mental trees have now been completely denuded two years in succession, and unless measures are immediately taken to secure them from the ascent of insects this season, many of them will probably be lost next summer. The insects will now soon begin to come out of the ground, so that what is to be done ought to be done immediately. We re- turn our thanks to the anonymous author of this communication, which comes to us under the post- mark of Philadelphia, and will forward copies of the paper as he has desired. ■ .Entomology of the C'anke.rworm—Phalaena Ver- nata Geomatia.—?EcK. — mth general remarks upon the various remeiKes or preventives. From the numerous remarks that I have heard made in various parts of the country, I was led to believe that the character and habits of the Can- Serworm were very imperfectly understood. And as its ravages appear likely to destroy a considera- ble portion of tlie fruit and ornamental trees, I was induced to study its entomology ; and believing it might be useful to those interested in its destruc- tion, I concluded to offer the result of my labors to the public. And I would here suggest to the edi- tors of newspapers, who are fond of fruit, and like to see flourishing trees, to insert the following ac- count for the benefit of their readers. The Cankerworms begin to hatch in the sprino- about the time the red currant is in blossom, an°d' the apple tree puts forth its tender leaves, which an Boston, is about the last of April, or the first of May. When first hatched, they are about one tenth of an inch long, and as large as a fine horse hair. Having made their escape from the eggs, they move about with great activity in search of food, and having arrived at the extremities of the branches, they begin to :eed upon the pulpy part of the leaves. And if a leaf is taken and held against the light, it appears perforated with nume- rous small apertures, like pin holes. They acquire their full growth in about four weeks. During this period they cast several skins, each succeeding skin being larger than the previous one. The number of these and the tmie intervening, is not ascertained. As they pass through these stages they become more and more voracious, and in the last stage are more destructive than in the whole of their previous existence, and make no hesitation in destroying the entire foliage, but eat the green fruit. ° 'J'hese worms spin a continuous thread as they move about, and leave it attached to their path •— hence, if a branch of the tree is struck so as' to give It a sudden shock, the worms may be seen suspended beneath by this silken cord ; and when the shock has ceased, they ascend to the place from whence they fell. Immediately beneath the mouth, there is a conical papilla, from whence the fibre that suspends them is emitted. Their ascent, when thrown from the tree, is slow, and is per- formed by bending the head and anterior part of the body back, until the feet in the third segment can grasp the thread ; then bringing the hea°d for- ward, they seize the thread with their jaws ; thus continuing to fold it up until they reach the branch of the tree. They pause at intervals if the ascent is long. If by chance the thread should get broken, they crawl to the trunk of the tree and as- cend. The larva, or caterpillar, is, when full grown, about nine tenths of an inch in length, and one eighth of an inch in diameter ; the head pale, marked on each side with two transverse blackish stripes ; the back ash-colored, marked lengthwise with small, interrupted dusky lines ; the side black- ish, with a pale line along the length of the body. There are two white spots upon tlie last segment of the body. The abdomen, or under side, is ash- colored. In moving about, they draw up the hinder part to the breast, bending the body into the form of the letter n ; then extending the body to take a new grasp with the anterior feet, thus ap- pearing to measure the space over which they pass. From this circumstance they are called geomutin, and in English, lopers, span-worms, inch-worms. I In about four weeks after they are hatched, they cease eating, and descend to the earth and enter it, from four to eight inches, according to the quality and condition of the soil. For the first few days they continue shortening their body, and drawing in their feet. When they have contracted themseWes sufficiently, they disengage their skin and slip it off, and become a chrysalis, which is about half an inch long, and one seventh of an inch in diameter. It appears that the insect is soon perfect, as some of them in New England rise from the earth as early as the last of September, and they rise, more or less, until the first of May following, whenever the weather suits them, and the ground is thawed to the depth of their abode. When they rise from the ground they appear in forms entirely different : the antenns or horns of the perfect insect are setatious. The body of the male is of an ashen amber ,color, nearly half an inch in length ; e.xtent of its upper wings one inch and two tenths; the wings are ash-colored with three obscure blackish stripes, and a small dash of the same color at the tips. The under wings are of a uniform color, and rather lighter than the ground of the upper ones. The body of the female is about four tenths of an inch in length, ash-color- ed and marked on the back with a brown list, ex- tending from the thorax to the tail. She is desti- tute of wings, has six long dusky legs with white joints. Both tiie j.faJe and the female remain quiet during the day and adhere close to the bark of the tree, and are so near the same color they are not seen without close inspection. In a short time after sunset they begin to move. 'Jhe males may be seen flying about. The females being destitute of wings, are under the necessity of ascending the trunk of the tree. They may sometimes be found together, subcupola. After this office is performed the males die, and in a few days the females depo- sit their eggs, about one hundred in number, which are deposited on the branches of the tree and ge- nerally near the extremities. The egg is of an elliptic form, about one thirtysixth of an inch in length, of a pearl color, with a yellowish cast. As the included animal advances, the eggs assume brownish hue, and finally become lead colour. Th eggs adhere firmly to whatever they are laid upor and appear something like the top of a thimblf except the indentations are miJch finer, and whei laid in the fall are not injured by freezing bu hatch about the time before mentioned. Durinj the last stage of their existence they do not eat any thing. The female after laying her eggs, having accomplished the object of her existence, dies C lid weather does not have any effect upon th< chrysalis moths or eggs further than to benumb tht millers and grubs (grubs is the name usually ap- plied to the female), until it becomes warm again : for if the insects in this state, when it is e.xtremelj cold, are carried into a warm room, they soon be- come active. A piece of ice containing a numbei of grubs was carried into a warm room. As soon as the ice was thawed so as to set them at liberty, they began to move about the room, and were none the less vigorous for having slept in a bed of ice. They have been known to rise from the earth when tlie water was standing over them and come up through the water. When snow was upon the ground immediately around the tree, they have been known to rise from that part of the ground where there was no snow and cross over the &now to ascend the trees. The greatest natural and most destructive enemy of this insect is the Ampe- li? Garrulus of Linnaeus, called by Mr Calesby the chatterer of Carolina, and in Dr Belknap's History of New-Hampshire, Cherry bird. This bird de- stroys great numbers of them while in the larva stdte. Another check is a disease which may be called Deliquium, and is probably occasioned by a fe|-mentiition of their food. In this disease the whole internal structure is dissolved into a liquid, anj nothing is entire but the exterior cuticle, wljch breaks on being touched. The Canker iTor:n is spoken of in the Bible among the judgments which were to be sent upon the children of Israel ; and is said to have been ob- served first in the southern states, where it is pro- bably a native. It is certain that it must have spread by some means independent of itself, aa the female, being destitute of wings, is forbidden to range. It m.iy have been brought into New Eng- land by bringing trees from the southern states upon which the eggs were deposited, or brought in the larva state, into all populous parts of the United States, by falling from trees upon carriages and travellers passing under them. This conjecture is rendered probable, by its being in all places which have intercourse with such parts as are infested with it ; and by its being unknown to new settle- ments. There is a tradition among some of the oldest in- habitants of New England that the forest trees were destroyed very generally by this worm at one time; the precise period when this occurred I have not been able to ascertain. The night of the 17th of May 1794, was so cold as to produce ice one third of an inch thick ; at that time a great part of the Cankerworms were hatched ; to these the frost was so fatal that very few were seen. A person, who paid very diligent attention saw but one male the next year. I am firm in the belief thai frost would not kill them at anytime except when in the larva or caterpillar state. Having given the best description of the Canker- worm that the above limits would allow, I will now proceed to describe some of the remedies or pre- ventives. It will appear by reflecting upon the I V01>. XVm. NO. 14. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 121 peculiar construction and habits, that the females, hew -'csititute of wings ami under tlie necessity of ascending the trunks of the trees, any apparatus that would prevent them from ascending in case they laid theireggs below, would prevent the young worms from ascending. It is also obvious that this appal jfus must be of a durable character, so as to be a preventive seven months in a year, as will be seen by the foregoing description, that the grubs begin to ascend in September and continue until the May following. The remedy that I shall first notice, is tarring the trunks of the trees. This, undoubtedly, would be effectua.] if the tree could be always kept in a proper state ; but this is extremely difficult, if it is possible; a large portion of the time the tar would want renewing every day, if not twice a day. Sometimes oil or water is mixed with the tar, that it may remain soft longer. One gen- tlemen of ample experience informed me that he lost a crop of apples by mixing oil with the tar. It appeared to render it so smooth that it did not ad- here to the feet of the insects. When tar is used, and the insects are numerous, the dead bodies of those that are caught, pave a path for their succes- sors to pass ; and if a tree is tarred, and it rains upon it a few minutes, the water will glaze the tar so that the insects pass over with impunity. And they are more lively to ascend when it rains than at otlier times, as the water softens the ground and facilitates their escape. If but few of the grubs ascend the tree, the worms from their eggs would be liable to destroy the trees. If tar is used, it is very injurious to the trees, if applied to the bark, as it destroys the outside bark. Those who use tar and do not wish to injure their trees, put a bandage of paper or canvas around the tree, and apply the tar upon that. Some are of the opinion that if the tar was applied directly upon the bark, that it would, in time, kill the tree. Very few persons who use tar have been able to save their fruit for the first year, but they generally calculate that if they apply it closely, to destroy most of the insects in two or three years. Heaping a little sand around the trunks of the trees, so that the insects in crawling, loosen the sand with their feet, and it rolls down, carrying them down with it. When the sand is moistened with rain or dew it will not roll down ; hence this remedy is almost or quite useless. If the sand keeps them down, they might lay their eggs below and the young worms would ascend over the sand, wet or dry. Heaoing the sheaves of flax around the tree, which is sometimes done, is liable to the same ob- jections as sand, and one other is that there is so little raised that it would be hardly possible to pro- cure sheaves. Putting circular tin troughs around the trees and filling them with a decoction of tobacco. This was tried by George Irish, of Middletown, R. I. and found to be very expensive, as the liquor evaporated and required to be filled very often ; and when it rained the water collected in them, and freezing, burst them, leaving them very leaky, and as the trees grew, they burst them and rendered them quite useless, and they were abandoned in one or two years. Putting a square tin trough around the treesi with a roof over it, the trough to have a little cheap oil in it This was found to answer better than any the foregoing remedies, but it is very expensive, and requires so much care, as it is necessary to make a platform of boards to support the trough, and pre- vent insects from ascending between the trough and the tree. As the tree grows, it separates the platform, and the trough is required to be made larger. In making the trough larger, it is neces- sary to unsolder or cut it open, and put four pieces into the trough and four into the roof. And the tin, by being continually ex|)oscd to the weather, soon rusts through and becomes worthless. I have noticed in some parts of the country, a piece of tin put round the trees, in the form of an inverted tunnel.; this apparatus must have been contrived by some person who was ignorant of the entomology of the Cankerwork, as it has been as- certained by experiment that the grub, when put in a glass tumbler, will ascend the side, and if during her ascent, the tumbler is turned down and rolled over, she will adhere to the glass, and walk about upon any part of it without any apparent regard to the rolling of the glass, and appears to walk as well upon the under side of the glass as upon the top. Hence all wlio have used these inverted tunnels, have found them useless, or will if they continue to use them. A circular leaden trough and roof was invented by Jonathan Dennis Jr. of Portsmouth, R. I. in 183(3, and has since been patented. This trough and the roof is made of one strip of sheet lead, about three inchds wide, but in the form of the top of the figure 2 inverted, with the foot cut off; thus form- ing a roof and trough of one strip, and then bending it round the tree so as to conform to the shape of the tree. It is made so large as to leave a space of one inch in width between the trough and the tree. The ends are then soldered together, thus forming a trough completely round the tree, with a roof over it. Three or more nails are tacked into the tree to support it, and the space between the trough and the tree is filled with seaweed, hay, straw, husks, tow, cotton waste, or any other substance that will prevent the insects from ascending between the trough and the tree, and is easily compressed by the growth of the tree. These troughs were put on to three orchards, belonging to Jonathan Dennis, of Portsmouth, R. I. father of the inventor, in the autumn of 1837, and it has proved to be the cheapest and most effectual remedy ever discovered. The three orchards contained one hundred and fifteen trees, varying in size from three inches to upwards of two feet in diameter. The expense was about 35 or 40 cents per tree. Five gallons of cheap fish oil, that cost 40 cents per gallon, was found to answer for the 115 trees for one year. \ very little oil was put into the troughs the last of September. After it had remained several weeks it was stirred, and in a few weeks afterwards a little more oil was added ; and from the time the oil was first put in until Ihe first of May following there was a little oil put in twice and the oil also received two or three stirrings. Putting the oil in three times and stirring it, giving the trees all the attention necessary, was less labor and occupied less time than it would have taken to tar the trees for one week. This apparatus destroy- ed the insects so completely, (which for a number of years previous had been so numerous as to de- stroy the fruit,) that it was difficult to find one upon the trees, and the crop pf apples was so large as to render it necestary to prop the trees. This appa- ratus has many properties to recommend it. It is more effectual, more durable and cheaper than tin troughs ; it also takes less oil to fill a circular trouffh than it does a square one, for a tree of the same size. The packing is more easily put in, as the space is of a uniform width around the tree. Tit is also less liable to get out, and if the top of the packing was daubed with a little tar, it would stick it together, taking care not to put any of the tar upon the tree or the trough, but only upon the packing. This trough will last many years with- out being made larger, and when the tree has grown so as to fill the space that was left between the trough and the tree, the trough can be cut open and a piece soldered in so as to make it large enough for several years more. And if the troughs are ever taken off, the lead will be worth two tliirds as much as it was when it was put on. I'ut I should not consider it safe to take it off while there were any cankerworms in the neigh- borhood, for they have been in some neighborhoods for the las< fifty years without intermission, accor- ding to the accounts of the inhabitants. Being in conversation with an oil merchant, I inquired what kind 0 oil would remain longest exposed to the air without drying upon the surface, he replied that cod fish oil would never dry perceptibly, and for that reason was never used for painting, and of course would bo the best to put in the above-mentioned troughs for the destruction of cankerworms. J} Lover of good Fruit and flourishing Trees. MANURES. Sen Weeds. — .'Ml sea-shore plants, especially those which grow below highwater mark, and which belong to the natural families of Alga and Fuci, &c. contain more or less mineral alkali (carbonate of soda,) and have long been used as manure by the farmers in the neighborhood of the sea. They are, however, so succulent and mucilaginous, that their effects are by no means lasting ; even when placed in heaps and allowed to ferment, they produce but very iittle heat ; in fact, appear rather to dissolve away. They consist chiefly of water, mucilage, a small quantity of woody fibre, and saline matter: accordwg to the analysis of of Sir Humphrey Davy, nearly four-fifths was water, which contained no ammonia, and consequently the plants possess no azote. When applied to land, their effects are felt almost immediately, as the mucilage dissolves as soon as the outer covering of the plants is destroy- ed by fermentation ; but from its soluble nature, its effects are but slight, and after the first year, are no longer perceptible. The alkali they contain must also act as a chemical solvent, which wiH hasten their consumption. It has been proposed to collect the sea-ware and dry it by spreading it like hay, by which means, of course, nothing but water will be lost, and at the same lime, the bulk will be reduced to one-fifth, in which state the author con- siders it to be a very valuable manure, and calcu- lates that it can be procured and carted off at half the price of straw. This suggestion, I think, might probably be useful in some of the farming districts which aie situated near the sea, but still not close enough to use the ware in its fresh state, as un- doubtedly the manure is a good one as long as it lasts. The drying, also, will prevent the decompo- sition from taking place so rapidly as if applied when fresh. Dry Straw of wheat, barley, and other grain crops, and spoiled hay, are always useful manures. Sir Humphrey Davy, in speaking of these adheres to the opinion which pervades the whole of his work upon Agricultural Chemistry, namely, that they should be applied fresh, and that if allowed to forment, a large quantity of nutritious matter is \osL— Quarterly Journal of Agriculture. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, October 9, 1839. MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW. The Middlesex Society of Husb;iridmen, Mechanics, and Manufacturers held their annual Show and Fair at Concord, on Wednesday last, 2d Inst. The weather was higlrly auspicious to the celebration ; and a larger collection of people were assemhled than has been re- membered on any similar occasion. The exercises of the day commenced with a well contested ploughing match, in which nineteen teams, ten with one yohe of oxen, and nine with two yoke of oxen, contended for the prizes. The ploughs used were of Tice, eight ; of Wright, three ; of Hitchcock, four ; l8 of the numerous spectators, who surrounded the field in a dense line, was an exhilarating and charrainT apectacle. " The pens were well filled .with stock. Of swirie, a « liberal display and of superior qualitv. The Berk- •hire, and the Berkshire and the Mackay cross by gen- oral consent carried the day. The show o'' milch cows was sicellent.though we must again express our regret that the particular qualities and excellencies .of t|,e Ini Bials were not more lUlly g.ven in the labels on the horns or in some other forn,. H. € M.eriam, Esq. of Tewksbury exhibited some superior inprwed stock of the Durham Short Horns, and s,. J.kewisedid Mr Morse of Marlborough, whose young stock promi.ses very well Both these gentlemen have ent, red with n.ucb spirit into the improvement of Neat Stock, with a view to furnish for sale as good animals as can be produced ; and we heartily wish them success. There was a good deal af aatiye stock of excellent character, and a pair of half. blood steers two or three years old, which were admira- ble in their appi:arance. The owner's name is not re- membered; and in truth, the time given for examina- tion of any part of the show, where every thing is crowd- ed into a single short day in autiunn, is insufficient to enable one ti> do justice to any tliino-. The domestic manufactures exhibited in the hall, though not numerous, were excellent; the flannels in particular, were very superior. The vegetable products Were many of them extraordinary, expeciallv in the squash line; one of those exhibited weighed IGl lbs and was almost sufScient to last a common family three months. Whether there was any ambition in this mat- ter to rival the great cake at the Mechanic's Fair in Boston we cannot say. There were various samples of butter presented ; and among tlie whole which we examined, although there was a consideriible difference among the several parcels, we did not find one, which we should pronounce infe- rior. Most of them were excellent ; and evinced great improvement in this article ; an iinproverflent which has not come too soon ; and which is sure to find an ample rcw.trd. No article is belter paid for where it is deserv- ing ofit; and the proximity of the Middlesex farmers to the Boston market affords all Ihe encouragement to do their beat in this malter, which they could :isk. The day upon the whole, was full of gratification to a benevolent mind, which could take pleasure in witness- ing the extraordinary and cloudless prosperity of our rural and labouring population, eminenlly distmguished as they are for their good appearance and good man- ners, Iheir improved moral conditio the size o' Ihe trees gem-rally is improved and is now supe- rior to Ihai of any loriner vcar It comprises of I'ears and of Apples, of l>eaches, of Plums and Cherries, the finest liinils, as also of Nectarines, .^pncots, (iuinces, Gooscher ries, Raspiierrics, Currants; clinice selectiims of Cjrape- Vuie , of Strawberries, &c. &c. An unusual propnrlion of the I'ears are at this tunc of fine size and the cnlleclio:is, hoUi of the Peach and of the Cherry Ir^cs, are believed to I.e unrivalled in ihis day, not only lor fine .'•izcs hut al.'.o in the unusual and extraordinary numbers which are here rea dy for sale. Of all the above named species of fruits, a lari;e proportion are of the most celdiralcd and surpassing kinds. "The ahridged catalogue of Fruit and of Ornamen- tal Trees, &c., for 1339 is ready, and will be sent to all who apply; in that catalogue the very best kinds < f fruits, so far as proved, are p.articularly designated by a star. 100,000 MoRus MuLTicAULis Trecs or any other reasona- ble quantity, or cuttings of the same, are now ofl'cred for sale. The trees are genuine ; all being raised by the sub- scriber, either at his Nursery here, or at his Soulbern Estab- lishment at Portsmouth in Lower Viginia. Also the E!ala, Canton, the Moretli or Alpine, the Broussa and some other Mulberries. Ornamental Tre^s and Shrubs, Roses. Honeysuckles, Paecmies and Double Dahlias, &c. &c., Cockspur Thorns, and Buck Thorns for hedges. All orders addressed to the subscriber, post paid, shall he promptly attended to and all trees when so ordered will be securely packed for safe Iransportion to distant places. WILLIAM KENRICK. Nonantum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct^9^ GARDEN SEEDS. The subscribers are now receiving their fall supply of Gar- den, Field and Grass Seeds, and would respectfully recom- mend to their customers to send in iheir orders as early as possible to secure a supply from iheir choicest lots. 'I heir stock of seeds for this season will be very full and complete, and most of the varieties being raised under their own in- spection they can confidently recommend Ibem as heing fresh and genuine. Among them are Long Blood, Early Turnip and Sugar Beets : Ruta Baga, Mangel Wurlzel, Orange Car- rot, Radish. Cucumber and Cabbage of sorts. Also, Peas, Beans and Squashes, which together with a large supply of most kinds of seed desirable for the field or garden, comprise the most complete and extensive assoitment of seeds to be found at any similar establishment in the country. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Oct. 9. N. E. Agri. Warehouse and Seed Store. THERMOMETRICAL. RepnrteJ for the New Englnnd Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the Garden of the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brigklnn, Mass. in a shaded Noriberly exposure, week ending October 6. Oct., 1839. 6A.M. |12,M. 6,P.M. Wind. Monday, 30 iHiesday, I Wednesday, 2 Thursday, 3 Friday, 4 Saturday, 6 Sunday, 6 * The first frost i 42 36 39 Bl *\ 31* 28 ve have 56' S4 61 70 69 49 52 lad this 46 47 55 61 46 38 4C fear. E. N. W. W. w. N. W. S. E. E. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 His. Pol, " •' " . Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess. No. f. . prime. Beeswax, white, yellow, Butter, tub, lump, Chepse, new millt. Cider refined, ONE MaSUHE, pound pound HOVSK IN DOnCIlESTEK. To let a large and convenient house, pleasantly situated in Dorchester, one third of a mile beyond Dr Codman's meeting house, and between five and six miles from Boston; together with 144 acres of fine land, well stocked with fruit trees. There are gnod wells of water— a fine barn, chaise house, and corn barn, and convenient out buddings. The above affords a rare chance to some practical person wishing to carry on alarm; possession given immediately. Apply at this office. October 9. PKAK, PLTJltl, ORAPE VINES, *,C. 1000 Pear Trees of the most approved kinds; lOOO Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and extra size — many of them have borne the past season ; 600 (iuince Trees; 3000 Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet high, most of ihera have borne fruit — Black Hamburgh, Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling; 30,000 Giant Asppragas Roois ; 5000 Wilmot's Early Rhubarb or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also— a good assoitmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c. of diflcrent kinds ; A 1 1 orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridge-port, or in Mr Lynch's fiaggage wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No, 8 Faneuil Hall, will meet with immediate alleolion. SAMUEL POND, October 9. Cambridge port, Mass. BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs bis iViends and the public, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful stimulant that can be applied 10 the earth as a manure. He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage ot the agricultural community. Pr'ce at ibe Mill 35 cents per bushel ; pui up in casks and de- livered at any part of the cily at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting. Also, ground Oyster Shells. Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- burj, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt altention. A PARMER WANTED. .\ man and wife or a single man are wanted to carry on a Farm about 14 miles from Boston, for which reasonable wages will be paid. None need apply but Americans and those that are acquainted with Farming and Gardening. First rale recommendations will be required for honesty and sobriety. Please apply at this office. Se pt e mber '2.'i. Complete Garden and Horticultural Tool Cliests, Fr'-m Sheffield, England; conlaining Garden Shears, im- proved Pruning Shears and Scissors, Pruning and Grafting Knives, Flower Gatherer, Garden, Dutch and I'riaiigular Hoes, Saw, Spud, Weeding Honk. Ganlcu Rake, Trowel Hammer and Garden Reel ; comprising every useful imple- ment necessary fnr ihe cultivation of the Flower Garden. For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse, No. 51 and 62 North Market Street. bu.sbel barrel pound dozen barrel bushel Feathers, northern, geese, . 'pound soulhern, geese, . . 1 " Flax. (American) . . . . | " I Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . . quintal; Biv, Cbaleur, . • " Haddock, new, . . "I Mackerel, No. 1 . . . barrel No. 2, No 3, . \lewives, dry salted. No. 1 . Salmon, No. 1 , Flovr, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls. Gkain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Hams, northern, .... southern and wesleni, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, isi quality, 2d quality, .... Labd, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leathcr, Philadelphia city tannage do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, li^ht, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, .Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeds: Herd's Grass, . lied Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . . . Flax Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Blown, " Castile, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort, . . . • Wool, primCj or Saxony l<'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, E _: f Pulled sapeifiue, J i J No. 1, = ■31 No. 2 J =■ [ No. 3. ' . 6 12 1 76 2 00 14 00 13 00 11 00 40 30 6 60 6 2* 2 26 30* I 78 4 60 3 20 3 2S 8 7« 1 50 13 00 II 25 7 25 7 50 6 00 6 50 22 00 23 00 6 12 6 25 6 50 6 25 637 6 25 4 2» 3 75 4 00 18 00 13 50 cask gallon 2 75 20 00 15 00 12 00 2 87 2 00 2 62 {pound pr M pound 2 87 23 00 17 00 12 60 3 0l> 1 00 1 50 2 26 3 00 I 63 2» BERKSHIRE BOAR. For sale, a fi ne Berkshire Boar, 9 months old, and lar|» of his age, hre.a in Albany, from imported slock. Ihe pedi- gree will be fu tnished at the time of sale. Price S50. Ap- ply to Messrs. J. BRECK &. CO. Seplemlier .ua^ W MISCELLANEOUS We do not know where we should go to find nny thing of the kind, more descriptive, more beautiful, more playful, prettier, sweeter, than the following from the gified pen of Mrs Sigourney. THE BIRDS IN AUTUMN. BY MRS SIGOURNET. November came on with an eye severe. And his stormy language is hoarse lo hear — And the glittering garland of brown and red Which he wreath'd for a while round the forest's head, With sudden anger he rent away. And all was cheerless, and bare, and gray. There the houseless grasshopper told his woes, And the humming bird sent forth a wail for the rose ; And the spider, that weaver of cunning so deep, Roll'd himself up like a ball to sleep ; And the cricket his merry horn laid by, On the shelf, with the pipe of the dragon fly. Soon voices were heard at the morning prime, Consulting of flight to a warmer clime : '< Let us go ! let us go!" said ihe bright vtin'g jay— And his gay spouse sang from a rocking spray, " I'm tired to death of this hum-drum tree , I'll go — if 'tis only the world lo see." " Will you go.''! asked the robin, "my only love .'" And a tender strain from the leafless grove Responded — " Wherever your lot is cast, 'Mid summer skies or the northern blast, I am still at your aide, you heart to cheer, Thouge dear is our nest in this thicket here." The oriole told, with a flashing eye, How his little one shrank from the frosty sky — How his male with an ague had shaken the bed. And lost her fine voice by a cold in her head — And their oldest daughter, an invalid grown, No health in this terrible climate had known. " I am ready to go," said the plump young wren, " From the hateful home of these northern men ; My throat is sore, and my feet are blue — I 'm afraid I have caught the consumption too ; And then I 've no confidence left, I own. In the doctors out of the southern zone." Then up went the thrush, with a trumpet call ; And the martins came forth from their box on the wall, And the owlet peeped from his secret bower. And the swallows convened on the old church lower ; And the council of blackbirds was long and loud — Chattering and flying from tree to cloud. " The dahlia is dead on her throne,'^ said they ; " And we saw the butterfly cold as clay ; Nol a berry is found on the russet plains — Not a kernel of ripen'd maise remains — Every worm was hid — shall we longer stay. To be wasted with famine .' Away ! — away !" But whata strange clamor on elm and oak, From a bevy of brown coated mocking birds broke ! The theme of each separate speaker they told, In a shrill report, with such mimicry bold. That the eloquent orators stared to hear Their own true echo, so wild and clear. Then tribe after tribe, with its leaders fair, Swept off thro' the fathomless depths of air — Who maketh their course lo the Irojucs bright.' Who nt^rveth their wiug for its weary flight.' Whoguideth their caravan's trackless way, By the slar at night, and the cloud by day .' Some spread o'er the waters a daring wing. In the isles of the southern sea to sing ; Or where the minaret towering high. Pierces the gold ot the western sky ; Or amid the harem's haunts of fear, Their lodges to build, and their tJWrslings to rear. The Indian fig with its arching screen, Welcomes them in to its vistas green ; And the breathing buds of the spicy tree. Thrill at the burst of their revelry ; And the bulbul starts 'mid his carol clear. Such a rushing of stranger-wings to hear. O wild wood wanderers ! how far away From your rural hsmes in our vales ye stray ! But when they are waked by the touch of Spring, We shall see you again, with your glancing wing- Your nest 'nrid our household trees to raise, j^nd stir our hearts in our Maker's praise. A GOOD Hit. — The following from the Iowa Sun is deserving the attention of every one of our read- ers ; the concluding- item is quite important, and rounds the period well : — '^ Internal Improvements." — The system we plead for, though attended with much toil and expense, will not require a state tax of a single cent, nor much, if any Hegislation. It is pre-eminently a " democratic" system ; it is to be Ibegun by the people, and will be for the exclusive benefit of the people. It is only for every farmer to mend up his fences, till his ground well, have it well prepared for plant- ing, have the crops in seasonably, tend them well, keep down the weeds, see that his horses and cat- tle are fed and treated so as to make them thrive, keep his implements in order and in their place ; for every father to rule his family well, govern his children, form their minds and manners by good instruction, train thein up in the habits of indastry, honesty, and sobriety, provide them with comforta- ble clothing, send them to school, pay for their tuition and have a care to the company they keep; for every husband to treat his wife as a bosom companion — for every woman to love her husband, and to prove a help meet for him, to keep from gos- siping, to spin more stocking than street yarn, to keep the house tidy, and the family clothing clean and well mended ; — for every damsel to keep all grease spots from her clothes, darn the heels of her stockings, remove beau catchers from her head, and novels from her library, to do much with needles, and store her head with useful ideas ; for every young man to go decent, but to buy no better clothes than he can honestly pay for, work hard, behave courteously to others, especially to old men, to guard against self-importance and insolence, if much in company with ladies, to black his shoes, trim his hair, throw away his segar and quid, attend preaching regularly, and hold his tongue if he can- not talk sensibly, and to get married when he is tvi^enty five, if he can find any one to have him ; for magistrates to execute the laws ; for tavern- keepers to keep better food than brandy ; for towns to have clean streets and good sidewalks, to remove every nuisance, and everything injurious to health :; favor good morals ; for every district to support good schools. In fine, for it is impossible to enu- merate all the objects embraced in our scheme, for every body to cease to do evil, learn to do well, at- tend church on the Sabbath, mind his own business, and take a newspaper. A Toirug Alan AVauted ou a Farm. The advertiser is in want of a smart )/oun^ man that is well acquainted with the cultivation of vf^etables, and one that is also capable of taking charge of horses, caws and sioine, one that understands it, he must be energetic, active and fond of neatness aud order; he must produce evidences of a ifood moral character. Such a person may find a per- manent situation by calling on IMessrs BRECK & CO. 5:J- None need apply- but such as answer to the above. September 25. istf WINSHIP'S BRIGHTON MRSEKIES, AND BOTANIC GARDENS. j^^ffljt Frnil and Ornamental Trees, Sbruhs, Cieep- ^^^^^ ^rs, Herbaceous, Perennials, Gresii Hnuse ^yNo^p" Orders addressed to Messrs WINSHIP, _.„i__ Brighton, Mass., will be promptly exec ited' and forwarded to any part of this or other countries. April 10. Morns Multicaulls Trees from Seed. The subscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced from seed of the genuine Moras Multicaulis. The seed was rais- ed on his premises Ih 1835; the trees have been multiplied for the two last years by layers, their growth is more rapid than the original tree, and appear to be sufficiently acclima- ted lo endure the winter, some of them having been left standing in ihe open field unprotected during the two last winters without any essential injury. The leaves are very large and equal m quality to any other kind for feeding the silk worm. Those who are wishing to purchase a superior kind ot Mulberry are requested to call and examine for them- selves, before the foliage is destroyed by frost CALVIN HASKELL. Harvard, September 11. htji.be:rry trees. The subscriber ha.s on hand a quantity of MulberryTrees of a quality which is probably superior to any kind ever inlruduced into this country. They were imported your years since and though lb.?y have sustained the rigorous cold of the last three winters entirely unprotected, yet it is believed a Southern or IFcstoTi climate would be more admirably adapted to their growth and propagation. Their foliage is most lu.\uriant and affords more nourishment than any rther variety. Silk produced by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronounced by judges lo be the best ever manufactured by ihem, and de- cidedly superior to the best Italian. A few tbousand will be for sale if immediate application is marie to the subscriber, where specimens may be seen. Also — A few hundred Morus Multicanlisand Asiatic. .fOHN N. BARBOUR, September 11. No. 30 Commercial Street, Boston. GREEK'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECIf & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.61 aud 62 Norlh Mar- ket .Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Stalk Culler, operating on a mechanical principle nol before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent efiects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requisite to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work it very efficiently. 2. With even Ibis moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is fall twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing lo the peculiar manner in whicbthey cut, require sharpening less often than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, marie and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as .he complicated machines in general use to gel out of order. THE NEW ENGLAND FARRIER Is puoiisbed every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year— hut those who pay willun sixty days from the lime of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 58 cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT ANB CHISBOLM, PRINTERS, n SBHOOLSTREKT BOSTON [EXTRA.] PU15!JSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Warehouse.) vol.. XVUI.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER !), 1839. [NO. 14. N. E. FARMER [For ihe New England Farmer.] A"ew York, ilst Sept., 1839. Sir — The New York Urate and Poudrette Co., Snding that gentlemen who had purchased their manures had been e.xperinienting with the articles, some advisedly and others mistakenly, it became desirable I'or many reasons to learn — ] — On what particular grains or garden vegeta- bles the manure was used, the quantity applied, md the result : 2 — To know the precise manner and result of ach trial : 3 — How the urate and poudrette compare with )tlier manures in their effect: and 4 — Generally, whether it was not desirable to he farmer and gardener to have the contents of inks and privies made into inodurous manures. In answer to their circular sent to Mr Linn, of chenectady, they have received a letter of so in- eresting a character, that we ask the publication f it at as early a day as your arrangements and onveiiience will permit. Amended instructions, the result of information Eceived, will be published in a few days forgratui- ms distribution among those who have or may 'ish to use the manures. (copy.) Schenectady, Sept. 19, 1839. he New York Urate and Poudrette Company: Gentlemen — In answer to your "circular,"! oiild say, that I obtained from your company a arrel of poudrette last spring, intending to test its ue as a manure, by a few close and accurate ex- eriments. It came to hand, however, so late in le season, that I was unable to apply it as I in nded, or to arrive at results which would in all spects prove the value of the substance as a ma- ure, or the best modes of applying it. I applied to a variety of vegetables in my garden, and also a small portion of a field of corn of about five ;re3, at my farm in the vicinity of this city. 'I he getables in my garden have grown with unusual chness ajid lu.xuriance, and have most evidently It the effects of the application. Of the results at y farm 1 can speak more satisfactorily, because lere I can compare the portion which has, with lother portion of the same crop, in the same field, hich has not received the poudrette. This crop upon a strong, rich soil, which had been slightly anured in the liill from the fold-yard at the time ■ planting. At the first hoeing, and when the ants by reason of the unfavorable season were ex- emely backward, I directed my farmer to apply to corner of the field where the crop was the least •omising, a handful of poudrette to each hill, cov- •ing it at the same time with a thin coat of earth. his was faithfully done until the poudrette was snsumed. The remainder of the field received, a irt, the 'usual dressing of plaster, and a part, of ■hes. — The plants to which the poudrette was ap- lied, were the first to change color — throwing off the sickly, yellow hue, and adopting a deep green. At the period of the second hoeing, the same plants retained not only the appearance of better health, but had obtained greater vigor and more size than any others of the same crop. They have held the same distinction throughout the season ; and it is now plainly visible, although the entire crop is a fair one, that when we come to harvest, we shall gather a greater weight of stalks and more grain from llie portion where this manure was applied, than from the same space at any other.point in the field. — We have certainly no experience proving that the same results could have been reasonably expected Irom the application of any other of the various manures in common use. With us, plaster has long been considered the grand restorative for this crop, and ashes, with many farmers, almost a specific; and indeed that both substances are very useful as manures on most va- rieties of soil, is universally conceded. Mills to grind plaster for manuring purposes, are as eommon throughout this part of the country as those devoted to grain; and I have seen boats loaded with leech- ed ashes, toiling their way from the far west, in or- der to enrich farms on Long Island. In this experiment, poudrette was applied side by side with plaster and ashes, under circumstances in favor of the latter, and yet they have most indispu- tably yielded the palm to tlie former: and all this is nut without reason. Heal and ■mnistnre arp iho sources of vegetation : poudrette, if it have it not in itself, will generate more heat and for a longer pe- riod, than either plaster or ashes, and will absorb and retain more moisture. It seems, also, to de- compose inanimate vegetable substances in the soil with which it is mixed, and so to diffuse and incor- porate itself with the soil as to change its color around the plant to which it is applied. Like most other manures, (only mora sensibly and rapidly,) it imparts of its qualities to every substance with which it comes in contact, and by the aid of its own and borrowed heat and moisture, assimilates all to itself, and thus exercises, although applied in most inconsiderable quantities, a certain and immediate influence on vegetation. I regret that I did not receive the article so as to apply it at the time of planting. I am not sure that the results would have been more successful, and except for the purposes of experiment, I should be content to use it hereafter (m most crops, as I have done this seasron. Desiccated manures have long been appreciated in Europe. There, one tnn of them have been es- timated to be equal in fertilising properties to thir- tysix tons of barn-yard manure. At tliis rate, there is a large balance on the score of economy in favor of the former : and when it is remembered that the manures as prepared by your coinpany, are wholly inodorous, and may be conveyed in barrels to the most remote parts of the country as commo- diously as tlour, and at a trifling expense, our agri- culturalists should be moved by every consideration connected with cleanliness, rural economy, the pro- ductiveness of the soil, and the right use of the means which Providence places before them as in- citements to industry, to promote the use of sub- stances, which, left undisturbed, are worse than use- less— scattering in our large cities and towns dis- ease and death, and which, when submitted to your alchymy, spreads health and verdure, and blesses and rewards both citizen and husbandman. I shall be pleased to receive your " improved in- structions" for using the manures, of which yon speak, and to know at how early a day this fall I may order a few barrels* for future experiments. Very respectfully, yours, &c. A. L. LINN. The following is a copy of the improved instruc- tions alluded to in the foregoing : MANURES. The attention of the public has recently been di- rected to the use of Urate and Poudrette. It has long been known in France as the most efficacious of all manures, and the experiments made during the past and the present year, viz: 1838 and 1839, in the use of Poudrette in the Northern and East- ern States, but more especially in and around the city of New York, have awakened the attention of both farmers and gardeners. The Royal Academy of Agriculture in England, have caused experi- ments to be made of the respective power of thi different manures, and upon trials so made, it ap- pears beyond a doubt that manure made from sinks on.) privies, is superior to iny other productive agent for agricultural purposes. Ig it nec«>^'''ai-/ to add, that it is worse k...ii laior l^av, to cultivjr„ worn out or poor soils without the use of manure? He who expects to be liberally rewarded fo' his la- bor must give liberally what nature requires. The wise man has said, "he that watcreth shall be wa-^ tered also himself" AMENDED DIRECTIONS. Directions for their use were given by ?eter Bar- thelemy, (who was one of the first discoverers in France of the present system of preparing the arti- cles,) how and in what manner they slould be ap- plied, and who recently introduced tieir manufac- ture in the city of New York. Many of the per- sons who have used the articles, ha»e found from practical experiments, that the fomier directions may be amended advantageously, and it is doubt- less the case that many new methoJs may be dis- covered, which it is hoped will be communicated for public benefit. Urate is the product of tile liqxid^axi, and Pou- drette jf the su6ser seed sown at the same time in the same field. Poudrette Poudrette is not dissolved in water in broad cast and cross harrow the land the second Tie. 'I he difl^srence of the season between spring and before being used as is uraPe, but is to be used in autumn, and the state of the atmosphere, are to be a dry state, it by mixing it with dry soil in hills or , considered before using either urate or poudrette ; drills, or sowf, in broad cast on the land, as you ' damp weather is always to be preferred. Neither would lime orashes. Experiments in this country, thus far, have (roved the following methods as tiie most advisable \n its application: For Corn. — At'ter the furrows have been struck, Bprinkle in the pVice where the hill is to be, before planting, a handful of poudrette, equal to about a gill, then deposite the corn, (double that quantity of poudrette has destroyed corn and burned it up,) then cover up the corn and press the earth down over it with the fool or hoe. For Potatoes. — The same quantity, namely a handful or gill, may be used very advantageously ; of them contain any seed of weeds of any descrip ition. An application of 35 bushels to the acre of urate or poudrette once in every three years is suf- ficient. Urate and poudrette may be sent to any part of the country in barrels or bags — barrels are to be preferred when it is liable to get wet. Orders may be given, post paid, directed to " The JVcw York Urate and Poudrette Company,'" box No. 1211, post office. New York. The urate and poudrette made by this company, is not confined to distribution among its stockhold quality is considered most desirable. ^: It may be that on trials of urate and poudrette, different application may be found more desirabU ^^n in such case it is hoped the experimenter will malj,^i. known to the public his discovery, either by letti addressed to the company, or through the mediu of agricultural newspapers. This company lia\ been erecting a large establish. i.ent at Lodi, on tl Hackensack river, in the county of Bergen, ar State of New Jersey, to manufacture urate au poudrette. Applicants living in New Jersey, may always I supplied by calling at the factory, which is nei the bridge over the Hackensack river, belonging the Nev° Jersey Railroad and Transportation CoD pany. There will also be a depot for the article New York and at Hrooklyn, where applicants c! always be supplied. Testimony of the use and value of urate and po: drette, will be found, now and hereafter, on refe ence to the Cultivator, New England Farmer, ai other agricultural papers, from letters or certificat held by the company ; thesubstance of some of sm as have been already received, is comprised in tl following statement, and of others, have been set to the papers fiir publication : 1. George Walton, of the city of New Yot gardener, upwards of 50 years of age, and a ga dener from his youth, certifies that in the spring 1837, he planted four young grape vines in a vat in the city of New York,— that in the summer 1838, he applied two quarts of poudrette to sui vines ; — the earth was removed from round tl roots and the poudrette applied to the roots a) then covered over again with the earth; — they soi began to grow very rapidly. In the year 183 there was applied, at three different times, abo two quarts each time ; — the vines have grown ve: rapidly, and all, except one, which died do'wn the root in the winter, have a large quantity fruit, snch as he never witnessed before, and a cribes it to the use of the poudrette. — (See Cull vator.) 2. Benjamin Latin Wood, ofthe town of Pougl keepsie, certifies that he made a solution of tl poudrette, and soaked his oats in it six hours,- sowed his oats three weeks later than the iisui time, and reaped them only one week later tha his neighbors, and his crop was first rate. H planted two rows ofthe common bush bean, on th 20th of May, in hills, and put one giil of poudrett to each hill, and before the 2Cth of August follow ing, he had had four crops of beans from his bush es. (See Cultivator.) They continued to blossor. and yield, so that before the middle of Septenibei he had two additional crops of beans. 3. William H. Wright, of Poughkeepsie, far j, mer, certifies that he made several experiment! i. with the urate and poudrette. (See Cultivator.)— j He soaked corn, part in a solution of urate, and pan E in a solution of poudrette, about 12 hours, accord- 1' ing to printed directions, which was planted, anc | some corn was planted without being soaked : ther< : was a decided benefit in all that was soaked ove and it has so happened, that when the (quantity was ers only, and therefore- farmers and gardeners may increased nearly double, no injury resuUed, but U.xpect a supply in the order in which their appli- the other. On other hills of corn, and on potatoK rather improved the potatoes : a large handful, how- 1 cation is made, without any condition of becoming j about a gill of poudrette was applied to each hill ever, is sufficient. VOL. XVIII. 'SO. 14. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 127 nd the ert'oct was quick ami. powerful, and ho says has inner applied any cither manure that can be jmpiired witli it in its beneficial results; — the po- toes were superior to any he ever saw, both in jality and quantity, and at least two weeks earlier an coiniiion. He soaked also oats about 12 hours id some not so long — the result was tlie same as )plied to the corn — superior to tliat not soaked, on nd in the same condition. lie soaked timothy id clover seed a few hours in poudrette, and rolled in lime, — same beneficial result; and he reconi- ends tlie manures as the best he ever tried. The corn above referred to was planted from the HhofMay to the first week in June, some with Hidrette in the hill and some without any, but ere lime and barnyard manure had been put in oad cast on the land ; in three weeks after plant- the poudrette corn was as large again as that 1 v.liich no poudrette had been put, ripened from •o to three weeks earlier in the field than it did the garden, where there was no poudrette, but her manure had been applied. On the 18th of ugust, the corn from the field wa.=i too old to eat the diviner table as green corn, and it is believ- tliat corn manured with about one gill of pou- ette ir ilie hill, without any other manure, will len in our coldest summers, sufficiently ear- to make an entire crop. The Mercer pota- es ripened two weeks earlier, and were finer and rger in the month of August, than any other po- to. All persons who have made a fair trial of these inures, unite in making the following summary so as has come to the knowledge of the manufac- rers, that is to say — That the corn, grain and other vegetables sowed planted in land manured with urate or poudrette, me up quicker, stronger, and of a dark green col- , and grew with great rapidity, and promise an crease in yield over any other, nut manured with se manures, and the -crops ripen from one to ee weeks earlier, and the Long Island farmers y it is the cheapest and best manure they can ocure. Morus Midticautis. — Prom information received, ;e gill of poudrette applied to the roots of a young ;e, made bare, and then covered up with earth, s produced a most powerful effect in its growth id foliage. It does not answer so well to sow it broad cast, as some persons have done, over the nd. With trees or vines, the manure must come immediate contact with the roots. Peach trees fail and die from two causes — 1st, from overbearing — and 2nd, they are killed the grub worm, which enters the body of the ee just at the surface of the earth. To remedy ith these evils, it is believed that if you will bare e roots of the tree for some 12 to 20 inches, and It in immediate contact with the roots about two larts of poudrette in the month of May, and the ie quantity in September, and cover the earth fer it again, it will replenish the exhaustion creat- 1 by overbearing. At the same periods of time, Jt close around the body of the tree at the surface 10 quarts of urate, and cover the same with earth, d give.it one watering, the effluvia froui the urate, ?ini' of the nature and strength of the spirits of irfshorn, it is believed no worms can exist near it. obacco leaves wrapped around the body of the ee, have been found a complete remedy against le grub. Further Testimony. — Dr Granville, in his report ithe Thames Improvement Company, in speaking of the immense source of agricultural wealth which the sewers of London afiord, but which is now worse than lost, makes the following stateuient of facts furnished by them. If a given quantity of land sown, and without manure, yields three times the seed einjiloyed, then the same quantity of land will produce 5 times the quantity sown, when manured with old herbage, pu- ti id grass or leaves, garden stuff, &c. ; 7 times when manured with cow dung; 9 times with pi- geon's dung ; 10 times with horse dung ; 12 times with urine ; 12 times with goat's dung; 12 times with sheep's dung ; and 14 times with night soil ; (night soil is the same as poudrette and is some- times called Flemish manure,) or bullock's blood. Or, in other words, an acre oi land sown with two bushels of wheat, without manures, will produce C bcshels ; 10 bushels with vegetable manures; 14 bushels with cow dung; 18 bushels with pigeon's dung ; 20 bushels with horse dung ; 24 bushels with goat's dung; 24 bushels with urine ; 24 bush- els with sheep's dung; 28 bushels with night soil, or bullock's blood. But if the land be of such qual- ity as to produce, without manure 5 times the sown quantity, then the horse dung will yield 14, and the night soil 19 2-3 the sown quantity ; or land that will yield without manure 10 bushels an acre, manured with horse dung will produce 28, and with night soil about .'39 bushels of wheat per acre. These results and multitudes of recorded experi- ments prove, that they in no case vary far from the facts, show the immense superiority of night soil or Flemish manure, over any hitherto employed. In addition, Dr Granville found that some crops which yield large profits are so extensively cultivated, in both Flanders, can only be obtained in abundance and of the finest quality, by employing what may emphatically bo termed Flomiuh manure, in the preparation of the soil. Another important matter in the comparative value of the manures, and of essential practical in- terest to the farmer, has been established by the same authoritive investigations ; and that is, that while night soil has produced fourteen times the quantity sown, where the horse dung has yielded only ten — the proportion of the former, or Flemish manure, was to the horse dung employed, only as 1 to .5 : so that with one ton of Flemish, a larger produce was obtained than with five tons of the best stable manure. to take away their natural reproductive feelings, it has a prodigious effect upon their condition ; and a similar effect may be produced upon young hens by an operation on their egg organs. T'lo art of making capons has been practised from the earliest antiquity in Greece, India and China, for the pur- pose of improving the flesh of birds for the table, in tenderness, juiciness, and flavor. Chinese Mode of making Capons. — The Chinese, who are very expert in the art of making capons, use the following method. The wings of the fowl beinsr folded back till they meet, the left foot ofthe operator is placed on them, the fowl being laid on its left side : the great toe ofthe right foot is placed on its lags : the feathers are then plucked off by the side — an incision, about an inch in length, com- mencin? about an inch from the back-bone and ex- tending obliquely downwards, is made with a knife, the cutting part of which is bevelled to a point, like a dissecting scalpel. This incision is carefully carried through the skin, muscles, and membranes, till the intestines are laid bare, while flat blunt hooks are put into the incision, which is extended and kept open by ihe elasticity of a bamboo, or whalebone : the intestines are then pushed aside with a pair of forceps, which are used to lay hold of the stone when it is by this means brought into view, while there is passed over it, through a bam- boo or elder tube, a horse hair, which is drawn backwards and forwards through the tube till the spermatic cord is cut through, and the stone is then scooped out. The other stone is removed in the same manner. No blood issues from the spermatic cords, nor does the aninial set'ui to feel pain. Th' hooks are then removed, the wound is closed, t^ feathers which have been plucked off are stuck Jp- on the wound with the blood, and the wing 'e^"" put down on it, the animal walks off as if rothinT had liapiTcnoJ. v^ang oooUo three .»<."'hs oid, an made choice of for the operation, which nust if possible, be performed before July, as it has been remarked that capons made later than thii never prove fine." — Dickson on Poultry. CAPONS. One of our subscribers, a few weeks since, wish- ed to be informed respecting the art of making ca- pons. As we were not acquainted ourselves with the process, and having no work at hand treating upon the subject, we have delayed answering until the present time. The following article from " Dicksoi) on Poultry," was furnished by a friend. We think when our correspondent becomes ac- quainted with the cruel and barbarous operation, he will be satisfied to let his chickens alone, and suf- fer them to enjoy their brief existence without in- terruption, until the day they are doomed to submit to the poulterer's knife. However gratifying the capon may be to the appetite of the epicure, the thought of the anguish which the fowl had endured in the process, would to us, be a draw back upon the gratification. We do not believe the operation can be performed without giving pain, although we are assured to the contrary, J. B, "If cocks, vphen young,, are emasculated, so as Silk Manufacturing.— One reason why we have such an unshaken confidence in th ability of this country to enter successfully into «e culture of silk, its manufacture as well as its pi)diiction, is found in the superior enterprise, industy and inge- nuity of our citizens over those of an part "i the world. Great Britain thought to prevnt the estab- lishment of the cotton manufacture ' this and oth- er countries, by prohibiting, under svere penalties, the exportation of machinery or.jatterns for its construction. New England mahinists went to work, built shops, made their o n patterns, and produced specimens of machineryso much superior in action and principle to Eurpean models, that we at once obtained the prefe^nce in their own market, and now annually expoi large quantitiesof machinery to order. So it is steady with machin- ery for the manufacture of slk. In reeling, and now in weaving the narrow iinds of silk, such as laces, ribbons, and other goiis of that description, we have already made great advances on the clum- sy and ill-arranged implemmts ofthe old world. — Such improi-ements at the lutset, leave no room for doubt, but that when the ittention of our artisans shall be directed to the maiufacture of silk machin- ery, we shall soon find our mproved processes amply to compensate for any sujposed difference in the price of labor. — Genesee Farmer. The usual festival of this Society "'as held at its Hall, 23 Tremont Row, on the 25th, 26th and 27th September. The beauty of our autumn and the absence of frost, conspired to render the offerings of Flora, Pomona and Tellus peculiarly attractive, youiiir and various palms, new flowers and fine specimens of green house plants v/ore happily in- troduced on the stands. Great credit is due to the society and to the liberality of contributors, in thjs renderinij its exhibition so atttactive to the public eye. Plants in Pots. — From Hon. John Lowell ; A- raucaria excelsa, Crinum amabile, Musa sapienti- um, Stapelia reflexa, Trcviranacoccinea, Musa pur- purea. From Mrs Bigelow, Medford ; Agave America- na, var. Striata, Yucca gloriosa. From Wni. E. Carter, Botanic Garden, Cam- bridge; Eugenia australis, Slagnolia grandiflora, Calostenmia saligna. Daphne odora variegata. Eri- ca baccans, Polygala cordifolia ? Melaleuca tenui- folia, Viburnum odoratissimum, Asclepias nivea, Protea grandiflora, Protea speciosa nigra. Magnolia purpurea,Jasminum azoricum, Fushcia stricta,Pittos. porum tobicum. Magnolia anontofolia, Laurus nobi- i lis, plena, Ilex, sp : Hedychium Gardenium, Verbe- na incisa, Melaleuca ericafolia, Pittosporum undu- Utum, Fuschia globosa, Laurus nobilis, Rhododen- Von hybriduEn, Ficus australis, Pelargonium zonale ^. vanegatum, Aspidium exaltatum, Azalea phce- ni'ea, Ilex cordifolia, Myrtus communis, Rof mari- nus officinalis, Viburnum tinus, Canna esculente, Laurt^ excelsa, Acacia decipiens, Protea sp.. Pro- tea »rg,ntea, Hibiscus sp., Oxalis Boweii, Phlox Dnfuniu/dii, Olea fragrans, llicium Floridanum, Caijiell.a Ja^^nji-a — two Eeedlinff vaript.ies. albiflos, C. cortex, Opuntia aurea, Echinocactus multiplex, Amaryllis crocea, &c. From J. .1. Low, Roxbury ; Cycas revoluta, Ama- ryllis Belladonna, (three pot?-,) Hamanthus coccin- eus, one superb Tea tree rose. J^-om JohnF. Priest; Myrtus communis (large.) From J. L. L. F. Warren, Brighton ; Ilex opaca and [. variegata, Correa alba. Begonia argyrostig- ma, Salina fulgens. Verbena citriodora. Fig tree with second crop of fruit ; another specimen; Me- liantlms major, Portulacca arborea, Aucuba Japon- ica. From Parker Barnes, Boston ; Polianthus tubero- sa, fl. pi. From N. N. Dyer, Soutli Abington ; Begonia Evansiana. Cut Flowers nnd Bouquets. — From Col. Perkins, iBrookline; two flowers of Strelitzia augusta, of 1 ivory whiteness and delicacy — very rare. From Messrs Hovey & Co. ; a small stand of Verbenas, containing the following varieties: Ver- bena chamoedrifolia, V. chamEedrilolia major, V. Tweediana, V. Tweediana superba, V. Arriana, V. Eyriana, V. incisa, V. Binneyana, V. venosa, V tencuoides — also, great variety of German Asters. From .Messrs Breck & Co. ; nine superb Bou- quets, containing fine phloxes : Zinnia violacea, of several varieties ; Elichrysum bracteatum, varieties, and Celosia cristata. From William E. Carter, Botanic Garden, Cam- bridge ; five HoiKiuets ; specimens of iMagnolia glauca, (a second flowering,) Silphium elatum, from Carolina, &c. &c. From Mr Leland, Charlestown ; fine cockscombs. From A. H. Waters, Millbury, by his gardener, J. Sheridan ; fine cockscombs. From William Kenrick, Newton; two basksis of Erica, were arranged in much beauty. Wreaths of flowerSjOf airy lightness relieved the upper surface of the walls and gave a finish to the whole. I he influence of such exhibitions cannot be too- highly estimated. To snatch a glimpse of the beau- tiful and delicate in nature, portrayed in a flower — to behold the magic effect of mind over these ob- jects of matter, in producing the most novel results commune with the spirit of excellence, har- mony, and of exquisite perfection in the outward world — to breathe the odor of the loveliest forms of organization — to transport one's self to Eden's irrove.^, amid the din of ceaseless worldly toil — this is sufficient to give new zest to life and allay the feverish excitement of too sedulous care. Nor is it merely to gaze on simple beauty, to breathe the perfume of roses and jessamines, to admire and wonder — but in the rearing of the simplest flower, or in the production of the most common vegetable, there is in operation a train of physiological laws, subservient to the human energies alone, most com- plex in their mode and yet most obedient to the master spirit who dares to control. Studies the most profound and effects the most important and enduring, are involved in the taste for such pur- suits as these. JOHN LEWIS RUSSELL, Chairman of the Committee on Floivers. Sept. 28, 1839. From D. M. Mclntyre, •Cambridgeport; Salpig lossis — three elegant striped varieties — Asters, &c. From Messrs Winships, Brighton ; superb and Fwm Messrs Hovey & Co. ; Epiphyllum Acker- i flowers, tastefully arranged, &c. &c. mamlai, Gardoquia Hookerii, Oxalis Boweii. Ff"™ S. R. Johnson, Charlestown ; superb van. Frcm J P. Cu,?hing, Watertown ; Cycas revolu- eties of Tea, Noisette and other Roses, Asters, &c, ta, fetaiieli\ variegata, Lantana borbonica, Calathea zebrina, Ptimix dactylifera. From Join Towne, Snow Hill ; Manettia cordi- ^ folia, Stapelv hirsuta. Erica abietina, (two plants,) j finely arranged Bouquets. MenziesacseVlea, Erica mammosa, E. regcrminans, E. gracilis, nyllica ericoides, Crowea saligna. From PubU Garden, Boston ; Cassia, sp.. Plum- bago CapensisiPandanus sp., Vinca rosea, V. alba. From Messrs Winship, Brighton; Vinca rosea, Hydrangea hort^jsis. Acacia sp., Cistus Laurifolia, Agapanthus utnbllata,Achrostichum alcicorno, Eu- genia australis, I-\biscus Rosasinensis, Begonia ar- gyrostigma. Aloe \aponaria. Erica spuria, Justicia From Thomas Mason, Charlestown ; several Bou- quets. From J. S. EUery, Woodland, Brookline — by James Irish ; two large bouquets of Dahlias, inter- mingled with other flowers, and a beautiful pyra- mid— all got up with uncommon good taste and much novelty of style. Groupes of Dahlias, of great merit, were offered by Messrs Johnson, Wilder, Carter, Walker, Hov- lutea, Acacia suavtileiis, Aucuba Japonica, Salvia j ev & Co., Stickney, Breck & others. The coup splendens, Fuschia \occinea, Lobelia speciosa, Lan- tana carnea ? Stapfija variegata, Roses, varieties, Pelargoniums, do. Pv^nias. From William Meier, Rnxbury ; Lantana Cam- mara, Acacia armata,'lex variegata, Gentiana Ja- d'ff (7 of these was most striking and vivid, Very many were of the neweststyle: some most rare, some bizarre in aspect, some lovely, some gorgeous. We hope to give a perfect catalogue of the varieties and of all the contributors in the forthcoming re ponica. Thuya occidei^alis, Hamanthus coccineus, P^'rts of the society, (second series.) We do not UlexEuropsus, Myrtu*p., (twospocimons,)Pittos- vouch for entire correctness -in the above brief porum undulatum, Eug^iia myrlifolia, Am'aranthus ■ account, but offer it in haste, and according to our hypochondriac us, Pelaripnium, var. Prince's Per- fection. \ From Thomas Mason, \;ast Boston ; Erica blan- best abilities under such circuuistances. We cannot refrain from saying a word on the style of arrangement, which we consider peculiarly da, E. cruenta, E. multifliia, E. gracilis, E. caffra,, fortunate. The grouping of such varieties of plants E. arborea, Diosma thym^blia, D. capitala, ;\!ela- as would be offered at a promiscuous display, is no leuca saligna, M. sp., Aci^ia Longifolia, Verbena easy task. To combine elegance with use, to show Tweediana, &c. &c. off a fine plant to the best advantage, is very rcqui- From Samuel Sweetser, Cambridgeport ; several site to its picturesque effect. 'J his we are happy Dahlias, one of which was 0. Striata formosissinia, to say, was well done. The broad foliage of the Fruits. From J. P. Gushing, by Mr Haggerston ; splendid Grapes — Muscat of Alexandria, Black Hamburg, Muscat of Lurell, Morocco, St. Peters ; striped St Germain (Panache). Pears — unique as to size, form and general appearance, — altogether superior to others heretofore exhibited under the same lame, and much admired by those who no- ticed them. Also, Burgmansbirne pear, a new va- riety, of great promise, and St. Michael's, do., very large and beautiful. Neither of these were at ma- turity. We should decline the name of the last, coming from most other sources, and still think it will prove a brown Beurre. From Hon. T. H. Perkins ; Grapes — Black Ham- burg, St.' Peters, Frankendale, Muscat of Alexan- dria,Musc9t, Frontignac, Chasselas of Fontainbleau, Reine de Nice, (unripe but very large,) Sweet wa- ter, Grizzly Frontignac, — also, three kinds of Peach, es and two kinds of Nectarines — all very beautiful. From Joseph Balch, Jamaica Plains ; Duchess d'Angouleme Pears; Pumpkin Sweeting Apples; Black Hamburg, Blanquette, White Muscat, Black Prince, variety from France, name unknown, (great bearer,) .Meunier, and Chasselas Grapes — the two latter in open culture. From Fredsric Tudor, Nahant ; fruitof the finest kind from trees planted on the exposed situation of that promontoiy, as follows: Madame, Julienne, , Buffum, Wilkinson and Bleeckcr's Meadow Pears; fine variety of Peach, name unknown. From J. B. Jones, Dorchester ; fine Freestone Peaches, and Old Higginson do. — Very good. From S. Downer, Dorchester ; Apples — Pump- kin Sweeting, Nonsuch, Gardner Sweeting, FalJ Harvey, Roxbiiiy Russett, Wales apple, Colder! Russett, Seaver Sweeting, Rhode Island Greening, Ribstone Pippen, Esopus Spitzenberg, Ramshor.i, Hawthorndean, Lyscoiii, Pearmain, and one basket, of a variety, name unknown. Pears — Andrews, Beurre Diel, Passe Colmar, Seckel, Gushing, Mon- sieur Jean, Heathcote, Urbaniste, Fulton, B^.dft' VOL. XVin. NO. 14. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. i2f? Wirteinberur, Black pear of Worcester, Harvard, Catiliic — all very excellent. From R. Munnirinr, Salem; Pears — sixtyfive va- rieties— Bezi Vuet, Henri IV., Doyenne Louis, Beurro Bose, Ber^ainnt d';iutonine, Forelle, Knr- zoniaster of Lonil. Hort. Soc, Styriun, RnHuui, Cap- (hoat", Louis Bonne of .Tersey, Alplia, Figne de Na- jlcs, Newtown Virtfalouse, (ilout Mo-cean, Bezi dc laMotte,C'hanniontelle, Fourcroy, Angoulenie, Passe [^olniar, Bartlett, Clielmsford, Belle Lucrative,Beurre i' Arejnberji, Benrre Van Marnm, Winter Or- inge, Frederic d' Wirtemberg, Bcnrrc Bronze, Ha- :on's Incomparable, Bon Parent, Po|)o's Quaker, Vaumkeag, Long green, Bleecker's Meadow, Seck- !l, Verte Longue, Wilkinson, Harvard, Ecliassarie, Jeurre dn Val, Beurre Dewez, Unknown Bergamot, Burgomaster (of Boston,) Bartrani, Belle ct Bonne, Vapoleon, Josephine, Jalousie, Rousoleucli, Wniter ^elis, Endicott, Catilac, Fondante de Bois, (of Lon- lon HorL Soc.,) Black Worcester, Cumberland, Jeurre Diel, Easter beurre, Marie Louise, Prince's 3t. Germain, Roiisselet de Rlieims, Surpasse Vir- [alousc. Autumn Bergamot, Beurre Seutin, Old Or- .nge pear. Apples — Gravestein, Brabant, Bell- lower, Lyscom apple, Danvers Wintersweet, Fall larvey, Pennock's Winter, Bellflower (of Coxe,) ruit of Double-ilowering Chinese. A large part if this presentation was e.xcellent ; a small portion inly at maturity. From J. M. Ives, Salem ; Pears — Bezi Montig- ly, Brown Beurre, Andrew's Gilosil ? Beurre d' ^reniberg, Duchess d'Angouleme, Michaux, Passe /ohnar, St. Michael, Capiaumont, Wilkinson, Buf- um, Glout Morceau, Striped St. Germain, Ray- nond, Bleecker's Meadow, Lewis, Josephine, double lowering, Easter Beurre, French pear, (name un- ;nowii) — many of these quite handsome. Apples — ilichael Henry, Campfield or Newark Sweeting. — 'lunis — Cruger's Seedling, Blue Imperatrice. From M. P. Wilder; Pears — Capiaumont, Beurre 'Areinberg, Heathcote, Verte Longue, Belle de iruxelles, Columbian Virgaleuse, Bergamotte de *aques, Colniar Epineux, Seckel, Easter Beurre, iong Green, Bezide Montigny, Louis Bon de Jer- ey. Passe Colmar, Cushing, Duchesse d' Angou- enie, Beurre Diel, Glout Morceau, Bleecker's ileadow. Burgomaster (of Boston.) Plums — Blue niperatrice ; Orange Quinces ; Rock Melons — all ery fine. From the garden of M. P. Sawyer, Portland ; fine 'eaches. From James Dodd, Boston ; very large and beau- iful Seedling Peaches. From Otis Johnson, Lynn ; Pears — Passe Col- lar, Burgomaster, (of Boston,) Louise Bonne de ersey, Catilac, Julienne, Washington, Sucre Vert, admiral, Buffum, LongGreen of Autumn, Doyenne iris, Verte longe Panache, Roiiselette de RheimSj louselette d'Panaclie — an admirable lot. Grapes: Jlack Hamburg,. White Muscat of Alexandria, Zin- sndal. White Chasselas — equal to any. From Mr Sharp, Dorclicster ; .Seedling Peach. From Samuel Pond ; Pears — Andrews. From T. Mason, Charlestown ; Grapes — Isabel- 1, Sweet Water. From J. Fisher, Brookline ; Pears — Seckel, Bart- ett, Andrews. From Perrin May, Washington st. Boston ; Brown $eurre Pears — the finest, both for size and beauty. From J. Newhall, Lynnfield ; three kinds Seed- ing Peaches ; Isabella and Sweet Water Grapes. From R. Ward, Roxbury ; Bartlett and Seckel 'ears ; Old Mixon and Franklin Peaches. From W. Worthington, Dorchester; Seedling Pear — very first rate, melting and like the Bartlett. I From Charles Johnson, Weston; Seckel Pears ; Petre apple and Hawthorndean apple. From Robert Milne, Portland ; three specimens oi" splendid Peaches. From S. Sweetser; Pears — Seckel, Fulton, ant two other varieties. From J. J. Low, Roxbury ; Apples — Calville Minister, Mela Carla. Pears — Johonnot, Long Green, Urbaniste, Napoleon, Marie Louise, Fulton, Vellow Winter, Lewis, Beurre de Roi, Capiaumont, Wilder. Plums — Blue Damson and an unknown variety. Peaches — President, Melacaton and Cool- idge. From S. R. Johnson ; Grapes — Black Hamburg. From H. Van Dine, Cambridgeport ; Coe's Gold- endrop Plums. From C. & A. J. Downing, Newburg N. Y. ; Pears — Brown Beurre, St. Michael and Seckel — worthy of tlie soo'ely's best t-lianks. From J. Wilson ; Peaches — two specimens. From W. Oliver, Dorchester ; Pears — Urbaniste, Wilkinson, Ambrette, Echasserie, Seckel, Bartlett. Peaches — President. Grapes — two baskets of Golden Chasselas (open culture.) From W. MoUer, Roxbury ; Plums : Peaches : Black Hamburg Grapes; Chasselas Grapes, of out- door culture. From Messrs Hills, of West Cambridge ; a very large basket of splendid Peaches and a pair of beautiful Water-melons. From J. S. Ellery, Brookline ; Grapes — Black Hamburg, Miller's Burgundy aud Chasselas. From Henry Rice, Boston ; Brown Beurre Pears — very fine. From Dr Z. B. Adams, Boston ; Pears — St. Mi- chael, Sockel - both very beautiful. From J. B. Jones, Dorchester ; Apples offered to be named. From E. M. Richards ; Apples — White Calville, Fall Sopsavin, Dutch Codlin, Wine, Lyscom, Por- ter, Pomme d'Api, Pie, Cogswell, Shop and Red Greening. Pears — Jalousie, Duchess d'Angouleme, Summer Thorn, Seckel, Capsheaf, and other sorts. Peaches — two varieties of Seedling Clingstone and others. Orange Quinces. All these fruits from Mr R. were of the best kinds. From E. Vose, President of the society ; Pears — Lewis, Seckel, Iron, Heathcote, Bartlett, Napoleon, Urbaniste. Apples — Gravenstein and Hawthorn- dean. Peaches — Washington Clingstone, Cather- ine do. and Welles' Freestone. Melons — Rock, Persian, Minorca, and Cantaloupe. Grapes — Chas- selas, of open culture : the lot as beautiful as in former years. From Harrison Gray, Roxbury ; two baskets of Black Hamburg and St. Petre's Grapes. From Joshua Gardner, Dorchester ; P6ars — An- drews, Seckel. Apples — Spitzenberg and Fall Pippins. From General Sumner, Roxbury ; Raspberries — Red Antwerp ? second crop. From A. D. Williams, Roxbury ; It'ears— An- drews, Seckel. Apples — Hubbardston Nonsuch, Yellow do., Horn. Black Hamburg Grapes and Plums. From Thomas Mason, Charlestown Vineyard ; Black Hamburg and Purple Constantia Grapes. From George Newhall, Dorchester ; Bellflower Ap^les. Moore's Rareripe Peaches, and two vari- eties of Seedling Peaches. Black Worcester Pears — all excellent. From John A. Kenrick, Newton ; Apples — Rox- bury Russetts, Baldwin, Bleidieim, Pippin, Hub- bardston Nonesuch. Pears — Beurre Knox, Buf- fum. Black Pear of Worcester, or Iron. Peaches — Robinson Crusoe, No. 1. Heathe. From R. De»n, Medford ; One basket of Peachee. One dozan of .Apples. From Samuel Train, of Medford ; Peaches. From T. Hooper, Murblehead ; Bilboa Pears, from the original tree, and very superior. From garden of Mr Murphy, Philadelphia; by Wm. Kenrick, fruit of Madura aurantiaca. (Osaga orange. From Jonathan French, of Dorchester; Six bas- kets of Pears, Apples and Peaches, mostly without names. From B. P. Chamberlain, of Salem ; One basket Epine D'Ete Pears. B. L. Oliver, Maiden, Snow Peaches. J. L. L. Warren, of Brighton ; Apples — Porter, Roxbury and Garden Russetts, R. I. Greenings, Monstrous Pippin, James' Greening, Baldwm, Riv- er and Ludy. Pears — Bartlett or Williams good Christian, Buffum, Secklo, Urbaniste and Napoleon. Peaches — Lemon Clingstone, Malacaton, Pearl, George 4th, and 2 Sef.'dlings. Melons — Netted Can- aloupe. Figs— Mostly superior and all quite g.ood. Mr Plympton, Boston ; St. Michaels — 1 basket large, fine and beautiful. Isabella Grapes, well ripened and handsome, open culture. James Arnold, New Bedford, by Mr Emerson ; Black Hamburg Grapes and Peaches — both very superior. Col. Wilder, of Dorchester, from Jos. Rinz, Jr. a corresponding member of the Soc ety at Frank- fort sur le Maine, (Germany.) Fruits in Wax — This presentation is a wonderful imitation of Fruits well known to most of our members, whose applause with that of numetuus bchoiders, was given with acclamation. We can fancy nothing of the kinJ more perfect. The fruits of this exhibition were judged to be very fine and abundant, considering the unfavorable nature of the past season. As a display thjy cer- tainly appeared to great advantage on the tibles of the Hall, and attracted universal notice. We do not venture on any comparisons or critical opinions, regarding this subject, reserving whatever there may be ot that nature to another and more fittng oppor- tunity. The diffusion of the best of freits and the adaptedness to different parts of our sate, are en- couragement; to the farther efforts of til patrons of pomology. J. L. R. Vegetables. From Jona. French, Dorchester ; (Rose Monte Estate) 9 Squashes n^eighing 158 pounds, 1 Valparaiso Squash, (50 do. • 1 Marrow 36 do. ; 1 Pumpkin, 31 do. ; 8 Rohan Fotatoes, 7 do. ; eighty pounds of Rohan were produced from 6 lbs. of seed ; Sheets, weighing 21 pounds ; 6 Carrots, 5 1-2 do. From Charles R. Lowell ; SoUnum Melongena ; (Egg Plant) three varieties, viz. Long purple. Round purple and White. From John M. Ives ; Autumnal Marrow Squash; Rohan Potatoes. From E. Hersey Derby; 1 Pumpkin, (from seed brought from Indiana,) weighing 109 lbs. From R. Ward, Roxbury ; Lima Beans, From J. J. Low, Roxbury ; Three Egg Plants. From Harrison Gray, Roxbury : Squashes. From Wm. Meller, Roxbury; Cucumbers. From A. D. Williams, Roxbury ; Brocoli, Beete, »ery large. From Geo. Newhall, Dorchester; Tomatoes. From B. Lincoln, Jamaica Plains ; Marrow I Squash. From Messrs. Hovey & Co ; Fine plant of Morus Multicaulia. From Dr. Brings, Dedham ; Ear of Rice Corn, (curious.) From Samuel Blake, South Boston; S ;uash weighing 115 lbs. of the Valparaiso family, well shaped and handsome. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Brighton ; Squashes, 21 varieties. Marrow, Crook-Necked, Winter, &o. ; Pumpkins, 7 years ; Potatoes, Rohan ; Tomatoes, Yellow and Scarlet ; Beans, Lima, Horticultural, &c . ; Gourds. From \V. H. Raphton, New-York ; Great Celery. From Eltn. Mr Lowell, Roxbury; Rohan Potatoes. Pe haps nothing equal to this specimen has been seen this season ; certainly none have met the eye of the Com . ittee of superior quality. It is a sub- ject of regret that they were offered nt so late a pe- riod. J. L. R. HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. The city has presented the last week objects of strong interest in its Horticultural Exhibition and Mech°anics' Fair. In speaking of them it is diffi- cult to know where to begin or whereto end ; what to say, or how to express or how to define the feel- ings and sentiments which have made our temples tWb almost to bursting, and our hearts ache with the intensity of admiring and delightful excitement Who has not many a time felt that there is no lan- gmgii adequate or flitting to express some emotions of tie soul ; that the boldest expletives and suj er- latives aro soon exhausted without utterinjr at all th« feelings whicli swell in the heart, or presenting in any true images the perceptions of transcendant beauty, skill, or achievement, which fill the imagi- nation. Now we are precisely in this predicament ; and we know that there are liundreds and thousands wh.i entei into our condition witli entire sympathy. But wemust say something, and the Horti^ ultu- ral Exhibition claims our first notice. The Mas- sachusetts Bor jcnltural Society is now about ten years old. (t was formed by a combination of a few gentlen^n in Boston and its vicinity who were disposed to encourage the cultivation of fine fruits, and the introdwjtion of rare and beautiful plants and flowers for util\ty and ombellishmeiit. It had its origin in a higlVy cultivated and refined taste ; and in the most gti.erous and wir^ely directed public spirit ; and it his effected much more of good than the most sanguiie could have anticipated. It has been in the first place the means of establishing the cemetery at lAount Au'Mirn. It cimnected this at first with its plan o'. a botanical garden; and though the cemeterj nas now passed out of its con- trol, yet to the projectors of the Horticultural Soci- ety, and especially to its first president, than whom no man among us has ever been more distingushed for his intelligence and public spirit, are the commu- nity indebted for this beautiful establishment ; an establishment suited to awaken and cherish the best feelings of our iiature ; which has been and must continue to be a most delightful and improv- incr place of publ.c n-soit; and a source of inex*- pressible consolation t) those to whom it is peopled by the most endeared and precious objects of recol- lection ; an establishment which has done more to improve and elevate tlie moral taste of society It has been the means in the second place of introducing among us and of bringing into notice and diffusing far and wide, many of the moit valu- able and delicious fruits and vegetables. In this respect it has come powerfully in aid of the agri- cultural societies ; and from directing its atte.ition to these particular object-, it has acted with more efficiency in this matter than they could ever have done. In order to see what has been accomplished it is only necessary to go to their annual or attend their weekly exhibitions ; and observe the variety, tiie beauty, and the excellence of the productions, which they show. In the next place it has introduced and encour- aged a taste for rural embellishments, which has made the most remarkable progress and produced the most charming and beautiful results in the vicinity of the capital, and is daily extending itself into the interior to every part of the state. A quar- ter of a century ago and you might have travelled from one end of the state to tlie other, and have scarcely found at the farm-houses ten good kitchen gardens, well stored with abundance and variety ; and much less any particular attention bestowed on the cultivition of fine fruits ; and as to flowers, to have found in a garden a princess' feather, a sweet- william, a marigold, and a sunflower, and abojt the house perhaps a few broken earthern pots or old bottles with the necks knocked off, with 'lere and there a monthly rose, a geranium, or a myrtle stuck in them, would have been to have found a rare in- stance of aristocratic luxury ; and we should at once have been disposed to enquire what person lived there, whose tastes and habits were so difl'er- ent from the rest of the world. But what a revolution has been efl^ected ; and all this we confidently assert has been done mainly by the eflTorts made and the impulse given by the Massachusetts Horticultural Society. Everywhere this taste for rural embellishments is extending it- self. Green houses and conservatories are becom- ing not uncommon appendages to the rural resi- dence. The piazzas are trellised with honeysuck- les, and trumpet flowers and bignonias ; the front yards and gardens are laid out with the refinements of order and taste, and stocked with all the varie- ties of floral beauty from a pansy to a dahlia ; and the windows even in the deptli of winter are brilliant and enchanting with their show of splen- did exotics; their japonicas, their daphnes, their monthly roses, thi.'ir geraniums, their lilies, and the other nameless and exquisite beauties, which fig- ure in the floral dance. But what is the use ; or what is the profit of all these flowers. Why pay so much attention to mere embellishment ? Why cultivate things which are merely to be looked at and which minister to the gratification of the sense of sight only ? We answer at once ; why not gratify the sight ? Are not the pleasures of the sight among the most innocent and the most delicious that the senses can take in? Are th<'y not far less likely to corrupf us than the pleas- ures of the taste ? Did not God make the eye to see with ; and has he not crowded this world, the whole i universe, the sky, tlie earth, the water, the air, with I image-: and forms of exquisite and inimitable beauty? ! Has"no! all this been made for tie gratification and deli'.;ht of those who have senses to perceive and enj ly it? It is the duty of man to indulge, to culti- \ate, to qu.cken, to exalt and enlarge this taste ; to ; search out and multiply the forms of beauty. These to make the little spot of earth which God permits him for awhile to appropriate to himself, and to make his dwelling place, as beautiful as n-.ture or art can render it, he not only provides for himself pure, innocent, lasting sources of pleasure, of which he may drink to the fill without satiety, disgust or intoxication ; but he becomes in no mean sense a liberal benefactor to the community ; and to gene- rations which shall come after him. But there are higher uses than these ; there are the highest moral and religious uses to be found by the reflecting mind in such cultivation and such exhibitions as these. In the cultivation of these varied and beautiful products man acquires a new consciousness of power. As this consciousness is strengthened his self-respect is increased, and tha value of his existence anJ the sense of his moral responsibility are heightened and deepened. In contemplating the perfection of beauty which these fruits and flowers exhibit, how can he help being impressed with the strongest admiratiim for the lieing whose skill designed and formed them. In considering in how many ways tliey minister to his pleasure and comfort, in a form so cheap that every one can have access to it, and m a manner so universal that there can be no monopoly or exclu- sion, how can his heart, if he has a heart, fail to be deeply touched with the goodness of God. The great and divine teacher bade his followers to re- flect "upon the flowers of the field how they grow," and with what brilliancy and gorgeousness are they apparelled ; and if any one can have looked round the room of the Horticultural exhihition, and have found himself moved by no religious consideration, have felt no thoughts of the Creator flitting across his mind, and no sentiments of grateful adoration stirring within his heart, he may well 'lave some doubts of his own humanity. We have left to ourselves little room to speak of the exhibition itself. This will be done in full and in detail by the Committees themselves. We believe the display of fruits and flowers has never been ex- celled here. We should like to particularize, but it would be vain to attempt it. The peaches, the pears, the apples, the grapes, the plums, the melons were numerous in variety, beautiful in appearance, and delicious in quality. The show of dahlias was extremely numerous and variegated. But we must stop, and we will finish with a remarkable and en- couraging fact, stated to us by one of the principal contributors to this splendid show. Six years ago he purchased his place without any fruit upon it; and now he has nearly two hundred diff"crent kinds of pears upon it, and other fruits and flowers without number or measure. The great varieties of pears and fruits which he exhibited are all the work of that time. Who will say he is too old to begin ? Who, if he cannot work for himself, is not willing to do something for those who shall come after him, and secure to' himself the blessings of a grateful poster- ity. But in regard to all human plans and enter- prises of good, cast your bread upon the waters and remember the great rule, " what thou doest, do quickly." "• ^• Boston JtgricuUurul Conundrum. — Why man asking for a debt like a particular breed of English cattle? Answer. — Because he is a Suffolkdun. — [Com. The wheat crop of Michigan is estimated this year at 6,700,000 bushels. For ihe New Ciiglawl Farmer. JIk Kditor, — During my residence abroad, I spent one suminer and a part of the autumn at Merton, in Surry, domiciled will) a Mr Raine, ten- ant to Mr xMidilleton, author of the Agricultural Survey of Middlesex, with whom I was acquainted. It was a hay and grass farm, and the management of it was of the best description. It consisted of 160 acres, all improved as meadow, no plough being used on tiie place except in the garden. The course adopted was as follows. Early in the spring tlie fields were all shut up. As soon as the hay was secured, and this was a great labour, the teams commenced currying it to London for sale, loading back with nianure. And now comuienced that course of jiulicions conduct which excited my warmest admiration at the tiuie, and has remained my beau ideal of good manage- ment ever since. The second growth of grass being well shot up, Mr Raine went to the cattle fair, and bought large beeves, in high condition. In his rich and clean meadows, these were soon ready for Smithfield market, to which they were sent, and their place supplied by other beeves, still in high condition, but of much smaller size. On the removal to the shambles of the second herd, still smaller cattle in fair condition, were bought to be initiated into a still higher preparatory degree of fatting. These were sold oft', and were suc- ceeded by small lean cattle from the Welsh moun- tains, to be improved as stores. The fifth set of temporary tenants of the farm were small sheep, to be wintered. The farm, as I have remarked, consisted of 160 acres. The rent paid was £2 10s per acre, at $4,80 the pound sterling. Twelve dollars per acre, £1,920 for the farm. Paying this enor- mous rent, — saddled with heavy taxes, and at a large outlay for manure, and farm servants, Mr Raine was still accumulating large riches upon it. His house was in the style of a gentleman, and his expenditures on a most liberal scale, but he owed nobody a farthing. We are poor farmers in this country, Mr Col- man, very poor farmers, as Alfred Jingle would say, very. Those of us who do best, are very far from doing as English farmers do. They make more profit per acre from the borders of their Jields than we make from our best intervale ; realize as much gain in the shifting stock to consume the herbage of a single summer, as we do from growing for three years the same number of head. Every thing there is made to produce profit. As large a capital is invested as we invest in a thrit\y commer- cial business. No man can rent a farm who has not a sufficient capital to stock it, work it, and lay out of the price of a year's harvest. The outlay of capital on a large farm is very great. A fair esti- mate of the required sum on a farm of a thousand acres, is five thousand pounds sterling. It would astonish the American farmer to see the book of " bills receivable and payable" of an Eng- lish lessee of a farm. ' Yours, J. A. I. From the Farmer's Cabinet. BROOM CORN CULTURE IN SALEM, N.J. Your letter of the 20th July was received on the following day, asking information respecting the cultivation of broom corn, and the quantity raised on my land per acre. In ansver thereto, I say that my land is a loamy soil, and in good condition, producing generally about sixty bushels of Indian corn per acre — of wheat, from twenty to thirty — and of barley from thirty to fifty. My usual method is to cart out all my manure from the barn-yard through the winter and early in the s|)ring, so that the greater part thereof is upon the fields by the time the plough can be put into the land. The cultivation of the broom corn by Mr Brown, (the paper you say heretofore sent to you being lost, giving an account thereol") and by him attended to until the brooms manufiictured by him were sent to market, amounted according to his estimate furnished me, to $9ti 50. While in con- versation with him, he drew from his pocket a paper containing the following words : — " Was raised on eight acres of land, the |)roperty of Rob- ert G. Johnson, broom corn that made four hundred dozf'u of brooms, which weighed one and a quarter pound each. Many of the stalks measured six- teen feet six inches in length, and produced four hundred and thirty bushels of seed. Israel E. Brown." I would observe that I commonly manure my land at the rate of from thirty to forty loads per acre — such was the dressing the land got preiious to the planting of the broom corn. '! he laud being in high tilth, produced, from careful attention, a most luxuriant crop of stalks ; I think they must have averaged from fourteen to sixteen feet in height throu'fhout the whole field. I have not been inclined to encourage the rearing of broom corn more than a sufficiency for family use. I consider the broom corn a much more exhausting crop to the soil than any other grain. There appears to be an oleaginous quality peculiar to it, and somewhat analagous to flax seed, which in my judgment has a tendency to produce the impoverishment of the soil. The seed makes excellent food for hogs and cattle. Its nutricious quality may easily be discovered from the fine colour and taste which it imparts to butter from the cows which are fed on it. 'I he best way to use the grain is to grind it with a por- tion of oats — say about one third of outs to two thirds of the seed. Indeed it is so hard and flinty, that it should always bo ground before feeding it to any kind of stock. Good broom corn seed weighs about fifty pounds to the bushel. Its value compared to oats may be considered as about half as much again ; so that should the market price of oats be, say twentyfive cents per bushel, the broom corn seed would be worth thirtyseven and a half cents. I think there is a difference of twentyfive, if not thirty per cent, in the quality of brooms sent to market from such as I generally use in my family. I always endeavor to procure from the manufactur- er, and for which I pay hirn an extra price, such as are made from the stalks before the seed ripens on them. A broom made from such tops will last much longer than one made from the ripe bush. But the peculiar excellency of the broom consists in its fibres being more soft and elastic, and per forming the act of brushing or sweeping, similar to the brush made of bristles, without injuring the carpet if used prudently. After the broom shall have been used in sweeping the parlor, and the finer parts worn away, it will then be as good to sweep the other parts of the house, as the best new broom made from the ripe corn. Ladies who set so deservedly such a high value upon their beauti- ful Turkey and Brussels carpets, should purchase none other than such as are made from tlio unripe bu-ih. The broom made from such may be easily known by the colour ol the straw, which is that of tea or sage; the fibre or straw is much finer and of a softer feel than that of tho broom made from the ripe corn — the colour of which is red, or in- clining to red. Yours very respectfully, ROBERT G. JOHNSON. From the Franklin Fanner. SAVING CLOVER SEED. Ihe difficulties of saving the seed are imaginary ; the process is simple and easy. After the clover field has been cut or grazed, let the second come on. When about two-thirds of the heads have turned brown, cut with a cradle, throwing the grass into double swaths, and cure. When cured, rake up in the morning while the dew is on, into convenient parcels for loading with a pitchfork, and, as soon as all danger from heating is obviated, get it under shelter, either in the barn, or protected in the field. Be careful not to put it away while any moisture remains in the plants; and (m the other hand, don't handle it ruilely when very dry, where you don't want the seeds to fall, for in that condition the heads spend freely. Having shelter- ed it, you may wait, if you choose, till winter affords leisure for thrashing or treading out. Sow in the chaff", as it is more certain than the cleansed seed. A bushel in the chaff will abundantly seeii an acre ; but we would advise the mi-Kture of blue grass, timothy and orchard grass with it. We shall say more of sowing, however, at more seasouible date. The second crop produces more seed then the first, and hence the economy of the first cutting or grazing the field ; though from that cut for hay, a prudent, careful husbandman might easiy save enough seed for his own use. It is beli-'ved that more seed may be saved by mowing nnen about two thirds of the heads have turned brown than at any other period, because, if cut sooner, too many seeds are unripe, and if later, too many shatter out of the heads in cradling and handling. If the heads break off" artd fall through t'le fingers in cradling, cover with cotton or linen cloth. Every farmer may easily save his own seed The Farrikr. Try before y)u buy.—U you meet with a horse you like, and are desirous of buy- ing him, do not fall in love witk him before you ride him, for though he may be handsome, he may start or stumble. To discover a stumbler. — If/ou go to buy of one that knows you, it is not unrsasonable to desire to ride him for an hour. If refused, you may suspect he has some faults ; if not, mount him at the door of the stable whore he stands ; let him neither feel your spurs, nor see your wtiip ; mount him easily, and when seated, go gently off" with a loose rein, which will make him careless ; and if he is a stumb- ler, he will discover himself presently, especially if the road in which you ride him be any thing rough. The best horse indeed may stumble (a young one of spirit, if not properly broken in, will frequently ; and yet if he moves nimbly upon the bit, dividing his legs true, he may become a very good saddle horse,) I say, may stumble ; but if he springs out, when he stumbles, as if he feared your whip or spur, depend upon it he is an old ofFeader. From ihe Alexandria Messenger. THE FARMER. A farmer's life is ihe life for mf, I (iwn I love it dearly ; And every season full of glee, I take its labors oheerly— To plough or sow To reap or mow, Or in the barnto thrash, sir- All 's one to me, I plainly see " 'T will bring me health and cash, si; The lawyer leads a harass'd life, Much like (that of) a hunted olU-j, And 'tween his own and other's strife. He 's always in hot water — For a foe or friend, A cause defend, However wrong must be, sir — In reason's spite. Maintain 'l is right — And dearly earn his fee, sir. The doctor's styled a gentleman, But this I hold but humming ; For, like a tavern waiting man, To every call " he 's coming" — Now here, now there. Must he repair, Or starve, sir, by denying ; Like death himself. Unhappy elf. He lives by other's dying. A farmer's life, then, let me live. Obtaining while 1 lead it, Enough for self, and some to give, To such poor souls as need it. I "11 drain and fence. Nor grude expen-^e. To give my land good dressing — I '11 plough and sow. Or drill in row, And hope from Heaven a blessing. m this way ? " True," replied the Indians, " but white brother made too big walk.". Some of Penn's commissioners, waxing warm, said tlie bargain was a fair one, and insisted that the Indians ought to abide by it, and if not, should be compelled to it. " Compelled ! " exclaimed Penn, " how can you compel them without bloodshed ? Don't you see this looks to murder ? " Then turning with a benignant smile to the Indians, he said, " Well, brothers, if you have given us too much land for the goods first agreed on, how nmch more will satisfy you?" This proposal gratified them ; and they mention- ed the quantity of cloth, and number of fish hooks, with which they would be satisfied. These were cheerfully given; and the Indians, shaking hiinds with Penn, went away smiling. .After they were gone, the governor, looking round on his friends, exclaimed, "O how sweet and cheap a thing is charity ! Some of you spoke just now, of compelling these poor creatures to stick to their bargain, that is, i^ plain English to fight and kill them, and all about a little piece of land ! " — Adv.of Peace. IS one OI Uie laiiesL in Ulli^ianu, "aa -x k/u-.u.,. t... he was thirty years old. And at this moment, there is a man in New England who has read fifty lan- guages, who was apprenticed, — who has always worked, — and who still works, — as a blacksmith !' [Christian Examiner. Wr^LIAM PENN'S WAY OF GETTKG WHAT L.\ND HE WASTED Pesx learned in 1069 tnat there was some very The Swedish Armt. Samuel Laing, Esq. has lately published an interesting tour in Sweden. In speaking of a company of soldiers that he met at Westeraus, he says, " Their evening parade upon the street before the donr struck me very mucii. After the roll was called and the reports and orders delivered, the commanding officer called one of the soldiers out of the ranks, it appeared to me without turn or selection, and the whole company taking off their caps at once the man repeated the Lord's Prayer, after which they all sang a hymn very beau- tifully, and the parade was dismissed. This mor- ning early, about two o'clock, the company mustered before the door again to march to their next halting place before the heat of the day stt in. Between sleeping and waking, I heard the same service re- peatec — the Lord's Prayer and a morning hytnn sung, before they marched off". The service was not hurried over. It lasted from fifteen to twenty minute.s, and was gone through as slowly and sol- emnly as in any religious meeting. This is a remnant of the military practice of the great Gusta- vus Adolphus." "I have some favorite flowers in spring, among which are the mountain-daisy, the hare-bell, the fox-glove, the wild brier-rose, the budding birch, and the hoary hawthorn, that I view and hang over with particular delight. I never hear the loud, solitary whistle of the curlew in a summer noon, or the wild mixing cadence of a troop of grey plover in an autumnal morning, without feeling an eleva- tion of soul like the enthusiasm of devotion or poe- try. Tell me, my dear friend, to what can that be owing ? Are we a piece of machinery, which, like the Eolian harp, passive, takes the impression of the passing accident? Or do these workings argue something within us above the trodded clod ? " There is scarcely any earthly object gives me more — I do not know if I should call it pleasure — but something which enraptures me — than to walk in the sheltered side of a wood, or high plantation, in a cloudy winter-day, and hear the stormy wind howling among the trees, and raving over the plain. It is my best season for devotion ; my mind is wrapt up in a kind of enthusiasm to Him, who in the pompous language of the Hebrew bard, ' walketh on tiie wings of the wind.' " [Burns. PuRSDiT OF Knowledge lndfr Difficulties. 'So h:s knowledge almost always been cultivated choice land not included in his first purchase ; and genius nurtured, — that is to say, amidst difli- and he sent to nquire of the Indians, if they j culties. Where did Franklin first cultivate the would sell it. Thev replied that they did not wish 1 knowledge that at length bore him to tlie heights to part with the load where their fathers were 1 of fame ? In a printing ofliice. Where did Bov"- resting; btt, to please their father Onas, — the I ditch study the mathematics? In early life, on name they gave the good iijan, — they would sell ship-board, and ever after in hours snatched from him some of it. Accordingly, they agreed for a ] the cares of a busy life. How did Ferguson begin certain quantity of English goods, to soil as wuc'h J to study astronomy ?■ Tending sheep in Scotland ; land as one of his young men could walk round ', lying on his back upon the bare earth, and gazing in a day, "beginning at the great river Cosqiianco," : upon the heavens, — mapping out the constellations now Kensington, "and ending at the great river i by means of a simple string stretched from hand to Kallapingo," now Bristol. This mode of measure- hand, with beads upon it, which, sliding back and ment, Ihough their own choice, did not in the end ' forth, enabled him to ascertain the relative distances satisfy the Indians; for tiie young Englishman, | of the stars. Where did young Faraday commencT chosen to walk off the ti-act of land, walked so his studies, — still young, and yet the successor in aat and far as greatly to astonish and mortify ' London to the celebrated Davy? He began his them. The governor observed this dissatisfaction, l chemical studies, a poor boy, in an apothecary's and asked the cause. " The walker cheat us." | shop. Sir Richard Arkwright, who was knighted New York Urate and Poudrette Company. Nol incoTporaled but carried on by indicidual enteiprlse. The manures are not dicided among the Stockholders, as are those belonging to another estadlishment, but sold, to ap- plicants, for cash on deliver]/. Orders are supplied in the order of lime in which they are received. Urate 30 cents ;uid Poudrate 40 cents per bushel, with contingent charges lor bags or barrels, &c. The company are daily preparing for use, during the warm, dry weather, the materials collected during the p:ist winter, and will have several thousand bushels ready liclore llie first of October next. The material is dismlected and rendered iree from offensive sin. II, hy a compound, every part of which is in itself a good manure. Tlie experience of the past and present years, 1838 and 1839, on Long I.-land, has salisfiecf many of the farmers that these manures have the quickest operation upon vegeia- ble matter, producing greater abundance, and the cheapeU of any manure lliey have ever tried. Amended instructions for their use, the result of praclicd experience, will be furnished on application. The effect i]/ Poudrelte upon Grape Vines and Mows Mullicaulis is bey- ond all comparison. This company are erecting large and extensive works lu the vicinity of the city of New York to prepare'the manures, and farmers and gardeners may conBilently rely on a supply. QrAeTS,poWpaid, directed to " The New York Urate and \ Poudrate Compiuiv," Box, No. 1211, Post Office, New York, or sent to the store of STlLLWELt, & DEY, No. 365 Fulton Street, Brooklyn, will be allended to. The Company will he very niu.-h obliged to gentlemen who have used the manures, to give them a statement in wri- ting what has been the result of their use and experiments in relation to them, New York, August, 1S39. Hale's Patent Horse Power and Patent Thresh- ing Machine. .lOSEPH BRECK & CO. odi-r for sale this valuable machine and feel great confidence in recommending it as the best machine now m use. It will tliresh from 75 to lon liusbels per day in the best possible manner. The horse power is calculated to propel any kind of machinery, is very simple in its construclion, occupies but the smffll space of nne feet by two, and can easily be transport-, ed from one plaie to anolHer, and when conibined with ibe Threshing Machine it forms the most superior article for ibe purpose ever invented. They can be supplied at short no- tice at the N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. August 28. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ PUDLISHED EV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Warehouse.) fOV. XVUI.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 16, 1839. CNO. 16. AGRICULTURAL, From the Yeoman's (Concord) Gazette. MIDDLESEX CATTLE SHOW. The Middlesex Agricultural Society held their mual show in this town on Wednesday. The dav jd the known character of the orator, brought to- ther a great concourse of people from this and her counties. The first business of tlie day was e ploughing match, which was strongly contested ' ten single and nine double teams ;— on no for- er occasion have we seen the work done so well. r Tapley from Essex, came as an amateur, to try 8 hand with the Middlesex farmers, and he ac- itted himself handsomely, using one of Moore's oughs, made in Vermont. We are not sure that is plough will not be considered one of the best use. After the ploughing match, the society jceded to Dr Ripley's church, %vhero prayers Te offered by Rev Mr Morse, of Marlboro', and address was delivered by Mr Colman, the Ag- ultural Commissioner, who kept the attention of •■ audience for about three-quarters of an hour. s sentiments and opinions were correct, and were I Patty Derby, Concord, frocking ivcred with great force and eloquence. We Mary F. Bridge le to see this address in print. The music at church was admirable. The show of cattle and swine was excellent; ev- pen was filled. The exhibition at the court house, consisting of t, vegetables, manufactures and inventions, was Dectable. Although we see a falling off in the .iber of entries of household manufacture, we erve none in the excellence of the work or in- uity of the artists — Some enormous squashes e presented by Mr Bent, of Sudbury, one of ch weighed ItiS lbs. for which he asked ten dol- : whether he obtained that sura we did not 4 00 2 00 5 00 4 00 PREMIUMS AWARDED. Domestic M anufacturts. Zadock Rogers, Tewksbury, 1st premium on plain cloth $5 00 Betsey Wright, Westford, 2d do Betsey Jewett, Pepperell, 3d do Sarah Hunt, Concord, for best flannel Abraham Prescott, Westford, next best do Ann H. Whitcomb, Boxboro', next best Patty Derby, Concord, for flannel Abraham Prescott, Westford, worsted cloth Lydia Rogers, Woburn, best knit hose Louisa Boyntoii, Carlisle, next best do Patty Rogers, Tewksbury, for 2 pr. do Mrs Gibson, Littleton, 1 pr hose Ann H. Whitcomb, Boxboro', 1 pr do Dan'l Rogers, Tewksbury, 6 pr socks, 1st pie Susan M. Gleason, Concord, C pr " 2d .Mrs Prudence Ward, " pr children's socks 1 00 H.Kendall, " 4 pr ladies' hose 100 Ann Jones, Lincoln, 3 " " 50 Mary A. Shedd, Chelmsford, 1 pr clocked hose 50 Daniel Rogers, Tewksbury, for best frocking 4 00 Abraham Prescott, Westford, next best do 2 00 Jacob Pratt, Sherburne, sewing silk $1 00 Philip P. Spaulding, Chelmsford, sewing silk 1 00 do 1 00 ""he dinner at Morse's was well provided and ry plate occupied. The toasts, sentiments and Jches at the table were highly amusing. Mr Tian gave some very encouraging accounts of agriculture of the county. • n the whole we see no diminution in the inter- which has been felt for these festivals. But we ee that they have become the festival of the 'le, and that they must be continued. No other can bring together the cojnmunity with any- g like the benefit conferred by these shows; we consider the small sum allowed by the e to each society, as so much devoted to the interests of the people. fter the premiums were publicly declared at :ourt house, the following oflicers were chosen he year ensuing : r John Nelson, of Lexington, President, on Nathan Brooks, of Concord, 1st Vice Presi- ^m. Parker, of Sudbury, 2d Vice President, innothy Prescott, of Concord, Recording Secre- Betsey Jewett, Pepperell " Delphia Danforth, Tyngsboro', carpeting Eunice Prescott, Westford, frocking, Lucinda W. Staples, Concord, carpet of old cloth Mrs Brooks, Asliby, , " Lydia Richardson, Westford, best coverlet Mary Boynton, Carlisle, ne.xt best " Mary Taylor, " " " Joseph Reed, Westford, " " Henry A. Prescott, " " " Patty Derby, Concord, best blankets George Fletcher, Westford, 1 piece plaid blanketing 1 Ann Fletcher, " 1 " " 1 George Fletcher, 1 piece plaid flannel Almira Hastings, Concord, ] woolen lloor cloth 1 Augusta Woodbury, Acton, (4 yrs. old) 1 piece patch work Emeline Mansfield, Acton, (4 years old) for patch work Mary S. Fairbanks, Marlboro,' 1 counterpane Hapgood Wright, Lowell, 1 white quill, Martha P. Adams, Chelmsford, silk coui.cer- pane Amanda M. Parks, Lincoln, quilt Julia M. Cummings, Tyngsboro,' (7 yrs old,) patch work < Sarah M. Chapin, Concord, (3 yrs old,) patch work, Ann Fletcher, Westford, 3 Highland shawls Betsey Wright, . " 2 " " Eunice Ray, Stow, 3 pr knit drawers Lydia Rogers, Woburn, 6 pr mittens Maria Wright, Westford, best hearth rug Tile O. Willard, Ashby, next best do Prudence Ford, Lowell, " " " Rebecca M. Barrett, Concord, cape of milk weed Rebcccn Hoar, Littleton Sylvanus Howe, Townsend, " " Mary E. Hurd, Bedford, hce veil Susan M. Gleason, Concord, lace shawl Mary Lowell, " lamp rugs R. A. C. Hartwell, Littleton, 1 pr " 2 oQ j Julia Ann Bemis, Lincoln, (10 years old,) 1 pr 1 00 '*"'P '■"^*' 0 qq Ann P. Hoar, " 2 00 I ^' Colburn, Dracut, bead bag 2 QQ Lydia G. Jarvis, " " 1 00 r'^' Wheeler, Dracut, wrought cape gQ Sarah C. Brown, Concord, " gQ Martha C. Brown, " " 2 00 ^y^^^ Simnnds, Carlisle, " made with- our fingers Ann S. Adams, Carlisle, lace Melvina A. Robbins, Carlisle, wax fruit and flowers ' MaryE. Braman, Brighton,,for wax flowers Almira Hastings, Concord, glass box Eunice P. Wyman, " shell basket Straw Bonnets. John Hartwell, Littleton, best bonnets Mrs C. Wheeler, Framingham, next best Ann Estabrook, Shirley, palm leaf bonnets Boots and Shoes. George Hastings, Weston, thick boots Silas Cut'ei, Burlington, 6 pr ladies kid shoes 3 00 Lucy A. Gleason, Marlboro', (14 yrs old,) a pr kip shoes 50 Leather. Ira G. Richardson, Westford, harness leather 5 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 1 00 2 00 2 00 3 00 2 00 ] 00 1 00 1 00 3 00 1 00 2 00 50 50 50 50 50 25 50 25 50 50 50 00 50 75 50 25 25 3 00 2 00 1 00 4 00 1 00 50 50 50 2 00 1 00 50 1 00 1 00 2 00 50 3 00 2 00 1 00 Warren and Fletcher, Stow, calf skins 4 00 " " " neats leather 5 00 Butter and Cider. Asa Melvin, Concord, best lump butter 4 00 Daniel Clark, " next be'st 2 00 James Mackee, Billerica, next best 1 00 Amos Wellington, Ashby, best firkin butter 7 00 Moses Edgell, Framingham, next best 6 00 George M. Barrett, Concord, best bottled cider 8 00 Fruit. James Eustis, S. Reading, white native grape Benjamin Adams, Carlisle, Jonathan Rice, Marlboro', Amos Carleton, Chelmsford, ' Isabella Sweet-water native Joseph Smith, Concord, Nathan Barrett, Concord, " Cyrus Wheeler, " Isabella Daniel Weston, Lincoln, " Wm. Buckminster, Framingham, native Daniel Giles, Lincoln, peaches Cyrus Smith, " » Daniel Weston, " " James Eustis, S. Reading " Nath'l S. Bennet, Framingham, peaches Barney Dodge, Littleton, " Abel Wheeler. Lincoln. » 75 37 75 50 75 75 1 25 2 00 50 37 1 00 1 50 75 75 1 00 1 00 50 Mr Hamlin, vvesiiHru, ncais Amos Carleton, Chelmsford, do « " " St Michael Abel Wheeler, Lincoln, Ruggles Ezra Ripley, Concord do and apples David Rogers, 'lewksbury, phiujs James Eustis, S. Reading, nutmeg melons and apples Cyrus Smith, Lincoln, water melons Abel Husmer, Concord, do Abraham Prescott, Westford, do Henry A. Prescott, " " Abel Wheeler, Lincoln, npples Amos Carleton, Chelmsford, " Joseph Read, Westford, " Zacheus Read, do Porter apples John Kimball, Littleton, " Jonas Warren, Stow, " Elijah Wood, Concord, " Daniel Bowker, Sudbury, " Abel Wheeler, Lincoln, " Simon Tuttle, Acton, " Daniel Weston, Lincoln, " Stephen Patch, Concord, " Daniel Bawker, Sudbury, ' Elijah Wood, Concord, " Moses Underwood, Lincoln, " Susannah Wheeler, Boxboro', " Joseph Darby, Concord, apples Augustus Tuttle do " J. S. Woodbury, Acton, " Ephraim Adams, Chelmsford, " Abraham Prescott, Westford, " Francis Richardson, Billerica, « Asa Hamlin, Westford, quinces Asa Leland do " James Eustis, S. Reading, tomato Solomon Keyes, Littleton, Carolina potatoes Leonard Hoar, Lincoln, rohan do Thomas Crawford, Bedford, do do Thomas Bent, Sudbury, Philadel. pumpkins H. G. Meriara, Tewksbury, squashes do do do French do Eph'm Adams, Chelmsford, do do Francis Gleason, Marlboro', Pequot do Abraham B. Handley, Acton, butter squash Daniel Weston, Lincoln, mammoth do Amos Carleton, Chelmsford, do Wm. H. White, Littleton, do Gregory Stone, Lincoln, crook neck do Nathan Hartwell, Littleton, do do Obed Stearns, Bedford, 4 yr old do John W. Hayward, Bedford, marrow do James P. Brown, Concord, do do John Kendall, Burlington, do do Will. D. Brown, Concord, Valparaiso do John Moore, Concord, egg plant H. C. Meriam, Tewksbury, early corn JVeat Slock. Asa Lawrence, Groton, for best bull James Hayward, Boxboro', next best Stephen Morse, Marlboro', best bull calf Mark Fay, Marlboro', next best Charles Sweetser, Chelmsford, next best David Blood, Pepperell, best o yrold steers Ichabod Stow, Stow, best 2 yr old steers Stephen Morse, Marlboro', next best Elisha Gates, Marlboro', best yearling steers Luther Gleason, Wayland, next best, 50 Thomas Brooks, Stow, best heifer calf 50 Cyrus Hubbard, Concord, next best tat Cultle. Ichabod Stow, Stow, best fat oxen Icliabod Stow, Stow, next best Milch Coios. Horatio C. Meriam, Tewksbury, best. cow Asa Melvin, Concord, next best Otis Morse, Marlboro', next best Horace Heard, Wayland, next best Asa Brooks, Concord, best milch heifer Mark Fay, Marlboro', next best fVorking Oxen. Elijah Wood, jr.. Concord, 1st premium 75 I 00 37 1 50 1 25 37 37 37 '■io 1 do 75 Jabez Gowing, do 2d do Daniel Shattuck, do 3d do Abel Hartwell, Lincoln, 4ih do Augustus Tuttle, Concord, 5th do Ploughing — Single Teams. Francis A. Wheeler, Concord, 1st premium do do do do do do 4 00 3 00 10 00 6 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 6 00 4 00 8 00 7 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 inio.i 8 00 () 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 6 00 5 00 4 00 4 00 3 00 Francis Wheeler, do 2d James Baker, Lincoln, 3d Joseph Smith, Concord, 4th Mr Tapley, , a gratuity of Double Teams. George M. Barrett, Concord, 1st premium Elijah Wood, do 2d Joshua Brown do 3d Cyrus Wheeler, do 4th Swine. Isaac Smith, Waltham, for best boar pig William Brown, Concord, next best Abel Moore, Concord, best breeding sow- Leonard Hoar, Lincoln, next best John Nelson, Lexington, best pigs Darius Hubbard, Concord, next best Farms. Ell Rice, Marlboro', 1st premium Simon Tuttle, Acton, 2d do Stephen Howe, Marlboro', 3d do Jlpple Oi chard. Zaccheus Reed, Westford, 1st premium fVhite Mulheriy Trees. Sylvanus Howe, Townsend, 1st premium Daniel S. Blood, Pepperell, 2d do Joel Clark, Tewksbury, 3d do Horace Emery, Townsend, 4th do Inventions. Jacob Pratt, Sherburne, for silk reel spinner and twister Elijah Skelton, Bedford, corn sheller Francis A. Wheeler, Concord, 1 plough, of Proiity & Mears' patent Jonathan Bacon, Bedford, sash springs Lorenzo Eaton, Concord, bureau Adams, Concord, stone drag, or 10 00 8 00 (i 00 4 00 3 00 ijiili 10 00 8 00 6 00 4 00 3 00 25 00 20 00 15 00 15 00 15 00 10 00 8 00 7 00 Jonathan Rice, Marlboro', best 2 yrold heifer 5 00 Mr scow on wheels 4 00 Salt — It is estimated that there are' but about 12,000,000 bushels of salt annually used in the United States. The English give fifteen millions of bushels annually to their sheep alone. No won^ der they have fine mutton and fine wool. iVlIUMS. " Men are fond of certain lene's, upon no other evidence bul respect and custom ; and think they must maintain them or all is gone. Though they have never examined the ground they stand on, nor have ever made them out to themselves,, or can make them out to others."— Locie. This remark is applicable not to the understand- ing alone, but to the continual practice of men iij their every day pursuits. No occupation is exempt from it, and upon none does this blind servility of the mind exercise a wider or more pernicious influ- ence than upon agriculture. Farmers, generally, are proverbial for prejudice, and an obstinate adherence to old fashioned and long tried methods of doing every thing ; and noth- ing but the example of others, making the results of their innovations palpably and undeniably bene- ficial, will ever effect a change. This disinclina- tion to change, or to adopt ' new fangled notions,' as they are frequently termed, arises from several causes ; foremost of which may be considered the situation of farmers, retired, and beyond the influ- ence of public spirit, and that enterprise and energy of character which impels others to improvement, Secondly, the want of means or capital to risk any deviation from a long tried course, without the cer- tainty of remuneration. And, lastly, ignorance, the foster mother of prejudice and conceit, handed down from one generation to another, nursing it- self in its own blind self-sufficiency, and effectually, excluding the light which science, reason and phi., lanthropy are struggling to disseminate for the ben- efit of others. It is, however, cause of gratification, that the at- tention of farmers has at length, in some measure, been aroused, and that they are beginning to shak? off the apathy that has so long enchained them. For the last three years, in many parts of our land, there has been a steadily increasing and permanent improvement in the art, which, considering the small amount of light diffused, and the strength of prejudice opposed to it, has scarcely a parallel ia the annals of agriculture. It is true, in parts of the. old world, the products of the soil have been in^ creased to a most wonderful degree ; yet the im* provement has been more gradual and limited in ' its extent; confined to certain' districts orcounti< where intelligence, united with ample means experiment, guided the large proprietors in tli« endeavors to improve their unproductive estat In this country there has, been no stimulus of tliat , kind to arouse the energies or to excite the ambi« I tion of the humble cultivators of the soil. Content ||r to live from hand to mouth, earning a mere subs; • fence, our farmers have groped along in the sai beaten track, for the last fifty years. But liglit last 18 beginning to dawn upon their benighted t ulties. The press — that powerful instrument good or ill — is insinuating itself into every hamlet J and cottage. Rail-roads and steamboats have rais- f ed, as by an enchanter's wand, fertile valleys mK! i pretty villages from the deep seclusion of reu; distance, to the admiring eyes of men of taste an i , science from the city. Intelligence and capital t are at work in the country, developing its capabili- ties and adding interest and beauty to its natural charms. Science has invaded the territories ofig- norance and simplicity, and lo ! the change. Yet the struggle has but commenced : although in many favored parts th : genius of improvement itul luloratioii of ancient customs, are still to be coiiibatted and overcome. Mow this is most read- ily to be effected, is yet a matter of question: in "he great work of reformation and improvement, our gricultural papers are certainly, so far, entitled to lie largest share of merit ; but their influence has een mostly confined to the upper class of farmers —men of intelligence and properly, who expect to •ealize a certain per centage for their investments, hich, failing to obtain in the ordinary methods of ;ultivation, they seize with avidity upon any thinn- -hich promises better ; and partial success prompts > further experiment. With these, prudence and ' just economy are all that is necessary. Once ex- j ite the energies of an intelligent mind — let it be ! nterested in the occupation before it, and its course ' iiust be onward. The field of agriculture is the ' leldof science, and the further we advance in it, he brighter and more interesting are the charms' nfolded to our view. It is the poorer, and by far the larger class of irmers, for whom the sympathies of the more en- ghtened should be enlisted. 'I'heir improvement Sers a wide field to the philanthropist and patriot Iso ; for as they excel in numbers, so also must leir efforts affect the general prosperity of our Jmmon country. But their numbers exclude the issibility of individual exertions in their behalf, y furnishing them with cheap publications, or giv- ig them access to works of science which they can >mprehend, we may certainly benefit a few, but e great mass must be operated upon in a differ- itmanner; with them, the value of any instruc- >n cannot be appreciated, unless its connection ith material improvement be distinctly shown hey must be spoken to in the language of dollars d cents, and this can only be afforded by legisla- •e bounty, in the shape of premiums, for excelling the different branches of their business. Tell a m who has been accustomed to get his stock rough the winter by feeding them the refuse and marketable forage from his hay or grain crops. It it would be better to devote time and labor to ! cultivation of roots for the same purpose, and cannot comprehend yon ; nor will he, so long as does not clearly see the advantage; but urge Q to the attempt by offering a sufficient induc'e- nt, in the shape of a premium for any particular p, and when it is once grown, it must be either or sold. In either case it acts beneficially ; it must be obvious to the dullest mind, that at will remunerate the purchaser, certainly must producer, if consumed in the like manner. The same argument holds good with stock, and the various products of the farm. Offer sufti- nt inducement to raise none but the best, and poor will speedily disappear. And why should lot be so ? Can our legislators who have frown- down every effort to extract but a pittance for I noble purpose, offer one plausible reason for hholding it.> Can they be so wilfully blind as •efuse to see its benefits, or so wanting in patri- m as to deny but a small amount for a public d, when they unhesitatingly lavish thousands for enrichment of the few, who openly speculate n the property of that public ? If so, then up- ;hem should be cast the reproach which now at- les itself to the low state of agriculture in our ntry. And let those who now feel the reproach, iifest their indignation in the proper place, and in the proper time arrives. ew of our country. It is high time for them to show the strength of the material they are made of. Let their voices speak from the ballot bo.x— let them discard all parly distinctions, and look only to the integrity and honesty of their candidate, and let him be one who has shown, by his exertions in their behalf, that he has his country's good at heart. L. J)Ia«gachu8etu Horticultnial Society. EXHIBITIO.V OF FnClTS. Saturday, Oct. 5, 1839. E. M. Richards exhibited a seedling Clingstone Peach, large, handsotne, and 6f fine flavour ; It is a very near approach to Kennedy's Carolina Clingstone. Mr Nathan Barrett, of Concord, exhibitej a. bas- ket of native Grapes ; they appeared to be the common black Fox Grape, improved by cultivation. . Mr Warren exhibited the Urbaniste, Buffum, Easter Beurre and Duchess Angouleme Pears, very beautitul specimens, Mr Downer exhibited Gansel's Bergamot Pear and one unnamed sort, also baskets of Isabella and Catawba Grapes. Jona. French, Esq. of Dorchester, exhibited six sorts of Apples unnamed, among them wo recog- nized Gardner's Sweeting and the Pall Harvey. Also the Chaumontel, Capsheaf, and Green Sugar Pears, and a basket of Peaches unnamed. ^ Mr J. G. Cooledge, of Cambridge, exhibited Yellow Rareripe and Lemon Clingstone Peaches, and Seckel Pears. Mrs Bigelow, of Medford, exhibited the mon- strous Pippin Apple, and Kenrick's Heath Peaches. William Oliver, of Dorchester, exhibited a bas- ket of Melacaton Peaches, very superior. Amos Holbrook, Esq. of Brookline, exhibited a basket of Hubbardston Nonesuch Apples; these large and beautiful specimens were well calculated, to increase the high reputation this apple has al- ready obtained. E. Vose, (President) e.xhihited the Lemon Cling- stone, Orange Clingstone,Welles Freestone, Morrfs' White Rareripe, Alberge, and one unnamed Peach. Also the White. Chasselas and Gross Frankenthal Grapes, very handsome specimens of cultivation in the open ground. The Lemon Clingstone, it will be seen, is the Large Yellow Pine Apple of Coxe, the description of which we have copied from his "View of Fruits." " No. 24, Large Yellow Pine Apple, sometimes called Kennedy's Carolina Clingstone, is a very lanre rich Peach, of an oblong form, pointed at the bloV som end — tie skin a dark yellow, with a brown- ish red cheek — the flesh very yellow and rich, of a very sprightly taste, the part next the stone highly tinged with red; it ripens in September." Mr Carter, of the Cambridge Botanic Garden exhibited fruit of the Rose Apple (common name) grown under glass, with the following note : "Eugenia Malaccensi.--. This fruit is very agree- able to the taste, and esteemed wholesome. °It is very common in mor^t of the islands of the South Sea, und is cultivated almost every where between the tropics." Mr Samuel Phipps presented for exhibition a plan in wood for preparing a leaden trough for the prevention of the ravages of the Canker-worm, in- vented by Mr Herreshoff, of Bristol, R. I. This mode is found to be entirely effectual for the pur- I pose, and at comparatively small expense, and sev- eral gentlemen are about making trial of it in the vicinity. In addition to the weekly contributions of mem- bers and others, the Society still further to increase the facilities for acquiring Pomological knowledTe, have provided a large collection of fruits, whfch may be seen at the Weekly Exhibitions ; the sorts which had arrived at maturity and were examined by the Committee were the following Pears : Autumn Bergamot of the English and Americans, (Coxe, No. 39) BeKgainotto d'Aiitomne of Duhamel, Beurre Diel, liuguem.t, Surpa.ss Vergou louse, Cumberland, Belle Lucrative, Hacon's Incomparable, Jalousie,' Endicott, Seckle, Buffum, Louise Bonne d'Jersey' Long Green, (Coxe No. 30) Henri Quatre, I5elle et Bonne, and Bartram's. The Committee make the following remarks The Belle Lucrative was pronounced nfost superior, being sweet, juicy, and melting. Henry 4th, al- though of the most unprepossessing appearance, was of a very rich, high, and unusual flavor, and would in Its improved size and color, amply repay for its cultivation in rich earth, either trained to an Espa- lier or Wall. The Huguenot is another good Pear, obtained from seed by that eminent Horticul- turist, the late George S. Johonnot, of Salem. The tree was longer in producing fruit than the Johon- not or Nanmkeag ; the specimen examined was rath- er over-ripe ; in future years we expect to see it placed in the first class of Pears. For the Committee, ROBERT MANNING. Management of Sandy Loams. — Mr Ducket, of Surry, England, a most accomplished and success- ful farmer, ascribed the luxuriance of his crops to three principles, which he laid down for his gui- dance, and strictly adhered to. He relied upon, 1st, deep ploughing, by means of which the roots of his plants were permitted to penetrate the earth to a depth where they found a uniform moisture, by which they were preserved in a healthful and flour- ishing condition, while those of his neighbors, who were shallow plougliers, in seasons of drought were measurably destroyed. InFlanders, in the Peys de Waes, where the soil was originally a barren while sand^ by a sure process has been brought to a state of fertility which entitles it to be called a fruitful loam. At first it was barely scratched, being ploughed not more than ten inches deep ; it was subsequently gradually deepened as it was enriched^— and it is now stated that this barren sand has been so fer- tilised that it bears to be entrenched to the depth of fifteen or eighteen inches. This operation is performed every seven years. Clay Soils.-r—kW clay soils intended for spring culture should be turned up in the fall, to receive Elie benefit of the action of the winter's frost, which mellows and reduces it infinitely better than any treatment which .man is susceptible of givino- it. If very tenacious, itscondition may be greatly improv- ed by simply adding sand to it, after the ploughing, and so harrowing it as thoroughly to mix the two together. Instances of the success of this practice are numerous in Europe, and are said to have been so decidedly striking as to excite surprise. In nu meious cases the advantages have been equally great as if the clay had been heavily manured. Mitch Cows. — These animals should always, if possible, be kept where they can have free access j to good water, whether ranging in the pasture or hesitate not to say that having water aiway. au hand will make a difference of 25 per cent, in favor of their yield. In winter no n.an should pretend to keep a cow to the pail who docs not provide her , twice a day with either good rich slops, pnmpkins or roots. How in the name of St George can it be | expected that a cow fed upon dry hay, fodder or, tops, from November till April, can secrete any considerable quantity of milk: we know that there | is a lar^"iher a iar^e collection t bundanl and Dwarf Pear Trees comprising most of the Mice varieues of European and American orrgin Orders by mail will be immediately answered °"°b" '«• ROBERT MANNING DUTCH BU£,BS. -^R^ilL!^''n'*'I ^""" *^°"^"'' ^ ""y "lensive assortment ■ 1, AT <:o'npnsing numerous varieties of Tulips , cmlhs, ^arclssus, Crocus, Crown Imperials, Lilies somes, Jonquiles &c^ Those who wish to avail ihmleves sen7T ""i'"""r';"'*''^<^°"""«"S. ^fe -equested ,d fori, H H °"^"^' '"^'i' "*" ^^ P^o^P'ly ^"'"'ded to, id lorwarded, as soon us they come to hand Octobep 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO ROHAN POT.iTOES, kd Smre^Nll'^fr ^^t"'l Ag"<=ullural Warehouse a.,d Oriohp, Ir ^°''^ *''"';^' '*'^"'' =" •" ?<■■• barrel. O""''" '^- JOSEPH BRECK & CO . .ui* ^.^^;^ i.i an Ulf ll lliereiU SpfClCS ^ IOC COIlPCUOnS now oll'ereri, are of the most celebrated and surpassing kinds. The Pears are unusually fine— the Peach and the Cherry Trees arc also fine, and in very extraortlinanj mimbcrs The Catalogue of Friut and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, limes, and Herbaceous PlovcHng- I-'lants, for IS39, is ready and will he sent to nil who apply. In tlmt calnlugue the very best kinds ut up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge lor casks or carting. Also, ground Oyster Shells. Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- bury at the .\ew England Agricultural Warehouse ami Seed Store, No 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Olltce will meet with prompt attention. Ashes, Pearl, per lOD lbs. . Pot, " •' " . Beans, vfhite. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, yellow, Bi'TTEB, tub, . . • . lump, Chefse, new milk, Cider, ..... refined Bo.-JB Masi/bk, in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No, I No. 2, No, 3, . \lewives, dry salted, No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Floub, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, . Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yello southern flat, yellow white, . Rye. northern, . Barley, nominal Oats, northern, (prime southern, new. Hams, northern, . . . southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, Lahd, Boston, Isl sort,. southern, 1st sort, Leatheb, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Fool, . . / . Plasteb Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs Pork, extra clear, " clear, .... Mess, Prime, Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax Ked Clover, northern. Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, Te.^zles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony h'leeccs, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, E^ f Pulled superfine, . -S J ) No. 1, . . . ^S I No. 2, . . . ;? ■=- 1. No. 3, FROM 6 00 6 I'i bushel 1 76 " 2 00 Irarrel 14 00 13 00 " It 00 pound 40 '* o 15 " 20 II to 1 so barrel 2 60 bushel pound 1' 37 II 9 quintal 3 20 I. 1 50 barrel 12 75 o II 00 u 7 25 II 6 00 II 23 00 o 6 75 " 6 75 „ 3 75 mshel II 83 " 76 " 88 .. S3 " 42 pound 16 UO 12 00 pound 15 .. II 11 10 (c 29 11 25 II 26 i( 24 11 22 11 22 II 21 cask gallon 32 40 (( I 15 ut merely for exhibition. The Committee spoke vith great pleasure of the evidently increased at- ention devoted to the raising of stock in this state, nd the consequent improvement which had taken lace. The Marking Cattle were also better than usual, a awarding the premiums the committee obsened le disadvantage under which they labored, inas- lUCh as they had no opportunity tu test the eliCiigth f the cattle by actual experiment, and were there- )re guided only by the appearance. With regard ) cows, also, it might be observed that thev are equently offered for premiums with claims found- i on some particular excellence which cannot be nderstood by the committee, unless explained and roperly authenticated. The Exhibition of Butter and Clieese was not lite so large or quite so good as usual, and the mimittee complained that one very important ing was uniformly omitted by the competitors, z : a statement of the process of making, as re- lired by the show bill. This should be more gen- ally attended to. If a man makes remarkably )od butter, it is of coui-se highly desirable that the mmunity should know hoiv he makes it. The Shop Manufactures made but little show. here were a few specimens of female ingenuity, id some other deserving (jbjects, but very few of e premiums offered in this department were com- bed for. Numerous gratuities were given. To the Household Manufactures, pretty much the me remarks will apply. The exhibition was lall and few of the premiums competed for, and !arly all of them awarded were gratuitous. The Swine were of excellent quality and in good imbers. At no previous exhibition have there en present so many fine hogs. The improve- ents which have taken place in the breeds of fine, were highly spoken of by the committee. The Ploughing Match went off finely. Only a w ploughs were entered, but the oxen were ail le looking, and it was very gratifying to observe at the competition was less than usual for speed, id far more than usual for the quality of the work, he whole field was well ploughed, and the oxen were not over driven. The ground given to each plough was one-sixteenth of an acre, and die time occupied in ploughing it was from twentyfive min- utes and twentyfive seconds, to thirtyone minutes. For Agricultural Experiments and Vegetable Pro- ducts, there was no legitimate competition. The show bill required a full and minute account of the manner of raising the" /crops, of preparing the soil, and I he expense of cultivation. This was not pre- sented in a single instance, and consequently the committee declared no premiums, but recommended gratuities for numerous specimens of agricultural products, remarkable, generally, for their size. 'I'he pumpkins, squashes, beets, &,c. were of enormous dimensions. The following is a list of the premiums awarded : Agricultural Evperiments, Vegetable Crops, Grain, Sfc.Sfc. To David Phillips, .3d, Clayville, R. I. for specimens of cocoons " Samuel Slociim, Pawtuxet, for one cabbage " Mr Barnes, Providence, for cellery " Reuben Mathewson, Johnston, for 4 squash- es and 1 beet " Wm. Ballou, Smilhfield, for 1 squash " Robert H. Niles,' Pawtuxet, for mangel wurt- zel beets " Pamiiel WebBt«r, Johnston, for 1 pumpkin " John S. Aborn, Cranston, for 33 lbs. pota- toes from 6 oz. seed " Benj. Hopkins, Scituate, for 3 pumpkins weighing ICO lbs. " Samuel W. Greene, North Providence, for 3 crook-neck'd squashes " Geo. W. Gardiner, Warwick, for 2 crook- neck'd squashes " Caleb Greene, Warwick, for 3 Cuba squashes " Augustus G. Millard, Warwick, for 3 lots niorus multicaulis — sample ruta bagas, do do " I. G. Chadsey, Wickford, for box of seed peppers " Rowland Evans, Providence, for 1 squash " Daniel Brown, Johnston, 1 squash weigh- ing 86 pounds On JVeut Stock excepting Working Cattle. For the full blooded bull, no competition. For the 2d best bull 7-8 Durham, Benoni Wa- terman, Cranston For the 3d best bull, Samuel Webster, John- ston For the best full blooded bull calf, Emanuel Rice, Warwick For the best native bull calf, John Smith, N. Providence For the next best, Byron Sprague, Warwick For the next best, Joseph Butler, Pawtuxet For the best full blooded cow, Benoni Water- man, Cranston For the next best cows, three in number, same do For the next best cows, two in number, W. Rhodes, Warwick 25 20 For the next best cow, John Giles, Providence '. For the bost heifer yearling, Benoni Water- man, Cranston For the next best do do, Amasa Sprague, do. For a pair of twin heifer calves, Stephen Far- num, Cumberland For a 7-8 blooded short horned Durhajn; bull calf, brought up by hand, Daniel C. Bowen, Cranston . ; For a bull calf 4 months old, Charles Knight, Johii..,tor; ; For a full blooded cow, Emanuel Rice, War- wick J For two heifers 1-2 blooded Durham, Joha Giles, Providence 5 On Working Cattle. First premium to John Huriingame, Glocester 6 2d do to Smith Phillips, Johnston 4 3d do to Earl Baker, Warwick S To the owners of each yoke of working cattle which were entered but failed to obtain a. premium ] On Butter. 1st premium, John A. Gardner, Cranston 1.^ 2d do Benjamin Griffin, do 13 3d do Samuel Webstev, Johnston 10 4th do Benoni Waterman, Cranston, 7 ;'Jth io Arnold Spink, do 6 6th do Leicester Arnold, Johnston 5 7th do Benjamin Hopkins, Scituate 2 . On Cheese. 1st premium, Earl Baker, Warwick 6 On Shop Manufactures. To John Fenner, Cranston, for one dozen hay rakes 3 To Alpheus BUrges, Providence, for one doz. cotton pickers 3 To James F. Slocum, Providence, for one pr calfskin boots 1 To Cranston Furnace Co., Cranston, for one purifying coal grate made from cast iron, for household use, ornamental and apparent- ly very economical, and of superior work- manship 8 To Nathaniel G. Helme, Providence, for an improved iron safe, substituting cement for wood lining 3 To Benjamin Waterman, Chepachet, for one bedstead and washstand, made from maple of native growth 5 To Augustus Winsor, for one carryall, a very neat made article for children 1 To E. W. Walker, Providence, for calf and lamb roller skins 3 To J. Metcalf & Co., Providence, for one side belt leather 3 To Liscom & Thurber, Providence, for one pi- ano forte, of line tone and superior work- manship 10 To David Benedict, Pawtucket, for sewing silk, well manufactured and of brilliant colors J5 To William Uarlin, rroviaence, lor miniamrK high pressure engine To Joseph Greene, Providence, for cocoaniit dippers On Household Manufactures. To Mary L. Green, Warwick, Istpreminai lor carpeting Preelove Baker, Warwick, 2d do for do Andelisa Updike, East Greenwich, 3d do do Alice Gordon, Warwick, 1st preniiuin on woollen hose Frances W. Smith, North Providence, 1 do linen do Alniira Baker, Warwick, 1 do cotton do Mary Ann Arnold, Warwick, do worsted do Waity Gardner, do do flannel do Charlotte A. Sherburne, Providence, lamp mat Eliza Jane R. Wesson, do do R. Chase, Pawtuxet,2 do Elizabeth Low, Warwick, 1 pair crickets Sarah Joslin, North Providence, 1 shell vase and box Harriet Fisher, Warwick, 2 fancy boxes Caroline E. Jones, Woonsocket, 1 table cover Emily L. Angell, Providence, 1 shawl Warwick Circle Industry, cotton and yarn hose Mary L. Green, Warwick, 3 pr woolen do Rosanna Green, do 3 do do do C. Webster, Providence, 1 lamp mat A. E. Spalding, do 1 pr crickets Phebe Ann L. Hanimett, Coventry, 1 lace veil Susan H. Greene, Warwick, 1 piece blanket- ing Harriet R. Ewer do yarn and wors- ted stockings Mary E. Abroii, Pawtuset, cotton stockings Eliza D. Gardner, Warwick, blanketing Mrs Carpenter, Coventry, fur gloves "Miss Bowler, Provif^ence, box flowers C. S. Edward, d6 grate aprons Eliza Thurber, Cranston, card boxes, &c Maria BOwen, Warwick, 1 straw carpet, &c Nancy E. Arnold, do hearth rug Mrs A., Pawtuxet, do do Elizabeth N. Gardner, Warwick, do do Mary Harris, Pawtuxet, woollen hose Maria Horton, Johnston, bed quilt Diana W. Waterman, Warwick, coverlid Julia A. B. Smith, Providence, fire board Eliza Jane R. Wesson, Providence, shawl Emily L. Angel, do rocking chair Mary Jastram, North Providence, worsted bonnets Eliza A. Richmond, Scituate, hearth rug Betsey Ellis, Providence, embroidered apron C. Vaughn, do 2 vases, &c. shell work E. Cowing, do work bag F. Cowing, do do Susan B. Kinnicutt, Warren, rug Caroline E. Jones, Woonsocket, embroider- ed shawl On Swine. Ist "premium for boars, John Giles, Providence, 2d do for boars, Arnasa Sprague, Cranston 3d do " " Robinson Perry, Warwick To 6 other, fine boars each Ist premium for pigs, 4 in number, B. Lewis, Providence 2d do do do, Wm. Ballou, Smithfield " " Nehejniah Thurber do 2 " " Rowland Evans, Providence 2 " " Ezekiel Smith, Johnston 2 " " Wilkes Gardner, Warwick 2 " " Simeon L. Colburn, Providence 2 Ploughing Match. Jst plough, Waterman B. Angell, Johnston 9 2d " Smith Philips " 8 3d " Earl Baker, W^arwick 7 4lh " Benoni Waterman, Cranston G 5th " Samuel Webster, Johnston 5 The Annual Meeting was held at the Society's Hall, at 8 o'clock in the morning. Previous to the election, Dr Jackson, geologist of the Stace, deliv- ered an address upon the nature of soils and of ma- nures. He spoke particularly of the soils of this state, and gave several analyses, the results of his own experiments. He spoke of the necessity of some vegetable manure for the land in this .state — said that we possessed incxhaustiale, but hitherto almost unnoticed agiicultural treasures in our peat beds. When properly decomposed and prepared, peat makes a manure equal to any thing which can be procured. Dr Jackson also produced a new specimen of corn grown upon peat bogs hitherto uncultivated and considered barren. The ears are large and full, and contain eighteen rows. The stalk is much smaller than that of the comnion kind, and this renders it less exhausting to the soil. Sam- ples were taken by different members of the soci- ety, who we trust will give a good account of them. The lecture was listened to with great attention, and, we have no doubt, will prove productive of good. The society then proceeded to the election of officers, when the following were chosen : President — James Rhodes. 1st, Stephen T. Northam, John Pitman, Nathan F. Dixon. Standing Committee — Dutee Arnold, Christopher Rhodes, Wilbur Kelly, Stephen H. Smith, Wm. E. Richmond, Moses B. Ives, Bates Harris, John Fos- ter, Tliomas Holden, Sion A. Rhodes, Joel Aldrich, Jeremiah Whipple, Wm. Anthony, John Brown Francis, Stephen B. Cornell, Lewis Dexter, Charles Collins, Nicholas S. Fry, Elisha Olney, jr., Geurge Burton, Tully Dorrance, Richard W. Greene, Nath'l Mowrey, jr., Joseph Mauran, John Jenckes, Sterrey Jenckes, James F, Simmons, Owen Mason, Joseph Harris, Christopher Smith, Daniel J. Tourtellot. Treasurer — William Rhodes. Secretary — William W. Hoppin. Audit Christopher S.Hhodes, James G. Antho- ny, Elisha Dyer, jr.. Quite a number of new members joined the so- ciety. At one o'clock the members of the society sat down to an excellent and substantial dinner pre- pared by Mr Humphrey. The dinners of the so- ciety should be conducted differently. There should be speeches, and songs, and toasts, and not a mere contest who can put the greatest quantity of food down his throat in the shortest given time. — Flowers should ornament the table, and there should be more to indicate the character of the so- ciety. The auction for stock and premium articles was omitted. Vice Presidents. ( 1st, < 2d,. ' ( 3d, Stockport, 9 mo. lOth, ia39. Esteemed Friend, J. Buel — " Walker on in- termarriage," is the title of a work just republished in this country. Its object is to point out the rules to be observed in the selection of wives, with a view to the production of a beautiful, healthy and intellectual offspring. Although the primary object of the author is to ameliorate the form and intellect of the human species, by means of judicious inter- marriages, yet he treats largely on the means of improving inferior animals by means of breeding, and asserts that all his newly discovered laws rela- tive to the human species, are equally applicable to domestic animals. It is to the views which he takes of this latter subject, that I wish to call the attention of my agricultural brethren. Although I do not think he has demonstrated the laws, yet he has certainly brought forward a very respectable body of proof for their support, sufficient at least to induce those who ai-e interested in obtaining good animals, to give their serious and careful attention to his views. It is necessary to observe, in order to render the sequel intelligible, that by the " locomotive system," we mean the organs of support, of motion, and of connexion, or bones, ligaments and muscles ; and by the "vital system," we mean the organs of ab- sorption, circulation, and secretion. The organs of absorption are sometimes denominated lacteals or lymphatics ; their use is to absorb the nutritious portions of the food from the intestines, and to con- vey it to the heart, where it is mingled with the blood. The organs of circulation are the blood vessels, which circulate the blood from the heart to the extremities, and from the extremities back to the heart. The organs of secretion are the glands, where the various fluids of the body are secreted. The foundation of Walker's system of breeding is, that "like produces like." This has been stated before, but never satisfactorily shown to be the case, or in other words, while other authors have stated this to be the rule, they have at the same time sta- ted such a numerous list of exceptions, that we are left in doubt whether it is any rule after all. These exceptions are shewn by Walker to be only appa- rent and not real. The Second law is extremely important if true, (and in order to ascertain whether it is so or \ot, nothing more is necessary than for one farmer in every county in the state, should observe it for two or three years, and send the result to the Cultivator office.) " Organization is propagated by halves," that is, one parent communicates to the offspring the fore part of the head, the long part of the face, the forms of the organs of sense, and the whole of the internal nutritive system. The resemblance to the parent who tlius communicates "the vital sys- tem," will therefore be found in the forehead and lonff parffe of the face, as the orbits, cheek bones, jaws, chin and teeth, as well as the shape of the or- gans of sense and the tone of the voice. The other parent communicates the posterior part of the head, the bones, ligaments and muscles, or the whole of the fleshy parts. The resemblance to the parent who thus communicates the "locomotive system," must be found in the back head, the {ew more move- able parts of the face, as the external ear, under lip, lower part of the no.se, eyebrows, and the external forms of the body, in so far as they depend on the muscles, as well as the form of the limbs, even to the finsrers and toes, &c. If this hiw be correct, viz. that "organization is propagated in halves," or that one parent gives the wliok of tlie " vital or nu- tritive system," and tlie other the whole of the '■ lo- comotive system," it will be perceived that many of our commonly received opinions and practices are erroneous. Jn crossing, we are commonly directed in the selection of a male to choose one most per- fect in the points where the female is most deli- cient. But from this law we learn that we shall not in all cases, accomplish our object. If a part of the "vital system" in the female is deficient, and we seek to improve the progeny by crossing with a male, perfect in these particulars, vet defe°ctive in iome other portion of the vital system, we shall fail, Jccause one parent must necessarily conmiunicate he ifhoh of the vital system, as the other must ne- :essarily comminicate the «'Ao/c locomotive system. But I shall trespass too much on the columns of he Cultivator, by tracing out the practical inferen- ;es. I shall therefore confine myself to a bare tatement of the laws themselves. If we inquire ow we are to ascertain in what cases the male ill give the locomotive system, and in what cases e will give the vital system, we are told by Wal- er, that where both parents are ofthe same variety, ts nnpossible to predict which series of organs ill be communicated by the male, as between a ull and cow, both ofthe Shoit-Horns, or both of le Herefords. Rut in cases where the parents are r different breeds, as a Berkshire sow and China sar, both parents being of equal age and vigor, the ale gives the back head with the locomotive or- ins, and the female the face and nutritive or vital ■gans. In individuals of the same famUij, that is, breeding in and in, as between mother and son, brother and sister, precisely the reverse takes ace ; the male then gives the face and vital or- ns, and the female the back head with the loco- jtive organs. Ihave thus briefly stated some ofthe more im- rtant laws of breeding, discovered by Walker ■ course, in the narrow lii.iits of a communication is impossible either to give the facts from which ; laws were deduced, or the imjrortant practical asequences resulting from them. These latter, wever will readily suggest themselves to intelli- nt breeders. What I have written is offered th a vieiv to guide them in observing the laws of ■creation, and in the hope that if these laws are nd to correspond with their experience, they y be induced to communicate their observations the columns of the Cultivator. N. N. D. HINTS FOR 1 HE SEASON. Like produces like," is an accredited maxim mg farmers. Hence he who wishes to rear fine mais should take care to secure good breeders, he that would raise fine grain and roots, should e care to save or procure good seed in time. s is the season to attend to those matters, par- ilarly in regard to seed corn. If it has not al- iy been done, no time should be lost in select- the earliest and finest ears of corn, twin ears, if please, of stripping off most ofthe husks, of ding or wristing them, and hanging them in an ■ loft to dry. Seed corn should never be suffer- .0 go into a pile with the main crop, as it may t, or mould, and lose its germinating principle. lecorn has been cut up and stooked, the early ned ears may be readily distinguished, when the ) IS gathered, by the color of the husks and "htness ofthe grain. ''° ■"'' """ "liich we give extends alike to other lam, :unl i„ narden seeds ; and iu regard to the latter, it may be remarked, that they keep bet- ter in their capsule* or seed vessels, than otherwise, provided they are kept dry. Steeping seed wheat and other small grains in picklo, serves two if not three good purposes. 1 — The light and imperfect grains will float, and may be sknnnie:i ofl^. 2_It will prevent the crop beinn- smutty; and 3— it will injure a more prompt and even gernnnation. And if the seed is afterwards limed before it is sown, as it siiould be, it will tend to preserve it from the attacks of insects. As a covering of one inch is thought sufficient for seeds that have been acclimated, covering with the har- row is deemed better than covering with the ploun-h. "The wheat produced after the land has been lim- I ed, IS believed to be thinner skinned and to yield more good meal than other wheat, and to make bet- ter bread." To secure the best kinds of seed, of garden pro- ducts, the most healthy plants must be chosen, and those which are most early in respect to the sea- son ; those should be so insulated, as to have no weak plants ofthe same species or even genus in their vicinity, lest the fecundating dust of weaker plants should be blown by the winds upon thesti. DEATH OF JUDGE BUEL. We discharge a melancholy office in announcing the death of another of our most respected and val- uable citizens. Judge JESSE BUEL expired at Danbury, Ct., at 3 o'clock on Sunday afternoon, in the 63d year of his age. In consonance with the general sorrow, and as a tribute to the character of the first proprietor of thi» journal, our columns ap- pear in the habiliments of mourning. Having accepted invitations to deliver anniversa- ry addresses before the Horticultural and Agricultu- ral Societies of Norwich and New Haven, Conn., on the 25th and 27th ult, he left home about a fortnight since, with that view. At Danbury, he was seized on Sunday sen'night with bilious colic, of which he was relieved in the course of the twentyfour hours ; but bilious fever supervened, and he sank under it after an illness of more than a week — receiving, during the time, every attention, and unremitted medical attendance from the hands of strangers. It was not until Friday last, however, soon after his son had left him on his return to Albany to request the attendance of his family physician, that the dis- order assumed an alarming aspect. He was ac- companied on his journey by his only daughter, of whom he took an affecting and final leave, in the full possession of his mental faculties, a few mo- ments before he calmly breathed his last. Intelligence was brought yesterday morning by express, announcing the expected fatal termination of his illness. It was a melancholy surprise to his anxious family on reaching the steam boat wharf in the afternoon, on their route to his place of illness, to be among the first to learn that his remains had been brought by the Coiumbus, the day boat from New York, which arrived before the departure .of the afternoon boat. The body had been brought from Danbury to Poughkeepsie, and thence to this city. For the last thirty years. Judge Buel has occu- pied a wide space in the political and agricultural world. In 1813, he removed to this city from Ul- ster county, and established the Albany Argus. In the following year he was appointed printer to the State, and discharged the duties of that station and of the editorship of the paper, until 1821, when he retired to the farm in the suburbs of the city, since so widely and favorably known as the "Albany Nursery." After his retirement from his editorial labors, he represented the city for successive years in the popular branch of the legislature, and at the period of his death was a Regent of the University. His last appearance in political life was as the gub- ernatorial candidate of the opponents of the national administration in 1836. broad sense of the word, practically and scientifi- colly, that he has built h's fame of a public bene- factor. As such, he was known throughout this continent and in the old world ; and no man has cpntributed more, as a writer and in practical life, to elevate, inform aiul improve the agriculture of his ago. Nearly six years ago, as an auxiliary in his plan for the diffusion of knowledge on this sub- ject. Judge B. established "The Cultivator," a monthly publication of the highest value, and of great and varied information, and which has attain- ed a vast circulation throughout the American con- tinent. His labors, however, were not confined to his monthly publication, ample as were its pages. His pen was in constant requisition upon nearly ev- ery subject connected with the cultivation of the soil, and hie correspondence throughout the Union ond abroad was extensive. In example, not less than in precept he may be said to have conferred blessings that will continue to fructify and ripen into fruit, long after his body shall have mingled with his favorite earth. As a neighbor and a citizen — and in all the re- lations of domestic life — he was without reproach. He was esteemed not less for his integrity than his intelligence and worth — for the unaffected affabili- ty and simplicity of manner in his intercourse with his fellow men. He may be said to have lived for utility, and to have died in the prosecution of hie favorite employment. His death is a public be- reavement, which all will mourn as irreparable. PRESERVING POTATOES. Wherever practicable, potatoes should be dug during dry 'weather, as the earth is then less liable to adhere to them, and they soon become dry. — They should be exposed as short a time as possible to the light, as it always injures their quality for whatever use they are intended. Hence a coarse blanket or boards should be employed to cover them in the heap or wagon, during the time that they necessarily remain in the field. Exposure to the light for any length of time, even in a cellar, greatly injures potatoes ; the bins therefore, in which they are kept, should be so constructed ae to exclude it entirely ; in short, they should be kept in a state similar to that before thej^are dug, that is, secure from air and light, with a slight de- gree of moisture to prevent withering, and a tem- perature so low as to keep them from vegetating. The difference in the quality caused by good and bad keeping, is very rarely appreciated. When they are buried in the field, a dry piece ef'ground should be selected, which shall be at all times entirely free from surface water. They are to be covoi'ed, first, thickly with stiaw, and after- wards with several inches of compact earth. A secohd thick coat of straw and another of earth is then to be applied. The straw for the other or sec- ond coat, should be long and straight, such as has been thrashed with a flail, and placed in a position so as to throw the moisture and wet from the peah down the side, like the thatching of a roof. This keeps the inner coat of earth dry, and effectually prevents the water from penetrating the heap. The earth for the outer coat should be fine and compact, so as to throw off the rain. If these directions are carefully attended to, there will be no danger of losing potatoes by freezing and rotting, and they will keep in the best condition till spring — Gene- see Farmer. 146 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, OCT. 33, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, October 23, 1839. HARDVVICK CATTLE SHOW. The farrners of Hardwick, VVorcesler counly, held a town show on Kriday, the lllh instant. Their princi- pal object was to bring out ihe oxen of the town and compare Iheni with each other. They had an agreeable public dinner on ihe occasion, and an address from the Agricultural Commissioner, in the meeting house. The number of oxen presented were not so great as sometimes ; but there were one hundred and thirtien yoke on the common. They were in geni-ral very good cattle and in excellent condition. Sevcial yoke which had been grass fed only, exhibited as beef cattle, did much credit to their owners. Twelve teams con- tested in a drawing malch. One of the loads drawn up hill weighed 4000 lbs , and one 3500 lbs. besides the cart. Only one yoke was employed at a time. They in general touk the load uphill without difficuliy,and showed in drawing and backing, excellent training. — One thing delighted us, vvhicli was, the fixed purpose and evident habit of the drivers lo get along without scolding, goading or blows This was done almost en- tirely. Thi.! is a great gain to humanity ; and we hope the day is gone by when every thing was to be done with children as well as cattle by whipping and re- proaches. These annual municipal shows cannot be too much encouraged. They excite a spirited and generous emu- lation ; they promote good neighborhood and kind feel- ings; they show what has been and can be done ; and they strengthen the bondsof friendship and good neigh- borhood. We think a ploughing match should have made a part of the show, and that the farmers' wives and daughters should have been induced to send some of their dairy produce for exhibition, and specimens of their needle work, knitting or weaving. No great improvements can be made in any of the valuable arts of life unless the public attention by such occasions as these, is fre- quently and strongly dra« n to them. The premiums (merely nominal) were announced after the address ; and some of the reports abounded in humor. Hard- wick is a hjll town, aneMhe farms almost exclusively devoted to the dairy husbandry. In the quality and quantity of its dairy produce, it h;is long held a high character in the commonwealth. H. C. WORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Ex-Governor Lincoln, the President of the Worcester County Agricultural Society, gave at the meetinghouse before the address, some interesting facts in regard lo ^the history of this society. It was formed twentyone years ago, and the zeil with which its affairs have al- w.iys been [nanaged, is unremitted. At the formation of the Society six individuals gave their notes of hand for five hundred dollars each, njaking a sum of $3000, which it was neiessary should be raised in ■ ider to their drawing the bounty of llie Slate, aojounting to six hundred dollars. They gave ihese notes without know- ing how thoy should be remunerated (or them ; but the subscriptions of individuals in order to become members of the society at five dollars each, discharged these notes in one year, and have put the society upon a firm and liberal foundation. The funds of the Society now amount to 7500 dollars, exclusive of three hundred dollars in bad debts, and fif- teen hundred dollars in buildings and furniture, or frames for the pens. The entries at the show of the 9th inst were 473 ; and there were one hundred more than had been made on any former occasion. The arrange- ments with the State Society brought 'lul several com- petitors. The entries for ihe Stale premiums amounted tothirtytwo ; and U|ion these two hundred dollars were awarded. It wasleft to the 'County society previously to determine to what objects these premiu its should be applied ; and they were wholly >;iven to stock The urrangenient with the State Society was a very judicious one. It was to be regretted that the Society was not more fully represented on the occasion. The President ofthe Worcester Society expressed his hope that some combiijed arrangement between the Worces- ter and State society might become permanenl ; and pledged the ready co-operation of the VVorcesler .'"ociety in such arrangement. This deserves much considera- tion ; but its practicability with the full consent oftlie different sections of tlie State, is queslionable. The farmers in Berkshire, in the thiee river counties, in Plymouth, in Essex, would not find it easy to reach Woicestcr with their stock, notwithstanding the increas- ed facilities of intercommunication ; and an occasional arrangement and co-operation wilh the different counly societies in succession, would probably be more salisfac- tory and quite as useful. Where the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society find it inconvenient to attend, they sliould appoint a deputation of persons not belong- ing to the county, who would attend. There is another change which we think should be made. To every society raising a permanenl fund oi three tfiOusand dollars or reaching that amount by an- nual subscriptions, the State grant six hundred dollars annually, to be bestowed in premiums. This is a stand- ing law. Now for this money, as well as for that of the MassachuseliB Society, the competition should be open to citizens from any part ofthe State. The coun- ty has, of course, a right to dispose of its moneys as it may choose ; but the State bounty should be free. No evil could result from this. It would increase the com- petition ", and as excellence and improvement are the only objects, this would greatly conduce to these ends. It would diffuse the knowledge of the different improve- ments made in different counties. It would in the next place be a great advantage to those farmers who, from their p.articular location, find it difficult to attend the cattle show of their own, but could conveniently altend that of a neighboring county. Another arrangement seems very di sirable ; which is that the Cattle Shows in the several counties should be so arranged by mulual consent as not to interfere wilh each other. 'J'his might easily be done by taking an earlier week in the season or a different day ofthe week. This year the Middlesex and ihe Berkshire Cattle Shows fell on the same day ; and the Worcester and the Hamp- shire Cattle Shows on the same days. It is a very bad arrangement, likewise, to crowd the whole business into one day. Two days are as little time as can be properly given to such a celebration. — Let the first day be for the show of live stock, manu- factures and machinery ; and after the exhibition they con be removed. Let the second day be given to the ploughing match, the address, and the reports. Let there be tws public frugal dinners, which, without wine, need not cost more than fifty cents, so that no faimor need be kept from the table on account of the expense. This is all that is charged at any of the hotels, for as good a dinner as is given at the public table. Wine need not be prohibited to those who choose to call and pay for it. Do away with formal processions, and let the fanners bring iheir wives and daughters to the table, if they choose to share in the innocent festivities of the occasion, instead of being lefl in solitude and neglect, li remain wherever they are put down. Let the hours ai ter dinner and iho intermediate evening be passed u. agricultural conversation and discussion among the far- mers. In this way we think great advantages would accrue and much pleasure be obtained. Or, if it be incon^ venient for the ladies to come to the dinner table, than let a levee' be held in some hall, where at a reasonable expense, coffee and cakes may be provided, and the' evening devoted to pleasant and free intercourse. Next, let ihe premiums be declared after the address, on the secpnd day, in full assembly ; and delivered pub-, licly in some permanent form to the successHil competi-; tor.s, so ihat the farmer or farmer's wife and daughter, may have a piide in showing it to their friends and chil- dren, and transmit it as an heir loom in the family to those who shall come after them. This would be doing things as they should be done, and give the highest interest to such shows. Nothing could be more favorable to agricultural improvement and the general improvement of our rural population, than two days thus spent in the course ofthe year. The farmers in the neighborhood could easily go home at night and carry some distant friends with them ; and aa to ihose who come from afar, they are now obliged to pass one or two nights in the town. Nothing can ba worse than the pre-sent arrangement of crowding every thing into one da}' ; and how the committees get through their duties as well as they do, it is difficult to conceive. I They are debarred all the pleasures ofthe occasion, and their attention must be exclusively and almost painfully confined to the particular objects of their appointment. H. C. e753aC!fi^Rra5&TKliMiII3a«K!a*:ftJSETSlliaAW"-H "a-Vl*&'3Rlff»SSK«3»ara^ DEATH OF JUDGE BUEL. Intelligence ofthe decease of this valuable man and distinguished friend of the agricultural interest of the country, reached Worcester on the morning of the Cat- tle Show, and produced profound and sincere regret. — At the dinner an appropriate notice was taken of the event by the President, and resolutions of respectful re- membrance of the deceased and condolence vvith his be- reaved family, were offered by the Agricultural Com- \ missinner, and will hereafter be published. Judge BuEL has effected an amount of good in the country which few other men can lay claim to having done, and few ate able to accomplish. To strong pow- eis of mind he added great accuracy of observation and much acquired knowledge and experience ; an extensive acquaintance with men and things ; much practical skill ; a deep sense of ihe importance of agriculture and rural economy to the country, and a most active and hearty interest in the elevation cf the character and the im- provement of the condition of our agricultural popula- tion. His manners were urbane and hospitable ; and his loss must be deeply felt by a moat attached family, to whom we can offer only our most respectful and sin- cere condolence. We hope hereafter to be able to give a more extended notice ofthe lif» and character of this valuable man. H. C. [Communicaied ] Mr Brhck — Please to publish the following contribu- tions of exceedingly fine fruits, at the Exhibition of the Horticultural Society on the 25th ult., an account of which was omitted in the list sent for publication in your last, through the neglect of Messrs Knowbodie & Twasanty. From E. Bartlett, Roxbury, one of the vice presidents; Pears— Napoleon, Roi de Wirtemburg, Calotte de Saiase, Andrews, Bartlett or William's Bon Chretien, Fulton, and Secklu. vol.. xvm, Ko. 16. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 147 'rom .liihn A. Konrick, Newlon ■. Pears— Washington Andrews. Peucliei— Belle de Vilry. lam I R. Jolinson, Clinrlestowii ; Grapes — Chasseliis. T. VVheelwrijhl, Newlon ; Apples— Washington ■mnin. •oiii W. Livorsidge, Dorchester, b_v Dr llolbrook ; Plant — superior. Volunteer. •ith October, '39. 3"The Horticultural Report was received too late iserlion this week. RlGirrON MARKKT.— MoNM.iT, Oct. 21,18.?!). Kfiwlpcl fur llie Npw tneluml Hntiiicr. t Market 950 Beef Cattle, 1200 Stores, 4200 Sheep. 1G30 Swine. RICES.— Iteef Cattle. — We quote to correspond with week, about the same prices were obtained for alike ity, viz. First quality, $7 25 a f" 75. Second qual- 25 a .$6 75. Tliird quality, $5 00 a $5 75. 'ores. — Former prices were not sustained and sales lade at prices rather lower than last week. We e Yearlings $11 a $14. Two Year Old $16 a $27. oics and Calves.— Sa\es $28, $42, $50, and $G2. teep, — Sales were a little better in anticipation of Her reduction on pells than was expected last week, quote lots at$l 75, $1 92, $2 12, $2 50, and $3 25. eine — Sales were quick without much advance, entire lot, including a few half Berkshires at 4 1-2 5-12. Lots to peddle at 4 1-4 and 5 1-4, and* two 4 3-8 and 5 3-3. At retail 5 a 5 1-& for sows, and 5 1-2 for barrows. sveral of the Berkshire, mentioned in our last report, lin unsold. THERMOAIETRICAL. (Icpnrted for the New England Farmer, ingeof the Thermometer at the Gardenof the proprietors e New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded herly exposure, week ending October 21. DcT., 1839. 16A.M. I 12,M. |6,P.M. I Wind. day, nesday, •sday. rday, 54 63 47 1 45 49 50 1 44 62 43 1 43 70 57 1 52 60 61 I 59 67 - 65 37 41 33 1 E. W. S. V eavy rain Monday, Tuesday and Saturday, the remainder le week was very pleasant, and remarkable fine .for the MORUS illULcTICAULIS. 00 Mullicaulis from 2 lo 4 feet htgh, wood well ripened; iidingin the field on the Jones Place in An^ell Street, a mile from the Providence Market, for sale low (if la- in the field) by JOSEPH STETSON on ihe premises n application to STliMSON & HODGES, yidence, October 23. rult and Ornamental Trees, Mulberries, &c. ■uit Trees of all the different species ; — The collections offered, are of the most celelirated and surpassing kinds. Pears are unusually fine — the Peach and the Cherry ;s arc also fine, and in very extraordinary numbers. The ilogue of Pniit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, 5S, and Herbaceous Flowering Plants, for 1839, is ready will be sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very kinds (f fruits, so far as proved, are particularly desig- d 6y a star. '0,000 MoROs MtJLTiCACLis Trees or any other reasona- luantity, or cuttings of the same, are now offered. The e genuine; all being raised hy the subscriber, eilher is Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment a smouth in Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Cockspur Buckthorn for Hedges, &c.&c. Canton, Broussa, Moret- Alpine, and some other Mulberries. 11 orders will lie promptly attended to, and trees when irdered will be securely packed for safe transporlion to ant places. WILLIAM KENRICK. onautum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. SPI.BNDID nrLBOUS FLOWER ROOTS. Just received by JO.SEPH BRECK & CO., from Holland, a very large and well selected assortment of Dutch Bulbous Roots, among which are the following : — Hyacinths— Double while, double white wiih red and purple eyes, double rosy, double red, dark blue, liijhi blue and yellow, single white, while wilh ted and purple eyes, rosy, pink, red, light and dark blue, yellow and variegated, comprising 150 varieties of choice named sorts. .Ti'LiPs — Fine late named sorts, fine double do., mixed sin- gle, mixed double, single and double Van ThroU lor forcing, Parrots, &c. &c. Cbown Imperials — Double red ami yellow, single red and yellow, striped leaves, &c. Polyanthus Narcissus — White, yellow, while with yel- low and cilron cups, and cilron wilh yellow cups. Narcissus — Orange Phasnix, Sulphur Phoenix. Incompa- rable, Van Sion, and Trrftus cantus, with double flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poeticus, wilh single. JosciuiLLEs — Double and single. Ranunculus — Large double red and yellow Turkey, and other varieties. Anemones — Many fine mixed and named varieties. Iris— English, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus- White, blue, purple, yellow, cloth of gold, stripedi &c. in 25 sorts. Gladiolus — Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers ; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single white, striped leaved, and spotted ^ Calcidonica, Buliferum, Martigon, Kampschatkian, Aurantica, &c. P*:ONiEs— Double white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved &c. Also — Snow Drops. Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Orniiholigurns of all sorts. Arum dracunculus. Geranium tuberosum, Alliurn flavum, Hyacinlhus monstrosus, plarnosus, bolrioid^s and Kelgicus ol sorts; Frilillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice colleclion of bulbs have been selected wilh much care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are offered to purchasers wilh great confidence, believing they will give universal satisfaction to all who will give them a fair trial. Orders should be forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber. No. 52 North Market Street, office of the New England Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers. Octobep23. JOSEPH BRECIC & CO Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Flo'ivering Slirnbs. Plants, &c. The present being the most favorable season for trans- planting all hardy trees and shrubs, we would remind those who are in want of Fruit or Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Herbaceous Plants, &c. that wo can furnish them at short notice at nursery prices, well packed for transportation to any part of ihe country. JOSEPH BRECK & CO, October 16. PKAR, PLUM, GRAPE VINES, &.C. 1000 Pear Trees of the most approved kinds ; 1000 Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and size — many of them have borne the past 500 Quince Trees ; 3000 Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet high, most of ihem have borne fruit — Black Hamburgh, Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling; 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roois; 5000 VVilniot's Early Rhubarb or Tie Want, lately intro duced ; Also— a good assoitmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c. o diflerent k.nds ; All orders left at this office, or wilh the subscriber at Cam bridge-port, or in Mr Lynch's baggage wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No. S Faneuil Hall, will meet with immediat attention. SAMUEL POND, October 9. Cambridge port, Mass. HOUSE IK DORCHESTER. To let a large and convenient house, pleasantly sittfSled in Dorchester, one third of a mile beyond Dr Oodman'^nteelins house, and between five and six miles from Boston ; to^thei with 14i^ acres of fine land, well slocked wilh fruit trees. There are good wells of water- a fine barn, chaise house and corn barn, and convenient out buildings. The above affords a rare chance to some practical person wishing carry on a farm; possession given immediately. Apply at this office. October 9. ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at %h per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " •' " . Beans, white, Foreign, ' " Domestic, . Beef, mess, No. 1. . prime, • ■ ■ Beeswax, white, yellow, Butter, tub, lump, Chefse, new milk, Cider, .... refined, Bone Manure, in casks, . Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, ■ Flax. (American) Fisii, Cod, Gra:id Bank, . Biv, Chaleur, Haddock, new, . Mackerel, No. 1 bushel barrel pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal No. 3, . Mewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, nnrlhern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Hams, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, 1st sort,. southern, 1st sort. Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, li"ht, , Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refinedj Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lb Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, .... Prime, . . . ■ Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony h'leeces, . American, full blood, washed do, 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, = . { Pulled superfine, ^"3 J No. 1, . ■ . r3')No.2 2 =■ I No. 3, 'pound pound cask gallon pound pr M. pound 6 00 1 62 2U0 14 00 13 00 11 00 40 23 6 25 S25 2a6 30* 2B7 3 00 2 78 1 50 12 UO 12 50 10 50 7 25 7 50 6 00 6 2S 22 00 23 00 6 62 6 75 6 75 4 25 3 75 4 00 16 00 12 00 1 20 2 76 20 00 23 00 1,00 16 00 11 50 12 00 2S? 3 00 S5 100 1 50 ?80 3 00 2 62 3 00 I 37 1 62 FEAR TREES. For sale at the garden of the subscriber a large collection of Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees comprising most of the choice varieties of European and American origin. Orders by mail will be immediately answered. October 16. ROBERT MANNING. U8 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, OCT. 3 3, 183 MISCELLANEOUS " We live and learn," is a saying wtiieh every day verifies. Who lias not seen and been pained at the cruel punishment inflicted on a horse, who taking what is called the 'studs,' refuses to move an inch forward, albeit he will ' back' more readily than is desiied ? Some time since a horse took the studs in one of our principal streets. He was, as the by- standers all agreed, remarkably stubborn. He was beaten, cruelly, unmercifully, and yet he would not go. He was coaxed and patted, but without effect ^are was no -go-along' in him. It wms di.stres- airig to see how h With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two busti- els'a minute, which is full twice as fa.st as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam ''"s'^Tlie knives owing to the peculiar manner in whichthey cut,' require sharpening less often than those of any other '^^j'^'The machine is simple in its construclion, made and nutto=elher very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated "machines in general use to get outol order. The population of Paris amounts to 1,200,000 souls, and that of London to 1,700,000— in both 2,900,000. THE NEW ENGLAND F.IKNER Is pubiished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year— but those who pay within sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 50 cents. •• 4, TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTERS, 17 SOHOOLSTREKT BOSTO-N AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. POCIJSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricoltural Warehodse.) 91.. xvin.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 30, 1839. [NO. ir. AGRICULTURAL. WORCESTER CATTLE SHOW. The annual festival of the Worcester Agricultu- I Society was held on Wednesday, Oct. 9. The hibition of the people of the county was maffni- It is estimated that more than 8000 persons eembled on the husbandman's holiday, principally )m our citizens. Many guests from abroad were ent. The earliest train of cars on the Boston ilroad brought five hundred passengers; the cars the Great Western Railway added many to the ncourse of strangers. The Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agri- Iture, was well represented by the Hon. John ells and Mr Codman ; iMr Joseph Breck was the legate of the New England Farmer; Gov. Isaac 11, a native of Worcester county, was present mi NewHampshrre; John G. Deane, Esq. attend- for the associations of Maine ; the societies of )nnecticut were absent, and Rhode Island and rniont omitted to report themselves in the meet- y of the friends of agriculture. The ploughing match on the field of Capt. Lewis gelow, was first of the exercises, and is said to ve been conducted in fine style. The teams re handsome and well trained, the ploughmen ilfu), the implements made by Ruggles, Nourse Mason, wliich is all that need be said of their ality, and the work done well and quick. The religious e.xercises in the church were per- •med in an appropriate manner by the Rev. Kr veetser, of Worcester, chaplain nf the day. Previous engagements with the most interesting all animals, prevented the editor from listening the address delivered by Alfred D. Foster, Esq. is said to have been distinguished for beauty of pression and sound and correct sentiment. The pics- discussed, as we are informed, were of the ■nefits of labor, the condition of the American far- ar, the progress and improvement of agriculture, id the motives which should induce the young isbandman of New England to remain in his na- 'c land, where industry receives its just reward, id the moral, religious, and social institutions, af- rd means of happiness, instead of emigrating to e west. At half past two, the members of the Society ith their guests and many strangers, sat down to 1 e.xcel lent dinner, provided by Mr Putnam, of the entral Hotel. The Hon. Levi Lincoln presided, isisted by the Hon. Edmund Gushing, of Lunen- irg, and the Hon. Joseph Bowman, of New Brain- ee. Vice Presidents of the Society. The religious :rvices at the table were appropriately and im ■esaively performed by the Rev. Mr Sweetser, of le Calvinist church. After thanks had been re- irned, the president rose and said, " that under tlie )undant causes for gratulation and enjoyment in le occasion, an event had reached his knowledge, le tidings of which could not but be received by 1 assembly of farmers and persons especially en- aged in cultivating the products of the earth, with le deepest emotions of interest and mournful re. gret. The papery of the morning bring intelli- gence of the decease of the Hon. Jf.ssf, Buf.l, the distinguished, scientific, and eminently successful practical farmer of a neighboring state ; and I have been advised," added the president, " that this time and place may be deemed the most appropriate to make to you the melancholy communication, and to invite from you an expression of the sentiments of grateful esteem with which you have regarded his labors in the cause of agriculture, and of the cher- ished respect in which you will hold the remem- brance of his private and social virtues. '•To Judge Buel, of Albany, more perhaps than to anj' other single individual, is the country in- debted for an illustration of tho influence of high intellectual powers upon the common and humble occupations of life. He afforded, in his own per- son, a bright example of the agency of learning and literary apcomplishments to direct the hand and ameliorate the condition of labor. He was above nothing that was useful, and whether engaged in the investigation of the laws of nature, or in the ap- plication of discovered principles to practical re- sults, he was alike the servant and the benefactor of the farmer. As a skilful horticulturist, he was no less eminent than as a successful husbandman ; and the improved fruits of our gardens and orchards will annually hereafter bear witness in this depart- ment, to the liberality and extensive influence of his exertions. He died in the midst of a life of the most active usefulness. Indeed, the inexorable messenger arrested him in the very pathway of his labors. He was on a journey from the place of his residence to the city of New Haven, on an occasion like that which we are now assembled to celebrate, there to instruct from the treasures of his reading, reflection, and experience, an agricultural associa- tion, and to participate in the festivities of the har- vest home of the farmer, when he was himself sud- denly gathered to the great harvest of mortality. It is not for me," continued the president, "to attempt his biography, or in this place, to speak of the many interesting relations whici he had sustained, both as a public and private man, to society. The State of which he was a citizen, and the country to which his life was a blessing, will long and deeply deplore his loss. It is my purpose only, in simple and brief terms to announce his death, to give opportunity to a distin- guished individual now present, who was personal- ly and intimately acquainted with his worth, to offer in happier language, appropriate expressions of re- spect for his character and grief for his loss." The Rev. Henry Colman, Agricultural Commis- sioner of the State, rose and remarked in substance, that in the tribute of respect and gratitude just paid by the president of the Society, to the character and distinguished merits of the late .Tiidge Buel, he cor- dially sympathised. An eminently useful man had indeed fallen ; one who ought justly to be regarded as an instructor and guide in the great work of agricul- tural imprbvement. To him the community is largely indebted for the teachings of an enlightened mind, operating upon the results of a broad experience in the application of human labor. Mr Colman proceed- ed to pronounce a brief but beautiful eulogium upon the beneficial influences of a life like that of Judge Buel, devoted to the original employment of man, in the culture of the earth. His writings, he said, were among the best practical treatises upon the subjects of husbandry and the raising and manage- ment of plan* ) and trees, and now that his instruc- tive labors were unexpectedly terminated, there could be in such an assembly as he was addressing, but one perv.-iding sentimenl of regret in the mel- ancholy event. As expressive of this sentiment, he would beg leave to introduce the following reso- lutions:— Resolved, That this meeting of Worcester and Massachusetts farmers have learnt this day with deep regret, the decease of Jesse Buel, Esq., of Al- bany. Resolved, That the memory of Judge Buel should be cherished with the highest respect by- the agri- cultural community throughjut the whole country, for the eminent zeal and intelligence with which he has devoted his distinguished talents to the cause of agricultural improvement, and contributed ao largely to its advancement. Resolved, That the Corresponding Secretary of the Worcester Agricultural Society, be requested to transmit these resolutions to his bereaved family, in testimony of their respectful condolence in this private and public calamity. The resolutions having been read, were there- upon immediately and unanimously adopted. The follawing sentiments, among others, pre- pared for the occasion, were successively announc- ed from the chair : Tilling the jiarih — An employment of man in paradise — it brings with it still, the cheerfulness of health and flie happiness of content, and raises him to the dignity of true independence. Education of the Young — The culture of a virgin soil — if sowed with good seed, the harvest richly repays the labor; if left fallow, noxious weeds alone spring up in baleful profusion. Agriculture, Commerce and Manufactures — An honest old trading firm ; always successful when true to each other. May there be no dissolution of copartnership by mutual consent. The JVational Team of twentysix strong — Who- ever drives or whoever holds — may there be no shoving or goading; no getting over the traces and no breaking the chain. Cure for hard limes — Cheat the doctor by being temperate ; cheat the lawyer by keeping out of debt; and cheat the demagogue, of whatever party, by voting for honest men. Morus Mutticauiis — A tough name for a tender tree. Though it has woriri'd itself into the affec- tions of so many, may they never find themselves bit by a caterpillar, nor see their hopes fly awajr on the wings of a butterfly. The Plough — The great instrument of human subsistence ; the pioneer of civilization ; the true foundation of national wealth. Speed the plough. The president remarked, that in announcing the last sentiment, which referred to the " instrument" by which we subdued the earth, his eye was arrest- 150 NEW ENGLAND FARMER OCT. 30, 18S9. ed by one whose person reminded him of another sort of instrumentality, by whicli conquests scarcely | less important had been achieved upon a ditferent , element. In the sentiment he would now an- nounce, he should have the pleasure of presenting to the attention of tlie company an honored ijuest, the gallant Captain Babbit, of the Navy. He then gave The Xavy of the United States— In celebrating this rural festival, may we not be unmindful, that if seeds of wealth may successfully be sown on the furrows of the tarlh, harvests of glory have been gar- nered up from the billows ofthe ocean. This sentiment was received with hearty and prolonged cheers, and was acknowledged by Capt. Babbitt, but we regret, in so low a tone of Voice as to have been too imperfectly heard to be reported. In allusion to the liberality of the Massachusetts i Society for the Promotion of Agriculture, which had united with the County Society in the offer of premiums on this occasion, and to the Hon. Ji lin Welles, one of the 'I'rustees of the State Society, who had greatly enriched the Show by the gratui- tous e.xhibltion of several beautiful animals from his fine herd, the following sentiment was announ- ced from the chair : The Massachusetts Society for the Promotion of Agriculture— 'V\ioy not only send here their funds, Z.S premiums io encourage the raising of good stock, but their officers bring with them the best specimens to show us what it is they mean to encourage. Mr Welles responded in a few remarks upon the excellency of the Show, and gave the following sentiment : The Agriculturists of TVorcester— Their splendid Fair, and their Show, this day exhibited /lere— with a due homage to the Fair elsewhere, and the Show which beautifies the whole face of the country. Mr Codman, also one ofthe Board of Trustees ofthe Massachusetts Society, gave an apt sentiment highly complimentary to the County Society. Mr John Lane Boylston, gave — The City of Boston — May the iron links which unite us in friendship, never be broken by discord. Mr Colman, the Agricultural Commissioner, and Mr Foster, the orator of the day, were happy in their responses to personal complimentary allusions, which called them out, but the haste in leaving the table, occasioned by the announcement of the ex- hibition ofthe great Sutton team, prevented obtain- ing copies of their sentiments. Several other gen- tlemen offered toasts, which we have not been able to collect. His Excellency Governor Everett, who had been invited to attend, accompanied his expression of re-, gret that previous engagements denied him the gratification, with the following sentiment: The County of M'orcester— Rich in the fertility of her soil — richer in the character of her citizens : her prosperity is essential to that of the Common- wealth. The company retired from the table to inspect the long train of seventyfour yokes of fine oxen, ex- hibited by the rood farmers ofthe town of Sutton. The interesting character of this, as indeed of ev- ery other part of the Show, will be best seen, by the reports ofthe appropriate committees. The committees have always been formed of practical men, skilled and experienrcd in the man- ufactures and stock assigned for their examination. The chairman has been selected with reference to the convenience and facility of presenting to the Society, in the few hours allowed for the discharge of the duty, a report of the decisions. By the reg- ulations ofthe trustees, ho is not permitted to vote in awarding premiums or gratuities, except when members stlnd equally divided. The reporting offi- cers, this year, were prevented, by the unanimity ofthe committees, from exercising the right of suf- frage. . .The following abstract of the premiums awarded, excepting those mentioned in the printed reports, will furnish acceptable information to successful competitors. — N'atioual Mgis. Ploughing with Double Teams. Leonard Wheelock, Grafton, first premium $10 Reuben Wheelock, Sutton, second 7 Artemas Ward, 3d, Worcester, third 5 Stephen Marth, Sutton, fourth 3 Milch Cows and Fat Cattle. L. & E. Barnard, Worcester, fat ox, 2252 lbs. $2C Jedediah fistabrook, Rutland, second premium K I Gardner Wilson, Leicester, third K Jacob Stevens, Charlton, best milch cow 1! Elijah Darling, Princeton, second 1< Reuben Barton, Milbury, third * Wm. Eames, Worcester, fourth • $13 10 8 5 75 5 5 Working Oxen. Daniel Tenney, Sutton, first premium Stephen Marsh, Sutton, second David W. Carpenter, Charlton, third Elbridge G. Wheelock, Milbury, fourth 74 yokes of oxen, Sutton, team David Carpenter, Charlton, team Simon Carpenter, Charlton, team Steers. Abel Flagg and sons, Worcester, best 3 yrs old $8 Harvey Dodge, Sutton, second 6 Reuben Wheelock, Sutton, third 4 Elijah L. Case, Grafton, best 2 yrs old 6 John McLallen, Sutton, second 4 Lewis Abbott, Brookfield, third 3 Alpheus Davis, Charlton, best yearling 5 Horatio Gates, Worcester, second 3 Other Mat Stock. Nathan Brooks, Bolton, best bull Orsemus Willard, Harvard, second '1 homas W. Ward, Shrewsbury, third Joseph Sawyer, Bolton, best bull calf '1 imothy P. Moore, Worcester, second Reuben Wilder, Westboro', third Orsemus Wi'lard,Westboro', best yearling heifer 5 Adam Harrington, Shrewsbury, second 4 Elijah L. Case, Grafton, third '-^ Jonas H. Allen, Shrewsbury, best 2 yr. old heifer 6 Ephraim Drury, Worcester, second 5 Moses Gill, Princeton, third 3 Asa Rice, West Boylston, best 3 yrs old heifer 8 Bentley Stockwell, Sutton, second C Peter Stockwell, Sutton, 2 yrs old 2 Solomon Hathaway, Grafton, best heifer calf 5 Henry Snow, Shrewsbury, second 4 John Whitney, Princeton, third 2 State Society's Premiums. Nathan Brooks, Princeton, best bull Orsemus Willard, Harvard, ne.xt best Thomas W. Ward, Shrewsbury, mixed Merino ewes HoUon Maynard, Northboro', best native ram Daniel Tenney, Sutton, best native ewes John Whitney, Princeton, best native wethers Swine. Samuel A. Knox, Grafton, best Berkshire boar Peter Fay, Southboro', next best Shaker Society, Harvard, Berkshire boar Eden Davis, Webster, " " Marvin Wesson, Templeton, Miller's breed Harvey Dodge, Sutton, best weaned pigs William Eaton, Worcester, next best Eleazer Porter, " best sow Harvey Dodge, Sutton, next best Stale Society's Premiums. James T. Clapp, Belchertown, Berkshire boar Samuel A. Knox, Grafton " " Butter and Cheese. Job Rainger, New Braintree, best Cheese less than one year old Welcome Newhall, New Braintree, second Lorenzo Converse, New Braintree, third Alexander G. Rich, Warren, fourth John Matthews, New Braintree, best old cheea Job Rainger, New Braintree, second Isaac Stone, Shrewsbury, best butter Otis Longley, Boylston, second Luther Chamberlain, Westboro', third George N. Sibley, Grafton, fourth Flowers, Fiuits and Vegetables. Flowers, Edmund F. Dixie, Worcester. Mrs A. D. Foster, Apples, Leonard Harrington, Shrewsbury, Jonathan Nye, New Braintree. Blood beets, Edmund F. Dixie, Worcester. Sugar beets, Charles Warren, " Onions, Samuel A. Knox, Grafton. Potatoes, Eden Davis, Webster. Summer squashes, Bezaleel Taft, Uxbridge. Citron pumpkin. Miss Everett, Worcester. Winter squashes, J. Puffer, Leominster. Hiram Brown, Worcester. Robert tlogerson, Uxbridge. N. E. pumpkin, John D. Sargent, Leicester. French pumpkin, Francis T. Merrick, Worce3t< The premiums awarded to each are equal : tl want of funds unfortunately rendered them triflii in amount. .150 30 Sheep. Thomas W.Ward, Shrewsbury, best Merino ram $7 F. Strong and C. Hadwin, Worcester, best Meri- no ewes * William Thomson, Oakham, second 4 CATTLE SHOW. The Bristol County Agricultural Society he their annual Fair and Show in this town on We nesday last. It was a great falling ofi" frc previous years, and on the whole, rather a meag aff'air. Few animals only were exhibited, or ai thing else, to give interest to the occasion. The were a great many people in town to witness tl exhibition, who expressed much disappointment.- We give below a list of all the premiums awarde which are copied from the Reports of the vane committees. — Taunton Dem. Ploughing Match. The whole number of teams entered for this pu pose was twelve— eight of these were entered wit in the time prescribed by the Society— four only the eight ploughed ; to these premiums were awar ed as follows : To Luther L. Short . ^' Oliver Dean m " XVIII. NO. ir. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 151 •1 A Dean, 11. Leonard $8 00 6 00 4 00 8 00 3 00 .3 0(i 4 00 2 00 4 00 3 00 2 00 Domestic Jlnimals. jHos W. Dean, for the best fat ox lernard Alger, for the 9d best do ;nos W. Dean, for tlie 3d best do acob Dean, for the best bull " " for the 3d best do 'eyton R. Leonard, for the 3 best milch cows, 2d premium Jeorge B. Atwood, for best milch cow Jeorge A. Crocker, for 2d best do )aniel Brewer, for best yearling heifer Jernard Alger, for 2d best do Ibridge Dean, for 3d best do 'eyton R. Leonard, for G best Merino owes 3 00 Simeon Leonard, for best boar 3 00 •Samuel A. Dean, for 2d best do 2 00 Simeon Leonard, for best sow 3 00 The sum of two dollars was awarded to Ja- cob Shepard, for a boar, [any animals were presented for premiums which not been entered agreeably to the rules and ilations of the Society, which require that " all k offered for premium shall be entered on orbe- the Saturday previous to the day of exhibition." he committee did not consider themselves au- rized to award premiums to any stock entered r Saturday last Butter, Cheese and Honey. Alvarus Caswell, best tub of butter Peyton R. Leonard, second best John Arnold, Jr., best lot of cheese Paddock Dean, second best David Arnold, third do Jacob Bayley, best and only lot of honey Fruit and Vegetables. . Jacob Dean, for the best apples for family use G. G. Cobb, for squashes Cassander Williams, do Abel Bliss, for a basket of fine corn Abijah Bliss, jr., lot of Rohan potatoes Stanley S. Garge, do do S. B. Braman, for a lot of fine citrons 5 00 i MASSACHUSETTS HORTICULTURAL SO- 4 00 CIETY. At a meeting of the Society, October .'jtli, 1839, Executive Cemviittee. 18 00 6 00 8 00 Voted, That the thanks of the Society be pre- sented to the Committee of Arrangements, lor their acceptable services in arranging and fitting up the Hall of the Society for its late annual exhibition. Voted, That the thanks of the Society be also presented to all those persons who so liberally con- tributed flowers, fruits and vegetables to the lato aimiial exhibition. Mr Josiah Lovett, 2d, of Beverly, was elected an immediate member of the Society. The Society then proceeded to ballot for officers for the ensuing year, and the following persons were elected — (Messrs Vice Presidei-ts Bartlett and Prince having declined a re-election.) President — Elijah Vose, of Dorchester. Vice Presidents — Jonathan Winship, of Brighton, Marshal P. Wilder, of Dorchester, Benj. V. French, of Braintree, William Oliver, of Dorchester. Treasurer — Samuel Walker, of Roxbury. ■ Recording Secretary — Edward M. Richards, of Dedham. Corresponding Secretary — Robert T. Paine, of Boston. Counsellors — Samuel Downer, Augustus Aspin- wall, Thomas Brewer, Henry A. Breed, Joseph S. Cabot, E. Hersey Derby, N. Morton Davis, David Haggerston, Joseph G. Joy, William Kenrick, John Lemist, William Lincoln, Thomas Lee, Charles Lawrence, Benj. Rodman, M. P. Sawyer, Charles Tappan, Aaron D. Williams, Jonathan Winship, [William Worthington, Thomas Whitmarsh. Professor of Botany and Vegetable Physiology — John Lewis Russell, of Salem. Professor of Entomology — T. W. Harris, of Cam- bridge. Professor of Horticultural Chemistry — Samuel $4 00 I L. Dana, of Lowell. Edward M. Richards, Enoch Bartlett. Elijah Vose, Chairman. William Oliver, Benj. V. French, Committee on Finance. Elijah Vose, Chairman. 1 William Oliver. Benjamin V. French, Standing Commit Committee on Fruits. Ed. M. Richards, Ch'mn. Reproduction of Fruit. — It is said that apples nars, peaches, and various other fruits will not •oduce their like from the seed. May not this arise om the fact of various kinds of each sort being lanted together, the farina of the one is carried by le industrious bee to the other, and a hybrid pro- uced ? Would it not be worthy of a trial, to take )r instance the stone of a peach remotely situated rom any other of the species, and see whether it rould not produce its like.' We believe it would, .nd if so, many diseases which proceed from graft- ng and budding might be avoided. This will, we are sure, be an unpopular doctrine with many, but Believing it correct, we hesitate not to advance it. Farm. &( Gardener. Robert Manning, William Kenrick, Samuel Downer, Benj. V. French, John A. Kenrick, John M. Ives, P. B. Hovey, jr., L. P. Grosvenor, J. L. L. F. Warren, Samuel Pond. Committee on Products of Kitchen Garden. J. L. L. F. Warren, Ch. Rufus Howe, Samuel Pond, Ebenezer Crafts. Aaron D. Williams, Committee on Flowers, Shrubs, Sfc. Sam'l Walker, Chairman. David Haggerston, J. E. Teschemacber, Samuel R. Johnson. C. M. Hovey, William Carter, Joseph Breck, John Towne. Samuel Sweetser, niassnclitiaclls Horticultural Society. KSHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, Oct. 12, 1839. Mr Wilder exhibited the monstrous Pompone Peach, this is the " Pavie de Pompone" ofthe Lon- don Horticultural Society's Catalogue. Mr Thomp- son remarks, that it will not ripen except in a warm season and good situation. Mr Oliver exhibited large and beautiful speci- mens ofthe Urbaniste Pear: they fully sustain their former high character. Mrs Jones exhibited a basket of fine Peaches from her garden, No- 14 Friend street, Boston. Mr Emerton, of Salem, exhibited the Surpass Vergoulouse and Capsheaf Pear : these were most superior specimens, and produced a very favorable opinion of their value. Mr Walker exhibited a basket of Plums, unnam- ed : as this variety appears to be valuable from its size, beauty, and late ripening, it is intended fur- ther to investigate its name and origin. Mr Lowell exhibited the following Pears, viz. Grande Bretagne, Glout Moroeau, (from Mr Par- menter) Reine Caroline, Delices Hardenpont, Deli- ces Charles, and Beurre Bronze : the Reine Caro- line was the only one at maturity, and was judged to be a very fine fruit. Mr Guild exhibited the following Grapes, viz. liabella. Black Hamburg and Sweetwater, the two last were the produce of vines cultivated in the open ground — they were pronounced equal if not superior to any grapes of the same sort and same cultivation exliibited this season. Mr Manning exhibited the following apples, viz. Boxford, KilhamHill, Lyscom, and Ribstone Pip- pin for a particular description of these apples we refer to Mr Kenrick's New American Orchardist The following Pears from the collection provided by the Society, were examined to-day, viz : Wil- kinson, Beurre Bronze and Duchess de Angouleme. We do not find the Beurre Bronze described by any Pomological author : it is not even named in the second edition of the London Horticultural Socie- ty's Catalogue : its color however, is a sure indi- cation that the name is correct : it is a large and good fruit, and well deserves to be extensively dis- seminated. For the Committee, ROBERT MANNING. Elijah Vose, Chairman Robert T. Paine, William Kenrick, Ezra Weston, jr., Committee on the Library. Charles M. Hovey, M. P. Wilder, Thomas Lee. One ofthe best plans for keeping potatoes in cel- lars, is to construct a bin, put sand in the bottom, line the sides and ends with smooth and handsome- ly cut sods, and when the potatoes are put in, cover them with sods and beat them down closely. In \ this way, all the above requisites may be obtained, j Potatoes intended for constant family use, may be i kept temporarily in barrels, and covered with sand. John Lowell, Chairman. I William Kenrick Genesee Far. I Robert Manning, | Samuel Downer., Committee on Synoni/ms of Fruit. Deciduous trees, that is, trees which shed their leaves in autumn, may be transplanted with safety, when they are not in a growing state, that is, at any time after the functions ofthe leaves have been ar- rested by frost in autumn, and before they come in- to leaf in the spring. If planted in autumn, in a high northern latitude, it is well to throw around the tree a shovelfull of dung, to protect thff roots from the cold of winter. — Cultivator. Great Yield Dr Fuller, ofthe Connecticut Re- treat, raised this season, from one Rohan potato weighing 4 oz., ninetysix pounds five ounces ! 152 NEW ENGLAND FARMER OCT. :S0, J839. DIALOGUE BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. Supposed conversation betiveen a providtnl and im- provident farmer, and their respective crops and stocks SfC, Flank. — Father, which is tlie most profitable breed of sheep for the farmer ? 1 should suppose the largest, as a sheep is a sheep you know, and a large one is of more value than a small one. Father. — A prudent man will advise with his land on that subject. Frank. — Hut can his land advise withfa'm? Father. — Yes, and the lessons which a farmer is taup^hi by his land, are not soon forgotten, as, ac- cording 1o the old adage, "bought wit is best." I sometimes fancy that my crops converse with rne, when I visit them of an evening, iind if I could do justice to those fancied dialogues which I seem to hear, and could commit them to paper, they would, I think, make a pleasant addition to your book. 'Frank. — O, do try — " nothing is impossible to a willing mind," you know. -Fninfr.- Most opportunely quoted the text — now for the SERMON. We will suppose then, that a slovenly procrasti- nator is visiting his fields on just such a glorious evening as the present, in just such a fruitful sea- son as we are now blest with. He goes up to the field. No. 1, which is wheat, and begins — Grab. — Good evening: fine weather this: but I don't think you look quite so well as you did the last time 1 visited you. Wtirat.—\ wonder how I should — do you not see how I am choked with weeds? how'the thistles are gnading me with their spikes, and the rag ■weeds are taking the food out of my mouth, while the bind weeds are dragging me down to the earth ; and how that T am smothered with evils innumera- ble .= Grabb. — But I allowed you a fallow and plenty of manure; you ought at least to have been able to cope with the weeds. Il'heal You forget that " the earth is own moth- er to the weeds, while she is only mother-in-law to the crops that are planted in her bosom ;" besides, you talk of a fallow — why this great thistle on my right, and which has one of its spikes fixed in my side, has just informed me that he is one of the progeny which was reared in this same fallow of yours, — his parent being the identical thistle under which the farmer sat on horseback and escaped a drenching, while his neighbors were wet to the skin ! You seem to have forgotten that "one year's Eeeding is seven years' weeding." Grabb. — Ah well ! I'll get these weeds pulled. Wheat. — As you said a month ago, and will say again, and never do it. Frank. — Ex'cellent ! But you never fallow or dung for wheat. Father — Nor have T ever such fine thistles. I always dung for green crops, and insure two things at the same time — more food for the cattle, and of course, larger dunghills.' My object is, to retard the growth of the wheat, that it might be strong in the stalk, and I therefore do not encourage its lavish growth by manure and fallow. Now for No. 2. . 2. Corn. Grabb. — Why you look very sickly ; I thought you would do better, judging from the appearance you put on at first coming up — how's this? Corn. — Ask yourself! You thought you were cheating me, when you sowed without manure — a favor you always promised me; I relied upon th»t promise and came up, with the expectation that I should find it when I needed it; but after sending my rciots below in search for it, I find your promises are false — you complain of my sickly look ! I can only say, if you had no more to feed upon than I have, you would not have shelled the three lower buttons oil yoiu- waistcoat! Grabb tucked the shucks into the holes, and walked on. Frank. — I now find that crops can advise and admonish too ; but could not the farmer still do something in the way of top dressing, to remedy a part of the evil ? Father Yes ; but he had no manure. 3. Barley. Grabb. — Ah ! you'll come to noth- ing. Barliy. — 1 thank you, and return the compliment. But what did you expect when you sowed me after once ploughing, on a stiff and wet soil ? " Noth- ing venture, nothing have." I only wish that you had to work so hard as I have for a living. You would then feel for me. 4. Oats. Grabb. — Well, I think you might do a little better than you do, if you would try; why, I shall not get the value of the seed back — that's too bad ! Oats. — Now that's thrice bad of you ! You know that you have had s x grain crops in succe- sion from the land on which I am sown, with not a spadeful of manure of any kind for the last six years ! Why, even the weeds have been starved out, and you have put in practice the lazy farmer's recipe for ridding his land of weeds — "make it so poor that they v ill not grow." Now that's practical liir- ming without theory. Grabb. — But what shall I do for want of the straw which I depended upon as fodder for the cat- tle during next winter? Oats. — Is that all your dependence for the next winter? Why your cattle will be ready toeat^ou.' and you will have to practise the other part of the recipe, "to prevent cattle from dying of starvation — kill them." But I give you warning ; neither they nor you must expect any thing fr( m me; if I can hold my own, 'twill be as much as I shall do. No. 5. Clover. Grabb. — Why you look healthy and well, but how is it that you have made so little progress in heiaht ? There's Farmer Sykes' clover as high as my knees, and will be soon fit for the scythe ; but I am unfortunate in every thing. Clover. — That's a true word, although it is not spoken in jest. Why you seem to forget that as soon as I had made a little progress in growth, you turned in all your starving cattle, horses and sheep, which not only eat up the branch, but also the root. Grabb. — Ah ! that 1 was compelled to do to keep them from starving; but you had all the benefit of their manure while they were feeding you. Clover. — You call that manure? why it was, the gre itest part, nothing but worms and bots — and the little good that remained was soon carried off by the grasshoppers and bugs, which were about as much in want of it as I ! My fear is, that the hot weather which seems now to be setting in, will scorch the land, so unprotected by foliage, and dry up the scanty crop which is left, before it is high enough tor the scythe — and then, what do you think your horses will say to you? If you had done as Farmer Sykes did, you would have deserv- ed his success; you must remember that instead of feeding off his young crop, he top-dressed it with a compost of lime, earth and dung, which had bee carefully prepared in the winter, and well pulve ized ; by which, not only his present crop is doub! benefited, but it is also preparatory to an auturi sowing of wheat on the lay. Now put this ai that together, and calculate the result. First, tv tons of hay per acre, the first cutting; one ton pi acre the second, with a capital aftermath for h dairy ; and if wheat is sown by the 29th of Septet ber, a yield of forty bushels per acre might be q pected at next year's harvest ; and this is nr.i ali- for after the wheat is carried, the land will be tii ned, and the clover stubble perfectly rotted, w. form an excellent seed bed for buckwiieat, witii u expectation of a heavy crop. Now I will leave yi to calculate the value of my second crop, (rememb you have already had the_^rs< cutting, and a save cutting it was,) and of course you do not expe much at the third ; while seventeen bushels wheat per acre next haivest, will be quite as mm as you have any right to expect; and common ju tice will not allow you to sow buckwheat alter. Grabb. — Why, you are one of Job's comforte Clover. — But I cannot see that you have ai claim to the character of Job — for " In all this J sinned not," remember. No. a Potatoes. Grabb. — Well, I don't km how it is, but while others are digging new pol toes, it does not appear that I shall ever have ai to dig ! I think I may as well leave you to yo fate, for you'll certainly never be worth the lah of sleaning. Potatoes Now you cannot be ignorant of t fact, that for two months after the crops of othe were up, you were only talking of planting your' and all the while the weeds were growing on, wi you called your fallow, until some of them were high as your head and full of seed ; we were th tumbled in all together, and have ever since be striving for the mastery ; but you have now seal our fate, and must take the consequences. ' I'w fortunate for you, was it not? that your father liv before yon, for he would find it difficidt to live af you .' No. 7. The Cows in pasture. Grabb. — We you have more grass than you can eat — howevi yott can't grumble — that's one comfort. Cows. — Grass, do you call it? Grabb Yes, I do — and what do you call it ? Cows. — Why, we were just saying it would pi zle a Philadelphia lawyer to say what it is; b judging by the smell as well as the taste, it niig be called garlic, without offending against the si tute of truth. Grahb. — Well, you are all alike ! Did'nt I 1 you feed off the crop of clover, almost before it w out of the ground ? Cows. — That's fact ! Indeed we were at 1« obliged to dig for it, and you will feel the effec next winter, or we are no conjurers. Grabb. — Ah, I had need be a conjurer to km how to satisfy you all: but what have you do. with the sheep ? Cows. — What, these large bodied, long wool animals, for which you gave i:i exchange yo small breed, which, even they, could only just kei body and soul together, by picking the short h« bage of the pasture ? Oil! we have done nothii with them, but they have at last been able to something for themselves, for finding it impossible subsist on such short commons, and that tliey we growing less every day, they sought for a hole the fence, and by waiting until they were reduci >i,. xviii. NO. ir. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER J 53 ' li in size as to be able to creep through, It length pnssed into your wheat, with the in- 1 of returning after they had filled themselves, jl tins they could not do Ihen, and it is not prob- )le that they have attempted it since, so you had Hter look tor them, fo;- ore this, they have cost )U as much as they ar§ worth, in the damage they ive done to the wheat crop. Grabb. — Well, 'tis no use to try to do any thing ore, and so I'll go straight home — no, not straight, T if I do, I shall get au'.ongst the porkers, and ley are grumblers by profession. 9. Pigs. — Porkers, did you call us r 'Twill be ng before we have any pork about us, with our resent mode of living — call us grunters, for so we e, and with reason; we wonder you are not afraid meet us aller dark, for we are but the ghosts of lings that have been. There is this consolation it, however — our lives will be spared, for we lall never be worth the trouble of killing ; indeed, at in a little time would be no murder, as it ould be like one of your neighbors, who killed his gs to save their lives ! 10. Grabb. — Ah! well, here come the horses; ley are the only generous animals upon a farm ; ut where are ye ail going in such a hurry ? Horses. — We have come at last to the resolution r no longer starving quietly, so we are going in a ody to break over the fence into Farmer Clement's over; we know where the weak place is, for we ave heard yon promise for the last three months to et it mended, and of course it is not done yet. We 0 not intend to break into your own clover, as that ould be punishing ourselves the next winter, for 8 calculate there will not be more food than nou ;h for us all, if we eat stock and block of the 'hole farm. By this time the farmer had reached his house, nd going in, said to himself, there is no comfort ut of doors, let us see if we can get a littlo within. Vife, bring the rum bottle and a pipe. Talk of he independence of a farmer's life, indeed! 'tis all . hum — here am I, with the best intentions in the ?orld — Hife. — Not the value of a cent! all your inten- ions never grow into actions .' Now just sit down ind I'll sum up the thousand and one promises that 'ou have made me to do the necessary repairs about he house— and to begin with the roof of the dairy, urhich was stripped off by that storm last autumn, ind there it remains in the same state to this day. Grabb. — Take care, Ut me get to bed, out of the way. Frank. — Oh ! thank you ; but now, to make a perfect picture, we should visit his fields with a good farmer and husbandman. Father. — 1 hat indeed would be much more agree- able, and some day we may do so; but it is now late — let us get to bed, as Grabb said, but not for the same reason, blessed be God ! [Pan II. next week.J CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. Mr Editor — It is gratifying to observe that you have improved the advantageous position you occupy as the conductor of a public paper, exten- sively read among the moral people of New Eng- land, in ad(ninistering seasonable advice regarding the wanton destruction of useful birds ; and the same feeling will doubtless prompt you, in good time, to add remarks against cruelty to animals in general. This sin, so utterly revolting to the feel- ings of the benevolent mind, and, moreover, so com- pletely calculated to make men ashamed of some of their species, will doubtless be practised so long as our race cover the face of the earth ; and hence the necessity that all whose conspicuous stations in life give importance to their advice and personal example, should con.stantly strive to inculcate the humane usage of all those creatures which a be- neficent Providence has placed in the keeping of man, for his convenience and support. I did not, however, take my pen for the purpose of writing an essay upon this subject ; for kindness to animals is a duty which needs no argument to commend itself to every rational being. The mass of mankind, sensible that for wise purposes, the " beasts of the field and the fowls of the air" are committed to their guardianship, feel no other than kmdly emotions in all their usage of them. Mo.-t descriptions of cruelty, too, wherever it comes un- der observation, is the result of sheer barbarity — the evidence of unmerciful feelings on the part of those who inflict it : but we have reached a season of the year when a kind of cruelty is practised, which, although very common, is rather the result of custom than of a wish improperly to use the les- ser order of created things; and therefore can more easily be brought into disuse. I allude to the practice of exposing the various feathered tribes to the ball of the "sportsman," and permitting them to be fired at for given sums per shot : a practice involving the sin of gambling, and evincing coward- ly and barbarous conduct too on the part of those who engage in it. It is as old, perhaps, as New England thanksgivings ; but old as it is, it would be infinitely " more honored in the breach than in the observance ;" and it is to be devoutly hoped will soon be laid aside, and considered as disrepu- table as racing, gambling and cock-fighting. I imagine, Mr Editor, that the way to overcome all kinds of unnecessary destruction of innoxious birds, as well as a propensity to inflict cruelty upon domestic animals, is to enact no laws upon the sub- ject, but to spread abroad a salutary influence in the community by persuasive means. Parents should inculcate upon their children principles of benevolence, and visit with the severest displeas- ure, any breach of their known wishes upon this subject. They should teach their offspring that an Almighty Power, without whose knowledge " not a sparrow falleth to the ground," for wise purposes, filled the earth with animals to minister to their convenience : and that to give them unnecessary pain, and for no useful purpose, is exerting a power which will mar their happiness, and which they have no right to exert. The writer has reason to believe that the fol- lowing anecdote, read to one of his children, will not soon be effaced from the mind of the child, or cease to exert thereon a correct influence. " An idle youth, living upon the banks of the Loire, rowed his boat to the centre of the river, and then, for the purpose of drowning him, plunged therein his Newfoundland dog. The animal, upon every attempt to regain the boat, had his head borne beneath the waves by a pa'ddle in the hands of his destroyer; but by reason of the strength for which that species of the canine race are so celebrated, was enabled successfully to maintain himself above the surface of the water. Finding his efforts to regain the boat unavailing, he turned for the shore, when his brutal companion, in making a renewed attempt upon him, lost his balance, and was precip- itated within the waters. In thia dilemma, when human aid was beyond reach, and when his bufl'el- ings would soon have been succeeded by the gur- glings which I recede dissolution, the dog with ca- paciousjaws seized his arm, and brought him a^ive to dri/ land.'" — Farmer's Monthly Visitor. RoHAPi Potatoes The rage among cultiva- tors for the Rohan potators. has in some parts of the country been more violent and it is believed much more useful, than the rage for speculation in Morus MuUicaulis. The current price during the last planting season, was something like $20 per bushel. The disti.iguishing trait of the Rohan is the remarkable abundance with which it produces. A writer in an English agricultural paper states, i that in 1837, he raised from sixty moderate sized Rohans, planted under trees, and injured to a con- siderable extent,by drought, twentufour bushels full measure. In France, these potatoes frequently at- tain the weight often pounds. When cooked they are said to possess a fine flavor, and from the abun- dance with which they yield, and the consequent cheapness with which they are raised, they will, probably, when generally introduced, furnish an ex- cellent substitute for the common potato, for the purpose of fattening hogs and beef cattle. — Coos County Democrat. Great YIELD OF Rohan Potatoes. — Mr Ste- phen Ordway, of Loudon, happening to be in Con- cord on one of the last days of May, at the store of Maj. M'Daniel saw some remnants of Rohan pota- toes which had been kept for sale. He was told they had sold at seventeen cents the pound, and he paid two cents for one small potato weighing two ounces. This he took homo with him, and cut it into seven pieces, which he planted in four hills — two in three hills, and the smallest eye of all in a hill by itself. The ground on which these hilla were planted was in a spot of hard pan which had not been manured for three years. It was near his house, where early potatoes had been planted, which had already made their appearance above ground at the time. Mr Ordway dug the product of his potato on the 21st September, the vines be- ing still green ; and this weighed seventeen pounds, or one hundred and thirtysix for one. The largest potato weighed one pound and fourteen ounces, and several weighed from one pound to one and three- fourths pounds. From a single Rohan potato sent to the editor of the Farmer's Monthly Visitor from Boston, hav- ing eighteen eyelets, was raised full three pecks in measure, weighing thirtyfour and a half pounds, and one hundred and eightyfour in number. One hill was entirely eaten by mice, and serious depreda- tions were made in some others. The weight of the seed potato did not exceed four ounces. The largest potato weighed two pounds. — Farmer's Monthly Visitor. The Rohans. — A gentleman in this village [Au- gusti, Maine,] planted, last spring a Rohan potato weighing six ounces, which he cut in twentytwo pieces, and put two pieces in a hill. He dug them on Wednesday, and found the yield of his potato to be 148, which weighed si.xtysix pounds, and measured five pecks. Another gentleman raised 100 potatoes, weighing fortythree pounds, from a Rohan of about the same size and planted in the same manner. — Kennebec Gaz. 154 NEW ENGLAND FARMER OCT. 30, 1839. AND HORTICDLTDRAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, October 30, 1839. CATTLE SHOW OK THE PLYMOUTH AGRI- CULTURAL SOCIETY. This rural festival was holden at Bridgewater on the 16th Inst. The day was 6ne and the attendance very numerous. As far as our own personal observation ex- tends, these shows are fast growing into favor. Wlien a vigilant police is exercised, which the laws of the State respecting cattle shows put it in the power of the managers to command at pleasure, iheie are certainly no less objeclioniible occasions of recreation ; none which excite a more innocent and salutary emulation; and none which tend more to the cultivation of good fellowship and neighborhood. Polilicnl meetings and religious meetings, as things are among us, are iiuces- sarily parly meetings, and not unfrequently, whatever good may come from them, call up and encourage feel- ings and sentiments which, to say the least, it were bet- ter should remain dormant : temperance meetings, abo- lition meetings, arouse on one side or the other, tierce passions, and mutual recriminations and reproaches, which are any thing but agreeable, however naturally they may be looked for in the prosecution of enterprises of this nature : education meetings are necessarily in a degree exclusive in their character, and comparatively few minds are sufficiently enliifhtened to appreciate their great importance and utility ; objects of undefined and general philanthropy would hardly keep any congrega- tion awake, and interest only the few rare and disinter- ested minds, who are dreaming of the perfectibilitv of human nature ; but a cattle show, where even the poorest man may present his cow in a competition for prizes, if she has any extraordinary merit; a show of household manufactures, where our wives and daugh- ters may exhibit their dairy produce and their needle work, substantial evidences of their skill, industry and good housewifery ; and ploughing matches, where the contests, however spirited, are as harmless as tliey are useful, and all these matters and occasions associated with marks of public distinction and honor, and pre- miums of substantial value, this is an occasion of whole- some excitement and universal interest. Here all the artificial distinctions of society which separate men and raise one man above another, are wholly removed from sight; men and wom'?n,the agi'd and ihe young, come together, to encourage the great art which lies at the foundation of human subsistence and comfort; and to exult in the goodness of that Divine Providence, which spieads its bountiful table for every thing that lives ; which giveth us rain from heaven and fruitful seasons, filling our hearts with food and gladness. The weather on Wednesday could not have been more favorable, although the rain of the two preceding days prevented, prob.ibly, the exhibition of some oni- raals and articles of domestic maniifaeture, which would otherwise have bceii presented ; but the show ofanimals was highly respectable. We were disappoinled in ob- taining the number of entries ; but the pens of the so- ciety were nearly full. Of fat oxen, grass fed, there were several yokes of superior quality. A pair belong- ing to Mr Webster were very laigo, weighing over four thousand. We could not pronounce them handsome ; they were of native stock, of large fra?Ties, and rather coarse, but they were heavy and in high condition.— There were several other yoke of smaller size but of ex- cellent thrift. There were several valuable milch cows of capital appearance ; but no particular account was given of their product, either on the label on the pens or in the reports of the committees. This deficiency will be supplied hereafter. There were but two bulls ex- hibited and these were of inferior quality. Some of the young stock was excellent, especially a pair of twin heifers, owned by Mr Joseph Bryant, of Bridgewater. The stock, we believe, was almost exclusively native. Plymouth county is not well adapted to the raising of stock, and not much attention has been given to the Rutiject. The show however did the Society much credit. Of pigs or sheep there was no exhibition, no premiums having been offered for this species of stock. Swine might be advantageously made a subject of pre- mium. Pork is greatly in demand in this county, and manure equally. The soil of the county is in many parts highly favorable to the growing of Indian corn and the cultivation of cairots. Under these circumstan- ces the raising and fatteninstof pork might be made a highly profitable business. Ifproper pains were ttiken theie can be no doubt that to a certain extent, the sheep husbandry might be profitably pursued; hut in the pre- sent condition of the fences throughout the county, it cannot be pursued except in peculiar situations, with safety to the flocks or the good will of the neighborhood. The exhibition of domestic manufactures was highly creditable, and spoke well for the industry of the better half of the county. Some fine specimens were given of the squash family, who seem this year to have carried the duy every where throughout the State ; and have absolutely distanced the Rohan potatoes. Of these, however, one gentleman. Col. Washburn, of Bridgewa- ter, reported an extraordinary yield, being 7;i9 lbs. from 3 lbs. of seed ! and this was not all, as some hills were dug by mistake, and their product not taken into the account. The dairy produce was good ; some of the butter of the first quality. Of the cheese we made no trial. The state of the weather the day previous to the show prevented our seeing the ploughing match and drawing match, which occurred early in the day, before our ar- rival. We can only say that the ploughing was well done. The dinner, good and substantial as it was, was con- sidered merely as matter of refreshment, and no time was lost at the table; but immediately after it was de- spatched, the Society proceeded to the meeting house, which was crowded in every part, to li.sten to the ad- dresses on the occasion, tlie reports of the several com- mittees, and the awards of the premiums. The adtlress was delivered by the Rev. Mr Stone, of West Bridgewater, and was sensible, practical .ind use ful, and full of pleasantry and good humor. The reports of the committees were given soon after, some of them drawn up with much ability ; and we are promised the pleasure of laying them before our readers at a future time; and as we hope, the address likewise, of which a copy was requested for the press. Plymouth county has contributed much to the advance- ment of an improved agriculture. An individual, well known to the agricultural community for his cajiital and judicious improvements, has rendered immense services by his unflagging zeal and his intelligent and persever- ing exertions. He has found other and efficient co-ope- rators. There is no reason why agriculture should not be made a prominent interest in the county of Plymouth. The capacities of hersoil are considerable. Herreeour- ces for manure are in many parts abundant ; and mar- kets are near at hand. Hitherto however, she has been much more of a buyer than a seller; an importer rather than a producer. It was remarked on the occasion that ifthe county were now completely enclosed by an im- passable wall, her agriculture might support in comfort and luxury a population five times as great as she now has. This we firmly believe ; and on anwtlver occasion in a different form, we shall lay the grounds of this opin- ion before the public. Whether there is much hope of turning the attention of our community to agricultural labor and enterprise as we think it should be, we are almost afraid to say ; but the explosion of many wild speculations, the failure of many money-making pur- suits hitherto entered upon with an almost frantic ambi- tion and avarice; and the uncertain state of the commer- cial business and currency of the country, may, and as some alleviation of the distresses of the commercial com- rnunity, we hope will induce many more than hereto- fore to seek for an honest support in agricultural labor ; and to be satisfied with that moderate but at the same time sure and ample competency, with which the earth never fails to reward the labors of an intelligent, perse- vering, frugal and contented husbandry. H. C. For the New England Farmer. Mr Bbeck — It may not be altogether uninteresting to some portion i)f the readers of your paper, to peruse a brief account of any meeting of farmers from which re- sulted favorable impressions or improvement. The Commissioner for the Agricultural Survey of the Com- monwealth on a recent visit at Pembroke, viewed a num- ber of farms and collected many facts concerning pre- vailing pr.actice3 and the measure of success that has at- tended cultivation. An inhabitant of the town, who thinks the success of agricultural pursuits at the foun- dation of all prosperity in a community, perceiving il impossible for the Commissioner to visit all the farmers, suggested the expedie»cy of inviting them to meet him on an ovening in the town house. This suggestion was approved, and on Monday evening, 21st inst., a respec- table number of the farmers assembled. The meeting was opened by Mr Allen, who ,in a very brief mannei disclosed the purposes of it, inviting attention to sucli remarks as the Commissioner might please to make, and requesting the farmers to make any inquiries prompted by their feelings or interests. The Commissioner then rose and addressed the meeting in an extemporaneous speech of 30 or 40 minutes. The unremitting attention given, proved that the audience were not insensible to a personal interest in the topics discussed. Some general remarks were made on the importance of an improved cultivation in every part of the Commonwealth. Mi Colman adverted to the character and capabilities of the soil in Perabriike and the kind of crops on which chiel dependence should be placed, in a manner highly satis- factory to those who had given attention to the subjects He gave much useful information relative to the culti- vation and products in other sections of the State, and closed with some pertinent observations on the utility of commencing and temperately pursuing the culture ol silk. One of the farmers then rose and spoke of the in- jurious influences of prejudice in the practice nf husband- ry, of bigoted attachments to accustomed implements oi methods of culture, of the importance of regular reading and a frequent interchange of views among farmers. — Numerous inquiries and a free conversation engaged the attention of the assembly half an hour longer ; tha meeting was then dissolved, with an indication in every countenance that we had not assembled in vain. The impressions produced in this meeting incline the writer to think that farmers in every town might derive important accessions to their knowledge and zeal in the practice of their art from frequent meetings, even if nothing beyond mutual inquiries and free conversation were attempted. But they might sometimes have pre- pared lectures, which would seem of easier and more profitable application than many of the lectures to which public attention is every week called. M. Pembroke, Oct. 25th, 1839. VOL.. XV in, NO. ir. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 155 Kor ihe New England Farmer. fifR Brf.i'K — Dear Sir — I have noticed several inqui- ries in the N. E. Fanner fur a mode of preventing cows from holding Ufi their milk. When I was a boy I was told to milk either the two fore teals or two liind teals completely, before commencing the others. My im- pression is, that it was said that the hind teats should he milked first. 1 recollect trying the e.tperinient a great many tiines with cows thaVhold up their milk after their calves were killed. I always sneceedod easily in mak- ng them give il down ; but I cannot affirm that they would not have given it down in those cases, if [ had not adopted this expedient. I recollect several instances in which others have tried this mode with success; and I hare not known any instance in which it has failed. But, for several years, 1 have given the duty of inilk- g to my boys, and they say that L lauyht them that the two foro teals should be milked first. It is easy to try both ways, and to call that right which succeeds ; per- Ihaps both will succeed. 1 do not feel entire confidence rthat either of these modes will in all cases compel the (COW to give down her milk ; but the evidence is so strong thai the experiment seems to be worth trying. Very respectfully, S. W. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. Exhibition of Froits, Saturdaij, Oct. 2(i, 1839. Fine specimen of Lyscom Apples, by [J. Guild, Esq., from Mr Jacob Holyoke, of Marlboro'. Orange Quinces, weighing 18 1-2 and 20 oz. each, from Mr James Mory, Nantucket. Surpass Virgouleus Pears, from E. Emmerton, Esq., Salem. Fine specimens of the Di.T Pears from the original tree, by Rev. Dr Harris, Boston. Harrison's Fall Baking Pear of Cox, or Rushmore's Ron Chretien of Prince ; a fine specimen of Capsheaf Pears and Freestone Peaches, from an imported tree — from E. M. Richards, Esq., Dedham. Probably the finest specimen of the Duchess d' An- igouleme Pears grown in New England, was exhibited this day by our President. It consisted ofthiity large, fair, and beautiluUy yellowed Pears, grown on Dwarf • Espalier, with fourteen others not exhibited. He also exhibited the Wilkinson — in perfection. For the Committee, B. V. FRENCH. BRIGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Oct. 28, 1839. Keporterdinary and more than half sows, at 4 1-4. One lot 4 1-2 for sows and 5 1-2 for barrows, and several lots at 4 3-4 and 5 3-4. At retail 5 1-2 a 6 for BOWS, 6 1-2 a 7 for barrows. THERMOMETRICAL. UeporleJ lor the New England Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the Gardeuof the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in .^ shaded Northerly exposure, week ending October 28. Oct., 1839. 6A.M. 1 12, M. |6,P.M. Wind. Monday, 22 27 42 32 N. E. Tuesday, 23 26 47 43 S. W. Wednesday, 24 37 66 47 S. E. Thursday, 25 52 72 62 W. Friday, 26 41 57 54 s. Saturday, 27 34 58 52 S. E. Sunday, 2S 45 66 60 s. w. SPL.1SIVDID Bl'LBOlIS PLOIVEH ROOTS. Just received hy JOSEPH BRECK & CO., from Holland, a very large and well selected assortment of Dutch Bulbous Roots, among which are the following: — Hyacinths— Double white, double white with red and purple eyes, double rosy, double red, dark lihio, lisht blue and yellow, single white, while with red and purple eyes, rosy, pink, red, light and dark blue, yellow and variegated, comprising 150 varieties of choice named sorts. Tulips — Fine late named sorts, fine double do., mixed sin- gle, mixed double, single and double Van ThroU lor forcing. Parrots, &c. &c. Crow.s Imperials— Double red anil yellow, single red and yellow, striped leaves, &c. Polyanthus Narcis.sus — White, yellow, white with yel- low and citron cups, and citron with yellow cups. Nabcissus— Orange Phoenix. Sulphur Phojnix, Incompa- rable, Van Sion, and Tratus canlus, with double flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poeticus, with single. JoNnuiLLES — Double and single Ranunculus— Large double red and yellow Turkey, and other varieties. Anemones — Many fine mixed and named varieties. iBis—English, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus — White, blue, purple, yellow, cloth of gold, stripedi &.C. in 25 sorts. Gladiolus — Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single white, striped leaved, and spotted; Calcidonica, Buliferum, Martigon, Kampschatkian, Aurantica, &c. PEONIES— Double white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, &c. Also— Snow Drops, Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Ornilholigums of all sorts. Arum dracunculus. Geranium tuberosum, Allium flavum, Hyocinthus monslrosus, plaiiiosus, botrioides and Belgicus ol sorts ; Fritillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice collection of bulbs have been selected with much care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are ofl"ered to purchasers with great confidence, believing they will give universal satisfaction to all who will give them a fair trial. Orders should be forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber. No. 62 North Market Street, ofiice of the New England Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers. Octobep23. JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. PEAB, PLUM, GRAPE VINES, <&C. 1000 Pear Trees of the most approved kinds ; 1000 Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and extra size — many of them have borne the past season ; 500 Quince Trees ; 3000 Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet high, most of them have borne fruit — Black Hamburgh, Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling ; 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roots; 5000 VVilmot's Early Rhubarb or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also— a good assoilmeat of Goosehenies, Roses, &c. o difi'erent kinds ; All orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridge-port, or in Mr Lynch's baggage wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No. 8 Faneuil Hall, will meet with immediat attention. SAMUEL POND, October 9. Cambridge port, Mass. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, lUnlberrles, &c. Fruit Trees of all the diflTerent species ; — The collections now olfered, are of the most celebrated and surpassing kinds. The Pears are unusually fine — the Peach and the Cherry Trees are also fine, and in very exiraOTdinary nvmbers. The Catalogue of Pruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses, and Herbaceous flowering Plants, for 1839, is ready and will be sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very best kinds tf fruits, so far as proved, are particularly desig- nated by a star. 100,000 MoRDs Multicaulis Trees or any other reasona- ble quantity, or cuttings of Ihe same, are now offered. The trees are genuine; all being raised by the subscriber, either at his Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment a Portsmouth in Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Cockspur and Buckthorn for Hedges, &,c. &,c. Canton, Broussa, Moret- ti or Alpine, and some other Mulberries. All orders will he promptly attended to- and trees when so ordered will be securely packed for safe trnnsportion to distant places. WILLIAM KENRICK. Nonantum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse aud Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at $^ per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. rnoM TO Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . 6 50 6 00 Pot, '"■'". . . 5 00 5 26 Beans, white, Foreign, bushel 1 62 2 26 " " Domestic, . 2 0U 3 00 Beef, mess, .... barrel 13 50 14 00 No. 1 " 12 50 13 00 prime " 10 00 Beeswax, white, .... pound 40 4S yellow, 28 35 Butter, tub, . . • . " 11 14 lump, .... " 20 . 23 Cheese, new milk. >( 10 12 Cider dozen 1 50 1 76 refined barrel 2 50 4 50 Bone Manure, ... bushel 35 in casks, 40 Fe.\thers, northern, geese. pound southern, geese, . 37 46 Flax. (American) .... " 9 12 Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . quinta 2 87 3 00 Bay, Chaleur, 2 75 Haddock, new, . t< 1 SO Mackerel, No. 1 barrel 11 00 11 50 No. 2, 9 75 10 00 No. 3, . II 6 50 7 00 ■\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. II 6 00 6 25 Salmon, iSfo.'l, II 22 00 23 00 Flour, Genesee, ca'h, . II 6 62 6 75 Baltimore, Howard street, II 6 73 Richmond canal. Alexandria wharf. 11 Rye, 4 26 Meal, Indian, in hbls. 3 75 4 00 Grain : Corn, northern yellow. bushel southern flat, yellow, 86 86 white, . II 77 78 Rye, northern. . II 88 90 Barley, nominal . u 70 80 Oats, northern, (prime) . " ' 53 56 southern, new, '1 45 Hams, northern, .... [pound 10 U southern and western, . 8 10 Hay, best English, per ton, . 16 00 18 00 Eastern screwed, . 12 00 13 00 Hops, 1st quality, pound 16 18 2d quality, .... 1' Lard, Boston, 1st sort,. 11 11 12 southern, 1st sort, II 10 11 Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, " 29 ae do. country do. " 25 27 Baltimore city tannage. " 26 28 do. dry hides, . 11 24 25 New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, II 22 24 " 22 23 Boston dry hides. II 21 23 Lime, best sort, .... cask 1 12 Molasses, New Orleans, . gallon 32 34 Sugar House, 50 56 Oil, Sperm, Spring, " 1 10 1 13 Winter, . It 1 18 1 20 Whale, refined. CI 50 60 Linseed, American, II 70 72 Neat's Foot II 95 Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. 2 75 2 87 Pork, extra clear, barrel clear, ..... 20 00 23 00 Mess, .... 11 15 00 16 00 Prime, .... II 11 50 12 00 Seeds; Herd's Grass, bushel 2 76 8 00 Red Top, southern. SO 1 00 northern. •1 1 50 Canary, 11 Hemp, .... II 2 62 3 00 Flax, 11 I 37 162 Red Clover, northern, . pound 16 18 Southern Clover, none. II Soap, American, Brown, 11 7 8 " Castile, 11 12 13 Tallow, tried 11 12 13 Teazles, 1st sort pr M. 2 50 3 00 Wool, prime, or Saxony H'leeces, . pound 58 62 American, full blood, washed. 65 6S do. 3-4 ths do. 52 66 do. 1-2 do. 11 48 60 do. 1-4 and common, 11 45 48 S_: C Pulled superfine. 11 55 60 ^ £ 1 No. 1, |-31No.2 2 =^ [ No. 3, 11 50 65 II 35 40 25 30 PEAR TREES. For sale at the garden of the subscriber a large collection of Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees comprising most of the choice varieties of European and American origin. Orders by mail will be immediately answered. October 16. ROBERT MANNING. 156 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. OCT. 30, 1839. MISCELLANEOUS. BIRDS OF MASSx\CHUSETT,S. In purs'.'ance of an order of the Lcgislatuie of this State, at its last session, a volume has beer. printed for the use of the members, containing sci- entific reports on the birds, fishes, and reptiles of Massachusetts, by the commissioners appointed by the executive of the State, for the purpose of mak- ing these reports. The following is an extract from the report of Mr Peabody on Birds. It pre- sents considerations on a prevalent practice of oi r country population, which are well worthy of atten- tion. " Before proceeding to describe the o.nnivorous birds, which come next, in the proposed order, it may not be amiss to make some remarks on the practice of destroying them, which prevails to a great extent in our State. Sometimes it is delib- erately done, by those who wish to secure their or- chards and gardens ; and, in such cases, there is a right, no doubt, to prevent aggressions, if possible. But far more are killed every year by wanton boys, who without any reason but their own pleasure, are permitted to indulge in a cruel amusement, from which every man of sense and feeling should care- fully withhold his children. Any one who can find sport in giving pain to animals, needs to be taught the first principles of humanity ; and lightly as this matter is regarded, it is certain that this thoughtless indulgence always depraves the moral feeling more or less, and leads on to the formation of habits of idleness which are not easily broken in after years, j In a busy country like ours, tliere are few, beyond the age of boyhood, who have time for play ; a civ- ilized man is supposed to find his enjoyments in his duties ; and if he needs relaxation, he can find it without torturing animals, whose right to happiness is as good as his own. It is, however, in tlie light of utility, that this subject can be most forcibly presented; and it will be seen that to exterminate birds which do a little harm occasionally, is to protect ourselves from a small evil at the expense of a greater ; it is in fact securing the fruit by the sacrifice of the tree. There is no question that we are now suffering severely in consequence of this folly. No kind of cultiva- tion is aiTected to any considerable extent by the ravages of birds, and if it should be, means may be devised to prevent them. Not so with the insects and their ravages ; the fate of the locust, the apple, the pear, and many other trees, shows, that if insects fasten themselves upon one of them, we must give it up as lost, for all that we at present know. Sure- ly, then, of two evils we should submit to the one which may possibly be prevented, rather than in- vite and encourage one over whicli wchave no con- trol. A slight calculatitm will show what amount of service birds are able to render. Wilson makes the computation, that each red-wingea blackbird devours (m an average, fifty grubs a day ; so that a single pair, in four months, will consume more than twelve thousand. Allowing that there are a million pairs of these birds in New England, which is but a moderate estimate, they would destroy twelve thousand millions. Let any one consider what an immense injury that number of insects would do, and this would be sufliciently striking to show how much we are indebted to the labors of these birds. But the computation jnay be greatly extended, for many insects have young by the hun- dred : besides cutting off the existing destroyers, they are preventi;d from multiplying; and when we consider what myriads of birds are constantly and efficiently engaged in the service, it gives us an impression, beyond the power of calculation to reach, of the astonishing manner in which the in- crease of insects is kept down, simply by sparing the lives of their natural destroyers; and this it must be remembered, is the oniy means of prevent- ing their increase and reducing their formidable numbers. No other remedy that man can apply, will reach the evil. This is the natural vocation of birds, and if, for the sake of removing a small evil, we will not permit them to live and labor in it, we must not complain when the natural consequen- ces come. This is not mere speculation ; we have experi- ence to teach us ou this subject Kalm records, that after some States had paid three pence a doz- en for the destruction of blackbirds, the consequence was a total loss in the year 1740, of all the grass and grain, by means of insects which had flourished under the protection of that law. The example of our trees, just alluded to, is also a standing warn- ing, for we see that new ones are adding to their numbers. The maple, perhaps the most valued of our ornamental trees, is now marked out for de- struction, and in spite of all that we can do, will soon be entirely lost. There is nothing to prevent this process from going on : other trees will soon swell the list of victims, and when it is too late, we shall lament that we have extended the evil, by protecting our enemies and persecuting our friends. Every cultivator, for his own sake, as well as the public good, should endeavor to spread right views on this subject, and to shew that the wanton exter- mination of birds is throwing difficulties in the way of horticulture and farming, which no industry, sci- ence or skill can overcome." AVINSHIP'S BRIGHTON MTRSERId:S, AND BOTANIC GARDENS. Fruil and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs, Cie 5^ ers, Herbaceous, Peiennials, Green Hm Plants, &c. -■ ^-, -• Orders addressed lo Messrs WINSII -<»-dfc~_ Brighton, Mass., will be promptly exec it and forwarded to any part of this or other countries. .April 10. DIorag Mnlticanlis Trees from Seed. The subscriber offers for sale 10,000 trees produced fr seed uf the genuine Morus iMulticaulis. The seed was rs ed on his premises in 1835; the trees have heoa multipl for the two last years by layers, their growth is more ra than the original tree, and appear lo be sufficiently acclir ted to endure the winter, some of them having been [ standing in the open field unprotected during the two 1 winters without any essential injury. 'I'he leaves are v large and equal in quality to any other kind for feeding .silk worm. Those who are wishing to purchase a supei kind ol .Mulberry are requested to call and examine for the selves, fjefore the folinge is destroyed by frost. CALVIN HASKELL Harvard, Septemlicr 11. Morus Miilticaulis, Esq. has been nominated for the Presidency by a western editor. The New Orleans Picayune says he will undoubtedly prove a popular candidate. John Smith, however, says he shall oppose him. John thinks him too aristo- cratic, and says that he belongs to the silk stocking gentrv. Orders have been given to prepare a sloop of war and a schooner, with all possible dispatch, for cruising on the coast of Africa, in execution of the laws of the United States against the disgraceful tiaflic in slaves, and for the protection of our lawful commerce in that quarter. Beiiutifid Exclamation. — When the queen of France, consort of Louis Philippe, first heard of her late daughter Marie's death, she ejaculated — ".My God ! I have a daughter less, biit thou hast an an- gel more I" One of the most curious ceremonies, says a French paper, incidental to the accession of the young Sul- tan, is said by a Constantinople correspondent, to have been the solemn shaving of hi i chin for the last time. This once done, no razor is thenceforth allowed to touch his face, the beard being one of the attributes of supreme power, which must be .suf- fered to grow without being touched by any kind of instrument 5 MUIiBERRY TREES. The subscriber has on hand a quantity of MulberryTrees o quality which is probably superior to any kind ever introduc into ibis country. They were imported. /bur years since s though they have sustained the rigorous cold of the Inst th winters entirely unprotected, yet it is believed a Sfmthern Western climate would he more admirably adapted to th growth and propagation. 'I'heir foliage is most luxurii and affords more nourishment than any other variety. S produced by worms fed with the leaves, has been pronoun( by judges to he the best ever manufactured hy them, and ( cidedly superior to the best Italian. A few thousand will for sale if immediate application is made to the suhscril where specimens may tie seen. .\lso — A few hundred Morus Mullicaulis and Asiatic. JOHN N. BARBOUR, September 11. No. 30 Commercial Street, Boston GREEN'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK& CO. at the New England Agric tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 51 and 52 North M ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay a Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not hVfc applied to any implement for this purpose. The most pro: inent effects of tins application, and some of the consequ* peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requis to tjse it, that the strength of a lialf grown boy is sufncit 10 work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bus els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claim by any other machine even when worked hy horse or stea power. 3. The Iniives, owing lo the peculiar manner in whichlh cut, require sharpening less olten than those of any oth straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its conslrucl ion, made ai put together very strongly. Il is therefore not so liable the complicated machines in general use to get outof ordet MORUS HHIL.T1CAULIS. 6000 Mullicaulis from 2 to 4 feet high, wood well ripenei now standing in the field on the Jones Place in Angell Strei half a mile from the Providence Market, for sale low (i( I ken in the field) by JOSEPH STETSON on the premise or on application to .-..T...,.^.^^r ^ .-.^.-.^^^ Providence, October 23. STI.MSON & HODGES. The present lieing the mist favorable season for tram planting all hardy trees and shrubs, we would remind thos who are in want of Fruit or Ornamental Trees, Shrub Herbaceous Plants, &c. that we can furnish them at sho notice at nursery prices, well packed for transportation 1 any part of the country. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. October 15. THE MEW ENG1.A.\I> PjiRMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at £3 per annul payable at the end of the year — but those who pay willii sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a di ductionof 59 cents. The population of Cincinnati has increased forty per cent since 1835 : it now amounts to 40,000. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTEBSi n SCHOOL STREST BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. PUlSiJSHED BY JOSEPH BKECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AoBicuLtDRAL Warehouse.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 0, 1839. two. 18. AGRICULTURAL. ORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. ■port of the Committee on Tools, Agricultural Im- plements, and .Machinery. Jolii! Davis, Worcester, Chairman; Silaa Allen, rewsbury ; John C. Whitin, Nortlibridge; Moses :iipton, Soiithbridge ; Joel Nourse, VVorcestei'. The committee on Tools, Agricultural Imple- !n*s, and Machinery, beg leave to submit the fol- .'■'.ng as their report. The committee have examined the tools, imple- ;nt3 and machinery, submitted to their inspection, th as much care as the time and circumstances mid allow, and in some instances, witnessed sat- actory tests of their usefulness. The exhibition was, in many respects, full and cellent ; but in others less attention has been de- ted to it by the makers of agricultural tools than desirable. The great object is to obtain tools at will perform the most and best work at the ast expense of labor and power. It is, in truth, bstituting mechanical skill for physical strength, id thus husbanding with good economy the re- urces of man and beast, and making theiu accom- ish more and more by every useful improvement, his is often done by diminishing the size and eight of tools : often by modifying their form ; id often by the union of both. The ordinary tools " the husbandman have, within the last twenty Jars, been so much improved by the skill of inge- ous mechanics, that a farmer would almost excite le ridicule of his neighbors, who should attempt to itain those of the old model in his fields. The attention of the connnittee was early arres.'^- d by a large exhibition of ploughs from the manu- ictory of Messrs. Ruggles, Naurso & Mason, of Vorcester, who are well and favorably known to jirmers in most parts of the United Stites. These I entlemen have, during the past year, improved heir ploughs by adopting the leading characteris- ic of Jethro Wood's mould board, which gives a traight line from the share to the other end, and ly lengthening the mould board and the land side. The advantages which result from these changes ■vill be apparent, when the plough is viewed as a ■^edge which is first to separate, and then to turn )ver the soil. This it does by a combined opera- ion, and it is obviously better that the friction of ;he furrow slice upon the mould board should be equal, than that it should be encountered at two points, as in the concave mould boards. The ef- fect of lengthening the irons, the committee is per- suaded, will be lokeep the plough more steady in ita work and lay over more smoothly the furrow slice. These gentlemen exhibited nine sizes of this im- proved plough, ranging from a heavy strong plough, capable of the severest service, to a plough for the gardener. They also exhibited four sizes of the side-hill or swivel plough, which has passed through the same improvements, and is rapidly recommend- ing itselfto farmers for all kinds of work, as itleaves no banks nor gutters. They also exhibited two sizes of the cultivator, in an improved form; one for the field and one for the garden. Their exten- sive sales of this implement, as well as of the ploughs, is the best test of their usefulness, and of the just estimation in which they are held by the public. The also exhibited a plough for paring low grounds, covered with moss, bog or other veg'- etahle substances which it is desirable to destri^ ; and the committee are of opinion that it will be a valuable acquisition to the farmer. They also ex- hibited a drill barrow for sowing turnips and onions, which answers a useful purpose. These, as well as all the tools made by these gentlemen which have fallen under the observation of the committee, are distinguished for neat and tasteful workmanship, as well as for strength and durability. They renounced all claim to any pre- mium or gratuity from the society, being willing to enrich the exhibition, and trust to their own great merits as mechanics for that public patronage to wliich the committee think they have justly entitled themselves. a There were two Exceedingly good straw cutters presented for exhibition, one by Mr Boynton, and the other by William Hovey, of Worcester. Mr Boynton's has, we understsnd, been in use for a considerable period of time, and does its work well and with great despatch, though they had no oppor- tunity of seeing it operate. They saw Mr Hovey's perform, and were much pleased with the simplicity of the arrangement and the rapidity with which it cut hay, straw, corrt stalks, &c., and were satisfied that it will prove a most useful machine to the far- mer, being easily adjusted and kept in order, while a man can conveniently keep it in motion and feed it. 'i"he committee had no doubt that the food of a stock of cattle, such as is kept by most farmers, could be cut with very little, additional loss of time beyond the usual labor of feeding without cutting, and recommend it to farmers as worthy of their no- tice. A corn planter and seed sower was exhibited by George F. Lewis, of Boston, and the committee were pleased with the apparent perfection of the construction and its apparent capacity to answer the great purpose for which it is designed. It opens the furrow, aropsthe corn, and covers it, as the horse moves on, and all this is done with as much ease and despatch as you can furrow one way. It therefore strongly recommends itself on the score of economy, and the committee see no reason why, in mellow soils, it will not do all that is claimed for it, and prove a valuable labor-saving tool. It plants the corn in hills, at any distance from each other desired, and will sow the smaller seeds in the same way or in rows. Messrs Ruggles, Nourse & Mason exhibited a vegetable cutter, which has been some time in use, and will cut about a bushel a minute. Another was also exhibited as the invention of Mr E. G. Matthews, of Worcester, which is chea- per and cuts with greater despatch, while it does its work equally well. The committee saw neither of them work, but judging from the information be- fore them, they came to the conclusion that both were valuable inventions; but the latter recom- mended itself most strongly to the farmer, as per- forming best and costing least. Mr Walker, of Worcester, exhibited acornshel- ler of ingenious construction ; but the committee are not, from what they saw of it, prepared to re- commend it as surpassing other inventions of the kind. The committee t^ext met in the room an ox yoke of Mr Dodge, of Sutton, whose good works in this way have long since made him known to the public. It is certainly a beautiful specimen of good work- manship and good proportions throughout, and is a new proof that Mr Dodge deserves to retain the fa- vorable opinion of the public. The iron work ap- pears to have been done by Mr Putnam, who has no occasion lo shun a competition even with Mr Dodge. Warren Hunt & Co. of Douglas, exhibited sev- eral kinds of axes, and as specimens of good work- manship they would do no discredit to any exhibi- tion. Col. Abbott, of Holden, exhibited several chisels, an axe, and' some moulding irons of most excellent workmanship, suffering nothing by comparison with those of Messrs. Hunt & Co. which lay beside them. Mr Francis Kinnicutt and Messrs Newcomb &, Bowen, hard- ware merchants of Worcester, exhibi- ted chisels, bits, bit stocks, a spoke auger, and va- rious other articles manufactured by American me- chanics, which attracted much attention for the good workmanship displayed in them, and the com- mittee were gratified to have the exhibition thus enriched from the stores of these gentlemen. Messrs Green & White, of Graftcm, exhibited a rich case of shoemakers' tools of their manufacture, containing a great VBwety, and reflecting great credit upon their skill and enterprise as mechanics. These tools were much admired, and we doubt not this public exhibition will bring the makers into ex- tensive and favorable notice, which we believe they justly deserve. Mr Goodwin, of Sterling, exhibited a boot crim- per, which sppearod to the committee to be a valu- able invention, performing its work with great ex- actness, leaving the leather smooth and in good or- der to work, ivhile it is believed there is little dan- ger of tearing or otherwise injuring it. Mr Jonathan Whipple, of Grafton, exhibited a machine for cutting out the sole leather of boots and shoes. There were no shoemakers upon the com- mittee, but as far as they were able to judge, the machine performs its work with great despatch and economy, and for these qualities recommends itself to those who have occasion to use it. Mr Samuel McClintock, of Vermont, exhibited a shingle machine, which the proprietor represented as valuable ; but the committee did not see it under circumstances which would enable them to speak with confidence as to its usefulness. The timber is steamed before it is subjected to the knife. Mr Albert Tolman, of Worcester, exhibited a light family carriage, as he styles it upon his card, weighing 5#3 lbs. The whole style and workman- 158 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, ^ KOV. 6, 1839. ship, inclusive of proportions and finish, are tasteful and do great credit to the skill of that gentleman. It attracted much attention and adds to liis reputa- tion. Messrs Breck, Poole & Brown, of Worcester, al- so exhibited two liglit buggies of very tasteful con- struction, and of exceedingly good workmanship. They also exhibited a cnrryall, commodious and throughout of good workmanship. These carria- ges are distinguished for their useful character and designed undoubtedly to supply tlie great daily demand which i^ felt for such accommodations. The committee think them e.xcellent of the kjnd, and were rejoiced to meet them at the exhibition. Mr William Leggate exhibited a light gig har- ness, which, in all its parts, was a specimen of good work and good stock, and every way credita- ble to that skilful mechanic. An apple parcr was also in the exhibition room, ■well made, and as the committee thought useful, though they could not learn who placed it there. Messrs Newcomb & Bowen exhibited several stoves of improved workmanship, and well contriv- ed to answer the purposes for which they are de- signed. The committee noticed among them 01m- stead's with its radiator, and Wheeler's cooking stove, which, they believe, are in high repute. Mr Henry Miller also exhibited several stoves of like character, with some improvements of his own, as the committee understood, which appeared to be very useful, and were favorably spoken of by those who had used the stoves. / It will be perceived that several of these articles did not fall within the scope of the duty assigned to the committee, but they examined and now re- port upon them, because they were so urged to do, as otherwise they might remain unnoticed. The committee, in closing their labor, would ob- serve, that if more time had been allowed them, they would have enlarged upon some of the more impor- tant matters under their consideration ; but the brief space of a few hours to make the examination and report, forbids much deliberation. ! Ten dollars, and no more, were placed at their! disposal, it being all the society could spare to sharpen the tools of the farmer. This sum will have one advantage over a larger, as it will excite no unkind feelings, however it may be distributed. • The committee have directed that it shall be award- ' ed as follows : j To Wm. Hovey, for his straw cutter $2 j To George F. Lewis, for his corn planter 2 To J. Wliipple, for his leather cutter 1 To Mr Goodwin, for his boot crimp I To Green & White, for their case of tools 2 To Col. Abbott, for his tools 1 To E. G. Matthews, for his vegetable cutter 1 All which is respectfully submitted in behalf of the committee. JOHN DAVIS, a:airman. Commilke on Leather and TVool. Lewis A. Maynard, Worcester, Chairman; Jacob W. Watson, Princeton ; Nathaniel Lakin, Paxton ; Alexander De Witt, Oxford ; Jason Goulding, Phil- lipston ; Amasa Wood, Milbury ; Sullivan Thayer, Uxbridge; Jabez Low, Leominster. The committee on Leather and Wool, and all Manufactures of Leather and Wool, and divers oth- er articles, beg leave to report. Your committee regret to commence their report with reerets ; but they really regret that the exhi- bition has been so sadly deficient in leather and ar- ticles of leather manufacture. The liberal premi- ums oflered by the society for sole leather, cow hide boots, calfskin boots, calfskin shoes and bro- gans, have not been claimed. Two lots of calf skins only were offered ; one by Col. Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton, and one by Mr llatthew C. Carmell, of Leicester. The premi- um of seven dollars for the best manufactured calf skins, not less than twelve in number, is awarded to Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton. It is due to Col. Watson to say, that he withdrew from the com- mittee while the calf skins were being passed upon. Your committee recommend a gratuity of four dol- lars to Mr Carmell for the lot presented by him. Six sides of harness leather and one roll of up- per leather, were offered by Mr Seth Blanchard, of Harvard. A gratuity of two dollars is recommend- ed to Mr Blanchard for his harness leather. Thick boots of very substantial material, were exhibited by Messrs Southgate & Wall, and Mr. J. E. Edwards, of Worcester. Twelve pairs of la- dies' shoes, were presented by Mr Jason Collier, of Worcester, of elegant workmanship. Some thin boots were exhibited by Mr Samuel B. Scott, of Worcester, which, in the opinion of your commit- tee, united much elegance with firmness and dura- bility. Ten pieces of broadcloth were entered for pre- mium. Six by Samuel Slater & Sors, of Webster ; three by 'I homas Dottonily, of Leicester; and one by the Oxford Woollen Manufacturing Company, of Oxford; and so nicely were their merits balanced, that your committee were much embarrassed in coming to a conclusion. They finally awarded the first premium of twelve dollars to Samuel Slater & Sons, of Webster, for their piece of invisible green containing fifteen yards. 'I'hey also awarded the second premium of eight dollars, to Samuel Slater & Sons, for their piece of fourteen yards, of like color, dyed in the wool. A piece, from the let of Samuel Slater & Sons was selected, as meriting the first premium ; but it was found, upon examina- tion, not to contain the requisite number of yards. Your committee are of opinion, that all the broad- cloths, for firmness of material and beauty of finish, might safely challenge comparison with any foreign fabrics of like character, whether imported or smiig- gled into the country. Three pieces of satinet were offered by Mr Rufiis Robinson, of Oxford, and two by Mr John Metcalf, of Worcester. The lot by Mr Robinson was very finely finished. That of Mr Metcalf was of very firm texture and handsome finish. The first premi- um often dollars is awarded to Mr Metcalf, for his piece of blue satinet, containing twentyseven yards. Thesecond premium of six dollars is also given to Mr Metcalf for the other piece presented by him. No cassimeres were offered. It is here proper to state, that the ownership of no article was known to any member of the Co.umittee previous to awarding the premiums, save to the chairman ; and he, by the rules of the society, is not allowed to have any opinion, except in cases where there is an equal division, which fortunately did not occur. Flannels were presented by Mrs Lucy Rich, of Charlton, Mrs Thirza L. Sibley, and Mrs Harriet P. Dana, of Oxford, and Mrs Thirza Nichols, of Charlton. The first premium of six dollars was awarded to Mrs Rich, and the second of five dollars to Mrs Nichols. One piece of white flannel, of very good quality, was offered for e.xhibition b; Mr Rufus Sanger, of Worcester. Coverlets were presented by Mrs Clarissa Rus sell, of Oxford, Mrs Sarah Slade, of Paxton, Mr Lucy M. Hersey, and Mrs Nancy Hall, of Worces ter, and Mrs Stillman Morse, of Hubbardston Th first premium of four dollars, for the best wov coverlet, was awarded to Mrs Hersey, and the se cond, of three dollars, to Mrs Slade for her wov coverlet. There were six pairs of stockings presented b Mrs John Clapp of Leicester, and five by Mr Thirza L. Sibley, of Oxford. The first premiun of three dollars, for the best woollen half stocking; was given to Mrs Sibley, and the second, of tw dollars, to Mrs Clapp. Three pairs were preseni ed by Mrs Southgate of Leicester, a lady of /oni score and eight years. These would have receive a premium, had there been the requisite numbe A gratuity of one dollar is recommended to Mi Southgate. A gratuity of one dollar is also recoa mended to Mrs Chase of Sutton, a lady of sevenli Jive years, for four pairs of cotton hose exhibited b her. Two woollen carpets were presented by Mrs Hej zibah Wilcot, of N. Brookfield ; one by Mrs Reli( Felton, of Barre; one list carpet, by Rufus Robii son, of Oxford; another by Mrs Lucy M. Herse; of Worcester; and two by Mrs Harriet Watson, i Leicester. — one, a stair carpet. The first preniiui of twelve dollars, was awarded to Mr Robinsoi and the second, of eight, to Mrs Felton, and tl third, of five, to Mrs Hersey. Two pieces of frocking were exhibited ; one l Mrs P. Rich, of Charlton, one by Mrs Abigail Prat of Oxford, to each of whom your committee recon mend a gratuity of one dollar. Two blankets, b Mrs Ruth B. Wheeler, of Lancaster, to whom gratuity of one dollar is recommended; and tw cradle rose blankets were offered for exhibition, b Mr Rufus Sanger, of "Worcester ; these were vei soft and beautiful articles ; and prove Mr Sang( to be quite judicious in the furniture of the cradl A quilt was exhibited by Miss Elvira Childs, ( Barre, and one by Mrs Clarissa Russell, of Oxfor Also, two silk quilts by Miss Harriet P. Dana, i Oxford — very delicate articles. Ten bundles i yarn were exhibited by Mr D. S. Messenger, ( Worcester, manufactured by J. Wheelock & So of Uxbridge. This was considered to be of vei superior quality, uud a gratuity of two dollars is n commended to the manufacturers. A gratuity i two dollars is recommended to Mrs Thirza Nicl ols, of Charlton, for a very substantial woollen shaw A center table cover of great beauty and eleganc was exhibited by Miss Ophelia Phipps, of Framing iiam, to whom a gratuity would have been recon mended, if that lady had been a resident of tl county of Worcester. There was a great display of hearth rugs, mar of which were very tastefully and beautifull wrought. Your committee are precluded, by th great length of their report, from noticing many ( them as their merits deserve. They would n< fail, however, to notice one by Miss Elizabeth! Howland, of North Brookfield, a girl of thirtee years of age, upon which a deer, with a luxuriai growth of horns, was very accurately and beautifu ly wrought. A gratuity of one dollar and fift cents is recommended to Miss Howland. A gn tuity of two dollars is also recommended to Mis Abigail C. Snow, of Fitchburg, for a rug presente by her, upon which is wrought a representation c VOL. XVIII. NO. IS. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 159 "Colossal Statue of Peter the Great, taken )ra the Penny Magazine." Gratuities of one dol- r each, are recommended to Mrs Plicbe Weston, Westminster, Mrs Eliza Warren and Miss Sarah irker, of Leicester, and Mrs Josiah Cutting-, of jmpleton, for rugs severally presented by tliem. ■atuitios of fifty cents each, are also recommend- to Miss Eliza D. Bliss, of Warren, and Mrs mcy B. Sawyer, of Lancaster. Two were also 3sented by Miss Sarah Perkins, of Worcester, to 10111 a gratuity of one doll ir is recommended. A atuity of two dollars is also recommended to C. Peabody, of Sutton, for one presented by him. Your committee feel that many articles, which ntributed much to the e.xliibition, have escaped ;ir notice; but they believe all omissions will be nerously pardoned, when it is considered how ich they had to do, and how little time they had do it in. LEWIS A-. MAYNARD, Chairman. From Ihe Farmer's Cabinet. ALOGUE BETWEEN FATHER AND SON. sturdy witnesses that the cultivation and dung have done much more for them than for the wheat, and yet it is probable that Earmcr Grabb expects to reap a profit from his crop '. Sykes. — I do not think that he will have either a reap or a profit. Your present appearance war- rants an early harvest, by the blessing of a good season, and I am delighted with the prospect. Can I do any thing more for you ? H'lieat. — No, but there is something that you must do for yourself — you must increase the size of your stack yard — I go for nothing less than for- ty bushels per acre. '2. Corn. Sykes. — Well, 1 am glad to see you looking so much better ; your first appearance was very weak and sickly, and my neighburs wanted to persuade me it was because I sowed the seed with Buckminster's drill, but I knew that could not be the cause, for I never saw any machine operate better ; I only wish the handles were a little longer and lower. Corn. — My sickly appearance was owing to your own good management. Sykes — Why, how could that be ? Corn — You know that you are in the habit of ploughing a leetle deeper every time, and thus a small portion of the sterile subsoil was brought to the surface, and in this the seeds were sown ; and the roller of the drill passing over, (a capital inven- tion) pressed them so closely into the clay, and rain falling immediately after, and following the track of the roller, the surface became so hard and dry. It was with difficulty that I could penetrate it, and for a few days I know I looked miserably : I how- ever soon got to the manure below, which you had so bountifully supplied, and now I feel as though I could mount to the height of ten feet. If the sea- son should be favorable, you may put me down for 1 SO bushels per acre. I am in no fear of the weeds which I see springing up around me — you'll take care of them, I know. No. 3. Sugar Beets. Sykes. — Ah ! Mons. Su- gar Beets, how do you do .' How you like our country and climate ? How you like the exchange .' Beets. — Ah I Mons. Farmer, I like your country ! I like your fine, light and sunny days — they make saccharine ; I like the exchange too, 'tis all in favor of America. But what for you not make sugar.' make plenty sugar — more than in France; great 4. Potatoes, Sykts. — Well, the progress which yon have made in growth during the last two days surprises me ! But never, for a moment, have I doubted the fulfilment of my most sanguine expec- tations resp -cling this, my favorite crop. Potatoes. — But you have left us nothing to do but to grow : your labors began last autumn, when you ploughed the land deep, and laid it liigh and dry for the winter ; and before others could get on their land in the spring, you had planted your crop. Then again, your judicious management in not moulding us up — we have only to go on to matu- rity, while the crops of those who keep moulding, never know where to be, or what to be at; for just as they have discovered the height at which to form the bulbs, comes the hoe, and buries them so deep as to ruin them: they are therefore compelled to begin to form their bulbs higher, to be within the influence of the sun, leaving their first formed bulbs to their fate ; but, exhausted in a degree by the double exertion, they are weakened, so as not to be able to bring the higher crop, any more than the lower, to perfection, and so both are much reduc- ed, both in quantity and quality, having many small and useless bulbs; happy, however, if they escape a third, or even a fourth moulding. Men are very silly to suppose that potatoes don't know their own business best ; their fear, that without moulding, they would form their crops on the surface, is very childish ; why, even they themselves would not be guilty of any thing so thoughtless ; their desire is, only to find the spot wheie they shall be within the reach of the sun's rays, and men need not fear that they will get above it. All the crops that are not moulded up, are free from those half formed bulbs, or warty excresences, which are so apt to deform those which have been nursed into the rickets ; and there are very few small bulbs, for the root is not anxious to form more than it knows it can bring to perfection. By your excellent management, you will secure a harvest ten days earlier than your neighbors, a crop larger in quantity, and superior in quality, and which will command an extra price in the market — put us down for 780 bushels per acre. Clover. Sykes. — Well, this is the finest crop of clover in the country, and will soon be fit for the scythe. Clover. — And no thanks to me, for you made me what I am, by that magnificent covering of compost by which I was literally buried alive. If the sea- son remains favorable, I c-in promise you two tons Sykes. — I am not prepared to make sugar this | of hay per acre the first crop, one ton per acre the year — next year I will do it without any fear of second, and a capital aftermath for your dairy, and ipposed conversation beitveen a provident and im- provident farmer, and their respective crops and stocks, Sfc. Frank. — Well, father, you see the book is right : I othing is impossible." When shall you be ready jive us the other side of that picture which you iterday drew for farmer Grabb .' Father. — The twin brother of the above proverb " nothing like time present"— by means of both, !may perform prodigies ; so let us try at once, e will take our neighbor Sykes for the converse the picture, and suppose him going into his fields I ' meditate at eventide." No. 1. Wheat. — Ah, Farmer, I am glad to see 1 ; 'tis not often that you are absent for two fnings — I was afraid you were sick. Sykes. — V\'hy, you see I had promised my wife attend to some little alterations about the house, i that has prevented me Irom seeing you as usu- — we must take care of the women, you know, or 7 will not take care for us — but you look well. ff'heat. — Yes, thanks to your bounty. I am now ^ding on that niagnifisent coat of manure which I remuneration ! sweet recompense — no trouble all 1 gave to the young clover last spring, and just | pleasure— all profit tlie time too, when it is needed, for if you will imine the plants on your left, you will find that ! ear is already formed in the blade, and that )y are all Jive chesters, too. Sykes — That's capital ! Now that comes of be- J kind to the soil. Wheat. — And now, will you cast your eye over ! ridges, and say if you see any piece of wheat the county so uniform and regular in its growth. le color of the plants on the sides of the ridge, is, iny ting, of a deeper green than are those on ; top or crown of the ridge — a sure prognostic, this season of the year, of a heafy crop. The Id just below is wheat, sown after a whole year's low, with dung; but there the order is reversed, ■ the plants which are near the furrows on the les of the ridges, are weak and yellov,-. And ly trace the rows of green spots, in straight lines ;ht across the fields ! They were occasioned by 8 heaps of dung, which remained unspread for ieks, until they were overgrown with weeds, upon lat was termed a fallow I The weeds now are the result: In the mean time, unlike most other speculations, the growth of the sugar beet is about the most profitable crop which a farmer can grow for winter food ; horses, cattle, sheep, hogs and poukry, all are fond of it; and better than all, it contributes, in a surprising degree, to the farmer's comfort during the dreary time of winter, as it ena- bles him to meet his animals without reproach, and gives him the means of fattening his stock at a time that others are starving ; and he can rear house lamb, which about Christmas, would bring a fine price in the market. In the introduction of this crop to notice, there has been no mistake, and in substituting it for a crop of barley, I have re- liered the land of an exhausting crop, and adopted one that is ameliorating ; requiring neither fallow or dung, when the land is in good heart — so fare- well, Mons. S. Beet. if that won't yield you a profit, why then quit, and go a fishing ! 6. Cows in Pasture. Sykes. — Well, Fanny, Kitty and Judy, what have you done with Bill .' Cou's. — Oh ! he lies under yonder hedge, com- plaining it is easier to lie down than to rise, and thinks it hard to have to accompany us twice to the yard when we go to be milked — indeed he will soon be too fat to be healthy. Sykes. — Well I think you all live in clover, and the return which you make of ten pounds of butter each per week, is a proof of your gratitude for good treatment. Cows. — We are very happy, and the proverb says, "without comfort you can't make butter." — But our happiness is owing to your excellent care of us, especially in dividing our pasture into three compartments, and changing us often — if men were S. Beet. — Adieu, Mons. Farmer — "vive larepub- i but sensible of the advantage this is to the dairy, lie America !" | their cows would not be compelled to lie in the 160 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, SOV. 6, 1839. same pasture until tlio very atmosphere is contami- nated with their filth; the milk would keep longer, and the butter would not be so soft in hot weather, to say nothing of the in)?ing' nVcums/ance of about two pounds of butter a week from each cow, in fa vor of your plan. Sykes. — Well, I never heard cows talk so rea sonably before ! and I wish you would read Grabb a lecture upon Dairying ; but unless he is the n}e- rest idiot alive, he must sometimes have heard and read, and felt the reproachful looks and low mur- murings of his poor half starved animals in tlie gar- licky meadow below : but he is sunk so low that it must be up-hill work for him, I know. 7. Sheep. Sykes. — It is remarkable, that just as T had determined to dispose of my Leicesters, and purchase sheep of a smaller breed, moie suita ble for short pastures, that Farmer Grabb should decide upon parting with his Southdowns, on the principle, that " as a sheep is a sheep, you know, (glancing his eye at Frank,) a large one must be more valuable than a small one" — Frank — (That's a capital ^lit at me ! I shall never forget the lesson which I have been taught) — so our exchange was no robbery. Sheep. — To us it was " all 'tother way," as Far- mer Ashfield says, but Grabb's sheep declare it was robbery, rank robbery; for they have been robbed of the means of existence. Sykes. — To me it hns been advantageous, and has proved the truth of the calculation on propor- tioning sheep stock to land — " The same land which carried indifferently, fortyfive long wooled sheep, maintained in good plight one hundred and fifty Rylands." I am therefore satisfied with tlie exchange. 8. But here come the Horses. — Well, my beau- ties ! why, where are ye going in that frolicsome mood ? Horses. — Oh, we have eaten our supper, and are now going to rest in the upper pasture ; we say to rest — Farmer Grabb's horses go to labor, for as they get no food in the stable after their day's work, they are compelled to gather their supperbe- fore they eat it, and hard work it is, with a bite so short; and after laboring at the plough all day, and all night at a short bite, 'tis no wonder that it costs him more in whips than in corn. We shall there- fore be ready by break of day for whatever you will put us to, for " with horses who are kept above their work, their labor is play." Sykes— We]], but take care now, and if you meet Grabb's horses down the road, don't go to play with them, for they have something more se- rious to think of. Halloa ! where did that groan come from .■' " And yet another and another," as the man says in the play. Oh ! 'tis only the hogs, who have overeaten themselves again ; this is but- ter-making day, and they are always a little uneasy after that. Hogs — And so would you be, if you had swilled as much as we have; but you men have no feeling for poor dumb brutes ! By this time Sykes had reached his house, and entered, singing the last verse of that fine old song, "No glory 1 covet;" it runs thus — " How vainly through infinite struggle and strife, '1 he many their latiors employ ! Since all thai is truly deh"hl(ul in life, Is what all, if ihey will, may enjoy.'' Sykes. — Well, wife, your elegant supper cable looks very inviting ! W)/f Frank, get your father's slippers. Sykes. — And my bettermost " Bleuse,"* I mean now to " rest and be thankful." And Frank, after supper, and while y( ur mother and sister are " ply- ing their needles," you shall read to us "The Yel- low Shoestrings," wliich I read when I waf a boy ; and to the golden rule contained in that little book, " Nothing is impossible to a willing mind," I owe the chief blessing of my life, don't I, wife .' Wife — Well, I confess that if it had not been for your perseverance, the difficulties which oppos- ed our union would never have been surmounted, and that, I guess, would have been unfortunate for both of us. Sykes — Well, after that, I tliink wo may go to supper! Frank. — Thank you, father, — these stories will make a beautiful pair of portraits, and shall be pre- served by me with gratitude; together with those beautiful lines which you gave me yesterday, and which have since been continually in luy thoughts : For every evil under the s«n, There is a remedy, or there is none ; If there be one, try to finrl it, If there be none — never mind it. ♦The French frock, a most convenient and suitable dress for farmers. R. ISLAND SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOUR- AGEMENT OF DOMES !IG INDUSTRY. Since publishing the account of the Cattle Show and Fair of this Society, from the Providence Jour- nal, two weeks since, we have received the official account. We should have preferred to have pub- lished it direct from the Society, as the account is more full. We will, however, add the Report of tlje Committee on Butter, also the Report of the Committee on Agricultural Experiments, Vegetable Crops, Grain, &c., excluding the premiums award- ed, already published. J. B. The Committee on Agricultural Experiments, Vegetable Crops, Grain, &.C., beg leave respectfully to report — That they have examined with aLtention the va- rious simples of produce exhibited, of which may be particularly noticed, the Rohan potato, mangle wortzel and common red Beet, Ruta Baga, Peppers. Squashes and Pumpkins, both of foreign and do- mestic origin, — that all submitted were of an un- common size, perfection and beauty, thereby pre- senting substantial evidence of a present highly improved, and through their apparent productive- ness, they trust, an earnest of future successful cul- ture. But, however worthy the various specimens of their admiration and praise, they exceedingly regret, that for want of conformity by the rxhibi- ters to the requisitions of the show bill, by coiumu- nicating either verbally or by written statements, the mode and cost of culture ; taking into the esti- mate the quality and quantity of manure used, its manner of application, labor, &c., your coinmittee find themselves incapable of proposing at Ihe pre- sent time, any premiums whatever for adoption ; — they however recommend the following gratuities. [See account published.] OJ'NoTicE. — For the special information of the Fanner and Horticulturist throughout the State, they would add, that an adjourned meeting of their board will be holden at Dr Mauran's office in Prov- idence, on the first Wednesday in December neit, due notice of which will be given through the pa- pers,) at which time they earnestly solicit, and hope to receive from all engaged in agricultural pursui however limited their field of action, a full and a curate statement of their respective crops, modes culture, and particularly an explicit account oft expenses therewith connected ; when adjudg premiums will be awarded to the successful coi petitor. Respectfully submitted by JOSEPH MAURAN, for the Committee. The Committee on Butter and Cheese respet fully report — That there were only fifteen packages of butt and two lots of cheese presented. The butter was of various grades of excellent None of it was considered of the very highest ( der ; though much of it attracted a favorable n tice. It was difficult to decide upon the comparati merits of some of the best lots, they were so near equal in quality. From the liberal premiums offered for the be cheese, it was reasonable to expect much great competition. : Tlie committee beg leave to remark that in tl manufacture of butter, the most prominent faul are, oversalting, a want of uniformity in the sar package in point of flavor, color, &c. The crea is often kept too long, and kept in an impure ai while rising it will absorb all kinds of impuri that may exist in the surrounding atmosphep hence the nicest and best is the result of good ma agement. The Liverpool bag or blown salt is se doni fit for the purposes of the dairy ; — it is im| u and often of very bad flavor ; it is deficient in oi point, that of preserving animal substance from p tresence. Butter and cheese should be salted wi the coarsest kind of Rock salt, washed perfect clean, dried in the oven, and then reduced to \ impalpable powder. When the buttermilk h been thoroughly worked out, a small quantity salt will preserve it ; the less the better, provide it will keep. No butter can be kept good for ar length of time in lumps, or in shallow open boxe In all cases it is best to put it into kegs made any kind of sweet wood, with air tight covers. ] the manufacture of cheese, we have time only remark that the greatest error, next to robbing it t cream, is to use rancid rennet. In every instance the applicants for premiun have failed to comply with the requisitions of tl standing committee, by not giving a minute writte description of the precise mode of making the bu ter and cheese presented. In consequence of th very important omission, we have awarded no pri mium to ary one, but recommend the followin gratuities to the most deserving. [See accotii published.] STEPHEN H. SMITH. From the New York Journal ol Commerce. MILK. [Froirmi correspondent in Europe.] It is gratifying to see, from the colutnns of yoi paper, that deep interest has been awakened in n gard to the quality of milk used in the city. I would seem as if no parent who reflects that th bones and muscles and constitutions of his chil dren are composed from this very milk, could hesi tate to incur any expense, to make any efforts whic! his circumstances permit, to ensure a supply of th' very best material for this purpose. Even the mos VOL. \vm. NO. 18. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 161 igul economy requires it, whether we think of the that pass the greater p«rt of the day in the moa- xpense of a feeble family, or of the continued de- , dows during- the mild season, and that it cannot be lands which they often make upon parents, even furnished by cows which are fed upon the parings Iter they are sent forth into the world. I cannot and tops of vegetables of other food than the urass- lut hope that this feeling will even aid in the pro- 1 es, and ore deprived of exercise— to say nothing notion of the northern rail roads, from which it is j of the pernicious eficcts of the distillery slojjs ol- dest truly observed the nivist eftectual relief can be | the sour and putrid remnants of the kilchen. And fforded. It may be said, indeed, that pure milk yet this milk must be the staff of life of chiklhood— an be procured from the farms which abound in the staff of which its bones and sinews are fnrmed ; very direction from New York. But let it be re- 1 and its quality will do much in determining the fec- oembered it must be transported for several hours ' bleness or vigor of the next generation in your city. n conveyances which would serve admirably for j It is too true that the impure and often infected air, icomolive cAi(nis— which cannot fail to prepare the j and the limited exercise of children in a city ad- lilk to become speedily sour, whatever may be its ded to the incessant and intense excitement of its iriginal quality, unless indeed it may have been I movement and bustle— wliile they often render reviously diluted and whitened with lime water. )na rail road, it may be brought six times the dis- mce in the same period, and almost without per- eptible motion; to say nothing of the greater se- urity of good food in places where grass is chea- erthan slops, or even the mixture of decayed vege- ibles and parings and remnants of salad, &c., hich form the refuse of the kitchen, and whioli ire so often procured as a dainty morsel for the low, to be returned afterwards in the form of pure ailk! I have recently met with a report addressed to de Medical Society of Paris, on the subject of milk, ?hich shows the importance of procuring this food f the children from the purest source, in a new ght; and proves that "distillery slops" are not iae only thing injurious to its quality. .Messrs Pe- .tt and D'Arcet, distinguished chemists in Paris, irere led to examine minutely the quality of diffe- «nt specimens of milk, from observing their very ifferent effects upon children. Some which they xamined, and which they found to be speedily "hrown up by the children in coagulated masses, i-as proved by chemical tests to have a predomi- lance of acidity, though it was not peicepti'ile to he taste. Other portions which were well digest- d, were proved to have a predominance of aFkali, diich is considered the natural condition of milk. )n inquiry, it was found that the cows from which he first milk was obtained, were fed in the stable, vith remnants of vegetables as well as hay, and al- oost without movement — that the alkaline and lealthy niilk was from cows allowed to range and ~eed in the meadows. These observations led them to examine the va- -ying qualities of milk on a more extensive scale, is to the simple fact of the predominance of acid or iilkali, and for this purpose they availed themselves jf a test which may be procured without dilficulty rom a chemist. It is paper dipped in a solution of Litmus. If it be of good quality, the 'blue color will be changed to red by a fluid which is acid. A tincture of the blue cabbage will detect aci.ity al- so, if it is sufficiently fresh, in the same way. During a voyage through Flanders, M. D'Arcet, In company with the celebrated chemist Gay Lus- sac, visited some of the best dairies, in which the cows are fed upon the meadows, and found the milk wltliout exception, to contain a predominance of alkali. They examined the milk of cows fed in the suU on turnips, the leaves of vegetables, &c. which were only allowed to pssi two hours a day in the meadows, and found it as uniformly acid. The same experiment was repeated in the gra- zing regions in the north of France, and uniformly -with the same results. It would seem then to be fully ascertained that pure and perfect milk can only be given by cows childhood precocious, and youth premature, lead to decay equally premature in a generation taken together, liut surely this is an additional reason for seeking the purest and best possible nourish- ment in order to counteract these inevitable causes of decline. I am sure that many a mother will thank me for adding that these chemists, on observing variations equally great in the digestion of children fed by different nurses, found the same difference in the quality of their milk — and that which was thrown up frequently coagulated, was uniformly sour when it was received — not to tlie taste always — but as tested by litmus paper. They observe that the child is not only deprived in this manner of suita- ble food, but he is obliged to call for it 40 or 50 times a day, in place of 4 or .5 times, and thus fa- tigues and injures her own stomach, without being nourished, and wearies and exhausts his nurse so as to render the quality of the milk still worse. — Such a state of things, they say, ought immediate- ly to be remedied, and that it can often be done. by giving the mother or nurse a more simple diet, or by means of medicine, which a judicious physician can prescribe, among which they consider minute doses of super-carbonate of soda the best. But can nothing be done to paliate the evil until we can procure pure milk ? M. D'Arcet made the experiment in his own family of adding one half a grain of super-carbonate of soda to a pint of milk from a city fed cow, and succeeded in render- ing it harmless at least, and far more nutiitious. — • One of his children, so feeble that he despaired of being able to save him, was thus suitably nourish- ed, and grew up to vigorous health, by observing daily the quality of the mother's and finally of the cow's milk, and taking the proper measures to cor- rect its defects. Now it will be incomparably bet- ter to procure the pure milk of the grass fed cows on the banks of the H':dson and on the liills of Con- necticut, than thus to feed the poor children with a drugged mixture ; but it will be at least a tempo- rary palliative until the northern rail road can be completed, and pure milk can be obtained as easily as the pure water of the Croton river. Housekeepers will be glad to know that by ad- ding the same proportion (one half a grain only to a pint of milk,) good milk may be kept 24 or 36 hours, without danger of souring, even in warm weather. But let them beware of converting food into medicine by increasing the quantity, for I have known this "simple, harmless thing," as it is called, even in the shape of excessive drafts of soda water, produce sores in the mouth and lips, which indicates corresponding sores in the stomach, and this was followed by the miseries of dyspepsia and decline. An able physician assures me that he could ascribe the death of a patient, from a similar state of mouth and stomach, to nothing but the famed morning cordial of Connecticut lay physi- cians, "/ouble white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, &c. Also — Snow Drops. Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Ornitholigums of all sorts. Arum dracunculus, Geranium tuberosum. Allium flavum, Hyacimhns monstrosus, plamosus, botrioides and Kelgicus of sorts ; Frilillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice collection of bulbs have been selected with much care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are offered to purchasers with great confidence, believing they will give universal satisfaction to all who will give them a fair trial. Orders should fie forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber. No. 52 North Market Street, office of the New England j Hops, Isl quality. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " ■' " . Geans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1. . . . . prime, .... Beeswax, white, yellow, ; Butter, shipping, dairy, Chefsk, new milk. Cider, ..... refined, Bone Manure, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 , No. 2. No. 3, . \lewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. I, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, .... Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain ; Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, fprime) . southern, new, Hams, northern southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . bushel barrel pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal PROM 5 ar 6 00 1 62 2 00 13 50 12 50 10 00 40 28 S 60 2 26 3 00 M 00 13 00 4C Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers. Octobep 23. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. PEAR, PLUM, GRAPE VINES, &C. 1000 Pear Trees of tliemost approved kinds; 1000 Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and extra size — many of them have borne the past season ; 500 Quince Trees ; 3000 Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet high, most of them have borne fruit — Black Hamburgh, Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling; 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roots; 5000 Wilmot's Early Rhubarb or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also— a good assoitmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c. o different k.nds ; All orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridge-pott, or in Mr Lynch's baggage wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No. 8 Faneuil Hall, will meet wiih immediat attention. SAMUEL POND, October 9. Cambridge port, Mass. DOMESTICATED VVILD GEESE. Enquire at this office. A few pair for sale November 6. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Mulberries, &.c. Fruit Trees of all the different species ; — The collections now ofl^ered, are of the most celebrated and surpassing kinds. The Pears are unusually fine — the Peach and the Cherry Trees are also fine, and in very extraordinary nxnnbers. The Catalogue of Pruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Hoses, and Herbaceous Floicering Plants, for 1839, is ready and will be sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very best kinds ( f fruits, so far as proved, are particularly desig- nated by a star. 100,000 MoRDS Multicaulis Trees or any other reasona- ble quantity, or catlings of the same, are now oflered. The trees are genuine; all being raised by the subscriber, either at his Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment a Portsmouth in Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Cockspur and Buckthorn for Hedges, &c.&c. Canton, Broussa, Moret- ti or Alpine, and some other Mulberries. All orders will lie promptly allended to, and trees when so ordered will be securely packed for safe transportion to distant places. WILLIAM KENRICK. Nonaulum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. 2d quality Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort Molasses, I^iew Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lb Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, .... pound pound Prin SOUTH DOAVN RAMS. 5 half blood South down Rams, for sale at a reasonable price. Apply to JOSEPH BRECK & CO. New England Farmer Office. November 6. 3t Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax Red Clover, northern, Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried. Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, g _■ f Pulled superfine, J S ) No. 1, C-3 t No. ^ =^ [ No. cask gallon 2 75 2 87 2 75 2 87 11 00 1125 9 00 9 50 6 50 6 75 6 00 6 25 22 00 23 00 6 25 6 37 6 75 6 50 4 00 4 26 3 75 4 00 pound M. pound 20 00 23 00 15 00 16 00 II 60 12 00 !>7S 3 00 SO 1 00 150 2 62 3 00 1 37 1 62 PEAR TREES. For sale at the garden of the subscriber a large collectio of Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees comprising most of the choice varieties of European and American origin. Orders hy mail will be immediately answered. October 16. ROBERT MANNING. 164 NEW ENGLAND FARMER WOV. 6, 1839. MISCELLANEOUS THE TWO APPLE TREES. A rich husbandman had two sons, the one exact- ly a year older than the other. The very day the second was born, he had set in the entrance of his orchard, two young apple trees, equal in size, which he had since cultivated with the same care, and which had thriven so equally, that nobody could give the preference to one of them before the other. When his children were capable of hand ing garden tools, he took them, one fineepring day, to see these two trees which he had planted for them, and called after their names. When they had suf- ficiently admired their fine growth, and the number of blossoms that covered them, he said, " You see, children, I give you these trees in good condition. They will thrive as much by your care, as they will lose by your negligence, and th.;ir fruit will reward you in proportion to your labor." The youngest, named Edmund, was indefatiga- ble in his attention. He was all that day busy in clearing his tree of insects that would have hurt it, and he propped up its stem to hinder it from taking an ugly bend. He loosened the earth all round it, that the warmth of tke sup and the moisture of the dews might cherish its roots. His mother had not tended him more carefully in his infancy, than he did his young apple tree. His brother Moses did none of all this. He spent his time on a mount that was hard by, throw- ing stones from it at passengers in the road. He went among all the idle country boys in the neigh- borhood, to box with them ; so that he was always seen with broken shins and black eyes, from the blows and kicks he received in his quarrels. He neglected his tree so far, in short he never once thought of it, till one day in autumn he by chance saw Edmund's tree so full of apples, streaked with purple and gold, that were it not for the props which supported its branches, the weight of its fruit must have bent it to the ground. Struck with the sight of so fine ti growth, he ran to his own, hoping to find as large a crop on it ; but what was his surprise, when he saw nothing but branches covered with moss, and a few yellow leaves ! Quite angry and jealous, he went to his father, and said, " Father, what sort of a tree is this that you have given me .' It is as dry as a broomstick, and I shall not have ten apples on it. But my brother! — Oh ! you have used him better. Bid him, at least, share his apples with me." " Share witli you," said his father ; " so the in- dustrious would lose his labor to feed the idle. — Take whatyou get; it is the reward of your negli- gence, and do not think to accuse me of injustice when you see your brother's rich crop. Your tree was as fruitful and in as good order as his. It bore as many blossoms, and grew in the same soil; only it had not the satne usage. Edmund has kept his tree clear even of the smallest insects ; you have suffered them to eat up yours in its blossom. As I do not choose to let any thing God has giv- en me, and for which I hold myself accountable to him, goto ruin, I take this tree from you, and call it no more by your name. It must pas3 through your brother's hands, to recover itself, and is his property from this moment, as well as the fri;it he shall make it bear. You may go and look for anoth- er in my nursery, and rear it, if you will, to make amends for your fault; but if you neglect it, that too shall belong to your brother for assisting me in my labor." Moses felt the justice of his father's sentence, and the wisdom of his design. lie went that mo- ment and chose in the nursery the most thrifty young apple tree that he could find. Edmund as- sisted him with his advice in^rearing it, and Moses did not lose a moment. He was never out of hu- mor, now, with his comrades, and still less with himself; for he applied cheerfully to work, and in autumn, he saw his tree fully answer his hopes. Thus he had the double advantage of enriching himself with a plentiful growth of fruit, and at the same time, of getting rid of the vicious habits which he had contracted. His father was so well pleased witli this change, that the follov/ing year he shared the produce of a small orchard, between him and his brother. The Farmer's Cabinet says that the sugar beet is superior to anything else for the fattening of sheep. Mutton which has been brought into Phil- adelphia market, by several farmers, fed on the su- gar beet, hay, and a small portion of corn, commands an extra price, as the meat is more juicy than any other, and exceedingly tender. Speculation. — A young man in an adjoinmg town was mightily smitten with the beauty of a lady whose father had a suit at law which must forever make or break him, and "popped the question." — She answered in the affirmative, and was express- ing a desire for immediate marriage, when he thus interrupted her — " I can have the refusal of you for six months, can't I .-'" A ho.nicide of rather a singular character wa perpotrated last Thursday, near Syracuse, N. Y .- A pedler, bending under the weight of his pack, ei countered on one of the by-roads of that region foot pad who demanded his money. The pedU handed out his pocket book. '< Is that all ?" aske the robber. "No," said the pedler. "Well the fork up, and be quick." The pedler put his har in his bosom, drew out a pistol, and shot the robbi through the heart. The body was recognized i that of a convict just discharged from the Aubui prison. It is estimated that during the month of Octobe $4,000,000 of property was consumed by fire the United States. The New Orleans papers generally express tl opinion that there exists an organized plot to redu( the cities of the south west to ashes. ' The Providence Journal mentions a Rohan pota- to received at that office, which weighs 34 1-2 oz. The Barnstable Patriot tells a monstrous pump- kin story, viz : that Capt. Peter Baker, of South Dennis, raised on his farm the past season, from one seed, 714 1-:^ lbs. of pumpkins ! An Irishman said the hard hearted priests, in- stead of the tenth, would if they dared, take the twentieth of a poor man's earnings, and so keep on The news of the battle of Bunker Hill was four days in getting to Newport, R. I. Passengers are now conveyed from Boston to Newport in about four hours^ The Atlas states that Massachusetts has lost more officers in the Florida war than any other State in the Union. So she did in the war of the revolution. — Trav. Hximane. — A society is about being established, the object of which is to discourage the use of figs and old cheese ; it having been ascertained that we deprive a great many innocent littlt creatures of life every time we indulge in those luxuries. The city of Mobile has been placed under mar- tial law. The panic and excitement in consequence of the late successful attempts to burn 'the city, have been beyond all parallel. Several persons have been arrested under circumstances which make it almost certain that they were among the incen- diaries who fired the city. ■WINSHIP'S BRIGHTON NITRSEKI ES, AND BOTANIC GARDENS. f^xf^^imc. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, ShruJis, Ciei ^^S^^ ers, Herbaceous, Perennials, Green Hii ^\^^ Orders addressed to Messrs WINSII -^e^is^r^ Erighlmi, Mass., will be promptly exec il and forwarded to any part of this or other countries. April 10. A man in Coventry, N. H. has fifteen children whose aggregate length, is upwards of ninety feet ! GREES'S P.i.TENT STRAW CUTTKR,. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New Enjiand .'\gric tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 51 and 52 North M ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay ; Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not bei applied to any implement for this purpose. The most pre inent effects of this application, and some of the cousequ peculiaiilies of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requii lo use it, that the strength of a lialf grown bny is sulfici to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two hu els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been clair by any other machine even when worked by horse or stc jiower. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in whicht cut, require sharpening less often than those of any ot straw cotter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, marie put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable the complicated machines in general use to get out of ord ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse Seed Store, No. 62 North Market Street, at S5 per barrel October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CC The present heing the in )st favorable season for trr planting all hardy trees and shrubs, we would remind tf who are in want of Fruit or Ornamental Trees, Shn Herbaceous Plants, &c. that wc can furnish them at si notice at nursery prices, well packed for transportatioi any part of the country. JOSEPH GRECK & CC October IB. MORUS MULTICAULIS. 6000 Multicaulis from 2 to 4 feet high, wood well ripen now standing in the field on the Jones Place in Angell Str half a mile from the Providence Market, for sale low (if ken in the field) by JOSEPH STETSON on the prem or on application to STIMSON & HODGEi Providence, October 23. THE NEW ENGLAND PARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per am payable at the end of the year — hut those who pay wii silly days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a ductionof 59 cents. DENNETT AND CHI8H0LM, 17 SCHOOL eTREflT..... BOSTON A N J) II O R T I C U L T U R A L R E G I S F E R rUr.I.ISHED HY JOSEPH liUECK & CO., NO 52 NOKTH MARKET STREET, (AoRrcuLTDBAL VVmighohse.) JIi. XVIII.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 13, 18;3!r [SJO. 19. AGfllCUL.TURAL, ORCESTER AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. Committee on all other .Manvfaetured Articles. Benjamin F. "honiiis, Worcester, Chairman; lin (i. Thurston, Lancaster ; Samue! Wood, GraC- 11 ; George C Davis, Northboro' ; John Hoyntoi!, jpipleton ; Horace B. Clafflin, Worcester ; Chnrle.-^ !e, Barrc; John P. Kettell, Worcester. Tiie servants of the society, rejoicing in the pre- 56 and definite appellation of the " Committee oh othrr manufacftired articles," having attenderi the duty assigned tliem, respectfully report: Of the articles coming within the province of ■ur committee, and for excellence in wliich pre- un>s are offered by t!ie society, the number w>.s laller, and the quality not equal, to those of son:-.- eceding years. No specimens of linen or tow diaper were e;;hi- ted. Tv.-o linen table cloths, of a good quality, 5re sent to the exhibition by Mr; Hannah Gibbs, Boylston, and the committee recommend a gra- ity to her of §1. In relation to the finest grass bonnet, the coni- ittee found no great trouble in forming tlieir judg- ent, one only being exhibited, and this by Miss arriet P. Dan;L, of O.xford ; for wliich a premium ■ S.5 is awarded her. dy work, reminded us of the good old times when our mothers sang to the music of the spinning wheel, and found, in the faitiiful discharge of their labors at home, their highest duty and tlieir truest pleasure ; before the march of mind had taugljt woman to unsex herself in the arena of politics, and to oiler up her refinement, modesty and deli- cacy, on the altar of an ill-judged philanthropy. There were specimens of fruit as boantiful as the apple that first tempted Eve: and flowers that vied with nature, save in the perfume. There were capos as nice as the shoulders they were designed to cover, and veils as pretty as the faces they were not meant to conceal. There were caps for day- light, and caps for no light at all. There were beautiful socks and beautiful hose, though, as mod- ern refinement has abolished k^s, the committee could conceive no use for then], except to cover the limhs of a table. The coming generation seems to have been provided for by maternal care and fondness, and there were nice little socks and nice little shoes for dear little boys and sweet little girls. The productions of the young ladies, too, were such as to satisfy the committee that the ne.\t gen- eration, like our own, would be blessed by good a»d notable wives and mothers, unless our young men, following the bad example set .them by some of the officers of our society, should live in violation of that divine law, which commanded man to go forth and to multiply and replenish the earth. „ . . , ,.,.,,..,', itf Mrs S. R. May and other ladies of Leicester, ex- 1 «o straw b'>nsejs oBly were exhibited — dlife bvJrr.->Ui, i . • . ' <• u .r i i-..i • i i „ „.., ■' , . "./TniDid.'d a vanety-of beautiful little articles, such as 'ts Parmenter, of Worcester, the other by Lydia ichols, of Charllcm. The committee, after miich -^liberation, were unable to decide which was best : ley, therefore, concluded to recommend that tlie •emium of .$3 be equally divided between them. The premium of $2 for llie best palm leaf hat is warded to JMiss Sarah Fiske, of Worcester. Oth- r palm leaf hats, of a fair quality, were ofierod by liss Elizabeth H. Childs, of Barre, and Miss Eu- ice Williams, of Worcester. Of fur, wool, or silk hats, only one lot was enter- d at the time when the premiums were awarded. I"his consisted of good plain brush hats, by John '. Kettell, of Worcester, to whom the committee warded the highest premium of .SG. Some of a ;ood quality were afterwards sent by Leonard & Tyler, of Worcester, and three of mole skin, well nade and beautifully finished, by Nathaniel Tead, >f Worcester. Very fine fut caps were al.=o exhi- lited by John P. Kettell. Though the articles coming within the province of your committee, entitled to premiums, were not i^ery numerous nor of surpassing excellence, the ■>uit3 of the industry and taste of the county, for which no regular premiums are awarded, have been equalled by those of no former exhibition. The committee viewed with peculiar pleasure, the contribution to the e.xhibition by the mothers and daughters of our county. The varied and beautiful specimens of woman's skill, industry and taste, could be surpassed only by the living products that slumber in the cradle or are folded to her ho- Bom. These varied proofs of herindustry and han- cliildren's socks, shoes, &c., for which the commit- tee recommend a gratuity of $1. A fine lot of articles of a similar character was sent by Mrs Elizabeth Southwick and other ladies, also of Leicester, for which the committee recom- mend the same gratuity, gl, regretting, in all these cases, that they do not feel authorised to do more. For a variety of nice articles of the same kind, a gratuity of .SI is given to the Ladies' Benevolent Society of Worcester. A very beautiful work bag, wrought with cruels, ofliered for exhibition by the excellent lady of our excellent president, was much admired by the com- mittee. A very pretty shell basket, made by Miss Mar- tha P. Holbrook, of Grafton, also attracted their no- tice, for which they recommend a gratuity of $1 to that lady. A great variety of beautiful wax flowers, many -of them nearly perfect imitations of nature, made by Misses E. and Lucy Earle, and Miss Woodbury, of Leicester, by Mrs B. F. Dean, of Worcester, and though last, not least, by Mrs Lucy Anne Dixie, of Worcester, were a great addition to the exhibition. The cemniitlee would have been glad to have re- commended gratuities to these ladies, but they felt that, limited as they were in funds, what was given should be for articles of a strictly useful character. Very beautiful and tempting looking fruit, made of the same material, was sent by Miss Phebe S. Southwick, of Leicester. An astral lamp rug with flowers, by Miss H. San- ford, of Oxford, two pairs by Miss A. Cobleigh, of Teinjileton, a shell box by Miss E. Hubbard, of Worcester, fi:ncy baskets, by Miss A. Putnam, of Graflon, attracted the favorable notice of the com- mittee. A black wrought lace veil, by Mrs Silas God- datd, of Milblirv', and a handkerchief of the same material by Miss Silvia Holbrook, of Worcester, were highly praised, and the committee recommend a gratuity of $1 to each of those ladies. Another veil was sent by .Hiss A. Putnam, of Grafton, which the committee thought very good. Ladies colored lace hoots, a very beautiful arti- cle, were exlitbited by H. F. BMrcli.«teail, of Wor- cester. A pretty foot in one of them, would be ir- resistible, fevcu to the chief justice of pigs. Gcntlemnn's slippers, wrought with cruels, were highly approved, as combining the comfortable with the be[uitiful. One pair, made by a young h- dy for the chairman of the committee of arrange- ments, excited a glimmer of hope in regard to that solitary officer. A shawl wrought with silk of her own manufac- ture and coloring, by Miss P. W. Howland,of West Brookficld, was regarded as so creditable to her, that the committee recommend a gratuity of .$1. Two very nice worsted pocket books, made by Mrs M. Newton, of South Shrewsbury, aged sixty years, and cruel work by Miss E. A. Howland, of Worcester, aged II years, cotton hose by Mary Chase, of Sutton, wire baskets by Mrs Southwick, of Leic<>i5tfcr, capes by Sophia Harrington, of Spen- c -r, ?ffej U-irbeK, ofMilbury, Miss E. Gardner, of WoiCttSter, Miss Fay, of Oakham, and Miss J. A. Smith, of Worcester, a centre lamp rug by Miss H. N. Chamberlain, of Worcester, and a paper bas- ket by Miss Ann E. Wilder, of Worcester, were fa- vorably noticed. Several articles of Britannia ware, exhibited by Messrs Boyden & Fenno, from the Taunton Manu- facturing Company, were thought in beauty of form, material and finish, to compare well with tlie best specimens of the English. Chester Dickinson, of Worcester, furnished a case with umbrellas, parasols, and musical instru- ments of his own manufiicture, which elicited warm praise from the committee. They recommend a gr Unity of $.5 to that gentleman. Some beautiful specimens of machine cards were sent by Messrs Lamb, White & Co., of Leicester. Knit thread caps and infants' shoes, by Miss P. M. Upham, of Leicester; wrought capes by Mrs B. F. Dean, of Worcester and Miss Lombard, of Sutton, and wrought collars by Mrs Patterson, of Uxbridge, were much commended. A beautiful ]iair of children's mits, a pair of ba- by's socks, and a silk purse, were sent by Mrs Eliza Clapp, of Leicester. Very beautiful lady's travelling bag and bead bags, by Mrs Southgate, of Leicester, increased the obligations felt by the committee to the ladies of that town, for their numerous and valuable contri- butions to the exhibition. A worked pocket handkerchief by Louisa W. Coe, of Worcester, and a collar by Mary Coe, of the same place, were very much admired, and thought^ 160 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, NO V. 13, 1839. by the committee to surpass any work of the kind . in the exhibition. I Beautiful wax flowers, wrought ladies' collars, , cotton hose, atul fancy articles from the State Lu- j natic Hospital, were viewed with great pleasure, not only as an interesting addition to tho exhibition, ' but as atfording practical evidence of tho blessed influences exerted by that noble charity. , W. & S. T. Coc, of Worcester, exliibited a case ' of medicines, perfumery, &c., so neatly and temp- tingly put up, that the committee seemed really to ; regret the want of an occasion to try them. These | gentlemen are entitled to tlie censure of the socie- | ty for offering men such temptations to be sick, | A case full of groceries, were exhibited by E. F. Dixie, of Worcester: they /ooA'erf nice ; but in rela- tion to a portion of them, the committee felt that more direct and practical proof was requisite. It is hoped that Mr Dixie is of the wise, to whom a word is sutTiciout. Tabourets, wrought with cruels, by Mrs A. D. Foster, of Worcester, by Miss !Mary Denny, of Worcester, and by Mrs Eliza A. Washburn, of Wor- cester, were universally admired as Deautiful orna- ments for the drawing room, and as monuments of the industry, taste, and unwearied patience of those ladies. Cotton sheetings, of a very nice quality, were Bent by Messrs II. & S. B. Chase, of Grafton ; some very good by Samuel Slater & Sons, of Webster. One hundred skeins of sewing silk were offered by Lucy Earle, of Leicester, to whoip the commit- tee recommend a gratuity of .'Jl. Sewing silk of a good quality, and a lot of co- coons, were sent by Mr J. H. Moore, of Charlton. A small bureau, of very neat workmanship, by James M. Russell, of Worcester ; a lady's work- box by Seth Puffer, of Worcester ; a beautiful dress- ing case by George Evans, of Worcester ; a lady's work-box by Amos Evans, of Worcester ; nnd one from r. W. & C. P. Bancroft, received much com- mendation. Very perfect imitations of rose wood by Charles P. Chapin, of Worcester, were much admired, and the committee recoiiimend a gratuity of .§] lo that gentleman. A very beautiful wrought lace capo by Miss Sa- rah G. Davis, of Paxton, delighted the committee. They recommend that a gratuity of $1 be given to her. An ingenious machine for winding thread was exhibited by Mary N. Hedge, o' Worcester. Two bonnets and a cap, tastefully made by Miss M. WiUey, of Worcester, attracted much notice. A stuffed owl, a fitting representation of the cyni- cal wisdom of the age, looked down very knowing- ly upon the multitude beneath. Several portraits by George L. Brown, of Wor- cester, were commended highly for the beauty of their execution and their great fidelity as likeness- es. Two pretty landscapes by the same excellent artist, added to the attractions of tht' fair. A landscape, by Francis Wood, of Worcester, at- tracted much attention. Specimens of neat and delicate paper hangings were sent from the manufactory of J. M. Barry, of Worcester. Silver ware, beautifully finished, and gold spec- tacles, were offered for exhibition by Messrs Dun- bar & Story, of Worcester. A very beautiful lady's work bag, wrought with cruels, by Mrs Pratt, of Worcester, was found to be added to the exhibition this morning. ■ Also, two neat palm leaf hats, by .Mrs Hapgood, of Harvard. A door, made by Henry Earle, of Worcester, was regarded as a specimen of rieat and finished work- manship. The committee cannot, with any decent respect to the patience of the society, even enumerate all tho beautiful articles exhibited. Though not men- tioned in this report, they did not escape the notice of the crowd of visitors who thronged the hall. They would suggest to those who may furnish articles for exhibition at a future time, to send them at an early hour the day preceding the cattle show. After the hah is opeijed for visitors, it is not possi- ble for the committee to make a minute examina- tion of the articles exhibited. They do not doubt that many articles of gre^.t merit may have been unnoticed from this cause. Yet, after all, the noblest specimens of our do- mestic manufactures wore the daughters of our county, who in thousands thronged this pleasant village to celebrate the farmer's holiday. Tho com- mittee could not but turn from the beautiful fabrics to their more beautiful makers. Even the cold and cynical bachelors, as they gazed upon the rosy- cheeked and beautiful girls, folt the ice melt with- in them, and for the brief hour were human. BENJ. F. THOMAS, Chairman. Committee on Slieep. Joseph Mason, Templeton, Chairman ; Scth Wy- rnan, Shrewsbury ; Washington Howe, Petersham: Cyrus Gale, Northboro'; Thomas Bottomly, Leices- ter; Joseph Day, Uxbridge ; Samuel Daman, Hol- dcn ; Sylvanus Holbrook, Nortlibridge. The committee appointed to award premiums on sheep, respectfully submit the following report : Like the shepherds of antiquity, your committee feel themselves honored in having charge of a floclt of sheep. We have never felt any of that antipa- thy for this useful and inoffensive animal, which induced a distinguished southern gentleman to say that he would go a mile out of his \ amine the subject and report before the next cattl show. It is to be presumed that there will b found a great depression of the orran of destru( tivencss, and an unusual elevation of the organ ( shecp'rhness. A sheep should be judged of like a dandy, by th fineness of his coat. We beg pardon of the shoe for the comparisop — but it is so apt I In both ci ses, the coat is the most important part of the anima What is a sheep good for without a fleece, ar what is a dandy good for without a coat? Some of the sheep examined by your conimitte were of a superior quality. They were of diffgi ent bhiods of Merino, Dishley, and Saxony, mixe with that of the native sheep. None, howeve were presented with a golden fleece, li':e thi which Jason obtained in the celebrated Argonaut expedition; and it is the opinion of your commi tee, that that species of sheep is entirely extinc at least, it is unknown in the county of Worceste We think, that if another should be discovered i these days, it would be kept to perpetuate tl stock, instead of being sacrificed to either Jupiti or Mars ; and that enough would be found to col tend for the fleece, even though guarded by tl bulls with brazen hoofs and horns, and the arrnt men and the sleepless dragon. Your committee can express no opinion as 1 the best mixtures of blood for the wool grower 1 obtain. That must be determined by a variety i circumstances. In connexion with this subjec however, we will mention a very excellent sugge tion of a good farmer's wife, somewhere in Ve mont, who, having been put to some inconvenicnc to procure some cotton to mix with her wool for di inestic manufacture, advised her husband to get cOlion i-am, so that they might have cotton and wo ready mixed, from their own flock. Your committee awarded to Thomas W. Wai the premium of seven dollars for the best Merii ram. No other ram was presented that, by tt rules of the society, could be considered as his con petitor. Four Saxony bucks were presented t Rejoice Newton, Esq., of Worcester; but as i premium is offered by the society for Saxony buck we can merely certify to all whom it ipay concer that they had very fine wool and very large horn The best Merino ewes were presented by Mess Francis Strong and-Charles Hadwin, of Worceste: and your committee accordingly awarded to the the premium of eight dollars, whij|h is offered t the society. The premium of four dollars for tf next best Merjno ewes, was awarded to Willia Thompson, of Oakham. The wool of these ew( was of a very superior quality, and had some a| peurance of being a mixture of Merino and Saxon The only mixed Merino sheep presented for premium were five ewes belonging to Thomas V Ward, of Shrewsbury. They were a mixture i Merino and Bakewell breeds, and both on accoui of their size and the quality of the wool, entitle the owner, in the opinion of the committee, to tl premium of five dollars, which was according! awarded to him.- The premium of five dollars for the best nativ ram, was awarded to HoUon Maynard, of Northborc This ram is reputed to be two years old ; an though he had rather a mutton-headed expressioi was, on the whole, a very fine fellow, and did n discredit to the place of his nativity. vol,. XVIII. NO. 19. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 167 rsluill Pratt, of Oxford, presented a largo and 111^ looking ram, whicli your coniniiltee fonnd ■ xheep's eyes at a lioantifiil Dislilev owe in iiiio pun. The gallant fellow was a little dis- •bed by onr pluckin;r a lock of wool fromliis side, examination of wliich satisfied the committee It instead of being pnnly native, he had some .-ced blood. A native buck \va* presented iiy Daniel 'I'enno}', q., of Sutton, and also by Joshua Eveleth, of inceton ; but, though good, they were unequal to It of Mr Pratl. Daniel Tenner, Esq., of Sutton, presented four live ewes, and no others being pri?sented, your itioe had no hesitation in awarding- to him 3 premium of four dollars. There were two claimants for the premium for » best native wethers. 'I'hosc presented by Cool- go Pratt, of Oxford, were very fine ; but, after ne debate and much grave consideration, the mmittee resolved that the two native wethers of hn Whitney, of Princeton, were the best,- and refore awarded to liini the premium of three dol- Tlireo rams of the Dishley breed were presented premium — two very clever ones by Seth Blan- ard, belonging to the society of Shaker.-, in irvard ; but the largest and best of the three, was ! one presented by Edward Warren, of North- ro.' He had no Iiorn.s, but his tail was as broad a pillow, and would do admirably for the lambs lay their heads on wlien they lay down to sleep : ;refore, after due deliberation, the committee arded to Edward Warren the premium for the St ram of the Dishley breed. Your committee did not award to any one the I jmium for the two bestewcs of the Dishley breed. i 'Vo sheep were presented for this premium by nathan P. Dana, of Oxford; but, vn cxamiua- •n, we were of opinion that they were a mix-e^l eed, and liad but little Dishley blood in tlieir ins. Several other very good sheep were presented r exhibition. On the whole, the superior quality of the sheep esented both for premiums and exhibition, shows e influence which this society has exerted in im- oving the breed of sheep, as well as the general terest among the farmers in thi.s subject. All which is respeclfully submitted by your corn- it tee. JOSEPH MASON, Chairman. Committee on Working Oxen. David Henshaw, Leicester, Chairman ; Benjamin unroe, Northboro' ; Phineas Gleason. Westboro'; rtemas nowe,Paxton; John Whitney, Princeton ; barren Iiumes, Douglas ; Solon Hastiuf^s, Ster- The committee on Working Oxen having attend- d to the duty assigned them, beg leave to report: That tlie drawing matches, the trials of strength nd docility, look place at the time appointed, im- lediately after the address was delivered. The several teams entered for the premiums each rcw the load of thirtyfive hundred pounds weight icluding the cart, up an ascent of about twenty jet, a distance of about thirty rods, turned the cart ound, descended the hill half way, then backed he load part way up the hill, and again descended 0 the starting place. The teams that drew the load up with the least do " " do 5 yrs. old. do " " do 4 yrs. old. do .5 " do 4 " '■ do 7 'I " do ^ " " do 4 " " do .5 1. ,: do 4 " " do " " " apparent exertion, that moved it with the most fa- cility, and were most obedient to (he commands of the driver, taking into view the age of the team, were considered as entitled to the premiums. Seventeen teams competed for the premiums, viz. I the team of Daniel Tenney, Sutton, ] p;iir of 4 yrs. old. [ Royal Keith, Grafton, do " " Henry Johnson, Milbury, Nathaniel Dodge, Sutton, Paul Goodale, Worcester, Nath'l C. Moore, " Joseph Bullard, Holden, Simon Carpenter, Charlton, Elbridge G.Wheolock, Milbury, d George \\. Spurr, Charlton, Marshall'Pratt, Oxford, David Carpenter, Charlton, David W. Carpenter, " Putnam King, Sutton, Snnon Fuller, " Stephen JVIaish, jr. " Reuben Sibley, " The committee were greatly perplexed in award- ing the premiums satisfactorily to themselves, ow- ing to the very close competition and the slight dif- ference between the performances of those that re- ceived, and those that did not gain the premiums. The committee noticed with pleasure that they had never before seen the like number of teams togeth- er, that appeared so well and performed so well. After irmch deliberation, however, the committee have awarded the first premium to Daniel Tenney, Sutton, .$12 Stephen Marsh, jr., Sutton, second, 10 David \V. Carpenter, Charlton, third, 8 Elbridge G. Wheelock, Milbury, fourth, 5 The committee likewise examined a team ofsev- ©ntyfour y(dses of Working O.xen, all from the town of Sutton. It was a highly gratifying exhibition — the oxen were generally young, in good condition, and well broke — there was not in th(< whole team, what could be called an inferior yoke of cattle. It afforded most creditable proof of tlie enterpri.'--e and well directed industry of the inhabitants of that large and thrifty agricultural town, and added char- acter to the wh(de exhibition of the day. The committee recommend that the premium of scventyfive dollars, ottered by the society, be paid for tliis team. The committee also examined a team of six yokes of fine looking and well trained oxen, from the farm of David Carpenter, of Charlton. And also one of five yokes of excellent and well trained oxen from the farm of Simon Carpenter, of Charlton. 'I hey recommend a gratuity ti each of these gen- tlemen, for the exhibition of their teams, of five dol- lars. By order of the Commitlet, DAVID HENSH.'VW, Chairman. ashes wliich were perfectly dry, and the trees were afterwards whitewashed. If the ashes had been , damp, the results might have been dilTerent. This ! was done just as the buds were bursting. The conse(|iienco was that there a| peared to be a check or absor|)tion of the sap. 'I he blossoms were slow in opening and remained for a long time upon the trees, but notwithstanding, I hud an abundant crop of fine fruit. Tlie trees, however, were manifestly injured, but as I wjis making an experiment, I de- termined to allow the ashes to remain, to see the effect during this season, 'i hey continued to de- cline during this summer, and had much dead wood upon them. Their leaves were yellow, they boro no fruit, and 1 was firmly convinced tliat I would not have a living cree next spring if I persisted in my experiment. I therefore about the first of Au- gust, had the ashes carefully removed, and the worms destroyed. I he holes were then filled up with short hog manure, and this covered up with earth. The beneficial results are very manifest. The loliag" is now rapidly changing its sickly yel- low color for a luxurious growth of dark green, and I feel confident from present indications, that most of them will soon be restored to vigorous health. The peach is so delicioos a fruit, and the culti- vation of it has been attended with so many diffi- culties in this county, that I regard anything which may be calculated to remove them, as too impor- tant to be witlilicid from the community, and as I am satisfied that the application of manure to the root will, in most instances, restore a sickly tree to health when the trunk is not too much injured by worms or other causes, I recommend those whose trees may require it, to adopt the means which I think I have successfully used. — German- town Telegraph. Penn. PEACH TREES. About three years ago, I wrote an article upon this subject for your paper, and recommended coal ashes to tie placed about the trees for their preser- vation. So fully persuaded was I of their useful- ness in giving vigor to the tree and preserving it from the attacks of worms, that in the spring of ]8;i8, I applied it again to my trees, but the results were not so favorable as I anticipated. A hole large enough to contain about three shovels full, was dug around the root, and this filled up with {"rooi tfie Franklin Farmer. BREEDING AND REARING SV/INE. For economy, I would advise the farming com- munity to select out of their herd of swine, every spring, as many female pigs as they may think will produce them as many pigs as they may be prepar- ed to rear through the winter for family or nnrket use, and to have this lot of young sows kept in a lot sufficiently close !o prevent males from getting to them. Should the grazing on the blue grass or clover not be sufficient to keep them in a good healthy growing condition, I would advise a small proportion of corn, given regularly morn and noon, to assist their regular growth. And as I have, from my own experience with a lot of eleven head, hav- ing only ordinary blue grass woodland pasture, made a regular practice morn and noon, of giving them 8 or 10 ears of corn at a feed, I can say with safety, by so doing you will be well paid for your husbandry. Your sows will have health, good sleek coats of hair and good stamina, and they will not be hurried in their growth — then the animals will be much more capable of propagating. Young sows kept in this way, will weigh from 120 to 160 lbs. when about 8 months old. Sows are susceptible of conceiving when 4 or 5 months old ; but for better size and form, I would recommend not to breed them until they are about 6 months old, that their first littering will be when they are about 12 months of age. Sows impregnat- ed from the 20th to the last of December, will bring pigs from the 10th to the 30th of April, a.s the pe- riod of gestation is about 112 days. I have a num- 168 NEW ENGLAND FARMER BfOV. I.J, 1839. jeron record of tlie above age, and find' their pr»- Juce to be from 8 to J3 pigs a litter. I know tlie usual wants of t!ie farmers, by hearing thorn fre- quently observe, by their fire-side, " lot me have my slock of pigs to come the first nf Viarch," and at the same time, unconscious of the danger of se- j vere storms and cold blasts in March — and the lit- j tie economy they have in providing shi^ltors for! their sows — frequently lose their entire stock of; pigs, which is of no small vahip to a farmer tliat has ; Ills plan laid out to rear a great number of hogs,, consequently must buy a stock, or sol! their grain ! it reduced price. I have expcrie-.ced the loss i more than once, to a considerable amount, conse- quently I have postponed breeding, as neforc men- 1 tioned. 'J'hus I have the security of better v/catli- er and the benefit of vegetation, which lias a good tendency to correct any indisposition in .sows, which frequently occurs in animals as well as hu- man beings. They are subject to inflannnatory colds, and fever succeeding, dries up their milk, the pigs perish and death intervenes. To insure the farmer a quick and rapid growth in liis lot of pigs, let them romo about the last of .April, (say 20th) which is far preferable to March pigs, which have sustained much injury while very youncj: stiint- od by frost and hunger, they cannot be well resus- citated by the best of attention afterwards. In an ordinary way, sows suckle their young in the spring from six to eight weeks, but in the fall the sows frequently wean their young in ab lut six weeks. I would say, to make your pigs thrive and grow on without much injury in their looks from weaning time, the better way is to prepare a cov- ered pen for your pigs, and have a hole sufficiently large so they can go in and out at pleasure, and always keep shelled corn by tliem. Be particular to commence thus feeding when they are about tliree weeks old, and it will aid the sow in rearing them — consequently they will wean them kindly and grow on without any ill effects which are com- mon to weaning. These pigs will have age and guflicient growth by good clover and blue grass — will winter kindly, which will insure the farmer a regular growth in his lot of hogs by the common mode of corn feeding', or following corn-fed cattle, the excrements they collect from them are equal to cooked or steamed malt. After weaning their lit- ter of pigs, I would advise all the old sows to be apayed, while reduced in flesh by suckling, as the period is most favorable. A careful hand perform- ing the operation in the left side, I seldom or nevar lose any of that age and healthy rearing. They will fatten kindly, and make about as much weight at selling time as their brothers of the same litter. You now perceive I do not winter anv hogs more than one winter. I can say from experience, that sows with pig winter better than barrows. Tliey should be kept in a large woodland pasture, if prac- ticable, by themselves, to prevent any injury from other hogs. Be careful to have a house or shelter to protect them in inclement weather. Continue to select every spring the best female pigs out of your litters, as many as you may think will pro- duce as many pigs as you may M'ant to breed from, and by so doing you may rear your hogs on your farm at a moderate calculation of 20 per cent over and above the prevailing practice of the day. As in the corampn way the farmer has his male.s and females running together at large, then they mSy expect to have litters of pigs every month in the year; the uneveness of the lot of hogs, and conse- quently the stronger will be certain to abuse the weak, (a hog is a hog by name and nature,) and hav- ing masterly strength, and in all cases the weaker are driven from their food and comfortable shelter in the forest ; and in many cases we have a proof of the unecouomizing rural system of our fariuers, by having all size's and ages. In onr u.sual winters we see the small class of hogs, when pinched with cold, deep snows and wet weather, fall victims of death by Binothering and suppression by the larger class being with the small ones. On all occasions hogs ought to be separated and classed according to size, and kept in the woodland pastures where they may provide shelter in the forest foliage Every farmer should provide himself with hog- houses in his wood-land i)astures, where they can get the foliage of the forest to make their beds. — The best place for these houses should be selected on the south or iiortheost side of a hili, so as to re- ceive the warmth of t)ie sun in the winter, and on a moderate slope, so as to drain off the water, and that the sun luay the bettor dry and warm the earth. As to form I am not particular, but always recommend the shelter to be close and dry; to aid in keeping dry much care should be observed in trenching around the house to turn tiie water. Rearing a Ji^-d of blooded ftmale swine ; spring and summer treatment ; breeding and winter treat- ment.— They should be left in a lot suiTiciently large for exercise, containing plenty of water (for wallowing) and shade. If the grazing is not suiii- cicnt, I would advise a little corn, dish-water, slops and soap-suds, mixed together, to be given them, 80 as to keep the animals in a good healthy look, but by no means like fattening, to hurrying them in their growth. My practice for winter treatment. After my sows are all pregnant, if practicable, I always have a large field of clover or meadow for their grasistf, or put them on rye or wheat- fields, and let them graze about 24 hour.^, twice a week, when the anovi is off the ground ; always providing a comfortable dry shed or houses for them, having a regular time for feeding, (morning and evening,) and if any ani- mal stands in danger from the want of regular feed- ing while pregnant, it is the sow; ai;d there is great danger of their being fed too much at a time, by careless or inexperienced servants, which is apt to produce abortions. Another cause is the severe weather on sows, snow and wet weather, when tlie, ■ have frequently to make their beds in the snow, and sometimes in mud and water — when shelters are not provided for them ; this is the cause v.liy "wc so often hear our farmers say all their sows hiive slunk their pig.s, and shall have no pigs in ilio i spring, and another cause still 'more particular, I | leave to the carefu) to observe ; when my sows are i half gone with pig, (.sometime in February,) without fail, I separate my sows and put them in lots (4 or.") ! in number) to prevent from laying one upon anoth- I er along in February and March, cold snowy spells, ' which causes them, by oppression, to miscarry. — I 'ibis is the time that the greatest care should be i taken with sows, as the period of littering is close | at hand, for if they should giiscarry, you have again to breed them, when their pigs will come late and much time lost. Breeding or blooded Sows. — When they have at- tained to the ago of eightrnonths or thereabout, my practice is to breed them between the 1st and 1.3th December, so as to make their littering to the lat- ter end of March_and by having shelters or houses for their littering in, I can venture breeding sooner than I would otherwise advise. I can rear this lit .ter and have my sows stinted to boar, and bring the second litter in and about the 1st and middle o Seplciiiber, so as to have time to rear thorn, and si they will stand the ensuing winter. Then my sow, c^in have about a month's rest until the 1st of De cember, which I very much approve of for breed ing again, and by so doing I have three litterj ii the period of 19 months. You now see the month: I prefer for my blooded sows to litter — the end o March and the 1st of April. The second litte Irom 1st to 15th September, and the third litter thi latter end of .\;arch and 1st of .April, which makei. the period I have noticed. In stinting my sows tn the boar according to the time mentioned, I havi been very p'rticular to aid my memory by commit ting to writing the time when they were stinte( rind the mode of stinting. I .was in the habit o the old custom in my first beginning of doing busi ness in this way. I soon saw there was an crro somewhere, and my intentions wore defeated somi how — as I woukj reserve my lot of common sows ti be bred in December, so as to bring the pigs thi' first of April, when the weather wps warm, and thu old custom would be to let the boar go with somi twenty or thirty sows, with the expectation of hav ing a lot of pigi of one ago, and in a comn.on wa; there would come in season atone time, in all prob •ability, one-third of the sows. Admit the boar t( be in good health and a full flow of animal spirit, a'nd strength, he will soon by severe service be im potent, and consequently only the first few sow: may be impregnated. The sows will in all proba bility continue to come in season, and the boar stil reducing every day, and yet his lasciviousness keep him incapable of being fruitful. Hence, I foum by experience, my sows were unproductive, sonn having two or tliree pigs, and they coming in muci later than 1 exjiectod, consequently I would recom mend one boar to every ten sows, where you wan alt your pigs of one age and of good size. Of al the animal creation that I have any acquaintanci with, the boar and ram will lose their juices faste from gendering. I will aver that a boar may be ii good health and high condition of animal spirits and just let him with a lot of rows twer.ty or lhirt\ in number, and in four weeks time he will lose on( hundred pounds weight, and you may feed hini witl^what corn he may want to cat. My young maiden sows 1 hardly ever permit to be served but one time ; my reason for this is that the old boars are too heavy and strong for them he inaslies them down when they are willing; il not, he hunches them with his nose, and bruises ttiem so much that it impedes their growth forevei afterwards. It is astonishing to think how they frequently support them. I disapprove under any circumstances, of letting the male to ii sow more than once when he is in good order. I recomncnd an aged male to maiden sows in all cases, to se- cure large, sprightly, and well formed pigs, and more prolific. I have kept a true account hereto- fore, of this practice. I let a lot of seven sows run with the boar until they have done with him, and kept their several dates. I also had a lot of young and old sows. I let the boar out of his pound and let him serve them once a piece, and kept their sev- eral dates. There was but one out of the six that did not stand, and out of the lot of seven there were two which did not stand. The lot of six produced from six to eleven pigs apiece, and the lot of seven did not produce as many pigs by four as the six. I kept both lots in the same manner with care, and YOh. XVI'.r. IVO. 19. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 160 ey answcrt'd tlieir several dates in littering, tlip ■rioJ of reciirdt'd a n>ni)ber of instances and ates where tliNy have varied from tlie set time of 11 to IIG days. This convinces mi; of the injury ic boar sustain.', and the sows receive no benefit, ''rom his masterly strength she is constrained to o what nature does not desire, therefore the great iscrepancy injhe supposed period of gestation. Piftii^ilnr feeding I liave always given my ows dish-water slops, when practicable, throtigli he winter, in a trou;Th, sufficiently long, tha'. they lay all feed out of it without scufiling, with a pole onlined on each end of the trough, and also to :eep their feet out of the slop and keep them from ighting and slipping over the rotundity .of the rough. The ammonia in the dish-water will suit iiipregnaled sows nmch better than strong salt I lad twelve head last winter in the severeU weath- •r and deep snows ; I never gave but three ears of orn to each head, morning and evening, and when he snow was off, my feed was from one to two ■ars to each head, morning and evening. Trentment. — When in some two or three days of heir littering, I always separate my sows and put hem in sheds or houses by themselves ; I prepare caves for their beds, if practicable, as I prefer theni () straw or hay ; they are light and warm, and here is no danger of the young pigs getting en- angled, as they do sometimes in straw; being very iveak, they die before they get to the teat; now whilst confined before littering, give them two ears if corn morning and evening, and a plenty of water until Ihcy have farrowed. Aftar they ha'fe Htt ftd give nothing but water for 24 h.,urs ; then give two )r three ears of corn night and morning, for some four or five days — never give rich slops for some four or five days before littering, for they are not in good health, but feverish, &c., and rich food will in- crease the fever and swell the teats, so that the pigs annot draw them, more especially in warm weather. I have known instances of the milk entire- ly drying up from fever, and the pigs die for the want of it. Our affection frequently takes prece- dent of reason, by giving into supposed calls of nature, therefore many feed their sows on the rich- est f od iinmediately after liltoring. It also pro- duces that very injurious disease among the pigs — scours. Trtalmmt after the pigs are some, five or ten days old. — The sows should be kept separate from each otlierat least ten days after littering, to secure the pigs' affections to their own mother, and to prevent them in large herds of pigs from this evil, which is so common when the sows are permitted to run and litter together. The strong |)igs will suckle all the sows, for their superior strength will force the weaker and younger from their teats, and conse- quently soon become puny and weak, which if kept as I have described, has a good bearing to prevent them. I can say from e,\perience, that every pig will have their own teat, and regularly as the sow calls or permits them to suckle, they will return to their own, unless forced away by the stronger. My practice is, after they have arrived at the age be- fore mentioned, to put them in a lot of grass suffi. cient for their grazing and exercise, with a plenty of shade and water, if practicable, and always keep other .stocks of hogs awiy from- them of any size, for the purpose V)f keeping the sows from fighting, and running ov^r and crippling the young pigs, which is pretty generally the case if tliey are pi.-r- uiitted to feed with the sows and pigs. I feed my sows while suckling with as nmch corn as they will eat up clean, and alway.'^ if possible put the corn on smooth and dry ground for them. As for ecimomy, from experience, I can SMy I am well paid for my husbandry, to have houses and sheds for winter feeding. My summer and fall feeding of slops to my sows while suckling their pigs, is done in the following described manner : have two barrels or tubs placed convenient to the troughs, then put in- to each barrel two pecks of rye and one peck of corn meal, one of wheat bran, then fill the barrels with kitchen slops and soapsuds; when notenough of this, make up the deficiency witii water, frequent- ly stirring it with a paddle, and in 2-1 hours by a summer heat it will be about as acid as common still beer. Commence slopping out of one tub the first day, leaving some of the slop in the tub to re- tain the acid for quick fermentation ; the same eve. ning fill up this tub again for the third day; now commence slopping the second day out of tlie tub. and re-fill in the evening as you did the first; now- yon have both your tubs fermented and a body of acid in them, you must keep it up by filling one ev- ery day ; renew the meal and bran every two or three days by putting in one peck of the three kinds mi.xed together in each tub, in the same proportion to the firs; put in. From this quantity i fed five aged sows and thirtyone pigs three times every day, which took about twenty gallons altogether, leaving in the tub about 12 gallons to fill up on. I continued slopping them in this way for 'seven weeks, which was about weaning time. In this time they consumed about twenty bushels, and at an average cost of 50 cts. per bushel, they cost $10, expended in meal and bran. From these pigs I sold S3i0 dollars worth, leaving me some five or six pigs on hand. Description of the Russia hogs.-^Their color is generally white, with long coarse hair, their head is long and coarsely featured, their ears are not so broad as the common variety of the country, yet longer and narrower, and come regularly to a point, projecting forward, and they do not appear to have so much command of them as other breeds ; they have fine length and height, their bone is large and fine, they stand w.-ll upon their pastern joints and trackers ; quite industrious ; they are thick through the shoulders, inditferently ribbed, (or sud- denly inclined down,) their plate or kidney bone rather narrow and ovaliug than otherwise, hams pretty good, though not so good as the Irish, Bed- ford or Berkshire, yet preferable to the variety ; they do not graze so well as many others ; they want more time to bring them into market than the above named breeds. Give them from 18 to 20 months age, they will make very large hows; they are quite prolific, their usual number is from nine to twelve pigs a litter. I have found their cross With the named breeds to be a valuable acquisition to their grazing, aptitude to fatten, and rapid growth at the same time. Rearins;, treatment and management of thorough bred male hogs — To ensure good size, form and fulness^ in their hams,' straight in their stifle joints, and to give a good and regular growth, I seldom or ever suffer iny boar to serve a sow until he has arrived at the age of 8 or 10 months, and older if po-ssible. I give them a lot sufficiently large fur exercise, and give food enough to keep them in a high state of flesh while growing; by so doiii'r, I have no fears, from past experience, of injuring their libidinous propensities as so much objected to bv aged men, who pretend to be hog growers in Kentucky. By this mode, I am satisfied that you will have stronger, more vigorous, active and roo-u- lar sized pigs in every litter ; and furthermore, you will find your sows in littering are not so apt to produce pigs dead, fiti; and feeble, as when got by a young or pour boar. In this way I breed them, and, according to my former view, never sufl\;rinT them to run at large with spayed sows, &c. I be- lieve by this treatment they will be good producers for ten or twelve years, if not lunger. They are dangerous animals, and should not be permi t d to rLjn with horses and CEttlc. This i.^ tlie practice that I liave adopted and shall follow, unless I see some further information from the pen of some other writer upon the subject. I am always open to conviction, and willing to re- ceive instruction, and will not spare time, trouble and expense to procure correct principles. I should be pleased to see some writer who has the weight and benefit of years and experience on his side, that 1 might look up to as a son to a father, for fur- ther information, as I am but yet in the morning of life. I feel much delicacy in coming out in the columns of a public agricultural work, but still, from solicitation, and as a friend to the cause of agricultural pursuits, I have ventured. We find recorded in the book of Genesis, chapter .3d, verse 23d, one of the first commands that God gave to man — " to till the ground from whence he was ta- ken." JAS. E. LETTON. Milkrshurg, Kij. RUTA BAGA AND THE GARDEN FLEA. Mil Editor — I believe it is a principle at com- mon law tfiat no man shall profit by his own mis- doings; but laws are not always just, and there are few principles which do not admit of excep- tio:is. Last spring I planted about half an acre of Ruta Baga, on land that was manured with long manure from the barnyard, and befiire the plants got fairly started the weeds got ahead of them, and being busy about other matters, I neglected to hoe tliein until they were completely overrun with weeds, and seeing my neighbors' plants entirely devoured with the garden flea, I felt but little disposition to neg- lect otiier work to weed mine, from the impression they would meet the same fate. One day I dis- covered a few straggling plants making their way through a thin spot of weeds, which induced me to ' e.xamine the piece. I found the plants to be per- fect and entire, not one having been molested by an insect of any description. I hoed and thinned them out, and in ten days I had the handsomest and forwardest yard of turnips in the town, and I have UM doubt that by my negligence in not hoeing them, I have gained over one hundred bushels of fine roots, fdany of my neighbors will not have forty bushels from a piece as large as mine, while 1 shall probably get two hundred. I would therefore suggest whether neglecting to weed turnip plants until the 20th or 25th of July, will not prove an ef- fectual safeguard against the depredations of those insect intruders. Circs Slack. ito NEW ENGLAND FARMER NOV, 13, 1839. AND HOHTICDLTDRAL RF.GISTER. Boston, Wednesdav, Movembeb 13, 1S35. CARROTS AND RUTA BAGA. The product of these crops is not so large in this State !is to require mucli expense or pains in their pres- ervation. An acre of rula bags or carrots is, upon the whole, a large quantity fur nny one fiirru. As yet our farmers in the cultivation of ruota for stock, are slowly feeling their way. We hope they will come right at last ; and that small experiments will encourage thcni to extend the cultivaiion. They will presently luarn that for keepingstock, ihrre are many much more pinfi. table crops than English hay at a Ion or a ton and a half to an acre ; and by turning their attention to other crops, by which they will have it in their power to keep much more slock, they will increase their manure heaps and in (his way quadruple, in some cases increase ten fdd, the productiveness of ibcir farms. An aero in carrots may be easily'made to yield six humlred bushels. In the estimate of un experienced and excellent farmer in Berkshire county, half carrots and half oats are as good feed for a horse as all oats ; or rather to uso his own expression, he would prefer one hundred bushels of carrols and one hundred bushels of oats to two hundrerl bushels of oats fur his hoieo?. The experience ofa distinguished farmer in England, in the prnctice of keeping eighty horses on his farm .ind in his colliery, entirely confirms this stalcment. Now a bush- el of carrols a day wilh chopped s:raw or salt hay, would, we have no doubt, keep a work horse in high condition, though it would probably be much better in the case to give him in lieu of bo many carrots, some grain or meal. Half a bushel of carrots per day, however, at twenty- five cents per bushel, cut off' from the allowance made above, would pay for an allowance ofa peek of oats per day to a horse. Upon the supposition then, of his being kept in the stable six months or one hundjed and eighty- three days in a season, an acre of carrots yielding six hundred bushels to the acre, supposing onchalf to be sold at twentyfive cents per bushel and the money ex- pended in oats at thirlyseven and a half cents per bush- el, to eat with the carrols, would considera,Wy more llian furnish three horses with half a bushel of carrots each per day and two bushels of oats per week, or more than a peck of oats per day besides the haUhusbel of carrots. Under this feed a horse would require vary little long feed of any kind to keep him in good condition. Now on the other hand, suppose the horse has Eng- lish hay, and if he is worked he ought lo have as many oats as in the former case, besides, one horse will con- sume in that time, at twentyfive pounds per day, not less than two tons and a quarter, or the three, six tons and three-quarters : and this can hardly be obtained from less than seven acres of land of ordinary yield. The horses will not, in the next place, be by any means in so good condition ; and the manure made from this feed of not half the value as that made in the oilier case. This is, many will say, a remarkable statement, but it is well founded and not at all exaggerated. In other respects it deserves particular consideration. There cannot be a doubt of the advantaj^es, to our animals, in respect to health and comfort, which the use of succu- lent vegetables in some proportions, would have over the dry feed, which we are accustomed in our pre«ent mode of keeping to give them in the winter season. We might go on to speak of the green vegetables for stock in winter ; the sugar beet, the ruta haga, the pars- nip, &c. &c , but it does not come within our design to treat this subject more full_7 at this time. Our intention now was merely to speak of the mode of preserving the«e vegetiibles through the winter. We say then distinctly and emphalicallv, that neither ruta biiga, nor turnips, nor cabbages should ever under F.ny cirenmstances be put in any considerable quanlilies in the house cellar. The least decay produces an offen- sive odor and poisons the air of the cellar and of the house. C.iriols and beets are by no means lis bad, but they, if placed in large heaps, are liable lo become heat- ed and to decay ; or otherwise to sprout, when their nu- trilive powers are of loiirse leS'iened. We have kepi them well in .several cases, and often known them kept well by others, by pilling them in a field thus. Take a dry kiioll neiir wiiere ihey were raised ; dig a trench about afoot deep, lengthwise north and south; and of Bucli width as you choose, and then after the tops ofyoui carrots and ruta baga are cut off, put them into this trench, pilin:T them up as high as they will lay, in the form ofa houje roof — do this when they are dry; then put in a light layer of straw and 'cover it lightly with dirt, piercing some holes in ihe top of the heap with a crow bar, lo let off tlio steam ; and so let them rem.iin until the severe frosls are about setting in; then put on another covering of straw and a thick covering of earili, fastening up the south end wilh several bundles of stiaw, which can bo removed at pleas- ure. They may be put up in heaps of one, two or three hundred liushels, or more, .ts may be desired. They will keep well in this way, and in pleasant days they may be got at without inconvenience at any time as you may want them for your live stock. You must be care- ful to see that there is an escape for the sleani after they are first put up, otherwise they may disappear without your suspicion ajid very much to your chagrin. 11. C MORUS MULTICAULIS. Tfie Morns Multicaulis speculation is now at an end, at least /or the present. It is, in common parlance, flat upon its back ; and whether it can be made lo stand again of itself, or be held up upon crutches, remains to be seen. It has falhm suddenly like a tremendous Co- lossus ; and it now lies sprawling with a good many un- der it, who are crushed by its fall. Some are quite dead ; others may crawl out wilh only some of their limbs broken ; others may by careful surgical skill, be restored a^'ain to soundness, if such skill should fortu- iiateiy be at hand ; but vast numbers have fallen like those who were revelling in the halls, which the giant in llie old teslainenl pulled ilown over their heads. We have no pleasure in conleinjilatiuff ihese wrecks of hope; these enterprises of avarice stimulated to an in- tensity which never can be reached without our integ- rily as well as our happiness being put in extreme peril. In all such cases ihe reaction is extreme — the ebb cor- responds 10 the flood. The country in many parts is covered wilh tlie Multicaulis ahiiost as thickly as most wheat stubbles are with the Roman wormwood ; and prices have gone down next to the point of giving away. Some years since, in Boston, when the marketing was brought to town in panniers stung across the liorso, wild pigeons w«re in such abundance, that a farmer who had come to market wilh his panniers full of pioeons. after selling as many as he eould for a penny a dozen, at length in despair went away, leaving his horse, in hopes that some person would steal what remained un- told. But judge of his surprise, when on returning to his horse, he found that some other marketer as iinfor- tunale as himself, had turned his load upon what he had left, it has not yet quite come to this with the Multi- caulis, although they haTe been sold in quanlilies a public sale, at four cents and at two cents per tree ; am then the sale was stopped for want of any furllier bids 'J'his is certiiinly greatly undervaluing them. They are a plant of inestimable value to ihe country. The; yield an abundant foliage. The worms consume then with avidity ; and they have not, as many feared, provec unhealthy. The silk produced by them is of cxcellen quality. Tliey will not endure our riyid winters; bu the taking them up and storing them in the cellars, oi covering thern up in the fields, is not an affair of any great labor or trouble ; and the extra labor is amply compensated by the ease of picking the leaves fiom Ion shrubs compared wilh the difficulty of galhering leaves from high standard trees. We have a right to hopr., thereforu, that the public judgment will at length do iliem full justice; and al- though they cannot be expected to go as high as they have hereiofore been sold, yet they vi-ill bring such a price as will fully pay for cultivating them; and be ob- lained so reasonably that ihe farmers will be warranted in maliiiig planlations of them ior ihe purpose of raising silk. Our only fear is that the disappointmenls which many must experience in failing to realize the brilliant prices which their heated i naginations anticipateil, may dis- gust many with the wliole matter, and operate lo pio- dute prejudices against ihe business of raising silk. This will be a great evil ; for in our humble opinion the rais- ing of silk in New England may presently become al- most as valuable an interest as the raising of cotlon in one of ihe Southern States. When wo have a little leisure and an opportunity of looking at the documents, we design to give a history, little known to most per- sons, ofwhat was done for the encouragement and ad- vancement of this business many years ago and long before Ihe American Revolulion. H. C. Jirajsitchusetti Horticulturia gocletjr. KIHIBITION or FRCITS. Saturday, Nov. 2, 1839. Dr James Jackson exhibited fine specimens of Coffin's Virgalieu .' Pears ; also Passe Colipar, Grnsanne and Green Sugar do. Henry Corse, Esq., our attentive correspondent at Montreal, sent Upper Canada Seedling, a very dark red apple, of medium size and oblong form ; St Lawrence — this fruit is ill perfection in September, but it retained a line flavor; Fameuse or d'Neige, a well known fruit; Seedling Crab apples, of large size and remarkably beau- tiful; St. Anloine, Golden lleinelle and another seed- ling. Mr J. F. Allen, Salem, exhibited large specimens of Beurre Uiel and Chaumontelle Pears, and also a. varieti' name unknown. Mr Manning exhibited the Minister apple, a hand- some striped fruit — form oblong — the size above medi- um. This fruit sustains a very high reputation. For the Cemmitlec, E. M. RICHARDS. Great Yield of Onions.— Mt Moses Greenleaf, of Bol- ton, Muss, has raised ihis year on 3:i 1-2 rods of ground, 15-2 bushels of White Po'tugal (Jnions, which is al the rate of 725 bushels per acre. Tlie ground was measured by one of his neighbors, and we have no doubt but the onions were properly measured. We saw the crop be- fore it was gathered, and can say we never saw a finer and more productive crop. J. B. VOL. XV in, NO. 10. AXD HORTICULTURAL REGlSi^R Wool. Duty—Tkc value whereof ,U the j^ace of e.rpor- lalion sh,ill not cxceril S cents per /fi. ./Vec. AU whereof llic alue exceeds a cents per lb. 40 per cent. ad. vat. and 4 cents per lb. Somo few sales of fleece and pulled have been made du- i? the week, but nolhin^ like Ihe ordinarj' demand e.-cisls, .1 where sales are eflected ihey are made at quite a reduc- m on former price-:. The stagnation in this business is .■in? partly to the scarcity of rnonev and partly to the fact that nearly or quite one half of the woollen machinery in New England is not in operation, nor will it he started asain latil the woollen business improves. VVe omit quotations ,s there are no fixed prices for the article. BRlGH'l-OiN' MARKK.T. -MONDAT, Nov. 11, 1839. Keriortf.) n.rllif y^w Enslanil Fanner. At Market 1101) Beef Cattle, 850 Stores, 2700 Sheep and 12S0 Swine. PmcEs-neef T they will give universal satisfaction" to all who will give them a fair trial. Orders should be forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber, No. 52 North Market Street, office of the New England Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers ° Octobep 23. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. A R,\RE CHANCE. For sale. A partner wishing to withdraw from an old ^tablished Agricultural Implement and S'eed Warehouse, laving a good run of country custom, would be willing to lispose of his interest on liberal terms, as he is ahout'en- ^giDg in other purkuits. To a person wishing to engage in I respestable and profitable business, having some ready capital, it is an opportunity rarely to be met with. A liberal redit will be given on most of the purchase money if proper- T secured. Any communications addressed '• Lafayette " "Jew York city, will be treate;! strictly confidential. ' PEAR, PLUM, GRAPE VINES, &.C. 1000 Pear Trees of the most approved kinds ; 1000 Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and extra size — many of them have borne the past season ; 500 Quince Trees; 3000 Isabella and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet high, most of them have borne fruit- Black Hamburgh Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling; ' 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roots; 5000 Wilmot's Early Rhubarb or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also— a good assoitmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c o dilferent k.nds ; All orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridge-port, or in Mr Lynch's baggage wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No. 8 Faneuil Hall, will meet with immediat attention. SAMUEL POND, Cambridge port, Mass. October 9. GREENHOUSE GLASS, All sizes and qualities, for sale by fcORlNG &. KUPPER, No. 10 Merchants' Row. November 6. 2t ~FruU and Ornameutal Trees, Mulberries, &,c. Fruit Trees of all the different species ;— The collections now offered, are of the most celebrated and surpassing kinds The Pears are unusually fine— the Peach and the Cherry Trees are also fine, and in very extraordinary numbers The Catalogue of fVuit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs Hoses, and Herbaceous Flowering Plants, for 1839, is readi' and will be sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very best kinds i f fruits, so far as proved, are particularly desic- nated by a star. ' ° 100,000 Morus Multicaulis Trees or any other reasona- ble quantity, or cuttings of the same, are now offered The trees are genuine; all being raised by the subscriber' either at his Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment a Portsmouth m Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Cockspur and Buckthorn for Hedges, &c. &.c. Canton, Broussa, Moret- ti or Alpine, and some other Mulberries. All orders will be promptly attended to. and trees when so ordered will be securely packed for safe transporiion le distant places. WILLIAM KENRICK INonautum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. SOUTH DOWW RAMS. 5 half blood South down Rams, for sale at a reasonable &"'"'■ oS'''' "* •'^^^''^ BRECK & CO. New England November 6. 3t Alum, American, . .Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lb?. . Pot, Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime B^iEswAX, white, yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shijiping, dairy. Candles, mould, dipped, sperm, Chefse, new milk, CiDEB, ..... refined BoneMan-cre, in casks, Featherb. northeri:. geese soutberii, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, . Haddock, Mackerel, No, 1 No. 2. No, 3, . Alewives. dry salted, No. 1. Salmon, No. I, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain: Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellovr, white, , Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Grindstones, pr ton of 2080 lbs. rough, do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, . . . . southern and western, . Hav, best English, per ton, . _ Eastern screwed, . - Hi. Hops, 1st quality, . . . 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do", slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northeni, Canary, Hemp, . Flax, Red Clover, northern. Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony Heeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, E- f Pulled superfine, . i'3lNo.2 z'^lNo.3, . . . pound bushel barrel pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal barrel 5 37 4 75 1 62 2 00 13 00 12 00 9 50 40 28 1 37 II 00 9 00 65£l 0£ 22 00 6 26 Si 50 5 00 6 25 2 00 13 50 12 50 10 00 2 67 2S7 11 25 . 9 60 6 75 6 50 23 00 6 37 6 SO 6 37 6 25 4 25 4 00 pound pound cask gallon pound pr M. pound 3 00 20 00 15 00 11 50 2 75 SO 2 62 1 37 3 10 23 00 16 00 12 00 13 00 1 00 I 60 300 172 NEW ENGLAND I' A II M E R MISCELLANEOUS CLOCKS. The first mode of measuriniT the lapse of time was, undoubtedly, the observation of tlie sun's mo- tion. In almost all climates, the morning, noon and evenings would be readily distinguished. The Babylonians appear to be the first who obtained greater accuracy by the invention of the sun-dial, at what epoch is not exactly kYiown ; but it was evidently at a very ren)0te period. The dial of Ahaz, mentioned by Isaiah, must have existed eight centuries before the Christian era ; and it is a cu- rious example of the little communication which existed in ancient times between the nations of the world, that this instrument was unknown to the Greeks, until about G40, B. C. One of these Gre- cian sun-dials is preserved in the British Museum. It is ronjecturod that it served to show the hour in one of tlic crossways in Athens. A few centuries later, the Egyptians, in order to distinguish the hours at night and in cloudy weath- er, invented the clepsydra, or water-clock ; proba- bly a mere float, with a rod fixed upmi it, like a mast, and placed in a vessel of water with a hole at the bottom : as the water ran out, the float descend- ed, and figures marked on the rod, at proper inter- vals, showed the number of hours elapsed. The sand-glass, made like the modern hour glass, was also used in ancient times, as appears from a bas- reli.'f, representing the marriage of Peleus and Thetis, in which is the figure of Morpheus^ holding a glass of this construction. The period of the invention of wheel-clocks is ijivolved in uncertainty — some authors staling it to have been as early as the fourth, and others as late as the tenth century. The cause of this I'isagree- ment is, that the word clock has been used tp de- signate the clepsydrftnd hour-glass ; and probably the clocks mentioneu by old chroniclers, and set down by modera authors as proofs of the antiquity of the invention, were some modifications of these instJ-umenls. Such, probably, was the clock sent by Paul I. to Pepin le Bref, in 700. The French historians describe a clock sent to Charlemagne in 607, by Haroun al Rashid, the Ca- liph of the East, which struck the hours by the fall- ing of twelve brass balls upon a bell. It had also twelve horsemen, who came out, one at a time, at separate doors, which they openedand closed again. This clock must certainly have been furnished with some kind of wheel- work ; but the movirigp.iwer is said to have been the fall of water. In the twelfth century, clocks moved by weights, appetir to have been \ised in Italy ; and, early in the fourteenth, one was put up in Loudon, by VVal- lingford, a monk, who died in 1325, which was said to show the time with accuracy. In the year 13d4, Gracomo Dondi erected at Padua, his celebrated clock, which, besides the hour of llie day, showed the course of the sun in elliptic, and the places of the planets. The celebrity acquired by this clock, was the cause of great advancement in the art : al- most every court in Europe was desirous of pos- sessing a similar work, and skilful mechanics were, in consequence, induced to turn their attention to the manufacture. Its author was dignified with the sirnamo of Horologius, which is still borne by his descendants. A stnry told of Louis XI. (king of France from deal of money at play, stole a clock belonging to the king, and hid it in his sleeve. In a sliort time, the clocli, which continued to go, notwithstanding its removal struck the hour, and the theft wns of course discovered. Louis, as capricious in kindness as in tyranny, not only pardcuied tlie culprit, but made him a present of the clock. All these instru- ments, though much superior to the clepsydra, and celebrated at the period of their invention for the accuracy of their movements, gave, according to our present notions, but coarse approximations to the true time. They were retarded greatly, when a particle of dust got into their works, and accele- rated when cleaned. As to the minute divisions of time, they were quite useless. 'i ycho Brahe, an astronomer who lived in the sixteenth century, and who spared no expense or trouble in their con- struction, found that no dependence could be plac- ed upon them for his observations. The adaptation of the pendulum, by the cele- brated Iluygcns, in 1057, at once brought clock- making to perfection. The clock, which had hith- erto merely served to divide the day into periods of sufficient accuracy for the details of business, or the hours of eating or sleeping, now became the means of recording the minutest lapse of time, of showing the smallest irregularities in the apparent motion of the sun and planets, and of reducing as- tronomy to the exactness of mathematical reason- ing. Increased skill in workmanship, has, of course, produced greater accuracy ; but tlie pendulum is still the means of giving it effect JJiOV. 13, 1839. All of us who were engaged in the struggle must have obsi.'rved (requent instances of a superintend- ing Providence in our favor. To that kind Provi- dence we owe this happy opportunity of consulting in peace on the means of establishing our future national felicity. And have we now forgotten that powerful friend ? or do we imagine we now no longer need its assistance ? I have lived, sir, a long time, and the longer I live, the ninre con- vincing proofs I see of this truth — that God gov- erns in the affairs of men. And if a sparrow can- not fall to the ground without His notice, is it pro- bable that an empire can rise without His aid i We have been assured, sir, in the sacred writings that "except the Lord build the house, they laboi in vain that build it." I firmly believe this ; and also believe that without His concurring aid, w( hall succeed in this political building no bette than the builders of Babel ; we shall be divider by our little, partial, Ioc.tI interests; our project will be confounded, and we ourselves shall becom a reproach and a byword down to future ages. An what is worse, mankind may hereafter, from thi unfortunate instance, despair of establishing go\ ernment by human wisdom, and leave it to chanc( war and conquest. I therefore beg leave to move — That henceforth, prayers, imploring the assi; tance of Heaven, and its blessings on our deliberi tions, be held in this assembly every morning b( fore we proceed to business, and that one or moi of the clergy of this city be requested to officiate that service. DR FRANKLIN AND LEGISLATIVE CHAP- LAINS. Our great American philosopher has not been usually tanked among those, who, among the re- nowned names of the world, can be claimed as a believer and follower of the Christian religion. — Yet, in the testimony which is annexed, and which we do not remember to have seen before, there is such proof, both of religious faith and practical wisdom, as to outweigh many vague accusations JVfiv York American. Motion for prayers in Ihe Convention. Ma President : — The small progress we have made, after four or five weeks' close attendance and continual reasoning with each other, our dif- ferent sentiments on ainio.st every question, several of the last producing as many noes as ayes, is, meihinks, a melancholy proof of the imperfection of the bumau understanding. We, indeed seem to feel our own want of politicdl wisdom, since we have been running all about in search of it. We have gone back to ancient history for models of Government, and -examined the different forms of those Republics, which, having been originally formed with the seeds of their own dissolution, now no longer exist; and v/e have viewed modern States all around Europe, but find none of their ciuistitutions suitable to our circumstances. In this situation of this assembly, groping, as it were in the dark to find political truth, and scarae able to distinguish it when presented to us, how has it happened, sir, tliat we have not hitlierto once tiiought of applying humbly to the Father of Light to il.uininate our understanding? In the begin ning of the contest with Britain, when we were sensible of danger, we had daily prayers in this 14(il lo 1 18-%) shows that the art had then made I room for the Divine protection. Our prayers, sir, great advi nces. A gentleman who had lost, a great were heard — and they were graciously answered. !.S, \Vi-\SHlP'S BRIGHTON .M.:nSE:RI. AXD BOTANIC GARDKNS. ^■.^■•<-<:v.. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrulis, CiO( ^■'■-,-' i.5r ers, Herliaccous, Perennials, Grei ii H'l ■*. "''^■■SS Phints, &c. 5r4.> |:"^?~ Orders arldressed to Messrs WINSli: _^rir.. Rrigluoki, Slass., will be promptly exec iti and forwarded to any part of this or other eounlries. April 10. ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse a Seed Store, No. 5^ North Market Street, at Sr, per Imrrel. October 16. JOSEPH BllECK & CO. I<'rliit nml Oriiamental Trees, Flowering ShruU Plants, &e. The present lieing the m >st favorolile .reason for Irai planting all hardy trees and shrulis, we would remind thr who are' in waiil of Fruit or Ornamental Trees. Shrti flerhaceous Plains, &c. that we can futnis-li tliem at sh notice at nursery prices, well packed for transportatii anv part of the country. ..,...«., .,,,,,,-.,- . ^ bctoher 16. .lOSEPH liRECE & CO .^lORUS 11H.'1.TIC.4.11LIS. COOO Multieaulis from 2 to 4 feet h'gh, wood well ripenr now slandinijin the field on the JoTies Piarein An"eU Stre half a mile from the Prnvidenue Market, for sale low (if ken in the field) liy. JOSEPH STETSON on the premi or on application to STIAISON & HODGES Providence, Octolier 2S. A few pa NoTemlie DOMESTICATED "WILD GEESIS. for sale. Enquire at this office. THE NEW EWGI>A:>.D FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per ann- piyahlc at the end of the year— but those who pay Wil sixty days from the time of suhscrihing are entitled to a duolionof 59 cents. DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTT** n seiiiioLeTRBaT oostox A N D H O R T I C U L T U K A L REGISTER. 1'Ui:'..ISHH;D IIV JOSEPH IUJECK & CO., no uJ north JIARKET STKEET, (Agricultubal Warehouse.) k'oi.. xvin.] BOSTON. WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 20, 18:3Si. [NO. ao. AGRICULTURAL. iVOllCESTER AGRICULIURAL SOCIETY. Commillte on Fat dilUc and Milch Coics. John L. Koy Istoii, Princeton, C'hrtirin:in: .ToaPi)'' •^stabroiik, Royalston ; Daniel Tcniiey, Sutton ; Jo- ej'h'Siiivycr, liolton ; Siilein Towne, Charlton ; .lo.. iah GlR.-ison, Now Braintrei;; LarUin Ainmidown, Jouthbriiljfe. Tilt; Committee on Fut Cattle ami Milch Cows especlfuliy report: It'tlie mani station of ivpnltli and prosperity is ver gratifying,'-, it is pociiliarly so when witnessed n an occasion like the present. It brinj^s with it 0 heart burninj^s to contemplate the pcssossioR of rhat forms the elements of the husbandman's .ealth, for its very possession contributes to the eneral comfort and independence of the whole omruuiv.ty. His granaries may run over with ful- ess : his stall.s may be crowded with their tenants, nd his fields may teem with nature's richest pro- ucts ; and yet there is such a consciousness that hese are the rewards of industry, that the heart lust be cold indeed which docs not rejoice in such lanifestations of thrift. Here is no hoarding- — here is no evidence of oavy premiums wrung from the distresses of the nfortu.iate. Here may he thirty, or even sixty 3ld return for the seed cast into the earth; but it i the usury, only, which nature and a beneficent 'rovidence pay to him who lets the changing sea- on he his broker, and looks not to Wall street to now the value of his stock. It has been the privilege of your coniiiiitLee to xamine and enjoy tlie exhibition of a portion only f those specimens of agriculiural weahh which lave been this day collected here. Hut they do lot derogate from the importance of any other part 'f the e.Tchibition, when they claim for it a high ank. Our county may not vie with the fortilo val- eys of the west in the production of grain cro])S ; lut ive need not fear competition with any part of iiir country in the character of the herds that graze ipon the herbage of our pastures. Our dairies, too, ell of the qualities of the animals that supply them, it the same time that they bear witness to the neat lousewifery and domestic thrift that makes our far- ners not only independent citizens abroad, but hap- )y husbandmen at home. In the general feeling )f eongratulatiou at the truly magnificent e.xliibition jf the day, your committee -would gladly avoid the nvidiousness of distinction wjicre all are so worthy jf commendation. Hut their duty requires it, and hey proceed, therefore, to particularize tlie aiiimale which they have examined. And with great propriety, the first ox which they name is Columbus — not the Genoese navigator, but ;be admiral of iJie Princeton herds. Unfortunate- ly for his owner, in the way of premiums, this was not his fir.st voyage to this port — but, fortunately Tor the society, Col Whiiney life too much public jspirit to iesitate, on that account, from offering him for exhibition. Though Columbus could not, therefore, claim much on the score of being a dis- coverer; he was certainly as g-rcf(< in his lino, as ever his Genoese namesake was of old. Ne.xt in the order of pens, was an ox of Lewis and Ebenezor Barnard, of Worcester. Alliiough it is not by any means odd tor the Messrs Barnard to have fat oxen, or to olfer them to grace our ex- hibitions, they certainly brought an odd one into the pons, and as he weighed 2'-^.5".i lbs. ntthe age of 7 years, your coiiim;ttee thought it would not be easy to match him, and have awarded to him the society's first premium of $'2i>. The ox was wholly fatte.ned upon grass, and had been worked until March lust. Jodeditili Estabrook, of Rutland, offered a pair of oxen, weighing together oirt^Olus; to one of which, being his yellow ox, the coiiiiiiitlee have awarded the second premium of §1.^, The age of this ox was 6 years, and his weight 1!)60 lbs. He has 'been fattened upon grass, except two bushels of corn and ten bushels of jiotatoes, and has not been worked during the last season. Gardner Wilson, of Leicester, offered a pair of oxen, weighing 3960 lbs., which were so near equal that although the committee were satisfied that the third premium should fall to one of them, it was not a little diflicult to distinguish to which it should be assigned. The committee, however, awarded the third premium of $10 to Mr Wilson, for his red ox, weighing 2lo0 lbs. The animal was -ivlioUy fatted on grass, and is five years old, and was constantly worked until the last spring. James Adams, of Rutland, offered a fat ox iveigb- ing 2115 lbs. He was a beautiful animal, but as he was not raised in the county, he was not enti- tled to the privileges of citizenship, and, of course, could not be voted for by your committee. He did great credit to Vermont, the land of his birtli, and showed that ' out west' is not the only place to look for fat things. Mr Hollovray Bailey, of Northboro', offered a pair of oxen, six years old, weighing 3005 lbs., which -were of an excellent quality. They were fattened entirely upon grass, and h,avebeen worked during the last hay season. They deserved and received the especial notice and conmiendation of the committee, as well as of others who examined them. Mr John Rich, of Sutton, offered a pair of oxen, twelve years old, weighing 378S lbs., and if the committee could state the amount o'f work done by these oxen before being placed at grosi for fatten- ing, and the high condition in which they now are, they would but add new testimony of the value to the farmers of such stock as has been this day ex- hibited. The Messrs Barnards did not seem content with e.xlii biting the best ox on this occasion: but, ns if deten.iined to embarrass the committee by offering others .of excellent quality, presented a pair of oxen for prem.ium, weighing 3014 lbs., 8 years old, which were worked until last March, and were wholly fat- tened on grass ; but aa all the good cattle could not have premiums, the committee are obliged to pass to the oxen of Francis Davis, of Holdcn. The pair otTored by hiin weighed 3127 lbs. at thj age of 5 years, and were worked until June last, and have been fattened im grass until within ton days past. They were a handsome pair, and, in any ordinary exhibition, might have deserved something more than high cprnmendation. The committee are unanimous in their recom- mendations, that the usual fees for travel should be allowed for the several fat cattle exhibited this day, as they all come fairly within the qualities required by the society to entitle their owners to such al- lowance. There were five cows dffered for premium. Jacob Stevens, of Charlton, offered a cow, which has been kept with five others, with no extra feed beyond what the pasture supplied. The quantity of milk which she yielded in ten days in June, was 180 quarts, and i,-i September 150 quarts, from which was made 17 lbs. 11 oz. of butter in the ten days in June, and for the same space of time in September, 14 1-2 lbs. of butter; and for this cow the commit- tee award to Mr Stevens the first pn'mium of $15. The second premium your committee have award- ed to Elijah Darling, of Princeton, for a cow kept by herself, nnd fed upon ordinary keeping : she was a fine animal, and it was stated to the committee that she produced 221 1-2 lljs. of butter during the past suirinif-', which, with the quantity of milk used in his family, furnished by the same cow, proves her to have been a remarkable animal. The third premium was assigned by your com- mittee to Reuben Barton, of .Millbury, for his cow, eight years old, which pro.luced 13 1-2 lbs. of but- ter in one week in June, and 8 lbs. of butter during the first week in September; making the quantity of 130 lbs. during the season, besides furnishing milk for the consunqrtion of the owner's family — and, also, for sale, to the amount of eight dollars. The fourth premium was awarded to William Eames, of Worcester, for his four years old cow. There was a cow exhibited by Noah Allen, of Shrewsbury, that was of a very high quality in all respects; but as no more than four premiums could be awarded, the committee must content themselves with thus noticing this fine animal. Fourteen cows were offered for exhibition. Jacob W. Watson, of Princeton, placed in the pens a valuable cow, with her calf eight days old by her side, which the committee Examined with much pleasure. Wm. Eames, of Worcester, exhibited a cow of the Ayrcshire breed, six years old, which, though a foreigner, showed real yankee thrift. Thomas W. Ward, of Shrew.sbury, exhibited two milch cows of an excellent quality. And Orsemus Willard, of Harvard, also exhibit- ed an imported cow of 'a fine quality. Although she bears the name of " Lady Blue," the committee were better jileased with her domestic qualities than her learning, if her name was derived from that quality which stamps the sex with the epithet which she -wears. 174 NEW ENGLAND FARMER NOV. 30. 1839. Amory Ilolmaii, of I'olton, picfented one Cdw, with ticalfby lier side, which atiracteil particular notice. Slje was of lialf Duihani blood, and a very fine animal. Ephraim Mower, of Worcester, vvith becoming spirit, placed a fine cow in the pens, which sus- tained the character of thestock of U'urcestcr coun- ty- The State Lunatic Hospital ofTered eight cows' for exhibition, all of which seemed to partake so much of the cha'acter of comfort, good keeping and progressive improvt'ment, which distinguish every thing connected with that institution, that they were a source of general satisfaction in their exhi- bition. All whicii is most respectfully submitted. JOHN L. BOYLSTON, Chninnmi. Three claims have been entered to the premi . to enricli fields, .*20. we award to Galen Howard, urns offered to encourage the cultivation of nurse- of W. Bridgewater, who has collected .52() loads, ries (if Chinese mulberry trees. Be not alarmed, 'I'he second of .$1.") to Horace Collamore, of Peru- sir, there is no furnace underneath to force the broke, who has collected 344 loads, 'i he third of growth, nor any reckhss speculator at your side, $12 to Alfred Whitman, of E. Bridgewatei-, 330 who would ride your pockets by the influence of loads. The fourth cif §10 to Paul Hathaway, of false representations, who would toll you that every i IVliddlcbonuigh, and "2 vols. N. E. Farmer, bud in these nursrries is of equal value v ith a five ] The statement of Mr Collamore was distinguisli- dollarbill, that the le;ives of the tree are healing , ed for particularity, and we believe for general cor- to every disease which atnicts the body, that they ' rectness ; we recommend that '2 vol.bserve in many instances the remains of former wrong habits- ir. tillage, in the erection of little mounds of earth round corn, potatoes, or other vegetable plants. Ridge culture belonsfs not to New England, except when swamps are cultivated. In this climate there is seldom any redundancy of moisture, but often deficiency ; therefore our cultivation should be directed with a view to the greatest retention in the soil of dews and rains. In our circuits in the county, we have remarked a very prevalent neglect of fields in the last of the seasoE. Tlie strength of the soil in many places, is more clearly exhibited in a rank growth of weeds than in useful plants. Weeds have the same for- bidding aspect to the farmer that vices have to the moralist. But the appeiiranct is the least evil in the case; there is exhaustion of the soil and an abundant supply of seed to produce a future har- vest of bitterness. We regard it important to di- rect attentioB to this subject, and encourage far- mers to keep their fields clear of weeds as po.^sihle, through the whole season ; still we are conscious ibis is one of the subjects on which preaching is easier than practice, and are willing to receive the iting in hollows, on the margin of forests, by the [application of the proverb in the full force that the road side, and wherever the course of the wind j appearances of our fields will justify, "physician meets an obstruction. To encourage labors of this heal thyself." kind, the premiums whirh we have now to award Bridgewattr, OH. It! MORRILL ALLEN, JESSE PERKINS, JOSHUA EDDY. 1839. were framed. The alteration from our former of- fers was not wull understood by some of the com- petitors. In consequence of their misunderstand- ing, possibly, the committee have been led into some errors. The arrangements in future years \ will be better understood. We think the alteration { important and useful ; we cannot think otherwise, | if we suppose there is any semblance of truth in what one of our orators said on a former occasion, Betsey P. Fobes, Bridgewater, 2 stool covers $1 00 that " in this county it is no uncommon thing for ! Mrs ^\. C. Virgin, Carver, 2 do 75 one town to blow into another." j Mrs Jas. A. Leonard, ,VHddleboro', 1 do 25 The first premium for the collection of materials Mrs Jacob Thompson, do 1 do 37 l-2c. •M I I' M S AWARDED, FiincTj JlHides. TOI.. XVIU. NO. SO. AND if 0 R T I C U L T U R A L REGISTER 17^ 25 1 00 25 Hannai) .M'Latliliii, E. Briilgewatcr, 2 tliislle lamp nialii 50 do do do 2 lamp mats 25 miss l-'aniiy Leonard, IJiidfrcwatcr, 2 do 50 Mrs Josiali Bisby, Roclipsler, 1 do 25 Rosilla Ford, Marshtield, I do 50 Caroline Bassot, Bridge water, ;? do 25 Ann Cliristian, do 2 do 'S7 I-'3c. Aim Elizahetli Ed.ly, E. .Middlebnro', 1 bluclc lace veil 2 00 Ruth Ikckus, do do 1 do dodo 1 00 Sarab IL Tiii-jier, Diixbiiry. 1 white do do 50 Hannah Backus, Middleboro', I black do dn 50 Eliza T. Perkins, Diixbury, 3 painted curtains 75 Mary Leonard, Bridsrewatcr, 1 wroiiiiht sarn]dor 50 Eliza A. Crooker, do i do do 25 Charlotte Christian, do 1 do do framud 50 Susan L. Revoro, dol muslin collar 25 .Mrs W.W. Barker, do 1 do do Funny D. Kingman, Middlebom', 1 do mu.-lin cipe, 37 l-2c. Lydia Kinsjnian, do I do do Fanny D. Kingman, Middleboro', 1 do do, Anrelia i^ Jacobs, Scitiiate, i do do Mrs Jas. A. Leonard, Middleboro', 1 do d>) " " " " " J wruuijht muslin collar Elizabeth A. Dunbafj Brid;:cw»^7. I do do cape ivliss II. Bassett, do 1 dodo collar Emily M. Washburn, do 1 do do do Hannah R. Crooker, do 1 do do do Jane Hayward, Plympton, 1 do do do Hannah M'Lathlin, E. Bridgewater, 1 lace? do Isabella T. Hartwell, W. Bridyewater, 1 thread do 25 Cordelia F. Hartwell, do ] do do 25 Sarah Harlow, Middjeboro', 1 muslin cape 75 Sarah- E. Hathaway, N. Middleboro', 1 w:'ought lace do :37 l-2c. Hannah Backus, Middleboro', I do do collar 75 Sarah II. Leonard, Du.xbury, l^do do cape 37 i'-2c Jane i^eed, W. Bridirewnter, 1 do do do 50 Lydia R. Kingman, Middleboro', 1 wrought bag and watch case 50 Mrs Joshua Washburn, Bridgcwatcr, 1 linen ta- ble cloth 2 00 Betsey B. Kingman, do 1 wrought linen apron 25 Hannah H. Loucli, W. Bridgewater, fruit basket 50 Patience Fuller, Hanson, 2 fur capes 2 00 " " " 2 chair cushions 50 Geo. H. Brown, E. Bridgewater, writing ink :;nd perfumery 2 00 Elizabeth Whitman, Pembrofte, lace edging 1 00 Paulina T. Damon, Bridgewater, do- 50 Hannah Backus, Muldleboru', do do 50 Mary K Murdock, da 1 pr wrought shoes 2a Hannah Barker, Pembroke, silk safety chain 25 Mrs John Howard, W. Bridg'ewater, bead cliatn 75 Hannah M'LRthliii, E. Bridgewater, do do 50 Gea H. Brown, E. Bridgewater, samples gold carj printing 2 00 " " J pr miniature socks 25 Deborali Hale, Bridgewater, 1 bead bag 38 Amelia W. Hyde,-do 1 wrought child's frock T 00 Martha W. Hyde, do 1 f.ice child's cap 25 Dorcas Society, Hanover, 1 linen cambric do 75 Mrs Win. P. Cutter, Bridj^'ewater, 1 lace cap 50 iMiss H. Bassett, do velvet painting 25 Miss Betsey Hooper, do 1 Dunstable bonnet 3 00 Miss iMalencia Hooper, 1 do do 5 00 Hannah M'Lathlin, E, JBridgtwater, 1 variega- ied straw do ° 2 00 Jerusha Sylvester, Hanover, 2 covered stoids 75 | Hannah Backus, Middleboro', 1 do do 251 Sar.^h H. Turner, Du.xbury, 1 pr wrought cuffs 25! JMrs B. Rates, Bridgewater, 3 lamp mats 25 Caleb H. Packard, N. Bridgewater, 1 work ho.'; 2 00 Sally Thomas, Duxbury, I fancy nig ] 00 NAIIUM STETSON, Cliaiyman, Jiivcntioii^, The committee award to Fobes Crane & Co. of West Hridgewater, for an i r.provement on cook- ing stoves, .?5 and 1 vol. of N. E. Farmer. To John A. Conant, 2,1, of East Bridgewater, for an in. proved louther roller, $4 and I vol. ofN. E. Farmer To George \V, Pratt, of Bridgewater, for a new Oonstfucted straw guage, .*]. To Jonathan Whipple, of Grullon, leather cutter S2. To Sproat & Andrews, for a boa;;d saw reliever -f 3. 1 o Seth Pratt, Jr., of Bridgewater, for a bugle .S2. Most of the articles are in a highly fini hed state and give evidence of increased improvement in the mechanic arts. The bugle by Mr Pr;;it. T,e con- .■^ider, though we are no musician:, to be pai-ticu- lurly an arlic!s.of:i?'.:perior workmanship. A" of which is submitted. SOLOMON HWWARD, Chainna,,. Slock. The Committee take ple:'surein saying, that on no former occasion have they witnessed better spe- cimens of stock than has been exhibited this day for premiums. The pens have been well filled with prime fat oxen, excellent milch cows and beau- tiful young stock. The committee regret that they Inve not more preminms to award, finding so many competitors whose merits and claims are so nearly equal — but being under the necessity of cutting our garments according to our cloth, we have cut and distributed as fbllovrs-: 1st premium of .*(), to the Hon. Daniel Webster, for the best fat ox. 2d do. .$5, to do. for the next best do. from his farm in Marshfield. 3d do. § I, to Samuel F. Sanger, of Bridgewater, for the next best. 4th do $8, to Jarvis Burrell, for the best milch cow. 5th. do $5, to Sidney Packard, E. Bridgewater, for the next best, eth do $4, to George BatSs, of Bridgewater, for the best heifer. 7th do $2, to James Stetson, of W. Bridgewater, for the next best. 8tli do .S^S, to Martin Swift, Bridgewater, for the be.st bull. 9th do $0, to Reuben Thompson, of Plympton, for tlie next best do. 10th db- §4, to Calvin Williams, for the best bull calf. nth do $-3, to Zephaniah KeJiblj, Jfi; Bridgewater, for the next best do., 12th do .$3, to Col. A. Washburn, for the best heif- er calf 13th do $2, to Seth Pratt, for the next best do. They recommend the following gratuities to uu- sticcessful claimants: 1 vol. N. E. Farmer to Capt S. Howard, W. Bd'tr. 1 " " to Galen Howard, do 1 " " to Isaac Wilbur, Bridgewater. 1 " " to Ephraim Snell, West do. 1 vol. Yankee Farmer to Jacob Robinson, iSridg'tr. 1 " " to Jacob Carver, do ] " " to William Gardner, do 1 " " to Mrs Betsey Gilbert, do All wliicli is respectfully submitted. A. W. OLDHAM, ) Comiiutke SAL.MON HOWARD, \ on JOHN TILDE.N'. j Slock. Ploughing. The compiittec had e:ght teams entered for ploughing. Seven appeared at the appointed time and performed their work very much' to the satis- faction of your committee. After much delibera- tion, your comnuiteo have agreed on the following r. wards : They award tho 1st premium of .*8 to .Abraham Washburn, 2d. Work performed in 82 minutes. The 2d do of $(5, to the town f>? Biidgewator, Silas Robbins, SunBrintendent of the Almshouse, j?l htrye passed the meridian and are in the downhill of life, and have no occasion themselves to speculate in fancy stocks, yot they woull rccommenil to the young men just coming upon the stage of action, who are employed in the useful and honorable oc- cupation of tilling the earth, to keep a good look out for the best dairies, and tosecnrcfor their co;n- panions, graduates from those most useful .'femina- ries. For the Committee, HOLMES SPRAGUE, Chnirmrm. BERKSHIRE PIGS. To the Editor of the CuIIival^^r : Sir — I see a statement made in a late number of the New England Farmer, by Caleb N. Bement, of Albany, in which he denies having ever sold any Berkshire pigs to me or to any other person in Fratningham. .^ly advertisement itiyour pap^r cf June last, runs thus— " W. S. Turner has just received 14 pigs from Albany, male and female, of che Berkshire breed. Thtjse pigs were procured of Bement & Glauson." Now Mr B. denies that he sold them to me or to any person in Fratningham. Who says he did? My statetnent was that these pigs ware procured of Bement Si Glauson. Were they not .' Mr B. does not say they were not. But to prove that they were procured of thetn, t send you my voucher, which is a bill of sale signed by Thomas Heed, Jr. and is in the following words — " Fratningham, June 1.3, 1639. I hereby certify that I have this day sold Mr Wtn. S. Tnrner J4 full blooded Berkshire pigs, which I had of Messrs Bement & Glauson, of Albany, N. V., and from their recommendations. Thomas Reed, Jr." Mr Reed is of East Kingston. W.M. S. TURNER. Framh^ham, Oct. 30. Butter. — Perhaps there is no article .af general use produced by farmers, of which the quality, as a whole, is so inferior as that of butter. The grand fault is, not freeing it frotn the buttermilk. Unless this is done, sweetness is impossible. Butter freed from all extraneous matters, is as little liable to spoil or grow rancid as lard or tallow ; but butter- milk soon becomes intolerably offensive, and when left in the butter renders it most unpalatable. Dai- ry-women, remember this. — Genesee Far. For the New England Farmer. Ma Brkck — The following detached thoughts, written rather for amusement than for the edification of yon or your readers, may serve to ' fill out' space in your colutnns fur whi( li you lack )riore valuable ' matter.' THE FAR.MER'S HAPPY LOT, The condition of the tltrifty husbandman of this country, is a condilion conferring innre of the real blessings of life than any other human lot: — it is conducive to tlie greatest hral'li — to the strictest independence, and to the purest happitiess; espe- cially with him who can ippreciate the beautiful in nature — who can loarn lessons of virtue from the humblest plant of his fields, and trace in tli'.; mean- est herb the hand of an Altnighty Power. Such are nearer than other men allied to God : " The men Whom n.Tture's works iisban;ew t^iclaad Farmer. Mr Bkeck— In >'r Kenrick's very valuable work, " New American Orchardist, under the article lite Antwerp Raspberry, ho says, " L.ke the red equires protection in winter." Permit me to en- .re, if experiment has shown this to he un.i-ersal- necessary in the vicinity of Boston ; or is the nc- ssity of protection limited to certain exposed sit- tions ? I liave for many years successfully cultivated s variety of Raspberry, and have never protected i plants during the winter. I prpne them in the tumn and leave the young shoots si.anding be- een two narrow rails on each side, llie last .tuniu I made a now plantation of about 500 roots the month of October. The ground was neaily ked most of the winter, and at no time covered ith more than a few inches of snow. Every plant red, and there was a good crop of fruit the past immer. Yours, respectfully, P. CLEAVELAND. Brunsu-ick, Me., Oct. 28, 1830. [Remarks. — Raspberries that are protected pro- jce more abundantly than those which are not. — /e believe it is the general custom to protect lem about Boston. Some cultivators take them p and lay them in, and plant them out again in the pring. — J. B.] From tliQ New V.irk Oliscrver. DR. HUMPHREY'S THOUGHTS ON EDUCA- TION. Coinmou .'^cku'ils. It being a given point that the blessings of edu- cation ought to be universally diffused — that cvi;ry child in the State, however poor, should bo tauglit to road and write and keep accounts, the great practical question is, how this end can best bo ac- complished. In Scotland it has been done ever since the Reformation, by tlie parish school-master ; and in New England, from its f^rst settlement, by the aid of common schools. Whether this is the best system of popular education which can be de- vised, is a fair matter of inquiry. If tiiere is a bet- ter, it ought tolje suggested, matured and adopted ; for wiiat we want, is a system which will insure the eloriientary- education of the whole mass of the people, and bring it at the least e.xpense, within the roncli of every family. As the common district school system of New England has worked so well for more than two cen- turies, and no essential change, that I am aware of, lias ever been proposed, I shall take it for granted, that in all its essential feature.", it is better adapted than any other to the condition of our people, and the genius of our free institutions. Its great ad- vantages are, that it is strictly repi>blican in prin- ciple and in operation ; that it plants down its .eloved; and as a citizen and in the official services of public life, let the rancor of party be as bitter as bitter can be, no one ever distrusted and no one ever presumed to cast a s.uspicioii or reproach upon his sincerity, integrity, honor and dis- interestedness. He was at home at once upon evtry suhjccl which concerns imiiianity. A few yciirs since lie made a visit to Europe: and his observations on the condition of tho poorer classes, show a heart deeply wounded by the in- juries a#id oppressions under which they were often crushed to the earlh ; and in which a benevolent desire for their relief and ainelioralion of theeo evils wherever they might be founil, predominrited over every other sentiment. Such men as he are rare in the community. It becomes every poor man and every working man, woman and child in the community, to cherish the meuioiy and chtiracier of such a man, lot his rcjigious denomination or his party altachments be what they may, with the strongest affection and respect. We be- lieve tliiu in puri'y of purpose niid kindness of heart, and in peifect honor and uprightness, he has not h-/t his superior behind liioi. II. C SILK CULTURE. Wet have now become entirely satisfied that the pro- duction ol'stik must advance and hecome n great iniit- resloflhe county. In this matter we have ceased to trust to Ijitaisay or mere fepcit; feut we have conic to lite knowledge of various experiments made in dift'ereiit places, and mad« with perfect fairness and the greatest ctire ;ind exactness, which demonstrate, that even wfth the high prices of labor current among us, raw silk can be produced at an expense not to exceed two dollars and filly cents a pound. We shall presently have the plea- siite of laying these reports belirire the airiicultural pub- lic in such a form ihat they cannot be distrusted or dis- dained. The silk likewise produced in New England is in point of strength, weight, and lustre not iiifeiior to any grown in any country. We know very well that miiny persons pronounce it very much superior In that grown ill warmer climates; but this may be so or may be otherwise. This opinion may result mainly fioin the habitual self conceit, which we must confess, is a some- wliat stroiigly-raarked feature in Iha organization of a Yankee. It is enough for us however, to say, that the silk produced among us is as good as any that is to b.e found any where; and this circumstance is in itself a. great encouragement to the cultivation. We have given the last three weeks almost exclusive- ly to the investigation of this particular subject, and at the fountain head. Tli« inhabitants of Manchester, in Connecticut, have been in the practice of producing silk fur nearly seventy years. They have found it a source of considerable piofit even on the limited scule U|ion which it has been pursued among them, 'i'he work has been- principally perft'imed hy females, and it baa not unfre quently happened, wifcre a mulberry plan- tation has been taken as it is termed to the halves, the young woman taking it gets thirty to fifty doiijrs and her. board f.ir her six or eight weeks labor. In this case the owner of lite land furn.sheseggs, trees, and room to work ill, besides boarding the woman while tho opera- tion is going on. The woman tends the worms, picks the leaves and reels the silk ; the jiroduco is thoii divi- ded equally. The tree hitherto used in Mansfield has been the while mulberry. In 1835, two thirds of all the trees in the town were killed by the severity of the cold. They have not as yet been replacod ; hut they soon will be, either by some of the same kind, or by the imported and improved vari«n'es,i In other jilaccs experiments have been made with the foi>oign kinds — the Mullicaii- lis, the Canton, and the Alpine; and these experiments have hei'n perfectly successful ; the foliage has proved abundant ; the silk made from them of fine quality ; and the worms have proved healthy under this feed./ This IS a great result ; and puts it in the power of any ime so disposed, to ascertain the practicability and the profits of thusilk culture!. The question is soon settled ; and the determination of it requires a small ex|icnse of money or time. The prosecution of the silkcullure will prove of im- mense importance to the country. For half a century to coinu there can be no danger ol its being overdone. — The demand will, as matter of course, increase with the supply. To meet the present wants of the country, is no small matter ; and years are likely to elapse before we can reach this point. Why it may not hereafter be made matter of export from the country, no good re»i; ran he given : at least no better reason than couldh' been given forty years ago, why cotton should uotV come on article of export from the country. We look forward to the production of silk with highest .satisfaction and interest, as afiording a most sirable resource for aged persons, who, incapable of during severe toil, have not yet passed the periia useful labor ; for young persons, whose services co be made useful only in some such light cmploynjp and for indigent persims, decayed widows and feiua who often find it extremely difficult to obtain or inv- the means of support. It will have some prejudices to encounter from f sons who are habitually dislrustful of every new proji and the extravagant calculatiims and nioft exaggt.ra estimates of profits to be e*pei'ted Irom it, which constantly made and put forth by the ignorant or signing, must operate much to its hindrance and disi vantage, 'j'he public mind will pn^sently be disabu- in all these matters ; and results, resting upon the mi care'ul and decisive experimewts, and such an arcuii lation of settled liacts as leaves no room for doubt, \' set every thing \;ight. The culture of silk will go and prove a source of profit to industry and good m agement sufficient to satisfy every reasonable desire i to compensate most amply the labor bestowed upon We forbear further statements on the subject at 1 lime, as we shall make it matter of full examination! discussion in our next reportto the '.lovcrninent,-- -H, I BRINGING CATTLE TO THE BARN. The 20th of Novembcf is universally ur.dcrsl throughout New Ep^gland as the close of the seasoi pasturage, and the time far bringing o!ir cattle and I stock to the barn. Sheep may bn> left out as lon<» as ground remains, bare ; but it is uelievcd to be bad m agement to leave cattle out afier severe frosts come : i especially in storms of sleet and snow. Fat rattle the fatting districts are tied up to he fed and turned i the yards at night. In this case the yards are well teted and a dry place is always furnisiied for the cat to rest upon. For young rattle, well protected ya and open sheds with a southern aspect, are lo be p ferred to close and waim barns. For milch cows, ho ever, stables which are dr) , warm but well venlilal and well littered, and kept thoroughly clean, should provided, and these animals should never be exposed cold rains or storms, or winds, which make them shiv and become restless; and of course'caniiot fail to dimi ish their milk. They should lie well fed, and careful curried, and treated always with gentleness and unvar ing kindness It is impossible to reconcile the caielef slovenly, neglectful, and we may i.dd inhuman mann with which these useful and beneficent animals a commonly tieatcd, with any just regard to the larinei own interest or even with the principles of common ju ti''e. H.C. WhE4T.— The Cleveland Herald of the 5th states Ih, the receipts of wheat at that port during the precedin nionth, were 377,115 bushels, and of flour 46,488 ba rels; and in the past seven month., ],380,G20 bushels « wheat and "30,550 barrels of flour. The amount c wheat trebles that received two years ago. The Chicago American states that winter wheat of tb first quality, is now selling at Chicago at 75 cents. Th quantity of wheat coming in from the country ei ceeds all expectations. W. B."s communication on Forest Trees »hall appea in our next. OL. XV m. NO. 20. AND HORTICULTURAL R E ^ I S l" E R , 179 Ma sncbiisetts IlortlonlturnI Sooiely. . I KXHIRIrluN or FRUITS. Saturday, jVov. 16, 183'.). lollowiiitr s|ieciiiuna oflriiits were exhibited lo- Saiiiu •I Oownur, i:>q , llii.vbiiry ; J'i-.\rs— Dciclicss .., M.ms Jiiiin, Biucclter's Mf .idow, Kiiiirlii's Iiig and L.-wis pear; .ilso Gulduii Uiiss.'l .Apple— e .«pecimen». MJ Guild, Esq, l!r"olU.ni',P.\liibilcd sevrnil .speei- ;,f IV:ir>. 2. l.te, E-q,iif' Salem, e.\liibil"d >perinfcii.s of , — iKiines linUnown. 11. KeiirieU, lisq., o( N.nvton, se.,! llie I'olliul tinu .\pple — very liirjji" and fine ppiciiiieii. 11. Oliver, F.^q.. prnseiUed llie new variety of Wiii- liisli iMelon. This >peciiMeii was not. iully ripe, 1,. ii.inMiittee were led to believe lliat if this Iruit d receive more iioiiee and cnn: il would prove a .bio varielv. Kor the Comiiiitieo, J.AS. I.. L. F. WARREN. F.XHiniTION OF VEGETADI,ES. Saturday, A'ov. 9, 1839. Hi Prince, Esq. exhibited a fine specimen of the Brussels Sprouts. 'VWif vegetable needs only to lown and its muriis will be Hilly appreciated, le speciinens of the Chinese Tree Corn were sent .m the garden of Mrs Bige.low, .\ledford. Tiie spe- ns were very larue and iully ripe. J. L. 1.. K. WAitREN, Chairman. lijH TU.N MARK.:.'!'.- 18, I.- -M0.SI1AT,N itei.i.rtrii fur llie .Ww Enslanil Farmer. Market 1020 Beef Cattle, 8-25 Stores, .'lUOO Sheep i.'JlO Swine. Several thnusaiid sheep unsold. ICES.— Bee/ CVi«/e,— Sales were quick at an ad- e on last week's prices. We quote first ipiality, 1 a $T 2.5. Second quality, $6 00 a $B 50. Third ty, $4 75 » $.''> fO. TtUini' Cotltc. — Several lots were purcliafed at 0 for Mess and $5 00 for No. 1. ire?. — W e ronlinue our la>t quotations, viz : Yeur- .-BIO a $Vi. Two Year Old $15 a $2(1 ce/?.— Sales dull and prices reduced. We quote lots SPLENlltD BILBOUS PL,0\VJEK ROOTS. .I.l^t received by .tO^KPH BRKCIv & CO , from Holland, a very larRe and well selected assnvimeiit o( Dutch Bulbous Roots, ainon;; which arc the lollowini;' :— Hyacinths— Double white, double white wuh red and purple eves, double rosy, doiilile red, dark blue, liifhl blue and yellow, sinsle white, white with red and purple eyes, ro'^y, pink, red, hsht and ilark blue, yellow and variegated, comprising ir.n varieties of choice uaineil sorts. TeLir.~— Fine late nameil sorts, hue double do., mixed sin- gle. niLxed double, single and double Van Thrull fur forcing, I'arrols, &e. iVe. CuowN Imrf.riai.s- Double red and yellow, single red and yeI!ow, striped lea.'es, &c. Polyanthus Narcissu.s— While, yellow, while with yel- low and citron cups, and citrnn with vellow cups. Narcissus— Ora'igc Phcenix. Sulphur PhtEuix. Incompa- rable. Van Sion, and Tratus cantus, with duulile flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poeticus, with single. JoNauii.LF.j— Double and single Ranunculus— Large double red and yellow Turkey, and otlier varieties. Anf.jiones— Many fine mixed and named varieties. Iius— English, Pe'rsian, Spanish and Susiana. Cnocus— White, blue, purple, yellow, cloth of gold, striijcd, &c. ill 25 sorts riLADiotus— Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers ; Cardinatis. Lilies — Double and single wliiie. striped leaved, and spotted ; Caleidonica, Buliferum, Martigon, Kampschatkian, Aurantiea, &c. P.i.:osii's—t'ouble white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, &c. Also — Snow Drops, Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Orniiholisums of all sorts. Arum dracuuculus. Geranium tuherosum. Allium flavuni, Hyacinthus monstrnsus, plamnsns, bolrioides and fclgicus of sorts ; Friiillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice collection of bulbs have been selected with much care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are ofTercil to purchasers with great confidence, believing they will give universal satisfaction to all who will give them a fair {rial. Orders should he forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber. No, 52 North Market Street, office of the New England Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers. October '23. .lOSEPH BRECK & CO. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, COnRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. Alum, Ameritan, . AsiiKs, Pearl, pet 100 llis. Pot, ' ■ Beans, white. Foreign, " *' , Domestic, . Beef, mess, No. 1. . . . prime. Beeswax pound S i 6 26 4 7i bushel 1 62 ' 2 U(l 1 vhite. PEAR, PLt^M, GRAPE VINES, &C. 1000 Pear Trees of tlie most approved kinds ; tOOO Plum Trees, of the most approved kinds and extra ;ize — many of them have borne the past season ; 500 Quince Trees ; 1 2o, $1 40, SI 60, $1 ;i2, .S-2 on, $2 17 and $2 33. i^^^ -,3^^,11^ ,„rt Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 15 feet further declined and we reduee ^. |,^ ^^^^ „f ,,|,^,„ 1,,,,^ home fruit-Black Hamburgh, nne — Prices h quotations. Several lots to peddle, two thirds bar , at 4, 4 1-4 and 4 1-2, some of which were select- A lot of old barrows at 4, and two lots at 4 1-2. A J close at 3 1-2, and a lot at 3. At retail 4 1-2 to G THER.MO.METRICAL. lierinrleil lor llie .N'ew Engtand Fatuier. ingeof ihe Theriuoineterat the (lard.eiiof the proprietors e New Englan.l Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in » shaded herly exvosnre, week ending November 17. Oct , 1S39 6A.M. 12, .M. 6,P.M. Wind. day. 11 26 41 37 1 N. sday, 12 2-1 44 3S 1 S. E. Inesdav, i;i 31 4S 3S 1 E. rsday. 14 34 46 4» 1 E. iav. 15 65 66 59 1 S. W, irday. 16 40 47 43 N. W. day. 17 34 40 42 1 S. W. BERKSHIRE HOAR FOR SALE. fine full blooded Bcrkikire i?oar, six months old, far ■ ;— Price S30. Apply at this otTice. "ovi?nilter 20. 2t Sweetwater, Pond's Seedling 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roots; 5000 Wilmot's Early Rhuharli or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also— a good assoilmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c. o different k.nds ; All orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridge-port, or in Mr Lynch's baggage wagon hox, at Gould & Howe's, No. 8 Faneuil Hall, will mee! with imnaediat attention. SAMUEL POND, October ,9. Cambridge-port, Mass. 1.1IPKOVED PIliS FOR SAL.K. sale three, improved Boars of the following breeds; )ne half Berkshire and half Macky. )He half Berkshire, quarter Macky and quarter Mocha. >ae half BerJishire and half a large English breed, name kuowu. The above boars are two years old ; they are disposed of account el keeping young sows ol their get for breeders, ey will he sold cheap if applied for soon. For terms, &.c. My to J. BRECK & CO. November 43. SOUTH DOWN RAMS. i half blood South down Rams, for sale at a reasonable ce. Apply 10 JOSEPH BRECK & CO, New f^ugland rmer Otfice- >Jovember 6. 81 Pjiilt nud Orntuncutal Trees, Mulberries, &c. Fruit Trees of all the different species ;— of the most cele brated, and surpassing kinds ; — the collection now offered ii large. The Catalogue of PVuit and Ornamental Trees and S^rubs^ Roses, and Herbaceous Flowering Plants, for 1839, is ready and will he sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very best kinds ( f fruits, so far as proved, are jjarticu- larly designated by a star. 100,000 Menus MuLTicAULis Trees or any other reasona- ble quantity, or cuttings of the same, are now offered. The trees are genuine; all being raised by the subscriber, either at his Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment at Portsmouth in Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Canton, Broussa, Moretti or Alpine, and some other Mulberries. Cockspur and Buckthorn for Hedges, &c,&c. All orders will be promptly alicnded to, and trees when soordered will be securely packed for safe transportation to distant places. WILLIA.M KENRICK. Nonaulum Hill, Newton, Mass.' Oct. 9. PHUIT AMD ORNAMKNTAL TREES, &C. An extensive assortment of the finest varieties of Fruit Trees, and a great variety of Ornamental Trees of larf^c si:e. A fine collection of Herbaceous Plants, Roses, Honey- suckles, Paeonies, ^tc. 80,000 genuine Morus Multicaulis Trees, of large size, the growth of Virginia. Also — 1000 bushels of Rohan Potatoes. Orders addressed to the sub. scriber will receive prompt attention. Newton, Nov. 1, 1839. JOHN A. KENRICK. GRBEMIOLSE GLASS, All sizes and qualities, for sale by LORING & KUPPER, No. 10 Merchants' Row. November 6. 2t yello\y, Bhistles, Ameripan, Butter, shipping, dairy, .... Candles, mould, .... dipped, sperm Chefse, new milk. Cider, . . .... refined, . . Bosk Manure, . . . • in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (Amerivan) .... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 . . ■ No. 2, No, 3, . ■ . .\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No, I , Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) , southern, new. Grindstones, pr ton ef2000 lbs, rough do. do. do, finished Hams, oortbern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Fjistern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality Lard, Boston southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. Slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refinedj . Linseed, American, Neat's Foot Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. .Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... ',Mes8, .... Prime, .... S»ED5: Herd's Grass,, . Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax, Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, . . . . Wool, prime, or Saxony H'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4 lbs do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £ . f Pulled superfine, S"g J No. 1, . . . r^ 1 No. 2 I =■ I, No. 3, . . . pound pound ilozen barrel bushel pound quintal pound pound cask gallon I3U0 12 00 9 50 5 00 2 00 13 6U 12 50 10 00 pound pr M. pound 1 25 1 33 10 75 11 00 S 75 9 00 6 00 0 25 5 62 5?5 22 00 23 00 0 50 6 75 6 50 6 37 6 25 4 00 4 25 3 75 4 00 20 00 30 00 11 00 1150 2 50 SOO 80 1 00 1 50 2 62 3 00 1 37 1 62 180 MISCELLANEOUS From ihe Lilirary of Health. SLEEPING WITH THE HEAD COVERED. Before the danger of sL^epiriij witli the head cov- ered can bo rendered sufficiently plain, it will be necessary to state one fiict in Piiysiolujy, to which wc have not yet adverted. The same chancre of the blood from bad to good — from pure to impure — which is effected in the lungs, is effected also, in some good degree, on the wliole surface of the body. Some of the insects or worms, may be said to breathe entirely on the surface of the body. They have no lungs whatev- er. As we rise in the scale of existences, to snakes, &c. we begin to find lungs or gills, in which a part of the cliange of blood to which we allude, is effected. Rising still further jn the scale of being, we find the lungs larger and larger, and the skin less and less concerned in the ch.ange, till wfc come to man, and some few other animals, in whom the change is almost wholly accompjslied by the lungs. StiU, we repeat it, the skin, even in man, has some share of the work ef renovating Ihe blood to perform, as may be readily shown by a very simple experiment, like the following. Wlien a jierson has Iain several hours in a bed, closely covered to the neck with thick covering — say with the modern article called a comfortable — let a candle or lamp be introduced under the cloth- ing, iind it will soon be extinguished. The oxy- gen is so much diminished, and tlie carbonic acid gas so much increased, as to be incapable of sup- porting combustion; and by the same rule, unfit for respiration. Let it be also distinctly under- stood, that this change is wholly effected without the agency of the breath; tliough wlien the head IS covered, it is, of course accomplished much faster. This fact, that we breathe, as it were, that is to say, purify the blood and poison the air with the whole surface of our body, as well as by means of the lungs, is of the utmost practical importance. It is of importance to be understood by those on v.'liom vve urge the duty, of keeping the skin clean ; for how can a foul skin — a skin varnished over with dust — perform its delicate and important functions ? It is of importance to be unnerstood in order to know how to clothe ourselves; for all those forms and circumstances of our clothing which tend to embarrass or interrupt the action of the skin, in its work of assisting the lungs to purify the blood, are, of course, objectionable. It is, howev- er, of still higher importance, that it should be well understood by mothers, in the managements of their infants,' not only in regard to cleanliness and dress, but particularly in regard to sleep. For, in the first place, the bed clothing ought to be as loose and [wrous as it can be, and yet at the same time retain a sufficient amount of heat, in or- der that the carbonic acid gas may have opportu- nity to escape, and the purer air to find its way through it. Secondly ; The clothes ought to be often thrown open, and the air under them thus ex- changed for better. Thirdly ; The child ought never to be allowed to sleep with its head under the clothmg. Immense is the mischief done in this way, as we have already said, by ignorant parents, and even by those, whose fault is more that of carelessness than of ignorance. Fourthly ; He should sleep alone as much as possible, either in a NEW ENGLAND FAR M E R bod or a crib, rather than with parents, brothers, sisters, &c. Fifthly ; He should never be permit- ted to have domestic animals, as favorite dogs or ca'.s, sleep in the bed with him — a practice quite too common in our conntry — especially that of hav- ing a puppv in the bod. The child's b{>dy poisons the imprisoned iiir quite fast enough without any aid from, dogs and cats, or from other human bodies ; and above all, without being aided by his own breath. Wliat has been said in relation to the manage- ment of infants, will be generally applicable — the principles which it involves wil: at least be so — in the management of childhood and youth, and man- hood and old a^fc. Fives without flues, lamps, can- dles, breathing, llic action of the skin, (if not pre- vented by dirt, improper clothing, ttc.,) and many more causes, wil! continue to operate to deteriorate the atmosphere at every period of existence. 'I'here will be no moment of our lives when wc shall not need the whole active force of a free, vigorous pair of lungs, and a healthy skin, to form and mform the blood, raid to ca.st off the poisonous carbonic acid gas which is formed by tliese important pro- cesses, 'i her'.' will be no waking moment of our lives when we sha'.i not need to be constantly on the watch — at least as much as onr circumstances and employments will admit — against an agent which will threaten our destruction, and which, af- ter we have done our best, will probably gain, more or less, the dominion over us. Hence the importance wliich philosophers, in all periods of the world's history, have attached to pure air, and the concessions which have been made — I roud as tnankind have been, and ashamed of and averse to labor — in favor of agricultural employ- ments. The habitual breathing of pure air, with plenty of active exercise, will counteract, in no lit- tle degree the bad tendency of a host of the ordi- nary physical trarvsgreigions. NOV. 20, is.-jn .■1 Patriot gone. — The lielfast (Me.) Journal re cords the death of John Cochran, who made one a the famous "Boston Tea Pany." He was born ii Boston, and removed to Belfast a number of year since. lie was a tnan of good ]iroperty, wliich i not always the case with our revolutionary veterans and highly respected by a large circle of friends Siihscribinf^ to Lectures. — A gentleman bein, called on to subscribe to a course of lectures, ob jected, ' because,' said he, ' my wife gives me gratuitous lecture every evening' Stovf.s. — Medical men state that the innumera- ble complaints to which persons are subject during the winter, are not the effects of the cold, but are produced by the use of stc/vea, the heat of which it is difficult to regulate. The air of a room in wliich a stove is used becomes at lengtli completely dry, unless care be taken to keep up the supply of mois- ture by having constantly inthe room a vessel filled with water. From the air becoming dry, the cells of the lungs become ultimately deprived of their ne- cessary fluid, the skin of the face and hands become heated, and headache ensues. — Bost. Trav. The Illinoian speaks of a field of fifteen acres of land on Fox river, whidh yielded 45 bushels to the acre, and was the first year the soil had ever been cultivated. The committee on a Geological Survey of Ver- mont, have reported to the Legislature in favor of the same, and of an appropriation of .$(5000 to carry the same into effect. More Patriot Troubles. — It is said that the pat- riots on both sides the lines are again preparing for v/iuter operations. We sincerely hope it is not so, but from the fact that the Secretary of War has or- dered Gen. Scott to make the tour of the frontier, we fear there is too much truth in the rumor. — Roch- ester Dem. They are luxuriating on green peas at Wilming- ton, N. C. tifirti:vs p iTEivr sTtiv^-s cutter JO.-^EPH BRECK &. CO. at tlie New England Aijricu tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 5t am) .V2 Nonli iMa J;ct Siici'i, Ivave for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay an Statu Cult'T, nporalingon a inecliaiiieal principle not l"'loi iipplieJ to an}' im|)lfinenl for this purpose. The must prnn inent elli'Lts of this application, anil some o! the consequei peculiarines ot the machine are; t. So '.-rent a redaction of llie quantum o! power remiisi' lo use it, ilv.u the slrenath of a half grown hoy is suthciei to work it very efiieiently. 2. Willi even this moderate power, it easily cuts two liusl els a minute, which is lull twice as fast as has heen claimf by any other machine even when worked by horse or stcai power. 3. The knives, owin^ to ihe peculiar manner in whichtht* cut, require shurpeBin; less olten than tliose of any otht. straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made ar put together very strongly. Ii is therefore not so liahle i the complicated machines in general use lo get oulof ordei WIXSHIP'S ERIGHTOS MJllSKUIiSS, AND BOTANIC GARDE.NS. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shru'is, Ciee haceuus. Perennials, Green Hi u: M^tS^ <^'^: Herha %f:g&^ Plants, &e. Orders addressed to Messrs WINSIII _M^-^^ BrightOii, Mass., will be promptly exec ite and forwarded lo any pan of tliis or other countrie*. .April 10. ROHAIV POTATOES, For sale at the New En2:lanil Agricultural Warehouse ai Seed Slorc, No. 52 North Market Street, at Sr, per harrcl. Oclolier IG JOSEPH 13RECK & CO. F'nilt and Oruamental Trees, Plo-\Tei'ing Shrubf Plants, ix-c. The present lieins the m)st favorcihle season for Iran planting all liardy trees and shrubs, we would remind thos who aie in want of Fruil or Ornamental Trees, Shrnh F^erhaceous Plants, &c. that we can fninish them at sho notice at nurserv prices, well jiacked for transportation t any part of the country. JOSEPH lUlECK & CO. October 15. JIIORUS fUULTICAULIS. COnO Mnlticaulis from 2 In 4 feet h'gh, wood well ripenei now staudins in the field on llie Jones Place in An^ell Sirec half a mile from the Provitieiice Market, fur sale low (if li ken in the field) hy JOSEPH STETSON on the premist or on application to STI.MSON & HODGES. Providence, October 23. PEAK TREES. For snle at the garden of the subscriber a large collect! of Standard and Dwarf Pear Trees comprising most of tb choice varieties of European and .Ameriean origin. Orders by mail will be immediatelv answered. Ocloher 16. RO'BEKT MANNING. DOMESTICATKD 'WILD GEESE. A few pair for sale. Enquire al this office. November G. THE NEW ENGLAND F.ARMKR Ts published every Wednesday Evening, al S3 per annii' payable al the end of llie year — but those who pay wilhi siitvdays from the lime of subscribing are entitled to a ri< ducliouof 59 cents. TCTTLE, DENNETT AND CRI8BOLM, PRINTERI, n SOHOOLSTRKST E08T03* AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 9 PUn.MSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH M.iRKET STREl:?, (AGKicuLTunAL WAnEiiousE.) xvin.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, NOVEMBER 27., 1831). CNO. ai' AGRICULTURAL, For the New Eiigla?iil Farmer. LEST TREES— THEtR I.MPORTANCE— SOWING THE SEED. R CoLM.4..\ — \Vhen we witness the rapid dimi- mof the primitive forests of New Enjfiand, and :t upon the intense rigor of our winters and ncreasing demands upon our woodlands for purposes than that uf supplying fuel for an in- ing population, wo cannot but be anxious, in If of those who are to come afler us, as to the whence they are to derive one of the most isary articles to tlieir coinfoitable existence — timber for fuel and other purposes. We are aware that our fears are deemed foolish by , for they point us to our groves, whose " tall ees" have long- since passed away, and to our tains, whose rugged sides and "airy tops" al- bid defiance to the vandal excursions of the an, and exclaim, " tlie growth is greater than insumption." This however is not the fact ; r groves are hardly sufficient to shield poets .1USC3 from a summer's sun, much less to .pro- hem from the cold winds of winter, wiiile oar tains are literally exhibiting the appearance many mighty Sampsons, shorn of their beau- locks, with tha Philistines still gathering ,d, to take the last remnant of tlieir strength 9 are led to these remarks by an inquiry in oaper of October 2d, as to the best manner of ,g the seed of forest trees, a process which, if .ssful, we have no doubt may ho profitably om- 1 in covering many lands which are almost iess for other purposes, with a growth of tim- le increase of which would give a rich per ge, and in a course of years become valuable If and when taken off, leave the lands in state for cultivation. knov/ of no better way of aiding nature, tlian serving her process and conforming our opera- thorelo as nearly as possible, nee when we see a forest spring up and grow y, we may well examine the condition of the 1 wliich its rudiment vegetated. 9 find on examination, that trees which spring fences have the most rapid growth of any in lands. An obvious reason may he ofifercd t is so. Such places are usually the richest of our fields — quite too much so to allow them overrun with thorns and thistles, and their ty continues to increase by loaves being de- ii beside them, as long as the old fence con- s. We give one example of a. tree — an oak — 1 sprung up on our own premises, and whicii, ir own convenience, wc have sawn down since iquiry of your corre.3pondent r-eached us. On ination we found it contained nine cortical lay- nd W-.3 fourteen and a half feet high. It must originated from an acorn, as there is no sinii- ee in many rotls. It must have been sliglitly ed, unless the squirrels buried it deep. It had a fine light soil, which we deem important to the successful vegetation of all seeds. Your correspondent inquires liow chesnuts should be sown. We have never sown any, for we have a plenty of the timber without, and a prospect with good management, of its continuation from self sown trees. We can tell liim how nahire sows I them. The land on which chesnut grows in the forest is generally light and free from grass and weeds. The fall of the fruit and leaf is about the same time, and from beneath its covering of loaves, the fruit the next spring sends up a new tree. We would not, however, recommend this covering of leaves in open fields, lest they blow away and leave the fruit bare, or if they remain, they become so dry as to prevent germination. A slight covering of mould must supply their place. Tlio lamented Jndgc Buel, whose praise is in the mouth of all good farmers, and w!io, thougli dead still speaks and must long speak to us by the practical precepts he has given, says — (vide N. E. Farmer, vol. viii. page 104) — "On the 28th of May 1627, I repaired to the banks of the Hudson with an assicitant, and collected seeds of the soft maple, some species of the elm and of the butlonwood, which were then fallings — the latter of the preced- ing year'S' growth. Thoy were planted the same da}', very thick, in beds of mould. They immedi- ately ufew end the plants attained some si/e that year. Last week [the article is dated Nov. 28, 1S29,] I transplanted some of the maples for orna- mental trees, which were from ten to fourteen feet high. Some of the buttonwoods were ten and the elms six or seven. This in thirty inonths from the time of planting the seed.',' Judge B. then goes on to state his process of planting out three hundred more of these trees, which he obtained from "a space less than six feet square," and transplanting them at a "space of about four and a half feet," to form a screen on the side of a freld, which in fifteen years he supposed would do to cut for fuel, and would continue to renew jfeelffit for the axe, by sprouts from the stumps once in fifteen years. He also stated that the expense of his trees thus far did not exceed, .S3. Your inquirer says that he planted his trees on grass land, some of which is dry and solid, the rest meadow, — all favorable to the growth of wood, large forests having grown there in time back. Is it not probable that his land has become too solid.' an evetit which will take place where long cultivation is followed, by the exhaustion of the fine vegetable mould, which is important in accele- rating the growth of young forest trees. Did not his thrifty yoting trees of natural growth, in t.'ic north end of the field, start up while the land was yet new, perhaps by an old stump, or by an old fence, or did they start up in grass land ? If we wished to plant the seeds of trees of any kind, we siiouM pursue the plan of Judge Buel — prepare us a seminary of good vegetable mould, of such size as we thought best, then we should gath- er our acorns, chesnuts and walnuts, or other seeds, when they fell from the trees, and sow them inme- diatdy and libtralbj, broadcast. At a suitable time wo would transplant them — a ceremony whiclvmay be rapidly passed through, and we should be very sanguine of success. This may look to your iu- quirer like a roundabout way ot getting \to the icoo:l, but we would rather t future excellence. The first premium of six lars for the rising generation of swine, is awai tilt *hoy h~^ tred the pen, when they turned up their noses, ited themselves on bro/id consiitulional ground, refused to advance. They were Jlatlered and (akd without good effect, and finally werecom- ided, but to no good purpose. They seemed to eve that they had slate i-ights and could nullify measures of their general government. Their e could not be roused by the prospect of seeing public, or even by the promise of meeting the dges of swine" — nor could their sense of jus- be excited by the argument that their good ping deserved from them cheerful ncquicscence he arrangements of the great exhibition. So as their ideas could be understood by those who not studied their language of signs, Ihry did like the law which compelled them to remove n the places of their business where they had umulated large personal estates — they regard- it as anti-sumptuiry — and questioned the power -well as the right to enforce such enactment." irhese bold rebels have been placed inclose con- •rnent in the custody of a faithful keeper, there to lain witli no better food than bread and water, il they should be converted to non-resistance. — )uld they continue contumacious, they will be ught to trial at the next December term of the irt, and the painful necessity will exist of inflict- capital punishment fur their offences. It should be remarked, that to drive a pig pleas- ly is an accomplishment as rare as it is elegant, is branch of educatipn has not yet been introduc- in the seminaries for instruction ; — it is not ght in the Normal schucds, or the colleges of w England — It can only be learned in the uni- •sity of nature. Much mischief and great divor- y of practice have resulted from the neglect of ! study of the art. Some have attempted to en- ethe pig into the way in which he should go, by ; moral suasion of meal : if he was of the gentle rkshire race, he would seriously incline his ear an ear of corn, but not unfrequently halted. — hers have preferred the coercive process of fast- ing the fift.'en stranded cord of compulsion around 5 wise : if the pig was "4'tn/)C(/," he would not 3ve an inch on such terms. Neither time nor ice allow the discussion of the comparative ad- ntages of the two modes, or the attempt to recon- le the discordant views in regard to being led or If yesterday iiad been to-day, or to-day was to- morrow, the report of the committee would have been more biief ;— in short, if this year had been next year, the chairman would have had the honor to report nothing. All which is respectfully submitted. WILLIAM LINCOLN, Chuirmnn. tforcesler, Od. 9, 1839. cleaned, repaired, and refurnished, so that they as well as new ones, and perhaps the skill which exists in that institution, might take down a small understanding and set up a larger one. il wouiu "ue impossioie in one day to express the sentiments of the committee in viewing the congre- ffation of swine. They can only hope to delineate the virtues of 81 hogs by appending 81 notes, ex- hibiting portraitures of the manners, morals, feed- ing, breeding and fatness of each. Compelled to part abruptly from their friends, they can only state generally — that the boars of Lowell Sibley, of Sut- ton, half Ro-ebrook; of Joseph Jepherson, of North- bridge, full blood Leicestershire ; of Alfred Mower, o' Charlton, of the licrkshire family ; of Amory Holman, of Bolton, one fourth Mackey and three fourths Grass bred ; of Lewis Chapiu, of Worces ter, native born ; of John Barnard, of Worcester, from the Bigelow stock ; of Aaron Howe; of Shrews- bury, half Berkshire and half Leicestershire; of Lovell Southwick, of Sutton, with the Bedford feath- er ; of Eleazar Porter, of Worcester, one of the Headless Hogs of the Hospital ; of Benjamin P. Rice, of Worcester, a citizen of New England ; of Levi Bowman, of Westboro', of the Berkshire breed ; and of Harvey Dodge, of Sutton, one fourth Berk- shire and three fourths Grass breed — have failed to obtain premiums ; not by reason of any deficiency in their own merits, but by reason of the extraordi- nary excellence of their successful Berkshire rivals. We must not covet c ur neighbor's goods : every member of the society might honestly desire to have a/i the pigs of these gentlemen, and must wish that each of them should receive thanks for their exhi- bition of fine animals. It is necessary to be long when there is no time to be short. Far tov/ards the last in the order of reports, come the " Judges" of the society and the swine: in the order of merit the last should be ftrst. Bulls are good — oxen great — heifers graceful — and all the neut stock in and put of the husband- man's household, elegant and amiable: Hogs are ornamental and useful, 'i hey constitute the beau- tiful of the farm yard. '1 hoy fill tliat remarkable space, only one siep wide, separating the sublime from tlie ridiculous. The swine have stood in tlie dignity of conscious worth while the whole delega- tion to the annual county convention of herds and flocks have gone by. It has been their consolation under the preference given to others in the proces- sion, that for them the post of honor-was a station in a private pig pen. There, surrounded by atten- tive friends, with the atTections- of those who have fed them and in their turn will be fed by them, and the endearments of domestic circles, supplied with iven. Some of the swine who obeyed the summons to ime from the Hospital, looked as if they had for- , . , , ir i .i .■ i .i „ . , . ,. 1 1 Ik ■ • ;„!,» happiness by the pailful three times a day, they itten to bring their heads. i he omission might, 'f, .,,, , -it j rn i . , =., , , . J. 1 • »c I ' coud till arge paces in life, and fill manv plates ive been considered contempt, and to have justified ;""'"""""=. ' ■ ' ^ntencc to a confinement as severe as that recent- ""•"'^ ungry in From ihe New York Ohscrver. DR. HUMPHREY'S THOUGHTS ON EDUCA- TION. School Houses. Are they where and what they ought to be? A grent deal has been written on this subject, witli- i„ T fpiy yo^i-; pDSt, and there is, in some places, a manifest improvement in school house architecture ; but I suspect that even now some thousands of school houses might be pointed out, within the bounds of New England and' New York, to go no further, which are anything but neat, pleasant and convenient. I might call them juvenile prisons, if they were not so slightly built, and kept in such miserable repair. But whatever they may be like, let us go and visit one of them. There it stands, on a burning sand bank, or upon the margin of a dead swamp, because the place is twenty five rods and a half nearer the centre of the district, than the fine verdant lawn upon whicli some ol the proprie- tors were anxious to have it built. Every thing- around is desolate and forbidding. The school has opened for the winter, and the glazier is coming j!c.r( iveek to mend the windows ; which, however, seems to be a needless expense, as by careful use, the boys' hats, which now-supply the place of seven by nine, will last till spring. A little wood there is, piled up under the snow ; but it is as green as a Norwegian pine, and if it were dry, there is no sign of a wood house to slielter it from the weath- er. This looks dreary enough, in a sharp winter morning, but let us go in ; perhaps we shall find things better than we expected. Not at all. See how sVnall the room is, how hiw the ceiling, how badly constructed the stove, or fire place, how high, and rickety the slab frames, how closely huddled together the smaller scholars, half roasted on one side and half frozen on the otlier ; how, awkwardly" and miserably fitted up the writing desks, how snow, blinding the light for want of curtains to exclude or soften it; how — but why should I go any fur- ther? If JOM wish to remain longer, I have no- earthly objection, provided you v/ill release nie fiom this carbonic and soporific confinement. Now I am aware, that this may be put down as an extravagant and slanderous ebulition, by some of your readers ; but if any one can prove to me that there is a grain of carricature in the picture, I will reward him handsomely for his trouble. At any rate, when I had the honor, in successive win- ters, to exercise some of the youthful reuiments of H and L counties, in common school tactics, it was nothing strange to have liic necessar ry repairs put off till the last moment before the (.pening of the scliool^nay, to have the mason come in with his trowel, and the glazier with his putty or bits of tin, in the midst of our spelling and reading ; to see a hardy yeoman ilrive up, with the first load of ^rcen wood, or of what he had picked up on his farm in the last stages of decayj to make room for more to fall down and rot, against the next 184 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, XOV. 37, 1839, season ; to go sometimes to the school house in the coldest weather, and not find a handful of fire , or a stick to make it of; to wait and shiver and rub the icy fingers of the smaller children, till the Inrgcr boys could go and borrow an axe, and dig out and cut an armful, and thaw off" the ice, or as the case might be, finding no wood to disinter, to dismiss the school till somebody could be put up to bring on his load. All this and more I have seen and experienced myself; and in districts too, which prided themselves in being rather in the fore-ground than behind Ihe times. That, however, was a great while ago ; and school houses, perhaps, may be better now ; wood may be belter, and there may be more of it. But how much better .' If any body will agree to pay me a generous premi- um for every school house I can find answering lo the above description, I will make a short excursion during the next vacation ; and in case of failure, I will "own beat," and bear my own expenses. It is certain, at any rate, that our school houses in the country are for the most part fitted up with less regard to health, convenience, and attractive- ness, than any other class of buildings. While every man of good judgment, in building his own house spends a great deal of time and thought in planning otiier conveniences, he has regard also to the health and comfort of his children in the size and arrangement of their sleeping rooms. The re- flection that it will cost him a few dollars more, to give them good than poor accommodations, weighs very little with such a father. "What is property good for," he asks, " if it is not to make ourselves and our families comfortable ? My children will never thank me for thrusting them into some bye corner, in their tender years, for the sake of leaving them a little more to spend after I am gone." Nor is the care of our men of thrift and enter- prise confined to their children. It extends to all their domestic animals. The farmer will not only invite you to look at the good condition of his cat- tle and horses, but will show you what pains and expense he has been at in the fitting up of sheds, racks and stables. The swine, even, proverbially bristling and contrary, though they be, must hav-e spacious accommodations and warm beds as a mat- ter of taste and economy. But when these same indulgent fathers and thrifty husbandmen come to the matter of their children's education, they guess tlie old school will do another year. It will want a few shingles and some other patching, to be sure, but then it looks about as well as it did ten years ago, when every body was satisfied. Bes^ides the times are hard, and they have just been laying out so much money in building or buying land, that they have nothing to spare. Some dissent and remonstrate ; but this is the voice of the majority, and it prevails. Thus the children of the district, (from thirty to seventy or eighty in number,) arc compelled to take up with accommodations, in pursuing their studies through the long and cold winter, which no one would think tolerable any where but in the com- mon school— the place of all others, I was going to say, which should be made neat, roomy, warm and in all. respects attractive. There must be new stables and netv pla.us and experiments to fatten the full-blooded Berkshires, but the old dilapidated school-house, is almost too good to bo pulled down at present. Nay more ; I am not afraid to hazard the predic- tion, that as the schools open this very season, many a master will find that the repairs are not completed when he is ready to begin. The stove is not up, or the glass is not set, or the benches are not mended, or the wood is so green and wet that you might as well undertake to burn salamanders ; and that many a teacher will also in the course of tlie winter, be liberally frozen out, for two or three days at a time, through the neglect of those to whom he is obliged to look for the necessary sup- plies of fuel. Now if I am not entirely mistaken in these impressions, is it any wonder that the children in so many of our common schools do not make half the proficiency which njight, under bet- ter advantages, be reasonably expected .' How can they do much, when they have to burn off the iee before they can get af the wood, and it takes half the forenoon to warm a space ten feet square, nearest to the fire, and the ink freezes in their pens, and their feet ache with the cold, and every thing in short, is so ciieerless and forbidding. I do not think myself competent, if I had time, to propose the best model for common district school houses : and easy as the task may seem, I suspect that but very few professed builders have studied this simple branch of architecture with very much interest or success. Perhaps the reason is, tliat it has hitherto been regarded as of little im- portance. But really, I do not know how a man of ingenuity and practical good sense, could ren- der himself more useful in very considerable sec- tions of the country, than by turning his attention to the subject, and inducing the friends of common schools to build upon such improved plans as would commend themselves at once to every eye. In this way a great and most beneficial change might soon be effected — fori will not believe that the majority of parents anywhere, would rest content- ed with such unsightly and ill-contrived school houses as are now common, even in many parts of New England, if there were better models which they could be invited to examine. I will only, in conclusion, throw out some half dozen negatives, leaving the posilives in more skil- ful hands. I. — A school house, then, ought never to be planted down in an unhealthy or an unpleas- ant location. 2. — It ought never to be without a spacious wood-house and dry seasoned wood or coal. .3. — It ought not to be warmed by a close stove. The oxygen and hydrogen are both want- ed for respiration. 4 It ought not to have high benches without backs for the martyrdom of abece- darians, whose feet cannot reach the floors by ten or twelve good inches : and, 5 The writing desks ought not to be so constructed as to disturb the whole school, whenever the scholars open and shut them. TRANSPLANTING TREES. The planting of trees, either fruit or forest ones, though too much neglected by farmers, is at times practiced by most of them, and should be so con- ducted as to not only preserve the tree and prevcjit the entire loss of the labor, but also to afford it the best means of a rapid and healthy growth. Trees may be transplnnted at any time while the sap does not flow — a period among deciduous trees marked by the fall of the leaf; or from October to April, but the time generally chosen is the spring. Con- venience, however, should be consulted in this mat- ter; Kfe from the full employment of time in the spring months, the operation is very hastily and im- perfectly performed, frequently to the injury or loss of the tree. In transplanting trees, as much of the dirt shot be retained on the roots as possible. This iv prevent the drying up of the small fibrous roc which are indispensable for the nourishment oft tree, and will in part prevent that shock which plants experience more or less, when removed to a soil unlike that in which they have grown. The long roots, of cimrse, must be cut off, and fruit trees, those that penetrate directly downwai may be spai-ed without danger ; but in forest tr< the dov/nward shoots should be retained as far they can be. It is the custom with many in sotti out trees, to iig a small hole, hut far deeper tl that in which the tree has formerly stood.. I this deep hole the roots are forced by bendi twisting and treading, the dead earth is shove in upon them, and the trees are left to their fi Instead of its being a wonder that many perish dcr such treatment, the wonder is that any surv; When trees are to be transplanted, the hole the reception of the roots should be broad but deep, as no tree when it is removed should be in the earth more than a few inches deeper tha; stood before. The vegetable mould and rich ef of the surface should be retained for placing on roots of the tree, and if there is a sufficient sup of the proper kind, it should be brought for the { pose. The tree should bo removed and placec the spot dug for it with as little disturbance of rootlets as may be, and without any bendin< bruising of the larger ones. If these are too Ic they may he cutoff, but all should be allowec remain that the pit will receive. After being ced, the best earth should be thrown on the r^ and shaken or gently pressed down till the wl are covered, and the hole filled. It is necessary that the tree transplanted shi he kept firm in the earth until the roots have 1 1 to fix themselves, or it will be liable to be loose" and blown over by the winds. To secure it in respect, some have recommended that a stak stakes should be driven into the ground, the tof dining towards the tree, to which the body is ti tied. Others, and the practice is generally foil ed among European planters, place three sti sticks in a triangle form across the roots of tliet the angles being secured with a stout wood I driven into the ground, and thus all shaking oi jury from winds is averted. McKnight mainta that in transplanting trees, the greatest care sh be taken to give them not only the same kin soil, but the same exposure, and that the side of tree exposed to the sun before planting, shoul so placed as to receive its most direct rays a wards. Evergreens require a different treatment, a different time of transplanting from those that their leaves in the fall. The best season for tr planting such is in the fore 'part of June, or part of .May, but without some preliininary measi m.any so removed will perish. Itjias been ret mended, and the method when tried has proved successful, that some two years before remova one year at least, that with a sharp spade all surface, and most of the other roots, be cut of the distance of two or three feot from the tree, that -it then be allov/ed to stand undisturbed wanted for removal. The result will be, thai earth near the tree v/ill be filled wi'h abundanc fine vigorous roots, and if, when taken up, pr precautions are used in lifting it from the be maybe removed without the least danger, or scf ly retardation of its growth Genesee Farmer. VOL. XVIII. XO. 31. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 185 IMPORTANT FACTS. Wc observe witli astonishment and regret, the onclusive eviilonce which appears in every direc- ion, that the businc:is of agriculture does not re- eive the attention due to it in lliis country, but it 3 treated with absolute neglect, compared with ther pursuits. This ought not to be, and the in- abitants of this country will yet learn, tliat tlicy ave committed a gross error by abandoning the ultivation of the soil, for less independant and nore precarious modes of obtaining a livelihood. Who has ever heard of such a state of things as low exists here ? We have a soil as fertile as any hat the sun ever shone upon : a country almost oundless in e.ttent, and so cheap that any man nay purchase a farm with the proceeds of a few nonths labor, yet we are actually importing for :onsumption, immense quantities of agricultural )roduct3 from foreign countries ! A people thinly cattered over a land unequalled in fertility, and ex- laustless in its resources, are buying their bread it enormous prices, from countries so overburthened vith inhabitants, that political economists have eared that the earth would fail to produce suffi- ;ient to support them. Sucli an extraordinary and mnatural circumstance should excite attention and j iwaken the inquiry as to its cause. The fault, as we have seen, is not in the soil, lor is the country overrun- witli inhabitants. It is, herefore, evident that the cultivation of the soil is leglected, otherwise we should be exporting agri- ;ultural products, but it is easier to show the fact, ;hat agriculture is neglected, than to find a suffi- cient reason for this neglect. We apprehend, how- 3ver, that it v.'ill bo found to spring in a great measure, from the same causes which have produ- ced much evil in this country, and the bitter fruits of which we are now reaping. The first and chief of these causes, is the inordinate thirst for wealth, which pervades every class of society, and induces men to abandon their legitimate business to en- gage in some wild, hazardous speculation, in the hope of becoming suddenly rich. It is also too often the case that the farmer becomes tired of the moderate and gradual accumulation of property by the products of his land, and leaves the cultivation of it to engage in ihe business of commerce or man- ufactures. He finds out his egregious mistake when it is too late. The property he had accumu- lated is often squandered and lost in conscipience of his ignorance of his now business, and he again sighs for the cheerful and independant mode of life which he has abandoned, when it is out of his power to resume it. We have in our miiiJ num- berless instances of this kind, where industrious and prosperous farmers have been lured to their ruin, by being induced to lay aside the implements of hus- bandry, and engage in the univers.al scramble. after sudden wealth. There is another g.'eat error prevalent upon this subject, and that is, tlip "business of agriculture is generally looked upon as less respectable than that of commerce, manufactures, or the professions ; and wealthy farmers, instead of teaching their sons their own business, most usually transform them in- to merchants, lawyers, doctors or doininees. This is all wrong. Agriculiure is the very back-bone of all bu iiness, the mainspring of all wealth, and lated to perpetuate the free institutions of our liap- 1 milch cows is very groat. It improves both the py country. The truth of the eloquent panegyrics : quantity and quality of the milk, without imparling of the ancients upon this employment, may be more to it any disagreeable flavor.— ^j;/>ani/ paper. easily realized here, than in any other country upon j earth. We confidently hope to see public opinion speedily righting itself upon this subject, and to | find people seeking their permanent interests, and | advancing the prosperity and glory of our wide do- main, by engaging more generally in this healthful, jagt spring, of Gideon B. Smith, Esq. an car of the From ihe .American F.iriiier. THE CHINESE TREE CORN. .ToHN S. Skixner, Escp — Dear Sir — I purcliased honest and independent business. — .V. 1'. Sun. THE SUGAR BEET. The culture of this root has, in many instances, boon attended with the most extraordinary success. The Harrisburg Keystone gives in the following extract of a letter from Judge Lewis, some impor- tant testimony upon the subject: " In the month of April last, I planted about an acre of sugar beets, for the purpose of feeding the cattle during the winter season. The ground con- sisted of several patches, some of which had been used for potatoes the year before. After it was properly prepared, deep furrows were run through it two feet apart, in which manure was afterwards deposited, which was covered by running a furrow on each side of the first, and thus forming a small ridge over the manure. Along this the beets were dropped and covered by means of a species of hand drill of my own invention, composed of a piece of 2 inch plank, about a foot long, in the shape of a triangle, with throe old harrow teeth formed like small shovels of the proper shape, and a handle of about 4 1-2 feet long, with a calibre about the size of a rifle bore, through which the seed were made to descend into a furrow formed by the front tooth : they were covered by the two hind teeth. The seed were deposited in the row about a foot apart. On the 1st of Nov. instant, the beets were taken up. The product of 440 feet was weighed on the hay scales, and amounted to 020 lbs., which, counting GO pounds to the bushel, would be 13 1-2 bushels. The whole product of the acre at this rate is 18.53 bushels This will ensure me plenty of good milk and butter during the winter, and may serve to show that the beet is worthy the attention of far- mers who have no intention to make sugar. I con- sider a busl^el of beets nearly equal in value to a bushel of oats. 1353 bnshels at 30 cents would make tlie yield of an acre §40.5 90." As we ourselves dabble a very little in farming, we will add the particulars of an experiment of our own in raising the sugar beet. A patch of three quarters of an acre was twice ploughed very deep and vcnj richly manured with stable manure, after having been well limed (100 bushels to the acre) the preceding year. The seed was planted by hand in drills, and when the plants were up, they were thinned out by hand, so as to leave them about a fi)Ot apart in the drill. 'i'he ground was kept tolerably free of weeds till the plants had obtained a considerable growth, after which they were not much attended to. The beets were gathered during tiie first week of this month, aiid the produce was (wO bushels^— weiahing fourteen tons six hundreds! The hogs and the cows eat them greedily, either above corn which had been grown by Mr Grant Thorburn, of Hallett's Cove, New York, a part of which I planted in a bed in my gardeh, and as the success which has attended this pxpcriment may, in part, be owin^ to the preparation of tlie ground and mode of culture, it may be as well to detail it. The bed was at first highly manured with fresh stable dung, then spaded deep. The ground being thus prepared, I had holes dug four feet apart, about four inches deep, in each of which I dropped two grains of corn, the which I covered with a compost of equal parts of spent ashes and rich mould. — When the corn first came up it looked yellow, and supposing that it might be owing to too much acid- ity being in the ground, I sprinkled over each hill about half a gill of equal parts of air-slaked lime and plaster of Paris, whicli I mixed with tlie soil by gently stirring the earth around the plants of corn. I subsequently gave it three thorough weed- ings and hoeings, taking care each time to make my hoe penetrate deeply into the earth, and each time increasing the size of the hill around the roots. As directed by the notice piiblished by Mr Thor- burn, I have, suffered the suckers to remain, and from the luxuriant appearance of my corn, and its prolific yield, I have no doubt he has hit upon the right plan of cultivating it. Attracted by its fine appearance, I was induced a day or two sirco to go into the patch and count the number of ears upon some of the hills. Upon one I counted ten, upon another fourteen, and upon a third nineteen ears. This, being from two grains of cern planted, must^be considered a good yield. This corn is a pearly white, of the flint variety, the ears, medium size, and I have no doubt win make an excellent crop of corn. It grows 1o the ordinary height, yields a great abundance of fodder, and is withal an early corn, having been sufliciont- ly advanced two weeks since, for roasting ears.— On strong ground, we'd manured, with suitable cul- ture, I have no doubt it may be made to yield an average acreable product of a hundred bushels. Bysome mistake, two dozen cars of the same corn were pulled some days since for table use, and I have no hesitation in saying that it is equally as sweet as the sugar corn, with this in i'-S favor, that the ears are nearly twice the size. Whether this corn or;gin;;ted from a few grains found in a chest of tea, as asserted by Mr Thorburn, I will not pretend to say ; but of this I am certain : it is a most excellent variety, and is worthy of ex- tensive cultivation. Should thfs hastily written note be deemed wor- thv of insertion, you can give it a place, and oblige vour obedient servant, EDWARD P. ROBERTS. Mulherr>j Grove, Baltimore Co., July 'i\, 1S39. should bo regarded as a profession of the highest raw or boijed. The horses as yet refuse, although respectability. It gives those engaged in it a feel- mixed with meal — orsprinkled witli salt — or wheth- ing of independence, genuine nobleness without os- er raw or boiled, tentation, lienor, honesty, and firmness, well calcu- 1 The value, however, of these vegetables for The wool raised in Vermont this year is worth three millions of dollars, estimating it at an ave^ rai-e price of fifty cents a pound. Snow fell to the depth of .-jix inches in the wes- tern part of this State on Thursday last. 186 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, ^ov. ar, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL RKGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, November 27, 1839. MATERIALS FOR MANURE. It seems nlinos: a work of supererogation to call the attention bt" f^irmers to a subject which we have so often and strongly urged upon tlietn, as tliat of increasing their manure heap by the collection of every material to which they can have access. But we shall continue to do it on every occasion w lien we are likely to get a hearing. A continual dropping will wear away a stone ; and possibly we may make impression at last upon some minds that are perhaps a little softer than granite. Until the snow comes and the frost completely locks up the ground, materials may be found in all directions and on every farm, which win amply repay me labor ol collection ; and labor at this season can be more easily obtained than in many other cases. We are continual- ly struck with this fact in uur tours through the coun- try ; and do not admit that our farmers ought to bo sat- isfied until they areas frugal and saving and parsimoni- ous as the Chinese. By way of illustration we will try to recollect a few things which met our observation recently, we shall not say where, on what road or in what neighborhood, lest we might sour the milk of some of our good friends. We passed in the first place a grove or forest with the ground covered with fallen leaves and rotten wood. Why might not these have been collected and being de- posited under cover, furnish a fine mass of excellent lit- ter for the cow and the horse st.tbles, and the sheep yards through the winter, from which after being sur- charged with the liquids from the barn, they may be ap- plied to the cultivated lands with no small advantage? These woods wen; at the border of an e-xtensive pasture,' covered with brakes, and sweet fern and bushes; why should not all these be rut down and conveyed to the manure yard, where they would soon decay and go in- to the general receptacle. At one corner of the pasture there we found a bog hole full of deep black mud, and the borders of which had been enriehcd for a long lime by the droppings of the cattle who had been accustomed to resort there for water. Here, said we to ourselve.s, at once is an abundant resource, a mine of wealth which cannot be exhausted for years, but which the farmer had hardly dreampt of. .'Vs we returned to the road we passed the teinains of the carcase of a dead horse and the bones of two or three sheep which had died of ne- glect and starvation the preceding winter. There they lay bleached by the rains and winds. Why should they not now be collected, broken by a sledge hammer and used upon the land ; or rather why should they not at first, immediately after death, have been covered! so as to avoid poisoning the air with their offensive odors ; and so that ammoniacal gases minht have been collect- ed in the soil and thus be saved for the aid of vegeta- tion ; and indeed so that th« whole mass might be re- duced to a condition, in which it would furnish a most enriching manure. In its present condition It was worth nothing. Near the bars at the road side, there was the site of an old house, with the cellar walls remaining, part of the chimney standing, and piles of lubbish, mor- tar, burnt clay, ashes, chips and innumeiable unmen- tionables, the undisturbed accumulations of years, the growth of the thistles, and hemlock and thorn apple, and barn grass upon which demonstrated the richness which was underneath. Why was all this neglected ; and why was this monument of slovenliness and slug- gardliness suffered to remain there year after year, an offence to every decent tiavtller and an ine.icufable dis- grace to its owner, who was probably too much in a hurry to get to the shop or the tavern when he went from home, to find time to remove it; and when he re- turned was not generally in a condition to see w hether it was there or not. Wu had not gone far, when we met the whole troop of bristled and long-snouted quadrupeds of this capilal farmer in full chase in the road, running almost as vio- letitly as n herd ofold ; mother, grandpapa, and as many young cues as stood round the stake of the great Eng- lish martyr at Smithfield. Here they were, lean and ravenous as wolves. As for any thought of yarding them, littering them, and making each of them pay reg- ularly for his board by the manure which he would make and compound — this was a sort of book fanning,' which this skilful gentleman utterly disdained. As we came near the house, here was a pile of chips, which had nev- •-Irefrr '•.■rr>.tfl .t. «'■ f'x;_:gh l.hnr;:ugl.!y n.lU-.n at 'oottoni, and though at least ten loads of fine manure might have been taken from under them. The front yard too was ornamented with the droppings of the cows, who were accustomed to come almost into the entry of the house to be milked and to lay in the road at night, because it was rather too much trouble to yard them at ihe barn, as the bars had not only to be taken down but put up again twice a day. In passing round the corner of the house we came near going over shoes in the drainings of the sink, which was pouring out of the house by a short spfiut directly under the end window, and there they furnished a jierfurae without charge, excepting now and then a gentle touch of typhus fever, to the in- mates; no doubt to those to whom use had rendered them familiar, quite as agreeable as a cologne bottle. Here too in unmeasured profusion lay bones and rags and old hats and chippings of leather and woollen rags and feathers, furnishing a perfect regale to the eye by a sort of charming Mosaic variety. We are not will- ing, however, to quit the premises of this capital far- mer without mentioning an admirable contrivance for cleanliness, for which we should advise him at once to secure a patent right, if it were at all an original inven- tion- He had a pig-stye in which he in the autumn shut up his swine to be failed after his fashion ; and a necessary^ which for picturesque effect no doubt, was formed with open boards put in like the slats of a ve- randah, and for modesty's sake had a door, which was never confined by hinges but was made to be placed and replaced by lifting, and secured in the inside by a billet of wood of the size of a city back-log, and the place appeared to bo frequented by persons resembling Hogarth's Scotchman, who, poor fellow, supposed the hole« were made to put his legs down ; but the perfec- tion of the whole arrangement consisted in having both these places fixed directly over a running stream of vs-a- ter, where all impurity was at once carried off and the most delicate nerves could not be offended. Now such is a picture of the carefulness, economy, and good management in respect to the saving and accu- mulation of materials for enriching their land, we had almost said of one half the farmers of Massachusetts. — We will not, however, undertake to determine the proportion; but only say, lot those whom the coat fits put it on. H. C. SPECULATIOt\. This word has become absolutely odious to almost all the sober and reflecting part of the community, and can- not sound very melodiously in the ears of many, who can lay no claims to being either sober or reflecting. It is no better in general than arrant gambling; and its tendency is to disturb all the common pursuits of fair trade, and stop the operations ofwholesi.me industry. A man who lives by speculation entirely, is in gene- ral living upon the necessities or weaknesses or igno- rance or follies or vices of other men. This is a poor trade ; and such men are commonly the curse of the community. A man buys a piece of land to-day and sells it to-inorrovv f t twice as much as he gave. The next purchaser gets an advance upon it, and so it passes on through successive hands, without any improvement of any description whatever being made in it. Now who is benefited by such an operation ? The commu- nity is not, most certainly. A man buys into some public stock. He to-morrow sells his shares to another man at an advance; and eo it goes on, passing through various hands without any change whatever in tlie property disposed of. Now who is benefited by this operation.' Certainly not the community, for not a r.eiit of intrinsic value is added to the pi&pti'ij . ^w viml;!. Is cri-ated ; and no increased value is iriven to the property in question by the opera- tion, let the tran.«fer ofthe properly pass through over so many hands. But there is a serious injury to the community by all such operations. They excite ex- travagant expectations. They induce men to desert their farms and their trades, that by some chance adven- ture they may get rich without the slow processes of frugality nnd labor. Successful speculations of this na- ture too olti'U ruin the operator himself, either by indu- cing him to hazard v\iiry thing in a single cast of the die, or hurrying him on in his miscalled prosperity into deejier kinds of gambling, and too ofim impelling him into courses of extravagance, luxury, dis.sipation and profligacy, absolutely ruinous and dreadfully fatal. II. C. THRESHING MACHINE. We have seen a Threshing Machine of an improved construction, designed to be driven by two men, which it is slated will thresh and clean at the same operation, from fifty to seventyfive bushels of grain per day. It is the invention of a Mr Davenport, of Mount Vernon, N. H. lis construction is simple, and it is easily trans- ported in a one horse wagon. We have not seen it in operation ; hut fiom inspectioii there is every reason to believe that it will fulfil its promise. The grain issepa- rated from the straw, the straw carried to a convenient distance fjom the machine, and the grain passes imme- diately upon the riddles and comes out clean at the bot- tom. It is easily placed and worked on a barn floor. Its price is sixtyfive dollars, and we believe it can be af- forded at least fifteen dollars cheaper than that. It is said to have been in operation a year, and is likely to prove of great value to the farmer. H. C. SILK REEL. A silt reel of a simple and beautiful construction, has been made by Ur Deane, of Greenfield, Mass., which at least answers the purpose perfectly well, and we know no higher praise that Can be asked for iu It can be made for six or eight dollars, and will not be encumber- ed with a patent right. We shall in a few days have a model of it in Boston for the gratification of the inte- rested and the curious. Labor-sa\ ing machines are becoming of great impor- tance to the farmer. While almost every thing else is done by machinery, and chickens are hatched in artifi- cial ovens by hundreds per day, it is necessary that the farmer should avail himself of the mechanical powers ill nature, to assist and further his operations, if he would not fall altogether in the rear of the other useful arts. The agricultural warehouses and plough manufactories in Boston and Worcester, will show that much has al- vol.. xvin, NO. ao. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 18T eady been - lined in the impiovonient and conslruc- ion of implemenw of husbandry ; but aclual atlainments houia only serve to stimulate to new inventions and ifForts. Perfection is not reached in any of the arts ; ind we can hardly be said as yet to have got a glimpse .fit. H. C. , 25, IW!). BRIGHTON MARKKT.— MoNOAT, N Rfpnrteii forllie Ni-w Enjland Farmer. At Market 550 Beef Cattle, 370 Stores, l.WO She.-p ind 590 Swine. Prices.— Bcc/ CaK/e— Prices were about the same as ast week for a like quality. We reduce our quotations roni last week on some qualities which were quoted too ligh. A few choice cattle were sold for somethini: ■nore than our highest quotations. First quality, $7 00. Second quality, $6 GO a §C 50. Third quality, $4 75 a ja 00, $5 50. Barrelling Cattle.— Me^s $5 50 a ?«. 1 .f 5 00. Scores.— We continue our last quotations Yearlings $10 a $12. Two Year Old $15 a §20. SAee;).— A few lots only were sold. $1 50, $1 75, ind $2 25. Sicine—Oite lot to peddle at 4 1-4 and one lot at ! 3-4 and 4 3-4. A very few only were retailed on sc- ;ount of the weather. f^ THERMO.VIETKICAL. Reiii>rlf J for the New Engliim! Farmir. Range of tile Thermometer at tlie Cardeuof the pr )f the New Kiigland "Farmer, Brighton, Muss, in i Northerly exposure, week ending No\ind;fr 24. SPLENDID BILBOUS FLOWER ROOTS. .Tust received hy JOS^EPH HRECK & CO . from Holland, a very large and well selected assortment ol Uiitch Bullions Ro. ts, among which are the following :— Hyacinths— Donlile while, double white with red anil purple eyes, ilouble rosy, double red, dark blue, lisht blue and yellow, single white, while with red and purple eyes, rosy, pink, red, 'light and dark blue, yellow and variegated, cninprisinsr I. 'lU varieties of choice named sorts. Tulips— Kme late named sorts, line double do., mjxed sin- 2le, mixed double, single and double Van TbroU lor forcing, I'nrrots, &e. iVc. , Crown Impebuls— Double red and yellow, single red and S'ellow, striped leaves, &c. PoLYANTHL-s NARCISSUS— White, yellow, while with yel- low and citron cups, and citron witli yellow cups. Nahcissus— Orange Phoenix, Sulphur Phrenix, Incompa- rable, Van Sinn, and Tr.Uus caulus, with double flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poetirus, with single. .losauiLLES— Double and single Rasonoulus— Large double red and yellow Turkey, and oilier varieties. . . .Anemones— i\Iany fine mixed and named varieties. [ais— English, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus— White, blue, purple, yellow, cloih of gold, striped, &c. in 25 sorts _ . ■■ , , . , Gl.vdioli-s- Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers ; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single white, striped leaved, and spotted ; Oalcidonica, Buliferum, Marligon, Kampschatkian, Aurantica, &c, , ,, P.EOSiKS— lionlile white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved. Also — Snow Drops. Amaryllis, Tulieroses, Ornilholisums of all sorts, Arum draounculus. Geranium tuherosurn. Allium fl-I T . CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. I 6A.M. I 12, M. |6,P.M. | Wiii.l BERKSHIRK UOAR frOR S.'Tr . Afine fullbl.ioded Berkshire Boar, ^tx in". . ', lor ■ sale ;— Price S30, Apply at this office. November 20 . 21 I91PROVED PKiS F05"SAl.l'.. / For sale three, improved iioais ot the ii^. -v : ' . is; One half i-.crkshtre and half fvlacky. One half Berkshire, quarter M.icky and qu'.,! m Mocha,' One half Berkshire and half a large liiiglisn breed, name not known. The above boars are two years old; they are disi"S,'.l .i on account of keeping yount' sows of their gel I;t ' They will be scdd cheap if aviplicd for soon. I'or :. ; apply to J. BUECK & CO. iVovember 13. •PISAR, PLTJM, GRAPE VtNES, &C. ... T, ,j. 'pfj.jj nf [|.,e ixiost approved kinds ; •m Trees of the most approved kinds and extra .'.y of thuMn have Ijorne the past season ; ■ 'ji:'.ce Tree.s; :; ,^ Isabclln and Catawba Grape Vines, from 6 to 13 feet '■m}\ most of them have borne fruit — Black Hamburgh, .v.veetwalerj Pond's Seedling ; 30,000 Giant Asparagas Roois; 5000 Wilmot's Early Rhubarb or Fie Plant, lately intro- duced ; Also — a good assoitmeat of Gooseberries, Roses, &c. o difierent kinds ; Ail orders left at this office, or with the subscriber at Cam- bridgc-poit. or in Mr Lynch's baggaic wagon box, at Gould & Howe's, No. 8 Faneuii Hall, will meet wiih immediat attention. SAMUEL POND, Oi-iober 9. Cambridge port, Mass. A RAHE fK.'iKCE. For sa'c. X partner wishing to witodra'.v •established Agricultural Implement and "■ ■■• having a good run of country custom, v. ■ dispose of his interest on liberal lerr.r ~- gaging in other pursuits. To a person • •' a respectable and profitable business, capital, it is an opportunity rarely to I.'* credit will be given on most of the p'jr^ ly secured. Any communicalions a i New York city, will be treated siric'.ly P>nit ami Ornamental Trees, Blultoerrica, &c. ■"ruit Trees of all the diffi?rent species ;— of the most cele- :iied ami surpassing kinds ; — the collection now offered is I '^:,"e. The Catalogue of i<'rui< niirf Oraamenioi Trees and ,,1 ,i! •: rdhs, Rosh, and Herhnccous Floiccrirtg Plants, for 1839, 1. 1 • ready and will he sent To all -who apply. In that catalogue I .lie very best kinds tf Iruits, so far as proved, are particu- 1 iarly designated by a star. '■ ! 100,000 i\IoR us MuLTicAuusTrees or any other reasona- hh quantity, or cutlinis of ihe same, are now oflered. The I trees are senuine; all being raised by the subscriber, either I at his Nursery here, or at "his Southern Estahlisluan'-^j ^^ I old p„ri.sinoulh in Lower Virginia. Also the >-".j,.| ^auton ouse, Broussa, Moretti or Al])ine, and so-^. „,,^^^ Mulberries.' '-T to CocUspur and I^uckihorn lor ^^.;;■,g,,^ g^^ ^^ - ...n- .-Ml orders Willie o'jmptly aitehded to, onu trees' V?i"n ..t in soo;ilereU WIU ,.,. sccurelv packed (or safetnuisn'oi'titlon te '.'■i!;i distant places. WILLIA.M Ki-^NRIGK. '■•■ra. i ftonantum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. SOUTH DOWX !•- 6 half blood South down Uams. I' - price. Apply to JOSEPH BRECK Farmer Office. Novemhor 6. 3t ,unhlc iland KOKAX POTATOr.>, For sale at the New finglauil Agricultural Warehnus"' nt Seed Store, No.'52 Norlli .Market Street, at Sfi per bane', October 16. JOSEPH BKEtiK & CO. < FRVIT ANO OHNAME\TAl. TREES, (fcC. j An exl-n2 2 on 13 UO 12 00 9 50 4 75 g 2S 2 06 13 50 12 50 10 00 2 62 1 33 II 00 9 00 6 25 5 75 4 25 4 00 IS OU 2S00 9 '.(} 00 3fl00 10 8 16 00 10 OU H 00 11 UO cask gallon 1 12 I 23 2 sr I 3 00 IS 00 1.1 00 11 00 11 30 2 oil 3 M' SO 1 00 1 50 2-23 2 ,■'.0 ■^ 03 3 Ot. 1 37 1 b^^ Cnsiile, i Tallo'.^*, tried, . . . • .. Teazles, Ul sort, . . .. • AVooL, prime, or Saxony Meces, . ■ ' American, full bloo». washed, do. ' l!-.Hl.s 'I ' ipr M. ipouiid do. ;- Pulled 4 and coinmoH, jicrlinq, M-B"! No, :| ^ I No. 188 NEW ENGLAND FARMER MISCELLANEOUS, PLEASURE OF PARENTAL AFFECTION. That man must be unamiable indeed, who does not feel the greatest pleasure and delight in be- caming the father of an infant born in holy wed- lock. Some there are, however, who luiow not how to appreciate the blessings wliich Providence has bestowed upon them ; who receive with cold- ness a son's greeting or a daughter's kiss ; who have prineiple enough to feed, clothe and educate ~tlieir children, and labor for their provision and support; but possess not the affection which turns duty into delight; v/lio are surrounded with blos- soms, but know not the art of extracting tlieir ex- quisite sweets. How different is the effect of true parental love, where nature, duty, habit, feel- ing,,all combine to constitute an affection the pur- est, the deepest, the strongest, the most enduring and the least exacting of any of which the human heart is capable ! The selfish bachelor .may shudder when he thinks of the consequences of a family; he may picture to himself littered rooms and injured furni- ture, imagine the noise and confusion, the expense and the cares, from which he is luckily free ; hug himself in his solitude, and pity his unfortunate neighbor, who has half a dozen squalling children to impoverish and trouble him. The unfortunate neighbor, however, considers himself much more fortunate than the wealthy bachelor; he pities the loneliness of the bachelor's situation, and can never see, without feeling of re- gret, rooms where no stray plaything tolls of the occasional presence of a child, gardens where no little footmarks show that there are living creatures in the house. The parent has listened to his heart, and from it he has learned a precious secret; he can convert noise into harmony, expense into self- gratifioation, and trouble into amusement ; and reaps in one day's intercourse with his family a harvest of love and enjoyment, rich enough to repay years of toil and care. He eagerly listens on the thresh- liold of his door for the boisterous greeting of his little ones, feels refreshed by the pattering sound of their feet as they hurry to receive his kiss, and, by a noisy game at romps with them, drives away the cares and perplexities he has experienced in busi- ness, and his intercourse with the world. Notwithstanding the infinite pains taken to spoil nature's lovely works, there is a principle 6f resis- tance which allows of only partial success ; and numbers of sweet children exist to delight, and soothe, and divert us, when we are wearied or fret- ted by grown-up people, and to justify all that has been written or said of the charms of childhood. It is not only to their parents and near connexions that children are interesting- and delightful, they are general favorites, and their caressps are slight- c2 by none but the strange, the affected, or tlie morose ; statesmea have romped with them, orators have told them stories, conquerors have subpiitted to their blows, judges, divines, and philosophers, have listened to their prattle and joined in their sports. They teach us one blessed, one enviable art — the art of being happy. Kind nature has given to them that useful power of accommodation to circumstances which compensates for so many external disadvantages ; and it is. only by injudi- cious management on the part of parents or others w-ho have the care of bringing tliem up, that the art of being Iiappy acquired in their infancy, be- comes lost to them avJicji they arrive at maturity. He must be unamiable, indeed, who can contem- plate, unmoved, the joys and sports of childhood. But the good and amiable man, the tender and af- fectionate parent, in witnessing their infant gam- bols, ajid observing the gradual opening and ex- pansion of their minds, feels a pleasure and delight which no language can describe, in the contempla- tion that he is their father. — JVciv York Sun. An Anecdote — trpe anu good. — Governor Chittenden — the first of the name who filled the office of Chief Magistrate of Vermont, had two sons, named Martin and Truman. The first, of these was deemed less brightly endowed by nature than the other, and a college education was given him to remedy the supposed deficiency. Truman, who never lacked in mother wit, was placed upon the farm. It chanced one day that the Governor had in his barn a calf so little endowed with ani- mal instinct, as to be unable to draw sustenance from its mother cow ; not all the efforts of the Governor or his help could make the creature suck. ' Truman,' said his father,' ' what shall we do with tins foolish calf? How shall we learn him to suckle?' 'I don't know, really, father,' returned the son with the most commendable gravity, ' un- less you send him to college with Martin.' — Barre GazMe. BucKW-HFAT Cakes. — As the season has again arrived for these delicious cakes, we copy the fol- lowing direction for preparing them, which we find in an exchange paper, for the ladies. ' To three pints of buckwheat flour mixed into a batter, add one teaspoonful of carbonate of soda, dissolved in water, and one spoonful of tartaric acid — dissolved in like manner ; first apply tlie carbonate, stir the latter well, and then put in tlie acid — thus the use of yeast is entirely superseded, and cakes ' as light as a feather' are insured. One great advantage is, that the batter is ready for baking as soon as it is made. A Woman in a Thousand. — J^s v/e were pas- sing down Vine Street, below Tenth, a few days since, a horse tied to a post and attached to a waggon, became much frightened, reered upon his hind legs, and was about to start off amidst a group of children in the immediate vicinity. A lady see- ing the alarm of the animal, and the peril of the children, started forward, seized ilie reins with both hands and drew hirn forward witiisuch strength, that the horse was pulled to the earth and overturned on one side, notwithstanding he made strenuous efforts to break loose, and dragged the female to and fro for several seconds. She retained her hold however, until some men in a neighboring stone-yard eame to her assistance : and thus it is probable, that by her presence of mind and nerve, she prevented some serious accident. When the reins were taken out of herhands, she was so agita- ted as to be nearly unable to stand. She deserves no little credit, and may well be described as one in a thousand. — Phila. Inq. PriETTV GOOD, WHETHKR TI'.UE oa NOT. The following is vouched for by the Baltimore Clip; per : — A Dutcliman from the West Wont to pay hio Excellency the President of the United States, a visit. He happened to call just as the President and four otiiers were sitting down to dine. The President asked him to be seated, at the same time inquiring if there was any thing new or strange in his couiitry. " No I tinks not, except dat one of my cows hash five calves." " .\h ! indeed — and do they all suck at one time." " No sar," replied the Dutchman; " four on 'em 'suck.= ^vhile de tudder lookish on, shusht as I tush."' The hint was so significant that a clean plate was immediately ordered, and the Dutchman coat- ed at the table where he partook of a comfortable pinner with his Excellency the President. GalSES'S P.VTBNT STR.WTT CUTTER- JOSEPH iJrECK & CO. al the New England Agth luval ^Val■chollse and Seed Store, Nos.51 and 02 Norlh Mi ket Sireet, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay aii Sialk Cluum-, nperaliiigon a mechanical principle not IJefore applied m any implemenl for this purpose. The most prom- inent cllocts of tliis application, and some of the conseqiienl peculiarilies of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power re to use if, that the strength of a half grown hoy is suIl to work it very effieienfly. 2. vViih even this moderate power, it easily cuts two Imsh- els a muniie, which is full twice as fast as has been claimec by any other machine even when worked by horse or Mcaa power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in whir cut, require sharpening less often than those of any • straw cutler. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made anc- put logeiher very slrongly. It is therefore not so liable a: the complicated macliines in general use to get out of order IVIIVSUIP'S BRIGHTOM KURSBRISS, ASD COT.^NIC GARDC.Ng. -i" : ,;'■ Vis. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Shrubs,' Cieep ■;■ "j ers. Herbaceous, Perennials, Greeii Hi us ■■ ■" ''-''''"i? Phuits, &c. •fc ;■'.,■?" Orders addressed to Messrs WINSllII ,.."ETT A:»D CHISHOLM, PRINTERS, it SGltOUt. .'^TU'l.K'l'.. i;ofc'ru.N AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ^ PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH M.^VRKET STREET, (Agricoltdbal Wabehouse.) t. xvmo BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 4, \mX two. aa. AGRICULTURAL. From the Farmer's Moathly Visitor. INDIAN CORN CROPS. New Hajipshire against the Union. There cannot be a more desirable climate forve- able production tlian one which is adapted to the wth of Indian corn ; and the soil on which Indi- corn grows will never fail, with a proper appli- on of labor, to produce abundance for man and St. Now in the production of Indian corn, the of New Hampshire will not shrink from a com- son with any other part of the country. !"he immense crops of corn-^vhich have been re- tedly raised in the county of Stratford, in the vi- ty of the beautiful Lake Winnipisseogee — in tltonborough, Tuftonborough and Wolfeborougii, prising the islands and shore on the north side be lake, and in Barnstcad and Gilmanton, at a miles distance over the Gunstock mountains to south-east of the lake; these crops have been ced repeatedly by gentlemen farmers in Mas- lusetts and otlier places, as being too great for belief of the credulous. One hundred thirty- ^n bushels to the single acre, raised if we do not ake, on '.he fertile hills of iJarnstead, or ^ven hundred and seven bushels to the acre raised by friend Brown on the Winnipisseogee island, too great an amount: it was probably corn in ear — so much shelled corn could not be made row on an acre, said a distinguished agricultu- in conversation with the editor of the Visitor, did not positively contradict him, because we d not say that we had actually seen with our eyes tlie acre that had yielded so much. But lave now the evidence of a yield of InijAp corn >d by Mr Brown the present year, " we^glied by ■nan appointed to measure crops for premiums"' le county of Strafford ; and this whole crop of weight of 8051 lbs., measuring the traced corn le ear at 70 lbs. to the busliel, and that whicli not traced, at G8 1-4 to tlie bushel, was one ired and sixken bushels. If we cart believe a iterested witness, we must give credit to this ?ment. /e have heretofore published in the Visitor, 1 under the hand of Mr Brown himself, the man- m which he raises these great crops of corn, does it by putting upon the land double the d quantity of manure, and by bestowing as h labor upon a single acre as is ordinarily be- 'cd upon two and throe acres. The soil upon e islands— not alluvion, but common rocky with a hard pan or subsoil, is probably of that on which manure and cultivation will have r greatest effect; the same may be said of most le swelled hill lands in Meredith, Gilmanton, latead and other towns in Strafford county. — result of Mr Brown's experiment proves that r is more profitably applied by him in the culti- )n of his corn field than by farmers generally ; lis one acre produces, a present crop equal to common crop of three acres ; and this crop leaves the condition of the land such that it will produce, without any further application of manure, at least twice the usual amount of wheat or oats for the first year and of grass afterwards for some five or si.K subsequent seasons. Mr Brown's preparation, according to our recol- lection, is, to take land which had been broken up from the sward and planted once with |-,otatoes, with a first application of some twelve or fifteen loads of coarse manure before planting. After the first crop is taken off, apply twelve or fifteen loads of manure and plough it in deep in the fall. The ne.xt spring plough in at a less depth some fifteen to twenty loads more of finer manure. In this way the whole soil for from si.x to ten inches deep is pulverized and feels the efi'ect of the manure. In addition to these advantages, Mr Brown has an e.x- cellent kind of corn adapted to a northern climate, wliich he has been improving for several years, and which will come to maturity in three months from the time of planting. If we could be sure of a sea- son of four months free from frost, there are otlier larger kinds of corn — the Dutton twelve and six- teen rowed, or the long eight-rowed ear called the Parker corn, for example — that might grow more upon the acre than the Brown corn. But in land j:''eparcd as he prepares his, with rows three feet apart, and the hills in the rows placed at the dis- tance of two feet each from the other, and three stalks to the hill — we do not believe there is a kind of corn in the country that will, year in and year out, produce a greater quantity on the same ground. Mr Brown's kind yields larger ears and more in quantity of corn in proportion to the size of the stalk, than any other kind within our observation. But Mr Brown's crop of one hundred and six- teen bushels to the acre, was not the largest crop of corn raised this year in New Hampshire. The green islands which stud the charming Winnipis- seogee, bear away the palm for the greatest crops of corn. Mr Robert Lamprey, whose farm is on the same island with Mr Brown's, within the limits of the town of Moultonborough, has raised this year from one acre, one hundred and thirtyonc bush- els and seven quarts, "estimated in the usual way, by measuring all in a basket and shelling one bask- et full." Some grains of allowance must be made for this mode of measuring, as the persons who har- vested the corn would naturally feel an interest to pack the basket to be slielled quite as close as any basket which was iiot shelled. .Mr Paul P. Pils- bury lives on Cow island, situated in the town of Tuftonborough, some few miles eastward of Lono- island on the same lake shore ; and his crop of corn, measured in the same way as that of Mr Lamprey, was one hundred and thirty bushels to the acre. Mr Lamprey nnd Mr Pilsbury have eacii sent to the editor of the Monthly Visitor a trace of the corn raised on their respective lots: the samples are the most beautiful we have ever seen. Both kinds of corn are in some respects similar, be ino- a mi.xture resembling partly the Dutton and partly the Brown corn. Mr Lamprey's corn has the near- est resemblance of the Brown kind — the kernels have a varnished exterior with the same elegant blazed tinge — a part is eight, and apart ten and twelve rowed. The ears are larger than the Brown corn— the kernels are smaller but the cob is larger. In Mr Pilsbury's sample the ears are large but not as long as the other — the color of the corn is a lighter yellow, the kernels something smaller, and the cob larger, especially at tlie stump end. In both samples the ears of corn are covered to the tips, and there was a beautiful uniformity of kernel from one end of the ear to the other. The Brown corn, wlicre it has had a fair trial, has fully come up to the expectations of the public. Benaiah Cooke, Esq., editor of the Cheshire Par- mer, exhibited a few traces of his corn raised on his premises, at the late agricultural meeting at Keene : all tjie seed he raised was at once bespo- ken by the farmer's of Clieshire ; and so p resing was the demand for this seed, that Mr Cooke at once proceeded personally to Long island, a dis- tance of nearly one hundred miles, and purchased from Mr Brown himself, all he could spare of his great crop of the present year. The crop of Brown corn raised this year by the editor of the Monthly Visitor, was as good a.s any crop we had seen in the vicinity. The ground •irr.s not ad good, nor did it ha-ve the advantages of that of Mr Brown. It was a track upon the inter- vale bordering upon the Merrimack river, which had been formed, not by a deposite of sediment by the backing up of the raised stream, but by the washing on of sand directly over it. Tliis land had not, until it came into our possession, been con- sidered worth cultivation; two years ago it was covered with bushes, and where the surface was stirred the wind blew the sand over much of it so as to prevent vegetation. Vet on one acre of this land we think was produced full seventy bushels of shelled corn. Of this kind of corn we have sav- ed full fifty bushels of seed. A part of this has been engaged in Boston. Mr Samuel Whitney, living on the premises of the editor, selected from the field about forty bushels of the finest ears of the crop, which have been carefully traced and hung up.. Gentlemen who may wish to furnish themselves with this kind of corn, will please to apply to Mr Whitney, who also will have the dis- position of a few bushels of Rohan potatoes raised by the editor of the Visitor. We copy the following from the Cheshire Far- mer for October : " Brown Corn. — It will be recollected that we previously have given some account of a kind of corn denominated the " Brown Corn." We pro- cured last spring, one and a half bushel of this corn of Air Brown, and planted one acre with it, and sold the rest. Our acre did very well, produc- ing, as was judged by many farmers who saw it, not far from forty bushels. .\s we picked a part of it for seed, and fed out some without measuring, we are not able to give the exact amount, though it would not vary much from 40 bushels. It is a large eight-rowed corn, and very early — a specimen of it may be seen at this office. We exhibited some of 190 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DKC. 4, ig3v it at the last meeting of the society in this county, and find it took very well with the farmers in this section. We have already had orders for some ten bushels of it for seed. Concluding that what we raised would go but little way in supplying the demand, and desiring not again to be treed with corn, we proceeded per tural world. In these warehouses, seedstores and nurseries, may be found ploughs, harrows, rollers, i>nd all the tools and implements required by the frriuer and gardener; seeds of the purest and most approved varieties, and fruit and forest trees suita- ble for every situation. A large proportion of the farmers purchase at these stores their seed wheat. Bonally to the farm of Mr Brown, a distance of 95 I their grass seeds, &,c., and by long experience, the miles, examined his, field, and purchased so much of his corn as he would spare, suitable for seed, which in due time we shall have on hand for the accom- modation of farmers in this section. A few days since we received the following let- ter from Mr Brown, which we take the liberty to publish. MouUonhoro\ (Lomr Island,} Oct 10th, 18-39. B. Cooke, Esi^, — Dear Sir — I harvested my corn last week, and }ii|ve a fine lot of seed traced in fine order. On accoiint of tracing so much, 1 could not measure it in the usual way, but had it weighed by the man appointed to measure crops for premiums. The whole crop on the acre, in ears, weighed 8051 lbs. We shelled both of tji«' traced and the un- traced, to get the amount in bushels — ofthat which was traced 70 lbs. made a bushel; of that which was not traced 68 3 4 lbs. made a bushel-^whole amount 110 bushels. We first went over tlie piece and selected all that was suitable for seed, which was e-ver one-half in weight. Mr Lamprey measured his in the usual way, by measuring all in a basket and shelling one basket full, and had 131 bushels, for which he obtained the first premium. Mr Pilsbury, on Cow island, meas- ured his in the same way and had 130, and took the second premium, there being but two premi- ums ottered by the society. But the committee on crops, considering the exact manner in which 1 ob- tained the measurement, and superior quality of the specimen which I presented, recommended in their report to award mo a premium, which was accept- ed, and I obtained a premium for the excellence of ray corn. It seecicd to be the opinion of many be- fore harvest, that I should have the most on an acre, but the season being more suitable for their ground, it being dryer than mine, partly accounts for the result, and the manner they measured, which cannot be so e,\act as that of weighing, will also partly account for it. By ploughing in the manure very deep, I did not probably get so much of the strength of it as if the season hail been dryer, but I would not discourage the practice of deep plough- ing, and well mixing the manure with tlie soil. I still think it the best way; if some seasons we do not get so mudh of its strength, we retain the ma- nure and enrich the soil. I am yours, with respect, JOHN HUOWN. -^d. AGRICULTURAL WAREHOUSES. One of the great causes which has led to the su- periority of English agriculture, is to be found in the establishment of agricultural warehouses, nur- series, seedstores, &c., in all the principal cities and villages of tlie kingdom, where agricultural im- plements of the best kinds, seeds and trees of the best qualitv and varieties can be obtained by all who wish them, at reasonable rates. The estab- lishments of Loudon, andof Knight, in London, and of Lawson and Dickens, in Edinburgh, are celebra- ted for the e.xtent of their collections, the great amount of business they perform, and the acknowl- edged benefits they have conferred on the agricul- proprietors of these establishments, knowing the kind and quality of the soil, can better apportion the kinds and quantity of seed required for such lands than the cultivators themselves. So exten- sive and necessary have these branches of business become, that in a late number of the London Gar- dener's Gazette, a list of thoie the most distinguish- ed are given from the principal cities and towns, amounting to no less than 800. In the U. States, such establishments could scarcely be less useful than they have proved abroad ; yet their number is very limited, compared with what we think the advancement of agriculture, and the benefit of the farmer demand. A few, howev- er, exist, and we hope their success will be such as to cause the establishment of others at all the prin- cipal points of our country. If in every principal city or village the farmer could be certain of find- ing at some store or warehouse, the implements he needs, of the best kinds and quality, he would es- teem it a favor, as saving him much trouble in col looting from various places the articles he wants. And so with places for the sale of seeds and trees, which are becoming daily more useful and indis- pensable. The agricultural warehouse of Mr Brack,* at Boston, the publisher of the New England Farmer, is one of the mo;t extensive in New England, if not in the United States, and has been found of es- sential service to the farmers of that region. In the city of New York, a beginning was made some years since by Mr Fleet, then publisher of the New York Farmer, in establishing such a warehouse, and is now carried on with spirit, and we trust suc- cess, by J. W. Weaver & Co., 79 Barclay street. With the warehouse is connected a seed establish- ment, conducted on liberal and honorable princi- ples, and deserving the notice and patronage of the public. At Albany, Mr W. Thorburn (not of Chi- nese Tree Corn memory,) has added the disposal of agricultural implements to his former business as a seedsman, and is doing much to bring within the reach of farmers in that vicinity, the best imple- ments required by the cultivator of the soil. Seve- ral minor establishments have also been opened in the State, the business of which is rapidly increas- ing, and the benefits of which are every year more clearly felt and acknowledged. Among the seed stores of the State, the Rochester one holds a dis- tinguished place for extent and usefulness, and the new arrangeiTients of Mr Bateham will doubtless give it greater eflSciency and activity, and conse- quently diffuse its benefits more extensively througl the district. We always hail the establislinunt of nurseriei of fruit or forest trees, warehouses for the sale o agricultural implements, and seed stores for th( dissemination of seeds of good quality, and man; variety, as an omen of good to t!ie country ; as i proof that the spirit of inquiry and observation i awake, and that our farmers are beginning to ap predate the difference that exists between iiiiple ments of the same name, and seeds of the same vt riety. Good tools and good seeds are indispeuBa ble to good farming, and this should be understoO' and practised upon by the farmer. A choice c seed will not unfrequently make a difference ( one-third or even more, in a crop of wheat or con and in nothing do farmers err more frequently tha in sowing an impure, heterogeneous mass calle grass seeds, but in reality made up of all manner ( foul stuff for grass seed, thus propagating and pe' petuating various nuisances on their farms. W say, let warehouses and seed stores be well patrol ized so long as they furnish ffood tools and pui seeds. The country reaps the benefit. — Genei Farmer. "This warei.oiise is 90 by 30 feet, and covers a space of 2700 square Icjet, occupying 5 floors, making 13,500 square feet of flooring— every part of the building being filled to ovorflowing'wilii the best and most approved kinds of agricultural and horticultural implements, as well as the largest and best assortment of every variety uffidd, grass, garden and flower seeds to be found In imy establisbmont of tlic kind in the United States, During the time this establishment has been in existence, (a period of something like 17 years,) no pains b been spared in the improvement of the various depart- nients, in regard to its internal arrangement, quality and superior finish of the tools, excellency of the seed &c. J. B. SOAP MAKING. Much difficulty is often experienced by thoi who manufacture their own soap ; frequently i deed the operation succeeds well, but sometimes totally fails from unknown causes. Often wh every precaution has been apparently taken, coi plete failure has been the consequence ; and t time is not long past, when some have even declt ed that they believed their soap was beicilched. I if the rationale on which the process is founded, jut understood, the whole becomes simple and ea and may be performed with an absolute certainty success. Common soft soap is composed of oil (or fat,) r potash. The potash is obtained from comn wood ashes, by causing water to run through which dissolves the potash contained in the ash and leaves the residue behind. The manner which the oil or grease is obtained is well kno^ These are made to unite and form soap by be boiled a^ well stirred together. OneWthe first requisites in soap making is t there should be a sufficient quantity of potash t solved in the water, or in other words, that the should be strong : this is readily ascertained by egg ; if the egg floats the ley is sufficiently stroi if it sinks, it is too weak, and must be increasec strength by evaporating a part of the water by b ing, or by passing it again through ashes. But it not unfrequently happens that the found by trial to be too strong, and yet good s cannot be produced. This is almost always ow to the potash of the ley not being caustic, or cr ble of corroding the skin, which state is absoh ly requisite to success. Potash in its purest s is highly caustic ; but when ashes have been some time exposed to the air, they gradually sorb from it a portion of the peculiar kind of existing in small proportion in it, known by name of carbonic acid, which destroys the cat properties of the potash, and renders it unfit for manufacture of soap. Now, as quick lime he stronger attraction for carbonic acid than po has, it is only necessary to place a quantity of 1 in the proportion of half a bushel of lime for ah- head of good ashes, in the bottom of the leech fore filling it, and it will abstract the carbonic TOii. xvm. NO. aa. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 191 )m the potash of the ley, as it passes downward, aviiig it in a comparatively pure and caustic state. order to prevent failure, therefore, this should nays be done. In order to ascertain if ley con-- ins carbonic acid, pour a few drops of sulphuric nitric acid into u wine glass of the ley, wlien, if contains much, a violent effervescence (or boil- g up of bubbles) w'.ll instantly take place, owing tlie escape of the carbonic acid. The carbonic id may be removed from the ley and render it fit r soap making, by boiling the ley with quick ne. Tf the ley be strong, if It be rendered caustic, d if there be a sufficient quantity of tolerably an fat, there can be little danger of success — 16 proportions should be about thirty pounds of ;to eight or ten gallons of ley. Hard Soap consists of soda instead of potash, ited with fat; and is commonly made by adding mmon salt (wliich consists of muriatic acid and da,) to well made soft soap while it is yet boil- '. The soda of the salt unites with tlie fat, and ■ms hard soap, while the potash unites with the iriatic acid of the salt and separates by falling to } bottom of the vessel. Different degrees of rdness in soap are obtained by using potash and la, at the same time in different proportions. — ;nce grease from salt meat has a tendency to in- ;ase the hardness of soap, unless the salt be pre- )usly removed by boiling in water. Soap of tallow is made in England, and largely the United States, and is the best in common 3 ; when scented with oil of caraway seeds and 3t into a mould, it is used for the toilette, and is lied Windsor soap. Other toilette soaps are ide with butter, hog's lard, or with almond, nut palm oil. Sometimes fish oil is used for coarse ips, as well as linseed oil ; and rosin is often ad- d to give a yellow color and odor. The follow- r proportions (by weight) have been given for a od yellow S( ap ; tallow twentyfive, oil four and lalf, rosin seven, barilla, (soda) eighteen, settlings waste ley, evaporated and calcined, ten, and Im oil one-half part. Soaps are colored blue by indigo, yellow by tu- ;ric, &,c. ; and marble or veined soaps are niade us : to the soap just separated from the spent ley, w ley is added, and then copperas dissolved in Iter ; red oxide of iron (or colcothar,) mixed with iter is stirred in it by manual dexterity, and is so ixed as to produce the peculiar appearance. — enesee Farmer. Happy Condition or the New England Fak- er.— The condition of a community situated as e the great mass of agriculturists in New Eng- nd, is more desirable than that of any other class 'men within my knowledge. If it do not attach en and women to this life — if it do not make them . happy as to increase the love of life beyond the je of sorrow, toil and pain — it isa condition which le "tall, the wise and reverend head" may envy, iving within their own means, on the fruits of tlieir wa labor — enjoying abundance of the best pro- ttcts of the ground and the first fatlings of the ocks ; the appetite sharpened and sweetened ; the luscular powers strengthened ; the mind made igorous and active by labor; their dependence jlely on the goodness of God ; their prudence hav- ig looked forward even to the destruction of a rop with a providence to supply its place : with bundant leisure for all healthy recrealion and all eedful rest; with no worldly cares and vexations encroaching on the rellcction which aids the better judgment; in thc-midst of those social and domes.- tic relations which throw a charm about life — which give to moral suasion its greatest force, and whicli rear the tender thought to the ripe vigor of its high- est usefulness, — how can we conceive any state of imperfect, erring, dependent man more truly envia- ble than that of the industrious, laboring, prolific farmers of New England, who live according to the best lights of their own experience ? The mer- chant fails nine times in ten before a fortune is gained — the speculator ninotynine times in a hun- dred: the mechanic and the lawyer gain only while tlick work is going on : the wages of the priest, like those of the common laborer, stop when he no longer works : the physician adds to his income no oftener than he visits tlie sick: the salary man, if he saves at all, saves only a specific sum: — the farmer, more sure of success than either, in nine ca- ses out of ten, certain of ultimate prosperity, lays his head upon his pillow with the reflection that wliile he sleeps his crops are increasing to maturi- ty and his flocks and herds growing in size and strength. — Gov. Hill's Address at Keene. Man's necessity his greatest temporal BLESSING. — For her physical and moral progression, for her increased means and wealth, and the excel- lent habits of her population, New England is not less indebted to the roughness and sterility of her soil than to the obstinate morals and unremitting perseverance of her original proprietors. * * The oreat blessing of New England has been her hard soil, her ditBculty of producing abundant products from the earth, and the necessity to labor which hhs pervaded almost every rank and class of her popu- lation. If a part, say one-half, could have done the work necessary to support all, then might wo see at this moment a race of different color, with marks of inferiority, doing what is now done by nearly the whole supeiior class combined: then might ive witness one class of our population phys- ically and morally enervated — another class to the lowest pitch degraded. Slavery existed in New England before the existence of those blessed free institutions which were purchased at the expense of the blood of freemen. A race was here as " hew- ers of wood and drawers of water" — a black race in slavery, scattered remnants of which in some parts remain: and to no single cause so much as to the necessity that all should work to gain a competence from the ground, is it due that free white labor, dif- fusing the blessings of health and abundance, is the almost exclusive labor of this portion of the United States. VVe cannot always have that exact state of things which all could wish. For wise and beneficent purposes, the Almighty has placed us in a state of trial and uncertainty. The fruits of well directed labor are sometimes smitten — the struggles of hard laiior are sombtimes crowned with utter want ot success. The privations and the sufferings of the first New England settlers were far beyond the pri- vations and sufferings of those who are now settling the new territories of the South and West. The progress of thgse first settlers was much slower and more tedious — the dangers and horrors of savage warfare were much more appalling — the destitu- tion of the common necessaries and comforts of life was more intense and more general. If the savage tomahawk now and then does the work of sudden murder upon our extreme frontier, the op- portunity of protection or escape to those who re- main is soon presented. To. the settlers of New England lor the first lumdrcd and filly years, not only the frequent terrors of repeated barbarian mur- ders in the worst shape were realized, but a heart- less, hopeless, never-ending foar of secret attack and massacre became the great passion, swallowing up and marring almost every species of enjoyment. Our fathers, doomed to procure sustenance by the severest sweat of the face, the charged musket was taken to the field for defence. With every precaution, the watchful and prayerful pioneer, while cutting down the forest or tilling or gather- ing the fruits of the ground, was frequently shot down in the field by the Indian lurking unseen iu some adjacent swamp or covert: the brains of chil- dren were dashed out in the presence of trembling mothers, torn and hurried into captivity ere the bleeding victims had ceased to struggle. The ac- cumulated horrors of want and famine and pesti- lence, were but a mitigation Of the greater horrors and dread of savage warfare. Within my own re- collection, aged men and women lived among our ancestors, who, from their remembrance of these . horrors, described their own condition with their elders, concerned for themselves as well as for their protection, in language and gestures with colors that no hieroglyphic or written or printed statement ever can equal. — Ibid. Bknefits of root cultivation. — The culture of root crops for the rearing of swine and for win- ter feeding of cattle I believe to be a great .object to most farmers. The mangel wurtzel, the.; sugar beet, the connnon beet, the carrot and perhaps the parsnip may be raised on ground that will produce a good crop of corn: the ruta baga may be raised on a lighter soil and with less manure than tlie oth- er crops. In proportion to the quantity produced with the same labor, I am inclined to give the pre- ference to the ruta baga. That ci-op may be rais- ed with about as little labor as a crop of potatoes upon the same ground. If the season be fortunate, six and eight hundred and sometimes a thousand bushels to the acre are produced : a thousand bush- els weighing twentyfive tons, dealt out to a stock of cattle, will be equal in value to at least ten tons of the best hay. It is a mistake to suppose that the ruta baga spoils either the meat or the milk of the creature fed upon it. This mistake originated in the fact famili.ar to many practical farmers, that the turning of fat cattle and cows into fresh feed, where turnips, cabbages, and onions have been rais- ed and cleared out, leaving tops and leaves, will make them liable when slaughtered or milked, to leave the meat or the milk tainted with the taste and flavor of the articles upon which tliey have fed. Milch cows fed daily on rrita baga once a day, will communicate no taste to the milk ; and if there be any doubt about fat cattle, the leaving off the ruta baga one week and substituting corn or other feed, will leave their meat in as good flavor and quality as if they had'fed exclusively on corn. I prefer late sowing of ruta baga, say as late as the 10th of June, to an earlier day : this root grows best in cool weather, and by late sowing it much better escapes the turnip fly and destroying grubs, and has the advantage of a vigorous growth late in the fall until severe fro^ts shall render it a matter of prudence to gather them. Beets of the various kinds, and carrots, to such as do not admire ruta baga, may be made well to supply their place. Fed with either, winter milked cows may be made to give double the quantity of that most necessary and 192 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DEC. 4, 18311. most grateful artic'e in the consumption of every family, tliat they will jrive when fed simply on the best English liny. With the general cultivation of roots, my present conviction is that the quantity of beef and pork and butter and cheese produced in New England, may be increased one-half, and might be very easily doubled. — IbiJ. From the New York Obierver. DR. HUMPHREY'S THOUGHTS ON EDUCA- TION. Qimlificalions of Teachers. I have already said that a school-master ought to be a man of icood common sense. My second remark is, that he ought to be ivdl educated. How can he instruct others in what he has never thoroughly learned himself.' All the good sense in the world, essential as this qualifica- tion is, would not fit him for the teacher's chair without a familiar acquaintance with the studies of the schoo!. I say a Jami'iar acquaintance, because if he cannot hear a class 'read without looking over every moment, oi- correct bad spelling in a compo- sition without fumbling in the dictionary, or write a letter himself without making a dozen mistakes in orthography and the placing of capitals ; if he knows so little of figures, as to be hindered and puzzled every time a slate is handed to him by a bewildered novice, and has so little knowledge of grammar as to boggle and blunder in the easiest lessons, he is not fit for a school-master, whatever else he might do. If he would keep the school "for nothing and find himself," no district could af- ford to employ him. Children's time is infinitely too precious to be wasted under the care of a mas- ter who is not half educated himself iu the very branches he is required to teach. And besides the loss of the winter, bad habits of spelling, reading, writing, and the like, are inevitably contracted, un- der an incompetent master, which it will take anoth- er winter to correct. To manage and instruct a school well, a teacher must see things at a glance, and must be able to correct mistakes at the instant He has no time to study the lessons in school, and very little out of school. He must come with a well furnished mind, or else with all possible efforts to make up the deficiency as he goes along, he cannot meet the reasonable expectations of his em- ployers. And it makes but little difference how much he knows in the higher branches of educa- tion, if he is ignorant of the elementary principles, or if they are not quite familiar to his mind. He may even be able to construe Greek and Latin with considerable accuracy, and yet be miserably defi- cient in some of the commonest branches of an English education. In such cases a parent may be assured for his comfort, when he complains of his children's not being taught correctly in the common school, that the master has been half through college ; but the evil is none the less for that. A child may just as well be badly taught by an ignoramus as by a graduate. Have you then taken time and pains to qualify yourself for the highly responsible duties of a teacli- er? Can you read — can you spell — do you under- stand the powers of the letters — what do you know about accent, emphasis and cadence ? Can you write — and do you know how to make and hold a pen — are you quick in figures and prompt in gram- mar, geography ? &c. &c. In one word, are all these qualifications at "your fingers' ends".' If nnt, let me advise you as a friend — I mean a friend nut only to yourself, but to every body who wants a good school-teaclier, not to undertake at present Perhaps you can earn as much some other way. But if you think you should be fond of teaching, first prepare for it. Apply yourself diligently to study ; and as soon as you can get ready, present yourself to the examining committee, but not before. A third essential qualification in a school-master is aptness to teach. However well he may under- stand the theory, and however afHuent he may be in all needful attainments, if he lacks the gift of communication, he can never be a useful teacher. Hie knowledge is hid treasure, a sealed fountain, which may be a source of high enjoyment to the possessor, but can be of no advantage to the pupils. No one, I am aware, can certainly tell whether he possesses the faculty of teaching. Or if he does, with what success he can cultivate it, till he bas a fair opportunity to make the trial. It would be un- candid and extremely unfair, therefore, to say to a young teacher, you never ougnt to have entered a school, for it is as clear the sun, that you have no talent for the business. And so it-may be now; but how could lie know whether he had a tact or not, till he tried ? If having signally failed, he persists iti offering himself as a teacher, rebuke liim, or what is still belter, protect yourselves and your children by declining to employ him. A fourth qualification, of great importance in a school-master, is entire self control. The tempera- ment of some persons is altogether too mercurial for the school-room. They do well in smooth wa- ter, but make miserable steerage in rough weather. Every cross wind makes them lose their reckoning. Every little annoyance, every little jostling, disturbs and excites them. They begin to chafe and storm ere the first ounce of patience should be exhausted. So ticklish are their nerves, that they cannot bear one atom of friction. They want to hnve every boy sit up as straight as a candle, and be as still as a mile-stone and as mute as a pickerel. When every thing does not go exactly right, in a cold morning, it frets them exceedingly ; and it requires but little provocation to throw them quite off" their guard. And then they are sure to say or do some- thing which they will be sorry for the next mo- ment ; and which hardly ever fails to lower them in the estimation of their scholars. In short, they have no self-control, which is too nearly synony- mous with having no proper self-respect. Now whatever else such a man may undertake, he ought never to think of keeping school. JVerve, in this case, is a very different thing from nerves. — The former he inust have, or he will not succeed ; but the fewer of the latter he carries about him the better for himself and for all concerned. I will not say, that it requires the patience of Job to teach and manage a large school, because his trials were of a very different kind ; but it certainly does re- quire a great deal of patience. A teacher has so many different tempers, intellects and habits to deal with ; so many questions to answer at the same moment ; so many pens to make and mend ; so many classes to hear ; so many sums to look over and correct ; and so many rogues to watch, that he must have a good deal of self-discipline to keep perfectly cool and steady through it all, when he has sixty, or ssiventy, or even thirty scholars ; and is shut up with them six or seven hours a day, with the thermometer sometimes at blood-heat, and sometimes nearly down to zero. But I repeat the remark already made, that no one can be duly an properly qualified to keep school, without patienc and self control. I know not how many candidate may be set aside by the application of this rule nor do I feel answerable for it, however much th numberbf teachers may be reduced. It is wron that our schools should sufi"er for the sake of givin employment to persons of such irritable tempei and habits, as must inevitably neutralize all the: good qualities, and greatly injure the tempers ofot children. And who, allow me to ask, has not know some individuals of good abilities in the chair c instruction, as well as elsewhere, answering to th description which I have now given. To be continued. "THE DEBT-PAYING NATION." This is the name which the United States hav acquired abroad, and never was an appellation be ter deserved. We, as a nation, run in debt more I others, than perhaps all other nations out togethe What would be said if Great Britain snouia run i debt two hundred millions to France, or Prussia fi ty millions to Austria ? We, on the contrary, thii nothing of selling our credit to the amount of hundred or two of millions, in the shape of stock- and then purchase goods annually to the amoui of some twenty millions more than we can pay ; the time, trusting to luck, and tempting Providenc It requires no prophetic sagacity to foretell th matters cannot always go on at this rate. Oi credit must be over-taxed in time, and though oi resources are immense, a sudden invitation to ' hai over,' would produce a convulsion, of which we wl remember 1837, may form a faint conception ; convulsion in which the credit and the floating ca ital of the country would alike go to ruin. Tl individual is on the high road to bankruptcy, whoi average expense exceeds his annual income, ai the same is equally true of nations. How stani the matter with us in this respect? In 1837 we imported in flour and wheat $4,276,776 In the same time we export- ed of the same 3,075,475 Leaving a balance against us of $1,201,201 for bread. In 1837 we imported of su- gar And we exported §7,205,904 76,181 Leaving against us a bal- ance of .§7,129,723 for sugar. In 1837 the whole of our imports was $140,989,217 And the sum total of our exports was 117,419,276 Leaving against us a bal- ance of $23,569,941 But it will be said, this balance is paid, and th debt caijcelled. So it is — but how ? By trans ferring the account from the individuals who con tracted it, to the country itself. In other word.' this twentythree millions and many more simila balances of trade against us, have been paid i: stocks, or the credit of the States has been loane- to secure the foreign dealer. These balances c trade against us are not paid, and when they wi; Toii. xvra. tio. ^'i. le, if wo continue to buy mucli and sell little, is >eginniiig to be a serious iiuestion. We are in a air way to have a national debt accumulated upon ,s equal to tliat of Great Britain ; a debt, to pav he interest of which is now weighing her agticul- ;urists and manufactures to the dust. The -only lifference will be, her indebtedness is to her own citizens : ours will be to foreigners, and a fearful jowcr it will be for them to wield over us. How shall this alarming evil be remedied ? It ,vould be easy to say, retrench, buy less and sell nore. But such is not usually the course of indi- viduals or nations. We have gratified our wants antil they have become so interwoven with ^ our lystem, that retrenchment in the means of satisfy- ing them is not likely to be a favorite doctrine, However just and feasible it may be. The only way, then, for us, if we will have just so much,^ is lUher to produce the things themselves, or something 'hat will pay for them. We can raise our own mad. and have a krje s-r-'-f to se". Wo can nake a^i Ine sxigar aemanaefl in the country, and we must do it. We can make the silU wanted in ■Jie United States, and if we are wise, we shall 50on do it, and put a stop to the largest item in the balance against us ; an item of from fifteen to twen- ty millions annually. Supply ourselves with these three itsms, and we turn the balance of trade in our favor, and bring the world in debt to us. In that case we should become a debt-receiving in- stead of a " debt-paying nation," and the difference there is between the actual pleasure of these two operations, (to say nothing of the profit,) will be appreciated by most. — Genesee Farmer. WHEAT ON CLOVER, AND LIMING. To the Editor of the Farmer's Register : Xorfolk county, (Va.) JwA/ 23rf, 183it. I am now getting out my little crop of wheat, and have already cleaned out 118 bushels, and feel confident of 30 to 40 more, which, by the way, is a great crop for this section of country, especially from seven acres of land. Last year I produced from a small piece of land not exceeding four and a half acres, sown with five and a half bushels of seed exactly, ninetytwo and a half bushels of good clean wheat. In sheer justice, -however, to you and your works, I must say that the most credit (if there be any,) is due to you and them, especially to your work on calcareous manures. After reading and studying that and some of your first numbers of the Register, I was satisfied that by lime I cnuld make c\o\tT, with a little farm-pen manure in ad- dition ; and from information derived from various sources, I learned that the practice of the best wheat farmers in this country and Europe was, to sow wheat on a clover ley ; I have pursued it so far on a small scale, with complete success. For I am confident from some few previous trials, with- out the aid of lime and clover, the two crop.^ I have mentioned would not have turned out more than one-third or one-fourth as much as they have now done, ail other things being equal. So much for my little wheat crops, which I have not detailed in minutia;. Our prospect of a good corn crop thus far is promising. In conclusion I do conscientious- ly and f rally believe that the easiest, cheapest and best manner or method of improving our lands, is by the aid of calcareous manures, when done judi- ciously. R. W. Silvester. The Practical Farmer names 118 cocooneries in •operation in the United States. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 193 TO FATTEN POULTRY An experiment has lately been tried of feeding geese with turnips cut in small pieces like dice, but less in size, and put into a trouiih of water ; with this food alone, the effect was that six geese, eacli when lean weighing only nine lbs., actually o-ained twenty lbs. each in about three weeks fatten- ing. Malt is an excellent food for geese and turkeys : grains are preferred for the sake of economy, un- less for immediate and rapid fattening: the grains should be boiled afresh. Other cheap articles for fattening are oatmeal and treacle ; barley-meal and milk ; boiled oats and ground malt. Corn before being given to fowls, should always be crushed and soaked in water. The food will thus go further, and it will help digestion. Hens fed tlius have been known to lay during the whole of the winter months. — Maine Farmer. POULTRY. " The rearing of poultry, by which we here intend the common domestic fowls, requires some care and attention, but the increased profits are usually an ample compensation for any extra expense the farmer is put to on their account. Fowls, wherever they are kept, require fresh air ; yards sufficiently large to admit of the exercise af their active ram- bling propensities to some extent; food in sufticient quantities, and of good quality ; a supply of earth, fine pebbles, &c., in which they can dust themselves, and the pebbles of which they can swallow to aid in digesting their food ; a roosting place several feet from the ground, and carefully inclosed, so that their nocturnal enemies, such as the owl, skunk, weasel, i&c. oannot conveniently get at tJicai ; and they should also be provided with a loft containing boxes, straw, &c. for nests. Fowls love to be tempted to lay, by having all the accommodations present, and the more secure from disturbance the better it will be for them. In making a roosting place, it should be recollected that fowls never choose a flat surface to roost upon, but one th.it is round, and of such a size as to be conveniently em- braced by the toe's of the foot. This is necessary for their ease in sleeping, for- such is the peculiar muscular construction of a bird's leg, that the more the body presses upon it like a dead weight, as it always does in sleeping, the firmer the foot grasps the object it is placed upon. Some fowls cannot be induced to roost under cover, as the peacock and guinea hen, which prefer high trees or build- ings ; and all prefer a greater or less elevation from the earth. In the winter, fowls sufter much from cold, and they should be furnished with a house or roosting place made so tight as to prevent the injurious efiects of cold as far as may be. They should also be well fed at such seasons, and pre- vented from rambling about in the snow. Fovis fed well through the winter, and provided with warm houses and roosting places, will not cease laying eggs for any considerable time in the whole year. They are also ready for the cook wiienever desired; which is more than can be said of multi- tudes of fiwlsthat find their way to our markets at all seasons of the year. The eggs of a well fed fowl are far better and richer than tJiose from a half starved one, so tliat in every respect the far- mer is benefited by giving to his fowls some of the attention and food he is apt to reserve for his other animals. — Genesee Farmer. [Comraunicnled,] FOSSES INODORES. From no motive but a desire to promote the gen- eral health, comfort and convenience, I would call attention to the enormous nuisance of vaults as now constructed and managed. Tlie unwholesome ex- halation, the daily annoyance, the occasional horrid accident, are enough to suggest inquiry whether a remedy of the evil cannot be devised. We can sc?.rcply dig a well because our whole peninsula has become' a great filter for that which is hateful here, but capable of becoming precious elsewhere. A complete remedy has been pr6vided to our hand. The French have what they call the fosses inodores. A strong and tight wooden butt is placed in a corner or small cell of a cellar, with a conve- nient access from without. A funnel or large tube (common if desired to every floor of the dwelling,) communicates between the closet and the butt, hav- ing valves, wliich urevent the escape of gases. Pe- riodically the butt is removed by a moveable win- dlas, and carted into the country without offence to any party and without danger or night work to the laborers. Another butt takes the place of the one removed. If there were no other advantage attending this arrangement than the suppression of those odious nigldly processions, it would be worth a while to adopt it. The loss to the agricultural wealth of the neighborhoods of large places by the' waste of saline liquids, is incalculable. But this or any oth- er result of our bad economy in this particular, is not to be mentioned in the same month with the severe and unhealthy labor, and [horrendxm dicta,) occasional suffocation of the men engaged in the service of depletion. Humanitas. VEGETATIVE POWERS OF SEA SAND. A few days since a quantity of sea sand was car- ried out of Morecambe Bay, about a mile from the Furness shore. It had been, less than an hour pre- viously, covered a considerable depth by the tide, and contained several cockles and other shell fish. It was immediately placed in pits or beds fifteen inches deep, and sown, without manure or admix- ture nf any kind, with wheat, barley, peas, mustard and radish seed. In five days the mustard and radish seed had sprouted and begun to vegetate, liaving thrown out a considerable length of root, while"(what is most extraordinary.) the shell fish were even then alive ! Should, any one be at all incredulous as to the truth of this statement, he can easily try the experiment himself: an ordinary flower pot filled with sea sand, sown with almost any kind of seeds, would at once put the matter to the test. The farmers all around the bay of Mo- recambe, in forming composts for their wheat and barley crops, use of sea sand about 2G carts (small one-horse carts,) lime, about four carts ; manure, ten carts per statute acre. Why use so great a quantity of sea sand if it does not possess very con- siderable vegetative power? — English pap. When you have finished a job of ploughing and your plough is to be idle a few days, or weeks, do not leave it exposed to the weather, but put it under shelter without delay. By doing this, you prevent a covering of rust, which will require half a day's work to w°earoft". The same may be said of other implements, as hoes, scythes, axes, &e. TUcy should always, when not in use, be under cover — I Genesee Far. 194 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, DEC. 4, 1839. and horticultural register. Boston, Wednesday, December 4, 1839. The suhjoined^agreeable and piquant letter is from an esteemed correspondent, whom we talta leave to siiy, we shall hold to his word. He cannot let us hear from him too often. II. C. Mb Coljian— Dear Sir— Whilst abroad I remarked one trait in the rural population of Europe, which 1 wish were to be equally remarked of our own Countrymen — the little attention they pay to lain whilst engaged in their agricultural labors. In a book in your library it is remarked by the author ihat his farm servants lost but thirteen days in two years from wet weather. 1 never could remark that tliey paid any more regard to rain than young ducks would. It is true that there it sel- dom falls in torrents as it does here — rain there descend- ing in mists, or what we term " drizzle." And yetyou will seldom see .\merican laborers continue in the iield even when the weather is as moist as that- The dis- tant appeariince of a shower drives them under a cover. In England they brave the greiitest storm, and plough in the face of a Northeaster that makes all rattle again. I have some considerable acquaintance with the man- ners and customs of the English peasantry, having spent a long lime amongst them, and being fond of mixing with them — with being both " among them and of them.'' They are a jovial set of fellows — Jack tars without salt water; as lively as the lads of the sea, and enjoying the alehouse as well as Jack does the forecastle. After a day of hard toil they congregate in the village tap-rooms like Shylock's merchants on the Rialto ; pipes are called for, and there is the music of empty flagons, and the amatory strains of the rustic beaux resoanding through the villa->'e. Jovial fellows they are, upon whom labor sits as light as thistle down. I have compared the American with the English la- borer and am cimvinced that whilst the former will do in any day in which he labors the whole day, one-quar- ter part more than the latter, the latter actually does twice as much work in a year. The incessant plodding which wains riches — the unwearied liibor which removes mountains— the continual dropping which wears away a stone, belong to the English laborer in a greater de- gree than to the laborer of any other nation with which I am acquainted except the Dutch. It iS absolutely as- touishin" to see the rapidity with which en hundred acres of grain disappear before a few apparent sluggards enga"ed in harvesting it. Bui from sunrise till sunset they are continually moving — ;:s regular as clock-work, and with as few intervals of rest. One of the habits of the English peasantry most de- servin" of commendation, is that of ornamenting their gardens and collage grounds with flowers and shrubi I obs«rved it in every part of England, though I think that Ihe peasants of South Devon possessed this simple yet elegant art in the greatest perfeciion. The honey- suckle and woodbine creep over the grey thatch of their cottages in a manner that enchants him who has an eye for the quiet beauty of rural scenes. It was in one of those Teen lanes that 1 saw what will be ever present to the mind's eye whilst memory lives to supply it with incidents. A smiling cottage with a laurel hedge and a low border of hax wilhin, a few raspberry bushe.», la- burnum creeping over this pretty abode of love and hap- piness, and on a little plat of grass in front, three or four sweet cherubs with yellow ringlets, romping with the beloved old house dog. I was, my dear sir, occasional- ly a visiter at the houses of greater folks, but I enjoyed with more true pleasure, I remember with greater satis- faclion, the hour's slroll,the twenty minutes' chat of a September in Devonshire and a piimmer in Surry. He who would return to his native land well pleased with Englishmen jjenerally, should visit most in the middle classes, and study more particularly the manners of the better class of pnasantry. In high life, as it is called, manners are more artificial, and since to be what a poor man cannot afl^ord to be, is a distinguishing sign of fashion and exclusiveism, high Ion takes up those vi- ses which the poor man dare not adopt. Hence there is less domestic virtue in the upper classes than in the lower. On the continent it is somewhat diS'erent — the peasantry being more gross, rude, illiterate, and vicious than the circle of nobility and talent. I shall, if you please, trouble you with some further European reminiscences, by and by — When the falling stars are shooting And the answer'd owls are hooting, And the silent leaves are still In the shadow of the hill, Jind the ox is at his rack, Jlvd the hoy is safely back With old Dobbin from the mill ! In plain prose, when long winter evenings arrive I shall take up my pen again. Yours, I. A. J. P. S. — The first four lines of the poetry are Byron's; the other three my own. I think mine are the best. — That last line is " supernumarily fine," as they say in Kentucky. AGRICULTURE IN EUROPE. Agriculture in Europe is now receiving an attention which it has never received in any preceding time. The long continuance of peace among the great nations, who for so many years, we had almost said centuries, had lime to think of little else than conquest and military glory, has been in the highest measure favorable to the cultivation of the common and practical arts of life, and of agriculture in an especial manner, as the great art in- volving and demanding the aid of all others. Imple- ments of husbandry have been substituted for weapons of war; and fields that have been watered by the blood and whitened with the bones of slaughtered thousands, are now seen glistening and waving with golden har- vests. In England, great as the improvements were before that time, yet within the last fifteen years it is confi- dently stated, that by an improved cultivation, the agri- cultural products have increased at least twentyfive per cent, in many parts of lhat country; that is to say, the amount of crop on the same extent of land is greatly in- creased, and the expenses of cultivation either not in- rreased or diminished ; or, to stale in a form perhaps more intelligible, the profits of agriculture are advanc- ed one-quarter by improved cultivation. The same results are appearing in France. In Eng- land the introduction of the turnip husbandry produced the most extraordinary results ; and of a permanent character. It enabled the farmers to keep much mora stock than could be kept on dry hay and straw, and to keep a superior stock and in much belter condition. It. enabled them to enrich their lands very greatly by feed- ing ofFthe turnips on the ground on which they were grown, and served to increase their manure heaps at the barn, when the turnips were fed to the cattle in the yard. The careful cultivation which good crops of this root demanded, made a fine preparation for whe.it or oats or barley ; and thus every thing went forward by a joint and reciprocal operation. In many of the counties of England the turnip cultivation has been the founda- tion of their improved husbandry ; has changed the whole aspect of things; more than trebled or quadru- pled in many cases the value of estates, as appears by their increased rental, and by the grain and wool, and beef and mutton which it has enabled the farmers to produce, it has proved the source of immense wealth. What the turnip husbandry has done for England the sugar beet cullivalion is now doing for France; with this superior advantage, that the sugar oblaisied must bs considered as, to a degree, an extra profit. The leaves and the pumniice afford a large amount of feed for slock ; the cultivation which the plant requires, prepares in a capital manner, the ground for other cro|i3 ; and the in- crease of live stock on the faim wheie plenty of feed ia- produned in order to keep them, carries every thing else forward in a rapid ratio. The sugar obtained from the root afl'ordsa most ample profit, were there nothing else obtained from the cultivation. The agricultural publications now going on in France, of which we have received several of a most valuable character, indicate an extraordinary attention to this« great subject and a high degree of improvement. In reference to the manufacture of sugar from beet, we learn that «o far as cheapness of operation and a- mount obtained per centage, the business was never more prosperous. The improvements v/hicli have ta- ken place within a few years, are very great. The beet is now operated upon by rasping or grating as soon as taken from the field ; and this often early in September. Itisthen leeched, if the expression be proper, by cold water. This carries down all the saccharine matter, leaving behind all the mucilage, which has given to the sugar an unpleasant taste ; and to get rid of which has long been a great desideratum. The saccharine matter is then subjected to a process of purification, crystalli- zation and refinement, which enables them to obtain at least eight per cent, of sugar and at so moderate a rale that they can afford to pay the government excise of seven cents peif pound and leave a handsome profit to the farmer and manufacturer. From all lhat can be learnt, there is little doubt that the improvements ara such that it can soon be made an article of profitable household manufacture. This is a great desideratum and a point which we confidently believed at one time had been gained by our respected friend at Stoneham • but in the absence of all advices from him, we are grat- ified with this intelligence from abroad, which we have received from an authentic source, and have only to con- gratulate ourselves that in spite of all delays and hin- drances the world will go round. This intelligence is highly gratifying. Europe now is only half a month's journey, aijd a quickened enterprise and public spirit diffuse intelligence almost with the rapidity of light- H. C. The Cdltivator's Almanac and Cabinet of Agricultu- ral Knowledge for the year 1840. By Wm. Buck- minster. This is beyond question, for the purpose intended, the best Almanac that has ever come under our notice. The Farmer's Almanac, so called, which, for tlie want of a better publication of the kind, has been so many years patronised among us, is a very inferior publication and always abounding in miserable trash of a low de- scription intermixed with some useful matter. What go under the name of the Comic Almanacs are in gen- eral infamous for their vulgarity, indecency and balder- dash ; and il is surprising lhat respectable people will sell them, and still more that decent people will buy them or permit them to be brought into their premises. The (pullivalor's Almanac is, so far as we have seen, unexceptionable as a useful fiimily almanac. It containu the usual astronomical calculations, the accuracy of which voii. xviit, NO. aa. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 195 f wo have been rightly informed of their source, may ie dcpenJed on ; and subjoined to them is a considera- jle amount of valuable agricultural reading, of a pracli- sal characier, for every month. We may not agree in I ill the opinions advanced, but that neither proves their truth or error, their propriety or inexpediency. They ivill lead to inquiry, observation and experiment, and we leave to every man the honest exercise of his own ndgment. We wish the book entire success. II. C. Slassachugetts Horticultural Sociel,y. XXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, A'ov. 30, 1639. The President of the Society exhibited St Germain, Easter Bcurre, Turkish Bon Chretien .' and another va- riety of Pears, name unknown — all grown by a friend of bis. For the Committee, E.M. RICHARDS. James L. L. F. Warren, Brighton, exhibited a basket )f Tomatoes. He has g.ithered one bushel the present week. E. M. R. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. The members are notified that a stated meeting will le held at their rooms, No. 23 Tremont How, on Satur- lay, the 7th inst. at 11 o'clock, A. M. E. M. RICHARDS, Rec. Sec. December 4th, 1839. BRIGHTON MARKET.— MosDAT, Dec. 2, 183!). Reporled fortlie New England Farmer. At Market 1150 Beef Cattle, 420 Stores, 10'5 Sheep and 415 Swine. Prices.— Bee/ Cattle. — Last week's prices for a like quality were not sustained. A few choice cattle were probably sold at a price something above our highest quotations. We quote First quality, $6 75. Second quality, $6 00 a $6 50. Third quality, $4 50 a $5 fO. Barrelling Cattle. — Several lots were sold. Mess 1^ 50 ; No. 1 $5 00. Stores.— Yearlings $9 a $12. Two Year Old $15 n l$26. Siee;;.- Lots af $1 50, $1 88, $2 12, and f2 ."0. Sioine. — Several small lots to close were sold at 3 and 3 1-2. One at 4 and one at 4 1-2. At ^-etail 4 1-2 for sows and 5 1-2 for barrows. * THERM0.\1ETRICAL. Repnrteil for the New England Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at llie Garden of the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded Northerly pxposure, week ending December 1. Dec, 1S39. | 6A.M. | 12,M. | 6,P.M. | Wind. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, 5S 58 44 13 20 13 24 34 30 27 41 34 21 44 , 3C 29 44 3G 37 42 41 SPLENDID Bl'LBOUS PL01VER ROOTS. Just received hy JOSEPH 15RECK & CO., from Holland, a very lar^e and well selected assortment of Dutch Bullions Hoots, amons; which are the following : — HvAciNTHs— Double while, dautile white wiili red and purple eyes, double rosy, (hnilile red, dark blue, liffhl blue and yellow, sincle white, white with red and purple eyes, rosy, pink, red, light and dark blue, yellow and variegated, coni))rising toU varieties of choice named sorts. Tulips— Fine late named sorts, fine double do., mixed sin- gle, mixed double, single and double Van ThroU for forcing, Parrots, &c, &c. Cbown iMPEaiALs—Double red and yellow, single red and yellow, striped leaves, &c. Polyanthus Narcissus — White, yellow, while with yel- low and citron cups, and citron with yellow cups. Narcissus — Orange Phcenix, Sulphur Phreiiix, Incompa- rable, Van Sion, and Trains canlus, with double flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poeticus, with single. JosQUiLLEs — DouMe and single. R.\suNcuLUs — Large double red and yellow Turkey, and other varieties. Anemones — Many fine mixed and named varieties. Iris — English, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus — While, blue, purple, yellow, clolh of gold, striped, &c. in 25 sorts. Gladiolus — Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single while, striped leaved, and spotted; Calcidonica, Buliferum, Martigon, Kampscbatkian, Auranlica, &.C. P.'EosiES — Double white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, &.C. Also — Snow Drops. Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Ornilholigiims of all sorts, Arum dracunculus, Geranium tuberosum. Allium flavum, Hyacinthus monstrosus, plamosus, botrioides and Belgicus of sorts ; Frilillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice collection of bulbs have been selected wilhmuch care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are offered to purchasers with great confidence, believing they will give universal satisfaction to all who will give them a fair trial. Orders should he forwarded soon, lo the subscri- ber, No. 62 North Market Street, office of the New England Farmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers. October 23. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. IMPROVED PIGS FOR SAI.E. For sale three, improved Poars of the following hrc^s ; One half Berkshire and half Macky. One half Berkshire, quarter Macky and quarter Mocha. One half Berkshire and half a large English breed, name not known. The above boars are two years old ; they are disposed of on account of keeping young sows of their get for breeders. They will be sold cheap if applied for soon. For terms, &e. apply to J. BRECK & CO. November 13. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTF.D WITH GRF.AT CARE, WEEKLY. BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerftil stimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural community! Price at the Mill 33 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- bury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with proin])t attention ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at to per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. A RaAe chance. For sale. .\ partner wishing to withdraw from an old established Agricultural Implement and Seed Warehouse, having a good run of country custom, would he willing lo dispose of hi? interest on libcr.il terras, as he is aiiout en gaging in other pursuits. To a person wishing to engage in a respectable and profitable business, having some ready capital, it is an opportunity rarely to he met with. A liberal credit will be given on most of th» purchase money if proper- ly secured. Any communications addressed " Lafayette," New York city, will be treated strictly confidential. Fruit and Ornamental Trees, Mnl1)errie«, &c. Fruit Trees of all the different species ;— of the most cele- brated and surpassing kinds ; — the collection now offered is large. The Catalogue of Fruit and Omamevtdl Trees and Shrubs, Hoses, and Herbaceous Flowering l'limts,for 1839, is ready and will be sent to all who apply. In that catalogue the very best kinds tf fruits, so far ,as proved, are particu- larly designated by a star. 100,000 Morus Multicaulis Trees or any other reasona- ble quantity, or cuttings of the same, arc now offered. The trees are genuine; alt being raised by the subscriber, either at his Nursery here, or at his Southern Establishment at Portsmouth in Lower Virginia. Also the Elata, Canton, Broussa, Morelti or .Alpine, and some other Mulberries. Cockspur and Buckthorn for Hedges, &c.&c. All orders will be promjitly attended to, and trees when so ordered will be securely packed for safe Ir.nnsporlation to distant places. WILLIAM KENRICK. Nonantum Hill, Newton, Mass. Oct. 9. Alum, American, . Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " •' " . Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, . . . • No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy. Candles, mould, dipped, sperm. Cheese, new milk, CiDEB, ..... refined. . . . ■ Bone Manure. ... in casks. Fe.vthers, northern, geage, southern, gaRe, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, . . ' Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, No. 3, ■Mewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, FLOtia, Genesee, cas^b, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, . . . . Meal, Indian, in bbls, '. Grain: Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . . . I Rye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Grindstones, pr ton of 21)00 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, . .- . southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Pari.s, per ton of 2200 lbs Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, ... Prime, Seeds: Herd's Grass, Ked Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax, .... Ked Clover, norllicru, Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . American, full Mood, washed, do. 3-4tbs do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_■ f Pulled superfine, ^J j No. 1, . . . ^3 1 No. 2, . . . . -J=-lNo. 3, . . . pr.ou pound 5 4 50 bushel I C2 " 2 00 barrel 14 00 '• 12 00 " 10 00 pound 23 " 35 " 11 " 20 •' 14 „ 40 pound dozen 10 1 50 barrel 2 50 bushel pound 37 " 9 quintal 2 37 n 125 barrel >, COO o 5 62 " 22 00 " C 58 ;; 4 00 " 3 75 bushel " 66 «( 64 " 75 " 75 42 33 i>iOO 1 28 00 pound a 16 00 10 00 pound 16 " 9 „ 2i) u 25 o 26' (1 24 (t 22 ic 22 II 21 cask 90 gallon 50 (( 1 10 u t 20 " 60 „ 95 2 87 barrel 18 00 17 00 " 14 00 o 12 00 bushel 2 60 " SO V " 2 25 s . Tulips— Fine late named sorts, fine double do., mixed sin- gle, mixed double, single and double Van ThroU for forcing, Parrots, &c. &c. Crown Imperials— Double red and yellow, single red and vellow, striped leaces, &c. ., , Polyanthus Narcissus— White, yellow, while with yel- low and citron cups, and citron with yellow cups. Narcissus— Orange Phcenix, Sulphur Phoenix. Incompa- rable, Van Sion, and Tralus cantus, with double flowers; Trumpet major. Sulphur and Poeticus, with single. JoNauiLLES— Double and single Ranunculus— Large double red and yellow Turkey, and other varieties. , . . Anemones— Many fine mixed and named varieties. Iris— Enelish, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus- White, blue, purple, yellow, cloth of gold, striped, &c. in 25 sorts. . . , , , , Gladiolus— Bizantium communis, with purple, red anil while flowers; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single while, striped leaved, and spotted; Calcidonica, Bulifefum, Martigon, Kampscbatkian, Auranlica, &.c. > , . P^osies— trouble white Chinese, double red do., doutile red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, Slc. Also— Snow Drops, Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Ornitholigums of all sorts. Arum dracunculjis. Geranium tuberosuin. Allium flavum, Hyacinthus monstrosus, plamnsus, hotrioides and Belgicus of sorts; Fritillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice collection of bulbs have been selected withmuch care, from one of llic best houses in Holland, and are offered to purchasers with greatconfidenre, believing they will give universal satisfoclion to all who will give them a fair I^ial Orders should be forwanled soon, to the subscri- ber, No. 52 North JMarket Street, office of the New England Parmer. A liberal discount will be made to dealers October 23. Tr.cn.nx. n^^nu- ,, JOSEPH BRECK & CO. IMPROVED PIt.3 FOR SALE. For sale three, improved Poars of the following breeds; One half Berkshire and half Macky. One half Berkshire, quarter Macky and quarter Mocha. One half Berkshire and half a large EnglisD breed, name not known. The above bears are two vcars old ; thev are disposed of on account of keeping young sows oi their get for breeders. They will he sold cheap if ap'plied for soon. For lenirs, iic. apply to J. BRECK & CO. November 13. BKH.HTO.N MARliK'I -MoNDAV, Deo. 9, IHIilt. ■I.-.1 r.,r uif N..W Knal.inil Kaimer O Beef Cattle, 275 Stores, 1300 Sheep At Market nd 4.50 Swi PcicF.s — lleef Cattle. — W'p. shall quote to correspond viih lasi week ; prices however were hardly sustained or a like quality. First ijuality, $(! 75. Second qual- ly, §i; 00 a ^<< 5i>. Third qualitv, $4 50 a $;") 50. Barrelling C«.«/c.— Mess ,$.'> oO ; No. 1 $5 00. Stores.- Yeiirlings $9 a 112. Two Year Old $15 a sao. S/icc/).— We quote b.ts at $1 C2, $2 00, and $2 (12. Sici7ie—A lot of selected barrows at 4 3-4 ; a lot of argesowsal3; a lot at 4 ; one entire lot to cIosl- at '. 1 2 and 3 1-2. At retail from 4 to 5 1-2. BOXE niARURE. The subscriber inlorms his friends and the public, that alter ten years experience, be is fully convinced, that ground bones torm the most powerful slimulant that can bo applied 10 the earth as a manure , r r. in He keeps constantly on hand a supply ot Gionnd none, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural coininumiy. Pr'ce at the Mill 3.5 cents per bushel ; pui up in casks and de- livered at any part of the cily at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge lor casks or carting aTso, ground Oyster Shells Orders left al the Bnne Mill, near Tremonl road, in Rox- burv at the \ew England Agricuhural Warehouse and Seed' Store, No M Norih Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt allenlion geese. Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Cbaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, . No, 3, . ■Vlewives, dry salted, No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard slieet, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, , southern flat, yellow., white, . Pi.ye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough, • do. do. do. finished Hams, northern southern and western, . Hav, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d qiaihty, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton o( 2200 lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime, .... bEnos: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . ■ . Klax, Red Clover, noriborn, . Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, . " Castile, Tallow, trieil Teazlf.s. 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony Hleeces, . .American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4 tbs do pound bushel barrel pound Sound ozen barrel hushel pound quintal barrel 5 00 4 70 1 62 2 00 14 00 12 00 10 00 28 sk gallon do. r-2 ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the Now England Agricultural Warehouse ai Seed Store, No. 52 .North Market Street, at S5 per barrel. October 10. JO.SEPH BRECK & CO do. 1-4 and coiiunon, = ■ (■ Pulled superfine. 2 i J No. 1, £31 No. 2, . Z =^ !, No. 3 5 25 4 87 2 00 2 00 2 25 2 50 2 00 2 25 1 25 1 33 11 00 9 00 6 00 6 00 6 26 22 00 23 00 6 62 6 50 6 62 6 50 4 00 4 28 3 75 3 87 pound pound pr M pound IB 00 20 00 SSOO 30 00 9 10 7 3 16 00 18 00 10 00 12 00 17 00 14 00 12 OU 2 50 300 SO 1 00 1 50 2 25 2 50 2 62 ,3 00 1 37 1 62 204 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DSC. II, 1839. MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTE OF A DOG. A gentleman residing in Seville, had a dog nam- ed Carlo, and a fine knowing dog he was. His master who had much confidence in his prudence and discretion, not only employed him to bring provisions from the market, but also entrusted him with money to pay for the various articles commis- sioned. For a long time Carlo conducted himself in the most irreproachable manner, carrying the billet and money to the butcher's and conveying home a piec« of beef or a fine fat pullet, as the case might be. Carlo continued to fill his situation in tlie commissariat to the entire satisfaction of the parties concerned ; no fraud, no peculation, was ever laid to his charge ; in short. Carlo sliowed by his daily conduct, that he not only knew tlie duties of a commissiary, hut what is still more remarkable, he actually practised them. But alas ! how many men in the midst of an honorable career may be tempted to make a false step — so it was with Car- lo. Some shabby dog, it was supposed, had af- fronted him ; he set down the basket, and while engaged in chastising his foe, an urchin peeped in-" to tlie basket, seized the piece of money, and di- rectly made off, without waiting to congratulate the victor. Carlo having sufficiently punished his adversary, shook his ears, and, quite unconcious of the loss he had sustained, seized the basket with his teeth, trotted off to market in double quick time, and presented himself before the butcher. "How is this ? there is no money here Carlo," said the butcher, after taking out the billet, and turning the basket upside down. For a few mononts Carlo hung his head in evident confusion, and then as if a sudden thought hid struck him, he rushed out of the market. Away he went belter skelter through the crowded streets, upsetting a Gallego with his water jar, bouncing against a seller of water mel- lons, and running full tilt against an Italian pedlar, creating dire confusion ..among his saints and ma- donnas ; on he went tiU he reached the square where a number of boys i^ere collected and play- ing at pitch and toss. Here Carlo made a lialt for a few minutes, until seeing a piece of money similar to the one that had been stolen from him, he pounced upon it and disappeared, to the great astonishment of its owner. Carlo went directly to the butcher, gave him the money, took up the well filled basket, and what is not the least re- markable part of the story, he returned home by a circuitous route, by which means he avoided pass- ing through the square, having doubtless, reasons of his own for declining a meeting with the young gambler. — The Sportsman. comfort had been carried into execution, he took the opportunity one day of dropping in, as if acci- dentally, to speak to her. By degrees he led the subject to her changed condition in life^the al- ternative from a cold, damp, smoky hovel, to a warm, clean, slated house — the cheerful garden be- fore the door, that replaced the mud-heap and the duck-pool — and all the other happy changes which a few weeks had effected. And he then asked, did .she not feel grateful to a bountiful Providence that had showered down so many blessings upon her head ? " Ah, troth, it's thrue, for yer honor, I am grate- ful," she replied, in a whining, discordant tone, which astonished the worthy parson. " Of course you are, my good woman, of course you are — but I mean to say, don't you feel that ev- ery moment you live is too short to express your thankfulness to this kind Providence for what ,he has done ?" " Ah! darlint, it's all tlu-ue — he's very good — he's mighty kind, so he is." " Why then not acknowledge it in a different manner ?" said the parson with some heat — " Has he not housed you, and fed you, and clothed you ?" "Yes, alanah, he done it all." " Well, where is your gratitude for all these mer- cies?" " A, sure if he did," said the. old crone, roused at length by the importunity of the questioner — " sure if he did, rfoc«'rii Ac take it out o' me in the corns f — Confessions of Harry Lorrtqutr. Bank Failures. — The Augusta Age states on good authority, that in addition to the Washington County Bank at Calais, the Frankfort Bank al Frankfort, and the Medomak Bank at Waldoboro' have failed. The value of Sons. — A short time since a mar was heard lamenting the death of two of his sons "Two stout, hearty boys," said he, "and died jus' afore hayin' time, — Pd rather geen nine shillings — its eny-most ondid me." Grave JIviusement. — The following introductioi to a piece of poetry in a late number of the Spring field Republican, is quite novel to us : " The fol lowing lines were written more than sixty year ago, by one who has for many years slept in hi grave, merely for his own amusement." A German priest walking in procession at th» head of his parishioners, over uncultivated fields i order to procure a blessing on their future cropi when he came to those of unpromising appearanct would pass on, saying, "Here prayers and singin will avail nothing: this must have manure." Royal Economy. — When Charles VIII. of France, was once at Bourges, he ordered a pair of boots to be made for him. As he was trying them on, the ititendant of his household came in and said to the shoemaker, " take away your boots ; we can't afford a new pair yet ; his majesty must wear his old ones a month longer." The king, it is said, commended the intendant for his prudence. Now- a-days, he would chance to be sent to Bedlam as a lunatic. Gratitude. — The rector of the parish ray friend lived in was a man who added to the income he derived for his living a very 'handsome private fortune, which he entirely devoted to the benefit of the poor around him. Among the objects of his bounty, one old woman, a childless widow, was remarkably distinguished. Whether commisera- ting her utter helplessness or her complete isola- tion, he went farther to relieve her than many, if not all, the other poor. She frequently was in a habit, of pleading her poverty as a reason for her not appearing in church among her neighbors ; and he gladly seized an opportunity of so improving her condition, that on this score at least, no impedi- ment existed. When all his little plans for her Comfort of Children. — Call not that man wretch- ed who, whatever else he suffers as to pain inflict- ed, or pleasure denied, has a child for whom he hopes and on whom he doats. Poverty may grind him to the dust, obscurity may cast its darkest man- tle over him, the song of the gay may be far from his own dwelling, his face may be unknown to his neighbors, and his voice may be unheeded by those among whom he dwells — even pain may rack his joints, and sleep may flee from his pillow ; but he has a gem, witli which he would not part for wealth defying computation, for fame filling a world's ear, for the luxury of the highest health, or for the sweetest sleep that ever sat upon a mortal's eye. — Coleridge. Convenient Criticism. — Sheridan had a very ccn- veient formula as a reply to the new publications that were constantly sent to bun, viz. — " Dear sir, I have received your exquisite work, and I have no doubt I shall be highly delighted after I have read it." Complimentary. — An erratic poetical genius aboi town, was highly delighted the other day, by th editor's telling him he resembled Lord Byron. " E you really think so ?" asked the moonstruck soi netter in an ecstacy — " pray in what respect ; " Why, you wear your shirt collar upside dow and get ' corn'd ' on gin and water !" GREEN'S PATENT STRA.VT CUTTER. JO.SEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agria tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.51 and 52 NorlhM: ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay a Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not befi applied to any implement for this purpose. The most pro inent effects of this application, and some of the cousequt peculiarities of the machine are; 1. So great a reduction of the quantum oi power requis to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sumci( to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two but els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claim by any other machine even when worked by horse or slej power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which th lilt, require sharpening less olten than those of any oth straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made a put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable the complicated inacliines in general use to get out of ord DOMESTICATED WILD GEESE. .\ few pair for sale. Enquire at this office. November 6. GREEIVHOl'SE GI.ASS, All sizes and qualities, for sale by LORING & KUPPE No. 10 Merchants' Row. November 6. at Foote once dined at an inn where he was charg- ed an enormous price for his meal, which led him to inquire the landlord's name. " Partridge, and please you," replied the host. " Partridge," resum- ed Foote, " it should be Ifoodcocl;, by the length of your itV/." A R.IRE CHANCE. For sale. A partner wishing to withdraw from on ( established Agricultural Implement and Seed Warehou having a ^ood run of country custom, would be willing dispose of bis- interest on liberal terms, as he is about < gaging in other pursuits. To a person wishing to engage a respectable and profilaide business, having some rea capital, it is an opportunity rarely to f.e met with. .\ libe credit will be given on most of the purchase money if prop' Iv secured. Any communicjitions addressed " Lafayetti New York city, will be treated strictly confidential. THE NEW ENGLAND PAHMEK Is published every Wednesday Evening, at $.3 per anni payable al the eml of the year — hut those who pay witl sixtydays from the time of sub.scribing are entitled to a < duciionof 50 cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTERS 17 SCHOOL STREET BOSTON AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER "pi^DZist^^r^T^^S^^BRECK fc CO.. NO. 52 NO^T^tHv^I^IcirST^ET, (AoB.cr.TOHAL Wahehouse.) ^ Ot. XVTII.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 18, 1839. ISO. a*. AGRICULTURAL. ADDRESS iaivered before the ^Agricultural and Hortictdtural Societies ofXew Haven County, Sept. 35, 1839.— Bt Ho.n. Jesse Bdel. [Concluded from page 198.] In a late tour which I made through parts of New fork and New Jersey, I found many evidences of ecent improvement, and I doubt not similar ones .bound in my native state. In a part of Dutchess ounty, which I visited, the best farms have been old, within my recollection, with improvements nd buildings, at from seven to seventeen dollars n acre. They cannot now be bought for one liun- Ired dollars an acre ; and one was sold last year .t auction, without buildings, at one hundred and hirty dollars an acre. Fifteen years ago, a farm n western New York, of 400 acres, exhausted by lad husbandry, was bought by a Scotch farmer for MOOO. This farm has been so improved by good msbandry, that the owner was last year offered for t $40,000. He refused the offer, upon the ground hat it actually netted him the interest of $00,000, Dr 810.50 the acre. A farm was pointed out ' > me n New Jersey, which was recently sold for Jj. -He icre, and that was all it was said to have been worth in its then condition. By a liberal outlay in draining, it being level and wet ground, and in lim- ing, manuring, &c., it is now considered worth ] $125 an acre. I went over another farm which a few years ago was bought at the same price, and which now, on account of the improvements which have been made upon it, is considered worth $100 per acre. I am informed on the best authority, that similar cases of the rapid increase in the pro- ducts and value of farms, consequent upon an im- proved system of management, are to be found in Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Maryland. Although these cases are isolated ones, they nevertheless serve to show the practicability of vastly increas- iDg the value and products of uur exhausted lands. °Among the causes which have essentially con- tributed to the deterioration of our lands, and the consequent depression of our agriculture, I consid- er the following as prominent : Ignorance of the principles of agriculture ; The want of a sufficient outlay in the manage- ment of our farms ; and The low estimation in which the employment has been held by all classes, including farmers themselves. Agriculture has too generally been considered a business requiring mere physical power, with which the priric.ples of natural science had little or noth- ingtodo. To plough, sow, and gather the crop, has been the general routine of farming operations, regardless of the poverty which our practice was inflicting upon the soil and upon our children. Like the reckless heir of wealth, we found ourselves in possession of a t-easure; and without inquiring for what purpose it came into our hands, or realizing our obligations to husband and preserve it, for oth- ers, we have squandered it lavishly, through our ig- norance or our folly. True, we have been occa- sionally admonished of our error by the schoolmen ; who, wrapped in abstract science, and knowing lit- tle practically of its application to husbandry, have as often tended to confuse and mystify, as to en- lighten and instruct. Hence the prejudice which h^s arisen, against book-farming. But science and art are now uniting their labors, and are deriving mutual aid from each other, on the farm, as they have for some time been doing in the manufactory and in the shop of the artisan. A new era is dawn- ing upon the vision of the farmer; new liglit is il- luming his path, and a new interest and new plea- sures are urging him on to improvement. He be- gins to study the laws which Providence has or- dained for the government of improved culture, and he finds in their application to his labors, the means of increasing profits and high intellectual enjoy- ment. And the more he studies and is guided by these laws, the more does he become satisfied of former errors, and of his comparative limited sphere of usefulness. Science is probably capable of ren- dering more important services to husbandry than to any other branch of labor, and presents a wider field of useful study to the cultivator of the soil, than to any other class of society. The deficiency in fanning capital, or rather the stinginess with which capital is employed in im- proving and maintaining the condition of our lands, is another cause of declension in the profits and character of our agriculture. The farmer is too prone to invest his surplus means in some new busi- ness, or in adding to his acres, instead of applying them to increase the profits of his labor and the products of his farm. He either works more land than he can work well and profitably, or he diverts to ocher objects the means which would yield a better return if applied to the improvement of the farm. He is apt to consider twenty or thirty dol- lars an enormous and wasteful outlay upon an acre of land, or upon a choice animal ; and yet the in- terest of this outlay will be ten times paid by the increase of crop or the increase of the animal ; and in most cases the principal also will be returned to him in the course of two or three years. Many of the most thriving farmers in soutliern New York, New Jersey and Pennsylvania, make a quadrennial expenditure of twenty dollars or more to manure an acre ; and it has become a maxim with them, that the more ihe outlay for manure, the gre'iter the net profit of their lands. But it is not the outlay for manure alone, th;it demands a liberal expendi- ture of capital. Good seed, good farm stock, and good implements, are all essential to the economy of labor, and to neat and profitable farming. And I think it will appear from the cases I have quoted, that in many locations, capital may be very advan- tageously employed in reclaiming wet and marshy grounds, generally rich and the most productive when laid dry. When our cattle grow lean, and threaten to dis- appoint our hopes of profit, we do not hesitate to impute the evil to the want of food, or to inatten- tion in the herdsman. And if we are prudent raan- ao-ers we at once graduate our stock to our food, knowing that one well fed animal is of more value in the market, tban two animals that carry but skin and bones, and take care that the food is properly fed out. When our crops become lean, we need not hesitate to ascribe the decrease in product to like causes— want of food, or want of attention in the fanner; and prudence and profit in like man- ner require, that our crops, like our animals, should be limited to the food and labor which we have to bestow upon them. In other words, an acre well manured and well worked, will be found to be more profitable than four poor acres badly worked. I may be here asked, from whence are to be ob- tained the vast supplies of manure requisite to ma- nure our old lands ? I answer, from a multiplicity of sources around us— from every animal and vege- table substance within our reach. Nothing that has once been part of an animal or a vegetable, but can be converted into corn, grass, and roots. I think I may assume as facts, that upon an average, not half the manure is saved upon our farms that miaht be, and that this moiety is half lost before it is applied to the soil. Every horse, ox or cow, win- tered upon the farm, if well fed, and littered with the straw stalks, &c., of the crop, should make from six to ten cords of good manure. Dr Coventry, late i>rofessor of agriculture at Edinburgh, esUma- ted thatthestiaw of an ordinary acre of grain, com- puted at 21 cwt., may be converted by the urine and liquids of the stables and cattle yards, into three and a half tons of manure; that meadows that cut one and a half tons of hay, will give four tons of manure ; clover, the first year, six tons, and the second year, five and a half tons per acre ; and that with the extraneous substances which may, with due care, bo collected without expense from the roads, the ditches, the ponds, and from refuse of every kind about the house and premises, the acre- able amount should be amply sufficient for a full supply of manure once during every course ot the four year system of husbandry. Arthur Young, with 0 horses, 4 cows, and 9 hogs, which consumed 6 loads of hay and 29 loads of straw, obtained 118 loads of manure, 3(J bushels to each: and from 45 fattintr oxen, well fed and littered, GOO tons of rot- ten manure. But an American lawyer,* and an excellent practical farmer withal, has gone beyond these estimates. I visited his farm a few weeks aero, which lies upon the sea shore. It consists of .bout "00 acres, most of which was in a course o crops The crops of the season had all received an ample supply nf manure, as their appearance in- dicated—and yet I was shown masses of well pre- pared compost, in reserve, consisting of yard ma- nure, peat ashes, peat earth, sea weed, and hsh— estimated at twentyfive hundred loads— all produc- ed upon his own farm. The third obstacle to agricultural improvemen , which I propose to notice, is the subordinate rank to which this employment has been con.=igned, and to which the farmers themselves have contributed, *W. A. Seeley, Esq., of Statcn Island. 206 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, DEC. 18, 1839. by a want of respect for themselves and respect for llieir vocation. The wholesome habits of society have been so broken up, by the civil and political convulsions of the age, and the inordinate thirst for acquirin;f wealth and fashionable consequence, through mercantile and other specula'ions, that hon- est productive labdr has been thrown entirely into the background, and considered not only ungenteel but menial and servile. Yet I venture to lay down this proposition, that he who provides for the wants and comforts of himself and family, and renders some service to society at large, by his mental and physical industry, performs one of the high duties of life ; and will ultimately be rewarded in the con- scious rectitude of his life, by a greater measure of substantial happiness than he who makes millions by fraud and speculatidn, to be squandered ni ex- travagance or wasted in folly, by his children or grand-children. The revolutions that are constant- ly taking place in families, sufficiently admonish us, that it is not the wealth we leave to our children, but the industrial and moral habits in which we ed- ucate them, that secures to them wordly prosperity, and the treasure of an approving conscience. The farcjiers, I have remarked, share in the er- rors of the day. Not content with the gains which are ever the reward of prudent industry, and which might be greatly increased by the culture of the mind — nor content with one of the most indepen- dent conditions in society, hundreds and thousands of them seek other and new employments, and some of truly menial character, to get rid of labor, the greatest blessing to man, and to raise them- selves in the imaginary scale of lashionable society. And if they cannot participate themselves in this imaginary greatness, (and it is seldom any thing more than imaginary,) they are anxious to indict the evil upon their posterity, — to rear their sons to the law, the rail-road to office, — to political power end turmoil ; — to make them merchants, a useful but greatly overstocked business, or to place them in some other genteel employment, which shall ex- empt them from the toils of labor, the salt that best preierves from moral corruption. Mistaken men! What class in society have within their reach so many of the elements of hu- man enjoyments — so many facilities .''or dispensing benefits to other.s — one of the first duties and rich- est pleasures of life — as the independent tillers of the soil? " The farmer," says Franklin, "has no need of popular favor ; the success of his crops de- pends only on the blessing of God upon his honest industry." If discreetly conducted on the improv- ed principles if husbandry, agriculture offers the certain means of acquiring wealth, and as rapidly as is consistent with the pure enjoyments of life, or with the good order and prosperous condition of society. Agriculture is the golden mean, secure alike from the temptations of mushroom opulence, and the craven sycophancy and dependence of pov- erty. " Give me neither poverty nor riches," was the prayer of the wise man of Scripture, " lest," he added, " lest I be full and deny tliee, and say, who is the Lord ? or lest I be poor and steal, and take the name of my God in vain." When we consider that agriculture is the great business of the nation — of mankind, — that its suc- cessful prosecution depends upon a knowledge in the cultivators of the soil, of the principles of natu- ral scien.ce — and that our agriculture stands in spe- cial need of this auxiliary aid, — we cannot with- hold our surprise and regret, that we have not lonf since established professional schoolB, in which our youth, or such of them as are designed to manage this branch of national labor, might be taught si- multaneously, the principles and practice of their future business of life, and on which, more than any other branch of business, the fortunes of our coun- try, moral, political, and national, essentially de- pend. We require an initiatory study of years in the principles of law and medicine, before we per- mit the pupil to practice in tiiese professions. We require a like preliminary study in our military and naval schools, in the science of war and navigation, ere the student is deemed qualified to command. — And yet, in agriculture, by which, under the bless- ing of Providence, we virtually " live, move, and have our being," and which truly embraces a wider range of useful science than either law, medicine, war, or navigation, we have no schools, we give no instruction, we bestow no governmental patronage. Scientific knowledge is deemed indispensable in many minor employments of life; but in this great business, in which its influence would be most po- tent and useful, we consider it, judging from our practice, of less consequence than the fictions of the novelist. We regard mind as the efficient pow- er in most other pursuits ; while we forget, that in agriculture, it is the Archimedean lever, which, though it does not move, tends to Jill a world with plenty, with moral health, and human happiness. — Can it excite surprise, that under these circumstan- ces of gross neglect, agriculture should have be- come among us, in popular estimation, a clownish and ignoble employment? In the absence of agricultural professional schools could we not do much to enlighten and raise the character of American husbandry, by making its principles a branch of study incur district schools? This knowledge would seldom come amiss, and it would often prove a ready help under misfortune, to those who had failed in other business. What man is there, who may not expect, at some time of life, to profit directly by a knowledge of these prin- ciples ? Who does not hope to become the owner, or cultivator, of a garden or a farm? And what man, enjoying the blessing of health, would be at a loss for the means of an honest livelihood, whose mind had been early imbued with the philosophy of rural culture — and who would rather work than An early acquaintance with natural science, is calculated to beget a taste for rural life and rural la- bor, as a source of pleastire, profit, and honor. It will stimulate to the improvement of the mind, to elevate and purify it — to self-respect, to moral deportment: and it will tend to deterfrom the formation ofbad hab- its, which steal upon the ignorant and the idle una- wares, and which consign thousands of young men to poverty and disgrace, if not to premature graves. A. knowledge of these principles, to a very useful extent, can be acquired with as much facility in the school or upon the farm, as other branches of learning. Why, then, shall they not be taught ? Why shall we withhold from our agricultural popu- lation that knowledge which is so indispensable to their profit, to their independence, and to their cor- rect bearing as freemen ? Why, while we boast of our superior privileges, keep in comparative igno- rance of their business, that class of our citizens who are truly the conservators of our freedom? I know of but one objection — the want of teachers. A few years ago, civil engineers were not to be found among us. The demand for them created a supply. We have demonstrated that we have the materials for civil engineers, and that we can work them up. We have materials for teachers of agri- cultural science, which we can also work up. De- mand will always ensure a supply. The enumeration of the foregoing obstacles to agricultural iinprovement, sufficiently indicates tha means which will be efficient in removing them The means consist, so far as f now propose to no- tice them — 1. In giving a yjroyessionai education to the young farmer, which sliall embrace the principles and the practice of the business which he is designed to follow in life — and 2. In diffusing more extensively, among those who have completed their juvenile studies, and are better fitted to profit by the lessons of wisdom and experience, a knowledge of the same principles and of the best modes of practice which these princi- ples inculcate, and which experience has proved to be sound. We have professional schools in almost every business of life, except in the cultivation of the soil, one of the most import'int and essential of them all, and one embracing a larger scope of useful study in natural science and in usefulness to the temporal wants of the human family, than any other. The policy of monarchs, and of privileged orders, has been to repress intelligence in the agricultural mass in order to keep them in a subordinate station. But neither the policy nor the practice should be coun- tenanced by us. Our agriculturists are our privi- leged class, if we have such. They are our sove- reigns, because, from their superior numbers, they must ever control our political destinies, for good or for evil. And the more intelligent and inde- pendent we can render them, the more safe we make our country from the convulsions of internal feuds, and the danger of foreign war. I put the question to fathers — Would you es- teem that son less, or think him less likely to fulfil the great duties of life, who had been educated in a professional school of agriculture, with all the high qualifications which it would confer for public and domestic usefulness, than him who had been educated for the counter, the bar, or otherhigh pro- fessional callings ? On which could you best rely for support and comfort in the decline of life ? Nay, I will venture to carry the appeal farther — to the discriminating judgment of the unmarried lady — Would you reject, as a partner for life, the student of such a college, coming forth with a sound mind, deeply imbued with useful knowledge, and a hale constitution, invigorated by manly exercise, whose circa and affections were likely to be concentrated upon home and country, and whose precepts and examples would tend to diffuse industry, prosperity, and rural happiness around him? The father's re- sponse would be, I think, an unhesitating no, to the first question ; and the lady's, after due delibera- tion, I verily suspect, would be a half articulate amen. I pretend not to the spirit of prophecy, yet I venture to predict, that many who now hear me, will live to see professional schools of agriculture established in our land, to see their utility extolled, and to be induced to consider them the best nurse- ries for republican virtues, and the surest guaran- tee for the perpetuity of our liberties. They should be established — they will be established — and the sooner they are established, the better for our coun- try. To those who have passed to manhood, and who have made up their minds, from necessity or from choice, to till the ground, the means of improve- ment— of studying the principles of their business VOIj. XVHI. no. 34. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 207 -and of becoming aciiuainted with tlie most ap- cliea of industry have received an impulse, by roved and modern practices in liusbaiidry — the , wholesome laws, the great interests of agriculture pportunities of acquiring useful knowledge are , have been passed by almost with silent contempt, bundant and cheap. One of these means and a It is now time for the State to dismiss from her aluable one, is proffered him through the oxhibi- counsels this cold indifference, and to take such ae- ons and publications of the^e societies. Another tion on the subject as will promote its success. In 3 the perusal of books upon agriculture and rural , exploring the causes which have retarded the pro- conomy, which should form a part of social and ru- I gress of the State in population, wealth and imper- il libraries. And another facility of acquiring this ! tance, none is more prominent than the utter neg- seful knowledge, is afforded by the agricultural ■ leot of this primary pursuit It cannot be doubted eriodicals of our country, which, besides contain- 1 that South Carolina once possessed a soil of unsur- ig much that is instructive in the philosophy of' passed fertility. But tliis rich gift of a kind Provi- imiing, are a record of the best modes of practice, dence has been, in a great measure lost, by a most nd of much that is new and important, in the vari us departments of rural and household labor. A olume of the Cultivator, of which I can speak with ccuracy, contains about as much matter as five or ix volumes of the popular novels of the day, and wice as much as four numbers ofour literary quar- 3rly journals. The price of the Cultivator is one oUar per annum. I verily think, that if the far- ler would divide his patronage between political nd agricultural journals, he would be a manifest ainer, in his fortune and in his family — would be lore happy in his business, and domestic in his abits — a better manager and a more useful citizen. Time will not permit me to go into the details of lodern improvements in husbandry. These im- rovements are groat, and afford the brightest hopes ] the philanthropist and the patriot. No one who an carry back his memory forty years, can with- old his wonder at the astonishing improvements rh'ich have in that time been made in the manu- pernicious course of husbandry. A large portion of this once flourishing region, blessed too, with a propitious climate, has been reduced to sterility. Yet all hope of reclaiming and restoring to its won- ted productiveness, our exhausted soil, is not in vain. It is a beneficent provision of a good Provi- dence, that beneath the surface of the earth are to be found substances of the most fertilizing quali- ties. Their discovery, however, requires the appli- cation of science, and means seldom possessed by individuals. It is in such a case, that a wise and patriotic Legislature should extend its aid. But to subserve fully the interests of Agriculture, the Legislature should not confine its operations to a Geological Survey alone. With this; should be connected an Agricultural Survey. While the former would bring us acquainted with all the sub- stances which enter into the composition of that portion of the earth to which we can have access, the latter will elicit a mass of information in rela- acturing and mechanic arts, by reason of the aids lion to every thing that concerns agriculture. f science ; and those who can scan the future, ?ill have no less reason to rejoice, in the anticipa- ed advantages which are in prospect, from an im- iroved culture of the mind and the soil, consequent ipon a better system of education to' the agricultu- al population, and the general diffusion of useful :nowledge, which is likely to result from it. I will merely further remark to the farmer, that f he would prosper in his business, he should study, iractice, and adopt the better system of husbandry vhich is abroad in the land, and which has already p-eatly profited thousands, so far as his soil and ;ircumstances will permit, — that he should drain lis wet lands, economize his manures and apply Jiem with judgment, — to cultivate well, what he Iocs cultivate, — to alternate kis crops, — to extend lis root culture, — to increase and improve his stock, 13 the products of his farm will permit, — and to substitute fallow crops for naked fallows. In conclusion, gentlemen, permit me to express my hearty wish, that success and honor may crown your efforts to improve the condition of your coun try, industrial and moral, associate benefits almost as intimately connected as cause and effect — and that you may long live to enjoy the blessings which are promised to him who truly loves his neighbor and reveres and worships his God. SOUTH CAROLINA. An Agricultural Convention, consisting of dele- gates fioni the various parts of the State of South Carolina, assembled at Columbia on the 2fith ult. — The Governor, in his speech, recommends the adoption of measures by the Legislature for the im- provement of agriculture, and particularly an np. propriation for an agricultural survey. On this subject he says : "It is a lamentable truth, that while other bran- which cannot fail to be highly useful. In other countries, the utility of agricultural surveys has been fully proved, by the valuable results. But in carrying into effect such surveys, as have been mentioned, the value of the results would depend upon the selection of an individual possessing the highest qualifications, combining a profound knowl- edge of the subjects of investigation, a sound dis- criminating judgment, and an untiring zeal and in- dustry. The expense of such a project should not be weighed against the incalculable importance of the end proposed. Being deeply impressed with the practical usefulness of such surveys, I earnest- ly recommend that you provide for their accomplish- ment. The following are the Governor's remarks on the subject of Education. But while the developement of tlie physical re- sources of our country should claim so large a share of your serious attention, popular edncati(Ui ought to hold the first place in your estimation. It is knowledge, intellectual, moral and religious, that constitutes the man. Without its possession, wealth would be a curse, instead of a blessing. Besides, the stability and penuanence of our repub- lican institutions, have their on.y guarantee, in an intelligent, moral and religious population. Hence this important subject has commanded the warmest regard of those who have preceded us. The estab- lishment of the College, and the adi>ption of the Free School System, are enduring- monuments to the memory of those by whose sagacious efforts they were brought into existence. — The former, from small beginnings, has risen to a proud emi- nence among the literary institutions of our great confederacy, and is annually sending forth a band of well-educated youths, the luture glory and orna- ment of their country ; the latter, although based upon the soundest principles of a free Govorn- nient, has not yielded all those benefits which its intrinsic excellence so justly deserved. At your last session, commissioners were appointed, in every election district of the State, to examine and revise the Free School system, and to report to the Executive such amendments or alterations, as they might deeni useful. Many of these commission- ers, with a very commendable zeal and ability, have discharged the important duty assigned to them, while others have failed to make reports. In obedience to your resolution, I have placed the re- ports which have been iimde, in the hands of a commission of two gentlemen, Professors Elliott and Thornwell, to be examined by them, and a system to be devised, and submitted to you, at the present session. Their report, as soon as pre- pared, shall be transmitted to you, with the reports of the district commissioners. It affords me unfeigned pleasure, to announce to you, that the College continues to answer the high expectations of the State. It is rapidly advancing in a career of prosperity and usefulness, which must redound to the lasting benefit of the country. It steadily increases in numbers, although the standard of admission is higher than formerly. 1 ardently recommend this noblo institution to your paternal and fostering care. 'The State ca.n only expect to maintain its wonted high character, by an- enlightened population, well grounded in solid learning, and a lofty moral elevation. Jl R^dt worthy of the Farmer's attenlion.— -A - most important axiom to be kept in mind by eve ry ' farmer is, to break up and cultivate no arable Ian 4- to be laid down again with depreciated strengtii • in other words, no crop requiring.the plough or cul- tivator and hoe should be put into the ground tha present year which will leave the ground in a worse condition than it was before the -work was begun- It will, when adopted as a principle, be very easy- for every farmer to make his calculation in any crop requiring the hoe, so to improve the capacity of.his land that it shall yield more than it has done before. A. plenty of good barn yard, hog yard, stable or compost manure will effectually do this business on almost every retentive soil : in some cases of low and wet grounds, the simp'e applica- tion of sand or gravel with a small quantity of the stimulating manures will accomplish every thing to be wished: in other cases of sandy, porous soil, the application of clay or other adhesive earths, with tlie free use of plaster of Paris and some stimulating manures, will do wonders. The -ob- servance of the principle of constant renovatiork will soon bring New England to rank with the best cultivated districts of England and Scotland, and even with the still higher improvements ex- hibited in Flemish husbandry. — Gov. HilVs Ad- dress. Value of Stilt. — An increased quantity of salt used by the farmer in various ways would be of eminent benefit. Salt ought to bear a less price than it now does throughout the country. Much of the expense of salt is in the price of transport : it is a taxeS article, and assists in the revenues of the government. I am confident that fine saltsjirin- kled over the ground in the quantity of three or four bushels to tlie acre will not only contribute to drive oft' insects and other destructive vermin, but in most vegetable crops will prevent blight. A sprinkling of salt in the feed of most animals will contribute to their healthy growth. — Ibid. 208 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DEC. IS, 1839. For the New England Wrmer. LABOR AND LABOR-SAVING MACHINES. We conceive that many American writers, in urging the adoption of foreign agricultural improve- ments, overlook one very important ingredient in European farming, essential to a high standard of husbandry, and that is the extreme ioiv rate of wa- ges abroad compared with what it is in this coun- try. In the old and fully-peopled countries of Eu- rope, is a large surplus population, incapable ofbe- ing landholders, or entering into commerce and the trades, from the arbitrary rules that govern them, and who must content themselves with the smallest daily pittance or starve. Such a population is more at the disposal of the farming than any other interest in society, and is one of the main pillars of the high and improving state of English, Scotch, and French agriculture. With us the farmer has no such resource. Ours is a new country, and, from the freedom and elasticity of action engender- ed by our institutions, and the inducements held out to e.vertion, all are striving to outstrip each other in the acquisition of wealth and reputation. Land is cheap and abundant, and there is ample room for action ; and every man who has a common degree of intelligence and industry, may become a landholder. Men follow their natural inclinations, and prefer being independent citizens and their own masters, to being in the employment of other in dividuals. Under this state of things, those pursuits that are carried on with much manual labor, are attended with the most expense to those engaged in them, and meet with no small obstacle to their success in the fact, that they create a demand, for which the supply is by no means adequate. Amer- ican farming is one of these pursuits ; its various operations being almost entirely performed by bodi- ly labor, unassisted in a great degree, by nature or art. To every pursuit and profession among us have the sciences and arts lent more assistance than to our husbandry ; and we believe that this is one very great reason why all other pursaits are so much in advance of it. The innumerable results of human invention, the application of the laws that govern the operations of nature, to the daily avoca- tions of man, have carried us forward with an in- credible rapidity as a commercial and manufactu- ring people. They have been capital and labor to us, amply supplying the deficiencies of both. Amid this hurrying forward to perfection of al- most every calling amongst us, we would not say that our agrxulture remains where it stood fifty years ago, for we believe it has advanced within that period — but we find it creeping on at a com- paratively snail'.-; pace unassisted, in a great measure, by art or science, and harrassed by the same impediments, that hampered it in the days of our fatiiers. We speak, nf course, of the general state of American farming, as manifested through- out tlie country, and would not include those ex- ceptions in districts and individuals, that, from their rarity, do us the more honor. With nothing have our farmers had to contend more than this scarcity of labor we have referred to. The high rate of wages has eaten up the profits of the farm, and debarred them from making many im- provements in their husbandry; and this the more so, inasmuch as the raising of crops fi>r the market, requiring much and constant manual labor, has been the prevailing agricultural interest. This ob- stacle to their more rapid improvement and success has been so prominent and palpable, that we have often wondered at the neglect and indifference man- ifested by many of our farmers towards those im- plements and machines that have been ofl^ered them from time to time, for abridging and facilitating the labors of the ftrm. Husbandmen should remember that just in pro- portion as they save in the time of performing their daily operations, just in the same proportion do they economise in the item of labor, and in the ex- pense incurred by it. .\s for instance, if my two hired men, at the expense of a dollar a day apiece, can thresh with the flail, one hundred bushels of grain in ten days, the threshing of my grain will have cost me twenty dollars, taking no account of the inevitable loss by waste. Now if by the use of a threshing machine, at an expense say, of two dol- lars per day, with the assistance of a man and a boy at one dollar and a half per day, my one hun- dred bushels of grain can be threshed in two days, it will be done at an expense of seven dollars in- stead of twenty, with a gain also, of eight days time. We presume the items in this estimate are incorrect, but we believe the difference in time and expense will not he found to be much exaggerated, and will serve to illustrate our proposition, that whatever is saved in the time of performing the daily operations of the farm, is so nuieh gained in the tva- ges of labor. We advance another proposition, that, not only cio we, by the use of labor-saving machines, econo- mise in time and the expense attending labor, but also that just in proportion as we economise in those two items, just in the same proportion does the smne amount of capital go further in the cultivation and improvement of the farm. If I have twenty dollars to pay for threshing one hundred bushels of grain by the flail in ten days, and can, by the use of a threshing machine, have the same amount thresh- ed in two days for seven dollars, I have actually gained eight days and thirteen dollars, which I may spend in other duties upon the farm, or, which is the same thing, 1 can with the same amount of capital, perform neai-ly three times as much labor in three quarters of the time. We would suggest then, on the strength of these two propositions, that, by the aid of labor-saving implements, our farmers may perform the usual la- bors of the farm at a much reduced expense, and, with the same outlay of capital, may also accom- plish a very much increased amount of labor, and consequently an increased production. We know that it will be objected, thafthis appears very well upon paper, and may accord very well with a closet calculation, Imtthat we have omitted to take notice of the item of the frst expense of all machines, more particularly those of modern inventicm, and of the constant wear-and-tear attending their opera- tion. We have made a liberal allowance for all this in the two general propositions we have ad- vanced— the more liberal, inasmuch as wherever labor-saving machinery upon farms has come under our notice, the expense of purchase and repairs has been more than amply made good by the expense saved in the wages of hired men, by the superior and expeditious manner in which the various opera- tions of the farm have been performed, and by the greater amount accomplished. Our limits will allow us to record but one in- stance of ihe successful employment of labor-saving machinery upon farms, and there is no feature in the farming in the instance referred to, that we more admire than the manner in which art and sci- ence are made to supply the place of several pair of hands. We will only say that the gentlemai referred to is one of the most intelligent and dis tinguished farmers in the State of New York, whosi practice as well as his experience and opinions, ma; be most confidently relied upon. Our friend, ii the first place, has upon his farm a portable hors poicer, e machine in too common use to need a de scriptioH; and which, by the medium of the whee and band, is capable of giving motion to machine for various purposes. In connection with this pow er, he employs a grain thresher, (of whose invenlio: we do not recollect,) by which his grain is threshe in a third or quarter of the usual time, with scarce ly any of the waste attendant upon the use of th flail, and which, when he is not using it himself, i passing from farmer to farmer to expedite their op erations. By the aid of the same horse power ap plied to a simple circular saw by means of a ban and wheel, he is enabled to effect the cutting of hi winter's fuel, in a very few days (we had alraoE said hours,) without any of that waste of chipi that, in a series of years makes no small item in farmer's economy. The same band and whet transferred to his grindstone, and a pair of hand are saved at the crank, while by the increased pon er and velocity, two can be employed at the ston with greater ease and expedition than once coul be by the aid of the common handle. The powe obtained by the wheel and band, again transferre to his hay and straw cutter, and a couple of houi work prepares cut feed for a stock of twenty hea for several days, and thus brings into successft operation a machine, that has not been in generE use for a large stock of cattle from the great lengt of time required to cut the food by manual labo By the use of the horse-rake, he contrives to sav the labor of several hours and men in raking hi level lands, and by a simple machine, we believ of his own construction, he plasters an extent c land in a few moments, that would require an hoi or two to pass over, if the plaster should be sow by hand. Indeed he forces machinery to perforr for him every operation on the farm, whereby he ca save time and wages paid to hired men, — a systei which ho finds more expensive than the old fashior ed method of entire hand labor at the onset, but it finitely, infinitely more economical in the end. And now when we ask ourselves how many c our farmers will he convinced of the truth of whs we have said sufficiently to practice upon it, w find but a discouraging answer in our observalio upon the prevalent systems of husbandry about uf When we urge the adoption of improved agriculti ral implements and labor-saving machines, we ar met with excuses of a want of c; pital to meet th first expense, — of an inability to use successfull many implements and machines, from their compl Gated character — and of a want of confidence i all improvements in agricultural implements, froi the repeati'd instances of quackery under whic they have suflered, in the numerous machines the have been palmed upon them as useful inventioni and which turned out to be mere clap-trap. In re ply to all this we can only say, begin on a sma scale, but do not be afraid to venture. Whether i be a horse-rake, or an improved plough, or whs not, incur the frst expense, and its use will repa you four-fold. Be not alarmed because the dolls you invest to-day will not return to you to-morrov but be contented to wait, if there is any reasonabl hope that it may come back to you at a more dis tant day trebled or quadrupled. And remeinbe when you purchase, that the object of all improve ▼oi.. 3^\^^. no. 2*. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 209 farming tools or machinery, should be to perform, in a o-iven time, a e:renicr amount of work in a more thorough and econo7nical manner, than the imple- ments for which they are substitutes. With this object in view, purchase the most simply construct- ed machines, and neither condemn them or be dis- couraged because after a few trials they do not ful- fil your expectations. Let them be mil tested, and every attempt made to discover the cause of failure before they are given up. Be careful that this cause be not in the employer rather than the ma must meet with, will scarcely be felt; the time will be too short for his dully exercises; his engage- ment will expire ere he is aware of it ; and great as may have been his toil, he will close the school with regret. Such a teacher, when his other qual- ifications are respectable, wiU be almost sure to succeed anywhere. Every body will see that he is seeking not his own ease and emolument, but the good of his pupils ; he will infuse sometliing of his own enthusiasm into their minds ; the confidence of liis employer will be secured, and all things will chine And the farmer's well known intelligence go well. But on the other hand, if the schoolmas- and caution must be his protection against tlie em- ter whom you employ would never teach another ployment of n,achinery or modes of farming of any day if he could help it-that is, if he could do as sort, that are of doubtful utiUty. By placing a | well for himself in some other way; jf '..s grand proper decree of confidence in the experience and j object is to get so many dollars a month ; if he had opinions of those who have fairly tested various farming instruments, and by exercising his own judgment critically, there is no reason why the far- mer more than any other man, should be the dupe of useless inventions. We have already extended our remarks to a great- er length than we had intended. But the impor- tance of the subject must be our apology, and we shall be content with having drawn any to an at- tentive consideration of what we have said, and the various conclusions to wnich our suggestions may lead. H. V. Gretnfidd, Nov. §0, 1839. From the New York Observer. DR. HUMPHREY'S THOUGHTS ON EDUCA TION. Qualifications of Teachers. (Continued.) Every schoolmaster, I have said, should be a man of good, plain common sense — should be well educated himself— should be apt to teach— should be a man of good temper and entire self-control, and should possess the faculty of governing his scholars, so as to gain their affections, at the same time that he secures their implicit obedience. My next remark is, that he ought to have a par- ticular/o?i(/ncs.'! ybr teaching. This remark is foun- ded on a very important general principle, viz., that in every employment, other things being equal, men succeed best in what suits their taste. One man has a talent, or genius, if you please, for paint- ing, and another for architecture ; one has a taste for mathematics, another for languages, and anoth- er for the natural sciences ; one is enthusiastically fond of poetry, and another of nmsic ; one has a natural turn for mechanics, and another for the in- dependent and invigorating pursuits of agriculture, and as a matter of course, every man will betake himself more cheerfully and successfully to what- ever he has a taste for, than to any thing else. It often happens that persons from mere fondness for their profession, trade or employment, excel others who are greatly their superiors in abilities and ac- quirements. It is as desirable, and almost as necessary, th^t men should be 6or?i schoolmasters, as poets, musi- cians and painters. If a person loves to teach, loves to be surrounded from morning to night, by a group of young immortal beings, whose minds are continually expanding, and loves to watch their progress in all the elementary branches of educa- tion, his task, which to another might be insupporta- blv irksome, will be pleasant; the thousand little rather begin every morning a few minutes too late than too early ; if the time hangs heavy upon his hands, and he puts his watch often to his ear, and wonders when it will be noon ; if the greatest in- terest he takes in the children, is to send them back every night to their parents ; if he spends more thoughts in contriving how he shall get through the winter, with the least amount of labor to himself or with the least interruption to some ul- terior object of pursuit ; or if he tries to be faithful merely in obedience to the dictates of conscience, while his heart and his flesh are all the while cry- ing out, O what a weariness, what a weariness ! if, in fine, he has no real fondness for teaching, but rather an aversion, let him not thrust himself into a place which might be better filled by another. Let him find something else to do, which he likes, if iie can ; and if he cannot, it is better to betake himself reluctantly, if he must, to almost any other employment for a livelihood than to school-keeping. Another prime and essential qualification in a schoolmaster, is good principles. !n all ordinary cases, when we are about to confide any of our in- terests to a third person, one of our first questions is, can we trust him ? Is he honest ? Will he be faithful? And we are the more particular and anxious in proportion to the value of the stake — Now what higher responsibility can a parent devolve upon another, than the right moral direction of the minds and hearts of his children? Next to the parent, certainly no one has so much influence over the child as a popular teacher. The chair which he occupies is his tlirone. His word is the law, to which all his juvenile subjects implicitly bow. He holds their whole moral destiny, as it were, in his hands. What he believes they believe. What he says they repeat. If he is a man of high moral principle, they will soon find it out; and they will bereadvto embrace whatever sentiments he ex- presses,' because they love to admire the man. Even when he takes no particular pains to mould their consequence what a schoolmaster believes, provided he keeps it to himself. But if his principles are bad, are corrupt, or merely of the Galileo school, iciH he keep them to himself ? CfMi he? Did you ever know a cause withotit an efl'ect ? lie may not think it expedient to disclose his principles — he may even take pains 'to conceal them; but he will find it extremely difficult. The moral perceptions of children are as instinctive as they are inexplicable. They cannot be every day under the care of a teacher, even for a short time, withoutalmost rend- ing the "thoughts and intents of his heart." And besides all this, so long as our children are deprav- ed, and so much more susceptible to evil than to trood influences, they will imbibe contagion, whs^re no moral test can detect it, and yield unconsciously to the power of elective affinities, which it may be impossible ever to dissolve. Would you plint the barherry bush in your wheat field, or the deadly vpas under your nursery window ? Would you pay any one for planting them, or even suffer it to be done for nothing? And can you wittingly expose the tenderest part of yourselves to infinitely greater hazards in the school roam ? No. If the highest intelligence, "niin'd," were to " transform himself into an angel of light," and you could be sure he never would disclose his true character, but would mmeasurably e.xcel all other teachers, in every branch of instructio.n, you would shudder with hor- ror at the bare thought of employing him. (To be continued.) MoRUS MuLTicAtJLis — A few days ago a coun- tryman from Bucks county came into the Northern Liberties, with his wagon loaded with Multicaulis trees, thinking he could sell them, as he did last fall, for a good price. As he neared Callowhill street the boys gathered, mobbed him, and dozens at a time shouted "hurrah for MulticaTilis !" and repeated the shout as often as fresh reinforcements arrived, until the street was filled. The country- man finalV got permission from the owner of a va- cant lot, to throw his very valuable load on it, and drove off in a full trot, leaving his tormentors to amuse themselves wit!i multicaulis switches. The poor fellow had seen the humbug Germantown sale, as published in the multicaulis papers. Silk Socie- ty's Journal, Baltimore Silk Manual, &c. &c., all of which papers were got up hy {he pairiolic silk society to >nill and deliide the unsuspec'.ing and ignorant farmer, to obtain a dollar for a tree which can be raised forone cent, with profit.— PW/arf. Ledger. .Association, even where only " two or tlirec are fathered together," is more potent than individual eff-ort alone : the experience of several collected is when he takes no particular pains lo mourn uie.i [.gjjg^ tha,, the experience of one. Where much characters, there will go out from him a silent and j ^.^^^^ .^ ^^^^ consumed— where too much expense is ,i;„.^ ir,Hiipnrp which will be nonetheless . . , ,.,i,.-,„ tin. ahndow is not srasned for pervading influence, which will be none the less potent, for being unseen and unsuspected. The price of such a teacher is " above rubies." Many, in after life, will " rise up and call hirn blessed." But suppose him, on the other hand, to be a man of loose and depraved moral principles — a plausi- ble and insinuating infidel, or a bewildered and- va- cillating skeptic. Suppose he disbelieves, or even doubts the truth of the scriptures, or the certainty of future rewards and punishments. Is such a man fit to keep school ? If he had the talents of a Vol- taire, or a Bolingbroke, would you employ hiin ? Would any thing tempt you to expose your chil- dren to such a deadly influence, for a single month Dlv irKsome, will oe pieasani; we uiuus.inu ..1...^. u.>,.. w .. ' . . .. i- u ., r.htlo annoyances and perplexities which every teacher Some may suppose, that it is a matter of but little not incurred-where the shadow is not grasped for the substance— where a passion for extended ex- periments does not outstrip and leave common sense behind -we may expect to derive much benefit from the efforts of .agricultural societies. There are counties and districts of New England much in- debted to them for the superiority which they have attained. Berkshire in Massachusetts, was the first f, institute, and has been the longest to persevere in fier agricultural society: her mountain region can find at this time no superior in tiie United States infertility and production. Ten thousand fleeces are taken from her hills, and her valleys >rroan with their crops.-Gof. Hill's Address. 210 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DEC. IS, 1839. AND HORTICULTURAL RF.GISTER. Boston, Wednesday, December IS, 1839. AGRICULTURAL MEETINGS. The pleasure which was afforded by tliese meetings the last winter, during the session of the Legislature, the information which they elicited and dispensed, and the increasing interest which seemed to be taken in them, as the close of the session approached, all serve to re- commend a renewal of them the ensuing session. The Commissioner therefore desii;ns immediately after the commencement of the session, to make applicalion for the use of the Hall one eveninj; in the week, which lie cannot doubt will he readily ginnled for this purpose; and he hopes the farmers in the Legislature will come prepared to second these efforts. Success must depend on them. He hopes likewise that those of them who have valuable or unusual products of any kind of which t-amples may be easily transported, will bring such sam- ples for exhibition. Variou.s questions will eome up for consideration ; and among othets, several gentlemen have suggested for in- quiry the expediency of holding annually a Stale Agri- cultural Convention, during the session of the Legisla- ture. We shall expri^ss no opinion on this maitcr far- ther than to say, that it is deserving of much attenlion ; and we shall take an early opportunity to offer it for the consideration of the meeting. It will be refreshing and pleasant to turn aside once a week from the turmoil and vexation of party politics, and topics which seldoiu fail to produce angry ,xnd re- sentful conclusion, and pass aii evening in inqui- ries and conversation upon topics which have no tenden- cy to engender strife, and whose great object is to make the condition of mankind mo/e comfortable, prosperous, improved and happy. H. C. SCIENCE IMPORTANT TO THE FARMER. VVe have received from our valuable correspondent W. B., in the absence of Mr Colman, the following com- munication, containing not merely remaiks, but an es- say on the importance of education to the farmer. The article presents many truths clothed in anoriginal, beau- tiful, and sometimes highly poetical manner. VVewould call tlie attention ofour readers, eipecially the farmers, to its perusal, requesting them to reflect upon lis con- tents. We feel confident that every farmer who loves his noble calling, will unite with us in thanking W. B. and requesting liirn to continue his remarks, J. B. Mr Colmah— We have just returned from hslening to a sermon on education, a subject which very properly conies within the province of the divine as well as the civilian and pliilanthiopisf, inasmuch a> knowledge throws a charm around the beauties of religion, and fits men for higher and purer joys in the future, as il renders them more useful and happier in the present world. VVe must confess that we were astonished and somewhat disgusted, by some sentiments advanced, such as that il is no disparagement to farmers if they cannot solve a problem in Euclid,— that their time need not be spent in reading Latin and Greek, and that natural science need not claim his attention. The ideas communicated were strong and full, that if the farmer knew enough to trudge Ihiough life in his profession, and the mechanic to man- ufacture his wares, their cup of knowledge wasfull!! and this from the lips of one who justly discovers all zeal in the education of his own family. Now we have no idea that the lime has come in our American Israel, when mankind are to bo divided off in- to castes, unless merit and demerit draw the line, and that knowledge is to be circumscribed in lis operations, shedding its beauties with sunbeam brilliancy on one pan of community, and shining through a cloud darkly, ifshining at all,on the other. It cannni he wiiAe yet the dying groans of pilgrims are upon our ears, and the blood which was spilt in the revolution is still fresh be- fore our eyes. If so, we may soon see our temples-pros- trate, through the influence of error, and all the glad prospects of a coining future, which our wise men so gladly hail, crumbled to the dust. Man was created in the image of his God. He was sent to earth an innocent, intelligent being, and a far- mer. When the Creator had looked upon the lasi and noblest specimen uf his handy work and "pronounced it good,'' he gave liiin special injunciion to " dress the earth and keep it," and he gave him dominion over the fowl of the air and over the fish of the sea, " and brought unto him the fowls and beasts of the field, and he named them," probably according to their ranks and orders; yet as his was then the only language of earth, it is not probable that he gave them names in all languages as we do, for the benefit of all nations. Yet the naming of them then, was probably as scientific an operation as the dividing of them into classes, orders, Ac is now. Hence we can firm no other conclusion, tWan that Adam was a farmer, and a scientific one. But like some modern farmers, he ventured u|>on an uncertain speculation, which resulted in most disastrous consequences, involv- ing himself and " his heirs and assigns'' in difficulties beyond their power ofextricalion. His patrimony which was amply sufficient to have afforded all of his posteri- ty a homestead where each of them might have pursued I his heaven-appointed calling, was forfeited, consequent- 1 ly new professions must be created for the benefit of his sons, and as the earth was doomed to send up thorns and thistles, mingled with its more valuable productions, many of them soon learned to avoid its cultivation. Agriculture, then, was" man's employment in the days of his innocence. All other professions came in conse- quence of his apostacy. Death was decreed as his inevi- table doom, and sickness and pnin became its sure pre- cursor. The physician was appointed to offer remedies for the evils to which he had justly become an heir. Sin had sown tares and thorns and thistles in his heart, and the divine was sent as a messenger of mercy, to pluck them out, and point his dejected soul to light and hap- piness on high. Through man's perversion, laws must be enacted to restrain his wayward steps, and litigation gave rise to those who professedly would see justice se- cure the rights of all. Other professions were origina- ted, as circumstances required, and others yet will contin- ue to burst into existence, as man advances in a social and refined stale. All professions, therefore, are suc- ceeding and subservient to thitofthe farmer. He might pursue his calling, though in a most imperfect manner, ;(;((/iOu( their aid ; but were his art annihilated, theirs hail and fleecy snow, in their appointed seasons, affect his interest. A knowledge ofthem must, therefore, con- tribute essentially to his success. It is a well known fact that the sun is the great regu- lator of seasons ; that through his influence spring sends forth its lovely enamelling*, and that summer and au- tumn load the earth with their ricli harvest; that incon- sequence of his absent journeyings, winter exercises his tyrant sway, and binds the earth, the river and the little rivalet in felters of frost, which, as they loosen their hold, break the soil and loosen it to receive the warm influences of returning sunbeams, and to allow the grass and tender herb to shoot their sustaining roots abroad. Sunshine also regulates the atmosphere, and prepares it to receive the exhaling vapor until it congregates clouds and descends in soft showers upon the thirsty earth. Does not science, and would it not more effec- tually, if better understood, tell us how and why these operations arc performed, and enabling us to some ex- tent to guard against the future, in less matters than months and seasons, by watching his appearance ? The lime has been, when great dependence was plac- ed upon the age of the moon in regulating the affairs of husbandry, most''of which have been denounced as the errors of a dark age. We have no idea of taking the grains into the moon to sow, or of driving hogs or beeves there for slaughter. 'T would be a very inconvenient process. Nor do we believe that the moon in any of her phases, would, without concurring causes, produce seed- lime or harvest, or cause a single spire of grass to spring Up in ihe midst of desolation. Yet vie do believe thai (perhaps in connection with other causes) it has its in- fluence upon the atmosphere as well as upon the ocean, and that its influence extends to some degree to plants and animals, and that by watching its phases and place in the heaven.s, evils of sad nature to the farmer may be avoideil, and benefits achieved. This may be called the work of observation, but science aids us in determin. ing beforehanri, what observation can only confirm. The atmosphere has a direct influence upon agricultu- ral operations, for in its bosom the storm is gathered and the whirlwind chained, and ere they are loosed, there are signs in the sky which sound their approach, and by the science of aerology we are often led to anticipate coming events at hast fir the day and the morrow, which may offer ruuch " of weal or wo" to his labors must follow in the train, and man would become a fugi- ! anil interest. five and a vagabond on the earth — a savage, barbarous I Old ocean, too, though restricted to bounds which it being. | cannot pass, often in the midit of a calm announces the But it is needless for us to dwell upon the antiquity ! '^°'"'"S ^'O''"'' of i'"'«''s ''^ P«^-^'''er>>us breath, and "sends or necessity of agriculture. We would rather, by sim- I blasting and mildew over the land." Though its pie detail, give convincing proof, that in order to its per- ! ^^"'^^^ ™"*' necessarily bo most felt in its vicinity, they feet success, its operator should possess an eminent quan- i °'''-'^" '^'"^"'^ ihemselves into the interior. That its good tity of common sense and a thorough scienlific education For our last assertion, we are aware we have exposed ourselves to a nest of hornets about our ears. But what then ? We may as well be stung to death as to bo tram- pled down; and notwithstanding the argument of "old men, and men of renown," that our fathers have plant- ed and sown successfully and have filled their barns and storehouses abundantly, without this ado about newspa- per and book farming, we Would still with the brow of an Atlas reiterate it, and we wish we could make the nations hear and believe our sentiments, — farmers should be men of extensive professional reading, of sound prac- tice, (not simply theorists,) of scientific education, from tlie fact that their profession involves a greiitcr ainoiiot of science than any other. .Ill nrrtiire, the rolling sun and changing moon, the air, the ocean and the earth operates in subservience to his success, or in their varied movement, counteract his designs. The frost and the storms, the gentle rains and roaring floods, the rattling effects may be appreciated and its bad ones shunned, a knowledge of *' its laws, manners and customs" raay very properly be investigated. The earth and all that is therein and what dwells upon it, and grows out of it, must necessarily, as it is the great field of his operations, present a field, urging his investigation. .And here several distinct sciences de- mand his attenlion, in proportion as he would have suc- cess crown his efforts. A knowledge of them as also of those which have been named, may indeed be thought unnecessary, since multitudrs have gone before him with- out so mui-h as inquiring into them, and this with much apparent success. But :t does not appear what the far- mers of other ages would have been, had they been men of sound practical science. This, however, we do know, that wherever ignorance and intelligence plough and sow side by side, nature dispenses moie liberal lewards on tho latter. Yours, truly, W. B. Mount Osceola, Dec. C, 1839. vol.. XVIII, NO. a*. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 211 Alaaaacltiisotts Hortionltural Society. EXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, Dec. 7, 163;). The specimens of fruits eiliibited this d.iy werensfol- 3WS ; By tlio President, fine specimens of Eister Beiirre, St Jermain, Turkish Bon Chretien.' and one sort of Pi-ars nt named. The above were exhibited hist week. By T. Lee, Esq., Jamaica Phiin^* ; two specimens of 'ears — fine — not named. ^ By M. P. Snwyer, Esq , Passe Colmar and St Ger- «in Pears — excellent specimens. Also, fine specimens f Sylvanche Vert. Pear ; also, specimens of Apples, iz : Bellllower, a Sweeting from New York, and one om Newbury, not named. Nalh'l Dorr, Esq., of Roxbury, presented specimens ■"the " Wild Fig," brought by him from Michigan — id there to bo a very pleasant fruit. The seed of this as distributed among the members for trial here. For the Committee, JAMES L. L, F. WARREN. BRIGHTON MARKET.— MoNnAT, Dec. 14, 183!). Reported fortlie N<»w Kiigland Farmer. At Market 670 Beef Cattle, 1600 Sheep and 400 wine. PRicts.— Beef Cattle. — The prices obtained last week r a like quality were generally sustained. We quote rst quality, $6 50 a §6 75. Second quality, $6 00 a ; 25. Third qualitv, $4 50 a $5 75. Barrelling Caillc.— Mess $5 50 a $5 75 ; No. 1 $5 00. Sheep. — Lots were sold at $1 G2, $1 75, $2 25, ; 50, $2 6?, and $2 75. Stcine.—" Dull." One lot selected to peddle at 3 ■ sows and 4 for barrows; one lot to close at 2 3-4, d one at 3 1-S. At retail from 4 to 5 1-2. THERiMOMETRICAL. Reported for the New Ensland Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the (lardenof the proprietors the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded rtherly exposure, week ending December 15. Dec, 1839. | 6A.M. | 12,M. | 6,P.M. | Wind. inday, 9 41 46 48 E. -esday, 10 33 41 36 W. ednesday, U 26 33 34 VV. lursday. 12 41 .'>2 39 S. iday, 13 32 43 36 w. turday, U 2G 33 32 N. nday, IS 32 32 33 E. IVEI^l-ES'S PKEMIUM FOR APPLES. 4t a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, id in August last, it was Voted, That a first Premium of thirty dollars be awarded the second Saturday of January, 1340, for the best spo- aen of Apples, produced on or before that time from seed- trees, which shall have been brought into notice since ; year 1329. That a second Premium of twenty dollars, and a third emium of ten dollars, be awarded at the same time for the 0 nest best similar specimens. That the quantity of each shall not "be less than four zen. The Committee on. Fruits are particularly requested to ■et at the Rooms of the Society on Saturday, the 1 lib day January next, at 10 o'clock, A. M., for the purpo<^e of ■arding the Premiums above mentioned, also for awarding ! Premiums on Fruiis for the year 1S39. E. M. RICHARDS, Chairman. December 18. 4t WANTED. From 5 to 10 tons of Ruta Ba-^a, Mangel WuHzel and iffor Peels. Apply at C. N. HARTSHORN", corner of ashington Street, and Pleasant Street. Boston, December 13, 1839. 2t Wi.TICE. Mr Charles W. James, of Cincinnati, Ohio, has been ap- iDted Agent and Collector for the New England Farmer, d all subscriptions paid to him will he dulv'acknowledged the Publishers. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. December 18, 1833. VEGETABLE CUTTKK. . Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutter. This machine IS calculated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for fodder, and is one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers feel great confidence in recommending this machine to the public- they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now otier a machine that cannot fail lo give satisfaction upon a fair trial. It will cut with ease from one lo two bushels per minute, in the best possible manner, and is not liable to get out of order, being made in the most substantial manner No farmer should be without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, .51 and 62 North Market Street December 18. JOSEPH BRECK & CO GREESI'S P-VTEiNT STRAW CUTTKR. JOSEPH BRECK i; CU. al I'm New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 51 and 52 North Mar- ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied lo any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of ihe quantum of power requisifc to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less often than those of any o her straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of or Icr. BO\'E niANURE. The subscriber infonns his friends and the public, that alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful stimufant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the palrtmage of ihe agricultural community. Price at the Mill 3.5 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per-bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shelii Orders left at the Bouc Mili, iieai Tremont road, in Rox- bury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No 52 Norfli .Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt allenlion A R.\RE CHANCE. For sale. A partner wishing to withdraw from an old established Agricultural Implement and ^eed Warehouse, having a good run of country custom, would be willing to dispose of his interest on liberal terms, as he is about en gaging in other pursuits. To a person wishing to engage in a respectable and profitable business, having some ready capital, it is an opportunity rarely lo be met with. A liberal credit will be given on most of ihe purchase money if proper- ly secured. Any communicalions addressed " Lafayette." New York city, will be treated strictly confidential. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GRE.VT CARE, WEEKLY. Alum, American, .... Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, •'■'", Beans, while. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, yellow, ; Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, .... dipped, sperm, .... Cheese, new milk. Cider, . . .... refined, .... BoneMasure, .... in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, . , southern, geese, . Flax. (American) .... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 . No. 2, No. 3, .... •\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, . . Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard slreet, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellov/, white, . . ' . Piye, northern, . Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, nev/. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough, do. do. do. finished; Hams, northern southern and western . Hav, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hor.?, Isl quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, . , Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per tnn of 2200 lbs PoBK, extra clear, pound bushel barrel pound Sound ozen barrel bushel pound quintal barrel pound pound Mess, Prime, Seeds: 1-1 erd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hen Flax, Ked Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, " Caslile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony HIecces, . .■Vmerican, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_• f Pulled superfine, JiJNo. 1, . . . = 3 1 No. 2 ^ ^ (. No. 3, . . . cask gallon pound pr jH. pound 6 00 4 73 1 62 2 00 14 00 12 00 10 00 23 6 00 6 00 22 00 6 37 64 6 26 4 87 2 00 2 00 14 50 12 50 10 SO 35 12 2. '50 2 25 I 33 II 00 9 00 6 25 23 00 6 50 6 60 6 37 4 25 4 12 1 10 I 12 I 20 1 23 50 60 70 95 2 87 300 IS 00 17 00 14 00 12 00 2 60 3 00 SO 1 00 1 50 2 25 2 59 2 25 2 50 1 37 1 62 •212 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. DEC. IS, 1839. MISCELLANEOUS PERILS OF WHALE FISHERY. In 1832, two boats belonging to the ship Baffin, went in pursuit of a whale. John Carr was har- pooner and commander of one of them. The whale they pursued led them into a vast school of his own species ; they were so numerous that their blowing was incessant, and they believed that they did not see fewer than an hundred. Fearful of alarming them without striking any, they remained for a while motionless. At last, one rose near Carr's boat, and he approached, and fatally for himself, harpooned it. When ho struck, the fish was approaching the boat ; and passing very rapidly, jerked the line out of its place over the stern, and threw it upon the gunwale. Its pressure in this unfavorable position so careened the boat, that the side was pulled under water, and it began to fill. In this emergency, Carr, who was a brave, active man, seized the line, and endeavored to relieve the boat by restoring it to its place ; but, by some cir- cumstance which was never accounted for, a turn of the line flew over his arm, dragged him over- board in an instant, and drew him under the water, never more to rise. So sudden was the accident, that only one man, who was watching him, saw what had happened ; so that wlien the boat righted, which it immediately did, though half full of water, the whole crew on looking round, inquired what had become of Carr. It is impossible to imagine a death m^ ire awfully sudden and unexpected. The invisible bullet could not have etfected more instantaneous destruction. The velocity of the whale at its first descent, is from thirteen to fifteen feet per second. Now as this unfortunate man was adjusting the line at the water's very edge, where it must have been per- fectly tight, owing to its obstruction in running out of the boat, the interval between the fastening the line about him and his disappearance could not have exceeded the third part of a second of time, for in one second only he must have been dragged ten or twelve feet deep. Indeed, he had not time for the least exclamation ; and the person who saw his removal, observed that it was exceeding quick, that though his eye was upon him at the moment, he could scarcely distinguish his figure as he dis- appeared. A harpooner once succeeded in striking a whale which dragged out ten lines, (2400 yards,) and was supposed to be seen blowing in different holes in the ice. After some time it made its appearance on the exterior, and was again, struck, at the mo- ment it was about to go under the second time. About an hundred yards from the edge, it broke the ice where it was a foot thick, with its head, and respired through the opening. It then pushed for- ward, breaking the ice as it advanced, in spite of the lances constantly directed against it. At last it reached a kind of basin in the field, where it floated on the surface without any incumbrance from ice. * Its back being fairly exposed, the harpoon struck from the boat on the outside, was observed to be so slightly entangled, that it was ready to drop out. Some of the officers lamented this circumstance, and wished that the harpoon might be better fast ; at the same time observing that if it sliould slip out, either the fish would be lost, or they would be ' under the necessity of flinching it where it lay, and of dragging the blubber over the ice to the ship ; a kind and degree of labor every one was anxious to avoid. No sooner was the wish expressed, and its im- portance explained, than a young and daring sailor stepped forward, and offered to strike the harpoon deeper. Not at all intimidated by the surprise man- ifested on every countenance at such a bold propo- sal, he leaped on the back of the living whale, and cut the harpoon out with his pocket knife. Stimu- lated by his gallant example, one of his compan- ions proceeded to his assistance. While one of them hauled upon the line and held it in his hands, the other set his shoulder against the end of the harpoon, and though it was witho.ut a stock, con- trived to strike it again into the fish more effectu- ally than at first ! The whale was in motion before they had fin- ished. After they got off its back, if advanced a considerable distance, breaking the ice all the way, and survived this novel treatment ten or fifteen minutes. This daring deed was of essential ser- vice. The whale fortunately sunk spontaneously after it expired ; on which it was hauled out under the ice by the line, and secured without farther trouble. It proved a mighty whale, — a very con- siderable prize. Captain Lyons while prosecuting the whale fish- ery on the Labrador coast, in the season of 1602, discovered a large whale at a short distance from the ship. Four boats were despatched in pursuit, and two of them succeeded in approaching it so closely together, that two harpoons were struck at the same moment. The fish descended a few fath- oms in the direction of another of the boats which was on the advance, rose accidentally beneath it, struck it with its head, and threw the boat, men and apparatus about fifteen feet into the air. It was inverted by the strok?, and fell into the water with its keel upwards. All the people were picked up alive by the fourth boat, which was just at hand, excepting one man, who having got entangled in the boat, fell beneath it and was unfortunately drowne'd. CONNECTICUT BLUE LAWS. The following sketch of some of the laws made by the colony of New Haven, two hundred years ago, and denominated Blue Lmvs by the neighbor- ing colonies, will give an idea of the spirit which pervades the whole. No one shall be a freeman, or give a vote, unless he be converted and a member in full communion of one of the churches allowed in this Dominion. No man sliall hold any office who ^s not sound in the faith, and faithful to this Dominion; and wlioever gives a vote to such a person, shall pay a fine of £1 : for a second offence he shall be dis- franchised. No quaker or dissenter from the established wor- ship of this Dominion, shall be allowed to give a vote for the election of magistrate or any officer. No food or lodging shall be aftorded to a Qua- ker, Adamite, or other Heretic. If any person turns Quaker, he shall be banish- ed, and not suffered to return but upon pain of death. No one shall run on Sunday, or walk in his gar- den or elsewhere, except reverently to and from meeting. No one shall travel, cook victuals, make beds, sweep house, cut hair or shave on Sunday. No woman shall kiss her child on Sunday or fast- ing day. No one shall buy or sell lands without permis sion of the Selectmen. • No minister shall keep a mistress. Whoever wears cloth trimmed with gold, silve: or bone lace, above two shillings by the yard, sha! be presented by the grand jurors, and the select men shall tax the offender at £300 estate. A debtor in prison, swearing he has no eslatf shall be let out, and sold, to make satisfaction. Whoever brings cards or dice into this Domin ion shall pay a fine of £5. No priest shall abide in the Dominion: he sha! be banished, and suffer death on his return. Priests may be seized by any one without a wai rant. No one shall read common prayer, keep ChrisI mas or Saints' days, make minced pies, dance, pla cards, or play on any instrument of music, excef the drum, trumpet, and jewsharp. No man shall court a maid in person, or by let ter, witliout first obtaining consent of her parents £5 penalty for the first oftence ; £10 for the sec ond ; and for the third, imprisonment during th pleasure of the Court. Married persons must live together or be impriE oned. Every male shall have his haircut round accord ing to a cap. Of such sort %vere the laws made by the peopl of New Haven, previous to their incorporation wit Saybrook and Hartford colonies by the charter.— They consist of a vast multitude, and were ver properly termed Blue Laws, i. e. bloody laws ; fo they were all sanctified with excommunication, cor fiscation, fines, banishment, whippings, cutting o the ears, burning the tongue, and death. Useless Ornaments The New Orleans Pica yune has the following sensible touch at the cock ney taste, or rather want of taste, which induce some people to load themselves with gimcrack or naments. It says — " We have about as high an opinion of the intel lect of an Indian squaw who coils beads around he neck, or the good sense of an African who suspend brass rings from his nasal organ, as we have of th brainless fop who voluntarily enters the chain ganj and encumbers his person with baubles. Does chain of gold, or one of diamonds, give brillianc; to the eye ? Does a broach of stained glass, th size of a carriage window, even though it be cor nelian, add a tint to a blush of the cheek ? Th' custom of wearing a superfluity of such gewgav trinkets is abominable, and displays anything bu good taste — particularly republican taste. He wh' is a slave of G-by-4 inch breast pins, watch chain like the tiller rope of a Mississippi steamboat, or fin ger rings that would enchain a culprit, is, in ou opinion, deficient of the necessary weight of braim — a man with a partially finished attic story." The best capital. — We hear much said in thes( days about capital — money capital — but the best o all capital for the young to start with in the work is a good moral character. This is but little talked of THE KEVV ENGLAKD PARMEK Is pubiishcd every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annun payable at the end of t!ie year — but those who pay willni siitydays fromlhetimeof subscribing are entitled to a cie duclioiiof 58 cents. DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTIBS, n senooL STR.'iET.....Boeiu-s 4Sj^ AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. "published by JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultuhal Warehouse.) •oii. xvni.i BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 25, 1839. [NO. as. AGRICU LTURAL. For the New England Farmer. THE BILLAUDEAU CABBAGE. Mr Colman— The Hon. Thomas L. Winthrop, ecently placed in my hands an extract of a letter ,'hich he had received from France, and a Report lade to the Royal Horticultural Society of Paris, a relation to an e.\traordinary Cabbage, with a re- uest that I would translate the iatter for the New ^no-land Farmer, which has been done and is en- losed. Accompanying the letter were fine seeds, — one leino- the product of this remarkable new variety if cabbage, and the others of the celebrated spe- :ic3, called the Cavalier, which I was desired to iresent to some person for cultivation ; that a care- iil experiment might be made, to ascertain whether iitlier of the kinds could be reared in our climate, ind would become a valuable acquisition to the ;ountry. They have been delivered to a gardener, vhofrom his well known intelligence, practical ikill and sincere devotion to all branches of rural ;conomy, there cannot be a doubt but that every jossible attention will be given to their culture, and Jie result reported to the Massachusetts Horcicul- ,ural Society. The active part which Governor Winthrop Ins taken, for nearly half a century, in all the measures ^'J.~'ii have been adopted, for the advanceineui. of igricultural intelligence, and the exalted stations he has filled, with so much credit to himself and advantage to the State, have rendered his name fa- miliar and dear to his fello-.v citizens. He was one of those enlightened and patriotic gentlemen who organized the first agricultural society in Massa- chusetts, for the especial purpose of promoting that highly important interest, and has ever since been zealous and unremitting in his laudable efforts to render that institution efiectual, for all the great and useful objects of its establishment ; — and we still find him the ardent friend of a cause, which he has done so much to advance ; and that the intro- duction of even a few seeds, which may possibly become beneficial to his countrymen, is not deemed unworthy of this venerated Nestor of New England husbandry. M;iy his illustrious example have its just influence upon the present and rising genera- tions, for the CULTIVATION- OF THE EARTH IS the grand basis of all the other branches of industry; and no nation can be considered' truly indepen- dent, that does not produce all the articlf now seen a most curious plant, (shown to and ad- mired by all the savants of Paris) — a mammoth Cabbage, 10 feet high and 52 feet circumference (French measure.) The Horticultural Society of Paris appointed a commission to examine this pro- duction and to verify its dimensions : they have made a report on all points, satisfactory to the pro- prietors of the plant. In that report they mention also, the "Choux cavallie-," otherwise called " Choux a Vache" — and also " Choux en arbre," as being the largest known in Franco previous to the coming of this. This Clumr cavallier I also saw by the side of the other. I suppose even this wuuld be considered " mammoth" in the United States, for it is 5 1-2 feet high. As they will not add per- ceptibly to the bulk of this letter, I enclose one seed of the mammoth cabbage, and four of the Cav- alier: it may be worth while to make an experi- ment with them ; though it may be that the mam- moth is a mere lu»its nnturrB : the proprietor him- self does not feel confident that its seed will pro- duce any thing like the present plant : — as to the Cavalier there is no doubt." REPORT ON THE CABBAGE OF M. BIL- LAUDEAU, Made to the Royal Horticultural Society of Paris, at a meeting held on the Uth of Aus^ust, 1839. By a Committee composed of Messrs. VUmorin,Jaques and Poiteaii. Gentlemen — Within a few days, there has boen presented in Paris, to public curiosity, and those in- terested in the cultivation of the earth, a Cabbage, of an extraordinary character, both from its height and the number of its branches. This producticm must not be confounded with that marvellous fable which has excited public credulity during the last three years, 'i'hen the plant was not exhibited, and only the seeds Avere sold, which were to pro- duce colos3.il cabbages. Those who may be appre- hensive of becoming the dupes of alike kind of charlatanery, have nothing to fear in this case, for your commissioners have seen, touched and meas- ured M. Billaudeau's cabbage, as have a great num- ber of distinguished persons, and among them the Minister of Commerce and Agriculture. Besides, the commendable house which has possession of the Billaudeau C.ibbage, would not, for any considera- tion, expose its reputation and its credit, by de- scending to a fraudulentspeculation, like that which has disgraced the inventors of the Colossal Cab- bai-e. This house is more desirous of the honor DENT, that does not produce all the ^"^^icles of I ^»^^-^.^^__^ introduced to our cultivators a useful FOOD, which are indispensable, for the ^"'■''0''^ =^^.^^^^^^jj ,^^^1,, jh,,„ ,„y ^.^f, OF THE WHOLE POPULATION. With great respect, your Most oVt serv't, H. A. S. DEARBORN. _ Hawthorn Cottai^e, Roxbury, Dec. 12, 1S3'J. Extract of a Utter from a gentleman in Paris to the Hon. Thomas L. Winthelop. "If I recollect rightly, you have a taste for Hor- ticulture. I may mention then, that I have just ...... and extraordinary vegetable, than any ,)Wfit which might be derived from the sale of its seeds. The Messrs. Billaudeau have declared upon their honor, that they have never offered to sell this Cabbage or its seeds, to any person, and that what- ever has been publicly said to the contrary, is ut- terly false. These gentlemen have been desirous of ascertaining what is the opinion of the Royal Horticultural Society, in relation to their Cabbage, that they may, in all respects, act in conformity to the views of that institution, "i'ou thus perceive, gentlemen, that the Messrs Billaudeau have acted with impartiality and in good faith. In conformity to the directions of the Society, we went on the eighth of this month to the house of M. Billaudeau, being No. 10, in the street des Prouvoires, to see and examine the Cabbage in question and to make a report to the society thereon. We first discovered, that this Cabbage appeared to be in the third year of its growth, and that it was covered with ripe seeds. But by information since received, from the country, we learned that it was planted in August, 1837, and transplanted in October of the same year. We also learned that it was found among other cabbages in the dis- trict of Melle, and department of Deux-Sevres, where a vast number of cabbages are cultivated as food for cattle. The proprietor of the estate, hav- ing noticed the plant, he drew the attention of M. Billaudeau, the father, to it, who bestowed special attention to its culture, and was astonished at its enormous growth. When in flower, it rose like a Colossus above the neighboring plants. It occurred to M. Billaudeau, that this plant might be repro- duced from the seed, and thus become a precious acquisition in rural economy, and that from its gi- gantic size, it merited the examination of those per- sons who felt a deep interest in the culture and physiology of plants; consequently, when the seeds were ripe, he took up the plant, and placing it care- fully in a wagon, had it transported to Paris, and placed in the°house of his sons, the Messrs. Billau- deau, who were his successors, as dealers in seedd. It was, therefore, in its state of fructification, that we have seen this marvellous vegetable, and to which the various public journals have already given the name of the Billaudeau Cabbage. A Cavalier Cabbage, which is the largest hith- erto known among our cultivators, placed for com- pirison near this, appeared a dwarf. Since our first visit, M. Billaudeau, the father, has sent to his sons additional information, of which it is proper we should avail ourselves. In the first place, we were shown a small box of earth, which was taken from the spot where the cabbage grew. On examination it appeared to be very ordinary soil, being more sandy than argillaceous, a little gravelly, and of a greyish color. It is not more than a foot in depth, and the sub-soil is a sterile calcareous sand. Water is found at the depth of two feet and a half from the surface, and it is prob- ably owing to its vicinity, that the superior stratum of earth owes its fertility ; still, no other cabbage in the vicinity rose to a greater height than three feet ; and fruit trees in this same soil, flourished but in- differently. Witnesses, worthy of credit, assured us, that the leaves of this cabbage were from five to 'six feet in length, which were glossy, wrink- led, and resembled much those of the Cauliflower. The dimensions of Mr. Billaudeau's cabbage are as follows : The height is ten feet—it commences to ramify at eight inches above the neck. The ronts are neither as large or extensive, as the ini- mense volume of the plant seems to have required, which is the product of a seed and not of a sprout, as has been presumed by some persons. There are 214 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, DEC. 33, 1839. thirty branches, the lowest of which are from eight to nine feet long, very divergent, curved, and lie upon the ground half of their length. At the epoch of its flloresence, the principal stems of each of the twenty branches, are subdivided at their sum- mits, into twenty flowering branches, which form in the whole about six hundred clusters of seeds. The form of the silique presents no appreciable dif- ference, from that of the Cavalier Cabbage, but the seed^ofthe Billaudeau Cabbage, appeared to us less round and more unequal in size. Now, it is a question to be solved, whether the cabbage of M. Billaudeau is a new species or a va- riety of a species already known. It is probable that it was derived from the Branched Cabbage of Poitou, as was the Parennial Cabbage of Dauhen- ton. It resembles the latter more than the former, as its inferior branches commence near the ground ; but it differs from both, by being as high again as the Cavalier Cabbage, while the Branched Cabbage and the Parennial Cabbage are smaller than the Cavalier Cabbage. It is not probable that the Billaudeau Cabbage owes its prodigious dimensions to the nature of the soil, as it was found in the middle of a field of cab- bages, all the individuals of which, except that, pre- served their natural size ; but it may be admitted that the seed, which produced^it, was disposed to develop itself to an excess, while others are dispos- ed to produce variegated plants, plants with curled leaves, double flowers, &c., without our being able to ascertain either why or how it has been done. It may be asked if the seeds of the Billaudeau Cabbage will reproduce cabbages resembling the parent — for it is the chief point of inquiry. For an answer, we invoke experience and analogy and say, that even in our time, there have been formed several races, or varieties in certain families of veg- etables, and especially in the cabbages : thus the Bruxelles Cabbage, has not always existed; there has not ever been several varieties of the Cauliflow- er. The Branched Balsom — the Dwarf Balsom — the Pyramidal Queen-Marguerite, and the Dwarf Queen-Marguerite have been created by modern culture, and form races, which are perpetuated by seeds, which are annually carefully managed in the same manner, that the races of domestic ani- mals are preserved pure, by preventing crosses and affording tJiem proper nourishment. The seeds of the double Dahlia produce inore double Dahlias than those of the single Dahlia ; the purple Capu- cine, which was produced under our observation, from the yellow Capucine, reproduced itself from its seed, and has been thus perpetuated, by our cul- tivators, by keeping them from admixture. The curled Parsley, which was not known in the time of La Quintinge, and the curled garden Cress, whose origin is more recent, reproduce themselves from the seed, almost as freely as tlu" natural spe- cies : the China Bean, a dwarfkiud, from the seed of the yellow, has produced, to our knowledge, a branched variety, with white beans, which has been perpetuated by the seeds. We could cite several other plants, of a more or less recent origin, which are perpetuated by the seeds, among our cul- tivators, by means of a careful annual attention to them to prevent crosses ; but enough has been ad- duced, in support of our conviction, that varieties may be identically reproduced from the seed and new races formed. Now the cabbage of M. Bil- laudeau being a new variety, with extraordinary di- mensions, in height and diameter may, according to the course of things, reproduce itself from the seeds, and be perpetuated by careful cultivation, and finally constitute a permanent race. From the consideration that M. Billaudeau, by exposing his Cabbage to the curiosity of cultivators, and of all persons who are interested in the pro- gress of agriculture, had the intention of enriching our cultivators of the earth with a new plant, whose product in leaves, for the nourishment of cattle, is greater than that of any other cabbage ; and as this cultivator has shown his discernment, in the hope that this cabbage, (and it is not without example,) would reproduce itself from the seed, and become a precious plant in rural economy, your committee has the honor to propose, that M. Billaudeau be re- quested to continue his ex|)eriments, and make known the result to the Society, and that this re- port be inserted in your .Jnnaks. The Society approves the present report, and adopts its conclusions. Signed, HERICORT De THURY, President. SouLANGE BoDiN, Sec'vi/ General. PoiTEAU, Rapporteur. TREE CORN. We never had much faith in the celebrated " China Tree Corn," that it would be of any great acquisition to the farmers of New England, and fearing it might be a 'humbug,' did not publish Grant Thorburn's first account of it, until wo were requested to do it, after it had appeared in most of the papers of the country. It was our intention to have no part in selling it, until we had continual calls for the article, and found, as the people would have it, it would be necessary for us to keep it. We therefore publish- ed Mr Thorburn's account, in the N. E. Farmer, vol. xvii. page 155, and procured some of the corn. As we did not have confidence in it, we added to the article published the following — " Rtmarhs. — Wa have some of this corn for sale at the N. E. Farmer office, but as wo know no more about it than what is contained in the above statement, ev- ery purchaser must take it on his own responsi- bility.— J. B." — As we supposed the . quantity for sale would be very small, our first order was mod- erate : it was repeated for larger quantities. Erro- neous accounts we think have been given to the public of the quantity sold in this city and other places. We have seen much of this corn growing in va- rious parts of the country, and have had accounts from many individuals since their corn was harvest- ed, and find that ninety in a hundred give sentence against it. There are, however, some who give their testimony in favor of it — not so much on ac- count of its being an early corn, (for such is not the fact,) but as being valuable for fodder. Dr Row- land Green, of Mansfield, lias cultivated it with some care and attention, and at our request, has given us an account of it, which we give below. — We have also received a letter from Mr Thorburn, together with an article from the Journal of Com- merce, which we also publish. We do not give place to these communications because we believe the corn will be profitable for New England, but that Mr Thorburn may have a chance to appear he- fore the public with siatements to balance some of the unfavorable accounts which have appeared against him and his corn. We do not understand how it is that the corn multiplied to such an extent after his first accouj of it — and should like to have him show how was that so much of it appeared in market. The box of corn referred to in Thorburn's lette has been received, and may be examined by ar who may take the trouble to call at our place i business. J. B, Mr Breck — Dear Sir — Agreeable to your n quest, I send you a particular account of my sue cess in the culture of the Chinese Corn. A frier in Newton gave me a small ear (said to be earl and productive,) which on the first of May last, planted on ten rods of good land, well manure The rows were four and a half feet apart and th hills about three feet asunder, and one, two, ( three corns placed in each hill. It appeared not I vegetate so soon as my other corn, and when it wa up y put round each hill, say half a pint of di ashes. In about three weeks it appeared so slei der and bad, that to avoid a total failure of a crc of some kind, I planted field beans in every hill.- As the warmth of the season increased, the cor grew, and finally to the height of 8 or 9 feet, pre ducing many offsets 'or suckers, which grew to th height of C or 7 feet. Before the 10th of Angus ears began to appear on the suckers, butapprehent ing that they could not ripen, I cut them all ol affording much fodder. It was late in ripeninj and was harvested in the beginning of Octobe There were two or three ears on each stalk, hi only one or two ripened. The produce was si bushels of ears, and as near as I could judge, at th rate of from 45 to 50 bushels to the acre. Th produce of one stalk was two large full ears, (on 8 1-'^ and the other 9 l-2inche3 in length,) produ( ing 1175 well ripened corns. The corn suffered very much from the stron wind on the 31st of July. Aa to the beans, the suffered much from the shade of the corn, but pn duced a good crop. This corn requires a long and warm season an rich land, to be productive. From its numeroi ofl^sets and foliage, it appears to be a good kind t plant in drills, for soiling cattle, a method highl approved by those who have tried the experimen This corn has been improperly called the " Tre Corn," which I have, and is a great natural euriot ity, but not productive. Respecttully, your friend, R. GREEN. Astoria, L. /., Dec. 6th, 1839. Messrs Breck & Co. — Gentlemen: — I observ ed in your Farmer of the 27th Nov., a favorabl notice of the Chinese 'I'ree Corn. I send you pe steamboat to-day a small box containing 34 ears o said corn, of my own raising. You will observe a marked difference in the ap poarance of the ears : this is one of its peculiari ties. My seed was all from ears having the sam appearance as one you will find in the box havin: the husks on it I often found in the same hil ears having all these different appearances. I also send by this day's mail, the Journal o Commerce : in it you will find a second letter tror the same Mr Roberts. His experience in thi corn exactly corresponds with my own. I wisi you could give this letter a place in the Farmer This corn will yet be an important article amoni farmers, and it is a pity it should be strangled ii its birth: — besides I have suffered a great deal o VOI-. xviii. NO. as. ND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 215 inmcritea abuse, and I think it but fair tliat botii j sides of the question sliould be heard. Your joar- [ lal Buel's Cultivator and the Yanl =^„Mno. ,], four dollars each for the sheared sheep. His finest wool that year was sold at fifty cents the pound. BENEFIT OP LIMING AND GREEN MANU- RING WITH PEAvS. To the Editor of the Farmers' Register. Beaufort Co., M C, Oct. 11, 1839. I learn by your communication to me some time since, that it is your wish that 1 should let you .to 50 bushels to the acre, after«;^ards sowing do in peas as above stated; and I can say this yi that I never was more gratified ; for I never sav more flourishing crop of wlieat-on the ground all life, (and my neiglibors certified to what 1 m say,) for I raised 25 bushels to the one sowed ; a T had the same piece of ground in wheat thi years ago, and I am certain I did not raise ten one. A Fbiknu to Agriculture. TOL.. xvm. NO. as AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 2IT For the New Eaglanrf Katmer. INDIAN CORN. Being somewhat of an old man, and having been BDgaged in farming nearly all my life, I purpose, lal liave time, and fee! inclined, to occasionally in the course of the present winter, (in such language IS my mother learned me, having not tnucli educa- liim, the early part of my life having pasecd in the time of the revolutionary war, when schools were few and far between, and what there were, none of the best,) offer you some remarks on that important subject. And first on Indian Corn. Some years ago, a writer in the New England Fanner stated, that the roots of corn had been found, several, if my recqllection is right, three or four feet below the surface. This assertion, according to my observations for fifty years, is incorrect. The roots' found *o deep in the soil must have been the roots of some other plant, for I believe that no ob- serving, practical farmer will admit, or believe, that the roots of corn ever penetrate below where the soil has been loosened by the plough. So far from the roots of corn penetrating deep into the soil, the reverse is the fact, and a careful examiner will find all the principal roots near the surface, hence the reason tliat corn is an exhaustlug crop. A writer in the Yankee Farmer of the 13th of April last, over the signature of " Philo," and da ted at Portland, has attacked a report of the Agri- cultural Committee of Massachusetts, for recom- mending the spreading of compost manure and har- rowing it in, and has said something about "year- ling farmers," and burying manure deep, and how old°error£ and habits adliere to people. Now [ sus- pect that Philo is not so much as a yearling farmer — certainly not a very observing one. Philo says that psr!:.ips-li8 luay get a better crop the first year, that is, by not ploughing the manure in ; "but this is not the true theory of farming, to get one crop and exhaust the land with that." I understand that Philo means •. : - ly, that it is an old practice to spread the n.;mire and not plough it in, but to harrow it in. The old practice was, to plough in manure, and it r.uat be ploughed in as soon as it | was spread, because it would dry and injure it — (I I mean green manure.) '1 his practice was found by experiment to be a wrong one, because covering manure so deep, wlien in a cold state, it did not come to that state to benefit the corn so soon as when loft on or nearer the surface. If I were to plough in my green manure, I should choose to have^'it spread and lay at least two fair days in the sun, bef.ro ploughing: it will thus get into a state to benefit the crop much sooner than when plough- ed in cold. Within a few years much has been said, and some published, in favor of ploughing in manure, which looks too much like theory. We, or rather I, hear ni'thing of experiment. Now one grain of experience fs worth a pound of theory. .My prac- tice ha.< been, generally, for forty years, to spread mv manure and harrow it in, and I get better crops- ot'corn, and my next succeeding crops, are better than whpn the manure was ploughed in, and my land has been improving in proportion to the quan- tity of manure applied, and is now worth double for grass that it was forty years ago. Many years ago, I knew a farmer who, when he was going to pfough grass land, for a crop of corn, first spread his manure on the grass and turned it under tlio furrow, and I never knew him to raise a large crop of corn. I have known some good farmers, who have tried spreading compost and harrowing it m and found it nmch superior to any otlirr way of ap- plying manure for a crop of corn. The last sQa- so'n I planted a field of green sward, a part of winch was ploughed in the fall— another part in the spring —it was^harrowed lengthwise of the furrows, ma- nure spread on, and tlien harrowed again. As ex- periment, and to test the new mode, the manure was spread on to about six rows before ploughing, and turned under the sod. The result was, on tiiat ploughed in the fall, the corn was the besf; that ploughed in the spring and tlie manure spread after ploughing, next best ; and where the manure was spread on the grass and ploughed in, about half equal to the others, and also later. You may probably hear from me again on this subject, before long. A FARMER. Dec. 16, 18.39. ,-,etely discharged. The same plan must bo pur- sued with the remaining quarters of the udder. It must not be supposed that this method will be dis- tressing to the animal ; on the contrary, her quiet- ness during the process, is a satisfactory indication that it occasions no pain, but rather an agreeable sensation. This plan, though efl'eclual in keeping up the cow to her full quantity of milk, will not, o-enerally speaking, take more additional time than a minute over the old mode of milking, and persever- ing in this plan, all tlie milk will be obtained, the ricliest, as well as the thinnest of course." It is by attention to minute thin^, that most of the profits of the farmer are realized, and we are confident tliat by attention to this point, non-essen- tial as it i.iay at first appear, the dairyman would find that an important addition would be made to the sum total of his annual profit.— Genesee Far- mcr. MILKING. That a material loss is sustained by the dairy- man, from the manner in which the process of milking is usually performed, can scarcely be ques- tioned°by one who has paid attention to the man- ner in which milk is produced, and the nature of that fluid. In milk, the most valuable part is the liohtest, as we see from the cream rising to the surface of the vessel ; and it is reasonable to sup- pose that the same relative position is maintained in the udder as in the pan or pail, that is, the cream or richest part is in the highest part of the lacteal vessels, and of course is the last to be ex- tracted in milking. When therefore, this operation is. carelessly or imperfectly performed, dr in other words, the cow is "milked clean," the best part is left in the udder, and lost to the dairy. It may be said, however, that what is left at one time, is ob- taifiea at the next milking, and is not , therefore, lost ; but it must be remembered, that the process of absorption is constantly going on, and that by leaving the richest part for this action of the ves- sels it° is irrecoverably lost ; and besides the more completely the vessels are emptied, the greater the action will be. All dairymen are aware of the fact, that to dry a cow, nothing more is necessary than to only drain her udder at each successive milking. Tlie secretion of the milk will cease, and the absorbents become active in proportion as the milk left incites them, until none will be left ; and this result, in a greater or, less degree, always ensues where the milk is not fully extracted. This also explains why a cow milked three times a day, will give more milk in the twentyfour hours, than when milked only twice. In a large dairy, " dripling" or stripling the cows after they have been milked in the usual manner, is practiced, and with evident profit, as the milk thus obtained is very nearly pure cream. A writer in the Farmer's Magazine thus describes the manner in which this last draining of the udder should be performed: "The milker should be instructed to milk as fas-L as his strength will allow ; and the idle or slow milker I would at once discard from this branch of the dairy. When he has obtained all the milk he can by the common method, he should be required to press moderately with his left hand the upper, and every pait of the udder, so as 'o force down- wards all the milk that may be remaining in the smaller or higher milk carrying tubes ; and as it is pressed into the receptacle and teat he should milk it out with his right hand, until the whole is com- WATERING CATTLE IN WINTER. Perhaps it would excite the surprise of many of our readers, should we assert that cattle generally sutfer more from thirst in winter than during the heat of summer. Yet there is strong reason to be- lieve that this is to a great extent the case. Cattle whose winter food consists entirely of hay, straw, and other dry materials, need a plentiful and fre- quent supply of pure fresh water. This many do not obtain, as nearly all running streams are ^cov- ered with ice, and cattle are obliged to wander a considerable distance from the yard to the water- ing place, through deep snows or over a slippery pa°th, exposed to the annoyance of dogs, or to be gored by other cattle, and rather than endure this, they often suffer much from a want ' of water. It lias been ascertained that a bullock who has water at command, will drink it eight tunes a day. It should always, therefore, be of easy access to cat- tle at all times ; and not on a distant part of the farm, or in the open road, so that in order that your cattle may help themselves to it, you arc obliged to leave your gate open, or barn-yard bars down, and thus your yard is thronged with vagrant colts and other ill-bred animals, who take pos-.-ession of what- ever fodder they can lay their mouths upon, and pay no regard to the rights of mevm and tvum. Dr Anderson says that ho knew a man who became very rich by being great in Ultle matters, that is, at- tending carefully to things which other men con- sider o"f too little consecpience to claim their notice ; and this man always made it a point to see that his cattle, particularly his milch cows, should have a constant supply of pure water.— F«r.'/ic)-s' Cubinet Soiling CViH/e.— Soiling is the feeding of cattle either in the barn or yard, through the summer, with new mown grass or roots. The following are some of its advantages over pasturing— 1. A spot of .Tvound which, when pastured upon will yield suf- ficient food for only two head, will maintain five head of cattle in one stable, if the vegetables be giv- en in proper order -2. The stall feeding yields at lea^lthree times the quantity of manure from the . same number oi cattle.-3. The cattle used to stall feeding will yield a much greater quantity of milk, and fatten faster than wiien tliey go to the held.— 4 Thpy are less subject to accident— do not sufier so much from heat, flies and insects-on the con- trary if every thing be properly managed, they will rem'ainina state of constant health and vigor.- Von Thaer. 218 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, DEC. as, 1S39. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, December 2S, 1839. SILK CONVENTION AT WASHINGTON, D. C. The cultivalors and producers of silk, and all personi interested in the production of »ilk in our country, wore invited by circulars from the National Silk Society, to attend a convention in VV-Tshington, the peat of gorern- ment, on the 11th day of December, this current year, with a view to consult on this great subject of national interest, to collect and combine whatever practical in- formation could be obtained in the case, and to devise means of diffusing and extending this information throughout the whole country. The convention met accordingly in respectable num. hers; and it was found on calling the roll that, besides the District of Columbia, fourteen Slates were represent- ed. The convention united with the American Silk So- ciety and proceeded with great spirit in the business of their meeting. The American Silk Society had proffered several pre- miums, amounting in the whole to five hundred and fif- ty dollars, to be awarded to the person who should pro- duce the largest amount of reeled silk — to the person who should produce the largest amoant upon one quar- ter of an acre — lo the person who should produce the best specimen of silk cloth — to the person who should produce the best pound of manufactured sewing silk, and some other objects ; for all which claimants appear- ed ; and when the awards are known, we shall announce them. The specimens of raw and manufactured silk, both cloths and sewings, were of the most beautiful descrip- tion ; not surpassed by any everimported into the coun- try. They demonetialed to the perfect conviction of every observer, tliat it may he done, and that there is nothing in our soil, climate, natural or political condi- tion, to prevent our producing the article in perfection, and to an amount sufficient not only to supply our own domestic wants, but to make it a prominent and profita- ble article of export. On the evening of tho twelfth, many valuable details drawn from actual experiment, were given ; and a high- ly intelligent and respectable gentleman from New Jer- sey, the Rev. D. V. JVIcLean, went into a full account of an experiment ho himself had made the last year, with a view of ascertaining, with all the exactness that he could apply, what amount of silk could be produced upon an acre, and at what expense (if time and labor. The experiment was conducted with such minute accu- racy and fidelity as to leave no doubt oft similar result under similar circumstances in any other case. The re- sult was not so extraordinary or extravagant as many persons liave indulged themselves in believing that it would be ; hut it was sufficient to establish the great point, that no agricultural productioi! whatever, capable of being raised in any part of the country, would yield a more ample rcinuncrntion for the labor and capital re- quired. The cost of producing the silk, we learnt, in a reeled slate, would not exceed at the current prices of la- bor in Freehold, N. J., about seventy miles from New York and twenty miles from the line of the railroad to Philadelphia, two dollars and twentyfive cents per lb. ; and at the present prices of the raw article, six dollars per pound, it would leave a profit per aero of one hun- dred and eighty dollars ; or at four dollars and a half per pound, a profit of one iiundrcd and eight dollars. In this calculation of expense, however, as we understood, are to be included only the cost of labor employed; and no charge is made for trees, expense of cocoonery, or rent of land. These every one must estimate for him- self The amount in this case produced from one quarter of an acre was twelve pounds, making no allowance for many worms that were destroyed by falling from the shelves of the cocoonery, and for waste silk, which, it was thought, might have swelled the amount one pound, or have made it equal to fiftytwo pounds per acre. It was determined by Mr IMcLean, and very much to his honor, to make none but the most exact statements — statements on which the public might confidently rely — not warped by conjecture nor exaggerated through van- ity or selfishness. The trees used in this experiment were the Morns Multicaulis ; and they were planted in the form of roots, cuttings, and buds, in the month of April ; and the feeding of the worms and reeling of the silk occupied three hands about twelve weeks. We state these points as well as we can from recollection. The report of the experiment in full is given in the last number nf the Journal of the Amr^rican Silk Society, and will be transferred entire to our columns. We know, as well from the manner in which it is drawn up as from the important results which it discloses, that it will be perused with the highest interest, and by every friend to domestic industry, with an equal gratification. The experiments of Mr Aaron Clapp, of Hartford, Ct. who likewise exhibited a magnificent sample of raw and manufactured silk, lead to the same results as to the cost of production. So do those of Mr Timothy Smith, of Amherst, Mass., who was likewise present with as beautiful samples of raw and manufactured sewing silk, done up in the neatest manner. Mr Smith is well known among us aa an experienced hand ; and a snccessful competitor for premium^, having already had, wo be- lieve, several silk tassels and ribbons tied round his neck by the Hampshire Agricultural Society. We wish he may go on. while he is thus benefiting his fellow citi- zens and the country, with an equal and increased suc- cess, until he gels premiums enough to clothe him, if he chooses to wear it, in silken and flowing robes as bril- liant and mannificent as those worn by the sovereign of the Celestial Jbrnpire or the Grand Seignior of Persia. Mr Smith has slated again and again, that the bounty offered by the State of Massachusetts, amounting on silk manufactured into sewings to two dollars on every pound produced, is, according to his experience, more than sufficient to pay the cost of production. The Society held repeated sessions until the evening of the twelfth, when a great meeting was held in the Representatives' chamber at the Capitol, where the silk productions were exhibited, and presented a spectacle which quickened most powerfully the circulations in every ]jatriotic heait, and kindled brilliant and surpris- ing, but we believe not delusive visions of tho future, in the minds of all who feel a strong interest in the grow- ing prosperity of the country. The notice of the meeting was imperfect, owing to the lateness of the hour when it was ascertained the hall could be obtained ; but the attendance was full. The attendance of ladies added much to the interest of the occasion; and the rustling of their dresses and the gay brilliancy of their ribbons, showed by what right they took an interest in the productions of these humble op- eratives, whose cast-off garments constituted some of the brightest adornments of regal pride and glory. The interest felt in the occasion was strong, and we are sat- isfied gathered a stronger impulse than it ever had before in the encouragement and progress of this great patriotic, and, when all its extended influences upon the humbler classes of the community to whom it will giv^^ almost without any capital but health and hands, the means < comfortable support, are considered, we may say n( only political, but moral enterprise. After resolutions prepared by the Executive Coramii tee were introduced, affirming the practicableness an the profit of the silk culture, and the importance of th production as asource of national wealth, it was assigt ed to the Rev. Mr McLean, above named, to open th discussion. He occupied the undivided attention of th meeting in a speech of about one hour and a half, of.rt inarkable ability and power. Of this speech we sha furnish a sketch in a future number; and indulge th hope that we may presently have it in extenso from th author himself, in the pages of the Silk Journal, the S( cirty having requested a copy. He was followed b other gentlemen, who took different views of this tut ject, and showed its varieus bearings upon morals, an domestic comfort and competence. The meeting was then adjourned to Friday morninj when it is understood the premiums will be awardei and the proposals for future competition announced. The House of Representatives had not yet been on ganized. It had been in the course of the day a scene ( excessive turbulence and violent and angry coilisiom It was with the deepest and most painful anxiety forth honor of the country and the permanence of its free ir stiiuiions, that we witnessed these excitements, approacl ing at times a point of explosion which threatened cor sequences whose limit no sagacity could foresee, an which foreboded nothing but unmingled evil. Ma Heaven save the country from these horrible results! parly strife. — It was, therefore, doubly refreshing to r< tiro from scenes of turbulence so «nworthy and alarminj to an assembly in the same hall, moving on in undii turbed harmony and good will, and with a common an single purpose, to advancement of objects of domesti conr^petence and comfort and of national wealth an prosperity. H. C. Dec. 13, 1839. DILLINGHAM POTATOES. We have been favored by John Benson, Esq. with ample of these potatoes, and can recommend them a most excellent. They are highly farinaceous and o agreeable flavor. He has them for sale at his store head of Market wharf, and those who are particular ii their preferences in regard to a vegetable ofsuch univer sal use and indispensable necessity, will not be disap pointed in buying these. It ii hardly practicable to raise potatoes of the bes quality in oar old and highly manured soils, and subjec as we are to severe droughts. Potatoes in order to be firs rate in quality, require a virgin soil, a deep rich mould and a moist cool climate. These Dillingham potatoei come, we believe, from Nova Scotia, or a remote part o Maine, where both the soil and the clinate are favora- ble. A limestone soil is likewise particularly congenial tc the growth and quality of potatoes; and instances of the result are so numerous within our knowledge, we arc satisfied that tlieie are few cases in which the quality ot potatoes would fail to hu greatly benefited by the appli- catioB of half a gill of gypsum placed on the seed in the hill at the time of planting. Messrs Breck & Co. have likewise imported for sals, both this season and the last, potatoes from Eastport, Me. called the White Blue Noses, which in point of quality, in our opinion cannot be exceeded. H. C. Ij'A notice of Mr Child's "Treatise on the Culture of the Beet and Manufacture of Beet Sugar," now in the press, will be given in our next. TOt. XVIII, NO. 85. BRIGHTON MARKET.— MoNDAT, Dec. 23, 1839. Reported for the N«w Eneland Farmer. Pbicis -Bee/ Cattle.— We quote First quality, $6 50. econd qunlity, $6 00 a $6 25. Third quality, $4 50 $5 75. BarreUing Cattle.— Mess $5 50 ; No. 1 $5 00. Coics and Calves.— We notice the following sales 125, $33, $42, and $48. SAe«p.— We did not learn the prices. Swme.—A small lot were sold to peddle at 4 1-4 ; the emninder to close at 3 1-2. At retail from 4 to 6. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 219 vecsetable: ci;ttek. THERMOMETRICAL. Reported for the New England Farmer. Range of the Therjnometer at the Gardeiiof the proprietors f the New England Fanner, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded lortherly exposure, week ending December 22. l^^cTTTm TtA.M. 1 12, M. I 5,P.1H. I Win.!. Honday, ruesday, Wednesday, Thursday, i"riday, Jaturday, "■unday, 30 31 30 24 28 22 10 16 14 4 18 10 6 15 13 12 24 22 16 27 32 WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. SPLENDID BULBOUS FLOWER ROOTS. Just received by .TOSEPH BRECK & CO., from Holland, 1 Tery large and well selected assortment of Dutch Bulbous ioots, among which are the following :— HYAciNTHS-Double white, double white with red and larple eyes, double rosy, double red, dark blue, light blue ind yellow, single white, while with ted and purple eye, ■osy, pink, red, hght and dark blue, yellow and Yanegated •omprisin" 150 varieties of choice named sorts. ' TULIP'S— Fine late named sorts, fine double do., mixed sin- gle, mixed double, s-ngle and double Van ThroU Ibr forcing, Parrots, &c. itc. Cbown- iMTEniALs— Double red and yellow, single red and yellow, striped leaf es, &c. Polyanthus Narcissus— White, yellow, white with yel- low and citron cups, and citron wiih yellow cups. Narcissus— Orange Phcenix, Sulphur Phoenix, Incompa- rable Van Sion, and Trains cantus, with double flowers; Trumpet major, Sulphur and Poeticus, with single. JosaciLLEB— Double and single. Ranusculus- Large double red and yellow Turkey, and other varieties. Anemones— Many fine mixed and named varieties. Iris— English, Persian, Spanish and Susiana. Crocus— White, blue, purple, yellow, cloth of gold, striped, &c. in 25 sorts. Gladiolus— Bizantium communis, with purple, red and white flowers; Cardinalis. Lilies — Double and single while, striped leaved, and spotted; Calcidouica, Buliferum, Martigon, Kampschatkian, Anrantica, &c. PiEONiF.s— I'ouble white Chinese, double red do., double red and double white, double purple fringed, fennel-leaved, ftc. Also— Snow Drops. Amaryllis, Tuberoses, Ornilholignms of all sorts, .\rum dracunculus, Geranium tuberosum. Allium flavum, HvatiniiiU!. mopjlrosus, plamnsus, botrioides and BelgicHS of sons ; Frilillarias, Cyclamens, &c. The above choice colleclion of bulbs have be.-n selected withmuch care, from one of the best houses in Holland, and are oflereil to purchasers with grcatconfidence, believing ihey will give univcr-al salisfaclion to all who will give them a fair trial Orders should be forwarded soon, to the subscri- ber No. 52 North Market Street, office of the New England Farmer A liberal discount will be made to dealers. oTtober 23. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutter. This machine is calculated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for fodder, and is one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers feel great confidence in recommending this machine to the public ; they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now offer a machine that cannot fail to give satisfaction upon a fair trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels per minute, in the best possible manner, and is not liable to get out of order, being made in the most substanlial manner. No farmer should be without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, SI and 52 North Market Street. December 18. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. GUEEIf'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK & CO at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos 51 and 52 North Mar- ket Street, baire for sale. Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanipal principle not belore applied to anv implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects 61 this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine- are: 1 So great a reduction of the quantum oi power requisitte to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient 10 work it very efficiently. . ., . . i „„i, 2 With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even wbeu worked by horse or steam ^T^The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpeniug less often than those of any other straw cutter. . , , 4 The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated maduues in general use to get out of order. BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground hones form the most powerful stimulant that can be applied no the earth as a manure , r r. j c „ He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground bone, and solicits the patronage ol the agricultural community. Pr'ce at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up m casks and de- livered al any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells , ■ t, Orderi left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, m Rox- burv at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store No 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt attention ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ Alum, American, . Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " ■' " . Beans, white, Foreign, '* " Domestic, . Beef, mess No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, . yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy. Candles, mould, . dipped, sperm. Cheese, new milk, Cider, . . • • • refined Bone Manure, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 . . No. 2, No. 3, . Alewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, . . . . • Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . I Barley, nominal . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new, Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, . . . ■ southern and western, . Hat, best English, per ton, • Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st qireility, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia cily tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lb Pork, extra clear, . . • 'lear. .... pound pound Sound ozen barrel bushel pound quintal 6 6* EOO 6 25 4 75 SU* 1 62 2 00 2 00 2 09 14 00 14 50 12 00 12 60 10 00 10 50 pound Ipound 11 25 9 25 6 00 6 00 22 00 6 37 18 00 28 00 16 00 10 00 ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store No. 5'i .North Market Street, at 8:", per barrel. Oetobe^ IC JOSEPH BREdK & CO. ■WANTED. From 6 to 10 tons of Euta Baga, Mandrel n'urt:el and Su^ar Bcils. Apply at C. N. HARTSHORN, corner of Washington Streel, and Pleasant Street. Boston, December 13, 1839. 21 A R.VRE CHANCE. For sale A partner wishing to v/ithdraw from an old established Agricultural Implement and ^^eed Warehouse, havin-- a good run of country custom, would be willing to dispose of his interest on liberal terms, as he is ahont en casino in other pursuits. To a person wishing to engage in a ?especlal.le and profitable business, havmg some readv capital, it is an opportunity rarely to be met with. A liberal credit will be given on most ol th« purchase money if proper- ly secured. Any communications addressed "Lafayette," New York city, will be treated strictly confidential. Ale Prime, Seeds: Herd's Grass, . Kcd Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax, .... Red Clover, northern. Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony H'lecces, . .American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4 ths do. bushel pound pr M. pound do. 1-2 do do. 1-4 and common, = _. f Pulled superfiue, S £ J No. 1, |=iNo.2, . . . S °- I No. 3, . . • 46 12 2 50 2 25 1 50 11 50 9 50 6 25 6 26 23 00 6 50 6 50 6 37 424 4 12 45 35 20 00 30 00 10 8 18 00 12 00 19 1 10 112 1 20 60 65 67 7U 95 2 87 3 00 18 00 17 00 14 00 12 00 2 60 3 00 SO 100 1 60 2 25 2 69 220 NEW ENGLAND FARMER DEC. ^5, 1839. MISCELLANEOUS MR MADISON'S HOMESTEAD. A letter in the Madisonian gives the following interesting account of a visit to Montpelier: — Montpelier is situutcd on the Avest side of the Green mountains, twentyseven miles NNE. of Charlottesville, in the county of Orange, which adjoins Albemarle on the north. Within ten miles of Montpelier you reach Barboursville, the resi- dence of the Hon. James Barbour, late Governor of Virginia. The Governor's farm comprises about 5000 acres of land, and produces 2000 bushels of wheat, 1000 bushels of corn, keeps 150 head of cattle, 300 sheep, 200 hogs, and 50 horses. There is a fine dwelling house, and numerous and com- modious out buildings, besides cabins for the Governor's 200 blacks, of the most comfortable construction. The Madison mansion is an oblong brick build- ing of two stories, besides the basement, with a portico on the east and west, each extending the height and length of the building, and a wing of one story, and a basement at each extremity, with a turret on each. The main body of the house was built by Mr Madison's father. The wings were added by Mr M. A beautiful lawn, contain- ing about eight acres, opens from the eastern por- tico, and is bordered by rows of lofty trees. We need but look into the interior of the dwell- ing to observe how exactly every thing accorded with the exalted taste and intellect as well as re- ligious character, for which Mr Madison was dis- tinguished. You observe a great variety of busts, paintings and prints, have been chosen to decorate his abode. Among the number, you will see some old Flemish paintings, representing our Saviour's death, burial and passion, and other scenes from Scripture history. Here are busts of all the Pres- idents down to Jackson e.xclusivc ; and among oth- ers, Paul Jones, Emperor Alexander, Lafayette, Barlow, Gallatin, Clay, &c. In his valuable libra- ry you will find a just mixture of law, politics, his- tory, belles lettres, poetry, science, philosophy and divinity ; and among other works upon the latter subject, you will observe, justly conspicuous, the productions of Jonathan Edwards, Witherspoon, Gill, Doddridge, itc. Prom such sources, no doubt, he derived valuable aids to those reflections which determined those e,xemplary moral habits characteristic of his useful life. Mr Madison's Reports of the Debates of the Convention that formed the Constitution, it is gen- erally known, were purchased by Congress of Mrs Madison, for $30,000, and the three large volumes they will compose, are expected soon to be publish- ed. The original writings of Mr Madison, now principally in unpublished manuscripts, are far more voluminous than the Debates, and many of them are his most valued productions. The surviving relatives of Mr Aladison, now liv- ing at iNlontpelier, wo may be permitted to say, are Mrs ftladison, who, although advanced in life, re- tains that dignity and affability of manner, and that equableness and serenity of temper, that gave such a charm to the house of her husbiind, whether jn public or in domestic life ; Mr Paine Todd, who was private Secretary of the Commissioners of Ghent, and Miss Paine, a neice of Mr M. These form the whole of this happy and delightful fami- ly, who are seldom left to enjoy exclusive retire- ment, even if it were desirable, and the social and hospitable character of Mrs Madison always at- tracting numbers of intelligent visiters, to whom her house is ever freely open. The remains of Mr Madison lie in the adjacent family cemetry, with those of his father and his mother by his right side, and room on his left for those who may follow him. Many relatives are interred within the same enclosure, which is cover- ed with box and ornamental trees, and the whole surrounded by a neat brick wall. The father of Mr Madison died when Mr M. first entered on his duties as Mr Jefferson's Secretary of State. The mother survived till within a few years of the death of her son. She was a remarkable woman, and resembled her son in mind and appearance. The plantation embraces about 1800 acres of unbroken, rich and arable land, of the chocolate color. It was the patrimonial estate of Mr ^ladi- son's father, who lived and died upon it. The soil has been cultivated for nearly a century with- out manuring, and still it produces abundantly. Its crops have often amounted to 24 hhds. of tobac- co, worth .$200 per hogshead ; 4000 bushels wheat ; 6000 bushels of corn, besides flax, hemp, and all kinds of vegetables, and a large quantity of the choice fruits. There are about 100 head of cattle, mostly of the North Devonshire breed, and' a few of the Durham. The former are thought to pro- duce the most superior working oxen, the latter the best cows. There are, perhnps, two dozen horses, 50 hogs, 100 sheep, and quantities of poul- try. Mr Madison was not only a great statesman and a good farmer, but a tasteful horticulturist. He took great pains to procure and cultivate the richest fruits of all sorts, and the fruitery bears delicious evidence of the success. The beautiful walk through the garden of four acres, has become a bower of fruit trees, the limbs en- dearingly interlocking overhead. Verily, Shen- stone might have envied it. Who, therefore, has better illustrated by his life the entire compability of the pursuits of statesman- ship and agriculture, and of the studies of politics and religion, than the Father of the American Con- stitution ? " Truth ; not the words of a Magistrate," was his excellent motto. Let '■ modern democrats" and "modern whigs" profit by his example. Mysteries of the Kitchen. — I know that I run no small risk of being accused of Spartan bar- barism when I assert that a knowledge of the art ndinaria should form part of every young lady'j education. Half a century hath hardly elapsed since the cook-shop was as regularly visited, even by the daushters of the higher class of gentry, as the music academy — and I am free to assert that the march of refinement in this instance hath been rath- er retrogradish and crab-Jike. No female can be injured, and many may be essentially benefited by the study. An officer's wife for instance, who liath accompanied her husband to the seat of war, may greatly add tO their mutual comfort in the ab- sence of domestics. In a mercantile community, how many a man by reverse of fortune is compelled as an emigrant to seek his fortune in some new and unpeopled country, and who will assert that his wife would be the worse of being able to dress the wild fowl or venison which her husband's rifle had supplied ? In the back woods of Canada, a sauce pan is worth a dozen pianos and whole legion of guitars. I do not say that you should teach a woman rope-dancing, because she may possibly elope with the manager of a circus. But I would have hei educated so as to meet all the probable exigenciei and vicisitudes of life. Charges of Marriage. — When people tilk of the expenses of a married establishment, they seem to forget the fact, that there is no house- keeper equal to a wife. She is a man's best and most faithful steward ; and unless she have expen- sive tastes, or habits of extravagance, will make a pound go father than five could do with a bache- lor: I lately saw a case in point. A gentleman who, from mistaken motives of prudence, declines to cliange his condition, made lately at my request an abstract of his household expenditure for a year, and it exceeded considerably the outlay for the same period of another friend who is married, and who in like manner furnished me with the data ] required. I may add, that both parties move in 8 manner becoming their condition. Men are pro. verbially bad managers — and even admitting thai their domestics are faithful, still the motive foi economy is wanting, and without a motive, nothing effectual can be accomplished in this or in anj other matter. Affectio.n. — " I speak as I feel," returned' Clifford ; " were the woman I love suffering through poverty, I would beg with her, if I could not relieve her ; through injustice I would defend her ; fron unkindnes I would protect her ; and if the work forsook her, I would be to her the world." •WEIiLES'S PKEMIUM FOR APPLES. At a meeliiigof the Massachusetls Horticultural Society held in Au;>ust last, it was Voted, That a first Premium of iliirty dollars he awarde( on the second Saturday of January, 1840, for the best spe cimen of Apples, produced on or before that time from seed ling trees, which shall have been brought into notice sinci the year 1829. That a second Premium of twenty dollars, and a thir( Premium of ten dollars, be awarded. at the same time for tht two next best similar specimens. That the quantity of each shall not be less than foa: dozen. Tile Covtmiltee on Pruits are particularly requested t( meet at the Rooms of the Society on Saturday, the 1 uh daj of January next, at 10 o'clock, A. M., for the purpose o awarding the Premiums above mentioned, also for awarding the Premiums on Fruits lor the year 1839. E. M. RICHARDS, Cliairman.' December 13. 4t IMPROVED FIGS FOR SAIjE. For sale three, improved Boars of the following breeds ; One half Berkshire and half Macky. One half Berkshire, quarter Macky and quarter Mocha. One half Berkshire and half a large English breed, name not known. The above boars are two years old ; they are disposed o) on account of keeping young sows of their get for breeders. They will be sold cheap if applied for soon. For terms, &c. apply to J. BRECK &, CO. November 13. DOMESTICATED WILD GEESE. A few pair for sale. Inquire at this office. November C. THE NEW E?}GIobIe of making knowingly any false statement. — Who the niher party is, we do not know, even by name. Tons, however, if the above is a full statement of the case, tha matter is as clear as the light of day. Contracts are to be interpreted according to the cir- cumstances and conditions under which they are made. It is understood in this case that, at the time of making the contract, no reference was made to the bounty which might be obtained from the State upon the crop. The law indeed was not in existence at that time. — There was nu agreement between the parties that the owner of the land should receive any part of the boun- ty if any bounty should be obtained; nor on the other hand that he should furnish any part of the eeed, or per- form any part of the labor of cultivation or harvesting; or bear any part of the expense or loss in case of a fail- ure of the crop. The simple condition was that the les- see should pay to the owner of the land three-fifths of the crop grown upon the land that season. It was un- derstood of course that the land was to be cultivated ; and it was naturally inferred that the interests of the lessee would induce him to cultivate the land with the most profitable crop and in the best manner. Indeed, as the land was leased upon the presumption and un- derstanding that it would be cultivated, had the lessee after hiring the land, neglected to cultivate it, we should have considered that the owner of the land had a just claim upon him to the full amount of what might be considered the fair rent of such land. But in a case, as in this, where the land was cultivated, and cultivated as it was expected by the parties it would be cultivated, both as to the kind of crop raised and the manner of growing if, the owner of the land has a claim only for that which was stipulated as the rent, and for nothinsj more; that is for three-filths of what was grown upon that land that season, and this payable in kind. How this should be paid, whether in the sheaf or threshed and cleaned, must depend altogether upon agreement at the time ; or uptm usage in such cases, if no agreement were made. So too in resrnrd to the straw, as the agree- ment was that the owner should have three-fifths of what leas raised on the land, three-fifths of the straw be- long to the owner, unless general usage establishes a contrary rule, or some express stipulation was made on the subject at the lime of contracting. We suppose, however, that in this case the operation on the part of the lessee was not considered as completed until the crop was actually prepared for use or market; in which case the contract would be fulfilled on the part of the lessee by tliK delivery ofiliree-fifthsofthe cleaned grain. If, again, in the progress of the operation it should appear that the lessee wilfully or negligently failed to culti\'ate the whole ground ; or used seed which lie knew to be imperfect *:■ bad ; or, through neglect, al- lowed his crops to be expo.sed to the depredctions of cat- tle or vermin ; or if a wheat or rye crop were grown, the lessee without the consent of the owner cut any portion of the standing crop wfjile in a green stats for fodder, or for bonnet straw, in all these respects the owner of the land would have a just claim upon the lessee for such damages as he might fairly prove he had sustained by such neglect or unexpected appropriation of the proceeds of the land. The question of the right of the owner to any portion of the bounty of the State awarded upon the crop, in- volves in our opinion, after the views above given, no difficulty whatever. If the agreement had been that the owner should be entitled to three-filths of "toAai coulu be made" in the course of the season from the land, ther( would have been a fair claim on the part of the ownei to three-fifths of the bounty of the State. But it wai not 30. The lessee agreed to pay to the owner of the land as rent three-fifths of wiAat he slwuld raise upon it This of course was in kind, unless an agreement was made to the contrary at the time of contracting, whict is not pretended. Seventy bushels of wheat it seems were produced on the three acres of land. The owner therefore, was entitled to forty two bushels of the vvheai raised and to nothing more, witli the exception of condi tions in respect to the straw above referred to. The law authorising a bounty upon wheat expresslj states that this bounty shall be paid to the " person whi raises or causes to be raised" wheat ton certain aniouni therein specified. Now with what propriety can it be said that the owner of the land in this case either raisec or caused to be raised a (Top of wheal when he did noth ing towards the cultivation of the crop ; nor as appears if all the facta in the case are given in the letter, so niucl as determined what kind of crop should be cultivatec on the leased land. For a man, therefore, under these circumstances to go before a mngistrale and make oatl with a view to obtaining thw bounty, that he either rais- ed or caused to be raised, is as clear a cage of false swear, ing as ever appears in our courts. The terras of the certificate given under oath are " I have raised,'' &c Tlve oath in this case may have been taken without s proper regard to the nature of the case ; but this does not alter its character. Again, the object of the law was to encourage the cul- tivation of wheat in the Stata ; to ascerlain the capaci ties of the soil for its production ; and by a careful obser vatiun of its growth and progress, to determine the bes mode of cultivating this valuable crop. For whon then was this bounty designed but for the actual cultiva lor of the crop.' under whose particular direction, skill intelligence and care, the cultivation was undertaker and carried on, and to no one else. Certainly not to the ownerof a tract of land, who merely leases it for a fixer rent without even stipulating what crop should be culti- vated upon it. The bounty proffered is altogether accidental and ex- traneous, and in the absence of all stipulation in respect to it at the time of making the contract, the owner has no claims upon it whatever, but it belongs tu the culti- vator. Suppose the owner of a ship should charter his vessel to an enterprising individual for a year, upon a stipula- tion that three-fifths of any cargo she should bring home should belong to the owner, to be paid as charter money. The government witii a view of encouraging enterprise and ascertaining whether a productive trade can be car- ried on with China, engage to give a bounty of fifty cents upon every pound of silk brought from Canton in- to the country. Ifthe person who charters the ship brings home fifty thousand pounds of silk, then he must pay the owner thirty thousand pounds of silk. But the owner of the ship has no claims upon the bounty of the government, which was a bounty not for owning or building or freighting ships, but upon the enterprise and labor of bringing silk from China into this country. With this certainty the owner of the ship had nothing to do, since he did not even so much as stipulate that silk shonld be brought instead of tea or China ware. But let us suppose that instead of grnnting a bounty upon silk the government, after the voyage had been undertaken, thought best to lay a duty upon silk of fifty to eighty per cent., or so heavy as to make the voyage a losing con- cern to the shipper or freighter, in such case would the owner of the vessel expect to pay the government VOL. xv'iii, NO. ao. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 227 luty on liisthroe-fifihs of ilie silk, which he was prom- ; «ed I'or the liire of his Bhi|). Certiiinly nut ; anj more han tliat ;i creditor would be willing to ri'Ceivc the pay- | nentof a debt in the depiec-iated currency of .1 broken bank. To us indeed the case is plain that the owner of tho laitd in this instance has no just claim whatever to any portion of the Slats bounty — Let judgment be entered for the defendant. H.C. THE RHODE ISLAiND MEDICINE i AS INFALLIBLE CURE FOR HARD TfWES AMU TROUBLED CONSCIENCES ! We are not in the habit of advertising cither quack or patent medicines in the Farmer; but there is no quack- ery in the subjoined nostrum ; and we hope the Rhode Island Society will not think of rendering it exclusive by taking out a patent. Under the ii7/-iou9 complaints which are prevalent among most classes at the close of the year, we bei; leave to recommend the Rhode Island Society s remedy as effectual. We recommend it to our custoiiiers in particular, ai a certain cure for 'those disa- greeable qualms of conscience, which we know some few of them must feel about tiiis time; and for whose sufferings wo feel an unaffected compassion. " We hereby acknowledge tho receipt of one hundred and fifty dollars from thu Rhode Island Society for the Encouragemenl of Domestic Industry, to pay in advance for the J^'-.w England Farmer, to be distributed among the members of the Society. JOSEI'H BRECK & CO." Ekratom. — In Gen. Dearborn's letter on the first page of our last number, first line of second paragraph, for " fine seeds" read five seeds. BRIGHTON MARKKT.— MoNDAT, Dec. 30, 182!). Rt-porleit forllie New Enghnd Farmer. At Market 630 Beef Cattle, SO Stores, 1200 Sheep, •and 420 Swine. Prices.— Gee/ C««/«. — Last week's prices f^ir a like quality were generally sustained. No choice Cattle were at market, consequently our quotations for first quality are reduced. Tirst quality, $ti 25. Second qual- ity, $6 00. Third quality, $4 50 a .^5 75. Barrelling Cattle.— Mesa $o 50 ; No. 1 $5 00. Stores. — Very few sales were effected. Coios and Calves.— Sales $30, $35, $42, and $16. Sheep.— Lois were sold at $1 50, $2 25, $2 75, $3 25, $3 75, and $4 50. Swine — No lots were sold. A considerable number were retailed from 4 1-2 to G. , Statement of Brighton Market for J 839. 23,263 Beef Cattle, sales estimated at, $1,116,624 15,252 Stores. . - - . 95,400 Sheep, # - - - 26,0b8 Sv 25,830 Beef Cattle, n 9,.573 Stores, | 104,640 Sheep, ( 26,164 Swine, J 31,644 Beef Cattle, i 16,216 Stores, ' 110,206 Sheep, 17,052 Swine, 38,504 Beef Cattle, ■ 11,858 Stores, 82,830 Sheep, 15,667 Swine, 51,096 Beef Cattle, , 15,872 Stores, I 98,160 Sheep, ( 23,142 Swire, J 427,056 214,650 143,534 THF.R.MO.M ETHICAL. IteiiiiileJ fnrlhe Ntnv Kngliind Farmer. Rangeof the Thermometer at tlie Gardeuof the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. iVortheriy exposure, week enriing December 29. shaded Dec, 1839. | 7 A.M. | 12, M. | 5,P.M. | Wind. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, 27 26 26 1 2i 33 36 1 2t 32 23 i 12 27 18 1 15 34 34 1 37 42 34 26 30 24 I \ EGETABliE CITTER. Willis's New Improved Vegetable Culler. This machine is calculated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for fodder, and is one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers feel great confidence in recommending this machine to the public ; they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now ofier a machine that cannot fail to give satisfaction upon a fair trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels per minute, in the best possible manner, and is not liable to get out of order, being made in the most substantial manner. No farmer should he without one of them. For sale at the Aaricultural Warehouse, 51 and 62 North Market Street. t)ecemherl3. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. GREEK'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul lural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos. 51 and 02 North Mar- ket Street, have lor sale. Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Slalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requisi^ to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sullicient to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els.a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less often than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. 18:38. $1,901,864 Ssles estimated at, $2,058,004 18:37. Sales estimate! 18:30. .V. Sales estimated at, $1,858,202 Sales estimated at, $1,878,932 ■W'AKTED. From 6 to 10 tons of liula Baga, Mangel IVurtzel and Sugar Beets. Apply at C. N. HARTSHORN, corner of Washington Street, and Pleasant Street. Boston, December 13, 1839. 2t BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful slimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricuhural community. Price at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- bury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No 52 North ?.Tarket Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt attention NAHUM WARD. WEtT-ES'S PKEMIUM FOR APPLES. At a meeting of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, held in August last, it was Voted, That a first Premium of thirty dollars he awarded on the second Saturday of January, 1840. for the best spe- cimen of Apples, produced on or before that time from seed- ling trees, wnich shall have been brought into notice since the°year 1329. That a second Premium of twenty dollars, and a third Premium of ten dollars, be awarded at the same time for the two next best similar specimens. That the quantity of each shall not he less than four dozen. The CommUtee on Fruits are particularly requested to meet at the Rooms of the Society on Saturday, the 11th day of January next, at 10 o'clock, A. M., for the purpo.se of awarding the Premiums above mentioned, also for av;ardin the Premiums on Fruits for the year 1839. E. M. RICHARDS, Chairman. December 13. 4t ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at t."! per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. DOMESTICATED WILD GEESS. A few pair for sale. Inquire at this office. November 6. Alum, American, . Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. Pot, " " " . Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . prime, .... Beeswax, while, yellow, Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, dipped, sperm. Cheese, new milk, ClDEB, ..... refined Bose Manure, . • ■ • in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) Fi8H, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1. . No. 2, No. 3, . •Ylewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1 , Flour, Genesee, ca«h, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye Meal, Indian, in hblsi.. Grain: Corn, northera yellow; southern'.flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, . . . Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, new. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl quality, •li quality, Labd, Boston, .... southern, .... Leathkb, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Bakimove city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, lia;ht, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molassks, New Orleans, . Sugar House,, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs, PoEK, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, ... Prime, Whole Hogs, . Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, ... Flax, .... Red Clover, northern. Southern Clover, none. Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony h'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4th5 do. , do. 1-2 do. do, 1-4 and common, £_. f Pulled superfine, No. 1, No. 2, . . . No. 3, . . . pound bushel barrel pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal barrel pound pound cask gallon pound bushel pr M pound 0 25 4 75 1 62 2 0U 14 00 12 00 10 00 23 64 S 50 SO* 2 00 20A 14 50 12 50 10 60 3( I 75 4f0 2 37 2 67 2 20 2 27 I 25 1 SO 11 25 11 50 9 50 10 00 6 00 6 25 6 00 6 25 22 00 23 09 6 37 6 50 6 50 6 37 4 on 4 25 4 00 4 12 1 6 00 , I 3 OJ 10 00 i 12 00 1 10 1 12 1 20 50 65 67 ?» 95 2 87 :ios 18 00 17 00 14 00 12 00 5 6 3 60 3 09 80 1 08 1 SO 2 26 2 58 2 25 2 50 1 37 1 62 2«8 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. 1, 1840. MISCELLANEOUS From the Chicago American. TH,E F A RM ERS CHOICE. "A little house well filled, A little wife well willed, A little land well tilled." Our ancettors were Ted on bread and broth, And woo'd their healthy wives in home-spun cloih, Our mothers, nurtur'd at the nodding reel, Gave all their daughters lessons on tlie wheel. Though spinning did not much reduce the waist. It made the food much sweeter to the taste. They plied with honest zeal the mop and broom, And drove the shuttle through ihe noisy loom. They never once complained as we do now, *' We have no girl to cook and milk the cow." Each mother taught her red-cheek'd son and daughter To bake, to brew, and draw a pail of water ; No damsel shunn'd the wash-tub, broom, or pail, To keep unsoil'd a long grown finger nail. They sought no gaudy dress, no wdsp-like form. But ate to live, and work'd to keep them warm. No idle youth, no tight-laced, mincing fair, Became a living corpse for want of air ; No fidgets, faintings, fi'.s or frightful blues ; No painful corns from wearing Chinese shoes. A HoosiEK. ARNOLD'S ESCAPE. A correspondent of the Farmer's Montlily Visit- or gives the following particulars respecting the escape of the infamous traitnr Arnold, which we do not recollect of having before seen ; — Mr Ebenezer Chase was a private in the New Hampshire militia, which relieved thp Pennsylva- nia line at West Point in 1780, when those troops, being veteran, were wanted elsewhere, ftir C. with several others, being off duty, was on the shore of the Hudson when Arnold deserted. When Gen. Washington assigned him the command of West Point, he left his own barge in his posses- sion. A temporary hut was erected on llie east shore for the accommodation of the four oarsmen ^who managed the bart^e. On the morning of his pdesertion, Gen. Arnold rode down to the shore, from his head quarters at Robinson's farm, very fast, as was his custom- — threw the reins to his attend- ant, and ordered llit barge to be manned. He then directed his coiirse towards the Point ; but on reaching the middle of the river, the boat was ob- .served to take a course down stream, and move very swiftly through the water. The explanation was afterwards made by the boatmen. He hoisted a flag of truce, and told them to pull for the Vulture sloop of war, which lay be- low, saying that he had some business with her captain, and promised if they would row him down to her as soon as possible, to give them a guinea and a gallon of rum each. On nearing the Vulture, and being within range of her guns, Arnold opened his plan, saying, "I have served the ungrateful scoundrels long enough," and declared if they would go with him they should have double pay, and be made sergeants in the British service. Oue of the men replied that "he did not understand fighting on both sides." " Then," said the Gener- al, " you are prisoners." When they came along side the sloop of war, ArilbJ' 'j'cended the deck, and was received by the mariiRs with presented arms. He then ordered his men t(i come on board as prisoners of war. One of them who had been their spokesman just before, said "it was a shabby trick, as they had toiled to their utmost strength to get the boat along, now to refuse the promised reward, and make tliem prison- ers to boot." The English captain heard their mur- murs, and stepping forward, observed — " Gen. Ar- nold, I command this ship, and while I walk the quarter deck, no such transaction shall take place. I know the meaning of my words, sir, and will meet their comment." Then addressing the men, he continue'd — "My good fellows, I respect your principles and fidelity to your country, although you are enemies to your King. You shall have lib- erty to go or stay as you please. — "Here," taking them from his piirse, " ari; your guineas : steward put up four gallons of rum for these men." The boatmen thanked the gallant and generous sailor, and returned in safety to head quarters to report their proceedings to Gen. Washington, who had just arrived in camp. Arnold, chagrined and en- raged, retired without uttering a word, to the cabin of the sloop of war. This statement was made by Mr Chase about a fortnight before his deatli, in 1831. Arnold, before his escape, had received informa- tion that "John Anderson." the naine with which he had filled Andre's pass, was taken. The infor- mation was sent him by the unfortunate person liimself. This determined his purpose for sudden flight. He was afterwards distinguished for the in- veteracy with which he carried on his predatory warfare against the property of his fellow country- men. After the war he went to England, where, although he received the countenance of the British government, his ^ood intentions in his unsuccessful plot against the liberty of his country were despised by the British officers. The unfeeling wretch cal- led upon the widowed mother and sister of his un- fortunate victim (Andre.) The servant announced to them the name of Gen. Arnold ; and they im- mediately returned a message that they did not desire to see him. V. Affection for a Mciher Round theidea of one's mother the mind of a man clings with a fond affection. It is the first deep thought stamped up- on our infant heart when yet soft and capable of receiving the most profound impressions, and all the after feelings of the world are more or less light in comparison. I do not know that even in our old age we do not look back to that feeling as the sweetest we have through life. Our passions and our wilfulness may lead ns far from the object of our filial love ; we learn to pain her heart, to op- pose her wishes, to violate her commands : we may become wild, headstrong, and angry 5.t her counsels or opposition ; but when death has stilled her monitory voice, and nothing but calm memory remains to recapitulate her virtues and good deeds, affViction, like a flower beaten to the ground by a past storm, raises up her head and smiles among her tears: — Round the idea, as we have said, the mind clings with fond affection : and even when the earlier period of our loss forces memory to be silent, fancy takes the place of remembrance, and twines the image of our dead parent, with a gar- land of graces, and beauties, and virtues, which we doubt not she possesses. A gentleman e.xpatiated on the justice and pro- priety of an hereditary nobility. " Is it not right," said he, " in order to hand down to posterity the virtues of those who have been eminent for their services to the country, that their posterity should enjoy the honors conferred on them ns a reward for such services ?" " By the same rule," said a lady, " if a man is hanged for his misdeeds, all his pos- terity sliould be hanged too !" HousF.HOLD SERVICE OF A DoG. — " I Say, Stran- ger," said a cottage urchin to a Yankee pedlar, — - " don't you whistle that ere dog away." " Why, he aint no use no how, he's so ugly." " Oh, but ho saves heaps of work.'' "How?" "Why, he always licks the plates and dishes so clean, that they never want washing ; and mammy says she wouldn't part with him no how, for our new dog aint got used to mustard yet." The retort courteous. — As a waiter was one day igniting a huge pile of pitch pine, in the capa- ciou.^ fire place of the village inn, a gentleman re- marked to him, — "Jerry, they say iha.t fools make the best fire !" Jerry, with the purest arch respect, turned round to him, and said, — " Will you take the tongs. Sir ?" America and Russia M. De Tocqueville, in his " Democracy in America," speaks of the destiny of the East and the West in the following manner : " There are, at the present time, two great na- tions in the world, which seem to tend towards the same end, although they started from different points. I allude to the Russians and Americans. Both of them have grown up unnoticed ; and while the at- tention of mankind was directed elsewhere, they have suddenly assumed a most prominent place among tlie nations ; and the world learned their existence at almost the same time. All other nations seem to have nearly reached their natural limits, and only to be charged with the maintenance of their power ; but these are still in the act of growth : all tlio others are stopped, or continue to advance with extreme difficulty; these are proceeding with ease and with celerity along a path to which the human eye can assign no ter- minus. The American struggles qgainst the natu- ral obstacles which oppose him, — the adversaries of the Russian are men ; — the former combats the wilderness and savage life — the latter, civilization with all its weapons and its arts ; the conquests of the one are, therefore, gained by the ploughshare ; those of tlie other by the sword. The anglo-Amer- ican relies upon peigonal interest to accomplish his ends, and, gives J^Hscopc to the unguided exer- tions and comg^^Pense of tiie citizens ; the Rus- sian centres ^^Ve authority of society in a single arm : — the t^^PP^' instrument of the former is freedom — of^ne latter, servitude. Their starting point is different, and their courses are not the same; yet each of them seems to be marked out by the will of Heaven to sway the destinies of half the globe." THE KEW ENGL,A.\D PARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S.3 per annum payable at the end of the year — hut those who pay within sixty days from the lime oi subscribing are entitled to a de- duction of 5« cents. TUTTLE, BENNETT AKD CHISHOLAI, PKINTERS, 17 seUOOL STRBET BOSTON i^i* ^ Sy 's* ia <^ ««r iaj lar^ AND .ORTICULTUriAL REGISTER. 9L. XVIII.3 PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NO.,fH MARKET STREET, (Agricultur.vi. Warehouse.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JA1NIUARY 8, 1840. [KO. 87. AGRICULTURAL. From the Journal of the English Agricultural Society. RESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF AG- RICULTURE IN ENGL.^ND. [Coiitiaued.] A deep soil, indeed, haa this double advantajre ■er a shallow one, even though both be equally ndy — that during dry weather, roots can descend ■eper in search of moisture, and that moisture ri- s from below, by capillary attraction, more freely wards them. But where veins of clay are found terlarding, as it were, the sand, the advantage 11 be far greater, because the sandy soil will be ought now into that moderately adhesive state lich will entitle it to be ranked as a loam. In- ed, where clay is not found on the very spot, it may often be brought, as has long been the prac- :e in Dorsetshire and in Norfolk, by horse-labor, )m a moderate distance. It is worth remark that, another part of this country, and on a different scriptionof light soil, strong as is the disinclina- in of British husbandry for the use of the spade, eat improvements have for a long time, over an tensive district, been effected by lifting clay from low and laying it upon the surface. It is the at district of Lincolnshire to which we 'v'lude. ire the soil consists of light vegetable niitner, If-decayed fibres of plants, clothed in its natural ite with rushes or heath. A handful of it pre- nts very much the appearance of rappee snuff. — ; a depth varying from one to many feet, lies a ry stiff blue clay of the consistence of soap. — hen the land is brought into cultivation, trench- are opei.ed down to this clay, and a heavy dress- g of it is laid on the face of the ground, which ree years afterwards is found to be imperfectly .xed in su'.all lumps witli»the peat. At the end, wever, of twelve years, after three such doses of ly have been given, a specimen which we have en from tijis same ground, instead of a brown ■w'dery substance like rotten bark, presents the 'pearaiice of a dark grey, rather stiff loam, not ssimilar to the garden mould which is usually met Ih round London, capable of bearing heavy crops cole oats and wheat in rotation, being, in fact, e soil of a most valuable description of farm, iiich has been manufactured from the It^vo sterile w materials, pure peat and mere clay. It might be supposed that the reverse of this pro- !ss would also succeed, and that, as sands and ;at9 are made firmer by the admixture of clay, ayey soils might be rendered more porous if sand ere carted upon them. It has been, indeed, so ipposed, and the attempt has been made, but no stance is known in which it has been found to cceed. The expense of laying on the large quan- ;y of sand that would be required, must probably ore than snallow up any profit that could be de- ved ; and although cold lands with retentive sub- ils have, in many disiricts, been much improved ! covered drains, more or less effectively n.ade, e hope of bringing them to a thoroucrbly free- working genial temper, had been, until lately, al- most abandoned. Mr Smith, however, a manufac- turer of Deanston, near Stirling, some years since applied his mind to this subject; and, as the prac- tical farmer wh) has this year won the first medal of the Society, slates i\Ir Smith's process to be the greatest improvement effected in agriculture since the introduction of turnip culture, (that is, for the last century,) it is impossible to pass it over, al- though, of course, its introduction is too new to be placed already altogether beyond the risk of dis- appointment. Mr Smith's mode of dealing with a clayey subsoil, which holds up in the soil the water that has fallen in rain, and thus exerts some unex- plained evil influence on plants fitted fur the food of man or of cattle, is as follows : That gentleman invented a heavy iron plough, resembling the com- mon plough, but differing in thi=i respect, that, hav- ing no mould-board, it splits the ground but docs not turn it over; and he uses it thus: — at the same time that an ordinary plough goes along and turns over the surface of the wet land, the share of the subsoil plough following, passes through and splits the whole of the subsoil to the depth of 18 or 20 inches, and the rain water sinks, of course, so much lower. Mr Smith, however, does not allow the rain to lodge here : he lias previously dug covered drains about three feet deep, made thus deep in or- der that his underground plough may have room to pass over the covered cliannel which is left i'or tiie water to flow along in the lower part of these drains after they have been filled in above ; and he states that in this way he can not only produce, artificial- ly, a porous subsoil instead of a close one, but that this clayey subsoil, having been so subdivided, be- comes mellowed by the action of air and of water, and that thus, after a few years, a portion of it may be safely brought up by deep or trench-ploughing, and turned over upon the surface, so that the culti- vated soil, by this third process, is to the same ex- tent deepened. To whatever extent the Deanston system may be found applicable to the clay lands of England, a revolution will be at the same time effected in their mode of culture by the introduc- tion of the turnip among them. With regard to that portion of England which lies on a stratum that may be called rocky, much of it will be found to have the immediate subsoil of clay, and to fall therefore properly under the last head ; and even where the subsoil is of stone, the stone may bo so interspersed with clay, that thorough draining may be equally requisite. Where thai) stone is a dry gravel, it may be worth the trial wliether the rools of some plants cannot be ena- bled to descend into it by means of the subsoil plough. Such an experi.nont appears, by a com- munication from one of our members, to have suc- ceeded at Heckfield. A considerable portion of the stony soils belongs to t'.ie great chalk lormation which, resting on the basis of Hampshire, flings its arms widely, in four directions, as far as the -sea, through Dorsetshire, Sussex, Kent and Yorkshire. On this extensive tract another, and singular, mode of permanently improving the texture of the soil, by blending with it a part of the subsoil, has been long and successfully, though very partially, prac- tised. Pits, like well.s, are sunk in tlie.fielil, by workmen usei to the business, and from the bot- tom of these the best sort of chalk is brought up with a windlass, to be aftorwards spread over the surface ; which thus, in the winter months, when the operation should take place, that the lumps of stone may be shaken to pieces by the frost, pre- sents at a distance the aspect of afield covered with snow. The benefit of this rather expensivtu operation has been long acknowledged, tluiugh it!i mode of action has not been explained. It is lesti surprising, indeed, where the upper soil of the' chalk formation consists of a thin layer of reddish clay, left behind by the plastic clay formation ; bu't even where that soil is a shallow sheet of earth , that appears to be mads up of fragments of th« i «tone upon which it rests, this ancient practice ol" laying on a fresh coat of that very stone is statee to be equally advantageous. Enough, however, hal now been said to prove how much remains to be ^ done for the permanent improvement of the Engf. ■ .lish soil. Indoed, while il may with truth be af- fi rmsd that our husbandry, on the Large scale, stands in the firs* rank, as far as the surface of the ground is co'ncer.innl, it must equally be admitted, as re- ga rds tife' subsoil, to be yet in its infancy. There is sc aitwsly a situation where, however wet or dry, or stortyi iiny be the. natural grcund, a kitchen gar- de. 1, «iiii»-i-be.:tff iiiould t'AO spades deep, >t .•.y not gra dually be fWrned by tho oonstai.t, long cujtin- ued c»re of the gardener. While the sand is stiff- ened, and the clay Vnellowed, and boi'Ii deepened, the very stone is probably, by length of cultivation, worn down into soil. Nor can British husbandry be ctmsidered complete in this department until all the farms of this country, like those of Flanders', are brought into the same condition of gardon-IiJte temper and depth. If v,-e suppose the soil of a farm to have been provided with a free and healthy S'jbsoil, the next subject to which the inquiry of agricultural science may be directed is, the manner in which that soil should be prepared for the reception of the intend- ed crops ; but it is unnecessary to do more than to touch upon one or two of the principal heads. The most simple and ancient of rural instruments, the plough though probably much more than 2000 years old, has recently received great improvement, and the best construction of it is even yet matter of controversy. There is no doubt th t, by giving a more suitable curve to that part of it (the mould- board) which turns over the earth which has been detached with the share, and by substituting iron for wood on its surface, the friction has been so crreatly diminished, that the new ploughs, being- in other respects also of a far better shape, eftVct a diminution in draught, which may be estimated within compass at the saving of half a horse's labor on a team of three horses ; and the Scotch or swing plough is now very generally used with two horses, the ploughman holding the reins. Nothing shows more the necessity of communication among the ag- ricultural body th.an that the old cumbrous ma- chines, with a huge carriage in front and two large 330 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. S, 18-10 wheels, drawn by four heavy horses, should still be retained even on the liijht soils of some of onr south- ern counties. Still it is yet a question whether the adl'ocates of the swing plougli have not gone too far wlien they have asserted that there is no land so stiff in wliich it may not be worked by a pair of horses; and it is indeed almost admitted that, on parts of tlie London clay formation, they have been beaten by the strength of tlie ground. It is even doubted whether one wheel might not be advanta- geously restored to the plough; and those ingeni- ous media nicians, the .Messrs Ransome, of Ipswich, have constructed a plough which admits of being used without a wheel, witli one wheel, or with two. These doubts should be cleared up with regard to different soils by observation ; and it may bo worth inquiry whether plouglis of different constructions, with different amount of horse power, may not be applicable to the same soil in various stages of cul- tivation, in firjt breaking the stubble, for instance, on heavy land, and in the cross-ploughings which follow. The other ancient implement, the harrow, is confessedly a most imperfect one, as its down- ward pressure is insufficient, and in the wrong di- rection, for cleansing from weeds the ground which it scarcely penetrates. Mr Finlayson's harrow, however, as it is called, though in fact a new and ingenious implement, is little used by practical far- mers in some of our .sauthern counties ; but this harrow, as well as tlie further improvement, inade- quately named a scarifier, is not only efficient for cleansing the land, but may sometimes be made also to supply the place of the plough. The use of another instrument, the drill machine, a more complicated one, by which the sefed is laid in regu- lar rows, has lately become frequent in southern as well as in northern England, though it has estab- lished itself so slowly, that fof .q. long time, travel- ling machines of this kind have made yearly jour- neys from Suffolk as far as O.xfordshire, for the use of those distant farmers by whom their services are required. Hut, before the seed is sown, manure must have been applied, either immediately or in some former stage of cultivation ;' and here questions large and numerous open them.selves to the inqui- ries, and demand the experiments of a body which aims at raising the art of husbandry to the rank of a. science possessing definite laws. Whether farm- yard dung should be applied, recently made or in a more advanced stage of fermentation ; whether it should be laid on tlie field in the aulumn, and cov- ered over for the winter by ploughing alternate fur- rows only — a process technically known as rafter- ing, from the ribbed appearance which it gives to the field ; or should be laid on in the spring, imme- ately before the turnip is sown ; whether its effica- cy be increased by nii.ving it in heaps with earth, technically known as compost heaps ; whether the manure of a farm should be applied entirely to the green crops ; or whether, as is a common course, recommended by the hope of immediate gain, it should be shared by the wheat; — these are all ques- tions in the minds of practical farmers, at least — as is shown by their opposite conduct upon these heads — which the science of agriculture, if it ever be- come a science, is bound therefore to answer. Tliere is also, as to the very formation of farm manure, an important differenci; of management between our- selves on the one hand, and the oldest practical farmers, our neighbors the Flemings, on the other. The Flemish cattle are not allowed to run at large on the pastures, but are tied up in buildings, where they receive a daily supply of green food newly cut, and a tank is formed near at hand, which receives the runnings of the stalls, and from which the liquid manure is carried in tumbrils to the arable ground. Not only are our farm-yards managed less closely in this important particular, but, as our cattle are in the field for a gre.at part of the twelvemonth, it may be questioned whether their dropp:ngs do not in a great degree lose their fertilizing pioperty by the aclion of the atmosphere as they lie scattered upon the surface. There is no doubt that, on the other hand, rank tufts of herbage are produced by the ex- cess of manure in spots of ground upon which it falls. The advocates of the soiling system, as it is called, have acted upon that system for centuries, and they assert that a very large saving is effected by the uniform consumption of the grass, which is another result of this mode of management. A system backed by such high and ancient authority, must surely deserve inquiry into its merits. This last question, however, is a double one, involving on the one side the comparative amount of fertili- zing substance produced for the use of the soil, and on the other the beneficial effect of the food on the condition of the animals themselves ; — but this se- cond branch belongs to a distinct head of inquiry — the feeding of cattle. (To be continued ) TRANSPLANTING TREES. I notice in your valuable journal, an article in whicli one of the editors opposes his experi- ence to the notion of a Boston brother, in regard to the proper time for transplanting trees. It may not be amiss to state for the benefit of those far- mers who despise book-learning, that in tliis case, theory and fact agree. It is well known that all the food which plants draw from the soil, is absorb- ed by tiie extremities of the root fibres, or rootlets ; and that the difficulty of transplanting, arises from the impossibility of preserving all those fibres, what- I ever care may be used in the operation. When a tree has been moved, it is deprived of a portion of its nourishment, till new fibres have been emitted from the roots in sufficient numbers to supply the place of the injured ernes: and if many have been broken, or the tree is not able to replace them quick- ly, it languishes and dies. The best time for trans- planting is evidently that at which plants are in the best state to emit new fibres, and best able to sub- sist with little nourishment from the earlh; and the worst that at which these conditions are reversed. In autumn, trees are employed in laying up a store of food for the coming year. As the leaves fall off, the sap thickens, deposites a saccharine sub- stance on the sides of its vessels, and finally entire- ly ceases to flow, and the tree becomes torpid and remains lifeless through the winter. This then is not the time to transplant. Young trees may in- deed be taken up at this season, and having been kept in doors, may be set out again in the S|iring, without danger. But it is quite a different matter to put a plant into the ground when all its powers are going to decay, and it is not able to form a sin- gle new fibre, or even to preserve those it already has. Except for the shelter from the cold which the dirt round its roots affords, it might as well be exposed to the winter on a bare rock. In spring, however, the case is quite different. Then tlie plant derives its nourishment in a great measure from the saccharine matter deposited the preceding year, and is employed in putting out new fibres to absoib sap from the earth, and new leaves to e or.ite it. If moved at this time, its means of li' are liardly affected at all ; only its situatioi changed. Evergreens, however, may be transp ted at any time except when perfecting their f as tliey have a constant flow of sap. If you will allow me, it may be well to men some other results which follow from the princi mentioned above. One of these relates to the p er time for cutting timber. The winter is not time ; for tlien the wood contains more soli matter than at any other season. It is the soli saccharine matter contained in timber, which its easy decomposition, induces that of the wt fibre. The liquid sap evidently has nothing to do ' it, for it is all dried out in the process of season What is the best time, may admit of a quest but it must be after the saccharine matter has 1: exhausted in the spring, and before it has begu be deposited again in the fall. Trees should also be pruned in the spring, w new wood is forming ; for then the wounds soon healed; and the plants being in their i flourishing state, are best able to bear injury, a wound made in the fall, remains open and posed to the influence of air and water till the season. For the same reasons grafting shouli performed in the early part of the year, tiioug till the sap is in full flow. — Jour, of Com. THE CONSERVATORY. We advise our friends who are seeking at ment, to look in at the Public Conservatory. are above one thousand Camellia Japonica p some of the largest now in full splendor, and qo the pointof bursting their beautiful buds. A them are at least twenty full grown trees well known that the former possessor of this s Cfdiection of Camellias, M. P. Wilder, of Do: ter, spared neither pains nor expense to procu finest plants from the justly celebrated nursei Europe, and that the most recent and most I estimated seedling varieties are comprised But it is too well known that one of his nioti^ disposing of this collection to the society at a pecuniary sacrifice to himself, was, the desip his fellow citizens might conveniently and fie ly enjoy the pleasure of viewing it. It is c; ted that during the next five or six weeks s tliousand Camellia blossoms will expand — hu are now in full bloom and contrast beautiful! the dark glossy foliage, the perfect cleanlii which is highly creditable to Mr Donald, th dener. Several of the Acacia tribe, the pt the Flora of New South Wales, are liken beauty — as is also the fine Poinsettia pulch named in compliment to our former mini; Mexico, Mr Poinsett, who sent it thence to C ton, in 18'<:S, whence it found its way to I Tliis plant was presented by the Hon. John of Roxbury. We are also informed that th« ty has recently received ten or twelve c; plants from Rio Janeiro, containing about oi dred varieties of the curious air plants now ing so much attention in Europe; most oftl beginning to vegetate in a small stove ere this purpose below ; these will no doubt be ted in the Conservatory as they come into We trust the public will not fail liberally port this cstablishnrent, which promises to an ornament to the city. — Transcript. VOL. x\^II. so. ar. ND HORTICULTURA L REGISTER 231 From llie Farmer's Montlily Visilo FINE WOOLED SHEEP. Hopkinlon, .March 1, 1839. D^„r Sir:— I have seen in the last number of, . Farmer-s Montlily Visitor, page seventh, an ^ count of the purchase and stocking with sheep , the Burleiah farm in Dorchester, by President i ,rd of Dartmouth College. In the nccount giv- a very unfavorable allusion is made to the fine erino and Saxony sheep, as requiring the utniost | re and the most tender trentment. I also find in e second number of the same work, page eigh- , -nth a declaration that the native Ne>v England eep are more hardy and less liable to disease, an the finer breeds ; and that an opinion is sug- ited that they may be kept at as good advan- „-e. I am not prepared to say that the native eep of this country may not be raised by the rmer at a profit, if they can he found ; but I know none that are not more or less mixed with the ,er kinds. I greatly misjudge, if the advan- .re is not very much in favor of the finer breds, Td the finer the greater the profit. I am also ex- -mely deceived if they are not kept through the ■ar at as little expense as the. natives, and at uch less trouble. Native sheep are uniformly , 11 loner, lank, and coarse woolcd ; untame, great cers and expert jumpers ; vexing their owners, ,d frequently the wliole neighborhood by visiting ,ery field and enclosure they wish. The Sax- ly and Merino sheep, which produce the finest ool that is known in this or any other country, ■e shorter legged than the native breed, 'more ,und and pluinp in every part of them, and easily ittened. They are more quiet and peaceable in ,eir disposition, and with ordinary care of fences, ^Idom if ever stray from the pasture where they 'e put They afford mutlou equal to any other ind ; their quarters being round and full, mild, ten- ■er.and fine flavored. 'l hey are the smallest heep I have ever known. This I consider an ad- antacxe rather than a disadvantage. They are not ,ko our oxen required to perform labor. They are ept for their flesh and fleece only, and fro u long .bservation I am convinced that it requires the ame quantity and quality of food to make a nindred pounds (T mutton, or a hundred pounds ot TOoI, whether, it be given to small or large sheep As recrards diseases of fine sheep, I know ot ,ione thai may not be visited upon the nalives, «'hich are equally liable when brought together in ■ae flocks. In my own flock I have never own any contagious disease, if I may except a nock of tine sheep of one hundred and twentyone ivhich I took in the fall of IS-'O, for the term ot one year When I took this flock, they were all dis- eased and lame with the foot-rot. I found them extremely poor, and some of them unable to walk, and feeding upon their knees. During the year I lost nine of them by poverty and disease, and two by casuality. At the expiration of the term I di- vided equally with the other owner one hundred and ten old ones, and at the thirds, thiitysix lambs, all perfectly healthy and in good order. With tins exception, I have never known any contagious dis- case to trouble any sheep I have had the care of 1 seldom lose one in any way, and am equally for- tunate with my lambs, when not troubled by foxes. At the yeamng season of 1839, one fox k.ll.^d from my flock and carried to her young, seventeen ambs in four days and nights. I had a number killed at other times, and my loss in lambs by foxes that sea- son was from fifty to sixty dollars. I am one of those who believe things should bo told as they are. I shonM feel hurt were 1 to lead any one astray from his interest by any thmg that I have said, and as some piouf of the truth of the forn-ei-oing, I here give an account of the income of my own flock. My average number of sheep at the shearing season in eight years, from 1831 to 1838 inclusive, has been two hundred and fortyonc. I have received in cash for sheep and wool sold from my flock during that time, four thousand, five hundred eightyfour dollars and seven cents ; giv- ing a yearly income of five hundred seventythree I dollars and one cent, or at the rate of two dollars thirlyseven cents and a fraction a head, a year. When it is considered that six small fine sheep may be kept on the same food that would be re- quired to keep five coarse ones, which I have no doubt is short of a reasonable estimate, a prefer- ence for the fine flocks will be more apparent. I shall be likely to retain my partiality for fine sheep till some one gives an account of a more pro- fitable flock of coarse ones of an equal number. Stephen Siblky. who have purchased Berkshires previous to seeing his, engaged pigs of him on account of the .slock being superior to their own. We could but admire the fine form of a grand- son of Mr 0. N. Bement's sow 'Stately.' Mr R. informed us it was then 9 l-'i months old. On tho tape being applied, we fiiund the length from nose to root of tail, 5 feet 3 inches. I ought to add, as tlie residence of .Mr Ilamsdell is hut one mile Iroin tho Norwich and Worcester railroad, our farmers along the railroad from Thompson to Boston, might con\°eniently supply themselves with pigs from his e.rht soil, and is most cultivated. Land abounding in' this weed should be immediately converted to a sheep pasture, and in a few years it will be entire- ly eradicated. My father once took a piece which was thickly set with it, ploughed it late in June, sowed it with winter rye and turned it into his sheep pasture. The rye continued to come up for a year or two and was kept closely fed by the sheep, and in a few years the witch grass was exchanged tor sweet clover and red-top. I doubt not but that this plan micht be adopted to advantage on many farms that are° overrun with this useless weed. It is fnlly_ to talk ofdio-ging itup whenithas obtained a hnn foothold "Land that is of a light thin soil can ne chan<^ed from tillage to pasturing to great advan- tace. Pastures would be improved in this way, for it "is batlei^nomy' to possess a pasture that, will give only now and then a spot that cattle wjU touch. Another method I have seen practised in ridding small garden spots of this grass, which is by laying boards closely over the ground for a season. 'I his is much easier than to dig it np. While on this point I cannot help noticing one fault among gar- deners. They are very anxious to prevent the i weeds from going to seed during the first part of ! tiie season, but as soon as ihe plants get a little start, they suffer the weeds to take their own course. Consequently there is a fresh supply of seed lor the succeeding spring. If some of your correspondents will couns-l me in killing thistles with as little labor and as nu'ch profit as'l have advised them in killing witch grass, they will receive my sincere thanks — Farmers Reg- ister. The Dahlia is a Mexican plant, and was intro- duced into this country about thirty years ago. The average price of flour through the country at the last dates was $5 48 per barrel. The Albany Evening Journal says, that a line of 225 boats, some days ago detained hy the ice west of Utica, in the canal, wore in motion, and approacli- incr Albany, with flour and other merchandise to the value of nearly half a million of dollars. 232 NEW E N G L A N D F A R M E R , JAN. 8, 184:0. HARD ^ IMES. The following beautiful and eloquent remarks on the subject of hard times, are copied from an Amer- ican magazine published in 1787. We know not who is their author, but they are worthy of the greatest of writers; and we republish them, as not altogether inappropriate to the manners and customs of the present times. — Bost. Jfeckly Mag. " The scarcity of cash is a general complaint, and it has become so fashionable to complain of hard times, and the scarcity of money, that debtors seem to think that they have sufficiently satisfied their creditors, if they tell them the times are hard and money scarce. This has so long been the theme, that the people almost universally believe it, although it is a falsoliood. Every generation and age thinks the former days and times were better than the present. This, however, is a mistake, founded on false surmises and vain imaginations. The original principles of human nature are the same in every age, and ever have been since the fall. Times are easy when men do their duty ; but when they deviate from that, and enter the road of vice, indolence and licentiousness, then difficul- ties embarrass and troubles perplex them. The complaint of hard times in this country is all imaginary. Tmh lence and extravagance in dress are the source from which all the evils' so bit- terly complained of, flow. Both reason and reve- lation teach us that the human race were to live in this world by industry, and to earn their bread by the sweat of their brow. On the productions of the earth we depend for subsistence, and sponta- neous productions are not to be expected. The earth must be cultivated before she will yield her increase. In a country like this, it cannot be ex- pected that all the inhabitants should live by com- merce ; nor indeed but a very few in proportion to the whole. Yet in this country, the people, as it were, drunk with the idea of gain, if they can but get into the meicantile line, are crowding into it, and to appearance seem to think that the whole community can live by buying and selling Europe- an gewgaws. This, however, is a mistake which time mu?t teach and reform. Experience is the only teacher mankind will believe; and when they have learned by a fair trial, that indolence and craft will not support them, they will turn to industry, and lead quiet and peaceable lives, in diligence and honesty. Agriculture is the very soul and life of this re- public : if that is neglected, difficulties will cer- tainly arise. Our own manufactures must also be encouraged and carried on, if we mean to be a happy and independent people. For a few years past the farmers have to appearance, been vieing with the merchants in dress. 'I'hey have neglect- ed to manufacture their own wearing apparel ; be- cause, say they, our own manufactures are not so handsome as foreign, neither are they so durable or cheap. By this means they have reduced them- selves to poverty, and now loudly complain of the hardness of the times. A different line of conduct must be adopted ; industry and frugality must be the stability of our own and all other times. In a free and independent state, where republi- can principles and sentiments are adopted by the people at larg.e, the ideaof equality breathes through the whole, and every individual feels ambitious to be in a situation not inferior to his neighbor. Among us the idea of inferioriiy, as of pursuing a mean em- ployment or occupation for a livelihood, mortifies the feelings, and sours the minds of those who feel themselves inferior ; and consequently the poor to their great injury, strive to be equal to the rich in dress, if in nntliing else. The farmer in the field will be found clad in as delicate a garment as a merchant behind his counter. 'J'his is utterly wrong and cannot be supported. Let every one dress ac- cording to the business he is in. If a man's busi- ness is to measure off cloths, and deal out clean elegant goods to customers, he may as well dress neat and elegant as otherwise, and propriety dic- tates that he should. But if his employment be in the field, to plough and cultivate the earth, a diffe- rent dress becomes him; and the old adage will ever hold true, "He that will increase his riches, must not hoe corn in silk breeches." A frock and trowsers are as becoming a dress for a farmer when laboring in the field, as a ruffled shirt, a velvet or silk vest and breeches, and a superfine broadcloth coat, are for the merchant in his shop. There is propriety, uniformity and beauty to be observed in every thing, and every thing is beautiful in its prop- er place. The other day I went to see some farmers who owed me a trifle, and found them in the field at work. One was clad in a velvet vest and breeches, and fine worsted stockings — the other in a satinet vest and breeches, worsted stockings and a fine Holland shirt, with a ruffle at the bosom. 1 asked them for the money they owed me ; and was told " money is exceedingly scarce ; the times are very hard ; and it is an impossible thing to get money." I offered to take stock or almost any other article; but they had nothing to pay mo except land, and From the Farmer's Cabinet. FARM ACCOUNTS AND FARM PROFITS Mr Editor — I was much pleased with the com munication in your last number from A. E. T. o Philadelphia county, and I am glad that an articl so jilain, interesting, and calculated to place th profits of agriculture in a fair light, is to be follow ed up, as I infer from the heading of the piec( which is No. 1. Now I do hope that this write who it appears can hold the pen as well as th plough, will continue his essays for the benefit ( his brother farmers. There are many subjects ( great interest to the farmer that have as yet r( ceived little or no attention from agricultural wr ters. The subject of Farm Accounts is one i great importance, and I trust that A. E. T. wi furnish us with a bird's eye view of his syster which I presume is a good one. The system or practice of farming with us i Montgomery county is not essentially different fro that in the more immediate neighborhood of Phili delphia — but our great error has consisted in n farming well enough ; we have been too anxioi to have large farms, even if partially cultivated, preference to small ones in a high state of fertilit The desire to own many acres, has been the ru of hundreds, and was the rock on which I was nea ly shipwrecked. Some years since, when mom was cheap and every thing saleable dear, I was i duced to believe that my farm of ninetyfive acr was too small. True, I had lived above board, w entirely free of debt, and had abundance of emplo ment ; but still my farm was small, very small, i that they could not spare : and so my debt was deed almost insignificant in comparison to some dischargedby inability. The reason why I men- tion this circumstance is to shew that the extrava- gance of people to decorate their bodies is the ori- gin of their poverty ; and the hardness of the times arises from a foolish pride. Every man is honora- bly dressed when he is dressed suitably to the busi- ness he is doing. Agriculture by some is thought a very mean em- ployment; yet those who esteem it such, I will venture to say are mere simpletons, and the true principles of honor are not in them. Is it more honorable to be servant to every body, to weigh but an ounce of indigo, to draw a quart of molasses, than to cultivate the earth, and reap the yellow har- vest— to procure the necessaries and luxuries of life ? The employment of a farmer is really the most honorable of any on .eartk Where or what would be the mechanic, the lawyer, the physician, or the merchant, if it were not for the farmer ? — Where or what would be the statesman, the prince, the emperor or the monarch, with all their brilliant equipages, were it. not for the farmer.' The bran- ches are not so honorable as the root; let them not therefore, boast of their own gaudy appearance, and despise the root that bears them. The husband- man, surely, is v/orthy of much honor, as he is the foundation on which kingdoms and empires stand. Monarchs and emperors are supported by the indus- try of the husbandman, and all their greatness stands on his shoulders. Let him, therefore, be honored and respected, that his heart may be encouraged and his hands strengthened in his laborious and tiresome work." my neighbors. Instead of being contented wi what I had, and by still greater attention causing to produce more abundantly than it had previousl the spirit of grasping after more, ambition, spec lation, or whatever you may please to call it, to full possession of my mind — of course my days tranquility were ended. About this time it so happened that an adjoini neighbor had become a victim to the spirit of en gration, and having settled on locating in the we offered his farm for sale. He had been revolvii in his mind the propriety of this step for scve: years, and as it worked upon him, his farm becai more and more neglected, until, in some raeasu he lost the character of a clean farmer. The buii ings on the place were so old and decayed, tl they were considered of no value. The farm cc sisted of two hundred and twentyeight acree, si ject to a mortgage of six thousand dollars, at ! per cent., payable half yearly. This was no obs cle in my mind, " as the mortgage may remain years." The day of sale came, and I was the f tunate purchaser ; it being knocked down at eij thousand one hundred and twenty dollars, subj( to the aforesaid mortgage. My farm of ninetyf acres, had in the nine years 1 tilled it poorly, yie ed me about two hundred dollars profit per annu) so I had about eighteen hundred dollars at co mand, but was compelled to boiroiv, a thing I ni er did before, about four hundred dollars. I had now attained apparently the summit of i wishes — I was now a large landed proprietor ! first, I little thought of the collar on my neck in ( ' ■ ' — — ■ shape of a mortgage, and sundry small obligati( A farmer atGaysport, Pa., raised this season 800 shortly to be met. I enjoyed myself finely indo' bushels of potatoes from an acre and a quarter of but only for a short time, as the bubble burst, a land. I awoke to the cold and sober realities of my siti ▼OI-. .VVIII. KO. 8r. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 233 ion. True, I was a large proprietor, but that did lot i- Louisiana, 45 in Tennessee, 20 in Florida, 18 ir. Virginia, 9 1-2 in North Caro- lina, and in Arkan;as one half a million. Subse- quently, no cerSair, data are in our possession ; but the estimate at this time, is 550 millions as the whole crop of the Union. Thus it will be seen, from 1791 to 1826, S. Car- olina was the most abundant cotton growing state in the Union. In 1826, Georgia took the l.."id, and held it till 1834, when Alabama and Mississippi took the front rank. At this time, Mississippi is perhaps the most extensive cotton growing State in the Union. South Carolina and Alabama are next. North Alabama is beginning to deteriorate as a cotton country, while the worn lands in middle Ten- nessee are thought to improve for this culture— ma- turity, the vital desideratum, not being so easily al- lowed in the rank luxuriance of the fresher soils. When it is remembered that the first cotton plant in the United States was raised in 1787, surely our readers will find reason for surprise at the won- derful increase that has accrued in little more than fifty years ! Bold, indeed, must be the man who would venture to predict the wealth, greatne.ss and power, likely to become our national attnbutee throu<^h the agency of cotton.— Philad. Inquirer. 284 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. 8, 1840. AND HORTICDLTDRAL REGISTER. Boston, VVErNE.= nAY, January 8, 1840. To the Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Fromotirtg Agri- culture. Tlje Comniillee appointed to examine the claims and award tlie prfiniums on butler nnd cheese, exhibited in I'ostun on ihe 3d and llh of December, 1839, REPORT. That, judging from the very diminished competition for the liberal premiums on boih these articles, they are forced to conclude that ihe interest of the agricultural coinmunitj in this exliibilion has rery much decreased. In iliB exhibition of December, 1631, thire were 54 entries of butter, and 16 of cheesc,the amount of butter being estimated at thirty thousand pounds. On the late occasion there were 13 entries of butter and 8 of cheese, the quantity of butter being probably about 5000 pounds only. In this absence of competition the Committee thought it their duty to fix, as a standard of excellence, that qual- ity of butter which their experience has taught them may be nltained ; and keeping this in view, tliey were not satisfied that any of that presented was of first rate excellence. They believe that they have seen and last- ed better dairies than any which came before them, and they therefore determined, under the standing rule of the society relative to premiums, to withhold the first premium of one hundred dolhir.s, and to award gratuities to two very gtmd lots of butter after distributing liie second and third premiums. Tliny proceeded on a similar principle in regard to old cheese, of which only two lots were presented, both in their estiiualion very respectable, but not superior. After thoroughly examining and remarking upon the several lot:?, in which they were kindly aided by the experience and judgment of Messrs. John JIurd, Elijah Cobb, and N. A. Thompson, they unanimously awarded, to William Dachop, of Barnet, Vt., the second premium of fifty dollars for his lot of bulter No. 10; to Luther Chamberlin, of Westboro', Mass, the 3d premiuii of thirty dollars for his lot of bulter No. 8 ; to Daniel Chamberlin, of Westboro', a gratuily of twenty dollars for his lot of butter No. fi: and to Richard Hildreth, of Sterling, Mass., a gratuity of fifteen dollars for his lot of bulter No. 3. The premium of thirty dollars on neio cheese the Committee unanimously awarded to Timothy P'islier, of Burke. Vt., for his lot No. 5 ; and a gratuity of twenty dollars, to the same person, for his lot of old cheese No. 6. To David Lee, of Barre, they awarded a gratuity of fifteen dollais fir his lot of old cheese No. 4; and to Ebenezer Tidd, of New Braintree, a graluity of fideen dollars for his lot of new cheese No. 7. From the remarks of the Committee on the several lots qf butter, it appeared, that in each there was more or less of neglect or error in the making or in the pre- servation of it. A very prominent neglect in making h that by which butter milk in any quantity is sufiered to reirtain in the butter. It is a well settled principle that tliis is fatal to its preservation. No quantity of salt can prevent that substance from becoming sour and causing the butter to grow rancid. It can be all separated from the butter and it undoubtedly ought to be. A very prominent error in preserving bulter arises from the excessive use of salt. No more of this need be added to well made butter than is sufiicient to make it palatable ; but as this standard varies with the taste of different individuals, it is perhaps safest to use it sparingly, since no quantity can repair tiie evil of de- fective making. The use of sugar in curing seems to be sanctioned by the best writers on the subject; but the Committee are of opinion that it should be employed in smaller quan- tities Ihan is usual. When it is distinctly tasted it im- pairs the natural sweet flavor belonging to good butter, and is, in all cases, a poor snbstilulo for it. It is also highly probable that in time it may become acescent. On the whole the Committee cannot but exhort their agricultural friends to aim, at a higher standard— to exert more care in the making as well as in the preservation of bulter and cheese, persuaded that it is a branch f)f industry which will well repay the labour bestowed on it. For the Committee, DccemheT 14, 1839. H. CODMAN. We have the pleasure of laying the foregoing report before our readers, and of ji.ining in the regrets which It expresses, that the competition for the munificent pre- miums of the Massachusetts Agricultural Society is very limited compared with what it should be. That the competition from other States is not greater, arises from several reasons— the first jirobably is that the offers of premiums are not generally known in other Stales ; or if heard of, it may not be known as general- ly that the competition is open to ail persons. Another reason is, that distance prevents a competition from the srcat dairy Slates of New York and Pennsylvania, be- sides that their home markets furnish a quick demand for all the dairy produce which they make. It is Hue there have been claims heretofore from both these states ; but this was rather accidental, the farmers who made the claims having had personal friends in Boston or its immediate vicinity, to take charge of samples when sent- Why the competition is not greater from Massachu- setts is owing to other reasons. Berkshire county may be considered as the principal dairy dislr.ct in the com- monwealth. But the commercial relations of Berk- shire county are almost exclusively with New York ; and there their bulter is sent weekly, and their cheese with as frequent dispatch as the nature of the article will allow. The distance of the principal dairy portions of Berkshire county are little more than a half a day's journey from Hudson on the Hudion. Heie the far- mers convey their produce as often as it is in condition ; it is then put on board the boats, and is in New York niarketin excellent order the next morning ; and sold and the boxes returned for a commission of one or two cents a pound. It is to be considered, likewise, that the dairy husbandry of Berkshire county has been greatly reduced from what it formerly was by the introduction of sbi'ep; and by another reason felt all over the coun- try, the impossibility of procuring dairy women. The country is actually ftrlpt of this portion of its population bv the various factories, by the demand from schools for female teachers, from the cities for dress-makers and servants, by the traders for strawbralders and slioe bind- ers, and by oilier occasions of demand ; so that a female domestic or dairy maid is almost as rare as a cucumber in January. Tliere seems to be no getting them upon any terms short of direct proposals of marriage ; and at pre- sent we see no remedy in prospect, unless our Legisla- ture in its parental concern for public comfort, should revive the good old patriarchal custom of polygamy, when Abraham had not only his Sarah but his Hagar also! We dare not advocate such a proposition, and feel that there may be some peril in even making the suggestion. In Worcester county, which next to Berkshire, is tl principal dairy county, the dairy products are sent market as frequently as the case will admit; the butt every week and the cheese as often, and as soon as it dry enough to hold together. It brings then as good price: as at any time, and the greener it is the heavier weighs. Under these circumstances, few fanners a willing to come into a competition where so large a sat pie as three hundred pounds is rcqiiired of the claimar They cannot do it in many cases without disappointii their customers of their weekly supplies, which is a s nous evil to both parties Nor can tliey doit (unle they should obtain the premium,) without an actual p cunlary loss. For example, two of the competitors tl present year could have sold the butter which they pri .sented, every week at 33 and 37 l-'i cents per lb. W know that the bulter from these dairies brought thes prices through llic season ; and the supply did not equi the demand. Now taking into consideration the increai ed trouble and expense ol packing their butter for keej ing, the disappointment of their customers, the uncei tainty of.obtaining the premium, and then too of th price which ihey may ob;«in for their butter at the put lie salo after the exhibition, which, If we remember coi rectly. In ihe two cases referred to, was only iiS cents, i will be Seen that the motives to competition are vcr much diminished. The same remarks apply in a de grce to the cheese, which in general is sent to marke onco in thice weeks; and which cannot therefore b kept by the farmer for exhibition but at a loss, unles he should be fortunate enough to gain the piemium, an. then he may not be fully indemnified, though the dis tinclion may not only gratify his honest pride but giv a celebrity to his dairy, which m.iy afterwards be c much use to him. The size of the premium, though expected to operat a directly contrary effect, has a tendency to discoura" competition. A premium of one liundred dollars is large afTair in the eyes of most of our farmers. The are discouraged in the attempt to compete for it, froi some undefined notions of the impoBsibility of obtainin it. To divide it therefore into three or four, would ten greatly to increase the number of conipelitors, withou at all lessening the pains which would be taken to gai. it In the preparation ofihe butter or cheese. The ad vantages of the honor in the sale of the butter or cheea. are a sufficient compensation for any eitra trouble. We respectfully suugest, therefore, to ihe Trustee the expediency, for reasons above g, veil, of dividlnir ih premiums into a larger number, so as to encourage wider competition ; and to reduce llie quantity require for exhibition, so as to open the competition to a clas of farmers, who, for circumstances above named, no\ decline It. It is not the quantity produced that is th object of the society in the oflier of premiums ; but thi quality of the product and the best modes of exeellin, in this matter ; and these points would be reached b specimens of from fifty to one hundred pounds, as cei tainly and as well as by three hundred pounds of tli dairy product. "I'he principles and views of the report perfectly at cord with our own views. It must not be inferred, how ever, that the butter of Mr Hildreth, Mr Bachop, an the Messrs L. and Daniel Chamberlin was not of an eif cellent quality. But we do in our own name, as th- committee have done in theirs, enter our absolute ani uncompromising protest against allowing any butter milk to remain in the butter; against using salt too pre fusely; against using any saltpetre; against sugar ii any measure whatever; and against any coloring mat ter, especially a painter's drug or any thing unices it b the simple juice of the carrot. We say ihis pariiculai TOL,. XVIII. HO. 37. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 235 ly, as noi a week since we saw a lot of butter, made by one of tlie best diiiry women in the Slalo, rejected, and with good reason, because it was colored with annatto. If not actually injurious to health, the mixture is at least offensive to the imagination. The Commissioner of Agricultural Survey has at his office a model of a machine, resembling a baker's knead- ing machine, for the purpose of expressing the butter- milk without applying the hand, which we think will commend itself strongly to the farmers attention, and which he will be happy to show them. H. C. VEGETABLE CUTTEH. BRIGHTON MARKKT.— MoNDAT, Jan. 6, 1840. Reimrled fortlie New England Fanner. At Market 710 Beef Cattle, 120 Stores, 2150 Sheep, and 150 Swine. The swine were reported last week. Prices. — Beef Cattle. — We quote to correspond with last week. First quality, $G 25. Second quality, $5 50 a $6 00. Third quality, $4 50 a $5 25. Barrelling Cattle.— Mess $5 50 ; No. 1 $5 00. Coies and Calves. — Very few at market and we no- ticed no sates. S/tee;».— Lots were sold at $1 75, $2 00, $2 25, $3 00, $4 25 and $4 50. A few cosset- wethers at $8 eaoJi. Swine. — A very few were retailed from 4 to 5 1-2, and the remainder were sold in one lot at 3 for sows and 4 for barrows. THER.MOMETRICAL. Repnrted fortJie New England F'anner. Range of the Theraiometer at the Garden of the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded Northerly exposure, week ending Jiinuaty 5. Jan., 1S40. | 7A.M. | 12,M. | 5,P.M. | Wind. STonday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunday, * Below zer 1 '"^ u 1 1 s la 1 2 ^ \ 1 i* 12 1 4 14 10 IS 12 24 14 w. 14 N. W. 4 N. W. lu W. WELLES'S PliEMIUM FOR APPLES. At a meetinsr of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, held in August last, it was Vuled, That a first Premium of tkirly dollars he awarded on the second Saturday of January, 1840. for the best spe- cimen of Apples, produced on or before that time from seed- ling trees, which shall have been brought into notice since the year 1829. That a second Premium of twenty dollars, and a third Premium of ten dollars, lie awarded at the same time for the two next best similar specimens. That the qnauliiy of each shall not be loss than four dozen. The Committee on Fruits are partictilarly requested to meet at the Rooms of the Society on Saturday, the llthday of January next, at 10 o'clock, A. M., for the purpose of awarding the l*remiums above mentioned, aUo for awarding the Premiums on Fruits lor the year 1830. E. M. RICHARDS, Cliairman. December 13. 4t BONE MA>"URE. The subscriber informs his friends ami the public, that alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones lorm the most powerful stimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural commtinity. Price at the Mill 33 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders led at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- bury, at the Now England Agricultural Warehouse and Seo'.l Store, No 32 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt attention NAHUM WARD. Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutter. This machine is calculated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for fodder, and is one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers feel great confidence in recommending this machine to the public; they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now offer a machine that cannot fail to give satisfaction upon a fair trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels per minute, in the best possible manner, and is not liable to gel out of order, being made in the most substantial manner. No farmer should be without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and .52 North Market Street. December 18. JOSEPH 6RECK & CO. GREEK'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. -JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.51 and 62 North Mar- ket Street, have for sale. Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent eflects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requisifl; to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work it very efficienfly. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fa.st as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in ■which they cut, require sharpening less- often than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. IMPROVED PIOS FOR SALE. For sale three, improved Boars of the following breeds ; One half Berkshire and half Macky. One half Berkshire, quarter Macky and quarter Mocha. One half Berkshire and half a large English breed,- nanr^ not known. The above hoars are two years old; they are diiposed oi on account of keeping young sows of their get for breederi. They will be sold cheap if applied for soon. For terms, &c. apply to J. BRECK & CO. November 13. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, CORliECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. ■WAKTED. From 5 to 10 Ions of Ruta Basra, Manprrl Wurizel and Skisrar Beets. Apply at C. N. HARTSHORN, corner of Washington Street, and Pleasant Street. Boston, December 13, 1833. 2t ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse an Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at «.1 per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. Alum, American, .... pound 5 I Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . S 50 se Pot, " •' " . sou 5 Beans, while, Foreign, bushel 1 62 2C " " Domestic, . " 2 00 2( Beef, mess, .... barrel 14 00 I4£ No. 1 " 12 Oil 12 : prime, .... " 10 00 105 Beeswax, white, .... pound yellow. 28 c Bristles, American, it 35 Butter, shipping. " 11 dairy " 17 Handles, mould, .... 13 dipped, " sperm, .... " 40 i Chetse, new milk. pound 10 ClDEB, dozen 1 60 1 ' refined barrel 2 50 4£ Bone Masuhe, . . . - bushel in casks, . . " Feathebs, northern, geese, pound southern, geese, . 37 Flax. (American) .... " 9 Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, quintal 2 50 2 Biy, Chaleur, " 2 20 2 Haddock, " 1 23 1 Mackerel, No. 1 , . barrel 1125 11 > No. 2, '< 9 50 10 No. 3, . " 6 00 6' Alewives, dry sailed, No. 1. " 6 00 6' Salmon, No. 1, " 22 00 23 Flour, Genesee, cash, . " 6 37 6J Baltimore, Howard street, " 6 50 6 Richmond canal, " 6. Alexandria wharf, <* Rye, " 4 00 4 5 Meal, Indian, in bbls. " 4 00 4 Grain: Corn, northern yellow, bushel ( southern flat, yellow, " 70 wliite, . C4 Rye, norlhern, . " 75 Barley, " 75 I Oats, northern, (prime) . " 42 - southern. '* 33 Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough, 18 1)0 20 1 do. do. do. finished, 28 00 30 ( Hams, norlhern, . . . . - -,«',md g southern and western, . 7 Hay, best English, per ton, . 1 6 01 1 18 Eastern screwed, . 13 00 14 Hops, 1st quality, pound * 2d quality " Lard, Boston, .... '* southern, .... " 7 Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, " 29 do. country do. " 25 Baltimore city tannage, " 26 do. dry hides, . 22 New York red, light. " 21 Boston, do. slaughter, *' 21 Boston dry bides. '• 211 Lime, best sort cask 85 Molasses, New Orleans, . gallon 27 Sugar House, 50 Oil, Sperm, Spring, " 1 10 ' Winter, . . , . " 1 Whale, refined, " 60 Linseed, American, " 65 Neat's Foot, .... " 95 Plaster Paris, per Inn of 2200 lbs. 2 87 3 PoR li, extra clear, . . ^ barrel IS 00 clear, ..... " 15 00 16 Mess, .... " 12 00 13 Prime, .... " 11 50 12 Whole Hogs, . pound 5 Seeds: Herd's Grass, bushel 2 60 3 Red Top, southern, " 60 I I northeru. » 1. Canary, " 2 25 2e Hemp " 2 25 2£ Flax, " . 1 37 1 ( Red Clover, northern, . pound Southern Clover, none. " Soap, American, Brown, . 1* 7 Castile, " 12 Tallow, tried " Teazles, 1st sort, .... pr M. 2 1 38 Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . pound American, full blood, washed. ;; do. 3-4 ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £ • f Pulled superfine, jIlNo. I, . . . .'! «-3lNo.2, " K*LNo.3 " 23t NEW ENGLAND FARMER JTASr. 8, 1S140 MISCELLANEOUS NATURE. BY BOBEBT C. WA1 ERSTON. I LOVE thee, Nature, — love thee well — In sunny nook and twiliglu dell, Where birds, and hees, and hlossnms dwell, And leaves and fluwers ; And winds in low sweet voices lell Of happy hours. I love thy clear and running streams, Which mildly flash with silver gleams, Or darkly lie, like shadow-dreams, To bless the sight; While every wave with beauty teems, And smiles delight. I love thy forest deep and lone. Where twilight shades are ever thrown. And murmuring winds with solemn tone, Go slowly by, Sending a peal like ocean moan. Along the sky. I love to watch at close of day. The heavens in splendor melt away. From radiant gold to silver gray, As sinks the sun : While stars upon their trackless way, Come one by\)ne. I love, I know not which the best, The little wood-bird in its nest. The wave that mirrors in its breast The landscape true. Or the sweet flower by winds caressed. And bathed in dew. They all are to my bosom dear. They all God's messengers appear — Preludes to songs that "ngels hear — Mute prophecies — Faint types of a resplendent sphere Beyond the skies ! SILK FROM THE SPIDER. In a late number of Chambers' Edinburgh Jour- nal, there is an interesting article on the subject of Silk from the Spider, from whicli we make an ex- tract: " Some years ago the Society of Arts conferred one of their lionorary medals on a gentleman of the name of Rolt, for obtaining silk from the gar- den spider, aranea diailema. This is the insect wlioso webs in autumn are so conspicuous on the surface of shrubs, and in other situations. On al- lowing one of these animals to crawl over his hand, Mr Rolt found that it drew a thread with it wher- ever it went. He likewise, without any difficulty, wound some of this thread over his hand, finding that tlie spider C(mtinued spinning wliile the tliread was winding up. On this hint ho connected a small reel with the steam engine of the factory in which he was occupied, and, putting it in motion, at the rate of ]50 feet per minute, found that the spider would thus continue to afford an unbroken tliread during from three to five minutes. The specimen of this silk which Mr Rolt presented to the society, was wound off from twentyfour spiders in about two hours. Its length was estimated at 16,000 feet; its color was white, and its lustre of metallic brilliancy, owing, probably, to its greai opacity. He did not attempt to combine two or more filaments into ono winding, nor to form it into thread by throwing. The thread of the garden spider is so much fi[ier than that of the silk-worm, that the united strength of five of the former is, according to Mr Rolt, equal tn only one of the lat- ter; and assuming that the weight is in proportion to the strength, and that a spider will yield twice a year a thread 750 feet in length, while that produ- ced by a single silk-worm is 1900 feet, it follows that the produce of one silk-worm is equal to that of ()3 spiders. Now, says the Report in tlie So- ciety's Transactions, ' as on an average it takes about 3.500 silk-worins tn produce a pound of silk, it would take about 22,000 spiders to produce an equal quantity. Besides, spiders are not so easily confined as silk-worms, and whenever two come in contact a battle ensues, which ends in the destruc- tion of the weaker one. Spiders kept for silk must therefore be each in separate dens or cells ; and the apparatus contrived by Mr Rolt for this purpose, although very ingenious and well adapted to carry on a course of e.xperitnents With a hundred nr two, would manifestly be wholly inapplicable to any purpose of commercial utility.' " But a gentleman of Languedoo went a great deal further than tlie English experimenter, for he established a manusacture of spider silk, and so far succeeded thac he made gloves and stockings from the fibres of the web. The great impediinent, however, to his complete success, was the implaca- ble hostility of those insects to each other. Reau- mur placed .5000 in 50 different celLs, and tlie larger destroyed the smaller, till only one or two were left in each cell. But there is a species of spider no- ticed by Dr Walsh in hia travels in Brazil, to which this objection does not apply. Here the insect was not solitary but gregarious ; and colonies of more than 100 occupied the same web. The doctor's account of it is as follows : — 'Among the insects is an enormous spider, which I did not observe elsewhere. In passing through an opening be- tween some trees, I felt my head entangled in some obstructions, and on withdrawing it my light straw hat remained behind. When I looked up, I saw it suspended in the air, entangled in the ineshesof an immense cobweb, which was drawn like a veil of thick gauze across the opening, and was expanded from branch to branch of the opposite trees, as large as a sheet, ten or twelve feet in diameter. — The whole of this space was covered with spiders of the same species (aranea maculuta) but of dif- ferent sizes; some of them, when their legs were expanded, forming a circle of six or seven inches in circutnference. They were particularly distin- guished by bright spots. The cords composing the web were of a glossy yellow, like the fibres of silk-worms, and equally strong. I wound oif sev- etal on a card, and they extended to the lengtli of three or four yards.' There is here a fair field for the Brazilian speculator. The spider's web, which, in single threads, could support a straw hat, must be much stronger and tougher than the frail tissues of our own country, and might certainly be manufac- tured into articles of wearing apparel, if a proper quantity of it could be obtained. As these gigan- tic spiders of Brazil are not eaters of their own specio.5, large colonies of them might be maintain- ed with ease, and, we doubt not, advantage to the experimenter." ' ' Holloa, lend us your penknife ?" " I can't — I haven't got any ! Besidts, I want to use it myself." Truth. — Adhere always rigidly and undevia- tingly to truth ; but while you express what ii true, express it in a pleasing manner. Truth ia the picture, the manner is the frame that displays it to advantage. If a man blends his angry pas. sions with his search after truth, become his supo- rior by suppressing yours, and attend only to the justness and force of his reasoning. Truth, con- veyed with austere and acrimonial language, sel- dom has a salutary effect, since we reject the truth, because we are prejudiced against the mode of communication. The heart must be won before the intellect can be informed. A man may betray the cause of truth by his unreasonable zeal, as, he destroys its salutary effects by the acrimony of hia manner. Whoever would he a successful instruct- er, must first become a mild and affectionate friend. Wo.sDEns OF Cultivation'. — There is scarce- ly a vegetable which we now cultivate, that can be found to grow naturally. Buffon has stated that our wheat is a fictitious production, raised to its present condition by the art of agriculture. Rye, rice, barley, or even oats, are not to be found wild, that is to say, growing natural in any part of the earth, but have been altered by the industry of mankind from plants not now resembling them, even in such a degree as to enable us to recognize their relations. The acrid a/.d disagreeable opium graveotens, has been transformed into delicious celery, ;;nd the cokworl, a plant of scanty leaves, not weighing altogether half an ounce, has been improved -into cabbage, whose leaves alone weigh many pcjunds, or into the cauliflower of considera- ble dimensions, being only the embryo of a few buds, which in their natural state would not have weighed as many grains. The potato again, whose introduction has added millions to our population, derives its origin from a small bitter root, which grows wild in Chili and Monte Video. A few days ago, a butcher in this neighborhood, who has always been considered " wide awake," lost a shoulder of mutton: and having ascertained that it had been stolen by a dog belonging to a cer- tain attorney, he lost no time in repairing to its owner, and accosted him as follows ; — " Pray, sir, if a dog conies tn my shop and runs away with a joint of meat, cannot I make the owner pay for it?" " Certainly," replied t'le attorney. "Then I will thank you for 3s. 9d., which is the price of a shoulder of mutton your pointer has just stolen from me." Ihe lawyer paid the money, and the knight of the cleaver thanking him and wishing him good morning, was leaving the office; but the solicitor said, " Stay sir, I must trouble you for my fee. Yon came to consult me, I gave you my opin- ion, and the charge is 6s. 3d." The butcher look- ed exceedingly " sheepish," but instantly paid the amount, and returned home with the loss of his mutton, and an additioual 2s. lid. — English paper. Foote advised a gentleman who desired to attend a masquerade ball in a neio character, to " go sober." THE JVEW E!^■G1.A^D FAKItlEK Is published every Wednesday F.vening, at S3 per annuni payable at the end of the year— 'but those who pay wilh;n sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a ce- ducl'ionof 59 cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTFRS, 17 aonnoL 8tri;et bostu:^ AND H O R T I C U L T U k A L R E Cx I S T E R . PUliMSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH M.4RKET STREET, (Aghic^lto-a^ Wa REHOUSE.) Oil. xvni.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 15, 1840. AGRICULTURAL, 100 acres. But as yet there is reason to doubt whether any increased quantity beyond 2.5 bushels of small bones produces any increased benefit to the crop ; and no one will venture to assert thai he knows the point beyond which an additional outlay is a mere loss of money and waste of a manure which is becoming daily more .scarce. Again, as to the kind of soil on which bones may profitably be ap- plied, there are some on which they have as utterly failed, as they have signally succeeded on others; but on this important point, as on the precedino-, the valuable answers returned, chiefly by practical farmers, to the questions sent out by the Doncaster Agricultural Association, at the instance of Mr Childers, afford the only authentic data to which we can refer at present for guidance. After tlie ground has been duly prepared, there is still ample room for inquiry and for improvement. On the best season of wheat sowing, for instance, there exists great ditference of opinion amongst cultivators. Dr Mavor, in his 'General View of the Agriculture of Berkshire," published no longer ago than the year 1813, states that, on the chalk hills of thnt county, wheat was sewn as ear- ly ;is August Thi.s year a practical farmer of thai very district has given his opinion that it matters not how late wheat is sown, and that December is soon enough. The quantity, too. of grain to be sown is a matter of VHrying practice, and there are hioh autliontiis for thick sowing and far thin. Yet a saving of ha f a bushel of seed, if it can be pro- perly made, will be a gain ofo.s. per acre, or about one-sixth of the average re.it of arable land to the renter, and of ^40,000 qnaite.-.s-, or (100,000/. to the country each year. Now, this question can obvi- ously be solved, not by loose urgmiieiit, or appeals to practice, which is always appealed to while and where each practice obtains, but by careful, extend- ed observation continued through a variety of mild and liu.d wintrr.s, w.t and dry springs and sum- mers. As to the quality of seed tvation. > he pruduco of the first would appe.arto bo deadened and shrnthed. ''""""'""' ^" *^ ^"^ """'"'"'" ' "'" "'^ '°'=°"''' *' ^•2• s is a point that may be easily tested : but there I "'e c^l^ '^f^ the first averager! .34 grains; the sec - larger que.nlons connected" with the u.se of ! ^"'' '^'^J ''!^ "'■"'"^ °'',.'!?'' '^''^' .'""'^''''"' »«''""■ "> es. They are, as is well known, an expensive lire, and their price is rising; but it is by no ns known in what quantity they should he ap- five. In the cOur.se of five or six years it was oen- erally accepted and approved in luy neighborhood, as F promoted its fair trial, and charged only the d. At 10 bushels t.. the acre, however, if the | ''"™"' """'^^''^^ P^'^t ^1' '^\ be 3,5. per bushel, the outlay i.-= already large, * * '' loly 30s., a sum probably exceeding the rent i ■ , , - — 20 bushels it will be .J/., or 300/. for a field of ""'^^ ''""'^ ^' ""'""'^ ^^^^'^°''"^^''" "' "hat order o It is not enough for the farmer to know the best manugeciieiit of an individual crop, even of all improved knowledge of this order, and a better se- lection, tliat much improvement has already been eflected in British agriculture. It is well known that crops of the same kind following each other become rapidly less productive ; whether by ex- hausting the land of some fertile property, or by depositing, as has been lately supposed, some ex- crementitious matter injurious to the growth of their ov.'n spe('ies, though favorable, perhaps tn the luxuriance of some other tribe. Be this as it may, no one would now think of growing, as formerly, wheat, barley, and oats in succession ; and though Mr Hitchins, land surveyor, of Brighton, states that in his recollection, the tenants of a gentleman liv- ing in Sussex, when a clause was introduced into their leases prohibiting them from growing more than ttuo white crops in succession, complained that they could not hope to defray their rents if fettered by such restrictions, few good farmers at present, on light soils at least, come even up to these lim- its by raising even two white crops, as they are called, in immediate succession. It is on these light lands, indeed, that a due rotation of crois lins so signally succeeded, that, whereas they were for- merly considered of very inferior value, they are now more readily occupied than those heavier soil.s, which, being ill their nature, more suited to the growth of wheat, were once valued more his'hly. And it is as much by the slow and almost insensi- ble ameliorfti-n vf such land, as by any increased breadth of cultivation, that the country has become in any denreo capable of sr.pporting the vast num- bers which have been added to her population. A small p:,rish might be pointed out, in which an aged firmer remembers the time when a single rick was all that It could producs of wheat in one year; whereas, without any increase of its ploiiglied ground, that same parish now yields five nr six yearly. Its sandy .soil was then drifted like snow before the wind; and the scanty barley might be sometimes seen borne away also ; whereas the very fields, slill called '-The Sands," are now, by that glutinous quality which high condition imparts — by the droppings and the tread of the sheep which are fed on the turnips that now grow in garden-like or- der where before was a naked fallow, compacted into a brown and adhesive, thnugh still lighiish loam. But though the Norfolk or alternate or foir course system of husbandry (.■^ocnlled because its simple rotation consists of turnips followed by ■barley, and clover by wb.eat,) has conferred such great though silent benefits on the country, it may be dcuibted whot>,er thit system has not accomplish- ed all that it "is ca'jable of, and must not pass into another. Alre<,dy it has begun to fail in one of Its green cr-'jpj.^ probably in the other. 'I ho red clover, it ci! advnitled, can be no longer rejieaied once I ,, t-(,„f y3;i|.g^ and the substitution of white <^'''* W', or of rye gras i in the alternate fourth year, "c the prolongation of ttie course to five years by sowipg rye gf-i-ass with the clover, and thus leaving the 'around in grass for two years successively, are but. imperfect remedies. The evil, however, is likely to incre ise ; for in Flanders, whence the succession they should follow each other, h \, by I red clover was: originally brought over, and where 238 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. 15, 1S40. tlie land has been longer tired with its repetition, it luis been destroyed in wliole districts by a grey parasitical plant called orolanche, and the only cure has been the entire suspension of its cultivation in those districts for many years. It is well known, also, that in Norfolk, where the turnip has been lon- gest cultivated, that root has become subject to a disease which distorts it with unhealthy excrescen- ces ; and it may bo worth inquiry whether, apart froHi dry seasons and the depredations of insects, flie late general failure of the turnip be not in some degree owing to its too frequent repetition. Such being the ill results of a too scanty rota- tion, which consists in the endless repetition of four crops, the remedy must of course bo sought in a greater diversity ; and here we cannot but look to that npighbnring country whence our green crops were first derived. In Flanders we find rotations, of great richness and endless diversity, carried over a term not of four years, but of ten, eleven, and even fourteen. Into all of these potatoeg enter, consum- ed on the farm, being in fact the chief food of the cattle during the latter part of winter and the be- ginning of spring. Carrots, too, are sown on the same grown with barley or peas, and after either grain is harvested, come also to maturity in the au- tumn of the same year. The barley harvest, how- ever, is much earlier than in this country. But though our summers do not certainly encourage such double culture, pens might be early enough ripe even with us to a'dmit of its trial ; but at all events, the Flemish carrot, a white variety, may be worth cultivating as the crop of the year, since it is said to yield 2J tons by the acre, where the com- mon orange or Dutch carrot gives but 11. Pars- nips, it appears, are grown also where the soil is too heavy for carrots, and being extremely hardy, are left in the ground during winter, and drawn only as they are required for immediate use. Thi^y are thought not so good for milch cows as carrots, but superior for fattening cattle. Wo have long h:;d another root, the mangel-wurtzel, which may serve, if grown on a part of the turnip field, to pre- vent the evils arising from the too frequent recur- rence of that principal crop ; and it is well knoirn, if stored up, to come ii}to useful service for ewes with their lambs in the spring. There is a mode which our owrr farmers have taken towards the doubling of crops, not indeed on one piece of ground at one time, but on one piece in the same year. — Between the wheat h.irvest in August and tlie sew- ing of turnips in June, there occurs in the four- course system a gap of nine months' idleness for the soil. This inlerva! is filled up, on a part at least of the wheat stubbles, with a crop of rye to be fed otT green in the early spring, at the time when fresh food is most wanted for stock, and least easy to be procured. So far as this e.ictends we have thus two crops where our forefathers left a naked fallow; and it may bo worth inquiry agnin how far this sy.stora can be extended. Hut this important subject of the rotation of crops, though much may be done by individual enterprise, re- quires such minute attention to so complicated re- sults spread over so long periods, that it is only on an experimental farm we can hope to see it fully investigated. It might be supposed that when these different stages of husbandry had been successfully passed, when the subsoil of a farm had been mellowed, or rather when it had been gradually blended with the soil, and the soil itself might thus be said to have been brought to a double depth, when the sur- face of the field had been dressed with the most suitable manure, either natural dung, or artificial manure, whether of the mineral or refuse class, had been worked with the right implements, in the right manner, at the right time ; sown with the most pro- ductive seed, and, above all, sown in the best course of rotation, when the crops thus prepared had be'en cleansed either by the hand or the Imrse-hoe (a method, this last, little known in the sivrth of Eng- land, though long practiced and approved for the turnip crop in the noitli ;) but it might be supposed when the crops had been thus made ready, that nothing remained for the farmer but to await the fostering influence of the sky, the dropping rains and alternate sunshine, until after a joyful harvest, he shouid reap the reward of his toil at the neigh- boring market. Little, however, does the sanguine calculator upon paper know of the farmer's real anxieties and frequent disappointments — of the blights, and rusts, and mildews ; the inaects and the fungi, which falling, as if in an unseen cloud, on his fields, impair, if not destroy the vegetative power which he has so carefully and expensively endeavored to nurture. (To be continued.) From the Albany Cultivator. FARM WALL. Common stone wall, for durability, and an effect- ual security to crops, is not surpassed by any other kind of fence. The making of it is somewhat ex- pensive, but the benefit, resulting from removing a useless incumbrance from our farms, more than counterbalances the expense. Althoush the advantages of this kind of fence are obvious, yet, with many, it is not in very high repute. They object, that it is every year falling down, and requires much labor to keep it in repair. This objection has some force from the fact that many of our walls in the western New York are unskilfully built. The stones in this region are not generally of the best kind, and wall built of them will not stand as well as wall in those parts of the country where the material is more abundant and of better form. But I know from actual experiment, that wall built MS it should be, will make a very permanent fence, and require but little repair. Much of our wall in western New York is laid wrong side up, that is, the stones that are laid at the bottom should be laid at the top. The largest and best shaped stones are selected to be laid upon the ground, the next best for the second tier, and so on till the wall is topped out with small stones, unfit fir the place. Although this, at first thought, might seem to be the best way of building, a little reflection and experience will teach a man that it is the very- worst. Where will your round and cobble stones lie best? Is it not on the ground, where they will he firmly imbedded in earth, and must be immoviible r And will not your large and well shaped stones make a much better super- structure than the small cobble stones? In many parts of New England, wall-laying is a trade ; and I have observed that they there select I.heir poorest stones to lay upon the ground. They lay a broad foundation, and with small stones raise the wall from 8 to 12 inches high. This absorbs most of the poor stones. They then select stones a size larger, and lay them in a double row on each side of the wa* and thus raise their wall 12 or 15 inches. They then select their longest and best stones, and lay them across the wall, so as to firmly bind together the two sides, resoi-ving small- er but good shaped stones for completing the top of the structure. The wall, when thus built, should be secured by ploughing about three furrows on each side, and throwing up, with a shovel, the last furrow so as to raise an embankment against the wall, at least a.' foot high. By this means the small stones are all covered, and lying beneath the surface, will be but little affected by frost, and will lie as firm as the best stones you could select. Even if they were no larger than the stones used on a McAdamized road, they would make a, firmer and surer founda- tion than broad and flat stones. The small stones will settle about uniformly and equally into the earth, and being pressed by larger stones above, will lie steady and unmoved in their place. But when large stones are laid upon the ground, the heaving of the frost, and the softness of the earth in a wet season, will cause them to settle more on one sidj^than on the other, and thus tumble down the cobble stone structure above them. The method of building wall here recommended, will, I think, commend itself to the reflecting and intelligent. But if any have doubts, I could easily remove them by showing them wall that has stood the test of time, remaining firm in its place, while wall laid in a different manner has become dilapi- dated. There is another error in wall laying that I would notice. Some take great pains to lay the smooth surfaces of the stones outward, so as to gire a handsome face to the wall. To effect this, they often lay the stones in the most unfavorable posi- tion. I have often seen a long and smooth stone set up edgewise and lengthwise in a wall, which seldom fails to be crowded out by the pressure fr«m above, to the ruin of the wall. But do the best you can, no great beauty can be given to a stone wall ; and here, as in other cases, utility should not be sacrificed to beautij. That wall will eventually look best, that lies best. In making wall, I direct to have every stone laid in a position so that it will lie most firmly in its own place, and bind together most effectually the stones beneath and about it, without regard to the beauty of the wall when completed. A. Pittsford, Monroe Co., M Y. To make Leather lf'nter-proof.—Me\t a pound of tallow with half a pound of rosin. When melted and mixed, warm the boots or shoes, and apply the mixture hot with a painter's brush, until the sole and upper leathers will suck in no more. If it be ih'sired that the hoots should immediately take a polish, dissolve an ounce of bees wax in an ounce of spirits of turpentine, to which add a teaspoonful of lampblack. A day or two after the boots have been treated with the tallow and rosin, rub them over with the wax and turpentine, but not before the fire. Thus the exterior will have a coat of wax alone, and shines like a mirror. Tallow or any other grease rots the stitching and the leather — ro- sin gives it an antiseptic quality and preserves it. Rhubarb. — This excellent plant, which should have a place in every garden, is very easily raised, requiring nothing more than a rich loauiy situation. It is an orchard in miniature, the stems of its leaves affording a substance which is an cxceller.t substi- tute for apples, to make sauce or pies. Thi' sauce made from it is a preventive of bowel complaints. VOL. XVltl. NO. as. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER •239 EXCRETIONS OF PLANTS. From observation, wc learn tluit llie niattDr ex- creted by plants is, as a general liiin<,', tlirown out in such a condition as to be, not only unfit again to enter tlie system of tlie plant rejecting it, but posi- lively d'jieterious ; and t'urtlier, that the excretions of different plants diiTer so ninch from each other, that whilst that thrown out by a (ilantis deleterious to others of the same species, it is so;uetimes well adapted to the nourishment of those of a different species. This fact will explain some of those rules which experience has taught the practical agricul- turist. For instance, the rule that the same crop should not be grown for several years in succes- sion upon the same piece of ground. It will not do to say, as is often done, that a second crop of wheat will not grow as well upon any given spot, is the first, because that spot has been exhausted jf too great a poition of its nutritive matter by the first. This it is true is one reason, but if it be the 3nly reason, or even the principal reason, we may isk, how is it that a crop of corn will succeed al- nost as well as if the wheat had never been grown ;here .' The true explanation seems to be that the 'aiUire of the second crop of wheat arises not so nuch from the exhaustion of the soil, as from the Jxistence in the soil of a portion of matter positive- y deleterious to wheat, deposited by the first crop ; it the same time this matter is not injurious to the ;orn, and hence that crop will succeed when wheat vould fail. To grow the same crop for several luccessive years upon the same spot, is, as De Can- loUe has very pertinently, though perhaps not very elegantly remarked, "like feeding an animal upon ts own excrements." It is much to be desired that this matter should le made a subject of more careful and more accu- ate experiments than it ever has as yet, aa it is one vhich would doubtless admit of very important iractical applications. If the precise nature of the natter retained and of that rejecteil by each ofthe Tops in common cultivation could once be ascer- ained, it would seem to be an easy matter to de- ermine the best order in which those crops should ucceed each other. Perhaps, too, if this subject pas better understood, we should find that the way n which some manures benefit land, is not by sup- dying nourishment to the plants growing on it, but ly removing this deleterious matter from their roots, f this matter possessed the character of an acid, and there are se^'eral facta which seem to render t almost certain that such is the character of the natter excreted by many plants) lime would act in his way — it would unite with the acid and neu- ralize its properties. The rotation of crops is a natter very generally attended to in farming, but n gardening, where it is ofstill greater miportance, t is frequently neglected, and as a necessary cbn- equence, garden plants degenerate under so inju- licious a system of cultivation. Our best garden- r» have been taught by experience never to sow he same plant even for two years in succession, pon the same spot of ground. When the root of a plant is cut off, and the stem laced in water, the excremenlitioua matter, whicli 1 other circumstances would have been discharg- d from the roots, issues from the end of the stem, lence it is tJi-it water in which flowers have been ept for some time, always becomes offensive. We ommonly say that the water has become putrid ; ut pure water can never become putrid ; the offen- ve character ot" the water in such circumstances arises entirely from the rejected matter excreted by the stem. It is a fact, which I suppose all must have no- ticed, that some plants when placed in water to- I gether, seem to keep each other alive, whilst others I produce just the opposite effect. This is owing to I the nature of the matter excreted by their stems. ! Where the matter rejected by one plant is of such a nature as to be suited to the nourishment of the other, tliey will keep each other alive ; but where the opposite is the case they will hasten each others deatii. In the same way we explain the fact that a nosegay composed of many different flowers, will, "hen placed in water, generally preserve its fresh- ness much longer than one composed of the same number of flowers of the same species. There is a class of plants commonly called weeds, which cannot grow in the immediate neighborhood of our com non cultivated plants without materially inju- ring them. This is doubtless in part owing to their consuming the nutritive matter contained by the soil, and in part also to their overshadowing the cultivated plant and thus shutting it out from tlie direct action of the sun, but it is also, in part, owing to the nature ofthe matter which they deposite in tlie soil. The common opinion that weeds poison the plants in whose immediate- neighborhood they grow, is not mere imagination — it is nothing more than a simple statement of the fects of the case. It is a curii us fact, frequently noticed by bota- nists, that plants in their wild state, grow in natu- ral groups. This is in part to be attributed to the varying nature ofthe soil — such plants as prefer a sandy soil, being collected together where such a soil occurs ; and in part also to the operation of the matter deposited by them in' the soil. Such plants as deposite matter of a nature fitted to sus- tain and assist each others growth, will gener- ally be found growing together. It would seem, that in parcelling out the earth, the Creator has not assigned particular species of animals alone to par- ticular portions, and given them the means of de- fending themselves against the aggression of their neighbors ; but that ho had taken the sams kind of care for plants, at least to a certain extent. If a seed of a plant which properly belongs to one por- tion, is by accident thrown upon another, the plants to which that portion btlongs, soon destroy it. Thus has the Creator fixed for every separate portion of creation, "the bounds of its habitation." — Fanners'' Resiister. Exhimsted Lands too soon AbandoiKd The fai:lt ofthe fanners upon our hard soil has been to abandon the ground after the skinning process. This was natural while other fertile lands remained in the vicinity to be cleared that w'ould produce larger crops. And now a farmer that has mowed over forty, fifty and a hundred acres year after year until he has reduced the crop of hay down from two tons to one ton, half a ton and even four or five hundred pounds to the acre; is as a matter of neces- sity willing almost to give away the ground that yields so scantily, to seek a livelihood by taking women boarders at the price of a dollar or a dollar and a quarter a week, near some great factory es- tablishment, or else to pack up " bag and baggage" and set out for the land of promise in the west. To men so discouraged as these have been in times past, I believe the alternative offers of a much more certain chance of success in life; and that is, in the renovation of worn out farms. If a man is in debt to the amount of its whole value, he had bettor purchase a portion of what was his own on credit, and remain upon it, than abandon it. — With common health, with a good resolution a, id good habits, he may as soon lay a foundation for the future sustenance and comfort of himself and family as he can perhaps any where else. The poorest places for steady employment, I am induced to believe, are our largest towns and villages. A- mong the fanners the poor man can almost every where be employed at a price either in money or produce to help sustain his family : his wife and children who are of sufficient age can also find some kind of business where industry shall aid the exertions of the father : nay, is it not an event of frequent occurrence that females in a family alolie earn its support ? The poor man can work for others as well as on the ground which he has pur- chased or hired. But let him work it rightat hiune. If he have but a single acre ofthe worn out land — I do not mean impervious rock or that gravel or sand on which labor and manure will have no ef- fect, but that retentive soil which holds manure, or such barren wet soil as may be drained — or such impoverished soil as requires the plough or the iron bar to strike deeper than it has been wont ; if he be- gin with an acre of such land and begins aright, the first year will give him better jiay for the labor and application than he ever obtained under the skinning process ; the product will be increased in a com- pound ratio in succeeding years ; and in a few re- volving seasons he will, find his single acre yielding ■ him more clear gain than, some farmers obtain from fifty and a hundred acres, under the, wearing-out mode of cultivation. — Gov. HiWs Jlddress. J^ght Soil Mr Robinson, of Baldwin-sville, in- quires "by what process night soil can be converted into an inodorous manure in a short time, so that any cultivator may be able at once to remove "a nuisaQce and obtain a valuable manure." We are unable to inform Mr Robinson of the processes adopted where the preparation of poudretle is car- ried on extensively anil in the ino-t approved man- ner ; but it is said in the 1st vol. British Husband- ry, that " All unpleasantness of odor may be pre- vented by the mere use of ashes ; and were those thrown upon the night soil or into privies that have no communicaiion with sewers, the ashes made in every dwelling house would so completely absorb the fluid parts, that a solid h^ap of manure would be produced, which might afterwards be removed without difficulty or offensiveness." This is the method practiced extensively in some parts of Eng- land, and on the continent. Lime is, however, much better than ashes, and this is the disinfect- ing agent whereve.- poudrette is produced. In Rigby's .Agricultural Reports, the following is re- commended as the best method of preparing and using night soil : " Spread it on a spot of clean grass; let it be well harrowed on a clear drying day; then put it under cover, and add a chaldron of lime to four loads ofthe soil in that state, and it will become dry, and can be reduced to an inodo- rous powder." All that seems to be required, is to mingle with the drained material something that will dry and render the mass friable and pulveru- lent. Lime is the most efficient agent for this pur- pose, and that which is slaked, is stated in Pilking- ton's Transactions to be preferable for this purpo.-^e to that which is caustic. — Jllhany Cultivator. That excellent paper the Genesee Farmer, hra been united with the Albany Cultivator. •240 NEW ENGLAND FARxMER, JAJV. 13, 1840. THE GOOD WORK ADVANCING. Nothing can have a greater tendency to encour- age the fiiends of an enlightened and judicious sys- tem of agriculture to persevere in tiieir praisewor- thy effjrts, tliaii ihi; spirit of injprovenient which appears to be widely diffusing itself throughout our land. The results of the late Cattle Shows and Ag- ricultural Exhibitions held in various parts of the Unio I during the present season — the increasing interest manifested by members and others — the fine condition of the stock exhibited — the great va- riety and value of new agricultural implements, and the determination of the tillers of the soil not to rest short of every attainable improvement to bring their farms to the highest grade in the scale of fertility, and of consequent profit to themselves, and great advantage to the community at large — are full of promise. During the present year a large number of .Agri- cultural Societies have been organized, possessing within themselves the elements of great good. Be- sides, several societies formed long since, and which were permitted to languish through the luke- warmness of their members, have been r'^.'^uscitated — many new societies have been formed, number- ing among their members many of tlie most enliglit- ened and public spirited agriciilturists of our coun- try— and far greater attention has been paid to the interests of agriculture in all its various depait- meiits, than at any previous time. E.xperiments liave been made, if not on the great scale, at least very extensively — and in this matter the farmer has a decided advantage. Knowledge has been great- ly increased, and our brother farmers, many of them at least, are pi'opared to enter in good spirits and in somewhat improved circumstances, on the labors of another year. The raising of roots for the purpose of feeding cattle is no longer a matter of experiment. The great importance of this crop is now established, and we presume that those persons who have put in their winter grain, where the sugar beet has been last raised, and especially if two sncce.'Jsive crops have been taken from the same ground, provided the earth has been properly turned up, and the grain sown of a good quality, will bo abundantly satisfied with the results of the ensuing season. — The sugar beet especially, and the root crop in gen- eral, has a tendency to loave the ground in admira- ble order for any of the small grain crops to suc- ceed. While we recommend to every farmer to put in a full supply of roots the ensuing season, sufficient for his cattle during the next winter, we would advise him not to entertain the opinion, or even to attempt the manufacture of sugar from the beet. It is not the province of the farmer — and in the present state of chemical and agricultural sci- ence, it cannot become a profitab e subject of house- hold fabrication. To be successful, its manufac- ture must be conducted on the great scale, then there is neither risk nor difficulty. The farmer should be content with raising, at the present, a suf- ficient quantity of roots for his own use, and the keep of his stock, and when sugar minufactories and refineries are established, then it will be tinio to think of raising beets for the purpose of sugar-mak- ing ; and no doubt, if the business is properly com- menced— with a competent head, sufficient capital, and the right kind of machinery — a ready market at fair prices will be found for all the beets that can be raised witliin the proper circle of each manufac- turing establishment. But, admitting that a pound of sugar is never made from the beet, still, its in- troduction into the country, and its almost univer- sal culture, must be regarded as a national benefit. Tlie large return it renders, the eagerness with which almost all kinds of stocks feed on it, and their disposition to fatton on it — its peculiar adaptations to dairy stock, not merely increasing the quantity but also the quality of the milk and butter, together with the excellent order in which it leaves the ground on which it is grown, all concur in pointing itout as one of the most eligible crops the farmer can raise. We would by no means have the sugar beet raised to the exclusion of other root crops, especially such as the ruta baga, carrot, potato, &c. ; as a change, even for stock, is both good and desirable. The more general introduction among our far- mers of impioved implements in agriculture, has_ not been wi.hout its efflsct. Many of these ma- chines are calculated not only to lessen the labors of the field, but also perform the work in a more perfect manner than it can he done by hand. The stigma so long attached to this, the most noble of all earthly pursuits, is washed away — the strong prejudices have been dissipated, and agricul- ture is now regarded by the truly intelligent, as not only the first of arts, but the most dignilied call- ing that can claim the attention of ni7.n. — Far- mtrs' Cabinet. nently distinguished and eminently useful, if you will persevere in seeking after knowledge and ma- king a proper use of it. The Medici— Necker — . Ricardo — were merchants or bankers : Franklin was a mechanic : Washington was a farmer. By far the greater part of our countrymen are and must be farmers. They must be educated ; or wliat is the same thing, educated men must become far- mers, if they would maintain their just influence and ascendency in the State. I cannot wish for the alumni of Cumberland College a more health- ful, independent, useful, virtuous, honorable, patri- otic employment, than that of agriculture. Nor is there any condition in life more favorable to the calm pursuits of science, philosophy and religion; and to all that previous training which ultimately constitutes wisdom and inflexible integrity. Should our college eventually become the grand nursery of intelligent, virtuous farmers, I shall esteem it the most highly favored institution in our country.' I have long thought that our college graduates of.' ten mistake tli« true path to honor and usefulness, in making clioice of a learned profession, instead of converting agriculture into a learned profession, as it ought to be, and thereby obtaining an honest livelihood in the tranquil shades of ihe country." CHOICE OF A PROFESSION. It hr.s frequently occurred to us that our young men, on completing their studies in our colleges, mistake the road to usefulness and comfort in pre- ferring the study of some fashionable profession to the pursuits and occupations of rural life. As soon as a young gentleman is admitted to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, his thoughts are turned on the fu ture, and perhaps the first resting place they find is upon the acquirement of professional knowledge of some kind, which to him seems the only road to wealth or distinction. Thus we see the science of agriculture neglected by those who are capable of investigating it as it should be ; and every possible inducement to engage in the improvement of the soil, and to assist nature in what she is wont to do for man is but a feather in the scale of reasoning. And through fear of adopting some pursuit that is attended with a little labor, and, as some call it, drudsery — but which is the greatest conducive to good health — resort is had to the study of some ^ro- Jession — which has done, and we fear is doing great injury to our country. We wage no war against professions of any kind; on the con- trary, they are indispensable, but it is a fact that it is considered an unpopular step nowadays for a young man on completing his academic studies, to devote his time and talents, if ho possesses any, to the advancement of the cause of agriculture. We hav6 beforejsp't an o.ddress, delivered before the young gentleme-n admitted to the degree of liachelor of Arts, at the first commencement of the University of Nashville, by its venerable President, Dr Philip Lindsey— which deserves to be more ex- tensively circulated than we fear it has been — and from which we make the following extract SoiUh- em Cultivator. "I know not what are to be your future profes- sions or occupations. Every honest calling ought to be esteemed honorable. I address you as mor- al and intellectual beings — as the patriot citizens of a great republic. You may be merchants, me- chanics, farmers, manufacturers- — and yet be etni- A HiivT. — A soil may be forced, by extreme care, enormous expense, and the ii;e of manure without measure, to jiroduce all sorts of crops; but it is nut in such sort of proceedings that the sci- ence'of agriculture consists. Agriculture ought not to be considered as an object of luxury, and whenever the produce of agricultural management does not amply repay the care and expense bestow- ed upon it, the system followed is bad. A good agriculturist will, in the first place, make himself acquainted with the nature of the soil, in order to know the kind of plants to which it is best adapted. This knowledge may be easily acquired by an ac- quaintance with the species of the plants produced upon it spontaneously, or by experiments made up- on the land, or upon analogous soils in the neigh- borliood. — Farma-^s Cabinet. The Farmers. — The following just and eloquent tribute to this meritorious class of American citi- zens, is from the pen of an eminent New England clergyman. — ]bzd- "There is one class ef men upon wjiom we can yet rely. It is the s?.me class that stood on the lit- tle green at Lexington — that gathered on the lieights of Hunker Hill, and porired down from the hills of New England — which w'ere the life-blood of tlio nation when the English lion was ready to devour it, — I mean the Farmers. They were never found to trample on law and right. Were I to commit my cliaracter to any class of men, my family, and my country's safety, it would be to the farmers. 'I hey are a class of men such as the world never saw for honesty, intelligence and Roman virtue, sweetened by the Gospel of God. And when this nation quakes, they and their sons are those that will stand as the sheet anchor of out liberties, and hold the ship at lier moorings till she outrides the storm." Agriculture is the theme of the day. The most enlightened of our citizens are embarking in its pursuits, which give assura'nces of its being ulti- mately established on a basis concomitant with its merits. Tou. xvm. jjd. as. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. I'or the New England Farmer. BERKSHIRE PIGS. "Iff Oar! Monsieur Tonson come acrain! .'" Mk EnnoK— Some tin'ie in November last I re- ived tlirouixh the post office a number oftlie « Uos- n Cultivator," containing a commiinicalion from m. S. Tnrner, which I presume lie intended as a aly to mine in the New England Fanner of Oct. d. As his name was written on the margin, I d every re.ison to believe he intended it as a ;noclv-du«n argument," and I must forever after Id my peace. I immediately addressed a communication on tiie jject to the Editor of the " Boston Cultivator,^' ich, for reasons best known to himself, he has ; published. The communication of Mr Turner, referred to )ve, I also find in your paper of Nov. 20th, and luld I let it pass unnoticed, some might consider :onclusive. ■^ow, sir, I assert that there is deception on the y face of it — for there is no such firm as "Be- nt & Glan,son," nor is there any such person as nson residing in Albany. He says — "But to ve they were procured of them, I send yon my Cher, which is a bill of sale signed by Thomas !d, jr., and is in the following words 'Fra- gham, June l.'Jth, 18o'9.— I hereby certify that I B this day sold to Mr VVm. Turner, 14 full I ided Berkshire pigs, which I had of [O, tempera ! | nores I where is his conscience .=] Messrs Be- it & Glauson, of Albany, N. Y., and from- their j immendations. 'J'homas Reed, Jr.' " I 'his certificate appears to be Mr Turner's sheet inr— his proof positive. He also says I did not f that they were procured from Bement & Glau- I said,_^"a3 regards mysrlf, J deny in iQto, of ng ever sold any Berkshire pigs to \Vm. S. ner, or any other person in that town." I did of course, include the name of Thomas Reed, jr. did not then know tlicre was such a man in e.x- MAM.iiOTlI PEAR. I This pear was raised in Virginia and given to Mr I Fitch, of Danville, by his friend, Dr Green of the I same place, as a sort of Christmas or New Year's I present and served up in the family of Dr Ball, of 1 Northhoro,' and passed about to the guests as a part j of the evening's entertainment — a portion of which , was presented to us by Dr Harnard, of Dorchester, i I who had the high gratification of carving it up fori [ the company. We have had the pleasure of wit- j nessing a longitudinal survey of the fruit, and are | j thereby enabled to testify to the dimensions which were given and proved to be as follows: longitudi- I nal circumference 15 1-4 inches; transverse or hor- I izontal circumference ]:! 1-4 inches; the weight of I the pear was 1 3-4 of a pound. j It is but just to say that the pear probably neith- j er weighed nor measured so much as when taken I from the tree. It had shrunk some. and was con- ' j siderahly defective : the flavor, however, was not impaired, and we found it very palatable Com 0 make my story short— Not long after I re- ;d the Boston Cultivator, I met in Albany, Jer- h Miller, a farmer, who resides in the town of idack, six miles east of Albany, who keeps a Berkshire hogs and some Durham cattle. I ed to him the substance of Mr Turner's adver- lent, certificate, &,c. " Why," said he, I sold 1 the 14 pigs, and they were only seven-eighths shire, and I sold them to him as such." He led me to give him a certificate that they were iloodrd Berkshires, which I refused to do. He y concluded it would be better not to have my Jcate." [I presume he thought one from Be- & Glauson would answer better.] '• I sold It the same time," continued Mr Miller, " one loodcd Berkshire pig and gave him a certificate It eff.'ct." le above, ]\Ir Editor, is the history of the « 14 ihire pigs," as advertised by Wm. S. Turner, lacked by a certificate from '1 homas Reed, jr. ving been procured of " Bement & Glauson." further comment ie needless. Respectfully, your obed't serv't, CALEB X. BEMENT. rce Hills Farm, Jan. 1st, 1840. LSter operates most beneficially when applied ry and clayey soil, or a heavy loam that is lia- bake or gape open. It should be sown in ! CHANGE IN SOIL EFFECTING A CHANGE I IN PLANTS. I A change in soil may be effected either by re- I moving a plant from one spot of earlh to another I difiering from it in fertility, or by the addition of manure, producing a change in the character of the soil in which a plant grows, without changing the location of the plant. The effect of removing a I plant from a comparatively barren to a more fertile soil, is to increase the size of all its parts, and often to convert its organs of one kind into those of s neth- er. Experience has taught us, that it is advanta- geous to supply food to plants artificially. Where increase in the size of vegetables, without reference to their magnitude is desired, it can almost always b«acieomplished, by affording an increased supply of all the ingredients of the food of plants, distribu- ted in well pulverized soil, in such a manner that the roots of tlse plants ran easily reach it. The effect thus produced, can be greatly increased by additional heat and moisture ; and by a partial ex- clusion of the diriTt rays of the sun, so as to mod- erate the evaporation of fluids from the plant. Ex- perience alone can determine to what extent this may profitably be carried in the case of each spe- cies of vegetable. The results which have been produced in some instances are truly remarkable. Loudon states th-it cabbages have been produced weighing half a hundred weight, apples a pound and a half, and cabbage-roses of four inches in di- ameter, or more than a foot in circumference. Bv cultivation and a change of soil, the appearance of, many trees has been entirely altered. 'j he wild! crab-apple, the original stock Irom which all our vast variety of apples have sprung, has its stem and branches thick set with thorns. On rcmovinn- it to a more fertile soil and more favorable circumstan- ces, all these thorns have disappeared, and their place has been supplied by fruit-bearing branches. Yet all the distinctive characteristics of the tree the structure of its wood and bark, the shape and arrangement of its leaves, the form and aggrega- tion of its flowers, indeed all that a botanist would consider characteristic of the plant, have remained unchanged. Perliaps the most remarkable changes which re- sult from a change of soil, are those of organs of one kind into those of another. It is by such chan- ges that all our double flowers have been obtained. The organs which are most comiuonly converted 241 into others, are the sstamens, and next to them the pistils. In the hundred-leaved rose, and some oth- er double roses, almost all the stamens have been converted into petals; in the flowering cherry the pistils have been converted into green leaves ; in the double collumbine a part of the stamens have I been converted into petals, another part into nec- j taries, whilst a tliird part have retained their origin- al form. The perfect regularity with which the changes have taken place in the last mentioned flower is worthy of notice. Wherever one str.rnen has been converted into a petal, a corresponding one has always been converted into a nectary; and so regularly have these changes proceeded, that by careful dissection, you may separate one of these double flowers into several single ones, each per- I feet in itself, and destitute of none of it.s appropri- ate parts. Wher° flowers have been doubled by art, the only sure way of propagating them, is by some means by which the new plant should be noth- ing more than a continuation of the old one, as by slipsor cuttings. Whenever the seed is resorted to, there is danger that the plant will revert to its original type, and the flowers appear single again. A change of color also frequently results from a change of soil. Respecting the nature of this change, no fixed laws have been as yet discovered. As a general thing, however, the brightness of the colors of a flower is injured by enriching the soil in which it grows ; and hence florists, when they wish to procure tulips of very bright colors, prefer planting the bulbs in a light sandy soil, which is rather poor than otherwise. — Farmei-s' Reo-ister. JlgricuUurnl hnprovcment.—ln the retrospect of ^the past, we will find that sgriculture has received ja greater impulse during the last twenty years than ^ in double or treble that period, previously,— that j during this space of time, scientific knowledge and enlightened education have been brought to bear . upon the subject, and in putting theory into prac- tice, the narrow prejudices contracted by the world at large, have been thrown aside. Science has clearly demonstrated that in this pursuit there is an ample field for the exercise of the clearest facul- ties, and the deepest scientific researches, calcula- ted to aflbrd enjoyment to those enga^^ed in it, and fully reimburse their expenditures. This march of improvement is not stayed, hap- pily we may safely assert, that at no point of time was it more in the full tide of progress than at the present, and no limits can be set to its advance- ment. To quicken it, our farmers themselves must lay hold of the matter;— they should individually feel that a portion of this work is assigned the:ii ; that they are called upon as integrant parts of a . great community, to further its interests, by the- means which they severally have at command; , they should be willing, impartially, and unbiassed' I by old prejudices, to canvass all their actions, and bring them to the test of reason. They shou'iJ not I suppose luat many one particular have they reach- ed to ultimate perfection, but keep tl-|is aiwavs in;_ view as the point to arrive at. — Fii> ,ner g'' Cab. I Notwithstanding the immense gr ^in^crops of this- country the past season, and thr fget that large quantities of flour have beeu e ^;„,ted to Europe, st.II several vessels have a-.^i- ,,7^. New York Late- ly with rye from Od.ss, . -^^ ,^^; ,,„,, ,o.,e- what strange to those . ,, JJ'^/ J,„„i„ted with the fact that this rye' = • "^ i j- i-n ^, naiUj Times. ^ " mtended for the rf.seJ.en,.— 242 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. 15, 1S40. AND HORTICULTURAL RF.GISTER. RosTON, WEnNKsriAv, January 15, 1840. AGRICULTURAL MEETING. The CnmmissionRr of Aijriciillural Survey having obtained the use of the Represpnt.itives Hall, for the purpose ; notified the'first agrinultural meeting of ihe season, for Monday evening- at 7 o'clock. The meeting was very fully attended. Tliis evening was taken because no other evening in the week \rouId have been conve- nient for Mr Webster's altend.-ince, though it was sin- cerely regretted that it should interfere with other lec- tures liolilen on that evening ; and that, on this account the presence of many gentlemen, ardent friends 6f agri- cultural improvement, was prevented. Mr Webster, having, in his recent tour, made the husbandry of Eng- land a particular subject of observation and inquiry, it was highly desirable to have from his own lips some ac- count of his observations and impressions; and of his views of the applicableness of foreign rules, and modes of husbandry to our own country. The meeting was organised by the choice of Hon. Mr Tha.Tter, of the council, to preside; and the Agricul- ture of Massachusetts having been announced as the subject of the evening's discussion, intending by it to open a wide range of conversation, some general views of the subject and the leading topics of impiiry were briefly stated, when Mr Webster, being particularly re- ferred to, rose and addressed the meeting in a plain, di- rect, perspicuous, instructive and admirable manner ; and was followed by I'rofessor Silliman, of Connecticut, likewise called upon by the chair, with a corresponding felicity of matter and manner. It would be matter of the highest utility and gra- tification if both these addresses could bo given in full by themselves. We can scarcely, hope for this; and in place of it, as we know the public curiosi- ty will be aniiotisly alive to receive them, wo shall give, from n few very imperfect and hasty notes, our reminiscences of the principal remarks of these two dis- tingui-hed gentlemen. Mr Webster began with stating that he regarded agri- culture as the leadmg interest of society ; and in all its relations having a direct and intimate bearing upon hu. man comfort and the national prosperity. He had been familiar with its operations in his youth ; and iie had always looked upon the subject with a lively and deep interest, lie did not regard himself as particularly quali- fied to judge of the subject in all its various aspects and departments ; and he neither himself regarded, nor would he have others regard his opinions as authorita- tive ; but the subject had been one of careful observa- tion to him, both in public and private life; and his visit to Europe, at a season of the year p.-irticularly favorable for this purpose, had given him the op|iortunity of see. ing tlieir iiriproved husbandry, and as far as it iTiight be interesting or wouhi have a bearing upon the subjaot of the evening's discussion, the agriculture of Massachu- setts, he would proceed to give his views and impres- sions. How far in this ra.itter the e.-iample of other countries was to be followed was a subject worthy of much consi- dereticn. The example of a foreign country might be too closely followed. It would furnish a safe rule of im- itation only as far as the circumslancf-s of a country cor- respond with those of the country whose rules and cus- toms it was proposed to adopt. The great objects of agriculture and the great agricul- tural products of difTerent countries were much the same. Bre;id, meat and clothing onstituted iheie objects. Cot- ton might be regarded as an incidental product, peculiar to certain latitudes and countries. Though the great agricultural products of diflFerent countries were the same, yet there were various diversities of condition and circumstances, which materially affected the agriculture of different countries. The priinnry elements which entered into the consi- deration of the agrirullute of a country were four; cli- mate, soil, price of land and price of labor. In any com- parison, therefore of the agriculture of England with that of Masiachusetts, these elements were to be taken particularly into view. The climate of England differed essentially from that of this country. Thnv were on the vveatern side of the eastern, and we on the eastern side of the western con- tinent. The rlimtte of each country was materially affected by their respective situations in relation to the ocean. The winds which prevail both in this country and in England are from the west, and westerly winds blow three days out of four. These farts are fnmiliar. The consequences resulting from them are, that our wintern are colder and our summers much hotter than in England. Our latitude was about that of Oporto, yet the temperature was very different. On these accounts, therefore, the maturing of the crops in England and the power of usinir these crops would create a material dif- ference between their agriculture and ours. It may be supposed that our climate must resemble that of China in the same latitudes ; and this fact may have an essen- tial bearing upon that branch of agriculture which it is propo.sed to introduce among us, the production of silk. The second point of difference between the two coun- tries lies in the soil. The soil of Kngland is ntainly ar- gillaceous ; a soft and unctuous loam upon a substratum ofelay. This may be considered as the predominant chnractcristic in the parts which he visited. The south- ern parts of England are sandv, rcsiing upon deep heds of chalk. The rocks in England are of a different for- mation from ours. Ours is a granite soil. There is granite in Great Britain ; hut this species of soil pre- vails in Scotland, a part of the country which more ro- senibles our own. Our soils are stony. Smh lands are not found in Tngl-md. We may have lands a.^ good as any in England Our alluvial soils on Connuctii-ut riv. er and in some other parts of the country, are equal to any lands ; but these have no clay. It is not proper to compare the soil of Kngland with the soil of Americ.i, because of the extreme differences in different parts of our country, stretching as it does through so many de grees of latitude, and embracing in its eitent every va riety of climate and soil. The price of land, another important element in agri cultural calculations, differs greatly from the price of land with us. It is three times as high as in Massachu- setts. The price of labor is much more in Massaehtisetts than in England. In different parts of Englpind the price of labor is considerably various ; but it may be set down as twice as dear with us as there. These are general remaiks, which have suggested themselves in regard to the stale of things abroad. Now have we any thincr to learn from them .' Is there any thing in tb.eir condition applicable to ours; in which the arrriGUiture of England may be of use to Mass.-ichusetis and to other countries ? The subject of agriculture in England has strongly attracted the attention and inquiries of men of scieiu-e. They have studied particularly the nature of the soil. More than twenty years ago, Sir Humphrey Davy un- dertook to treat the subject of the application of chemi- cal knowh^dge to agriculture in the chemical analysis of soils and manures. The same attention has been con- tinued to the subject, and the extraordinary discoveries and advances in chemical science, since his lime, are likelv to operate greatly to the advantage of agriculluie. The best results may be expected from it. These inqui- ries are now prosecuted in France with great enthusi- asm anil success. We may hope for like beneficial re- sults here frons the application of science to this subject with us. A second material feature in the agriculturo of Eng- land consists in the rotation of crops. It is a settled principle in their agriculture, that two white crops shall not come in immediate Bucression. A tenant would be discharged by his landlord who should violiite this rule. White crops are grain crops, wheat, barley, rye and oats. These ate succeeded by, or alternated with, polat'ies, vetches or tares, beans, pesis, turnips and ck ver, which are considered as green crops. The great improvements in English husbandry area traci'd to the introduction from sixty to eighty years ag( of tile cultivation of turnips. Before that time, whe lands became exhausted by the repetition of gram crop they were left, as it was termerl, fallow , thai is, were ni cultivated .at all, but abandoned to recruit tliemselvesi they might. This occurred as ofun as every f'nurt year, so that one-quarter of the arable jahd was aiwaj out ofcullivation and yielded nothing. Turnips ai now substituted in the place of these nakerl fallows ; an now land in turnips is considered as fallow. W'tiat tlie philosophy of this.? The raising of crops does n in itself enrich, but exhausts the land. The exhausiic of the land, however, asexperience and ob.servation Im fully demonstrated, takes phice mainly when the seei of a plant are allowed to perfect themselves Tlie tu nip cmp is a biuimial plant. It does not perfect i seeds before it is consumed. There is another circur stance in respect to the turnip plant, which deserv couslderatinii. Tlants, it is well understood, derive large portion of their nutriment from the air. T. leaves ofplantsare their lungs. The leaves of lurni expose a wide surface to the atmosphere, and deriv theref>re, much Tjf tlieir subsistence and nutriment. T broad leaves of the turnips likewise shade the groun preserve its moisture, and prevent, in some measure, exhaustion by the sun and air. The turnips have a farther and ultimate use. Me and clothing come from animals. Tlio more aniin; are sustained apon a farm, the more meal and ihe mt cloilang. These things bear, of course, a proportion the numbers of bullocks, sheep, swine and poultry u hi are maintained. The great inquiry then is, what ki of crops will least exhaust the land in their cnliivatic and furnish support to the largest number of animals.' A vcy large amount of land in England is cuUi' ted in turnips. Fields of turnips of three, four, a even five hundred acres are not uncommon. Sir the introduction of the turnip culture bullocks and slu have trebled in number. Turnips, frir the reasons giv- are not great exhausters of the soil; and they turn abuudaitt fooil for animals. Wiiere one bushel ol i. are produ(;ed ten bushels of turnips may be grown the same cost. The great difference in the two crop to be found in the farmer's barn yard. Here is the I of their comparative value. This is the secret of great advantages, which follow from their cultivatin The value of manure in agriculture is well app' cialed. Dr Ure states the extraordinary fact, that value of the maiiuie annually applied to the crops England, at current prices, sui passes in value the wh amount of their foreign commerce. There is no do that it greatly exceeds it. The turnipcrop returns a v amount of nutritive matter to the soil. The farmer tl from his green crops, and by a regular system of u lion, finds green feed fur his catile and wheat for market. Tlie growth of green crops is intiinaluly c nected with a system of rotation of crops. The lands in the county of Norfdk, in England, sandy. Here is the plar-e of the remarkable cultivat and distinguished improvements of Mr Coke, now L Leicester. His usual lotation is barley, clover, lurni wheat.* These lands re.semble much of the land in county of Plymouth; and the sandy lands to be foi in the vicinityof the Connecticut and Merrimack rivi The cultivation of green crops in New England, d.ser alli^niion. Theie is no incapacity inoursiul; and no cumstances unfavorable to their production. What wo be the best kind of succulent vegetables to be cultivat whether turnips, or carrots, or Swedes he was not [ pared to say. But no atlein|its within his knowlei iiad been made among us ol a systematic agncultu and until we enter upon some regular rotation of crc and our husbandry become more systematic, no dis guished success could be looked for. As to our S'.il liad been remarked, there was no inherent .'iicapac for the production of any of the common crops, could raise wheat in Massachusetts. The average c in England is twentjsix bushels to the acre. From own farm, and it was comparatively a thin and p soil, lie had obtained this summer seventysix biishid wheal upon three acies of land. It was not theref any want of capability in the soil; but Ihe inipro ment and success of our husbandry must depend U| a succession of crops adapted to the eircumstances our soil, climate, and peculiar cond lion. • He has increased the rental of his farms by his proveinents more than fimr times, from twentyfive two hundred thousand dollaisa year. II TOL. xvm. NO. as- 1 Englnnil a large portion of ihe Hirnip crop is con- ed on tlie land where il grows. The sheep are fed doors all winter; and he saw many large flocks, isands and nilllioiis of sheep, which were never sed. This was matter ofsur|irise especially consider the ivelness ot the climate ; and these sheep were o(- Rxposed in fields where «dry spot could not he found hem to ho down upon. Sheep were ..ricn folded in land by wattled f.-nces or hurdles teniporarilr crect- 1 diOerent parts of the field and removed from place nee as the poriions of the crop were consumed In ? cases they were lidded and the turnips dug and ed to them. In such case they wjire always fed lands which were intended the next year to be ght under cultivalion. In one case he saw a man "yed in the field in raising turnips with a crow bar ieep, who was expected to be occupied exclusively ;s business the whole winter. It is deemed by many ?rs much the preferable mode to dig all ihe turnips ic sheep as they aie wanted. In this case they are completely consumed. The Swedish turnip does tiffer even by being frozen in the winter, but is I when thawed in the spring uninjured. In the o( tnglaud turnips are ,rencrally housed : or they ivered with straw on the land which is to be brouoht • the plough Land is often designated by way of Ix- ice, as "laud that will carry sheep ; " th'at is, land on 1 crops ot turnips are raised for feeding the sheep ; uch lands are grearly ■enriched by their bein» fed It. In the Lothians of Scotland, where the culii- i IS as fine as in any part of Great Britain, turnips rgely cuUivatad. Here they are generally covered isei. f he bweedish turnips are particularly suit- a cold climate. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 263 VEGET.V8LE CUTTER. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. ■limits and the necessity of going immediately to ,r'",R'"';'"'^""" '"""P'''*^ ""'■'■''P™' °fl''«' remain- I i\lr Webster s speech, which we regret to divide us, together with the remarks of Professor Silli-' rt'e shnll give place to in our next. We feel that great injustice to Mr Webster by our mode of re- ;. We do not pr-sume to give his words; and all consider ourselves quite fortunate, if we are sinl in embodying and communicating with tol- accuracy the infuimalion and sentiments uttered , Willis's New Improved Vegetable Culler. This machine scakulated for cuilin;rup ve^-elables and escu e, n roo's for "dder and is one ot the most useful and economi al ma Uiines that the farmer can use. The subscribers leel ereat conlidonce in recommendin; .his machh.e to the pubHc hey are aware that it has been long wanted and they now la r trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels oer NnrlZ \^'\"A'"'''''.''' ''"= "">'' substantial mannir I\o farmer should he without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, H and M North Market Sreet December ts. JOSEPH BRECK & CO GREiSSS PATfclVT STR.4W CUTTER. liHTUM MARKKT.-Mo.NDAr, Jan. 13, 1840 RciKirtpil r,,r tlie New Enclnnd Kannrr larkeineO Beef Cattle, 130 Stbl-es, 1050 Sheep bwine. '^' Es.-/?ee/CnH/e,_We quote to correspond with ek. First quahty, $(1 2o, Second quality, $5 50 3. Third qualiiv. $4 50 a $.1 06. cllinff Catllc.—MesB $r, 50 ; No. 1 $5 00 ;i.— Very few sales effecteo. i and Calrcs. — We noticed a few sales at *-^7 !5, and $40. *' ' ?,— Lots were sold at $2 2.5, .«;2 75, S3 50 and $4 50. ' c— Those at market were peddled from 4 to 6 THERMO.AIETRICAL. Kepiirted for the New England Farmer, of Ihe Thermometer at the Garden of the proprietors ew England Farmer, Brighton, Ma..s. in n shaded y exposure, week ending Januaiy 12. ' »840. I 7A.M. |12,M. |5,e.M. | Whii. 6 lu 32 23 1 7 10 24 20 1 iay, s 13 29 22 1 ', 9 14 3S 2S 1 lU 22 33 32 1 1 1 31 29 20 12 to 17 11 1 JOaEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and .Seed Store, Nos.51 and 62 N-orth Mar- ket .'-ireet, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay and otalk Cutler, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent effects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power rcquisifc to use It, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient ' work It very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed liy any other max;hine even when Worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less «lten than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. N. W. N. W. S. N. W. N. E. N. A MAN WAXTED. the work on a small place, a few miles from the 5 must understand the cultivation of vegetables :., and the care of horse, cows, &c. A single man! o 30 years o( age, of steady and industrious habits'' ire at this office. J E I y 15. ROHAW POTATOES, e atthe New England Agricultural Warehouse ai •e. No. 52 North Market Street, al «.'. per barrel ' '«• JOSEPH BKeCK & CO. BOXE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, thai after ten years experieiire, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful stimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone and solicits the patronage ol the agricii'ltural conmiunity I r^ee at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city ot 40 cents per bushel, and no charge lor casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at tfie Bnue iVIill, near Tremont road, ill Rox- bury at tlie New England Agricultural Warehouse and beeil Store, No 5-2 North Market Street, or through the Post Ulhce will meet with prompt attention NAHUM WARD. AMERICAN SIVINE BREEDER. Just published and for sale by JOSEPH BRECIv & CO the American Swine Breeder; a Practical Treatise on the Selection, Rearing, and Fattening of Swine, l.y Henry W Ellsworth: price 73 cents. January 15. Alum, American, . Ashes, Pearl, per ino lbs Pot, " ■' " . ■ . ■ Brans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . ! Beef, mess, No. 1 ])rimc, . . . , Beeswa.x, white, BniSTLES, American, BuTTEB, shipping, dairy, . . . , Candles, mould, . , . . dipped, sperm Chefse, new milk, ClOIR refined BosE Ma:su!>e, . . . . in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, . Biv, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 . , No. 2, . . ' No 3. . Alewives, dry salted, No. i. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, ■Rye, . Meal, Indian, in hbls. . ' . Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern fiat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. I'o. finished riAMs, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best EngUsh.per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hoes, 1st quality, ■ . 2d qualitj', .... Lard, Boston, . . . . ' southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. CMuniry do. Eahimore city tannage, do, drv hides, . New York re'd, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort, .... MoLAssEo, New Orleans, '. Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . . " . ' Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 22U0 [hi. Pork, extra clear, clear, . • . ^ . Mess, . . Prime, Whole Hogs, . . . ■ Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax ■ . liled Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, Aatfriyan, Brown, "■ CasliU, T.\llow, tried, .... Teazlks, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxonv Fleeces, . Ainericau,*lull b'lood, washed, do. 3-ttlis do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, E_: f Pulled superfine, . £1)^0.1, . '. . ? 3 I No. a, . •I ^ [ No. 3, pound pound pound 2 50 4 60 quintal 2 CO pound pound 16 00 13 Oil 'pound pr M. pound 15 00 16 00 12 00 13 00 11 50 12 30 5 8 2 50 8 00 80 1 09 1 SB 2 25 2 5» 2 25 2 50 1 37 1 B 1 6-^ 244 NEW ENGLAND FARMER MISCELLANEOUS JOHN ADAMS AND GEORGE III. The account that Mr Adams gave in a letter to a friend, of liis introduction to George III. at the Court of St. James, as the first Minister from the rebel colonies, is very interesting. ".'Ktonc o'clock on Wedncsda)-, the 1st of June, 1785, the Master of Ceremonies called at my house and went witli me to the Secretary oi State's office, in Cleveland row, where the Marquis of Carmar- then received and introduced nie to Mr Frazier, his undersecretary, who had been, as his lordship said, uninterruptedly in that office through nil the chan. ges in «duiinistration for thirty years. After a short conversation. Lord Carmarthen invited me to go with him in his coach to court. When we arrived in the antechamber, the Master of Ceremonies in- troduced him and attended me while the Secretary of State went to take the commands of the King. While I stood in this place, where it seems all min- isters stand upon such occasions, always attended by the Master of Ceremonies, the room was very full of Ministers of State, Uishops, and all other sorts of courtiers, as well as the next room, which is the King's bedchamber. You may well suppose 1 was the focus of all eyes. 1 was relieved, how- ever, from the embarrassment of it by the Swedisli and Dutch Ministers, who cam^ to me and enter- tained me with a very agreeable conversation du- rii.g the whole time. Some other gentlemen whom I had seen before, came to make their compliments to me, until the Marquis of Carmarthen returned .".nd desired me to go with him to his Majesty. I went with his lordship through the levee lOom into ihe King's closet. '1 ho door was shut, and I was left with his iMnjesty and the SecretTry of State alone. I made three reverences : one at the door, another about half way, and another before the presence, according to the usage established at this and all the Nortliern Courts of Europe, ard then I addressed myself to his Majesty in the following Avords : "Sire: The United States have appointed nie Minister Plenipotentiary to ymir Majesty and have directed me to deliver to your Majesty thi.'j letter, which contains the evidence of it. It is in obedi- ence to their express commands that I have the honor to assure your Majesty of their unanimous disposition and desire to cultivate the most friendly and liberal intercourse between your Majesty's sub. jei'ts and their citizens, and their best wishes for your Majesty's health and happiness, and for that of your family. " Tlie appointment of a Minister from the United States to your Majesty's Court will form an epoch in till? history of England and America. I think myself more fortunate than all my fellovT citizens in having the distinguished honor to be the first to stand in your Majesty's royal presence in a (.iplo- matic character; and I shall esteem myself the happiest of men if I can be instrumental in recom- mending my country more and more to your royal benevolence, and of restoring an entire esteem, confidence, and afli'ection ; or, in other words, "the old good nature and the good old humor," between the people who, though separated by an ocean, and under different governments, have the same lan- guage, a similar religion and a kindred blood. I beg your Majesty's permission to add, that although I have sometimes been instructed by my country, it was never in my whole life in a manner so agree- able to myself." " The King listened to every word I said with dignity it is true, but with ajjparent emotion. Wheth- er it was my visible agitation, for I felt more than I could express, that touched him, I cannot say; hut he was much afi'ected, and answered me with more tremor than I had spoken with, and said — "Sir: The circumstances of this audience are so extraordinary, the language you have now held is so extremely proper and the feelings you have discovered so justly adapted to the occasion, that I not only receive with pleasure the assurance of the friendly disposition of the United States, but I am glad the choice has fallen upon you to be their min- ister. I wish you, sir, to believe that it may be understood in America, that I have done n would carry me home — and graifdpa did noty — "Why," says the old gentleman, "you don't thinli your grandpa would lie, do you ?" " I don't know,' says the boy, " f^hal dots grandpa call it ?" Thii confounded the old gentleman, and he knew no what reply to make. This anecdote has convincec me more than almost any thing I ever heard, o the importance of regal ding strictly and conscien tiously what we say to children. Especially it ha shown me the evil of trifling with children, ani making them unmeaning promises or declaration which have attached to them no truth or significa tion. And it is my deliberate and fixed opinioi that ofttimes parents, by disregarding, forgetting and neglecting to lullil what they declare unt children in promises or threatenings, are charges ble with the pernicious evil of teaching their clii dren to lie ; and then perhaps inflicting punish ment upon them for the crime. This is hard, — thi is cruel, — this is an evil of a monstrous size, pre valent and triumphant to an alarming degree, an which ought speedily and effectually to be correct ed. Watch then, and remember to make joo what you say to children. Do not threaten thei with what you have no business to execute,- such as cutting off ears, taking off" skin, &c. I this way you weaken your own hands; ri'uder th truth doubtful, and train up your child for falseho and crime. Whatever else you neglect, yet by n means neglect to teach them by precept and exam pie, an inviolable regard to the truth. — Youth Jo urnal. " Milk is so dear," exclaimed a young widow t her milkman, "I wish I could afford to keep a cc of my own." "Woiild'nt it be cheaper, ma," re plied her little daughter archly, " to keep a mil man of our own." It is mentioned as an interesting fact by the Lynn Puritan, that a person may now travel from Lynn or Salem, to Bombay, in the East Indies, en- tirely by steam ; and the time required to accom- plish the journey is but six weeks. He can go to the city of Jerusalem in one month. It is stated by the Mayor of Boston thst oi^^-fifl of the taxation of the city goes to the public schools THE NEW EKOLAKD F-IUIIIEll Is piibushed every VVcdnc.-sday Eveniiii;, ,tI S3 per aniiu payable at the end of the year— hut those who pay wall silly days from llie timeol subscribing are enlilled to a r. duclionof 5a cents. TJTTTLB, DE.>'NETT A.TD CHUHOLM, PRFNTFRt, 17 seHouL STHi;i;T... .uoero.N AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 9 PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STRP^T^A ,„^ [ luAivivci &i Killer, (Agbiculturajl Wahehouse.) xvin.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 22, 1840. N. E. FARMER. FIRST AGRICULTURAL MEETING. e gave in our last number a portion of Mr ster's speech «t the first agricultural meeting, the evening previous to our paper's going to , Ojj the subject of English Husbandry in com- 5n with that of Massachusetts. We are not iar with reporting speeches. We practise a imperfect short hand. Our notes are few; ve mainly rely upon our recollection to give ading sentiments uttered in cases where we pt a report. We are happy in believing that laders will in tliis case deem even our imper- eports better than none; though they fall very ort of doing justice to the speakers, the hurry of writing off the speech from our some errors occurred, which it is desirable to ;t The southern parts of England are not , as there stated, but a thin light loam resting :halk. Beans and peas are not green crops, larked, but white and exhausting crops', be- they are allowed to perfect thoir°seed. That one bushel of oats was raised ten bushels of i could be produced, should have been stated form of a supposition and not as an ascer- fact. The case of the person alluded to as imployed through the winter in digging tur- fiouldhave included also his slicing them and J them to the sheep; and this is the winter tic n of hundreds in England, give these corrections in justice to Mr W. i have also the pleasure to say that Mr Web- our request, has engaged, as soon as his lei- ill permit, after he reaches Washington, to ut and enlarge his speech on this occasion, ! then propose to issue it in a pamphlet form ; ; hope at the same time to be able to add a i corrected report of the instructive remarks essor Silliman on the sam^ occasion, of which V give an imperfect abstract. We know ill be received with great interest and plea- ' the agricultural public. » h. c. Webster proceeded in his remarks to state ; agricultural subject which now moststrong- ossed the public attention was that of the ? of lands. The draining to which he par- y alluded was what is called tile draining, if England, as he had stated, was ba.sed upo°n y and retentive subsoil. Wetness is preju- nj destructive to the crop. Marginal drains 13 on the outside of the fields, do not always i the desired results. These tile dra ins have I most important improvementa. The tile made of clay, bekodlike bricks ; about one length, four inches in width, three fourths ich in thickness, and stands from six to eight in height, being hemispherical, or like the a cylinder with its sides elongated. It re- ! the Dutch tiles sometimes seen on the roofs Id houses in Albany and New York. A sunk eighteen to twenty inches in depth, and these drains are multiplied over a field at a distance of seven yards apart, and vast estates have been drained in this way. The ditch being sunk and the bottom made smooth, these tiles are laid down with the hollow side on tJie bottom, the ends pinced near each other, and some straw put over th.' joints to prevent the admission of dirt. These are not so e.xpensive a mode of draining as might be supposed ; but so important and useful are they considered, that even a large expense is soon me't by the immediate benefits resulting from them. It has added every where at least twenty per cent, to the amount of the wheat crop. A beautiful c.'ca-m- ple came under his own observation not lono- before he left England. On a part of a field, whi'ch h.ad been thus drained, the wheat presented a most lux- uriant growth; while on a part of the same field, which had not undergone this operation, the wheat, sowed at the same time, was feeble and just show- ing itself in straggling parcels above ground. It seems a singular fact that the advantages of this thorough draining are as perceptible in dry as in wet weather. A ffreat evil in clay soils is that they become in dry weather hard and baked, and impermeable to the roots of the plants. The wa- ter, by this thorough system of draining being re- moved quickly from such soils, they areless subject to become hardened by the sun; and remain po- rous and friable. There was another improvement which he witnes- sed, and which he considered as the most remar- iwble and beautiful agricultural improvement which •haa ever cou.e under his observation. This was an instance of irrigation. Irrigation is much prac- ticed in Wiltshire in the south of Eno-land. He had repeatedly heard of water-meadows; but he had not been able to form a very satisfactory notion of what was intended by that designation. At the Duke of Portland's estate he had an opportunity of witnessing this extraordinary agricultural improve- ment in a remarkable form. This was in the north of England at a place called Sherwood forest. By a forest in this case you are to understand an ex- tent of country with a thin arid soil, covered with heath and ling, resembling brakes, with here and there a few oaks scattered upon it Ten years since this land was not valued at a rent of one shilling per acre. It produced nothing. A brook ran near it. This brook passed through a village and gathered some of the refuse matter from the houses. It was conducted by a carrier or canal, similar to tlie water-way of a factory or the feeder of a canal, along the edge of this tract of land pro- posed to be irrigated, and suffered to ooze or pass out in small quantities over the land. Successive embankments or barriers were erected to receive and convey the water, and in this way the whole field was irrigated. The water was never permit- ted to flood the land but was let out in small quan- tities, and the field was watered in March, May, July and October. No manure was ever put upon this land ; and when Mr V/ebster was there in No- vember, they were then taking off the third crop oT hay cut that season ; and which certainly was not less than two tons to the acre. After this cr.ip was [NO. »9. gathered, sheep were to be turned in upon it, which were e.xpected to lamb at Christmas, so that the lambs might be ready for the market in March, when they would command a high price. There can be no doubt that the sediment deposited by the waters, which they had collected in their transit through the village, contributed much to the extra- ordinary fertility and productiveness of the land ; but there can be as little doubt that pure water it self is an element of immense value in agrioulture, and that it contains essentially and abundantly the food c|f plants. With respect tn implements of husbandry, M Webster was of opinion that the English had n(» advantage over us. Their wagons andg^ts were not better; their ploughs he considereJT inferior; their threshing machines inferior to those in use among us. The drill cultivation was a remarkable featuri? in English husbandry, and executed with great neatness and precision. The young wheal fields appeared like rows of onions. Some" of the drill machines were constructed so as to drop small portions of compo:>c manure with the seed at the time of sowing. In this matter he remarked upon our deficiency. Their ground is finely prepared. He saw a field in turnips, where the seed which was carefully soal Husban.lry, j Tl,e larger p^^ik^^M^l^^ls^N^^^^^^:^ ie by the honorable gentleman who preceded as stated by the honorable .entleman is undoubt I, and in the mipressions which that gentleman edlv derived from nranit,. «entieman, is undoubt- ga.hered from his observation of rurtl and ag- ! a, d nlny o the red s . s ^ T ^'""T ''°f"'' dtural life in England, he expressed his ontife i„ thTnYig^h'hol^ol T NeTii: e^; Zt '^l^:: ;nt and sympathy^ n a visit many years since composed of the principles found in gran^'te rod s e by h>mse f to England, he derived from simi- Argillaceous soils or those which are derived ch if' Jiough far less perfect opportunities of observa- ly f^m the decomposition of atraceo s or c lav , great pleasure; and he left the country more slate, abound likewise in manv pfiW New E / ^thirty years ago, with a strong admiration for land and of Massachusetts, and behi. retentive of l^rSonhad longsi^e arrived. theLn^=JS::eT^lt at:r'::£;ri;: .ction, whch experience and further inquiry elements constitutes a large portion of Their food Z only to confirm and strengthen, that The composition of water is now well SrsSod ce ,n a 1 its influences might lend a most sub- and we may with safety, in the presen e of this in al aid 0 agriculture. They therefore have ; telligent assembly, speak in technTalterms of the" y aval ed themselves of its aid m the chemi- constituent parts of water, hydrogen and oxvVen am natron of soils and manures, with a view which enter largely into dl 'vegftable Carb n -ertain their uses and correctives. which forms also a large part of all plants thoS e popular impressions formerly entertained, it exists in comparatively small proportons in S •a ionof ' '" -^^-^^''^^^ by*he form of carbonic acid gas in the air,'is yet derived ^LlL7rulrha:;e^^i1::^^ -<' --tate ...d e..pend no money^o-m-o7e-;a. .orfact. Theadvantages of the judicious I up^ntL. en leaveT^^^^^^ procuring and encouraging them. :ation of knowledge to art, are every where j the caboniraL and the carl "•'" decompose This patronage should not be withdraw^ or with- as. All the arts oflife have their foLdation nourish p ,' aTd^l^o™ if 1 1°:'/ ., ! t LI" J^^r'.''"l°'^""=- ."^. '^ -"'^ "- only agricultural and horticultural fair have been holden in New Haven annually for several years— the last autumn in particular, with a spirit which evinced the lively interest taken in the subject ; and he had the pleasure on that occasion of seeing one hundred yoke of very fine ox°n from East Haven, attached to a plough, and the plough holden by a venerable man ot ninetysix years of age, who laid a furrow along the public square. In h^s own opinion, there was no occasion, in an agricultural point of vicH', to despair of Massachu- setts or any part of New England. There were no evils or disadvantages connected with the cli mate or soil, which could not be met and overcome It was a great and lamentable error that so many of our jjoung men deserted the pursuits of agricul- ture to crowd into the trades of cities. He reverted again to the value and importance of chemical knowledge to agriculture. The analysis of manures was a subject of great and indispensa- ble importance. The knowledge obtained from geological and agricultural surveys and chemical nivestigation-s could not be too highly estimated ; and the State could expend no money to more ad- ^r;i nti .vrt *Un « Ii, • i All .1, . c^■^ u , • ; •' ■• .'^ ] -""= ^"'""J'l"- aciu, anu tiie carbon IS absorbed to w,p/ . n f ' ^"'^ """■ '^»""'^='"°" "o^i^h the plant, and the oxygen is evolved into wledge ; and all the improvements of mechan- the air ; thus it separates fron^die atmosphere an °nZ. t' ."™" ° ^f ^°'-'»'''"' =>« ^"- \ ^Portant element of nutrition, supply nTjtn the 3nce and mechanical philosophy. It will be form of food for the plants true in relation to every tiling connected Mr Silliman farther alluded to the curious fact rsTdZrn:r;;iie^th?"'"k'" in the in the constitution of nature, that not^vithstandtg tter "'P'"'"'"'' °^ '''^^' ""^ '"°'^ knowledge the superior density or specific gravity of carbonic acid gas, It being much greater than that of the othef elements of which the atmosphere is compos, ed, it is nevertheless found in abundance in the elevated regions of the earth, and even on high and barren mountains contributes in an important de- gree to the support of plants and of trees. If the tter. liries into the nature of soils are of great im- ce ; and in respect to many soils now either unproductive or uncongenial to certain crops, 2 may enable us to apply the necessary alte- or correctives. Although we cannot fabri It, , "= .-»**- s^^^ "-^ *"c ouL»uufLui p anis anu or trees If fhc. a laboratory the soils of a conntry, we cari air'and water afford the most impo tan eiements of r their composition and nnrprtnln ihc.;. ^^a ki„„t„ :* ... _, , , .^ ■•aiii. eicmenis oi !r their composition and ascertain their defi s: the deficient ingredient may be sup- md although it should be in small quanti- may be done in a form that may be generally ible, and thus may essentially change the er of a soil. ° hon. gentleman has, without doubt, truly plants, it may be asked, what then is the use of the soil .' Its first use is to furnish a -point of support in which the plant can fix itself; but it doubtless contains many things which water serves to dis- solve, and hold in solution, that they may be ta o - •- — "M*u uLto^ uiiiy trom a want of a just appreciation of the value of these branches of science. He alluded with much respect to the late lamented Judge Buel, whose skill in the science and application of manures was a just subject of eulogy, and whose success, in con- verting a portion of the barren and unpromising soil in the vicinity of Albany into fertile and pro- ductive fields, was well known and honored. He pressed the importance of a Board of Agri- culture, and congratulated Massachusetts upon the spirit and liberality with which she had regardsd the improvement of her husbandry. The s°ibject could not receive too much of her concern. It stood second to no.iaLerest but those of a moral and relrgious character, and indeed it might be said to be nearly allied to them also, since habit.s of rural industry are the most favorable to good morals.— The value of science in this case could not be too highly estimated. Here science might be regar- ken up by «,e plants. He expressed his belief I d^a; th;";;;:anr";;<:;:;:::;'^:kS "Lnd'^ ^jatinmostofthe soils in New England and in which this great art was to be dried forward to Massachusetts, the nr n,-. nnl olo,„o„* .:_,.■ — £•...•„ i-anieu lorwara to , , - -' -1 ""■;• ".uv M, ii,u=tui Liie sons in i^ewJinffand and n rfLrr'n' '"'",?"//''"'='■""''' r^^^=''='^"^^"^' "'^ P""-P=^' element wantin. is rn Europe, and especiallyofGreat Britain; lime. This abounds in the western districts" of has indicated with pniinl oio„,.„„=,„ „„j .....L m ir.., _ , , . . >=^i-'-iii uibiricis or has indicated with equal clearness and truth 363 of the comparative coldness of the Eas- mtries of North America. In this conne.x- ay be remarked that the western countries ;ontinent enjoy a climate far milder than em. limate of these western countries is affec- heir position in relation to the vast Pacific rhich produces an effect similar to that of ntic ocean upon Europe, but in a far greater Thus the climate corresponds to a con- ! degree with that of the western shores of Its mildness is such that the plough may n nearly or quite through the whole year. Jrature is, perhajis, considerably affected ological formation and by the extensive volcanoes, which stretch along its shores, i of which are still breathing forth their in- Here every thing is on a vast scale; New York, and renders those lands, as in Geneseo for example, on the magnificent farm of Mr Wads- worth, extraordinarily productive in wheat. The addition of lime to our own soils, he consid perfection. prp^of^r^nt: » /^ -—-,..- ■.^.,^,^- iiiL-y 11,1 vu duoui a uozen nign bred Durham cows ^l:^f:C : ! •:%„?1^':!;^ r^!^-4-"^?'''«^^ ^^^-^- -^ ^eautil., t^rm; and Improved Stock, — We stopped a sliort time one day last week, to examine the stock on the farm of the Messrs Lathrop, at South Hadley Falls. They have about a dozen high bred Durham cows i,„l,7„r,„ *L_;_ • . . ... . _ 7 in shells, whose base is lime, and which are capa- ble, by being burnt, of being converted into the best of lime. Now Haven, the town of his own resi- j dence, abounds in oysters, both natives and those that in greac numijers are colonized there from Vir- ginia. The shells are burnt for manure and ap- Jjlied to the land. The soil of New Haven and its vicinity is derived from a species of red sandstone; about the same number of young stock, mostly full blood Durham. Among their sheep we noticed a few full blood South Downs. They are the only pure blood sheep of this breed we have noticed in this vicinity. The Berkshire pigs on this farm have all the m.irks of the genuine. The proprie- tors of this farm are entitled to mucli credit for the exertions they have made, and the expense they hut this was coinposed of t^e element; ;?■;;:;:;;; hrin^^s ir^o^^rgr: ':!^Sz An into =ff ■ • 1. • stock of this kind — JVorthampton Rep. An interest in agriculture is now awakened in ' Connecticut which promises the most valuable re- I a r • d i. ., , — 1'- - - ■• ■ '""^"^ I A farmer in Pemberton, N, J,, recently slaugh . -o ... ...,., suits; and improvements in cultivation are rapidly' L A ™ '" f ^b^f n> N, J„ recently slaugh- gncultura! products will at no distant day advancing. He agreed in the estimation of fhi " twentyhve pigs, whose aggregate abundant and highly important We Commissioner, of the great value of Indian corn _ P'"^'"'''' '''''" ^''"^ '''®'''"''''^*^'^''' ''=" '''®''''" "'°"' ideed alter the climate of a country ; but One hundred bushels had been repeatedly produced '^"'^ '''°''' ^'''"'^""^ "■"! twentyfive pounds. The n some measure accommodate ourhusban- in New Haven upon an acre A cattle show »n^ ^^''"S^ "''^'='" "'^^ '""»'■ hundred and seventythree peculiarities and variations. pounds. •i48 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JAJV. X2, 1840. From the Journal of the English Agricultural Society. PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF AG- RICULTURE IN ENGLAND. [Continued.] There is no department of agriculture in wliich minute inquiry is mure needed than this: first, to examine accurately the various diseases of plants, and to note the habits of the animals which prey on them; tlien to ascertain, if possible, the remedies that may be applied; and the followers nf kindred sciences may be fairly invited to aid us in the for- mation of this brand) of knowledge, which may be called agricultural pathology. But even when the crop is ready for harvest, it must not be supposed that there is no doubt remaining, no room for fur- ther improvement. With regard to corn, much in- jury arises to it fro UJ its being exposed to wet after it has been cut, when it may be discolored at least, and often begins to grow in the sward or the sheaf. If left too long, on the other hand, in the hope of dry weather, it becomes overripe, and a portion of the grain is lost by being shed on the ground. It is no new remark, however, that as soon as any portion of the straw has turned yellow, the ascent of sap' from the root is cut off, and that though tlie ear be partly green, it will ripen henceforth as well when severed from the ground as it will if itbe left stand- ing. If this supposition be correct, it might ena- ble the business of harvest to be commenced earli- er, when a clear sky invites the reaper into the wheat field ; and would he so far beneficial, though not in a very material degree. 'I'he late ripening of the corn in the northern parts of this island, where from the moisture of the summers following cold springs, crops are sometimes not secured for two months after our southern harvest is ended, requires a more efi'ectual remedy if such can be found; and it has been suggested, that as seed grown in south- ern clunates retain* for some time its habits of early ripeness, though grown under the more chilly sun of the north, seed might be advantageously borrow- ed by our northern farmers from the warmer parts of the country. The suggestion, however, can be regarded as yet merely as speculative. But the power of improvement does not cease when tiic corn is placed in the rickyard ; and here we have not to incjuire or to guess, but simply to look at the practice of the practical farmer in the Lothiaus and in Northumberland. There, instead of the thresher and his flail, may be seen the machine, not driven however by horses, for then the advantage might be more doubtful, seeing that the labor is distressing to the animals, and withdraws them, moreover, from the work of the fields, but impelled by wind or water, or steam, and that on almost ev- ery farm. In France, too, it appears that not only travelling threshing machines are employed, as is the case here, but that it is proposed to work those by steam engines carried with them. It may be objected, indeed, by the farmer, tliat if he gave up his hand-threshing, he would be at a loss to fin employuient for his men in the winter. The objec- tion, however, shows a want of confidence in the power of permanent improvement judiciously ap- plied on the soil to bring back its cost with inte- rest, nor can this objection be allowed any weight as long as a single acre of the farm is stagnant with water, or dry because the soil is shallow, while there is a possibility of its being deepened. In- deed, if you once establish a moving power on your farm, whether steam, water, or Avind, it ia not the labor only ol" threshing that may be saved to men well, of Dishley, by whom it was produced about or horses, but the winnowing, -tlie dressing, the century since, from unknown parents, should not chaff-cuttinsj ; even the turnip-slicing machine, forgotten ; nor that of Mr Colling, in connexi when the turnip is consumed at home, may be graft- with our beautiful short horns. This indeed h eJ on to the principal wheels, and thus borrow their i been the popular branch of English farming, n motion. The more labor is thus set free from mere I among its zealous patrons may be named the le work of routine, the more will be applied to the fur ther improvement of the parent of all agricultural labor, the soil. Having mentioned the turoip sli- cer, we cannot but say that, while we would wil- lingly rest the necessity for increased intercourse among the agricultural body, upon the varying practices which prevail in different parts of Eng- land with regard to the turnip alone, a strong argu- ment may be drawn for it from the limited use even of this implement only. It consists in some simple machinery of knives, turned by a handle, enclosed within a box, above which is a trough into which the whole turnips are placed, and below which the slices fall into another receptacle: the whole may be placed on a wheel and two legs, and moved about the field like a wheelbarrow. The advantage is two-fold, saving the teeth of the old ewes, for which the Swedish turnips, especially, are too hard ; saving the waste of this valuable root, which, when partially scooped out by the sheep, is rotted and trampled about with great waste. 'I he econo- my effacted by this simple machine, which costs but(> or £7., has been stated to us by an authority which would at once be admitted as very high, to be no less than one-third of the whole produce. If it bo taken, however, only at a fourth or a fifth, why, it may be asked, has not every farm in the country been long since furnished with this cheap appara- tus ? If a contrivance were discovered in INfiin- chester which should save one-fifth of the cotton consumed in a manufacture, (were such a saving possible,) not a year would pa.ss before most of the old machinery would be replaced by the new, and such changes are constantly taking place there, at the expense of miny thousand pounds ; but the tur- nip is the raw material of the fanner's stock, and the farmer is of the same enterprising race with the manufacturer : why, then, but on account of the separate and secluded scene of his industry, is the spread of agricultural inventions so slow — the ex- tension of those which concern manufactures, so rapid ? and what but a central connection of the cultivators of the soil can diminish the distance and remove the obstruction ? The mention of this last instrument h-as brought us to a most essential element of farming, that we have hitherto passed by, — the animals, which, while they embellish and enliven, rural scenery, are indis- pensable to the fruitfulness of the soil. It is a sub- ject which the English agriculturist may enter up- on with satisfaction. There seems indeed to be in the people of this country a peculiar disposition and talent for encoKrairing the finest animal forms, and producing, oy careful attention to the selec- tion of the parents, new families, in which are per- petuated, by descent, useful and symmetrical ex- cellence. It is not only the English race-horse, improved from the Arab and Barb, that is eagerly purchased and exported to every civilized country, but the Durham bull (like him too supposed to be descended from a foreign ancestor, derived in this case from Holland,) the new Leicester sheep, and even the Berkshire hog, are the acknowledged sources from which other nations seek to enrich and refine the blood of their several livestock. Nation- al gratitude requires that, whenever the new Lei- cester sheep is mentioned, the name of Mr Bake- and pri'sent Dukes of Bedford, the Duke of Ric mond, the Marquis of Exeter, Lord Leicester, a. Lord Spencer. Such indeed is the pleasure ofse ing the form of the sire reproduced or excelled the offspring, (and the coins of the Sicilian Gree show how fine is the form of the bull,) that there some danger lest the end pursued should be forg ten in the means of attaining it. Not that it c be necessary in an agricultural journal to vindici our annual shows of fat cattle, since although the cattle may be more fat than the ordinary iiiarl requires, the power of reaching that excessive si is the oniy test by which the capacity for acquiri useful marketable condition at the cheapest expei of food and at the earliest age, can be tried unc the encouragement of public emulation and com] tition. '1 hat object has been also practically tained to a high degree. The saving effected the cost of production, through the early maturity the new Leicester sheep, or of the cross betwe the new Leicester and Cotswold, has been calcu ted, by a practical farmer in Gloucestershire, nearly twenty per cent. ; that is to say, it woi have cost about one-quarter of the outlay more supply the present quantity of mutton consumed this country under the old system than by the m This may be taken as a moderate estimate, so as the new Leicester blood and its propensity early fatness has hitherto extended. It may worth the inquiry how far the South-Down race 1 been improved in this respect, or how far it may capable of such improvement, and of thus combini rapid maturity with its own superior hardihood. There can be no doubt, however, that in many our agricultural districts the pure improved bloc whether of sheep or cattle, is little known ; and t extension of the advantages secured by the sta of perfection to which these animals have alrea been carried into such districts will arise, it may hoped, from the Society's cattle shows. (Concluded next week.) From Yoaalt's Treatise on Cattle. THE LONDON DAIRIES. The dairies of the metropolis are objects of mt interest to the stranger and to the agriculturist, pursuit of the object of this work, we travelled o' the greater part of the United Kingdom ; and though we often had no other recommendation th the simple statement of the p^irport of our jourm we met with very few cases of incivility or of i willingness to give us the, fullest information; 1 ■when we returned to imr usual residence, and wh( we expected most facility in the attainment of c object, we will not say that the refusal to admit was accompanied by rudeness, but the gate of t dairy remained closed. This was the case with c overgrown milk establishments. It was a spec of illiberality on which we had not calculated ; I it mattered little, for we had seen many of the sm ler ones, and we could guess with tolerable act racy at the difference of treatment in some poin' indeed they had been already whispered to us, a we had besides a minute and accurate account them in the Magazine of our friend Mr Berry. ▼OL. xvm. no. ag. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. The number of cows kept for the purpose of sup- lying the iuhabitants of the metropolis and its eu- irons with milk is about 12,000. They are, witli ery few exceptions, of the short-horn breed — the [olderness or Yorkshire cow, and almost invaria- ly with a cross of tlie improved Durham blood. — 'he universal preference given to this breed by ich a body of men, differing materially on many ■anches of the treatment of cattle, is perfectly sat- factory as to their value, and that on three dis- act points. First, as to the quantity of milk. This we need >t press, for the enemies of the short horns have !ver contested this point. There is no cow which ys so well for what she consumes in the quantity milk that she returns. This, however, is not all, though it may be the incipal thing which enters into the calculation of B metropolitan dairymen. The name of the new milk has something very sasant about it, but it is an article which rarely ikes its appearance at the breakfast or tea table the citizen. That which is got from the cow at fht is put by until the morning, and the cream mmed off, and then a little water being added, it sold to the public as ihe morning's milk. The i morning's milk is also put by and skimmed, and, ng warmed a little, is sold as the evening's milk. is is the practice of uost or all of the little dai- nen who keep their half a dozen cows ; and if J were all, and with these people it is nearly all public must not con, plain.: the milk may be ■ered by the warm waler, but the lowering sys- 1 is not carried to any great extent, for there is ride among them that their milk shall be better n that of the merchants on a yet smaller scale, 3 purchase the article from the great dairies ; and it generally is. The milk goes from the yard he great dairy into the possession of th§ itine- t dealers perfectly pure ; what is done with it irwards, and to what degree it is lowered and histicated, is known only to these retail mer- nts. rhe proprietor of the large dairy is also a dealer ream to a considerable extent among these peo- ; he is also a great manufacturer of butter, for Bust have milk enough to answer every demand that demand is exceedingly fluctuating ; then r necessary that the quality of the milk should jood, in order that he may turn the overplus to itable account in the fo'iin of cream or butter. : employment of the short-horn cow, in all the ies, is a convincing proof that her milk is not loor as some have described it to be. t is the practice in most of the dairies to fatten iw as soon as her milk becomes less than four •ts a day. They are rarely suffered to breed le in the dairyman's possession. Tlie fact of r being so often changed is a proof that while :ow gives a remunerating quantity of milk for rtain time, she is rapidly and cheaply fattened ;he butcher as soon as her milk is dry. Were h time or money employed in preparing her he market, tliis system would not answer, and Id m.t be so universally adopted. Fattening milking properties can, therefore, Combine in same animal, and they do so here. Ir Laycock, however, does not adopt this as a ;ral rule. The cows that are more than usu- good milkers are suffered to take the bull n in season. He always keeps some good thorn bulls for this purpose. It sometimes >ens that the cow will continue to give milk 249 until within a few weeks of calving ; and he judges, and perhaps rightly, that this is a more profitable course than to fatten and get rid of her, with the probability that he might replace her by a cow that Would give a less quantity of milk. The present market price of a good dairy cow is about ao/., but the owners of the small dairies have no little trouble to get a good cow. The jobbers know that they will have a ready market for a con- siderable portion of their lot in the yards of the great cow-proprietors, and will probably get a lar- ger price than the poorer man would give ; and therefore Messrs Rhodes, or Laycock, or one or two others, have always the first selection. Mr Laycock has peculiar advantages for obtainino-o-ood cattle. In addition to his dairy, he has sheds that will contain five or six thousand beasts. A great proportion of them halt on his premises for a day or two before they are brought into the market. In addition to the shilling a night which he charoes for their standing, he claims the milk of the cows as his perquisite. The cows are milked by his people; he therefore knows beforehand the quanti- ty of milk which each will yield, and he is thus en- abled to cull the very best of the herd. The dairy- men do not like a cow until she has had her third or fourth calf, and is five or six years old ; she then yields the greatest quantity of milk, and of the best quality. Two gallons of milk per day is the quan- tity which each cow is expected to yield in order to be retained in the dairy. Taking one cow with another, the average quantity obtained is rather more than nine quarts. When she begins to fail in her milk, she is fat- tened on oil cake, grains, and cut clover hay, and disposed of. The dairyman calculates on gettin» something more for her than when he first boughl her, but sometimes he meets ivith an animal that seems to verify the old prejudice against cows in good condition. He bought her for known milking properties, but she continues so poor that he in a manner hides her in some cjrner of his dairy. She, however, does her duty ; she yields him plenty of milk, but that at length dries up; and he is unable, try what he will, to get much flesh upon her bones, and he sells her for less than half of her first price. The quantity of milk yielded by all these cows, at 9 quarts per day, amounts to 39,420,000 quarts, or 27 quarts of genuine milk for each individual. The retail dealers usually sell the milk for id. per quart, after the cream is separated from it, and then obtain 3s. per quart for the cream ; beside this, a great deal ot water is mixed with tnis skim- med milk ; so that we far underrate the price when we calculate that the genuine milk sells at 6d. per quart, which makes the money expended in milk in the British metropolis amount to 985,500/. or nearly a million pounds per annum. If we again divide the 985,500/. by 12,000, (the number of cows,) we shall have the strange and almost incredible sum of more than 62/. as th« mo- ney produced by the milk of each cow. This is di- vided among a variety of persons, and after all af- fords but a scanty subsistence to many of them • but it unequivocally proves the rascality that .per- -ades some ol the departments of the concern. We acquit the wholesale dealers of any share in the roguery, nor do we believe that their profits are exorbitant. They sell the milk to the retail deal- ers at a price that, according to Dr Middleton, would enable them to clear (J4 per cent., without adulterating the article— (we believe that 50 per I cent would be nearer the truth.) When we con- sider the nature of the business, the distance the milk girls have to travel, and the time wasted in selling their little quantities from door to door, this profit is not too great ; but when tliey abstract the cream and add the water, and (unless they are much bohed) some extraneous and abominable articles, the actual profits will far exceed cent, per cent. In the spring of the year, when London is full, the consumption and the deterioration are greatest. In the latter part of the year the cream is converted into butter, and the buttermilk given to the hogs. {To be continued.) Profitablb Farming.— Mr James Hill, of West Cambridge, has taken in ninety eucceaaive days,^ five thousand dollars in cash, in Boston mar- ket, for articles raised on his farm. Mr Isaac Locke, of the same town, has raised the present year, 30 barrels of quinces, which sold on the ground for seven dollars a barrel ; he has also S(dd in the same way, the present autumn, sev- eral hundred barrels of Baldwin Apples at $3 per barrel. The value of the Strawberries raised in West Cambridge and sold in the Boston market, is more than was taken thirty years ago for all the agricul- tural products of the town put together. The apple orchards of this town are extensive. Two hundred, three hundred, five hundred, and sometimes a thousand barrels of carefully picked apples are produced in a single year by one farmer. Mr George Pierce, of the same town, cultivates only seven acres and yet he has taken in the mar- ket for produce, the present season, as by memo- randum kept, nearly or quite four thousand dollars. This season, very early, among his articles for market, was about one third of an acre of the dan- delion, wluch grows spontaneously in many mow- ing fields ; these ho with some difiicnlty obtains I from- the seed; but the crop turns out very profita- ble. He had about an acre of strawberries, from which upwards of two thousand boxes of that fruit were picked last summer; these, at 37 1-2 to 50 cents a box, for which they readily sold in the market, produced not a small profit on a single acre. Mr Pierce also cultivated the raspberry, "which thrives with great luxuriance. He thinks he could make of the blachberry, which grows in the hedges and amongst piles of decayed wood or rocks °in neglected fields, a profitable s^rlicle. — Monthlu Visitor. A Large Hog — We notice in several of our exchange papers an account of a very extraordina- ry hog raised in Wallinford, Vt. and sold for two hundred dollars to a gentleman who desio-ns to transport him over the country as a show. He weighs, it is said, sixteen hundred pounds and is three or four years old! He is a monster indeed. We several years since saw a hog that weighed 1350 lbs., and was thought to exceed every thing in the hog line. There are, at this time in thw town, several very large hogs, one owned by Mr Timothy Rix, which is estimated to weigh eight or nine hundred pounds, and is not yet, we believe eighteen months old. Should the creature be kept until he reaches the age of « three or four years," we doubt very much whether the Wallingford hog would have much to brag of when compared with the hog of Mr R.— Haverhill (JY. H.) Republican. 250 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. !i% 1S40. AND HORTICDLTCRAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednisday, January 22, 1840. We publish the subjoined letter for its contents, which will be found instructive ; and for another good rea- , son, to which we invite the special attention of our friends. We mean in particular, as an answer to the circular, which three months sinoe we addressed to the farmers, soliciting the information which they could give us respecting the application of sundry manures, partic- ularly lime, marl, bone dust, ashes, gypsum, and com- posts of peat and, other materials. We knew that many farmers can give us on these subjects much valuable in- formation, and we again request their attention to it. — We beg them to favor us in their way by letter per mail, with the results of their experience, promising them that we will give no names to the public without their consent, and make no use of their communications but such as may meet their approbation. H. C. Mr Colman— When I received your circular request- ing information on the uses of composts and mineral manures, it was my intention to have taken a tour among our farmers, and collected the result of their ex- perience with regard to these things. But my leisure hai, very unexpectedly, been occupied in a different way. I shall therefore not be able to communicate to many fiicts to you with regard to these things as I should be glad to. Such as I have, however, it is a pleasure to communicate. We have never tried the composts for field culture to a very great extent, but have repeatedly taken the black earth from swamps and mixed it with lime or house ash- es, probably in proportion of one-third of the latter. The two substances should be well incorporated, and lie ex- posed to the sun a few days in email heaps, say of one load each, previous to being applied. We ♦avo found this much more beneficial to all garden cropj than ani- mal manure in any state, and almost invariably a pre- yentive of insects. There can be no doubt but it would be found a superior article for field culture, especially for turnips. Two years since, when removing the sur- face, (which is very dark for eighteen inches in depth,) from the iron mines, we caused the laborers to pile the turf and soil in separate places from the subsoil, that at a convenient season we might remove it to some of the land of a different variety. In some of these heaps we put lime, though in quantities too small to h.ive much effect. We have used this earth and its small quantity of lime (not one bushel of the latter to ten of the former,) for various crops, and have found it very good for ruta bagas, wheat and grass. That without lime we have found valuable for potatoes, if put in the hill. From one quarter of an acre where this was applied, last spring, with a spoonful of plaster thrown upon it, we harvested sixty bushels ; a good crop for the season. The soil on which this experiment was tried, was an exhausted loam. We tried that with lime for corn on a loam by the side of hog manure on one side and stable manure on the other. That manured with compost was about three- fourths as heavy as the former, and ripened ^yell. We cannot recommend it for use to the exclusion of animal manures, but where, as there is every where, a lack of them, we think it well worthy of the farmer's notice. Probably had our experiment been made with pure swamp mud instead of a soil that has been under culti- vation for half a century, it would have succeeded much better than it now did. We find a great benefit in mixing the manures of dif- ferent animals. Horse manure is too hot and dry for most soils. Hog manure is too strong, and encourages too great a growth for good earing; but when these are mixed with those of cattle and sheep, their objectiona- ble qualities as single manures are imparted to the oth- ers, and the qualities of all increased. Earths thrown in with them becniiie a part of them and increase their quantity. Bone dust. — The first experiment with this article hereabouts which has ever come to my knowledge, has been tried on a field of turnips this season. The land was one of our clayry hills. After the turnips were sown, the dust, at the rate of about four bushels to an acre, was sown along the drills of all except two in the centre. These through the season shewed that they had been slighted, and at harvest time they showed their resentment by refusing to yield the cultivator a single turnip for his labor. Those on the part dusted were large and as clean as we ever saw. We have no doubt but bone du?t will eventually become a very common manure in the country. Yours, Ac. W. BACON Mount Osceola, Dec. 26, 1839. AGRICULTURAL MEETING. The Agricultural Society of Westboro' and its vicinity assembled on Thursday, 2d inst. and held a meeting in the Town Hall in the afternoon, where an address was delivered, and adjourned until five o'clock, when they sat down to a sumptuous repast. They met again at a public hall in the evening for an intellectual feast and held a discussion on a subject which had been before as- signed for consideration. The question presented to the meeting was — What is the operation of the alkalies, lime, ashes, and gypsum upon vegetation .' The discussion was opened by Dr Burnet, in a lucid and instructive exposition of his views, coinciding in the main with the views of Dr Dana on this subject, as giv- en in the second report of Prof. Hitchcock, in his re-ex- amination of the Economical Geology of Massachusetts. Dr Burnet was followed by Messrs Brigham, Mr Ford, Mr Chamberlain, Mr Denny, Mr Church, Mr Fay and other gentlemen ; and the evening was spent in perfect good humor, and was altogether adapted to promote in- quiry, experiment, and agricultural enterprise and im- provement. Dr Burnet gave it as his opinion that the operation of all the alkaline manures is the same ; that they are not in themselves the food of plants; and that their princi- pal use is tplication of the ashes, and their efficacy upon the crop appeared to follow at once. It is easy to suppose that this rain may have contributed to carry the efficacious ingredients of the ashes at once in a liquid form to the roots of the plants : but we hazaid no theo- ry of its operation. Several gentlemen had applied lime, most of them in some mixed form, either compounded with mud or peat, or as in Mr Fay's case, in a compound of lime one half, ashes one quarter, and gypsum one quarter ; but as well as we can remember, there was not a case mentioned where it had been applied separately and in such a form that its efficacy or inefficacy could be fairly tested, that it had proved evidently efficient. The statement of Mr Brigham seemed conclusive, that in its appli- cation to a crop of wheat, although its effects were not seen upon the wheat, yet upon the grasses, which fol- lowed the succeeding year, the effects were decisive and highly beneficial. We do not undertake to give any thing like a report of the discussion on this subject. We can only say that it was conducted with perfect urbanity and mutual grat- ification and advantage. This society has made a capital beginning ; and if they can but keep up the spirit with which they have begun, the meetings will prove occasions not only of agreeable entertainment as matter of social intercourse, but directly promotive of the agricultural improvement of the vicinity and the State. We are happy in think- ing that some men have got hold of the handles of the plough in this case, who will not be disposed to look back. H. C. ELECTION OF GOVERNOR. The Legislature of the State assembled on WedneS' day, the first day of January, and opened the session. — The division of parties approaching nearly to an equali- ty, the perfection of the organization of the government has proceeded slowly. The matter, howc\er, was com- pleted on Saturday, by the inauguration of Marcus Mor- ton as Governor, and George Hull as Lieut. Governor of Massachusetts for the current year. It is not for us to enter the political arena, if we had the disposition to do it ; but we have not the disposition* We will not refrain from saying, however, that we be- lieve that neither Massachusetts norany other Slate oy- er had a more accomplished, punctual, conscientious, faithful magistrate than has just left the chair of Slate ; and we think it would be impossible for the bitterest enemy, if he has any enemies, to point to a single act of omission or commission, marked by intentional error. Mistakes of judgment there may have been; but if any have occurred, they are as few as ever marks the course of any man. He retires under ihe enviable conscious- ness, the highest and purest reward which any good man can ask or desire, of having faithfully performed his duly and fulfilled his trust; and of having failed in no respect whatever ofmeeting the high expeitations of those by whose suffrages he was elevated lo office. He has been displaced not for any fiiilure in duty or through any distrust of his eminent qualifications for any place of trust and office to which his fellow-citizens may see fit to advance him ; but in the struggles ofpar- ties and the evenly balanced condition in which they stand to each other at the present time in the State, he has failed of his election ; and the popular voice has placed another gentleman in power. In our form of so- cial arrangement and government, it becomes the duty of every good citizen in such a case to acquiesce cheer- fully in the lawful decision of the majority. It is a subjecl of honest pride and of just congratula- tion, that the State has many excellent and intelligent citizens, in every respect qualified to discharge with honor to themselves and benefit to the community, tho duties which it may demand of them. In this case we have reason lo congratulate the commonwealth and country on the elevation to the highest office of dignity and authority in the commonwealth, of a gentleman, who by his exemplary and irreproachable character, his legal acquirements, his long experience, his eminent talents, and his intelligent and himorable performance of tho public duties in which through life he has been engaged, is Iiighly qualified for the trust which has de- volved upon him. It becomes every good citizen to re- gard him with the respect due to his character and the Toii. xvm, NO. aa. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. esl wishes (ur his success ; and to merge every private I onsider.ilion in a sincere concern for the public honor j Dd the general welfare. JJ. C. VEGETABLE CUTTER. 251 MR. WEBSTER'S SEEDS NOT YET ARRIVED. At the Agricultural meeting at the Slate House on le evening of ihe 13th, Mr Webster stated ihat he had lected some seeds while in England, which he thouirht ould be important to introduce into this country, a^nd at ha had ordered them to the Agricultural Deposito- in this cily, Nos, 51 & 52 North .Market street where o«e who wished lo try them would have the opnortu- ty to procure them. As there has been considerable quiry about them, we would inform our agricultural ends that we have received an invoice of the seeds d that tliey are on the way from New York : as soon they come to hand we shall give notice in the N E rmer, and publish a list of the seeds „ „ „ JOSEPH BRECK & CO. rr. E. Farmer Office, Boston, Jan. 2\st, 1840. (nrNOTICE. [■he Flower Committee of the Massachusetts Horti- tural Society are reepeetfully requested to meet at Rooms of iho Society, 23 Tremont Row, on Satur- neil 25ih mst, at 11 o'clock, A. M., for the purpose awarding premiums for the past year ^Perorder, S, WALKER, Chairvmn. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTEI) WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLr. RIGHTON MARKET.-MoNDAT, Jan. 20, 1840. Reported fur the New England Fanner, t Market 320 Beef Cattle, and 800 Sheep. About Sheep were reported last week. iicEs.-Bee/ C««/e.— The Butchers were largely died last week, consequently purchaied less, and !3 did not advance as much as was expected from imited number at Market. We quote First quality, 5 a $6 50. Second quality, $5 75 a |6 00. Third ity, $4 75 a $5 50. irreUing Cattle.— Mess $5 50 ; No. 1 $5 00." lies and Cahes.—Very few at market and very y iales effected. e«p.— Lots were sold at $8 50, $2 75, -fS 00 5, $4 50, and $5 00. ine. — None at market. Willis's New Improved Vegetable Culler. This machine is calculated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for Indder, and IS one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers ieel great confidence m recommending this machine to the public- they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now r„ir'',f-r''tI"''-,',"'^'*"T'^'''i" Sive satisfaction upon a fair trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels per minute, m the best possible manner, and is not liable to get m)t ol order being made in the most substantial manner No farmer should be without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and 52 North Market Street December 18. JOSEPH BRECK & CO GREEN'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. THERMOMETRICAL. Reported for the New England Farmer, igeof the Thermometer at the Garden of the proprietors New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded erly exposure, week ending Januarj- 19. ">•' 1840. 1 7A.M. |12,M. |5,P.M. I Wind. 13 12 30 17 14 15 36 28 15 23 25 15 16 10* 6 2 17 10* 8 3 IS 10* 8 2 19 4 22 18 low zero. S. E. N. W. W. w. N. W. le of the Beet and Manuiacture of Beet Sugar. published and for sale at the N. E. Agricultural ouse and Seed Store, a treatise on the Culture of the nd Manufacture of Beet Sugar, by David Lee Child 5 cents. ary 22. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.51 and 52 Norih Mar- ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hav and Stalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent eifects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are: 1. So great a reduction of the quantum ol power requisife to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work it very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less often than those of any other straw cutter. 4. The machine is simple in its construclion, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. A MAN WANTED. 0 the work on a small place, a few miles from the He must understand the cultivation of vegetables kc, and the care of horse, cows, &c. A single man| i to 30 years of age, of steady and industrious habits, juire at this office. J B 1 irj- IS. ROHAN POTATOES, ale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and ore. No. 52 North Market Street, at «;> per barrel '" 16- JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, that alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful slimulant that can be applied to the earth as a manure He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural community. Price at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and de- livered at any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and tio charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- burjr, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, No 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt attention NAHUM WARD AMERICAN SWINE BREEDER. Just published and for sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO. the American Swine Breeder; a Practical Treatise on the Selection, Rearing, and Fattening of Swine, by Henry W. Ellsworth : price 75 cents. January 15. Alum, American, . AsHES'i Pearl, per 100 lbs. Pot, " ■' " . Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, dipped, sperm, . ... Cheese, new milk,' Cider, ..... refined, .... Bone Mandre, in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, . . Mackerel, No. 1 . , No. 2,' No. 3, . ilewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. I, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, Meal, Indian, in bbls. . ' . Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern fiat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) . southern. Grindstones, pr ton of 200n lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, .... southern and jvestem, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, IsI quWity, 2d quality, . . . ' . Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leatheb, Philadelphia city tanwige do. cuuntry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York Ted, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperra, Spring, Winter,- . . . ' Whale,refined, Linseed, Ainerican, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. PoBK, extra clear, - . clear, . . Mess, . - . Prime, Whole Hogs, . Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax " . Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort ' Wool, prime, or Saxony Kleeces, . -American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, g ■ (Pulled superfine, . .Si J No. I, '^ . '. . ?-5 1No.2 No. 3, pound pound pound quintal barrel 6 62 6 62 bushel pound pound 18 00 28 00 20 00 30 00 16 00 18 OL) 13 00 14 00 cask gallon barrel pound bushel pound pr M. pound 2 87 3 00 252 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. Hi, 1840. MISCELLANEOUS. THE COTTAGE DOOR. BY T, E. MERVEY, ESQ. How sweet the rest that labor yields The humble and the poor, Where sils the patriarch of the fields Before his cottage donr ! The lark is singing in the sky, The swallow in the caves, And love is beaming in each eye Beneath the summer leaves ! The air amid his fragrant bower* Supplies unpurchased health, And hearts are hounding 'mid the flowers, More dear to him ihan wealth : Peace, like the blessed sunlight, plays Around his humble cot. And happy nights and cheerful days Divide his lowly lot. And when the village Sabhath bell Rings out upon the gale, The father bows his head to tell The music of its tale — A fresher verdure seems to fill The fair and dewy sod. And every infant tongue is still, To hear the word of God ! Oh ! happy hearts ! — To Him who stills The ravens when they cry. And makes the lily 'neath the hills So glorious to the eye. The trusting patriarch prays, to liles3 His labor with increase ; — Such " ways are ways of pleasantness," And all such " paths are peace !" RULES FOR HOUSE WIVES. 1. When you rise in tlie morning, never be parti- cular about pinning your clothes so very nicely ; you can do tliat at any time. 2. Never comb yoiir hair, or take off your night cap till after breakfast' It is your business to take time by the foretop and not let hira take you so ; therefore keep all right in that quarter till ten o'clock at least. 3. When you begin tlie business of your toilet, you may do it before' the window or in tiie front entry ; but the most proper place is in the kitchen. 4. Never have any particular place for any thing in your house ; and then you may rest assured that nothing will ever be out of place ; and that is a great comfort in a family. 5. Never sweep your floor, until you knoir some person is coming in ; he will then see how neat you are : and, besides, in such cases, even your enemies cannot shake off the dust of their feet, against you, though they may the dust of their clothes witli which you have covered them by your sweeping. 6. When you have done sweeping, leave your broom on the floor, it will then be liandy: and being always in sight, and in the way, it will be constantly reminding your husband, when he is in the house, what a smart, nice, pains-taking wife he has. 7. Never follow the barbarous practice of brushing down cobwebs. A man's house is his castle ; and bo is a spider's. It is a violation of right, and a shame- less disrespect to the fine arts. 8. Keep your parlor and bedroom windows shut as close as possible in dog days ; this will keep the hot air out — and you will have excellent fixed air inside. 9. Keep your suimner cheeses in your bed .cham- bers ; — they enrich the qualities of the atmosphere ; and if a stranger should lodge in one of your beds, if he could not sleep, he could eat for his refreshment 10. Never teach your daughters to mend or make any of their own clothes ; it is " taking the bread from the mouth of labor" — besides it will make them crooked and give them sore fingers. 11. But if they should insist on mauling their own garments, they should do it while they are on ; this will make ihemfit better: and girls can't leave their work — if they should attempt it, their work would follow them. 12. If your husband's coat is out at one of tlie elbows, don't mend it until it is out at the oilier ; then the patches will make it appear uniform, and show that you are impartial. 13. Never spoil a joke for a relation's sake ; nor suppress the truth for any body's sake. Therefore, if you don't like your husband as you ought, aid with ?i,.and convince him you are not a respecter of per- sons. 14. You should endeavor not to keep your temper : let it off as soon and as fast as you can; and you will then be calm and quiet as a bottle of cider after the cork had been drawn half a day. 15. If, on any particular occasion, you are at a loss as to the course you are to pursue, in the manage- ment of yourself or family affairs, take down the i)a- per which contains these rules, and read them over and over till you have satisfied your mind — and then go on. — Methu^n Gazette. Ingentjitt of Rats. — The rat, that " hateful and rapacious creature," as Goldsmith honestly designates it, formerly abounded in prodigious numbers in In- verness, and a traveller, about the year 1730, describes his surprise at witnessing the flocks of them which used to sally out into the streets in the morning twi- light, after dry weather succeeded by a shower of rain. It is related that about this period, when the rats increased to a great degree in some small vil- lages in the Highlands, and found it difficult to sub- sist, they used to creep into the manes and tails of the garrons or ponies, (which were then generally matted and tangled, being seldom subjected to the comb) and in this way were transported to other places, to plant new colonies or find fresh quarters. Tliis mode of conveyance was certainly dexterous and ingenious ; but did our readers ever see or hear of a party of rats stealing eggs ? The process is tliis. The roost being discovered and the rats mus- tered, one of the fraternity, generally of goodly port and dimensions, lies down on his back, and holds the egg within his four limbs, embracing it closely and cordially. His brethren tlien pull him off by the tail, each taking his turn in dragging the live machine, like the populace at the carriage of a " great man," who, it is probable, may be of a l;indred species, the rat species, the rat political. A |gentleman in the country informed us the other day, that he waa greatly amused at observing one morning the dex- teri'y and perfect fairness witli which a small band of these noxious intruders were feasting in his dairy. A pretty capacious dish of milk had been set out to cream, and the rats, finding the prize, inmiediately commenced stiperseding the labors of the dairy maid. One of them stood up against the dish, and another mounted his shoulder in due form, like school-boya preparing to plunder an apple tree. He then whisk- ed his tail over the luscious surface of the liowl, and turning round held it out to his expectant compan- ions below, who stripped it of its milky treasure. This was repeated for some time ; then another took his place, occasionally shifting tlit position, and after they had all skimmed the dish and regaled their senses, they scampered off in the morning sun- shine to burrow in their holes and corners. — Inverness Courier. Sound — Of all kinds, it is ascertained, travels at the rate of 13 miles in a minute : the softest whisper travels as fast as the most tremendous thunder. The knowledge of this fact has been applied to the meas- urement of distances. Suppose a ship in distress fires a gun, the light of whicii is seen on shore, or by another vessel, 20 sec- onds before the report is heard, it is kno^vn to be at the distance of 20 times, 1,142 feet, or little more than four miles and a half. Again, if I see a vivid flash of lightning, and in 2 seconds hear a tremendous clap of thunder, I know that the thunder cloud is not more then 760 yards dis- tant and should instantly retire from any exposed situation. The Wife That woman deserves not a hus- band's generous love who will not greet him with smiles as he returns from the labors of the day ; who will not try to chain him to his home by the sweet enchantment of a cheerfifl heart There is not one in a tliousand tliat is so unfeeling as to withstand such an influence, and break away from such a home. Joy and Sorrow. — As the most luxuriant plants thrive best with an equal mixture of sunsliine and shade, showery dry weather, and in a soil composed of sand as well as richer materials, mingled in due proportions together, so the human mind is a plant which thrives best witli a just proportion of prosperi- ty and adversity, joy and sorrow. Glokt. — Pliny gives the following character of true glory — " Doing what deserves to be written, and writing what deserves to be read ; and rendering the world happy and better for having lived inlit" The editor of the Northampton Courier tells of a silken thread eighteen hundred feet' in length, wound witliout breaking from a single cocoon. THE KEW ENGl.A^D FARHF.R Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year — but those who pay wilhiH sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a i e ducfionof 59 cents. TBTTLB, nENNETT AMD CHISHOLM, PEINTERl, 17 SeHOOL STRKKT... .BOSTON AND H O R T I C U L T U I{ A L REGISTER. ^ PUIJl.ISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (A. GRICULTUHAL WakeHOUSE.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JANUARY 29, 1840. E. FARMER, Roxbnry, Mass., Jan. 20, 1840. THE Editor of the N. E. Farmer : Dear Sir — Belon' I hand you a communication re,-sed to Elias Phinne;/, Esq., of Lexington, 3S. Alay I ask a place for it in your columns .- 5filievinn^ the agricultural coiiiiiuinity will be elited by the reply, 1 have preferred this course hat of confining the matter to a private corres- dence. 1 am your ob't serv't, G. P. B. HAY TEA FOR SWINE. Elias Phinnet, Esq.: [y Dear Sir— I should not thus publicly have ;d upon you for any information which your experience in swine breeding might suggest, for the fact that your liberality is no less pro- ial than is your opinion in tliese matters wor- of credit. Within the last two or three years, I have bred raised;a considerable number of hogs, but, un- ithin the last few months, I have been amono- inbeliovers toucliing " improved breeds" so call" nd which are now circulating so much more rally than heretofi re in our country. In Sep- er last, my attention was arrested by tjj.r pic- I representation of a Bejkshire hog, at the of an advertisement in one of our agricultural cations — the picture of which pleased me so I that I determined fi^thwith to try them. I lased at your establis," ite and well known meadow hay. Instead of using clear water, (as I ; I physicked them thoroughly, but had been used to do,) I mixed the food with hay tea (made after the directions advised in the work above named,) and fed it out in all respects as I had done previously, indiscriminately to breeders, store hogs, shoats, pigs and all. The tOii was made not simply by my direction, or under my supervi- sion, but by my own hands. "It deserves particular attention," says Mr Saun- ders, " that in a week or fortnight after I commenced ne died, the other I killed, to save its life— or rath- er its pork. The choice iMackay sow I pmchase at your establishment last fall, next refused he foud. She was exceedingly fat, and I gave he the knife, in season to prevent her dying of her own accord. I will here remark that nil of these were affected precisely like those which died first, except- that in these last cases, the livers appeared very much worse than did those of the first, beino- in the experiment, the pigs improved in their coats, j two cases compUtel,/ covered with these hard vTsci which, from looking coarse, assumed a gloss, and ous looking biles, which must necessarily ha've de- became fine and short, a prooj surely, of the great stroyed them in a day or two lon-cr had they been nutrition of the food, and of its perfectly agreeing left to themselves. with tJie hogs," &c. A young boar, out of a fine Grass sow in my it deserves particular attention (««,,/,) that in a possession last summer, promised well, and I pur- week or fortnight after 1 commenced the experi- posed raising him, for his stock. At three months ment, the pigs (<«/ no< improve in their co«<^, or in and a half old he shared the same fate with the any wise whatsoever—" a proof surely," at least, rest, from the same cause, if I could judge from th that "the great nutrition of the food" exhibited it- symptoms exhibited durino- his sickness. Itappear i lit two sows of your rkshire and Mackay — T obtained a pair of Chinese sows out of im- d stock — my Bcrkshires were from the stock .lelj N. Bement and others— and in the early Jf November last, my establishment consisted rt of fifteen breeding sows of the Berkshire ;se, Berkshire and Mackay, and other crosses,' i-er with two Berkshire boars, and one large ay, Berkshire and Mocha boar. As occasion ntcd, I tried various experiments with these lis, and, inmost cases, ivas pleased with the :s. ■vards the.latter part of December, 18.30, a entitled the " „imerican Siciiie Breeder" was ihed. Amongst the variety of articles recom- 3d therein as food for swine, I noticed that a Saunders, of Stroud, Gloucestershire, Enir., ade use uf hay tea with much success." TlTis Mrian "fed a stock of four hundred head of and in the course of his e.xperiments used 1.500 hogsheads of the wash— maintained them very low rate of one penny per day —many of were fit for the butcher," &c. &,c. Economy food for swine being among the first consi- ans with me, I forthwith adopted the use of 1. The kinds of hay recommended were, 51-, sanfoin, and meadow hay." I purchased II quantity of each, and commenced the ex- Mit. In the outset I used clover alone. I Bed herdsgrass, but did not use any of the self rather differently in the case of Mr Saunders, than it did in mine, as the sequel will show. From the first week after I commenced using hay tea — breeders, shoats, and pigs— a« began to decline. My large sows were all with pig, and some of them considerably advanced in pregnancy. I took the usual precaution, and commenced phy- sicking— still feeding them on food mixed with hay tea, however, (not suspecting evil then,) but, de- spite of all my care, two of my Berkshires " popped off." Dpon opening them, 1 found the lower intes- tines completely clogged, the lungs spotted and inflamed, and upon the liver appeared small biles or pustules. Still I did not charge it to the hay tea, and still I fed them as before. My Chinese sow. Blue Belle, suddenly looked languid, and, for a meal or two, refused to eat. I changed her food and mixed a dish of meal, well warmed, with a por- tion of salts and sulphur, which I placed before her. She would not eat. She was in the sixteenth week appear- ed that, uniformly, the pigs died within fortyeiglit hours after the first signs of indisposition. In this last case I had the boar placed alone in a new, floor- ed pen, where I could watch the effect of medicine upon him. He would not swallow -.-oluntarily, and I prepared a dose of castor oil and sulphur, which I fiirced down his throat at night. In the morning I could find no proof that the physic had operated and accordingly I had him tied up and poured about a gil! .^f Itiiiip oil down his throat. After waiting eignt hours, mid finding it p.-o;liiced no effect, but that he still declined, and had become rather stu- pid, I bled him in the feet, which for a while reviv- ed him. Towards evening, as a last resort, I at- tempted the use of mercury. Having obtained four pills of ordinary size, I mashed them and tried to force them into his stomach: it was nu go, howev- er. We tied him up again, but he appeared in great pain, and died before we could get the last dose into his mouth. Upon examination, I found of her pregnancy, and being very heavy, I did not liis intestines knotted as in the previous cases, and attempt /orriHg- any thing down her throat, lest I not a particle of the medicine administered the day should kill her young, and thereby, probably, lose previous, had passed these knots. the mother. I accordingly left her to herself, in a dry, warm pen, for the night, and in the morning found her dead. I opened her, and found her lun^s and liver affected, as was the case with the others, but particularly like those mentioned before, with regard to the intestines — the latter being, as it were, tied up into knots — so badly clogged as they were. Here was also a loss of twelve pigs, out of as fine a Berkshire boar as can bo found in the State. Still, I did not attribute it to An?/ been kept too long to support their repi) tation of a first rate fruit, which they undoubtedl deserve. For the Committee, ROBERT MANNING. stones 8 or 12 inches in height ("which by the way are all, if not more, placed below the surface of the of my brother farmers who have not tried it would ground) to place next a layer extending across the suppose. Allowing it to be taken off but three feet width of the wail, and upon these " a double row ' wide, every five and a half rods in length will fur on each side of the wall 12 or 15 inches high," or, as would be better understood by one unaccustom- ed to the business, a single row on each side, forming a double one, and then go on to complete as A. said, by laying stones across so as to bind together the two sides, reserving smaller, but good j lost. To yearly cover ^with this soil the yard shaped ones for completing the top of the structure nish the surface of one square rod, and 880 rods in length, an acre ; — if it be taken but six inches deep there will be 4.50 loads, in a cart of large dimen- sions. And to bank the wall as advised by A. double that quantity would be lost and worse than To place no stones across till it is raised 24 or 30 inches above the surface of the ground, if it is practised, as very probably it may be in places ■where stones are less abundant than in this region, is not the way to have a wall durable. A wall 3 1-2 or 4 feet high from the surface, should have at least two binders, that there may bo no bulging out of the sides. The writer of the article referred to, advises to plough about three furrows on' each side of the wall to form an embankment against it, and thus by keeping out the frost, effect the standing of the where cattle are wintered and during the nights of summer are kept, if the yard be rightly constructed, will retain the excrements of the cattle and with the additional labor of ploughing it once in two or three weeks during warm weather will become a fine top-dressing for grass, which no farmer having once tried, will feel that he can do without. Nor do I agree with the writer in thinking there is no beauty to a stone wall. But if the stones are piled together without any regard to appearance, then no wonder that there is a want of beauty. There are comparatively few stones that cannot be laid to look well, and still be placed in such a wall upon his small stones of two feet in height, manner as to give firmness and strength to the 1 take his word for it, that wall thus built and wall. tanked has stood the test of time. T. S. ' And would he have these banks in his pastures, J^orth Broolijield, Jan. 20, 1840. From Hovey's Magazine, ON THE CULTIVATION OF CELERY. As good celery is always sure to meet with ready sale in the market, and commands a liberii price when found there, I propose giving a fe" practical remarks on the necessary treatment n quired from the first^owing of the seed in th spring, to the taking i^fef the roots, in the autumi for use. In the first pace, be it remembered, th; the writer of this does not claim any greater \s.nav ledge than that possessed by gardeners and other who have had experience in the cultivation ( celery ; but as this article may meet tlio eye i those persons who have not acquired the requisil knowledge to grow it to perfection, it is probabl that they may glean somnthing from it, that ma be of some assistance to them. There are six or eight varieties of celery cult vated, and all those who cultivate it, have the favorite kinds : neveltheless, I will venture to n commend the white solid, and the rose-colored soli celery, to be grown, either for the market or ft private family use. The second week in April, there is a cucumber frame at work, prepare two ( three shallow boxes, and fill them with a fine ric soil, and sow the seed on the surface, with aliberi hand ; then press it down pretty solid, with a piec of board, and cover it lightly with very fine sifte earth ; this done, give the whole a gentle waterin, and place the boxes in the frame, close to tl front. When the plants make their appearance, gi\ them air every day, if possible, by propping up tl sash, at the front, where the boxes are placed. I soon as it is perceived that the plants have tl least tendency to grow weak, they must be removf from the frame, immediately to the open air, choo VOL. XVIlf, NO. 30. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ■some well-shellered spot. On the approach of 1 w<-ather, they may be removed to some place ler cover, and taken out again after the unfavor B weatlier is over. If no frame, as spoken of «t hand, sow the seed on'arich moist piece of und, the last week in, April, in a sheltered siUi fl; Ji ground must be well enriched for this p_qa^^,|d the older the maluire is, the better it over, arifl rake the surface very fine and 1 ; then sow the seed pretty thick, on the sur- '' ', and with a clean spade beat it lightly down ' and even, ar.d cover it over, about a quarter of nch, with fine soil. i .s soon as the plants are about two inches hia-h I should be transplanted into a nursery bed— but ions to this, the ground must be well manured dug ever ; then lay a board on the ground in r to stand upon, and set the plants out in rec- order, at least three inches apart, plant from t. Some may think this last process too much )le; but I can assure all who have such lea, tliat it is a process indispensably necessary the utility of it will be presently seen. When' ilants are taken up from the seed bed, before ceding to transplant them, do not neglect to )ff all the side shoots, which it will be seen, ust making their appearance around the base' e plants, and cut off the end of the roots, if it sired to produce first rate celery. )out the first or second week of July, the plants be ready for the final planting out-their g, robust appearance, by this time, I imagine, Jive great encouragement to tlie grower, to go d end the good work ; but, on the contrary, if lants had not been removed from the seed bed ;fore advised, what a miserable appearance 1 they now make ! so much so, that the stems ' too weak to bear up the tops, now that they singly, they would lie flat upon the ground. 1 this IS the case, the remedy is, to cut off the and leave three or four naked stems stickinc- I disgrace to any person who has the leasl isions to Its cultivation^ The plants being so It will be found necessary to shade them ;he sun through the middle of the day, for time, until nature has made a fresh effor't, and ants start to grow : not so with those that been transplanted ; for, by removing them 1 trowel on a damp day, they will scarcely le change. This is the gain—for whilst the will require shading and nursing, these will king a rapid growth ; and, however well the plants are nursed, i( is rare that they ever such good heads as those that receive no should never he used. After the manure has been i tlirown into the trench, it should be dug over, in order to mix the soil at the bottom of the trench ' thoroughly with it; this done, cut a little of the' soil from each side of the trench, for the purpose of I covering it about an inch, and it will then be ready I fur the plants, which should be set out six or eight ^ inches apart, in a straijjht line, doun the centre. | ; Keep the celery free from weeds, and earth a ; little, ot different times, till the trench is nearly ' h.led up ; then earth it up no more, until it is done lor the last time, which should be the first or se- [c.md week of September, or sooner, if necessary I I have two reasons for following this process. The first is, that the roots of the plants are already co- vered as much as they ought to be, if we suppose the sun and air has any effect on them, or is of any benefit to them. My second reason is. that the celery will make a stronger growth, and will be very much superior, both in size and quality, to that which is earthed up every week or ten days, as IS generally done. Good celery ought to be solid thoroughly blanched, and of large size, and perfect- ly clear of any blemish; such as rust or canker. ^oi»-s, J. VV. RUSSELL Mount Auburn, Cambridge, Dec, 1839. 255 he cultivator has a peat meadow, that is at : overflowed with water, he will find it the tuation of any, for the growth of celery ; but e are but few, comparatively speakino-, who Jch facilities, the ne.vt best location' would ire the soil is deep and moi.-f, with the sub- ly. One sure guide to go by is, always to deep moist soil, whatever the sub-soil may r It matters not however rich the ground is with manure ; if there is a deficiency of -e the growth will be slunted. repariug the trenches for the final planting, oil IS deep, dig it out to the depth of eigh- iches by fifteen inches in width ; and the as far as is thought proper for the number' Its ; SIX inches of the tiench must be filled ' 1 the best old rotted manure that can be id ; as long strawy litter is not suitable, it j MAKING BACON. Bacon is an article of use in nearly every family , in this country, yet very little attention is paid to its preparation by most of our farmers. It is enough for them that the hams are taken out, salt- 1 ed at random, smoked in an imperfect manner, and this is then called Bacon. The western part of I Virginia is most famous for its fine bacon, and those at the north who have in substance adopted the mode pursued there, find tlieir bacon greatly improved. Too heavy hogs are not as good for bacon as those that are smaller, if equally well fatted. One that will weigh two hundred is large enough, as the salt will strike through the pieces more equal- ly, and the smoking be more perfect. It is essen- tia! for the first rate bacon, that the pork should be corn fed ; at least if any thing is used in fattenincr, it should be in the first part of the time, and coni be given for five or six weeks previous to slaugh- tering. Tlie pork of corn fed pigs will be hard and compact, and the kidney-fat instead of being soft and unctious like lard, will be solid like beef suet. In the best establishments for making bacon, three pecks of salt and one pound of saltpetre are used for every thousand pounds of pork, the salt to be measured and the saltpetre reduced to powder, thoroughly incorporated or mixed with it. None but the best salt should be used in making bacon. At the south, that which is produced at the Kenha- wa works, at the first crystalization is preferred ; at the north, the coarse salt of the Onondaga works, or that produced by evaporation, is to be chosen as more pure than any other kind. The prepared salt is to be thoroughly rubbed on Ihe meat, and then liberally sprinkled over the out- side. There is little danger of over saltinir from quantity ; it is length of time that produces the re- sult. The meat is to be laid with the skin side down in good casks, the hams and shoulders first, and then the smaller pieces. Salt must be sprin- kled over the bottom of the cask before the meat is laid in. At the fourth or fifUi day the meat must be taken up and again thoroDghly rubbed with salt At this period of the process, some use a tea spoon- ful of powdered red pepper to each |,iece, and the whole IS replaced after any bloody or impure brine that may have formed in the cask is removed. In about two weeks, the smaller pieces will be fully salted, and .-hould be taken from the cask, and the I remainder repacked, those that were at the top be- 1 ing now placed at the bottom, as pressure will pre- I vent the passage of the brme through the meat, if I the position of the pieces is not chanired. The j shoulders will he struck through in about three j weeks, and the hams in four. Smoking is the next important part of the busi- ness, and should be well done, or good bacon can- not be made. Smoke houses are usually too small ; the meat hangs too crowded and too near the fire.' The pieces should by no means touch the wall or each other, but space for the free circulation of the smoke should in all cases be allowed. • The time required for smoking is the same as that for salt- ing— four weeks for hams, three weeks for shoul- ders, and two weeks for the other pieces or mid- dlings. Damp weather is improper for smoking meat, as the bacon, from the dampness that is apt to settle on the meat, acquires a bitter flavor in some respects like that given by pyroligneous acid Sound maple chips, or blocks of hickory wood, are chosen for smoking meat, though the celebrated Hamburgh hams are smoked with oak wood alone. The smoke-house should be at a moderate tempera- ture, as that will greatly assist in preventing the appearance of dampness on the meat. 'Jwo fires a day, if properly made, will finish the smoking in the time specified above. Some throw occasion- ly powdered red pepper on the fire? ts it is said to prevent the attacks of insects on the bacoij after smoking, and somewhat improves t?hc flavor. If the smoke-house can be kepf'ps.-fectly secure against the entrance of insects, and is dark and cool, the bacon may be left in' it till wanted for use. But there are few houses of this description ; and on the approach of warm weather it must be taken down and packed away secure till required for the table. Salt, clean hickory ashes, or oats, will se- cure it from insects or dripping, if placed' in a dry and cool position. The best mode of preservino- hams is to pack them down in powdered charcoaf, which will not only effectually exclude all insects' whatever, but by keeping the meat dry, and cor- recting any tendency to unpleasant flavor, keeps the meat in good order for any length of time Genesee Fanner. Improved method of training Raspberries Cut out all the weakest shoots, so as to leave only about six on a stool ; then twist the point of one shoot from one stool with one shoot from the stool adjoining, so as to form anarch.. Do the same with two other shoots of each plant, so as to form a triple arch between plant and plant, in the direc- tion of the rows, all through the plantations ; the space between the rows being left open as usual. The plants should be six feet apart every way. The fruit produced by the trained canes will be fully exposed to the direct influence of the sun and to that of the air, and there will be more room for the suckers. — Floricultural Cabinet. It is easier to die without the thought of death, than to think of death without the apprehension of danger. — PascaPs Thovghts. To he great is not in every one's power, but tc- be good is in the power of all. — Cato's Letters. 'Zo6 MEW ENGLAND FARMER, JAN. 89, 1840. Prom the Journal of the English Agricultural Society. PRESENT STATE OF THE SCIENCE OF AG RICULTURE IN ENGLAND. [Concluded.] There is another point connected ivitli cattle, on which the extension of our present knowledu^e, as practised in the northern districts, and inquiry as to the possibility of further improvement upon those practices, appeirs e.xtrcnisly desirable: this is the feeding of stock. In our southern counties the arable farm is kept in heart chiefly by the nianurr of the sheep flocks, such flocks indeed as no arable farms can produce but in tliis country. The beasts kept during winter in tlio yard, sometimes poorly fed, and only not losing condition, trample the straw until it has the appearance, though it often possesses little of the virtues, of dung. On well- managed northern arable farms, on the contrary, the cattle are tied up in the yard to be fattened, and are fed not only on turnips, but on large quantities of oil cake, purchased at the expense often of many hundred pounds by the fanner. Now it is well known that the better the beast is fed, the more valuable is the manure produced, and that by oil cake in particular its fertilising power is almost doubled. Interesting experiments have been made at the instance of the Highland Society, with a view to ascertain the relative value of food in the stall-feeding of cattle ; but much remains doubtless to be cleared up by experiments yet to be made. — It may even be worth inquiry whether, on farms where fattening of stock is largely carried on, a somewhat harder course of cropping might not be permitted, without fear of impoverishment to the land. Peas, for example, and on some ground, po- tatoes, are a scourging crop; but if the peas, in- stead of being carried to market, are given to the farmer's stock, it may be a question whether the superiority of tlie manure may not more than com- pensate to the farm the previous loss of condition which the crop has occasioned. On this subject of feeding, it is impossible to pass over that heavy article of the farmer's expenses — the keep of farm horses. Here, however, it will be sufficient to inake a short extract from the printed report of a club of practical farmers, who have for some time met at Harleston, in Suffolk, for the excellent pur- pose of discussing doubtful points of agricultural science. Jt will not be useless, however, first to give a list of the subjects which they had selected for the last year's inquiry, since it shows the spirit of improvement which is at work in the agricultu- ral body. " On the use of saltpetre as a manure. On the nnnagetnent and cheapest method of keeping farm horses. On spade husbandry. On the best method of improving neat cattle in the district. On shoeing horses. On stall-feeding. On the best method of keeping farming accounts: Whether or not it is beneficial to consume by stock any part of the straw the produce of the farm. On chaff cutting." With respect, however, to our immediate sub ject, the Report of the Harleston farmers, as it stands in the ' iVlark-Lane E.xpress,' Feb. 11th, runs as follows: — "Your committee, in common with every member of the club, was astonished to find that, amongst a body of farmers, all residing with- in tour or five miles of the place of meeting, all using a similar breed of cart horses, and cultiva- ting a similar description of land, such an aston- ishing difference in the expense of maintaining their cart horses should exist, amounting, in au- thenticated statements, to upwards of .50 per cent., whether estimated at per head for eacli cart horse, or per acre for the arable land." That is to say, not only, with an equal number of acres to plough, the horses of one farmer cost twice as much as tliose of another ; in which case the difference might arise partly from the different number of working cattle maintained ; upon which a second question would arise — which farmer had too many, or which had too few ? — but also the very same number of horses stood in to one I'armer at double the expense which they did to the other. " What, greater proof," the Harleston committee very prop- erly ask, " could be required of the necessity for discussion ? and if no other subject had ever been brought before your club, we are of opinion that by debating this question alone it would have ren- dered incalculable benefit to the neighborhood ; for what member, who now learned for the first time that his neighbor was cultivating his land at much less cost than himself in one of the heaviest items in a farmer's expenses, but would go home and im- prove on his farm management ?" It appears then, even from the superficial survey contained in these few pages, that the practice of farmers varies greatly in different parts of this coun- try, on points whore there is no question which practice is best. But it appears also that there are innumerable points of farming on which no one ought to give a positive answer, because no cer- tain knov ledge exists. How then is such certainty to be obtained on a matter which involves so large a national profit and loss ? Surely, as in othersci- ences, by careful observation and well-considered experiment. But in many sciences this process, however difficult, is at least within the reach of ev- ery inquirer. '! he chemist requires but a room in which to set up his furnace and evolve his gases : ni^t so the agricultural inquirer ; he requires a large farm (for a small one would be insufficient,) and a large capital, too, practically engaged in its culti- vation. Neither would one farm be sufficient, since the results of its treatment would apply to one soil only, and subsoil, one climate and elevation ; where- as there are, even in this country, many soils and subsoils, climates and elevations ; and it can scarce- ly be expected tliat,either by individual or by pub- lic means, such farms should ever be provided in such number. Still, we wish, as agriculturists, instead of uncertain local rules of practice, unknown beyond the districts in which they are severally handed down, to attain the knowledgi! of general certain laws, not less certain because liable to many equally certain local exceptions, — that is to say, if we wish to raise our important art to the rank of a science, this difficulty must be overcome. After all, however, it is not a difficulty with which we alone have to cope. On the contrary, botany, geology, and other sciences which might be nam- ed, depend equally upon the collection of numerous minute facts, bj individual observers, over a large surface, even that of the whole globe. But it has been found, in these and in many departments of knowledge, that by the formation of permanent so- cieties, having the promotion of the particular sci- ence for their special object, great progress has been attained. Such a society, by bringing to- gether men who are already desirous of a commi end, encourages their zeal, and attracts other li borers into the field. U also regulates their e: deavors, as their mutaal intercourse shows themi more clearly the points of doubt which partioular* ly require to be cleared up. Further, sticW socii ety, as it spreads forth its branches, prflPdes f scattered but disciplined host of observers and pi-' oneers. Lastly, the facts thus obtained are recor- ded, and gradually accumulate, until, by careful comparison of the points in which they agree, soma general rule is discovered ; and, of those in which they differ, the exceptions are also found, and tha causes of those exceptions. It is thus that ge* ology has grown into a science within the pre.-ent century. It may be said, indeed, that the labor of observation on so minute and extended a scale is great, and tlie prospect of practical improvement, at best, problematical. It might be asked, in re- ply to such spiritless objections, why agriculture should be the only science in which patient pursuit of knowledge found no reward ? — or whether, while the philosopher, from mere love of science, seeking, for instance, to learn the fixed causes which gov- ern the most changeful and seemingly accidental of all natural things, notes down daily, from year to year, the shiftings of the wind and the rise or fall of the weather-glass, hoping that at last he may be able to arrange these endless vicissitudes unde; some regular system, and thereby know of a cer- tainty the signs of the sky, — we, the owners and occupiers of the land, on a matter whiirein we have a strong interest, in which the whole nation, as consumers, and many millions as laborers, have an interest also, on a matter too in which so much improvement has been long ago made, so much is still making, and so much is in prospect, should alone be so faint-hearted, or so short-sighted, as to doubt that, by our combined exertions, the bounds of our own science may be enlarged; and that, be- sides this hope, which is sufficient for the followers of other sciences, wo inay at the same time advance our own interests, give more bread — not to our loss, but with our own gain — to our dependent work- men, and strengthen at the same time the country's resources .' But such arguments are not needed. On the contrary, there are proofs on all sides, whether in the weekly increase of this society's numbers, in the local societies which are springing up in every county, in the farmers' clubs which are being form- ed, the new machines which are invented, new ma- nures, and new varieties of seed which are announ- ced— above all, and practically, in the improving face of the country ; which show that the British farmer is not liable to the charge of being blindly attached to ancient practice, but is ready, with the cauticn however which befits a man whose liveli- iiood is in agriculture, as well as his pleasure, to adopt improvements in his art, and even to seek for them — that the spirit of inquiry is afloat — that this Society is formed therefore in an auspicious time, and does but represent the wishes of those whose whom it seeks to unite in the road of knowl- edge, which they are already disposed to pursue, ;ind that its exertions will be engaged, not so much in stimulating as in methodizing the general desire for improvement. How we may best combine and order the separate etibrts of our individual niembers on the details of whose exertions, duly combined, in the various paths of our diversified art, to a com- mon end, and carefully and honestly made known •vol,. XVIII. NO. 30. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. nnioii consideration. From Touatt's Trnalise on Cattle. onrbody, our slow but steady progress will main-' The treatment of the coivs is sin.rular in some depend— must form the future subject of our J respects. The cows are never untied while they are retained as milkers. Some of them nave stood in the stall more than two years. Mr Laycock, on the contrary, turns his cows out once every day to drink from troughs in the yard, and they remain out from half an hour to three hours, depending on the weather and the season of the year. From the end of June until Michaelmas, they are turned into the fields from si.x o'clock in the morning until twelve or one, and from two o'clock in the afternoon till THE LONDON DAIRIES. [Conliuued.l Ihodes's dairy has been established more than ty years, but some of the same family or name e lived in that neighborhood nearly a century, r Rhodes, farmer, near Islington," is referred ly Dr Brocklesby, in his treatise on the murrain ch prevailed among cattle about the middle of last century. The writer of 'London Dairies,' he British Farmer's Magazine for February, I, gives a description of it, of which the follow- is the substance : The surface on which the dinifs are placed, is a gentle slope of two or e acres, facing the east The sheds run in direction of the slope, as well for the drain- of the gutters as for the supply of water for king, which will thus run from trough to trough vhole length of the shed. The sheds are twen- ir feet wide ; the side-walls being about eio-ht 257 development of the saccharine principle. It is to be doubted, howpver, whether the cows obtain a sufficient quantity of salt in this way. Some should be given with the grains. The grain.= are usually given about three o'clock in the morning, and two o'clock in the aftprnoon, being a little befom the usual milking hours.— Between the milkings they have green moat, as long as the seascm will permit. Cut grass is a fa- vorite and -excellent food; but where it can be managed, the plan of Mr Laycock to li-t the cows about three o clock on the following morning, Mr I cut the grass for themselves' is a far superior one" Rhodes scows have always water standing in the T.ares come in before the grass, and are afterwards cisterns before them. „!,«„ alternately wuh it. In winter, turnip., po- We can readily conceive that, from the want of '' ' ' ' ' i > F e.xercise, and consequent cutaneous perspiration, Rhodes's cows may give a somewhat greater (juan- tity of milk than Laycjck's ; but on the other hand, when we think of an animal tied in the corner of a stall for twelve, or eighteen, or twentyfour months together, we cannot help associating the idea of disease, or tendency to disease, at least, with such an unnatural stale of things; the feet and the di- gestive system would particularly suffer, and should suspect a little vitiation of all the secretions ,rreetwme;tnes,P wptnrfnr ^rinf . '. ' '"'""^" 1 1" ^ud the heat in suuimer. A cow consumes ins the water tor drinking; each CLstern serves about a bushel of these grains daily, the cost of !Q cows that are placed opposite to each other. „hic|, j, fm,,, fn„rnpn,.p , fi i I wnicn IS iroin lourpence to nvepence, e.xciusive of carriage and preservation. The grains are, if pos- sible, thrown into the pit while warm and in a state of fermentation, and they soon turn sour, but they are not liked the v/orse by cattle on that account ; and the air being perfectly excluded, the fermen- tation cannot run on to putrefaction. The dairy- men say that the slow and slight degree of fermen- tation which goes on, tends to the greater develop- ment of the saccharine and nutritive principle, and they will have as largo a stock upon hand as they can afford, and not open the pits until they are com- pelled. It is not uncommon for two years to .pass before a pit r,f grains is touched ; and it is said that placed opposite to each other, I different sheds ; all these cisterns are siip- from one large tank. These cisterns have a ;n cover, which is put on while the cows are r their grains, to prevent their drinking at that md tainting the water by dropping any of ains into it. At the upper end .ind at one ■ of this quadruple range of sheds is the consisting of three rooms, each about twelve square; the outer, or measuring room — the 3, or scalding room, with a fire-place and a —and the inner, or milk and butter room, the lower end of the range is a square yard nded by sheds, some for fattening the cows .11 1 . ... "^1'.'.^ u pit III iiiaiija ia HJIUIIUU ; aiiu [IssaiUTiar s7r,tZT ,■'" ='" "^ ''"' ''"""'■ ^""^^ h-e lain nino years, and been pe fe t ly .r,L"' ':,!!,""' ?'»" , .^'".P'"^ f'.'!'''' ff""d "t the expiration of that period. The dairy' lume the casual stock of skim milk which re on hand, owing to the fluctuations of the de- The milk is 1 ept in a well, walled with aid in cement, about six feet in diameter, and feet deep. The milk soon becomes sour but is then most nourishing to the hogs. ng swine is thought to be the mo.st profita- d the suckling pigs are sold for roasting, ond this yard is a deep pit or pond, into the dung is emptied. There is a stackyard, and pits for roots, straw, and hay ; a place ting ciaff, cart-sheds, stables, and every ,g which such an establishment can require, imber of cows varies from four to five hun- man, however, must know his brewer, and be able to depend on him. '1 he grains from a large ale brewery are the most nourishing. Those from the porter brewery are not so good ; and those from the little brewers, who first draw off their ale and afterwards extract every particle of nutriment in the formation of table beer, are scarcely worth hav- ing. Each cow is allowed a portion of salt. In Rhodes's establishment it is given with the grains. Laycock salts his rick when it is first made— a most excel- lent plan, for the hay is not only effectually secur- ed from becoming mow-burnt or mouldy, but it is rendered more grateful to the animal, and we may venture to say, almost doubly nourishing, from the tatoes, and mangel-wurtzel, are given as long as they can be obtained at any reasonable price ; and then the dairyman is driven to hay or chaff: the superiority of chaff is now generally allowed. Both of these gentlemen fatten off their dry cows "ith grains, oil-cake, and clover chaff, to which Mr Laycock adds boiled linseed. Our readers may recollect the experiments made by the Duke of Bedford on the fattening quality of linseed, boiled and unboiled, and in which the simple unboiled lin- seed fattened the anii,,als more expeditiously than any cooked preparation of that seed. Mr Laycock boils the linseed in a common boiler, and when re- duced to a pulp, conveys it by tubes into large wooden cisterns, where it is mixed with clover chaffroughly cut, and sometimes with grains. These wholesale dairymen usual ly^i^^ree with the retail dealers, that they (the deat^fshall milk the cows. The dealer knows the qiiilltity of milk that he want.i, and the dairyman knowing the usual quantity of milk yielded by each cow, calculates what number of cows will meet the demand, and the retail dealer attends at three o'clock in the mor- ning and two in the afternoon, to milk those cows. He carries it into the measuring room, whore its precise quantity is ascertained. If, as cows often vary considerably^ in their flow of milk in the course of two or three days, he has milked more than his quantity, it is put into a vessel belonging to the dairyman; or if the cows should not have given their usual supply, the d.ificiency is made up from the dairyman's vessel. The milk which is left on hand is put into shallow vessels, the cream skim- med and made into butter, and the skimmed milk thrown into the pit for the hogs. The joint-stock dairies, which a few years ago sprung up in such abundance, have either ceased to exist, or the number of cows much diminished, have fallen into private hands. While there were many partners, and the business was controlled by a committee of persona who knew nothing at all about the inaiter, they all proved to be lamentable failures. Some of them, even in the hands of pri- vate individuals, who brought with them little or no experience, were sadly ruinous concerns. I he Metropolitan dairy was a striking illustration of this ; but now, under the management of those who have been drilled into the business, it is doing better. When a true genius appea.'-s in the world, you may know him by this sign, that the dunces are all in confederacy against him Swift. The happiness of every man depends more upon the stale of his own mind than upon any one ex- tern i! circumstance ; nay, more than upon all ex- ternal things put together.— . /f. Jones. 258 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JAN. 89, 1S40. and hortic0ltdral register. Boston, Wednesday, Januaby 29, 1840. The coiDTnittee having waited upon the Governor, he menls of soils, are formed by the disintegration iir wear- expressed his strong approbation of, and interest in, the ing down of rocks, soils must, in consequence possesi , I ■ . r 1 .■ u . . (• .aoo;.,» qualilies similar lo the rocks from which they originate, great oniects of lie meeting, but on account 01 pressing ^ , . i .i i . r i j a- & ■• 61 r D and iif course, inasmuch as the character o( soils differ. SPEED THE PLOUGH. The Second Agricultural Meeting was held at the Representatives' Hall on Thiirsd:iy of ihe last week. Hon D. P. King, President of the Senate, was appoin- ted chairman of the meeting. Mr A. VV. Dodge, repre- senlaiive from Hamillon. was chosen secrelary of the meeting. The Commissioner of Agriculture having expressed to the meeting his reluctance at taking upon himself the responsibility of conducting the meetings, selecting subjects for discussion, and requesting gentlemen to ad- dress the meeting, it was voted that a committee of ar- rangements of five gentlemen should be appointed, who in conjunction with the Commissioner, should have the charge of this subject. The following gentlemen were appointed on this Committee : Mr Dodge, representative from Hamilton, Mr Clark, " " Northampton, Mr Cushman, " " Bernnrdston, Mr Buckminster, Editor of the Boston Cultivator, Mr Bosson, " " Yankee Farmer. To these the chairman of the meeting was joined ; and it was afterwards voled in committee that the members of the joint committee of the Legislature on agriculture should be invited to form a part of this conimitti'e. It was voted, likewise, that the meetings be held reg- ularlv on every Thursday evening during tlie session, unless the hall should be wanti'd by the Legislature ; that the meetings should be opened at 7 o'clock precise- ly, and with a general uij[fle;'slanding that tliey should be closed at 9 o'clock, exti^ordinary circumstances ex- cepted. The meeting was well attended, though the streets on account of llie rain and snow, are seldom in a worse condition, and access to the house was therefore difiicult. More than two hundred however,^ were present; and listened with very high satisfaction to ' Or C. T. Jack- son, Geological Surveyor of Rhode Island, M.tiiie and New Hampshire, full of knowledge and enthusiasm in these his favorite pursuits, especially in their connex- ion with agriculture. Dr Jackson treated at large the subject announced for the evening, Soils and Manures. It was our inten- tion to have given as full a report of his remarks as we could make out from our imperfect notes, but we want a little more time than we now have on hand to do either him or ourselves any thing like justice in this matter, and as we hope for the pleasure of hearing again from him on this subject, we for the present postpone it. We design, however, to give a sketch in the best manner we are able, for our next week's Farmer. It may be thought hardly consistent with the gravily of the subject, to say that the meeting was attended with enthusiasm; but we shall do only justice in sayin;; that there was manifested the strongest interest in the objects of the meeting and as strong a conviulion of the. useful bearing of Ihese meetings upon the objects propo.sed. At a sub'^equent meeting of the Committee of Ar- rangements it was voted, that several gentlemen then design.iled, should be requested to favor the meeting with th'ir attendance and with addresses on such sub- jects connected with agriculture as they might choose. This part of the arrangement was not, however, com- pleted farthi'r than to invite the Governor, wiio was for some time President of the Bristol Agricultural So- ciety, to address the next meeting. engagements, declined the seivice at this time, but gave reason to hope that he would hereafter confer the favor desired. The committee were also instructed to apply to Pro- fessor Silliman, of Yale College, now in the city dcliv- ill also the jirodnctiveness of the anils to which Ihe) contribute. Now is that science which tells us, on oui ascertaining the prevailing character of the rocks ii New South Wales the qualities oftlie soil in that region, a matter to be slighted .■' Or shall a knowledge of tlu science which teaches us by ascertaining the dip uf x ering a course of geological lectures, who has been kind \ ledge in our own neighborhood', whethirr il pushes inU enough to encourage the expectation that the meeting ; the earth so as to become no hindrance, or lies alon( , ,, , . ,uu 1- „ „, „A j slightly buried by the surface, so that there cannot b( sha I be favored by nim as soon^as his engagements ad- ,f> -'^ ,u a: • , , „ » ,i „ „;„ i;, ' r> o II- depth of earth suthcient to overact Ilic pinchings o mil of his doing it. Professor Silliman and Mr 15. bdli- 1 drought or aid the purposes of successful vegetation, bi man,' Jr. have been likewise invited by the committee to ! deemed superfluous .'' Nature sometimes places sterili attend the agricultural meetings and consider themselves as members of the body. The next meeting will be holden tomorrow (Thurs- day) evening, and the unfinished subjec'i of the last meeting, Soils and Manures, will come up again for discussion. Dr Jackson having by no means completed his views of the subject, it is hoped will again address the meeting : and as the attendance was comparatively thin, a wish has been expres.sed th.1t he may recapitu- late as far as he may find it convenient, the instructive remarks given at the last meeting. It is desired that any gentlemen having subjects which he wishes should be considered, or queries that he de- sires should be answered, would hand them in writing to the Secretary of the meeting or the Commissioner of Agriculture, that they may be laid before the commit- tee of arrangements. It is understood that the meetings are open to all who choose to attend; and .ns far as the subjects are connected with natural science, with domestic industry, with rural improvement and the mora! welfare of the community, so hr from there being any objection to their attendance, we think the ladies would be often much intere-'ted, and the meeting would feel gratified and honored by their attendance. II. C. soils ill the vicinity of productive ones. There are nat Ural causes for such etfecls, and Geology leads us V trace them out, and avoid what might be unph:a8an consequences to the farmer, wIk' forsooth would pur chase, because he sees ilie lands in close proximity, wa ving in rich foliage. Another advantage may be sup posed to originate from a knowledge of this science, ani one in wlsich the Mmerican farmer, as he is the lord o the soil he cultivates, must be deeply interested. Mine ral wealth usually lies buried below the surface, and sel doin, unless by the merest accident, comes out to telle its existence. Yet there are general geolological sign or iniliralions by which its lurking places may be found the depth of incumbent strata be ascertained, and oftei the limits of the buried treasure decided upon with precision which would cause the eyes of ignorance t stare as though they had seen a vision. Wc can form: tolerably accurate estimate of the healthfulness of country by its geological formation. Primitive region usually possess the purest water and purest atmospherf while alluvials are the most destitute of either, particu larly in the earliest stages of their improvement; ye these last possess the greatest fertility and of course re tain it the longest; hence they furnish the farmer an ir ducement which counterbalances the fear of sicknesi by promising the greater reward for his labor at a let expense. Which of the two regions is most desirabli bringing all things into account, we are not the judg to decide, but we simply urge the claims of the scienc which tells where either are to be found. Mimralogy. — Notwithstanding this science has th siunc materials for its base as the former, it is essentia — ly different in its effects. The former we have said n We must say that -mr correspondent W. B. is a good ! I^es to the e^rth in its various forma-.ions : the latU „. . ,. , , , I has for Its oh fellow. His read with much interest , , , , „ao .... lie .jhiect an investigation of the qualities an ramunications are always welcome and | ygg^^d,,e materials of which it is composed: the foi The subjoined, on the con- mer is an out-doors employment, as it must take thins nexion of science with agriculture, will be found after the address we had at the agricultural meeting on Thurs- day, a valuable ' formation' and exactly ' in place.' — H. C. SCIENCE AND AGRICULTURE. Mr Colman — In a promissory note to our article on where they are ; the lattc r brings specimens of the foi mer to the cabinet and investigates their intrinsic qua ities. Does any wonderer gape and inquire if this sc ence is necessary for a farmer.^ We have in our '• enlightened New England " hear tif famers taking valuable granite and martile from ih quairies and laying it into walls as unconsciously a though they had never beard of the existence of sue ' Science for Farmers,' in the Farmer of Dec. G, we gave j minerals, much less of their va'ue. We have ah 'premonitory symptoms' that the subject would be con- , heaid of individuals selling their right to soils simpl tinned. T/im,it was our design to pursue it forthwith, | because they were unproductive, when in fact the ver but circumstances which we should not willingly have I cause of their sterility was the abundance of rich mil avoided, however desirous we were of continuing our | erals contained in them. We know not what we ha\ si'ties, have prevented our giving them hardly ' a local j around us until we learn. It is often the case that ma habitation' in our mind until the present time. And ^ casts his pearls away simply because he knows not thi now, since the cause of our delay is retnoved, or in other ' they are such. Most readers will recollect the anecdol words, has become effete, we ' leave the things which | f,f the Scotchman, who went to a jeweller in Londoi are beiiind,' and 'again reach forward' in Ihe task which j purchased for his wife an expensive necklace, and on ei we have voluntarily assumed. | quiring what part of the world was so rich as to furnie Hqw lindeR'lhe canopy it could ever be supposed that such splendid jewels as weresetin it, wasfilled with pe ignorance cnujd successfully cultivate the soil, we can- ' feet dismay at the re>ponse, that they were furnished t not well divine.; but common sense, ol>servaiion, and his own /flrm, where Ions and ton.so' them were there ri the whole retinue of whys and wherefores to whom the maining Had he been a mineralogist, and paid anemia case is referable as judges and jurors, when truth gives to the fracture of rocks he would never liave obliged hin in its testimony^ must give judgment against such de- selfto the London lapidary for intelligence of what h lusive speculations, and if there Is any hope for escape farm contained, nor have lugged hnme, at a great expens fur those who utter so abominable a doctrine, it must be a trinket, the essential beauties of which he might ha\ through the ragged loop-liide of sheer ignorance. But gathered by cartloads for nolhing, and perhaps ha\ what are the sciences connected with our ' earthly ball' received a rich remuneration for doing so instead c which demand the attention of the Ihrnier .' giving them away as formerly. But in its applii-atio Geology, or the science of the earth, as regards its to the supposed simple and unassuming operations i formations and structure, Our pledge does not require, agriculture, mineralogy is a useful science. The mati nor will our knowledge or the limits to which wo ofne- rials of similar rocks do not in places and in all circun cessily must restrict ourselves, permit us to enti^r into stances enter into the same combinations. For instanc detail in this or the other sciences. This much, how- lime, a mineral whose existence is appreciated as a cr ever, we say for Geology — its object Is lo class the va- lerion to the soil wherever it is found, and which in rions rocks and strata, of which the crust of the earth manufactureu slate, is valuable in the recuscitation i is formed, and as the earths which constitute the ele- many soils, runs into eleven species and a still great! ▼01-. X\'in. NO. 30. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, mber of varielics. Hence we conclude that all lime- nes are not the same limestones, but that they pos- 9, in a greater or less degree, qualities fareisn to their lellence for agricultural purposes, and besides they SPSS difiereul degrees of soli.iity, which render in, more or less subject to detrition and mixture with soils. As in our country, all mineral weallh is found he hands of the landholder and cannot be wrested n him withimt his consent to beinw overreached sharpers, who are always ready to practise intrigues the unwary. As all soils derive their qualities Irom mineral substances contained in them, and possess ility in proportion to these qualites, we urge, and in ig It we would cry aloud and spare not, the necessi- I every farmer being a mineralogist, and having a net o( specimens, which by a few years of care he col ect from every quarter of the globe. His facilities, such accumulations, are certainly great living as oes in daily communion with rocks and stones, and ling, as he does, an intercourse with every people tongue under the whole heavens, through which night obtain the noblest specimens and form an jaintance with every clime. vuHt Osceola, Jan. 19,1840. \\ B V EGETABLE CUTTIiK. 2.59 . Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutler. This machine L'ril^r'i"^ •■ ™ V""," "I' ''^i<^''>l'l''^ •'"■' e>^™leiu roots for lodder, and is one of the most useful and economital ma chines that the fanner can use. The subscribers leel great coiihdcnce in recommending this machine to the public • they are aware that it has been long wanted and thcv now oiler a macliiiie that cannot Ihil to (;,ve satisfaction upon a lair trial. Xt will cut with ease from one to two l.usheK ner minute, in the best posstl.le manner, and is not liable to *et- ^it ot order beiiig made in the most substantial manner .^o farmer should be without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and 58 North Market .Street UecemberlS. JOSEPH BRECK & (JO WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT, CORRECTED WITH GREAT CABE, WEEKLV. GREEN'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. tu?a?*ri,'^^'^^5^S":=" 'lif New England . ^gricul- U, \J , r'" ^^"^ *"'?'' ^^°'^' '^"^■5' a'l'l f.a North Mar- sfnR r?,'; ' "' ^°.' ^"I^' G'-^'^"''^ .Palent Straw, Hav and »ia k (gutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before r,l!f„.";ff ,'"'v'7P''"''r '"'"' ">'' P"''P°^^- The most prom- nen eaecls of this application, and some oi the consequent peculiarilies of the machine are; ' 1. So great a reduction of the quantum o( power requisifc to use It, that the strength of a hllf grown boy is suteem to work It- very efficiently, > i» ^umcieni 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two buslv- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by^ny other machine even when worked by horse or steam 3. The knives, owing, to the peculiar manner in which they ■ut, require sharpening less olten than those of any other itraw cutter. The machine is simple in its construction, made American, . •carl, per 100 lbs. LARGE LEMONS. e have been favored with thesight of apairof large ms grown upon one twig, which weigh 2 1-4 Ibs.- of them measures i4 inches round one way and 2 inches the other way. They were raised in the on''wT."'',h"''''''"°"^^'f ''T'"^'^''''"''- ''''"I t- ■'^'"-hmeis simple in its construction, made and on whtch Ihey grew is said to be hfty years old and P"' '"gether very strongly: It is therefore not si liable a' ;ed in the ground. They are the largest and finest I ™"'P'":ated machines in general use to get out of order ;ed in the ground 3d lemons we have ever laid eyes upon J.B. IGHTON MARKET.— Monday, Jan. 27, 1840. Reported fur the New Ensland Fanner. Alarket 344 Beef Cattle, and 1085 Sheep. ICES.— fiee/ Ca«/e— Prices obtained last week of ■■ quality were fully suMained. A iew belter cattle at market and higher prices were obtained. First y, $(> 50 a $6 75. Second quality, $6 00 a $6 50. 1 quality, $5 00 a $o 75. rrelling CatlU.—Meee $5 50 ; No. 1 $5 00. es and Calves.— We notice a few sales— $2.j *28 and $35. ' ' ep.—We notice lots taken at $2 75, $3 00, $3 50, ', and a lot of fine wethers at $5 00. ■ne — None at market except a few from the nei"h- od. TH E R M O .METRICAL. Ileported for the .N'ew England Farmer, geof the Thermometer at the Gardeuof the proprietors New England Farmer, Brighton, iMass. in a shaded ;rly exposure, week ending January 26. n., 1840. »y. , fT !sday,' ' 26 17A.M. I 12, M. |5,P.M. I Wind. ~W 32 I W. '19> i N. 35 I N.. 13 I W. 5 S. UN. BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends ami the public, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful sliniulant that can te applied to the earth as a manure '^'^ He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone, and solicits the patronage of the agricultural community Pr'ce at, the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and di^ livered at any part of the city at 40 cenls-per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in- Rox- bury at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store,- No 52 North .Market Street, or through the Post Ofhce will meet with prompt attention NAHUM WARD. Meal Gs SCIONS OP FRUIT TREES FOR SALE. The collection of fruits cultivated at the Pomological Garden consists of more than 14U0 varieties cf ihe Aiple Pear, Plum, Cherry and Pe.cb. Scion.s of all those which have been proved are offered. to nurserymen and others Gen- tlemen wishmg to send collections of American fruits to their friends m Europe can be furnished with most of those of first rate quality. They are warranted true to their names ncl are mall cases cut from 'ruit bearing trees Salem, January 2t), 1840. ROBERT MANNING AMERICAN SWINE BREEDER. Just puhlished and for sale by JOSEPH BRECK & CO the American Swine Breeder; a Practical Treatise on the Se ection Rearing, and Fattening, of Swine; by Henry W b-llsworlh: price 75 cents. January 15. I 12 NOTICE. Fruit Committee of the Massachusetts Horticultural ■, are requested to meet at the rooms of said Society Tremont Row, on Saturday next, February 1st at half- o'clock, A. M. E. M. RICHARDS, Chairman ary 29, 1840. , "' FOR SALE. !xcellent Farm, pleasantly situated about 20 miles le City, contaimng about 100 acres. For full descrip- irliculars, &c. inquire at this office. r a situation wanted by a man with a small family to n a larm. ary 30. 4w Culture of the Beet and Manufocture of Beet Sugar. Just puhlished and for sale at the N. E. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, a treatise on the Culture of the Beet and Manufacture of Beet Sugar, by David Lee Child. January 22. A MAN WANTED. . To do the work on a small place, a fe» miles from the city. He must under.^tand the cultivation of vetretablcs fruils &c., and the care of horse, cows, &c. A single man' Irom 2U to 30 years of age, of steady and industrious habits may inquire at this office. J B I ' January 15. ... ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse an Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at ih per barrel Oetober 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO liite. Foreign, _^. " Domestic, . Beef, mess, ... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, ■ yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, dippeil, sperm, Chefse, new milk, tJlDES, ..... refined Bone M.asuse, . , in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . FiSHf.Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Cbaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, No. 3, . ■\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. I, Floi'h, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, .... -_, Indian, in bbls. IN r Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yelbn white, . Rye, northerop . Barley, Oats, northarO) (prime) southern, Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough, do. do. do. finished Hams, noTThern, . . ■ .' southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl quality, 2d quality Lard, Boston, .... southern, Leather, Philadelph Baltimore city tannage, do. dry bides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... MoLAssts, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. Po'Rif, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime. Whole Hogs, . Seeds; Herd's Grass, Red Top, .southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . American, full Ijlood, washed, do. 3-4 ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_: f Pulled superfine, . -S^JNo.l, . '. . pound bushel barrel pound ity tannage, ■k pobnd I Nr barrel pound bushel pound I pr M. pound Z '=^ I No. 3, 12 j 13 260 NEW ENGLAND FARMER JAN. K9, I<>4 0 MISCELLANEOUS THE WILD FLOWER. BY J. F. SMITH. Sweet wilding lufls that, 'mid the waste. Your lowly liuds expand ; 'I'houglr hy no sheltering walls embraced, Nor trained by beauty's hand : 4 'J'he primal flowers which grace your stems, Bright as the dahlia's shine, Found thus, like unexpected gems, To lonely hearts like mine. 'Tis a quaint thought, and yet perchance, Sweet blossoms, ye are sprung From flowers that over Eden once Their pristine fragrance flung. ThatMrank the dews of Paradise Beneath the starlight clear; Or caught from Eve's dejected eyes. Her first repentant tear. ETHAN ALLEN IN ENGLAND. Col. Ethan Allen was a man destined to strike the world as somethinjr uncommon, and in a high degqp interesting. He was bnt partially educa ted and but obscuYely brought up ; yet no man was ever more at ease in the polished ranks of life than he. Not that he at all conformed to their ar- tificial rulesiand title etiquette ; but that he obser- ved the dictates of natural good sense and good humor. His bearing was in total defiance of fash- ion, and he looked and acted as if he thought it would be a condescension this to trammel himself. It is well known that early in life, in his own coun- try, he acquired an influence over his fellow-mrn, and led I hem on to some of the most daring achieve- ments. Ho seemed to have possessed all the ele- ments of a hero — a devoted patriotistn, a resolute and daring mind, and an excellent judguTCnt. ^His conduct as a partisan oflicer is well known in this country, and was of great service to the cause of liberty during our revolutionary struggle. He was taken prisoner and carried to England; where his excellent sense, his shrewdness and wit. introduced him into the court region. A friend of our earlier life, who was well acquainted with this part of the history of this smgular man, used to take great delight in felling us some anecdotes of Coh Allen, while a pri.soner in London. We have before mentioned the firmness with which he resis- ted the attempts to bribe him from the cause of hks conntry, and the caustic satire with which he re- tioned as highly interesting. His Majesty asked | she, " never mind the subject — any thing will do plied to a nobleman, who w as commissioned by the ministry to make him formal offers to join the Bri tish cause in America. The incident is a strikincr one, and will bear a repetition. The commissioner, amongst the templing laro-es- ses proposed that if he he would espouse the c "use ofthe king, he might have a fee simple in half Of he State of Vermont " lama plain man," said Col. Allen in reply, « and have read but few books, but 1 have seen in print somewhere, a circumstance that forcibly reminds me of the proposal of your lordship : ,t IS of a certain character that took a cer- tain other character into an exceedino- hi.^h moun- tain, and showed him all the kingdoms ofU.e earth and the glory thereof, and told him that if he would fall down and worship him, these would all be his ; andthe rascal" added he, " dicPnt own afuot of them "' His interview with the King at Windsor is men- tlie stout-hearted mountaineer, if they had any newspapers in America. " But very few, and these are but little read," was the answer. " How tlien," asked the King, "do the common people know of .these grievances of which they complain, and of 'Vjjiiicb we have just been speaking ?" "As to that," said he, " I can tfll your Majesty, tliat amongst a people who have felt the spirit of liberty, the news of oppressJon is carried by the birds of the air and the breezes of heaven." "That is too figurative an answer from a matter of fact man, to a plaiiii question," rejoined the King. "Well, to be plaii^," answered the rebellious subject, " among oull^peo- ple the tale of wrong is carried from man to man, and fron neighborhood to neighborhood, with the speed of electricity ; my countrymen feel nothing else : 'out of the abundance of the heart tlie mouth speaketh.' I will add, with great re.spect to your Majesty, that such a people cannot be put down with the sword." The King made a long pause, as if strongly im- pressed with the truth of his remarks. At length, changing the subject, he asked Col. Allen if he knew Dr Franklin ; and being answered in the af- firmative, inquired concerning his experiments with electricity, and expressed a curiosity to experience an electric shock. The British sovereign seemed to take pleasure in the conversation, which he kept up for more than an hour, and at length made Col. Allen promise to visit him with his countryman, Dr Franklin, at his palace in London. Some weeks .after this, he was reminded of his promise by the nobleman above mentioned, and an hour was fixed for the homebred philosopher of America to explain the mysteries of a new discovery in science to the royal family. They attended accordingly, and with an apparatus chiefly of his own invention, Dr Frank- lin exhibited many of those simple and amusing ex- periments, for which he was so noted, and at which the royal children, even those of a larger growth, were much delighted. In this playful way, Dr Franklin took occasion to convey instructions as to the properties of this astonishing fluid. While the royal habitation was thus in a most unkingjy uproar, the Premier was announced as in waiting. The King seemed for a moment disturbed. " I forgot my appointment with the minister," said he, "but no matter, I will eschew business for once, and let North see how we are employed." Accordingly the minister was ushered in witli little ceremony, and it was soon concluded that he should have a shock. Allen whispered to the Dr. to remember how he had shocked ns' iicrcms. the waters, and to give him a double charge ; whether it was designed on the hint of his friend or not, was not ascertained, but the charge was so powerful on the nerves of Ins ordship, as to make him give way in the knees, at which all, especially the Princesses, were almost couvulsed with mirth, Some of Col. .Mien's happy retorts at the clubs and fashionable parties are still remembered and often repeated. On one occasion he was challeng- ed to a glass of wine, by the beautiful Duchess of Rutland, who seems to have been particularly pleased with his independent manner, "and you must qualify your glass with a toast," observed the lady. The ' Varmonter' very unaffectedly observed that he was n'ot used to that sort of ceremony, and was afraid he might give offence. If, however, the lady would bo so good as to suggest a subject, he would end ea\ 'or to give a sentiment "0,"said so that it has no treason in it." " Well," says h« " this may do for a truth if not for a toast," anc fixing his eyes adoringly on the far-famed cout beauty, he proceeded : " If any thing could make a double traitor out o a good patriot, it would be the witchcraft of sue] eyes as your ladyship's." The blunt sincerity with which this was spoker together with its exact fitness to the occasion ani the person, caused it to be long hailed in the ' beai tnonde,' as an excellent good thing; and althoug! it had the effect of heightening for a moment tha beauty to which it was offered as a tribute, it is sai the fair Duchess often afterwards boasted of th compliment as far before all the empty liomag she had received from the glittering coxcombry t the city. A lady once sneeringly asked col. Allen, in large assembly, at what time fashionable ladies i America preferred taking the air. He perceive her drift, and bluntly answered, " Whenever it wa necessary to feed the geese and turkeys." " What, inquired the lady, " do the fine women in your couD try descend to such menial employments ?" Alle was always aroused at any attempt to depr^-ciat the fair ones of his own country, and with a goo deal of warmth he replied, " American ladies hay the art of turning ev^n amusements to accoiint- Manj of these ladies could take up the sub ject of your Grace's family history, and tell you c the feats of valor and bursts of eloquence to whic your ladyship is probably indebted for your distit guished name, most of which it is likely, would b as new to you as the art of raising poultry." Th sarcasm produced a deep blush iW the face of th faii- scoffer, hot it procured for the captive and h countrymen an indemnity against court ridicule f( the future. An Engli.'h gentleman, who had long been su fering with an imposthiiine, was declared by h; physician to be at the point of death. Havin ■ bad farewell to his wife and children, he expr. nsed wish to take leave of his servants. One aftt another they came in, kissed his hand, listened teai fully to his advice and blessing, and bowing Ion left the room. Last of all came a favorite monkej He too bowed respectfully, placed one paw in hi master's hand, and with the other covered his eyei At this ludicrous sight, the dying man burst int such a convulsion of laughter, that the imposthum broke, and he recovered. ' Cromtoell's Skull. — A person visiting a museui of curiosities, was shown the skull of Oliver Crom well. "It is extremely small," said the visitor.- " Bless you sir," replied the Cicerone, " it was hi skull when he was a little boy." "j. Henry VI. being asked why he went so mean! attired, answered, "It beseeiaeth a king to exce his subjects in virtue, not in vesture." THE NEW EXGLAlVfl PARMER ' •^ Is published every Wednesday Eveiiiij^, at S3 per annll' payable at the end of the year — but ll^fflre who pay withi sixtydays from the time of subscribing are entitled to a r.< duciionof S9 cents. BENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTTHS, n SSHOOL STRBET BOSTO.N l»^Sf2B ^^mSKIMi AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER ^ PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AoK.caLTun.. Wahchoubk.) L. A.V1U.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 5, 1840. CNO. 31. AGRICULTURAL. i'om the Journal of the English Agricultural Society. THE DEANSTON FREQUENT DRAIN SYSTEM, iistinguished from and compared with the Fur- )«• Draining and Deep Ploughing oj the Mid- md Counties of England. By the Right Hon. ir James Graham. iR — A recent inquiry addressed to me by Lord icer, relative to the " Deanston frequent Drain em," induces me to believe that I may render ! service to agriculture, if I am so fortunate as rect the attention of your readers to this im- mt subject at this particular time, be great object of our quarterly publication is, conceive, the establishment of an authentic re. of practical experiments ; and by multiplying and proofs of this description agriculture will eated as a science, and will advance, and the sactions of our Society will become the depos- of useful information, verified by the name and duress of the several correspondents, r Smith, of Deanston, in the county of Perth, ;.\arained as a witness before the Agricultural nittee in 183G. He gave a detailed account i sv.^ter.-, of draining, which very much resci- ^ the furrow-draining of the midland counties of j ind, e.xcept that at Deanston, stone being on round, the drains are made with stones and 'ith tiles ; and at Deanston the cover of the is 23 inches below the surface ; whereas in •stershire and Northamptonshire the top of the 1 the furrow is not so deeply laid. Mr Smith, his land is eftectually drained, lays it down ut a furrow ; in the midland counties the fur- 3 carefully preserved. ■ Smith, after draining, for the first rotation at does not bring to the surface any of the sub- but by a plougli of his own invention, which 'sa common plough turning up the surface, he rates the subsoil to the depth of 20 inches, reaks and pulverizes the lower crust without ing it to the top. 'i his subsoil plough, such ■ Smith has used, is a heavy implement, re- g the draught of four, six or eight horses, ac- ig to the tenacity and strength of the substra- Smith contends that the subsoil, by beinif i, becomes pervious both to air and moisture ; le efficacy of the drains is thus perfected and luated ; and that the character of the subsoil v.'hen relieved from superfliious moisture, and ,0 atmospheric influence, is entirely changed; becomes mellow and friable ; and after°one )n, or a lapse of five years, that it maybe ht to the top, by deep ploughing, with safety ropriety, and be mixed with the surface-soil at advantage. Ihe midland counties of England, deep plough- 'ter furrow-draining has been the constant ce; but the use of six horses in a subsoil 1 is a novelty in Scotland. In England a ! portion of the subsoil is raised at once to the top : I at Deanston the subsoil, though broken, is not so raised; and here t!ie important question arises, When land is effectually underdrained, which is tJie right treatment of the subsoil.' Will you bring a portion of it immediately to the surface by deep ploughing, or will you, with Mr Smith, delay tills operation for some years, until the subsoil shall have been mellowed, after having been broken and penetrated by the atmosphere ? The advantages of the wide circulation of agri- cultural knowledge, of the multiplication of e.xperi- ments, and of the interchange both of theory and practice between Scotland and England, will here develope themselves in the clearest light. Furrow- draining and deep ploughing have been practised in England for half a century; yet the introduction of an analogous system into Scotland is regarded almost as a discovery. But in Scotland itself the greatest difference of opinion prevails on the ques- tion of turning up or only moving the subsoil after draining. Some of the greatest authorities in East Lothian differ from Mr Smith, and lean to the English practice. In the fii-st furrow for green crop after draining, by two ploughs following each other, which is equivalent to trench-ploughing, they go down to the depth of 12 or 14 inches" and bring up a certain quantity of virgin soil. It is obvious that this difference of practice in the treatment of the subsoil involves a most impor- tant question, which can only be solved by accu- rate and multiplied experiments. 'Jhe outlay of capital, which is common to both plans, consists in effectual underdraining; and no subsequent man- agement, no fresh application of capitnl, can be of any avail, unless, on retentive soils or ;i substratum of clay, the water be quickly carried off. This I take to bean axiom undisputed in agriculture: but after effectual draining, when the outlay has been incurred, the mode of treating the subsoil affects only production, and does not involve expenditure ; and greater produce ivithout additional outlay is the grand object of the practical farmer. We have seen that in draining, Mr Smith uses stones, because he has them on the spot. Tiles are substituted in the midland counties of England because stones cannot be obtained easily, anil be- cause in the clay districts tiles are cheaply and easily manufactured. It has always appeared to me that skill in;- agri- culture does not so much consist in the discovery of principles of universal application, as in the a- daptation of acknowledged principles to local cir- cumstances. The peculiarities of soil and climate, what na- ture gives or nature withholds in each particular district, must be carefully considered and judicious- ly investigated, before any given experiment, though locally successful, can be pronounced to be gene- rally useful or universally applicable. The neo-- lect of this consideration has brought agricultural experiments into disrepute, on account of the heavy losses which they have occasioned. If the record now opened in these Transactions be faithfully kept, this evil will be averted; for I hope that each experiment detailed will be authenticated by the name of the party who makes it, and that every lo- cal circumstance of a peculiar character will be carefully particularised. My attentioif having been thus directed to the various treatment of subsoils after under-draining, I tried an experiment in the year 1838, on a field of about 8 acres of the poorest and wettest land. The surface-soil is about 5 inches deep, of black earth of a peaty quality: the subsoil is a weeping reten- tive clay ; with sand and rusty gravel intermixed. This clay goes down to the bottom of the drains, which are of tile, laid 30 inches deep, in every fur- row.* This field is in a farm lately taken into my own hands, and was rented by the out-going tenant at 4s. 6d. an acre. It was in pasture of the coar- sest description, overrun with rushes and other aquatic plants. After draining, on one-half of this field I used Mr Smith's subsoil plough ; on the other half I trench-ploughed to the depth of 10 inches by two ploughs following in succession: in the first part not mixing with the surface any of the subsoil ; in the last part conmiingling the surface and the sub- soil in nearly equal proportions. The whole field was heavily but equally manured and planted with potatoes; and though the potato crop, even on good land, in this neighborhood, was below an average, yet the crop in this field exceeded an average, and yielded abotit twelve tons per acre, '''ho field is equally drained in every part. I filled up the tile drains with porous materials, such as stones, moor- turf reversed, and tops .of thinnings of young plan- tations, to the e.xclusion of the retentive clay which held the wattr. The crop of potatoes was so equal throughout the field, that I am unable to pronounce positively which part was the best ; but I am in- clined to give the preference to that portion where Mr Smith's subsoil-plough was used. Since the potatoes were taken up, the land has not been ploughed or ridged up, but remains perfectly flat ; and I observe, where Mr Smith's subsoil plough was used, that no water whatever, notwithstanding the wetness of the season, has stood upon the land ; where trench-ploughing was adopted, and a portion of the clay brought to the surface, after heavy falls of rain the water has stood for a time in hollow places; and here the land, in consequence, would seem to be rather soured. The field will be sown out this spring with oats and grass-seeds, and I shall watch with anxiety the future effect of the past different treatment. In the mean time I have relet the farm: the out- lay in draining and extra ploughing cost me£G ISs. 4(/. an acre ;t but the field in question, which was •The size of tile tiles used ivas 6 inches for the main drains, and 3 inches for the commnn drains. The tile drains wt.re laid 10 yards apart. (70 roods of draining, culting, laying the tilus ami upfillingat4d. per rood, 13 4 150tl tiles per acre, al 308. per thousand 2 5 0 Carriage of do. (is. do. 0 9 0 00. of turf, 4'C., for covering the tiles, 70 262 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, valued at 4s. 6d. an acre to the out-going tenant, is rented by the in-coming tenant at 20s. an acre on a lease of 14 years. On a small field of very retentive clay, of an hungry and bastard kind, intermixed with rusty gravel, I tried six years ago the experiment of trenching with the spadi; after close and careful draining; I buried the surface soil, which ivas poor and exhausted, and I brought thu subsoil to the top from the depth of 18 inches. I limed this land and sowed it out with rape and grass seeds. It has been very unproductive ever since, and all my ex- penditure upon it hitherto, has been thrown away ; for, though dry, it bears no more grass than before the draining. I think, however, that the surface- soil is now mellowed by exposure to the atmos- phere ; and I am about to break up this lield and to put it through a rotation, in tlie confident hope of increased production. I have also ordered a field of 20 acres of dry and good land, cropped out by a bad tenant,- to be treated with a view to this experiment on subsoils. The field lies in two ridges on the bank of the river Esk : the soil is al- luvial deposit : on the lower ridge next to the river the surface is a fine loam of 12 inches deep, incum- bent on a subsoil of sandy loam 16 inches deep. — On the upper ridge the loam does not exceed 8 in- ches, but the subsoil is a good clay 13 inches deep ; in the hands of tenants up to the present time, the depth of the furrow ploughed has never exceeded 6 inches. I have ordered \liie lower flat to be trench-ploughed to the deptWof 14 inches, bring- ing the virgin loam to the top: I have ordered the upper flat to be stirred with iVIr Smith's subsoil plough, thus breaking the lower crust without chang- ing the surface. The whole is to- be manured equally with bone-dust, and a crop of turnips is to be taken. I shall be happy, at a future time, to communi- cate the comparative result of this different treat- ment ; and 1 trust I may be pardoned for my present intrusion, which arises from my anxiety to fix the attention of the farmer on this question of the treat- ment of subsoil, which by judicious management, I think, may add to the power of production without cost; especially »vhen the surface by long and re- peated cropping has been exhausted and has be- come comparatively sterile. At the commence- ment of our publication I could not omit an oppor- tunity of endeavoring to use it for the legitimate purpose of inviting accurate experiment, with the view of circulating and extending agricultural knowledge. I have the honor to be, sir. Your faithful servant, J. R. G. GRAHAM. JVetherby, 2Gth January, 1839. Education. — I have ever thought the prohibi- tion of the means of improving our rational nature, to be the worst species of tyranny that the inso- lence and perverseness of mankind ever dared to exercise. This goes to all men in all situations, to whom education can be denied Lavater. roodR, and cutting do., at 6d. per rood, gives per acre 1 15 \0 5 12 4 Ploughing with the Deanston plough, with 4 horeei 1 CO Frnm the Albany Cultivator. EXPERIMENT WITH POTATOES. Messrs Editors — Farmers are generally aware that the potato is not produced on the proper roots of the plant, or those devoted to nutrition, but on side shoots from the main stem, above the roots proper, and nearer the surface of the earth. It has been stated that De Candolle, taking the hint from this production of the tubers, and conceiving that the shoots still farther from the roots on the main stem if covered with earth, would furnish tu- bers instead of leaves, actually succeeded in grow- ing thfm, fur considerable distances on the main stems, by repeated coverings of them with earth — A writer on vegetable physiology, in the Farmer's Register, basing his opinions, it is presumed, on this peculiar law of the plant, recommended the follow- ing method as probably the best for the cultivation of that root : " Let the ground be prepared in the usual way ; lay the potatoes in the bottom of the furrow, and cover them to the depth of three or fourinches with coarse manure or leaves, and then with two or three inches of earth. After the stalks are six or eight inches above ground, cover all except their ends in the same manner; and perhaps this process may be advantageously repeated a third time ; after which they should be suftered to go to seed. The first covering should, unless the land be very rich, con- sist in part of manure, in order to furnish nourish- ment to the plant ; the second and third may con- sist of straw or leaves, as the principal object is to keep the earth loose, and protect the tubers from the action of the sun." In order to test the correctness or fallacy of these opinions, I determined last spring to partially repeat the experiments of De Candolle, and selected for the purpose two hills on my bed of early pota- toes in the garden. The ground was highly ma- nured, having' the lant year been occupied by a mound of manure, on which cucumbers and melons were grown. This was thoroughly incorporated with the garden mould by ploughing, and in this po- tatoes of the common early variety were planted in hills at the distance of about three feet. Taking a barrel, I sawed it in two in the middle, and placed one half over each hill of potatoes, sinking the rim some two or three inches in the earth ; the heads of the barrel of course were out, and the hills were covered in the usual manner by being slightly rounded. When the plants came up and had attained a height of about ten inches, I filled the half barrels with the same rich mould, merely leaving the tips of the plants insight. The growth of the plants was most luxuriant, thelength of the stems far ex- ceeding those in the same earth near them, and they continued green and flourishing long after the others had ripened and died. At the time of dig- ging, the half barrels were taken away and the earth carefully removed, without disturbing the stems. Not a trace of a tuber was to be found, ex- cept on the shoots below the natural surface of the ground, not differing in this respect, in the least from those around them. The shoots that came out above these, from the main stems, showed no disposition to produce tubers, but reaching the sur- face, rivalled in vigorous growth the original stems. The yield from the hills was a little more than from those around them, owing perhaps to the longer period of their growth, or the greater supply of nu- triment afforded by the additional mould. Whatever may be the cause, my experiment has not resulted as did De CandoUe's, in the formation of tubers above the original or first crop, and would seem to add but little force to the arguments used by some in favor of deep hilling, at the second or latest hoeing. A rich friable earth, in which the roots find sufficient nutriment, and the tubers en^ large at their pleasure, and a covering of sufficient depth at the first, would seem to be about all that is required, with a clean surface, for the productioa of the potato. H. M. G. ROCKY MOUNTAIN FLAX. We know of no plant which seems to better de- serve an effort for its introduction into the class of cultivated vegetation, than the one above named. The common flax plant is an annual ; is exposed to the depredations of many insects ; to get the full amount of the crop it is necessary it should be pull- ed, and yet with all these drawbacks, it is a valua- ble crop, and indispensable for many purposes. If a plant possessing the same valuable qualities as the common flax, yet which would be perennial, and could be cradled or mown at maturity — (thus giving an annual succession of crops from the same root) — could be discovered and brought into use among us, and particularly in the fertile valleys and prairies of the western States, the advantages would certainly be very great. Such a plant is the Flax of the Rocky Mountains; and the indivi- dual or the sotiety that shall introduce it into cul- tivation, should it answer present indications, will be considered as benefitting the agriculture of the country essentially. Of the various notices which we have seen of this plant, we select the following' as more particularly describing its appearance, and the extent of its growth in those regions. Mr Parker, in his excellent narrative of his jour- ney across the Rocky Mountains, from the Missis- sippi to the Pacific, says, •' Flax is a spontaneous production of this country. In every thing, except that it is perennial, it resembles the flax that is cul- tivated'in the United States — the stalk, the bowl, the seed, the blue flower, closed in the day time and open in the evening and morning. The Indi- ans use it in making fishing nets. Fields of this flax might be managed by the husbandman in the same manner as meadows for hay. It would need to be mowed like grass ; for the roots are too large and run too deep in the earth, to be pulled as ours is ; and an advantage that this would have, is, that there would^e a saving of ploughing and sowing." This was on a branch of Lewis or Snake river, of the Columbia. In a late journal of a passage across these moun- tains, by Mr Oakley, of Illinois, under date of the 21st of July, 1839, occurs the following : " Encamp- ed to-night in a beautiful valley, called Bayou Se- lard, 28 miles from the head of the south fork of the Platte. It is a level prairie, thirty miles long and three wide, and was covered with a thick growth of flax, which every year springs up spontaneously." Whether the Rocky Mountain flax will prove to be as near the common flax as is supposed by Mr Parker, may be doubted ; but that it is unlike, and far superior, to the two or three kinds of native wild flax that have before been discovered in the Uni- ted States, would also seem to be clear. A tract of 90 square miles of flax, such as Mr Oakley de- scribed, would be a sight in any country, and would rival the grass covered prairies of Illinois, — Albany Cultivator. TOI,. XVIII, NO. 31 MUTUAL IMPROVEMENT— CLUBS. What, we would ask, is there to forbid farmers' poirees, or conversaziones ? or, if such words would )e considered too much in the fashionable or board- ng school style for the farmer, let the word club ise the meetincrs d be uninteresting or uninstructive. At the ; of the year, the numbers of each volume could iillected and bound, and ere long an arrricultu- ibrary for the use of the club would be estab- ' d of the most valuable kind. Few individuals ound who are able to procure all the journals IS class they would like to read, nor can any ournal embody all the valuable papers and that are turnished for the information of the c. In this way an individual can command eadmg, and avail himself of the iuformation 1 in the best farming periodicals of this coun- r the world, without any extra trouble or ex- ould any neighborhood of cultivators be dis- I to adopt our suggestion, we may be permit. > recommend, after our own Cultivator, the £■ ^""ler, the Farmer's Monthly Viai- le Maine Farmer, the Farmer's Cabinet, the Ai\D HORTICULTURAL REGISTER I Franklin Farmer, the Yankee Farmer, American j tanner, and particularly Ruffin's Farmer's Re^-is I ter, one of the best publications in this or any oth- er country. Of European work.s, the London Far iner s Magazine is the best— Mbamj Cultivator. 263 with the above named William Ingell, and believe him to be a person of truth and veracity, and that his s'atements may be depended on. R. D. HUBBARD, ^Its/ice of the Peace. From iIk Alli.Tiiy Cuhivator. CULTURE OF INDIAN CORN. Mr Jesse Buel-As I have been a constant readeroftheCultivator, I often find the inquiry from your different correspondents, respectino- the best method of raising a crop of corn. T therefore send you a statement of the soil, management and proht of one acre, planted by me with corn the present season. The soil, two -thirds cf it, was a warm gravel • the other third wa* low, wet, and covered w^l,' rushes and wild grass, with a very tough sod ; but 1 1 was careful to put two good underdrains throu-^h I it which left it a rich black mould. About the fst jofxMayl drew twentytwo loads of unfermented manure, each load containing thirtvfive bushels and spread It evenly over the acre. 'l then plough- ed before the manure had time to dry ; then dragged lengthways of the furrows; planted the 9th of May with Dutton corn, the hills three feet apart each way, making 4640 hills with six kernels in a hill It was attacked by the grub as soon as it made its appearance above ground, at which time I spread twelve bushels of unleached ashes upon it, which checked them a little, but they succeeded in de- stroying 70 hills, leaving only 4770. These were hoed and thinned to four stalks in each hill, June eith; then I sowed two bushels of plaster upon the hills, and hoed again July 2nd ; put no more earth to the hills than was taken away ; went through with the cultivator both ways, four times— June 1st and eth, July 1st and 12th. On the 14th of Sep tember I cut up and shocked the corn, and on the 28th finished husking and housing it. Upon one square rod, of twenty hills and one fouith of a hill, of the best of the low ground, grew seventy pounds of ears, equal to one hundred and fortyeight bushels per acre. The whole product was one hundred and twenty bushels. Cost of Cultivation. One day ploughing, j.^ qq Harrowing half a day, T r.r. 22 loads of manure, 1 1 nr. Planting, 2 d;lys, M:„ Seed corn, Hoe and cultivatof, 2 days, Hoeing, 4 days, 12 bushels ashes. and 2 bushels plaster, Spreading ashes and plaster, Cutting and shocking, Husking and housing, 7 days, Carting stalks. Threshing, 3 days, Interest on land. WOOL. Few are aware of the importance of this article as an item ofour productims, or the amount which It already reaches in the sum total of value Two {on™^' "'° """''"' "^""^^^P ^^^= estimated at I l^,UUU,OUO ; It IS now not less than 15,000,000 Allowing the estimate of three pounds per head the clip of 1839 would be fortyfive million pounds of wool. We have been careful obscjrvers of the price of wool, and find it has ranged from 40 to 60 cents per pound, some kw lots going above as some have fallen below the prices named. To be sure of being within the amount, we will take the average at 45 cents, and at that rate, the last clip of wool would be worth more than twenty millions of dollars. Yet this is but one item in the pro- ductive industry of the north. At the present prices of sheep and wool, the businessofgrowing them is a profitable one and may we think with safety be calculated upon as a good one for time to come. Wool of good quality could hardly fail to pay as an article of export to England or France, should present prices abroad , be maintained, and the supply for home consump- tion in this country be exceeded. 'Jo prove that growing wool is a good invest- [ ment of money, we have only to look at the cost expenses and returns of a flock A flock of good ewes, with proper management, will hardly fail of doubling their numbers within the year, a'nd if to the sale of tiie wool the value of the lambs be ad- ded, It will be seen after deducting the expenses ot keeping, that a handsome profit remains. But to have good sheep, or good wool, more attention must be paid than is usually given. Sheep that pt their living by hook or by crook ; that are al- lowed to gather in their fleeces all the burdock and other burweeds that line too many of our roads and fences, and fill our woodlands; that are expos- ed to all the vicissitudes of our severe and variable climate without shelter, or barely makin- a livino- through the winter, cannot be expected'' to raise many lambs or produce good wool. Wool and silk are to be the great sources ofour supply of cloth- mg hereafter, and their importance to the country will be proportioned to their general use. Total cost, Product. $37 00 Ambition — Do not aspire to things that are be- yond your reach, but be satisfied with the present good which you enjoy. If you are actuated by a laudable ambition, let it be to e.xcel in the profes- sion you have chosen, instead of sinking below in some other. It is a common error of mankind, that they will not be persuaded that every callino- or business, has its mixture of good and evil They see the gilding of the object to which they aspire, ' but not the canker within. 115 bushels of first rate corn. Five bushels of second rate. Stalks, four loads. VVILLIAM LVGELL. , Oswego CO., JV. Y., Dec. 9, 1839. HOPE.—Whata miserable wretch is he who must survive his hopes! Nothing remains when that day comes, but to sit down and weep like Al- exander, when he wanted other worlds to conquer Congreve. I hereby certify, that I am personally acquainted I Potatoes were selling at Baltimore a short time since at $1 per bushel, and scarce at that. 264 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, FEB. S, 1840. GROWTH OF PLANTS, &c. Effect of the Change of Season upon Vegetation — Position of the Saji at different seasons — Dry Rot — Method of preventing it — Proper season for Trimming Trees. A periodical cessation of growtli appears to be necessary to the Iiealthy action of most plants, and in this particular we cannot but notice; an admira- ble adaptation of the constiiution of plants to those 9hanges of season, which, in some form or another are common to all climates. It is true, that within the tropics, vegntation is not affected by the alter- nate heat and cold experienced in extra-tropical regions ; but yet, very much the same effect is pro- duced upon plants by the change from the rainy to the dry season in tliose climates, as by that from summer to winter in our own. The effect of tlie dry season in the one case, and of winter in the other, is not however to produce an entire cessa- tion of all growth ; as it appears from experiment that vegetation is at all times more or less active : in the winter it is languid, whilst it is energetic in the spring and summer. The fact that the buds of most plants swell, and that all plants form additions of greater or less extent to . tlicir roots during the winter, forbid us to entertain the idea that there is a total cessation of vegetation at that season. But although plants appear to have the power of absor- bing fluids by their roots during the winter, they can have but little opportunity of parting with any portion of it again by evaporation, and as a neces- sary consequence, their tissues become distended and turgid with the sap thus accumulated. This turgidity of the tissues is at its maximum just be- fore the season at which plants put forth their leaves, and is eminently favorable to rapid growth when vegetation resumes its activity. It is a well known fact, that after very long winters, or when a plant has been prevented by artificial means from shooting at its usual season, its branches and leaves are developed with extraordinary rapidity — a cir- cumstance to be ascribed entirely to the acomiula- tion of sap in the tissues. The diurnal changes from light to darkness ap- pear to be equally important to the well being of plants with the annual changes from summer to winter. If plants -were kept incessantly growing in light they would be perpetually decomposing carbonic acid, and would in consequence become 80 stunted that there could be no such thing as a ti'ee, and this is actually the case in polar regions where the day and night are each of six month's continuance. If on the contrary they grow in con- stant darkness, their tissues become excessively lengthened and weak, no decomposition of carbonic acid takes place, none of the parts acquire solidity and vigor, and finally they perish. But in ordina- ry circumstances, plants which in the day become exhausted by the decomposition of carbonic acid, and by the emptying of their tissues by evaporation, repair their forces at night by inhaling oxygen co- piously, and so forming a new supply of carbonic acid, and by absorbing moisture froui the earth and air without the loss of any portion of it. Such be- ing the case, we must conclude that plants grow chiefly by day, and this is conformable to the few observations which have been made on this subject. Meyer found that the stem of a Belladonna lilly, and plants of wheat and barley, grew about twice as fast by day as by night ; and Mulder states that he has arrived at similar conclusions in watching the development of other plants. When speaking of seeds and underground stems, the fact was mentioned that the nutritive matter which they contain, and which constitutes their value as articles of food, is, in the economy of veg- etable life, intended for the sustenance of the young plants to which they give origin, during the early stages of the growth of those plants, and before they have become sufficiently developed to acquire nourishment for themselves. The heart-wood of trees appears to stand in a somewhat similar rela- tion to the young buds of a tree, serving during the winter as a depository for the turgid sap which the plant accumulated, and yielding it up again so soon as the flow of the sap has fully commenced in the spring. The sap which accumulates in the sugar maple (acer saccharinis) during the winter, contains a large portion of sugar in its composition ; in the spring, as the watery sap imbibed by the roots as- cends the stem, it gradually dissolves this sugar out from the heart-wood, and carries it up for the nourishment of the then swelling buds; of course, the higher the sap ascends the stem, the more of this sugar will it have dissolved ; and this is the reason why it is found necessary, in tapping that tree for the purpose of obtaining sugar from its sap, that the openings should be made high up the stem, and not near the root; and further, that they should be made to enter the heart-wood, and not to pass through the bark alone. I know that these facts respecting the sugar maple have been adduc- ed in support of the idea that there is no such thing as a downward flow of the sap, and that its elabo- ration instead of taking place in the leaves, takes place gradually during its ascent ; but the down- ward flow of the sap is established by so many in- controvertible facts, that even if we could not give any explanation of this matter, we could by no means admit it as establishing the theory just ad- verted to- A knowledge of the position of the sap at diffe- rent seasons of the year, is of great importance to those engaged in cutting timber ; and as all far- mers are obliged to engage in this business more or less frequently, they will find this a matter well worthy of their attention. It is now, I believe, uni- versally admitted that that disease so fatal to timber, the dry rot, arises from the presence of the sap, more especially of the thick turgid sap, which can- not be well removed by seasoning. If then such sap fills the tissues of the heart-wood during the winter, whilst they are free from it in the summer, we will at once s^e the bad policy of cutting tim- ber in the winter, as is the common practice ; and also a reason why the timber of the ancient Ro- mans (who it is believed, usually cut their timber in the summer,) lasted so much longer than our tim- ber at the present day. I do not know that I can place this "Slflbject fiiliy before my readers in any better way, than by transcribing a part of a com- munication which appeared in the 34th vol. of the American Journal, written by Phineas Rainey, a ship-builder of Connecticut. " It was the general custom here, to cut timber for vessels in the winter, notwithstanding they went into decay and wanted repairing in about seven years, or from that to eight, whilst a few only last- ed twelve years. I ascribed this variation in their durability to the fact that the cutting of timber was often commenced in October, and then continued througli the intermediate months to March. I there- fore concluded that the right season was in Decem- ber, when I supposed that the sap was certainly in the roots, and if cut at this season, I believed that it would leave the deadly poison in the stump, whilst the body and branches would be entirely free from its influence. I determined to carry this opinion into practice the first opportunity that oc- curred. "In 1810 I was concerned in the building of a small freighting ship, of which I was the '.sole con- ductor, from her keel until she was completed and ready for sea. According to my previous determi- nation, I commenced the cutting of the timbers fot her in the early part of December, and continuing it into the first week in January. By so doing, 1 expected to produce the very best ship for durabil. ity on the Connecticut river, where there were then numerous vessels building. The timber selectee was white oak and white chesnut. The vessel advanced, and in April it was founc that three of the quarter top timbers were wanting and as very crooked pieces were required for these I was obliged to go into the woods and have then cut. Sometime in May, it was found that the sticl designed for plank-sheers (this was very large ant intended to make the whole that was wanted,) wouli not answer the purpose, except that it was barel; suflicient to go around the bows, the other part be ing badly rent, and of course rejected. I therefor went into the wojds a second time, when the leave were full grown and the bark Avould peel, and ha two thrifty white oaks cut for the after pieces.- These timbers were put in immediately, and S' were the plank-sheers, without any seasoning what ever, and the room between the timbers above th air-streak, was filled with salt, which was suppose to be a preventive against the dry rot. The wori- manship was of the first order. The vessel was launched and completed in Jul 1811. That autumn she went to sea, and after th declaration of war in 1819, she came to Middletow and was laid up until the peace of 1815. In thi- spring when she was to be fitted out again, it wi found that she must be repaired in her hull; ar on opening her, it was perceived that the dry n had made such destruction among her timbers, thi it was necessary to build her anew from her mi< dIe-wale up. But the three quarter timbers spi ken of, which had been cut green, were sound, at appeared new, although their neighbors on eac side of them were destroyed by the disease; and is a remarkable fact, that the spikes when pulle out of them, were bright, and appeared new ; bi those parts of them which come in contact wil the outside planks, (which were made from timbi cut in December,) were badly oxidated, so much i that they were reduced in size about one quarte The forward plank-sheers which it will be remen bered were cut in December, were destroyed t the disease ; but the after pieces were sound at dry, and on the under side appeared like new tin ber seasoned in the shade ; and what is remarks ble as to them is, that although some of the tin bers on which they rested were so decayed th; they might be picked to pieces, yet there was m the least appearance of it on them, which showe that although surrounded by corruption, they we) themselves at least up to that period incorruptibl Thus it can be seen, as respects this vessel, th: not only the season of the year, which in the popi lar opinion is the best to out timber iu for tire pu pose of making it last well, was strictly adhered t but also the precautionary measure of applying sal which is even at tliis day thought to retard the pn gress of the disease. " Although at that time it was not thouglit necc VOI,. XVIII. NO. 3t. AND HORTICULTURAL ilEGISTER iry ro repair this ship below tlie middlc-wale, yet have every reason to believe that the poison had !gun its work in her timber from liglit-water mark her top-side; for, in 181G or 1817, in a perfect ilm, she sank at sea, a poor, miserable decayed ill — a melancholy comment on tiie folly of cut- ig timber for vessels in the winter months. By quiring since, I have always found tliat of those ssels which last tlie longest, the timber of which ey were constructed was cut llie farthest fioii; Bcember. When I have known the period at lich certain trees have been cut, and also their :ality, I have afterwards year after year examin- their stumps, and watched their decay ; and ve invariably found that in those of them which !re cut in the winter, the disease first made its pearance in the heart-wood, and continued its .-ages until that was destroyed, and up to that pe- id the alburnum was comparatively sound ; whilst those which were cut in the summer, the disease it made its appearance in tlie alburnum, which a few years entirely disappeared, whilst the heart- lod remained sound. " There are numerous facts in the most common nsactions of life that will sustain me in my posi- I believe that the general practice throutrh- 265 t the northern and middle States is, to peel sucli i s eating the doctrine of cutting timber in the winter, I had a small apple tree which had been engrafted with a choice fruit, and had been growing perhaps seven or eight years. There was one limb on it which [ did not like, because it was growing in a wrong direction. 1 took it oft' in Deceinber, because I believed the sap to be then in the roots, and there- fore at this season there would be none of it wasted or taken away with the limb, and of course the branches left would receive a greater portion of nourishment in the spring. Sometime afterward, I e.xamined the tree, and found that the part or stump of the limb which remained within the surface of the body, was aftected with the dry rot in its pu- rest type. I removed this with my knife, and found that the disease had made its attack on the body of the tree itself. The tree, after the limb was ta- ken off, became sickly, and its fruit after it began to bear was imperfect. "I would here observe, that it is the common practice when people cut tlie timber of a house- frame, to do it in the winter, because, as they think, it will be more durable ; but they will not triin their trees at that season, because tliey have learn- ed from experience that if they do, the trees will contract the dry rot ; therefore they do it in tlie es as are to be manufactured into ship-plank ; saving the bark, this probably makes the busi- 13 more profitable than it would otherwise be 18 invariably the case that by the time the plank I become tlioroughly seasoned, the alburnum be- nes so much injured by the dry rot as to be un- to be used ; and for my own part I never saw ' timber of this sort, where the heart-wood was jcted at all, unless the tree had evidently cou- :ted the disease before its deatli. The season peeling is from the third week in May to the end in June. Farmers cut their rails in the iraer, when the bark will peel, and they last from T to a hundred years. They account for the ; in this way : if they cut them in the winter bark will stick fast to the rails, and after a lit- while the water gets under it and cause." them ecay sooner. On the contrary, they cut their ts in the winter; probably this is done for the venience of cutting holes in them at that sea- : and although their rails last so long, yet their ;s begin to decay in seven or eight years, ac- ling to the soil in which they are placed. When 1 necessity they are obliged to cut a (ew posts le summer, (with the expectation, however, that ' will soon decay) if they last thirty or forty rs (and there are instances of this kind,) they tk of it as a very remarkable circumstance, but 3r inquire into the natural cause, nnr alter th.eir :tice. There are other instances of the extra- nary longevity of timber; wooden abutments to ges, pumps, piles, foundations of weirs, cofier- s, &c., a full notice of which would fill a vol- — all going to show that there is a season in :h if timber be cut, it will last for many years )nd the average time for which it now lasts: that there is a season in which if it be cut, it not last over eight or ten years, notwithstand- any artificial process through which it may be e to pass. In my opinion, June is the best in which to cut timber, in order to make it though I do not suppose that it would make any t difference if it were cut in either of the other ntier months. pring. But Dr Ives, of New Haven, goes even further; he trims his trees in June, and thinks they do better at that season of the year, because the wounds heal quicker. This is right, for as the im- mediate cause of the disease is not contained in the heart-wood at that season, therefore the remaining stump being almost all heart-wood, can never be at- tacked by the disease, and the wound will heal quicker; but if the trimming be done in December, the cause of the disease is contained in the stumps at that season and as they cannot be removed, the consequence is, that the disease soon attacks and destroys them, and then the wound will never heal. Although trees thus situated may, by their abun- dant foliage, their extended branches and their smooth bodies, appear to be in perfect health, (which is sometimes the case,) yet they are doomed trees ; for the canker having entered into their organiza- tion, is preying upon their very vitals, and will sooner or later, prostrate them in the dust." In the communication from which the preceding statemeiits have been taken, there are many other facts given, all going to establish the same point, viz., that timber should be cut and trees should be trimmed in the summer, and not in the winter, as is the common practice. I should remark, however, that these statements concern more especially such timber as the oak, chesnut, &c., and not those trees whose heart-wood is filled with resinous matter, such as the different species of pine; in the case of these last mentioned trees, I do not suppose that it will make much diiTcrcnce at what Season they be cut. Perhaps it rnay b^ objected to cutting tim- ber in the summer, that a farmer is generally so busy at that season, that he cannot spare the time necessary from his other occupations. But let it be recollected that it is not necessary that the tim- ber should be fully prepared for its intended use at that season, but only cut down, or perhaps even girdling would do, if it be made sufficiently deep to kill the tree, and the work may then bo left to be finished at a time of greater leisure. Should a farmer be obliged to hire this done, the expense in- curred would be far more tlian repaid him, by the additional durability of the timber. At the period at which I was strenuously advo- I ;•;;;;""' ""'*'-"^> "' -« umoer.-fan«e«' Rt- CHOICE OF EMPLOYMENT. At the present period of general derangement in almost every department of business, it is natural for all inquiring minds to cast their eyes around them in search of some pursuit calculated to yield them a support, or to advance their pecuniary re- sources. And where, let me ask, does the mind meet a certain response except from the produc- tions of the soil ? and where else can one look for stability as to the safety of his investments, and to an ample return for his labors ? What other pur- suit can ofter to liim a sure guarantee of a comfort, able support for his family, and permanent provision for his children.' In commercial pursuits all is chance and uncertainty, and ho who can boast of being on the ascendant to-day can only claim to occupy the reverse position on the morrow. The liistory of whole streets in our mercantile cities is but a record of the rise and the downfall of their occupants. It is a melancholy reflection, that such are the uncertainties attendant on commerce, and on mercantile affairs generally, that every six or seven years witness a complete revolution in the mercantile class of the community. And yet such has been the folly and absence of proper discrimi- nation among parents generally, that apparently it has been their most anxious desire to devote their soils to mercantile pursuits, and to risk their pros- perity on chances as fluctuating and more uncer- tain than the turn of the die. It is to this gross misdirection of the mind that many branches of ag- riculture have to this day been totally neglected, although offering the most bountiful returns to those who would engage in them. Providence planted the vine alone in Persia, Syria, and North America. To France and Italy he tendered no such tribute, .^nd yet we see France, whose cli- mate was so uncongenial to the vine at itS tirEt in- troduction, that it could 'barely survive on its most southern shores, now become enriched beyond ev- ery other nation by the immense accumulation of wealth which, for ages, her vintage has poured into her bosom. We see that country becoming afflu- ent and powerful, not from the natural productions of her own soil, but from those which she has bor- rowed from more fayored climes. Look at her ol- ive groves,- and the whole race of oleaginous plants from which she derives the immense quantity of her choicest oils, sufficient, almost, for the consumption of the whole eartli. Look at her groves of almonds, figs, prunes, and almost every ( ther fruit calculated to give support to her citizens and amplitude to her commerce. And lastly, look at her immense and increasing plantations for the silk culture, rivaling in profit all her other pursuits. Not one of these invaluable productions is the gift of nature, but all exotics, transplanted to her soil. For ourselves we may claim both the vine and the mulberry as pre-eminently our own, and planted on our soil by the God of nature. And thus favored, shall .Amer- icans succumb and yield precedence to nations pos- sessing few natural advantages ? Shall we shrink from the development of these resources idh'xch Providence himself has marked out as peculiarly calculated to enricli our country and extend our sphere of comfort and happiness .' We trust not. We trust that we shall not have, for the future, any recreants among us, who doubt the triumph of Amer- ican skill, enterprise, and industry, where any other nation dare claim success. It is such men who retard the national advancement, and are a cloo- to its prosperity. They are worse than drones, for they impede the labors of the industrious. — Silk Journal. 266 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, FEB. 5, 1840. AND HORTICULTDRAL REGISTER. Boston, Wednesday, Febrdary 5, 1840. inrWe promised this week a report of Dr C. T. Jack- son's remarlis at the Second Agricultural Meeting; but for reasons which we trust will be satisfactory to our readers, we must beg for absolution. We have, with as much care as we could exercise, prepared full reports of Dr Jackson's remarks at the second and the third agricul- tural meetings, and of the remarks of Judge Hayes at the third agricultural meeting. But owing to the indispensa- ble necessity of a portion of the paper going to press be- fore these reports could possibly be prepared in a man- ner just and satisfactory to the speakers, to the public, and to ourselves, we could not insert either of them this week, without division or mutilation. To this, on vari- ous accounts, we are reluctant. They will, however, go on to the first pages of the next week's Farmer, and will, we have no doubt, be read with very great pleasure. H. C, THIRD AGRICULTURAL MEETING. The Third Agricultural Meeting was held at the Rep- resentatives' Hall on Thursday, 30th January. In the absence of Mr Dodge, Mr Fowler, representative from Danvers, was appointed secretary of 'he meetings Hon. D. P. King in the chair. It was voted that gentlemen having questions relative to the subject ofthe evening's discussion, to which they desired an answer, should present them in writing to the secretary at the opening of the meeting. They should then be read, that the speakers might reply to them, if they found it convenient. It was understood, however, that this was by no means to preclude the offering of questions orally, which might grow out of the occasion, so that there should be no restraint upon free conversa- tion and discussion. It was also resolved that gentlemen from >otUcr Stotes, who might happen to be present on the occasion, should be considered as members of the> meeting, and invited to take part in the discussion. The subject ofthe evening's discussion was Soils and Manures, continued from the last meetmg ; and the as- sembly was addressed at large by Dr C. T.Jackson, who recapitulated his former remarks and enlarged upon top- ics then briefly touched ; and by Judge Hayes, of South Berwick, .Me., a very intelligent and practical farmer, who happened to be present ; and who was kind enough to respond to the call of the chair, and gratified and instructed the meeting by an account of his farming, and the improvements which he had effected. H. C. A CARD. We have received from some unknown friend at Hali- fax, a small parcel of Chevalier wheat, we suppose, grown there. He will please accept our thanks and be kind enough to add to the obligation by letting us know who he is and how we may serve him. We should be very glad likewise to know the history of this wheat. We hardly think we ever saw any pjoduct so fine ;' certainly we have never seen it surpassed. It is a winter wheat, and we shall seek to place it in hands which will give it a fair trial. It has been said that winter wheat frozen in water and so kept until spring, may be planted early in the spring, and will come to maturity the ensuing fall. We have no personal or certain knowledge of this pro- cess, but if any friend is disposed to take a portion of this sample and make this kind of experiment with it, it shall be at his service. We are indebted to Mr Goddard, of Brookline, for a fine specimen of early corn, from seed which we gave him ; and to Mr H. C. Merriam, of Tewksbury, lor a fair sample of the Brown Corn, for which they will please accept our thanks. We have likewise received from Dr Deanc, of Green- field, a splendid sample of raw silk, the product of his own induslry and skill in raising and reeling. He has been honored by the American Institute for some of the same product with a silver medal. We only wish we had a gold one to give him, for he deserves it. We are indebted likewise, to the Northampton Silk Company and to Mr Haskell, of Harvard, Mass., for some excellent specimens of sewing silk, which show that this beautiful cultivation and manufacture needs only to be undertaken to go on to perfection. To David L. Child, Esq., likewise, we ate indebted for some fine specimens of beet sugar, manufactured by him at Northampton, in a crude and refined state. They are equal to any sugars ofthe same description, and en- tirely free from the earthy, or as some would have it, the beet taste, which has been objected to in this product. These productions will be exhibited to the farmers and others interested, at the agricultural meetings; and they have only to be seen to be admired. HENRY COLMAN, Commissioner of Agricultural Survey. February 5, 1840. THE FOURTH AGRICULTURAL MEETING Will be liolden at the Representatives' Hall on Thurs- day evening next at 7 o'clock. The subject propoEed for discussion, and for that purpose committed to Mr William Clark, of Northampton and Mr Allen Putnam, of Danvers, both of the House, was Indian Corn ; but as it was agreed, in case ofthe acceptance ofthe invitation given to Hon. Isaac Hill, of Concord, N. H ,to address the meeting on that evening, (an answer to which had not then been received,) the subject for discussion will be the Improvement ofthe Agriculture of New England— on which subject, we have great pleasure in saying an ad- dress may be expected from this gentleman, the editor of that excellent journal, tin? Farmer's Monthly Visitor, and eminent for his agricultural zeal and intelligence. We cannot doubt that there will be a full attendance on this occasion, and that those farmers of the Legislature who have failed to attend the two last meetings on ac- count of the wet walking, having, we presume, brought nothing but pumps with them, will at once send homo for their well-soled and well-greased cow-hide boots. We shall speak to the Sergeant-at-Arms to admit them, though having an extraordinary organ of order, he might have some little fears for his carpet. We beg leave, likewise, to remind some of our friends, certainly, however, none ofthe Committee, that seven o'clock means precisely one hour after the Old South strikes one, two, three, four, five, six ! and not that it is seven until eight; a principle absolutely immoral in itself, and which, if carried out into the various departments of life, completely tangles the web and throws every thing into disorder. The committing of a subject to a committee, aa men- tioned above, is by no means intended lo prevent or preclude discussion ; but merely that the subject propos- ed might be particularly considered by the gentlemen to whom it was intrusted, so that when the meeting should be opened the discussion might proceed without delay, and with one at the team and one at the handles of the plough, there might be no difliculty in striking out the land, and going the first bout. H. C. THE SLAYING OF THE DRAGON. The Legislature have been occupied the last week in attempting to destroy a terrible dragon, called the U cense Law, which has been roaming over the State thi last year, threatening lo eat up the liberties of the people The captain general of our armies, with the courage ofi veteran of Waterloo, marched up boldly to the onset'ani gave him a fatal blow under his thickest scales. Thiswji followed by a general rush of the bravest of both politict parties to be in at the death. By the time the composilo] has dropped the types from his fingers he will probablj have uttered his last expiration. A few centuries henco no doubt, the learned geologists of that period on exhumini his remains, will class him as a Megatherium or a Sau rian, found in remote ancient formations; and some ne» Cuvicr will arise to determine his genus and habits ; an( then there will be learned speculation among the philoso phers and the gaping crowds, of how many living being he must have devoured and how terribly he must havi alarmed the poor women and children. As he is the on ly individual of the race that ever has, or probably eve will exist, there will be extreme difficulty in determin ing his place, and he will be regarded as constituting ai entirely distinct class ofthe Carnivora. H. C. CANKER Worm. — The Boston Courier recommends aj a fit subject tor discussion at the agricultural meetings ii Boston, the best mode of destroying the grub or egg o the canker worm in the ground before it ascends the tree and also suggests to the legislature the expediency of ol fering a liberal premium for the discovery of a remed' against its ravages. It is not probable that in the preseri state of the treasury, the latter suggestion will be adopted Its object, however, would be accomplished, if some o the funds of our agricultural societies were devoted t this purpose. No more useful appropriation of a por tion of their funds can be made. — ll'orcester ^gis. We saw the notice in the Boston Courier referred t above, and were not regardless of the suggestion therei made to the Commissioner of Agricultural Survey-. Th natural history of the canker worm and his habits wer fully investigated by Professor Wm. Dandridge Peck, ii 1797, and his Essay, presented to the Massachusetts Aa ricultural Society at that time received a premium offiff dollars. It was published in their memoirs, and we de sign soon to lay this and the Essay by the same gentle man, on the natural history ofthe slug worm before thi readers of the New England Farmer. The Massachu setts Society have almost constantly from that time U this, offered a liberal premium for the discovery of an' eft'ectual mode to prevent the ravages of the canke' worm ; and we will answer for the trustees of that Soci ety who have rendered immense services to the cause o an improved agriculture, that they will be ready at an) lime to reward wjtii liberality such a discovery, whethei it be or be not specified in their list of premiums. We as yet know of but one eff'ectual remedy agains the canker worm, that is the encouragement ofthe birds They are the best friends ofthe farmer and the gardener In our code of penal justice, killing a small bird shouli be placed next to killing a child We wjre assured tht last summer, that at the beautifully cultivated district o (.ambridge called ' Flob,' (have the name altered, wt pray,) abounding in fruit, they were entirely free from canker worms, while in Old Cambridge the orchards suf fered severely. The great security which they found was in the encouragement and preservation of the birds A gunner in West Cambridge would be in as much dan- ger as an abolitionist in South Carolina. H. C. Alassacbiisetts Horticulturnl Soclely. EXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Salvrday, Feb. 1, 1840. By S. Downer, Esq. ; Catillac and Iron Pears — good specimens. Fine samples of the old Nonsuch, R. I. Greening, Newton Pippin and Royal or Old Pearmain Apples; and very superior specimens of the Golden Rus- set and Wales apples— the two last very beautiful, and richly deserve attention among cultivalors of fine apples. E. M. Richards, Esq. exhibited fine specimens of Pom- me d' Api (Lady Apple) and L. Echassarri and Gloux Morceau Pears. For the Committee, J. L. L. F. WARREN. ■OL,. XVm. NO. 31. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, IGHTON MARKF.T.-MoKDAT, Feb. 3, 1840. Reiwrtpil for the New Enclanil Fanner, t M.irket 245 Beef Cattle, 1190 Sheep, gnd 70 | lets.- Beef Cattle.-A 3n,M advance was effected a. yoke or two purchased on Saturday may have :llt »omelhing more than our highest quotation... quality, $f, 75. Second quality, ,$6 GO a $6 50 I quality. $5 00 a $5 7o. ■reltinf: C«tt/c.— Mess $5 50 ; No. 1 S5 00 es and Calres.—^QS, $33, $37 and $40. ep.— The price.? obtained last week were hardly I ned. Lots at $2 25, $3 00, $3 25, $3 75 and ne.— A part of those at market were from the jorhood. About 25 only were peddled from 4 1-2 267 WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. THERIMO.M ETHICAL. Reporled fertile New En2l.inil Farmer, feof the Thermometer at the Garden of the proprietors New England Farmer, Brighton, Maas. in a eliaded riy exposure, week ending February. 2. K 1840. I 7A.M. I 12, M y. y. sday. 10 11 26 32 26 21 5 1 5,P.M. Wind. 14 W. 20 N. W. 32 E. 34 E. 23 W. 18 N. E. 18 E. AURICUIiTURAI, BOUKS :PH ERECK & CO. offer for sale a qreat varielv cullural hooks among which are the foFlow ng ^ ^ jn's Encyclopedia of Gardening. ^ ' " of Plants. a u "l ^ °J Agriculture. ouburban Gardener, 's Hortus Woburnensis. cal Agriculture, by David Low. al's Agricuhural Chemistry. "wers" ^"'"'"''°" °'' ^^^ Carnation and other Flo 'lorist Cultivator. :inan's Gardeners' Assistant, iden's American Gardener. (.'omnlete Farmer. :k's Orcharriist. ng's First Book of Fruits. ' Fruit Garden Companion. Flower Garden Companion se on Sugar Beet, by David Lee Child :an 6wme Breeder, ray on Poultry, raphy of the Genus Camellia. ' Silk Manual. do. k's Silk Growers Guide, arsh on the Mulberry Tree and Silk Worm an Farrier, s Cyclopedia of Botany-The Voung Florist. treatise on Bees. fy5. ^^ ESTS OF PRACTICAL AGHICULTURe: |ived, a supply- of the Elements of Practical Agricul- prehendinng the cultivation of plants, the husll^ndry - Edi^h.fr. ■ S™*^^^?" °f Agriculture in the Uni- Edinhurg. Second edition, with numerous en- In??' h°"^"" P'^l'I'shed. For sale by JOSEPH & CO., No. 61 and 52 North Market Street GREBIV'S PATENT STRAW CUTTER. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. at the New England Agricul- tural Warehouse and Seed Store, Nos.51 and 52 Norlh Mar- «f' i/'^i^i"'''' '"*™ '"'' '*^''^' Ci''<=en's Patent Straw, Hav and J'la k- Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not before applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- inent etiects of this application, and some of the consequent peculiarities of the machine are; 1. So great a reduction of the quantum of power requisiUte to use it, that the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work It very efficiently. 2. With even this moderate power, it easily cuts two bush- els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed tiy any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less olten than those of any other straw cutter. ' 4. The machine is simple in its construol ion, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as me complicated machines in general use to get out of order V EGETABLE CtJTTKR. Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutter. This machine s cUeuIated for cutting up vegetables and esculent roots for ludder, and is one of the most useful and economical ma- chines that the farmer can use. The subscribers feel great confidence m recommending this machine to the public ■ they are aware that it has been long wanted and they now f.Tr'trhT''l,"w'n ",''";'k"'"";° ^"' ^^''^f^ct'o" upon a fair-trial. It will cut with ease from one to two bushels per minute, in the best possible manner, and is not liable t^ ge oj,t of order being made in the most substantial mannlr No farmer should he without one of them. For sale at the Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and 52 North Market S reet December 18. -JOSEPH BRECK & GO BONE MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public that alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful stimufant that can be applied to the earth as a manure "ppueu He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Bone and solicits the patronage of the agricultural communis' Prce at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ;'pu, up in casksld d^l hvered at ^ny part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and no charge for casks or carting ' Also, ground Oyster Shells Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Rox- burj, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse wi Seed Store, No 5-. Nortli Ma,-ket Strel" or tlTghX pTst Office will meet with prompt attention me i osi _ NAH0M WARD. SCIONS OP PRUiT TREES S'OR SALE. WER SEEUS-CHOICE VARIETIES •i^ J^„?f '^? ? *^°r; ''V" '■^^''^'i « •choice assort- lower Seeds from England and France, which in I ,u T" ""^n "'''^'' ""''" 'heir own insp'ec- W l^t"""- <=f «"™ <-° 1"^ found in the coun- ' e^hL, "'" A",""^'^. Biennials, and Perennials cult.va ion; neatly done up in papers at 6 1-4, i 25 cents each. For sale at 51 and 52 Nortli y5.' JATIOai WAlVrED AS GARDENER, .rried man with no incumbrance but his wife- practical experience is known to the amateurs of V ^"hT ^"""""""^^ addressed to Joseph Breck & 1. will be promptly attended to. The collection of fruits cultivated at the Pomological Garden consists of more than 1400 varieties cf the Annie Pear, Plum, Cherry and Peach. Scions of all hose wS have been proved are offered to nurserymen and others Gen lemen wishmg lo send collections of American fruits lo their friends m Europe can be furnished with most of ho e of first rate quality. They are warranted true t"their names and are in all cases cut from Iruit bearing trees ' Salem, January 2i, 1S40. ROBERT MANNING AMERICAN SWINE BREEDER. , Just-published and for sale by JOSEPH BRECK & PO the American Swine Breeder ; a Practical TreaUre on t^e Flkw T,; '*''""^' ^"'' P^'lening of Swine, by Henry W Ellsworth: price 75 cents. ' iicnrj »v. January 15. FOR SAIiE. fr;l",k*'^''"^"' ^""'■' pleasantly situated about 20 miles from the c.lv, containing about 100 acres. For full des"J n lion, particulars, &c. inquire at this office. ^ carly^o'nVfa™'."" ^^"'"^ ^^ " ■"'" ^"^ " ^"'«" ^^'^y '" January 30. 4„ -Alum, American, . . . , Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs. . Pot, " .1 .. _ Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1. . prime, ... Beeswax, white, yellovy, . . . ' Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, . . . . Candles, mould. . , . . dipped, sperm, . . . . Chf.fse, new milk. Cider, , . . . . . refined BoneMasube, ... in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, ■southern, geese, . Flax. (American) .... Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 No. 2, No. 3, . •VIewives, dry salted. No. I. Salmon, No. 1, . . Flour, Genesee, c-jsh, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) . southern. Grindstones, pr ton of2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, uorthern, .... souitlern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Ist quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, .' New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oit, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . . . ' Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs Pork, extra clear. Mess Prime, Whole Hogs, . . . ■ Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . Flax, . . . ■ . ' . Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, . " Castile. Tallow, tried, . . ~ , Teazles, 1st sort, .... Wool, prime, or Saiony Fleeces, . American, full blood, washed do. 3-4ths do. ' do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_• f Pulled superfine, . J^INo. 1, . '. %~ 1 No. 2, , Z ^ [ No. 3,1 pound I pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal 2 0» 2 00 .bushel pound pound as 43 l>i 00 19 00 28 00 30 00 y 10 ■ 7 a 16 00 IS 00 12 60 13 ou Ifl 20 1- 18 iO 11 9 10 29 30 cask tallon barrel pound bushel pound I 95 2 87 ir 00 16 00 14 00 12 00 2 60 I 268 NEW ENGLAND FARMER FEB. 5, 1840. MISCELLANEOUS JUDICIAL ANECDOTE. The courts of Vermont have been celebrated for many years for the wit and arnusing; pectiliaritins of several of their justices. Anecdotes are rife respecting them, from the rough and coarse humor of Harringtou, to the more polished scintillations of his successors of modern times. Nothing can be more racy than the following, which we are confident is new to the majority of our readers. Judge had etfected a settlement of ac- counts with one of his neighbors, a very parsimo- nious man, and it was found impossible to make correct change within three cents, which tlie judge said he would hand to the other at any subsequent period. Some days after, while the judge was upon the bench, and in the midst of a cause, the avaricious neighbor, whose brains could not rest while the three cents were absent from his pocket, appeared in the court room, and with slight ceremo- ny, beckoned to his debtor to grant him an inter- view. The judge, who was so unfortunate as to stutter somewhat, appreciated instantly the purpose of the applicant, and arrested the progress of the case, with "st-stop, a f-f-few moments, unt-until I speak t-t-t-to my neighbor P ." He thereupon descended from the bencli, and accompanied neigh- bor P. to a private room, and, as he expected, re- ceived a demand for the delinquent three cents. He paid it, obtained a receipt, and returned to the court room, convulsing every one present with laughter, by the following lemark; " th-they s-say, th-that at t-t-tlie m-m-m-moment any one d-d-dies, another is b-born, and the s-soul of t-lh-the one that d-dies goes into the b-body of tli-the one th-that's born. N-now, w-when neighbor P. w-was b-born, n-tt-nobody died." — Ladies' Companioji. CAPTURE OF A BEAR. For the last twelve years, there has been resi- ding within forty minutes ride of this city, in the town of Brewer, near the " Big Pond," so called, a mischievous animal called a bear, of the hog species, with a brown proboscis, and short, but strongly sinewed legs ; during which time, he has fattened upon the corn, cattle and sheep of the farmers who lived in his vicinity. During the past year alone, he has destroyed upwards of one hun- dred dollars worth of stock, always taking care to secure his retreat when pursued, till within a few days, when he was accidentally discovered by some men who were employed in logging near the spot where he had taken quarters for the winter. Ob- serving his tracks in the snow, they traced liim to the mouth of his den, which was in the cavity of a ledge ; when they commenced removing the brush he had carefully drawn into its aiouth. In a moment old Bruin began to snuff and growl, and made an attempt to take leg bail, but was saluted with a blow from a cudgel, cut for the purpose, and fell back into his domicil, where lie quivered for a few moments, but suddenly regained his strength, and made good his escape for the time being. The next day he was hotly pursued by some half dozen of those on whose stock he had preyed, and the chase was continued for some five or six- days, when Mr Blood came to this city and informed some of our sportsmen (we have some old ones too,) who, accompanied by their hounds, immediately joined in the chase, and fif- teen days from the time the bear was first started from his den by the loggers, (during the whole of which time he was hotly pursued by men and dogs, having been kept on the tramp the whole time, only excepting nights) he was captured and brought into this city by Capt. Nye, and Mr Leonard Dow. On examining him, thirteen balls were found to have pierced him ; the last shots, however, were those which gave him his quietus — one of which took effect a little abaft his fore shoulders, and the other near his spine. During the whole fifteen days, Mr Blood, who is a farmer, kept open house, keeping all of those free of expense who were dis- posed to join in the chase, being determined to have the bear before he gave up. He weighed when killed, three hundred and twenty-four pounds. The old hunters sayjie must have "run off" one hundred pounds during the chase — but still he is a lusty fellow, and you Bostonians may prepare your mouths for a taste of his flesh, as I under- stand it is the intention of Mr Dow to ship him at Frankfort for your city. He has been on exhibi- tion in this city for the last two days, at 12 1-2 cents a sight. — Bangor Democrat, Jan. 12. GREAT WALL OF CHINA. Even when united under one emperor, China trembled at the Tartars of the desert. About two centuries before the birth of Christ, She-hwang-te (the book-burner,) constructed the great wall of China, to prevent their incursionsi. The wall, which has always been considered one of the world's wonders, is 1500 miles in length, of great height and thickness, furnished with fortresses and towers innumerable, and is carried with singular skill over mountains and rivers, as well as across the plains and valleys. Lord Macartney exclaimed on seeing it that it was certainly the most stupendous work of human hands, and he rationally concluded that at the remote period of its building, China must have been a- very powerful and civilized empire. Dr Johnson was accustomed to say of it, that it would be an honor to any man to say that his grandfather >had seen the great wall of China. Mr Barrow who saw it with iVlacartney, went into some amusing calculations as to the quantity of the materials it contains. According to his account, all the mate- rials of all the dwelling houses of England and Scotland, supposing them at that period (at the end of the last century) to amount to 1,800,000, and to average 2,000 cubic feet of brick work or masonry, would be barely equivalent to the bulk ot the wall, without taking in its fortresses or towers, which he calculated contained as much masonry and brick work as London did at that time. Stupendous as was the work, it failed in its object. A Swedish peasant spoke contemptuously of the King, saying — "I don't care a fa: for Bernadotte." The peasant was arrested, and under an ancient law of the kingdom, condemned to death. The King immediately pardoned the peasant, and order- ed the law to be repealed. "But," said the King to the Judge, "I do not like to be insulted, and therefore I cannot let this man pass off without some punishment ; you will therefore please to go to his house and say to him in my name — Since you don't care a fig for Bernadotte, Bernadotte don't care a fig for you." The number of lives lost by shipwreck of Amer- ican vessels last year is stated at 537. FAITHFULNESS OF A DOG. In the unhappy and too memorable winter of 1790, when the corn, the vine, and the olive, were destroyed by severe cold in France, the wolves made dreadful ravages in the fields, and rushed with verocity even upon man. One of these rave- nous beasts, after having broken the window, enter- ed a cottage in the forest of Orte, near Angouleiiie. Two children, one six, the other eight years of age, were reposing on the bed, in the absence of their mother, who had gone in search of wood to kindle a fire. Meeting with no resistance, the wolf leap- ed upon the bed, and sought to destroy his delicate prey. Seized with a sudden fright, the two little boys crept quickly under the covering, and held it closely without drawing a breath. So near was the flesh which had enticed him, that not being able to attain it instantly, the murderous animal became more furious, and began to destroy the cov- ering with his teeth. Trifling as was this obstacle, it nevertheless preserved the lives of these innocent-, children. A large and faithful dog, who had fol- , lowed their mother, returned in time to deliver them ; lie had scented the track of the wolf at mora, than a hundred yards from the house, whither the mother was returning slowly, loaded with faggots;, he ran with the quickness of the stag — he entered like a lion, and falling upon the animal, who had endeavored to secrete himself in an obscure corner, he seized the base wretch by the throat, and drag, ging him to the door, strangled him instantly. '1 he alarm of the mother on her return was indescriba- ■ble. She beheld the wolf stretched upon the earth, the dog covered with blood, her bed in confusion, her children gone. Observing the distress of his mistress, the dog ran towards her with the most energetic solicitude, then returning to the bed he thrust his head repeatedly under the covering, and by the most expressive signs endeavored to inti- mate to her that she would find there that which she held most dear. The mother approached, and extending her trembling hand, discovered that her children were there, although deprived of motion; she hastened to restore them — there was yet time ; a moment's delay would have rendered the attempt useless. When they had recovered their senses, they plainly recounted the danger to which they had been exposed, the manner in which the wolf had entered, and their wonderful preservation. The faithful animal, pleased in having saved the livea of these little innocents, by his eager caresses gave, ample testimony that his joy was equal to that ot his mistress. A MAN WANTED. To do the work on a small place, a lew miles from the cily. He must understand the cultivation of vegetables, fruits, ifec, and the care of horse, cows, &:c. A single man, from 20 to 30 years of age, of steady and industrious habits, may inquire at this office. J. B. I. January 15. ROHASf POTATOES, For sale at the New England .Agricultural Warehouse ami Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at S.i per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BllECK & CO. THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER Is puhiishod every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annini payable at the end of the year — but those who pay witliii* sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled to a (■«- ductionof 69 cents. DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTERS, n SCHOOL STREET... BOSTO-N AND H O R T I C V L T U f{ A L REGISTER PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & Cf J., rvo <;9 ivnuTu 1,^,1^^^,^ ' _ ' *"■ °^ NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aoricultuhal Warehoose.) t. xvm.] _BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 12, 1840. N. E. f ARWEB, Ve give below a sketch of the remarks of lie C. rackson, at the Second and Third AgricultHri'l tings, on Soils and JMutiures. Our notes, as we : before said, in such cases are very imperfect, our aim ia simply to give the ideas and gtate- ts of the gentlemen whom we report, not mpting to retain their language. Under such imstances, it is a matter of no small labor and ;ulty to write them out in full ; and -we must n the indulgence of our readers for the dress hich these remarks appear, and for which their ors are not responsible. We have deemed 1 too valuable and interesting to be lost. must not be forgotten, however, at the same that, if we have not misrepresented thenj (,as rust we have not,) they, and not we, are; respon- ! for the statements made and the opinions rr'iy. Because we give these opinions it is not there- to be inferred that we adopt them ; but we do 3eem it courteous to interrupt the discourse by interpolation of our queries distrusts, or con- ctions. From some of the notinns of our friend ackson, we dissent — but that by no means es that he is in error : and we give them for the 3nt to our readers with all the claims to re- t and confidence, to which his intelligence. Jistinguished learning, his indomitable spirit of iry, and his persevering industry entitle them, h and evidence are the great objects of all sound , -sophy ; and all that we want for these are fa'rj and an open field. f^_ ^ [NO. 38. factAh't bt^rche^'lr':?- T^^'^'' '' ''■'' ! ^'^' '°'' "^^'^ ' l.igl-r a^t^uity U^n Ure'alh^ examination ^f sols 2 r' . """°«=''P"' The fertility of alluvial soils is o^ving, in a conside- tbeZfe elenien? ' . ? "' ^""""^ '° '"""'' °^ '''^'^^ '"«"="'•'-• '° ">« ^"^ comminution of the parti- o^tl ^rocS In soTl 1 ""T T "" '""""°" I "'"' °' "'^''^'^ ""^^ ''' "-P"-''- ^his allows the found nuam feM- °, ''"^ TT """' '•°°'' "'" P'^""^ '° ^P^"^"^ themselves freely. There SnoTsTatevnlt'^ ' ," '^ ^"1,!^'^ decompo- is much vegetable matter m,.xed up with them, of ilstoles nd ^'l ''"^- ■ ^""^ '''''"''' ^''""^"^ '^'''' ^°''^ "•= ""' remarkable for its abun! produce a np?r '^"''^^"'^ '"''' '" ""''' "''' '° r""" ^^P"" "" e.xaminalion of the alluvial soils All f.e r. , , u "^'^' Missi.,.,ppi, the Ganges, and the Nile, they nnon , P T'T '"L""='' ^^«J ^ave an influence are found nearly to resemble each other, with the "por the character of a soil. Some of these mine- 1 vegetable matter contained in them in a finely di! ri.b undergo a decomposition and enter directly in- vided state to plants : sile.c, alumine, magnesia, all enter into The mi.xed elements of soils have a powerful ac- o ^tlL r n"' '' " ""T"' *°™^^ the c°^ttion upon each other, and upon the plants which of nhn! h 1 ^■■^'"^'^^^"^ P'^'f ' °J otherwise grow in the-m. Their earthy parts have an electro- The e 1 ?^r . '^""i'y °^ ,'^° ^''''''- ' '"^''^^ P""*"-' ^^h'='' °P^™'<^« "«' "nly by the roots ° "/°' ■ . ments in a positive and a negative electric state, i he enriching mineral substance found in New fairly balancing each other. If the soil is acid, it Jersey, alluded to in a former discussion, is what is 's barren ; .f alkaline, barren. The acid is in a. SPEECH OF' DR. C. T. JACKSON, Jgical Surveyor of Maine, Miv Hampshire and hode Island, at tlw Second mid Third Agricidtu- l Meetings. ■ Jackson began by expressing tlie pleasure he n these meetings for mutual information and ivement ; and he augured the most beneficial ts from the active spirit of inquiry which was 30 generally awakened. friculture is yet to derive immense advantages scientific cultivation. The first element in ulture is the soils, whicii constitute the seat operations. The soils which the earth pre- , and which in different localities are found lifferently constituted, although thq same sini- ements enter, to a certain extent, into the ination of all of them, are among the most im- it objects of inquiry and examination to the igent farmer. ils are, properly speaking, only the detritus or n substance of decomposed rocks, intermixed ■ious degrees with organic matter in a state of ution and diffusion. The breaking down and )mmihution of the rocks, so as to form the articlesof the earth, have been the progres- jsults of the influence of air, moisture and exerted through many ages which have passed, •ill in constant and active operation. That trths were derived from the disintegration of called a green sand, composed of silex, potash, and iron. It yields potash, and thus neutralizes any acid substances which may exist in tlie soils, to which it is applied. Every observing traveller in passing through dif- ferent countries, perceives thar. che soils of different countries possess properties peculiar to themselves. Thus limestone soils seem most congenial to the production of wheat ; and granitic soils to that of grass. Each rock may be traced by its peculiar vegetation. The soils on the trap-rock formation in this State, are distinctly marked. A groat jjartofthe gtftte ia tyf what k calltnl the diluvial formation. In this case there is an evi- dent removal of the earth's surface or soils by some violent convulsion in a sort of wave, from the north to the south. The proofs of this deluge in its ad- vances south may be distinctly traced. Thus in a diluvial formation the soils will bo found to be com- posed of the same elements as the rocks some miles distant to the northward of that place ; and maybe very different from the soil, which might be said to belong to the place, where they are found. As ev- idence t»*" this movement south, the rocks in the vi- cinity of Providence are evidently formed from the disintegration of rocks of the greywacke formation some distance to the northward. The greywacke rocks are those composed of other rocks of various descriptions collected together in a miscellaneous combination, and cemented by a kind of argillace- ous paste. In Maine there are abundant proofs that the whole soil of the country has, in many places, been removed southwardly. In Thomaston the soil is evidently of diluvial formation. Portland rests upon a formation of mica and talcose slate ; but the soil is granitic and evidently transported from the vicinity of Brunswick. The diluvial soils were transported by some ex traordinary change in the earth's surface, produced. It may be, by a deluge or some similar catastrophe. negative, the alkaline in a positive electric state. Vegetable manures become acid or negative ; ani- mal nianures positive or alkaline ; they must be combined in order to produce the best results. When peats alone are used for manuring soils, the results are not always favorable. Farmers pronounce it a cold substance. In its natural state it abounds in acid properties and produces sorrel. We may ren- der this substance one of the most valuable of ma- nures by suitably preparing it, according to the ex- perience of many farmers. Peat should be com- bined withFome alkaline or basic substance, which will neutraii.i tJie acid which prevails in it, and then ;i w>l».1e that we may improve our )ck, it would be fortunate if we could so cross r farmers and merchants that the habits of e.\act- ss in keeping accounts and the enterprise and irit of progress which distinguish the mercantile isses, could be in some measure transferred or fused into our farmers. On the second evening, as on account of the in- smency of the weather on the former evening, 3 attendance was comparatively thin, Dr Jack- n recapitulated parts of his former remarks, and ntinued and enlarged upon the subject of soils d manures. We shall refer only to those remarks lich were not given in the preceding sketch ; or lich seem necessary to illustrate what was said fore. Great advantages seem to result from the mere ichanical mixture of soils, as for example, of sand th clay or clay, with sand. This seems to affect ;ir electro-motive power and induces absorption the plant. Besides the combined acids which St in soils, there is often much free acid, which luires to be taken up or neutralized. There is ch siliceous matter in all soils. The oxides of ferent minerals abound in soils. These have ferent electric powers, which require to be iinder- od and regarded. Many soils which have been ught to contain no vegetable matter, have been nd upon examination to contain eightysix tons vegetable matter to an acre. Fields of barren ,d have been rendered productive by the applica- 1 of alkaline substances. These soils have been ed, and portions of vegetable matter have been loved by two successive crops. In some soils re is a large amount of vegetable matter in an Dluble state. In this case it must by some ap- ;ation be rendered soluble, and this can easily done. fhe geological formation of soils is of much im- tance. A soil with a loose substratum mnst : much by infiltration.* The farmer will find at advantages from the chemical analysis of his s. A gross analysis will imt show the differen- which exist. It must be conducted with a re- rhe Dr here gave another pointed reference to the ure state of the well water of Boston, which was felt an electric shock in the abdominal muscles of the esentatives from the country; (the Boston gentieinen loo far gone in this matter to feel at all,) and made n think at once of resigning their seals or reniovini' seat of government. There are salts of lime enough le water of Boston wells drank every year, to make itatues as large as Lot's wife ! and as to the other im- ties which exist in it, according to tbe Dr 's account, ■ are not tn be named. No apotliecary's mi.\ture sur- esit; and we know of nothing for which it is suited for whiskey or brandy punch ! They act as stimulito vegetation ; and change the soil so as to render it fertile. Saline manures do not act always in the same way. They act princi- pally on the foliage. They excite action in the plant, and carbonic acid gas is absorbed. The de- composition of vegetable substances gives out car- bonic acid gas, which is immediately seized upon by the plants. Large amounts of ammoniacal gas are obtained from the putrefaction of animal sub- stances. This is a valuable manure. The car- bonate of ammonia, to obtain it pure from the shops, would bo too expensive for a manure. We must make it in onr dung heaps. The nature of manures is just beginning to be understood. The attention paid to it, when sci- ence was imperfect, led to few valuable results.— Two new acids were discovered by Berzelius in ISS.y — the crenic and apocrenic. They were dis- covered in the Porlar w.,-;i in Sweden. They are found in all soils. They are among the constitu- ents of peat. They are probably universal. These acids must be neutralized. _ The opinions of farmers are often only Wind prejudices, though there are bright and honorable exceptions to this remark. Facts which are uni- versally admitted must have a foundation. These acids are found in humus or geine — are found also in our waters — in all Soils — sometimes in union with bases — sometimes in a free state. In respect to these scientific investigations, we have as yet only skimmed the surface. More, however, has been effected within the last three years than ever before since the history of man. Geological and agricultural surveys are credita- ble to the State. The facts which they collect and embody, may be rendered of the highest service A State geologist might bo fully occupied in the analysis of soils. Agriculture, thus made the sub- ject of scientific inquiry, would cease to be a drud- gery and attain its proper rank among the first em- ployments of man. Agricultural books are many ofthem full of absurdities, because the nature of the elements of which they treat is so little under- stood. Many have heard of the experiment of the man who shut up a hen and fed her exclusively up- on wheat. It was a matter of insoluble mystery how, under such circumstances, ahe could obtain lime enough to form the shells of the eggs which she laid, which in tiuth contained a weight of lime greater than the weight of her body. It was not known that the wheat itself on which she was fed, furnished the lime which she required. Chemistry shows that lime enters into the composition of wheat. Every farmer has not a taste for science ; but some have, and this taste should be cultivated and encouraged. Subjects connected with aoriculture be made on soils whoso composition is known ; and products should be exactly noted and compared with each other. De Candolle, a distinguished Swiss philosopher, wiio has given particular attention to vegetable physiology, has treated of the action of poisons up- on plants. There are substances which are poi- sonous to plants as there are those which are de- structive of animal life. Mir vomica and some otlier substances poisonous to animals, are poison- ous to plants. Substances which taken into the stomach of a man may be serviceable to health, if received into his lungs might be fatal. So sub- stances whicli if applied to tlje roots of plants might prove destructive, if imbibed in a gaseous form by the leaves, may stimulate and advance their growth. In simple carbonic acid gas, plants would die; but received in quantities larger than exists in our atmosphere, it proves favorable to them. Car- bonic acid gas, which in certain quantities is nu- tritious to plants, is destructive to animal life. The quantity of vegetable matter in soils and other different substances, presents a ciirious inqui- ry. Silex is the same as rock crystal, obtained after solution. Alumine is the same as clay; but clay is not fouad pure, and usually contains more than fifty per cent, of sUex. Oxides of iron, man- ganese and lime are foiind. Lime is usually found in the form of a carboisfte. Peroxide of iron, iron rust, is found. Silex, aUimine, lime and iron, com- bined in various proportions, constitute soils. Ve- getable matter containing tbe crenic and apocrenic acid is found. Geine is not a simple proximate principle but contains these two acids. [The Dr illustrated this matter by an exhibition of the cre- nate and apocrer.ate of copper,. obtained from geine.] The analysis of a clay soil in this vicinity is as follows: Vyater^ "Vegetable matter, Silex and alumine, Carbongte of lime,- Oxide of iron. Loss. Of another is as follows: Dark clay. Water, Vegetable matter, Silex and alumine. Carbonate of lime. 300. 14. 72.6 5.4 100. To give some idea of the quantity of vegetable matter contained in an acre of ground, we may make the following calculations : Example of calculation of the weight of a soil and of its tnantire. Let the specific gravity of a soil be L277 water being 1. : then one cubic foot of water weighing 1000 ounces, a cubic foot of the soil would weii.h 1277 ounces or 79,187 lbs. An acre of land contains 4-3,560 square feet area, and if we estimate the cubic foot of soil as weigh- ing 79,186 lbs. or half a cubic foot at 39 1-3 fbs. nearly, supposing we wish to calculate the weight of an acre of the soil for the depth of six inches, (the are well adapted for country lyceums. Here facts i usual depth of tillage,) we have the followinir sum • would be obtained from practical and. observing ! 43,560x39 1-2=1,719,620 lbs., or 859 tons "nearlyj 272 NEW ENGLAND F \> Ji M E K ,- fTEB. I!4, 18 it, as the weight of an acre of this soil to the depth of half a foot. If then the soil contain 9 1-3 per cent, of vege- table matter, 3.2 per cent, being soluble and 6.3 in- soluble—859x9 l-2-*-100=81 1-3 tons of vegeta- ble matter to one acre within 6 inches depth. Of this 27 1-3 tons is soluble and .54 tons insoluble. This example is tal;en from an actual analysis of a soil in the vicinity of Boston. The principles laid down will suffice for the estimation of each and every article found in given soils by chemical researches, and the quantity of manure or of any fertilizer may be easily learned. Some acres of land upon e.xamination, have been found to contain 91 tons of vegetable matter — some 96 tons — 32 of soluble and 72 of insoluble. Exclu- ding stones, we may consider that there are 800 tons of soil to an acre 6 inches deep. In an acre of land, by a calculation of this kind, containing 6.8 of phos- phate of lime, bone manure would have no effect. The peat on the farm of E. Phinney, Esq., used both for fuel and manure, contains 96 per cent, of vegetable matter. The ashes of this peat contains silex, aluraine, phosphate of lime, oxide of manga- nese and oxide of iron. The carbonate of lime, of potash and of soda, acts upon it. The carbonate of ammonia is taken up by it. Lime neutralizes its acid. Peat bogs are composed of sphagajieous mosses ; and on Block Island they are said to renew themselves, af- ter being dug over, in forty years, if the surface paring is returned to the pit when they are dug. Besides decayed mosses, decayed trees and leaves collect in these swamps and compose a part of the deposit. Peat is of immense value, and not well appreciated by farmers. Experiments of its application in a natural state have proved failures. The farmers on Block Island would not use it. A farmer in Waterford, Me. applied it in a crude state, and his corn was dwarfish and appeared as though struck with the yellow fever. When its acid prop- erties are neutralized, it becomes as valuable as horse dung. Peat bogs must be drained. Cov- ered drains properly constructed, are as effectual as open drains. Peat bogs are remarkable for re- taining moisture. Wetness is absorbed by the peat by capillary attraction. Dr Jackson stated that he had fully described Mr Phinney's method of management, in his third report on the geology of Maine. His meadows are drained. They are then ploughed or the sward inverted; and then dressed with a compost of ani- mal manure, mud and lime prepared in his hog pens, where his bogs earn much of their living by tlieir labor. On land thus prepared, he has obtained 75 bush- els of corn to the acre, and from 4 1-2 to 5 tons of hay per acre. The last season he got a crop of corn of from 80 to 100 bushels per acre. After such land is well drained, he can work upon it with his cattle. He refuses to sell this poat upon this land even at 500 dollars per acre. Being well sup- plied with peat mud, each hog will make ten loads of manure in the course of the year. This is then thrown out and freely limed. After three weeks' preparation by lime this compost may be applied to the land, at the rate of twenty loads to an acre. About one third of stable manure is deemed the proper proportion to apply to the compost. In the opinion of Mr Phinney and Mr Haggerston, three loads of muck and one load of stable dung are equal to four loads of stable manure. It is a singular fact that in England peat was formerly considered as a useless substant One great use of peat consists in its power of abi."'"'"'' ^ liquid manures. In barn yards it absorbs '■'"- ' urine. The liquid manure of an animal is con'i "" | ered by many judicious farmers, where it can be well saved and applied, as of equal value as the sol- id. This subject deserves much attention. Dr Jackson here closed his address, with some extracts from Young's letters of Agricola, in relation to this subject, the most important parts of which have been given in the Appendix to the Second Re- port on tlie Agriculture of Massachusetts, to which we must refer the reader for the present. The Dr closed with an apology for having de- tained tlie meeting so long, and the expression of his thanks for their indulgence. The meeting, he may be assured, were highly gratified and instruc- ted by his remarks, and felt that the obligation was wholly on their side. We give below an imperfect sketch of the re- marks of Judge Hayes, of South Berwick, Me., at the Third Agricultural meeting, and present a similar apology, but can ofter no other, for the man- ner in which they appear, than we gave in report- ing the speeches of Dr C. T. Jackson. REMARKS OF WILLIAM A. HAYES, Esq. AT THE THIRD AGRICULTURAL MEKTING. Judge Hayes began his remarks by expressing the pleasure he felt in meeting the farmers of Mr.s- sacliusetts ; and though he did not anticipate on liis coming to town, being called upon in this way, he was happy to encourage an object so valuable as that contemplated by these meetings, agricultu- ral improvement, by giving an account of his own operations and the success which had attended them. Farmers constituted a common fraternity, and as their sole object was the improvement of this important art, whose interests involved the in- terests and comforts of e'rery class in society, he should make no apology for speaking of plain mat- ters in a plain way. This was the first time he had been called upon to address a meeting of farmers upon the subject of agriculture, and he must there- fore claim their indulgence. He had derived so much pleasure from reading heretofore the reports of these agricultural meetings, made by the Com- missioner, that he felt it to be his duty when called ed upon, to C( ntribute his part. He should first relate his experience in the rais- ing of wheat. He had attempted the cultivation for many years and with very imperfect success. It had been generally destroyed ; but whenever he had succeeded, it was always upon high land. In 1838 he purchased of the Shakers, in Canterbury, N. H., one bushel of Black Sea wheat. He sowed it upon an half acre of loamy land, upon which the previous year he had raised a cro|) of mangel wurt- zel ; some time previous the land had been ma- nured with muscle bed. The crop appeared very promising but was destroyed by the grain insect, and he obtained a return of only eight bushels. His belief was that the crop was sowed too early. Tlie last year he sowed his wheat mucli later in the sea- son, and from two bushels sowing on an acre of land, he gathered 41 bushels. His success in this case he considered attributable to his late sowing, .owing to which circumstance the wheat did not come into flower until the season for the depreda- tions of the insect had passed. He applied to his wheat laud sixty bushels of leeched aehes, a matter which experience has satisfied him is of very gre advantage. Like success has attended a simil tnanagement in the culture of wheat in other pi I ces. He thinks much of the particular kind |,v-heat sown by him, as be has never known it tol jjnjuvred fay rust or mildew. The kind here spokt gf is a red wheat. In the town of Shapleigh, ( gooa' gi'O""''. tiie crop on a part of a field sown wit commo.*! '^heat was worthless ; while the Blac Sea whe^it -'" ^^^ ^^'"^ field, gave 53 bushels fro: one bushel of.^eed. ' On the subj'ect of the evening's discussion. Soil and Manures, hC eh ould give hia views, founde upon long practice, as he had cultivated a farmut der his own persona.' superintendence, for twenty four years last past. Lanu « in good condition ca easily be made better ; jyhile lands which are poc and exhausted, are with -niuch ,'lifficulty raised u] Various substances may be applied, but the mai dependence must be placed upon v.«getable matte in and upon the soil. His first object, with a viev to enrich his farm, is to collect vegetable matte for litter ; leaves and straw and waste substance of every description. He collects leaves even lati in the spring, as litter for his styes. These seen to be small gatherings, but in the course of thi season, where this habit of saving exists, the accu mulations become very considerable. He is accus tomed yearly to mow his pastures and gather al the brakes and ferns and coarse grasses on whici cattle will not feed. In this way his pastures an greatly improved. There is a better quality o grass comes in, and the quantity is much increased He is accustomed, likewise, to mow his stubbh grounds. He cuts the weeds and the old stubbl( close for litter for his stock, and he does not fin( that his grass is injured by this mowing. He thui collects a large quantity of vegetable waste, am uses in his barn a large basket, which will hold sev en or eight bushels, to distribute it as litter to hii stock. The great advantages of this managemen appear in the increase of his manure and the com fort and consequent thrift of hia cattle. He is in the habit of collecting large quantitiei of swamp mud, which he deposits in his barnyard to be trodden upon by his cattle, and he places large quantities in his hog pens. He suffers this to remain through the summer, deeming it not ad- visable to turn it over. After keeping this through a winter and summer, he carries it out upon his land. He likewise casts soil into his yard ; carries in a large amount of bog mud ; the wash of the house, likewise, is conveyed to the same place ; and he has always swamp mud on hand to place in the yard that the offensive liquids may be absorbed. — He uses lime, likewise, in his compost heap. For many years he has practiced using from ten to thir- ty casks per year. He deems it most favorable to health, and as far as the uninterrupted health of a very immerous family may be considered a test in the case, the prudence and benefits of the practice are perfectly established. A great object with him, and upon which he lays most emphatic stress, is tlie using of all the vegeta- ble matter which he can collect or apply, for en- riching his farm. He never carries his manure out in the fall ; and he regrets his want of a manure cellar, as he thinks nmch would be gained by keep- ing the manure under cover. He does not deem it necessary that it should undergo a fermentation or decomposition before it is carried into the field. He applies twenty loads to the acre. He begins at TOL. xvin, NO. 3a. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 273 ne side of his field, and laying eight successive caps in a row, at the distance of one rod apart, nd the rows likewise one rod apart, it will require ist twenty times eight heaps to dress an acre. Tlie ifitance at which tlie heaps should be placed apart, I ascertained with sutBcient accuracy by taking le distance from the hind-end of tlie cart to the )rward feet of tlic cattle upon the tongue as the leasurement of a rod in length. He ploughs his round about six inches deep, carefully and com- letely inverting the sod. He seldom ploughs his lanure under, excepting where he would raise tap- joted vegetables ; but having laid his land flat, lie jreads his manure and then harrows it and cross srrows it until a fine tilth is produced. His corn planted three and a half feet apart and is care- lUy hoed three times without making any hill hatever ; and he is careful to sutfer no weeds to jmain among it. It is suflered to stand in the sld until perfectly ripe ; and the stalks are not it until the corn is so far advanced Jiat there can } no advantage from them to the ripening of the ir. His butt stalks also are saved with great ire ; and when stowed away, his corn fodder be- ig intermixed in alternate layers with whea^ straw, le straw itself is rendered more nutritious and sa- )ry for his cattle. If ho plants potatoes, he is ireful to plant whole potatoes and of a good size. he sprouts from such are stronger, and the crop is fortnight earlier. The jiotatoes are hoed twice id the ground kept clear from weeds. The second year the ground which has been in )rn is not ploughed nor the sod disturbed or re- irted ; but it is harrowed in both directixms by e cultivator managed by one man with a horse, he wheat is tlien sowed at the rate of two bush- s to an acre, or barley or oats as he may choose, ith grass seeds. He has been in the habit of raising esculent lOots ir his stock, of the value of which as feed, he has high estimation ; mangel wurtzel, carrotu, turnips, id ruta baga. He likes the ruta baga very much i feed for his horses. He planted last year two ;res of carrots and ruta baga upon green sward, anaged as he has said, and obtained one thousand ishels. Potatoes are sometimes made tlie second •op in the course. In that case his land has two anurings ; and so with other esculent vegetable ■ops. After haying, and even late in the autuimi, he jvotes much time and labor to the improvement ■ his lands. He carries sand on to clay lands, and ay on to sand lands, and finds much benefit from lis intermixture of soil. He deems the principal Ivantage resulting from this process, to be upon nd which he cannot plant, the covering up of all le vegetable matter on the soil, by which means becomes rotted and improves the staple of the )il. This he deems a matter deserving particular tention ; this covering up of vegetable matter id converting it into manure. He pursues this ork even until late in the autumn, when the ground frozen. He obtains much swamp mud. He has exten- :nsive meadows, which have two and a half feet 3pth of mud resting upon blue clay. He has at- impted the redemption of this land by digging a jntre ditch three feet in width and two feet in 3pth, and cross ditches at right angles with the lain ditch, and emptying into it. These cross itches are two and a half feet wide at top, 18 iches at the bottom and one foot in depth. They ccur as often as once in two rods. After the ditching is completed, gravel or sand is carried on to the meadow at the rate of one hundred loads to the acre and manured. It is then sowed liberally witli herds grass and clover. The ditches require to be cleared out once in three years, and the mat- ter collected in them spread upon the land. In this way tliey may be kept in guod condition for an in- definite period of time. His own improvements in this way are of twelve years' duration and without deterioration. In 1 838, he undertook the redemption of four acres of this kind of land. He covered it with gravel, which was spread immediately. The next spring when the ground was thawed to the depth of two or three inches, he harrowed it most thor- oughly ; he then sowed herds grass and followed it with a bush harrow. The crop of grass which he has since obtained from this land was at least two tons to the acre ; and the moss in the land was completely decomposed. He is accustomed to use alternately his pastures as mowing fields and hia mowing fields as pastures. He finds a very great advantage from this course of management. He ploughs liis pastures, even though he has no manure to apply to them ; and though he cannot fence them against his cattle. He inverts the sod, laying it completely over; and then sows his grass seed. In this way the feed of his pastures is greatly improved both in quality and quantity. He ploughs his pastures, getting a crop of Indian corn and then laying down his land with Indian wheat and grass seeds. The Indian wheat, i. e. the Tartarian buck wheat, is deemed by him a good crop, and the flour much esteemed. When he has no manure to apply to the land, he ploughs it in a shallow manner; but, at any rate, it should be occasionally ploughed and sowed with grass seed. Judge Hayes lias done much in the improvement of his live stock, having obtained an improved Short-IIorn bull from Greenland, N. H., where this valuable stock has been some time reared, and roni which the beautiful ox Columbus was descen- ded, an OS whose superior is seldom seen. He closed his remarks much too soon ; bat he has kindly promised that we phall soon hear from him on these subjects — an engagement which he cannot too soon fulfil. We shall hold him strictly to his H-ord in this case; and being a lawyer, and knowing the consequences of neglecting "to take up one's paper," we mean to sue him if he does not pay the note at maturity. The account he has given of his farming opera- tions so far, will be read with much interest and instruction. His improvement of his pasture lands deserves particular attention. We have often urg- ed it upon farmers; but he is the only man we-have yet known to practice it. H. C. HINTS ON THE CARE OP HORSES. There are a great many farmers who take but poor cara of their horses in tlie winter season. In the short days they have 'waier before dark, and then have to go without until nine or ten o'clock the next morning, or if they have water early in the morning, they will not usually drink, as their time of thirst is past. Horses seldoai refuse water after tliey have eaten their evening meal, though if they do not have it then, they will usually drink but little the next morning until after eatincr. So if a horse will not drink early in the morning, it is no indication that he has not been thirsty the pre- vious evening. V/c have been particular in our observations on this point. We have turned a horse out to drink at nine or ten o'clock in the evening, and seldom knew him to fail of drinking heartily. Then for experiment, we omitted to give him water in the evening and attended to it in the morning before he was fed, and he would seldom drink. If it be best for animals to have free access to water at all times, as is generally allowed, then they ought surely to have a supply immediately after eating, when they are usually thirsty ; though the superfi- cial observer who finds that they will not drink early in the morning, may think that all has been well. There is not a man probably, who has not at times been very much in want of drink, and yet, without being able to obtain it, his thirst has grad- ually abated. In this case the juices from other parts of the body are, in a measure, put in requisi- tion, to supply moisture when it is wanted, so, by an equalness, the thirst is abated or done away, but there is a deficiency of moisture in the system — a drought less severe but more extensive, which if experienced daily, will prove unfavorable to health and strength ; and in animals it will injure the growth of the young and operate agaS*«t the fine, healthy condition of every creature. They must have water when they need it, or they will not drink ; like men, they do not eat and drink accord- ing to fashion and custom. Some farmers will use their horses till they are warm and sweaty, and then put them up, perhaps, in a cold barn, without covering them with any thing to keep them warm. This is often greatly increased by allowing the horses to drink freely of water while warm, in order to save the trouble of watering theci after they have stood till "feool : a great many horses suffer in this way, and some are ruined. For a man or beast to be inactive and ex- posed to x;old after exercise and perspiration, is very destructive of health, and M'ill destroy the strongest constitutions. Every man knows the im- portance of guarding himself against exposure to cold after perspiration, and how a drink of cold wa- ter in this state, will send a chill through his whole frame. Though a man is not like a horse, he re- sembles him in his ability to endure a great deal of labor, with proper management, and in his liability to disease if his tender frame bo not guarded with care. It was observed in the Farmer some months ago, that it was better for a horse to have a place in the v.'inter where he could stand upon the manure, and walk round at •ea.'^e, than to be confined to a stall and stand upon a hard floor. But in this case, as the horse will generally stand in one place to eat, the manure will accumulate under his hind feet so that he will stand uneasy, unless it be levelled fre- quently, 80 that it will be as high or higher under his fore feet. Currying horses is very much neglected by some farmers. This operation is very important, as it contributes both to the pleasure and health of the animal. In some cases this business is hardly at- tended to, being performed only a few times in the course of the winter. Many a farmer's horse that H now stupid and la- zy, and of a miserable appearance, would, under the care of a good hostler, without extra keeping, be- come so changed in his appearance and spirits in a few months, that his owner would hardly know him. — Maine Fanner. 274 NEW E N GLAND FARMER FEB. 13, 1840. AKD HORTICULTURAL BFGI3TER. Boston, Wednesday, Febbuahy 12, 1840. REPORT ON BEET SUGAR PREMIUMS. The Trustees of the " Massachusetts Society for the P,-omotion of Agriculture," impressed witii the conside- ration of the important ad\antages that might be derived as well for the benefit of the agricultural as of the manu- facturing interests of the country ; and being also aware that the attention of many eminent men in several for- eign countries has been zealously devoted to tliis subject, whereby great improvement in the production of the beet and the manufacture of sugar therefrom was in progres- sion; were thereby induced in their proposals of premi- ums the last year to offer as follows, viz : "To the person, persons or corporation who shall raise the greatest quantity of sugar beets by the acre, not less than two acres, which shall be manufactured into sugar in the year 1839, giving a particular account of the soil and the manner of sowing, cultivating and gathering the beets, a premium ot One Hundred Dollars." This premium was not claimed, although the principal objects aimed at by the Trustees, viz : the soil best suit- ed, the manner of cultivation and ingathering of the beets, are fully made to appear in the application made for the ne.\t proposed premium, having relation to the same sub- ject, which was as follows, viz : " To the person, persons or corporation who shall man- ufacture from the sugar beet, (denominated Silesian white beet,) sugar in the greatest fjuantity and of the best quality, in the year 18o!), giving a full and particular ac- count of the process, of manufacturing it, a premium of One Hundred Dollars." For this premium there was only one claim preferred, which was from the Northampton Beet Sugar Company, by their agent, David Lee Child, Esq., who presented two several samples of common brown sugar of the usual flavor of such low priced commodity. An excellent sta- ple also of loaf sugar, a very bright color, well grained and crystalized, and no wise inferior in appearance to the best loaf sugar manufactured from the cane. The sugar of each quality was carefully examined by the com- mittee. It was also inspected as made use of in different articles of confectionary, by one well conversant in the art (Mr Duroy,) who conmiended each sample, conside- ring it as fully equal to sugar of the like quality from the cane. There were also two samples of molasses one of which appeared to be of good flavor and quality, and it was thought well suited for those purposes to which this well known article is applied for domestic use or for the Ba- kery. The article of second quality may be used for the dis. tillery, or for various gross purposes as well as in aid of the vinegar cask. Its properties are also thought well of as nutritive for animals. The whole process of sowing, cultivating, ingathering and preserving the Silesian white beet, considered as the most replete with saccharine matter, and of course most suitable for manufacture, with remarks on the soil best suited for production, and a full and particular account of the whole course of the manufacturing the beet sugar through its several processes, are very minutely set forth in a pamphlet of 100 pages. This work of careful re- search, the committee arc led to expect, will hereafter be so far abridged as to diffuse a more general knowledge than might otherwise be had. For the several wished-for objects thus brought into no- tice, the community are indebted to the praiseworthy en- terprise of the Northampton Beet Sugar Company, and the assiduous apjdication and zeal of their agent, Mr Child. The measures thus taken in this establishment may, it is hoped, lead to a course of experiment and improve- ment which may, if persevered in, lead to their benefit as well as that of the public. The Northampton Beet Sugar Company, having pro- duced through their agent, Mr Child, the requisite certi- ficates as to the quantity and quality of beet sugar manu- factured by them, and the same having been carefully examined and found to be severally of good quality, as herein represented, and having, also, submitted a full and particular account of the whole process of the manu- facture, the committee were induced to report that they are entitled to the premium of one hundred dollars. It may be considered, perhaps, incumbent on the com- mittee, in closing this report, to state some facts which the treatise furnished, in connexion with this subject, will, if referred to, more fully show. The cost of the brown sugar as manufactured, appears to be from .5 to 6 cents per pound. In France, where nearly one hundred millions of pounds are said to be an- nually manufactured, being about three pounds to a per- son, labor, generalh', is much lower, and a great part of it is performed by women and children; it is done, too, at a rate less than half what is paid here. This, as far as labor is included in the calculation, would add essentially to the cost of the sugar. There are, however, circum- stances which are reasoned upon in this communication, which go fir to counteract these disadvantages, viz : the cheapness of fuel, rent, buildings, &c. The value of the pulp, loo, or residuum of the beet tnay be of great advantage, if well distributed, in the fat- ting of cattle, swine, &c. There is, in conclusion, one important object to be hoped for from the great efforts which are making in Eu- rope as well as in this country, that the research and ex- periments now in exercise, may conduce to a more sim- ple process, by which the manufacture of beet sugar may bo availed of by domestic industry. This is by many con- fidently anticipated. It is, however, much to be regretted, that this desired object has, in this respect, thus far, wholly failed. All of which is submitted in behalf of the Committee. JOHN WELLES, Chairman. Boston, 1839. THE FOURTH AGRICULTURAL MEETING Was holden on Thursday evening, 6th inst.,Mr King in the Chair. The meeting proceeded to elect four vice presidents and an additional secretary. The following gentlemen were chosen vice presidents : Mr Otis Brigham, of Westboro' ; " B. P. Williams, of Roxbury ; ■' C. P. Phelps, of Hadley ; " Jesse Pierce, of Stoughlon. Mr Henry W. Cushman, of Bernardston, v^•as chosen ad4Jitional secretary. The Commissioner then proceeded to exhibit to the meeting a butter presser, for the purpose of expressing the buttermilk without applying the hand to tho butter. This was invented at Nantucket, and had been sometime ^ised there by the inventor, who greatly approved it. It is a simple machine, somewhat resembling a baker's brake. A turnip quarterer or sheer, simple and cheap in its construction and effectual in its operation. This he had obtained ,n the interior of New York, and commended it to the use of the farmers. Next a sample of superior winter whe«t, sent him from Halifax, imder the name of Chevalier wheat, or Brown's prolific. It is a soft-skinned winter wheat, and eminently beautiful. Next, samples of raw silk from Dr Deane, at Greet I field, reeled upon a simple machine of his own constru' lion ; on his part a first attempt at raising silk : in th case a perfectly successful attempt. Next, specimens of raw silk, of a beautiful qualit from Northampton, Mass., and Burlington, N. J., mat from the leaves of trees planted the last April. Nei beautiful specimens of sewing silk, manufactured at NortI ampton and at Harvard, I\]ass. : and next, a superior spi citnen of black silk velvet, and seven different specimet of elegantly wrought wide ribbons; the silk grown an the articles manulactured by Miss Gertrude Kapp, i Economy, Penn. ;'a lady who receives this year for h( products more than four hundred dollars, in bountic from the State. Lastly, a box of butter, recently made, and withoi any artificial coloring whatever, sent to him from tl farm of Mr C. Denny, of Westboro', and manufactun by Mrs Blake. It is ul as fine color and flavor, as if mat utactured in June, and done up with the greatest nea nessand care. The Commissioner has often urged upo farmers in the vicinity of Boston, to keep winter dairie as the trouble would not be greater than in summer, at new butter of the best quality would at that season cod mand the most liberal price. He has been constant) met with the objection that butter of a good consistem and color could not be made at this season of the yea He was happy to show this butter, as demonstrating tl error of this prejudice ; and the admiration which it cal ed out, will not, it is hoped, be lost upon the farmer Almost as many penknives %vere drawn out to taste it, ; Burke says, swords would have flown from their scai bards in behalf of the beautiful Frerrch queen. Tl swords would have been for defence : the penkniv- were for attack ; and the Commissioner thought himse fortunate that he was able to maintain the citadel ui harmed. The meeting was then addressed, at the invitation the committee of arrangements, by the Hon. Isaac Hi ex-governor of New Hampshire. Tlie subject of his a dress was the Improvement of the Agriculture of Ne England. He went largely into a view of the improv ments and present condition of husbandry in Great Bi tain, and showed in what respect their modes of husband; were applicable to our country. The address was r ceived with much gratification by a crowded assembl It was interesting, instructive, and useful. At this tim as will be seen from the state of our columns, we hai no room even for an abstract of it. This will be givt hereafter. The Fifth Agricultural Meeting will be held at tl Representatives' Hall on Thursday evening next, at o'clock. The subject of discussion — Indian Corn. — H.< A CARD. The Commissioner of Agricultural Survey respectfull acknowledges the receipt from Messrs Ellis and Bosso of this city, of a sample of Spring Wheat called Ely Gigatuic Wheat; deemed highly prolific. It is singt larly beautiful. Prom George Randall, Esq. of New Bedford, a sampl of Spring Wheat raised on his highly improved farm i Rochester, Plymouth County — a verv fine grain ; a sampl of Winter Wheat grown on the same farm, and quite fair a sample of Chevaliir Barley, recently imported, and heavy and beautiful article ; and a sample of Wheat froi Orleans County, New York, very good, with which hi own will not suffer by comparison. From Messrs J. Breck and Co. samples of Winte Wheat denominated Surry Golden Drop andjWithingto Wheat, both winter grains ; and samples of Hopetowr Essex 'Winter, Kent Tartary, and Dutch Poland Oats and of tares and beans, from a lot selected by Mr Web ster in his recent visit to England ; and without doub among the best which could be found. The wheals ar remarkably beautiful, and the oats very fine samples. These several articles will be exhibited to the farmer at the next agricultural meeting. HENRY COLMAN, Commissioner of Agricullural Survey To Correspondents and Readers. — The communi cation from Mr Warren on the Rohan Potato shall ap pear in our next. 33^, We trust it needs no apology that we have givet our reB;ders in our paper of to-day, so much of a goot thing. We did not like to divide the speeches, and wt know they will be read with instruction and pleasure. TOi>. xvin. NO. 3a. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. LIGIITON MARKET Keporteil fur the Ne -Monday, Feb. 10, 1840. Enclnnd Former. It M.irkel 347 Beef Cattle, 6G0 Sheep. \ 'RlcLa.— Beef OilUe — Oat quotations last week i first quality eliould have been $7 00 instead of i '5 as rt;ported. Wo quote this week First quality, 0. Second quality, )(|6 25 a $G 75. Tliird quality, a a $5 75. ! KS and Calves — Very fow at inarket aud no sales ed. 8«;).— Owing to the large number at market last ; prices did not much advance. We quote lots at 0, $3 00, $3 75 and $6 00. ine. — None at market. THERiMOMETRlCAL, Reported for the New England I'nrmer. igeof the Thermometer at tlie fiardeuof the proprietor.^ I New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in a shaded eriy exposure, week ending February 9. 275 GRKI2.\'S P VTBNT STRAW Cl'TTER. eb., 1840, 'WEBSTER'S SEEDS. subscribers beg leave to slate that they have received ebster's Seeds ; those who wish to experiment upon jnd obtain a portion, had better call or send soon are as follows — Hopetown Winter Oats. Ess-'x do. do. Dutch Poland Spring do. Kent Tartary do. Essex Winter Beans. Mumford's Garden, or Horse Beans. Yorkshire Prolific Beans. Suffolk Harrad Tick do. Whittington Winter Wheal. Surrey Golden Drop do. do. Winter Tares, or V etches. Spring Tares, or Vetches, Italian Rye Grass. Pacey Rye Grass. While Globe Turnip. Pomeranian do. Swedish do. Red Tankard do. ^Yellow Scotch do. While Tankard do. Purple Top Hybrid. Red Globe Mangel Wurtzel. White do. do. lave also received some of the Early Hope Cabbage fbich was tried last year at New York njid proved "lo lerior to any Early Cabbage hilherto knov;n in ihe have now in New York, which will come to hand in lays, some of the Chevalier Barley, which we shall 3y to offer to our customers. s been understood by some that the seeds were left for gratuitous distribution. We wish lo correct this 3 as 11 is not the case. We were directed to dispose 1 at a small advance, sufficient to pay for our trouble . &c. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. ' m, Feb. 12, 1540. .lOSEPH BRECK & CO -it the New England Agricul tural Warenouse and seed store, Nos.51 aud .52 Norlh Mar- ket Street, have for sale, Green's Patent Straw, Hay and Slalk Cutter, operating on a mechanical principle not b'eiore applied to any implement for this purpose. The most prom- incut effects of this application, and some o( the constquent peculiarities of the machine are: 1 . So great a reduction of the quantum of power reguisitfe 10 use it, ihat the strength of a half grown boy is sufficient to work it very efficiently. 2. With even tliis moderate power, it easily cuts two bush els a minute, which is full twice as fast as has been claimed by any other machine even when worked by horse or steam power. 3. The knives, owing to the peculiar manner in which they cut, require sharpening less often than those of any other straw cutter. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. Alum, American, . Ashes, Pearl, per 100 lbs Pot, " •' " Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, liEEF, mess, No. 1. . Beesv prin THS STATE REGISTER, lining the New 'I'ariff for 1840, the Insolvent Law, -ist of Post Offices, Slate, Cily and United stales lies. Judges, Counsellors, Attorneys, Sheriffs and eputies. Masters in Chancery, Justices, Notaries, rs. Clergy, Physicians, Militia, Army and iN'avy, ind Insurance Companies, besides other useful mat- 3r sale by JAMES LORING, No. 133 Washington lary 12. 3t 4. The machine is simple in its construction, made and put together very strongly. It is therefore not so liable as the complicated machines in general use to get out of order. AGRICULTURAL BOUKS. JOSEPH BRECK & GO. offer for sale -a great variety of Agricultural books, among which arc the following: Loudon's Encyclopedia of Gardening. " " of Plants. " " of Agriculture. " Suburban Gardener. Forbe's Horlus Woburnensis. Practical Agriculture, by David Low. Chaptal's .•Cgricultural Chemistry. Hogg on the Cultivation of the Carnation and other Flo- rists Flowers. The Florist Cultivator, hridgeman's Gardeners' Assistant. Fesseiiden's American Gardener. " ('omplete Farmer. Kenrick's Orchardist. Manning's First Book of Fruits. Saiers' Fruit Garden Companion. ' Flower Garden Companion. Treatise on Sugar Beet, by David Lee Child. Amefican Swine Breeder. Mowbray on Poultry. Monography of the Genus Camellia. Dennis' Silk Manual. Cobb's do. Kenriok's Silk Growers Guide. Whitmarsh on the Mulberry Tree and Silk Worm. American Farrier. Parley's Cyclopedia of Rotany-^The Young Florisl. Weeks' Treatise on Bees. February 5. white, yellow. Bristles, American, I'uTTER, shipping, dairy. Candles, mould, dipped, sper TCATION WANTED AS GARl>ENER, married man with no incumbrance but his wife— ise practical experience is known to the amateurs of nily. Anv commands addressed to Joseph Breck & M. I. will be promptly attended to. GARDEN 1U.\TS. »le al the New England Farmer, 100 dozen Garden extra quality, for covering hot beds, I've '2- JOSEPH BRECK & CO. ELEMENTS OP PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE. J ust received, a supply of the Elements of Practical A "ricul- ture, comprehendmng ilie cultivation of plants, the husbandry of domestic animals, and the economy of the farm By David Low, Esq. F. K. S. E., Professor of Agriculture in the Uni- versity of Edinburg. Second edition, with numerous en- gravings ; 718 pp. London published. For sale by JOSEPH BRECK &, CO., No. 51 aud S2 North Market Street. February 5. FLOaUIi SEEUS-CHOICE VARIETIES JOSEPH BRECK & CO. have received a choice assort- mentof Mower Seeds from England and France, which in addition to what have been raised under their own inspec- tion, embrace the finest collection to be found in the coun- try, including all the new Annuals, Biennials, and Perennials' worthy of cullivalion; neatly done up in papers al 6 1-4 12 1-2, and 23 cents each. For sale at 51 and 62 North' Market Street. February 5. FOR SALE. , pleasantly situated about 20 miles For lull descrip- An excellent , from the cily, containing about 100 acres. lion, particulars, &c. inquire al this office Also, a situation wauled by a man with a small familv to carry on a larm. ' January 30. 4w Chefse, new milk. Cider, . . .... refined Bone Masu.>!E, ... in casks. Fe.^thers, northern, geese, soulhern, geese, . Flax. (American) .... Fi8h, Cod, Grand Bank, . Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1. . No. 2, No. 3, . Alewives, dry salted. No. i . Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Ry«, Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, soulhern fiat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, nortliern, (prime) . southern. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough, do. do. do. finished, Hams, northern southern aud western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, , Hops, 1st quality. 8ti-^alrl^-* .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, "... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore cily tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best srtrt, . Molasses, New Orleans, . Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs PoBic, extra clear, clear, . • . . . Mess, .... Prime, Whole Hogs, . . . ■ Seeds: Herd's Grass, lied Top, soulhern, northern, Canary, ■ Hemp, . 'Flax, . . . ■ . ■ . :Ked Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, none, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried Teazles, 1st sort^ .... Wool, prime, or Saxony Fleeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4lhs do. do. 1 -2 fio. do. 1-4 and common, £_; f Pulle'd superfine, . pound bushel barrel pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal 6 12 1 62 2 00 14 00 12 00 10 00 28 64 6 87 S2S 2 00 2 0* 14 SO 12 60 10 50 I 75 4 50 35 2 67 2 75 2 25 2 37 1 2,-; 1 60 12 SO 13 00 1160 6 00 6 25 5 00 5 25 8 00 19 00 7 00 7 25 7 00 6 87 6 87 4 62 4 75 4 00 4 25 pound pound cask gallon pound bushel pound pr M. pound -J J No. 1, :-3 I No. 2, ■ =^ No. 3„ 70 95 2 87 17 00 16 00 14 00 12 00 64 2 50 SO I 75 3 oe 18 00 17 00 16 00 13 00 6i Sou 1 00 1 so 2 56 2 50 I 62 276 NEW ENGLAND FARMER FEB. la,- 184 IVI I S C E L L A' N E 0 U S THE MOLE. Tlie strong, short legs of the mole, the palmated feet, armed with sharp nails, tlie pig-like nose, the teeth, the velvet cost, the small external ear, the sagacious smell, the sunk, protected eye, all con- duce to the utilities or to the safety of its under- ground life. It is a special purpose, specially con- sulted throughout. The form of the feet fi.xes tlie character of the animal. They are so many shovels : tliey deter- mine its action to that of rooting in the ground ; and every thing about its body agrees with this destination. The cylindrical figure of the mole, as well as the compactness of its form, arising from the terseness of its limbs, proportionally lessons its labor; because, according to its bulk, it thereby requires the least possible quantity of earth to be removed from its progress. It has nearly the same structure of the face and jaws as a swine, and the same offics for them. The nose is sharp, slender, tendinous, strong ; with a pair of nerves going down to the end o( it. 'I'he plush covering, which, by the smoothness, close- ness, and polish of the short piles that compose it, Tejects the adhesion of almost every species of earth, defends the animal from cold and wet, and from the impediment which it would experience l)y the mould sticking to its body. From soils of all kinds the little pioneer comes forth bright and clean. Inhabiting dirt, it is of all animals the neat- est. But what I have always r.ioet admired in the mole, is its eyes. This animal, occasionally visit- ing the surface, and wanting, fcr its safety and di- rection, to be informed when it does so, or wlien it approaches it, a perception of light was necessary. I do not know that the clearness of the sight de- pends at all upon the size of the organ. What is gained by the largeness or prominence of the globe of the eye, is widtli in the iield of vision. Such a capacity would be of no use to an animal which was to seek its food in tlie dark. The mole did not want to look about it, nor would a large ad- vanced eye, have been easily defended from the annoyance, to which the life of the animal must constantly expose it. How, indeed, was the mole, working its way under ground, to guard its eyes at all ? In order to meet this difficulty, the eyes are made scarcely larger than the head of a cork- ing-pin ; and these minute globules are sunk so deeply in the scull, and lie so sheltered within the velvet of its covering, as that any contraction of what may be called the eye-brows, not only closes up the apertures which lead to the eyes, but pre- sents a cushion, as it were, to any sharp or protrud- ing substance which might push against them. This aperture, even in its ordinary state, is like a pin-hole in a piece of velvet, scarcely pervious to loose particles of earth. Observe, then, in this structure, that which we call relation. There ia no natural connexion between a small, sunk eye, and a shovel, palmated foot. Palmated feet might have been joined with goggle eyes ; or small eyes might have been joined witli feet of any other form. What was it, therefore, that brought them together in the mole .■' That which brought to- gether the barrel, the chain, and the fusee in a watch, design ; and design, in both cases, inter- ferred from the relation which the parts bear to one another in the prosecution of a common purpose. COCOA NUT TREE. The tree attains a considerable height in those places which are best suited for its growth ; and it grows on those sandy soils which are not so well adapted for the culture of otlier useful vegetables. Like the rest of the palm family, the cocoa-nut tree is without branches ; but the trunk consists of a tissue of remarkably tough fibres, that intersect each other like net work, and thus the tree can bear those violent storms and hurricanes which are so frequent on the Indian shore. The middle rib of the leaves is often ten, twelve, or fourteen feet long, and is very firm and strong. The leaflets are very numerous, of considerable strength and very durable. These leaflets are not only used for the manufacture of baskets, but are an important arti- cle in Hindoo architecture, being plated together to form the roofs and walls of houses, of which the trunks, when split, compose the beams and rat\ors. The flowers come out at the roots of the loaves, in long sheaths, of which there is a considerable num- ber upon a vigorous tree. When the flowers have nearly attained maturity the sheaths upon the male flowers drop off, the germs begin to expand into nuts, and after they have attained a considerable size, the sheath also shrinks up. The fruit, wlien it approaches maturity, is very large, far larger than the nut which is imported into this country. It consists externally of a hard brown rind, which is very thin and tender; within that, there is a great quantity of brown fibres. This fibrous mat- ter, which is known by the name of coire, is of great use to the natives. When short, it is used for the same purpose as bakeJ hair in this country, and cushions stuffed with it are very elastic. It is also spun into cordage of a very superior quality, and there have been many instances of vessels rid- ing out storms securely by coire cable, when the best hempen ones, of European manufacture, have failed. The use of the cocoa-nutshell, as a vessel, is well known in this country. It is one of the most firm and durable of vegetable substances, and requires very little preparation to make it fit for use. The pulp of the nut, though rather indigest- ible when used alone, is a favorite ingredient in many Indian dishes. It also yields a great quan- tity of oil, which is used in India for the lamp. End for many other purposes. — Picture of India. VEGETABLE CUTTER. A MAN WANTED. To do the work on a smnll place, a few miles from I cily. He must understan.i ine cultivation of vegetabl fruits, &.C., and the care of horse, cows, &c. A single mi from 20 to 30 years of age, of steady and industrious habi may inquire at this oiBce. J. B. I. January 15. Prince of Walks and Major North. — North was an aid-de-canip to the I'aron Steuben, Inspec- tor (iieneral of the Revolutionary Army. After the peace, he made a trip to England, where, be- ing a sensible, witty young man, he was introduced into good company. At a party, where the Prince of JWales was present, (the King then laboring under his first malady) Major North was called on for a toast. Forgetful, for a moment, of that pro- priety which had distinguislied him, he unguardedly proposed, " A speedy coronation to the Prince of Wales." The Prince inunediately discharged hi.s glass of wine in the Major's face; who, with great self-possession and ready humor, threw his own in the face of the next guest, exclaiming, " Pass it round — 'tis the Prince's sentiment." Thus was a serious beginning turned into a jocular end. " I was charmed,' said Lord Oxford, " with the Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annu answer nf a poor man in Bedlam, who was insulted ^^Z:':^:i^Z^^^^:^,:^,ffj::l by a boy because he would not tell him why he " ' " ' was confined. The unhappy man at last said : — ' Because God Almighty has deprived me of that tcttle, deknett and chishoi.m, printers, which you never had !' " „ jguny^ g.^^j^j-T boston Willis's New Improved Vegetable Cutter. This mach is calculated for culling up vegetables and esculent roots fodder, and is one of the most useful and economical n chines thai the farmer can use. The subscribers feel gr confidence in recommending this machine to the publ they are aware thai it has been long wanted and they n ofler a machine that cannot fail to give satisfaction upoi fair trial. It will cut with ease from one lo two bushels i minuie, in the best possible manner, and is not liable to i out of order, being made in the most substanlial mann No farmer should be without one of thi-m. For sale at ' Agricultural Warehouse, 51 and 52 North Market Street. December 18. JOSEPH BRECK & CO Bo:yE niAjivRE. The subscriber informs his friends and the public, tl alter ten years experience, he is fully convinced that groD bones lorm the most powerful stimulant that can be appl 10 the earih as a manure. He keeps constantly on hand a supply of Ground Boi and solicits the patronage of the agricultural communi Price at the Mill 35 cents per bushel ; put up in casks and i livercd ot any part of the city at 40 cents per bushel, and charge for casks or carting. Also, ground Oj'ster Shells. Orders left at the Bone Mill, near Tremont road, in Ri bury, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse a Seed Store, No 52 North Market Street, orthiuugh the P^ Office will meet with prompt attention. NAHUM WARD SCIONS OP FRUIT TREES FOR SALE. The collection of fruits cultivated at the Pomfelogi Garden consists of more than 1400 varieties cf ihe Apf Pear, Plum, Cherry and Peach. Scions of all those whi have been proved are offered to nurserymen and others. G( tlomen wishing lo send collections of American fruits their friends in Europe can be furnished with most of th( of first rale quality. They are warranted true to their nam' and are m all cases cut Irom iruit bearing trees. Salem, January 2ii, 1310. ROBERT MANNING. AMERICAN SWINE BREEDER. Just published and for sale by JOSEPH BRECK & C the American Swine Breeder; a Practical Treatise on t Selection, Rearing, and Fattening of Swine, by Henry \ Ellsworth: price 75 cents. January 16. ROHAN POTATOES, For sale at the New England Agricultural Warehouse ai Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, at »S per barrel. October 16. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. THE NEW ENGLAND FARRIER ductionof 50 cents. ' ^ND HORTICULTUflAL REGISTER. ^ PUBLISHED BY ..OSEPH BRE^FX^^NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, iAo..o......ry^:::;;;:;^ It. xvin.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 19, 1840. N . E . F A R M E R . For the New England Farmer. SCIENCE APPLIED TO AGRICULTURE. :hemistry has been styled "the secret prorc vs le matter, that from which the forms of thii.gs :inate." It is a science as universal in its ope- ons as the combination of diiferent simples in ung compound substances. Hence, the air we ithe, the earth we walk upon, the rain that coni- down from heaven and watereth the earth, the we eat and the raiment we put on— in short, y thing, not only those which render our exist- ! comfortable, but those which form its enjoy- t, are the result of its operations and subject to aws. Even ourselves, " fearfully and wonder- • made," a curious compound of undefinable en- 3g mind, and perishable, incongruous matter, 3 within its sphere, and possess enough of its' )tle agencies" to invite the research of the most 3vering to an occupation for life. In fact, we in a grand laboratory, where chemical action ntinually gping on, not in a sinprle set of them, a a stupendous whole, and where it will con- I to go forward, until the ma-ss of matter ..n h It operates shall, by a grand e.xplosi