* UMASS/AMHERST * 111 i Iji iill i!ll' III nil n 1 312066 0306 i 40 1 2 FIVE COLLEGE DEPOSITOR DDDDnDDnnDnnDDnDnanDnDDDnnDDDDDD 3 ° n D *«iisT^* a D D UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS § LIBRARY § D D ^^'^^^^^ ^ D D D a SxPECIAL COljuEGTiONa S * ARCHIVES ~ ' a D a a a D a a D D D D D D D D D D D D ' D D D D QDnar-ni-'nDnaDnnQQQQQnpQpi-ji-ji-iy /^' mm^m mmmt'^m.'mm m^^mmm^ AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. CONTAINING IiSSA'2'Sa ®IBn©i:Sfi^3L ^STIS) ©I^ILIi(S^llIE)a RELATING TO AGRICULTURE AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY WITH THE PRICES OF COUNTRY PRODUCE BY ALLEN PUTNAM VOL. XIX. -NEW SERIES VOL. IX. BOSTON: PUBLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK AND COMPANY, NO. 51 AND 52 NORTH MARKET STREET 1841." ' ■■^44- ^-.^'V^' INDEX TO THE NINETEEiNTH VOLUME OF THE NEW ENGLAND FARMER. A. A Mother's evening ihouglils, 416 Absorption of water by plants, 273 Accuunls squjtred,222 Address, Poinsett's, 339 " Darlington's, 388 Biddle's, 172 " Russell's 370 *• Dearborn's, 233 " Breck's, 369, 394 " Huntinglon's,257, 266 Ai'vice to the young, 43 Agriculture, importance of, 18, 27 " in IVIassacliusetts, 22, 30, 38 " English, 8(3, 149 " (Jonneclicul, 153 Agricultural papers, 98, 109 *' meeting in England, 08 AonicuLTiiRiL Meetings at the State House, 220, Mr Colnian's introdu8 " premiums on, 93 " Howard's, 270 Plowing, 85 Plum Tree Grub, 405 Plugging fiiiit trees, 2 Plymouth County Agricultural Society, 181 Poinsett's, J. R., Address, 339 Popular folly, 408 Pork, making of, 197,209, 220 Portraits of animals, 289 Potato, (is it a mot.' 273) 329 — early, 14 " harvesting of, 50 " planting, 189, 251 " boiling, 189 '* blossoms taken off, 346 " how best to cultivate, 350 Poudroite, 180, 196, 198, 265,264, 372— Boston, 398 Poultry, efFecls of warmth upon, 75 Prince, John, fancy farmers, 13 Proctor, J. W., Dennis' troughs, 53, 205 Pruning, 379 Preserves, 89 Producing classes, 2'.!5 Poetry, New England, 56— Tillage, 112— Bob Hecter and his Wife, 256 — Tlie old Farm Gate, 256— Remem- ber the Poor, 296— The press, 304— A Father to his Children, 336- The weather, 342— The Departed, 344 — May Snow Storm, 358 — Dirge, 368 — Home in the Skies, 400— Sow thy Seed, 408 — A Mother's Even- ing Thoughts 416 a. Qualities of food, 240 Quince bushes, 86 R. Rain in May, June and July, 45 Read, Z., statement of, 277 Recipes, Eggs, preserved, 13 — Bacon, 42 — Scab in Sheep, 44 — Mites in Cheese, 45 — Dysentery in horses, 51 — Sores and galls in horses, 58— Horn distemper, 59 — Wounds, .59 — Making bread, 59 — Vinegar making, 67 — Mutton broth, 74 — Against mice, 75 — preserves, 89— Moths, 92— Hams, 117— Cholic in horses, 211— Hogs and Sheep, 211 — Rat stopping, 221 — Rattle- snake's bite cured, 227. — Blind staggers in sheep, 235 —Spavins, 243— Hoof ail, 243— Choaking 259— pois- oned lambs, bots, hic-up, 274 — to color Madder red, 293— Potato Pudding, 299— burns, 357 Renovation of exhausted lands, 372 Reports on farms, 2.^8 Report on Dr Nichols' proposition, 294 " on expeiiment with artificial manures, 97 Rhode Island Agricultural Society, 57, 65, 107, 316 " " premiums for 1841, 324 Robbins, P. G., canker worms, 2.5 Rohans, 227 Rollers, value of, 52 " town, 317 Root culture, 306 Roots, 32(1, 340 Rose Slug, how to destroy the, 410 Rose bush insects, 107 Rotation of crops, 157 Rural Education, 26, 36 Ruta liaga, 77, 228, 284, 307, 315, 323, 353, 387 Rye and Barley, 410 S. Salt and lime, 83, 387 Saltpetre in meat, 11 Salt lur animals, 133 Salt, common, as a manure, 354 Salt maish, 277 Salmagundi, or Odds and Ends, 413 Salisbury, William, statement of, 275 Save your salt hay, 405 Sea bottom, 256 Sea weed, 202 Secretion of milk, 299 Seed sower, 326 Seeding, 132 Seeds, gathering of, 45, 284 " vitality of, 45 " forwarding, 41 " sprouting, 301 Sheep, agra of, for mutton, 67 " education of, 302 " scab in, 44, 100 " protection of, 133 '* ilifferent breeds of, 149 .*hort Horns and Herefords, 186 Signs, 250 Sick, animals, treatment of, 105 Silk Culture, William Kenrick on, 4 " " Field, J , 20, 160 " " Gannett, 211 " " D. Benedict, 250 " " discovery in, 354 " growers, 194,228, 250 Slug, rose bush, 94, 410 §mut, preventatives of, 83 Sows, age of, as breeders, 226 Sow thy seed, 408 Skunk, value of, 347, 357, 381 Skunkiana, 413 Speculation, 403 Spring work, 310, 318 Strawberries, premium, 51 Soap, 379 IT Sautliboro' Agricultural Society, 174 Stock, management of, 202, 217 StcTciison, speech of, 68 Sugar Ueet, 2d5 Stucco, 177 Stables, Jump, 188 Subsoil gardening, 317 ■' plowing, 10, 17, 242, 3:5, 34, 332, 353, 374 Sun flower, 29 Swine, 100,307 *' diseases of, 307 " fattening, 20!) T. Team, good, 377, 379 Tho Skunk, 404 Thunder, fear of, 80 Tilings not to be dune, 394 Thislles.Canadi), 2, 118 'rhrt'ghin» machine, 158, 171 Timber, time to cut, 13 Time, 408 Tobacco, good use for it, 221 Tools, 213 Town Agricultural Soci<'tie8,310 Tour, notes of K. L. Allen, lOQ Travelling, modern, 128 I Transpiration of plants, 387 : Trade given to boys, 04 ' Trees, apple, soil for, 341 Trees, triinsplanling, 230, 334 1 Trees, fruit, 75 ' " age of, 232 I Tree corn, 227 Turnips, rot in, 284, 307, 315,323, 353, 356, 387 Turnip Fly, lemedy for, 4;)3 Trouglis, patent, Dennis', 14, 25, 32, 41, 53, 59, 109 V. Vegetation, progreas of, in June, 1840, 6 July, 42 Valedictory, 206 VV. Walsh, A., gardening, 308 Wanderings in the West, 5, 8, 12, 349 Water, stagnant, 1 17, " good, 202, 212 " cold, 88 Water proof dubbing, 363 Warren, on premium strawberries, 51 West, 203, 349 Weather, cold, cause of, 365 " observations on, 40 Wealth, how acquired, 80 Wells, J, report on farms, 259 — quantity of grass seodj. 301 Well, place to dig, 59 Weeds, 21,32, 51 Wostboro' Cattle Show, 83, ilG Weeks' beo hive, 43 Wheat, 29, 1 14, 202, 260, 341, 371 " insect, 300,306 " age of seed, 260 Winships' nurseries, 92 Winchester's, F, statement, 269 Whitewash, stucco, 147, 363 Why don't he do it? 285 White Carrot, 292 Wilder, loss of green house, 342 Women in France, 312 Wood, C. M., 333 Woodward, on bee and Weeki' hive, 43 Woods and Woodland, 22, 37, 236 Young, advice to, 43 " maxims for, 372 Young men, rules for, 317 Young Agriculturist, (heir opinions published, 36% AND HORTICULTUStAL REGISTER. PUr.LtSHED EV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Wabehouse.) vol.. MX.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 8, 1840. [NO. I. N. E . FARMER. ESSEX AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY'S AN- NUAL CA I'TLE SHOW, &c. AT Gkorgetown, Wednesday, Sept. 30th, 1840. Premiums offered by the Essex Jjgricultural Society and the Massachusetts Society for Promoting J}g- ricutture. 1. Managfment of Farms. For tlie best cultivated farm, of not less than fifty acres excliisivf! of woodland, regard being' had to particular iinpnivements within a few years past, the quantity of produce, the manure and e.xponse of cultivation, with a statement in writing of all facts in relation to the same — 1st premium $S0 2d premium 15 Notice of intention to claim these premiums must be given to ihe Secretary on or before the 1st of July, the present year. Such farms as are entered will be e.xaniiued by a conmiittce in July and Sep- tember. It is Impeil that there may be many com- petitors in this county, for the liberal premiums offered by the Slate Society on farms, and that the same gentlemen will report their farms in their own county. The farmer who undertakes to place his farm in a condition worthy to be examined, is sure of obtaining one premium, if not more; in the increased quantity of his produce and the general appearance of all around him. II. Dairy. 1. For the best butter produced on any farm within the county, from tho 1st of June to the 9th of July, inclusive, in the present year, a sample of which, not less than twenty five pounds, to be ex- hibited, with a particular statement of the method of making and preserving the same, For the best $8 For the second best, 6 " third best, 4 2. For the best produce of butler, on any farm within the county, in the four months ne.xt follow- ing the 'iOth of May, the present year — a sample of not less than twentyfive pounds of this butter to be exhibited at the anniversary of the .'Society — quali- ty as well as ijwintity to be taken into view, with a satisfactory account of the manner in which the cows have been fed, and the general management ofthe milk and butter. For the best, $10 For the second best, 8 3. For the best produce of new milk cheese, in proportion to the number of cows producing it, on any farm within the county, in the months of July, August and September, in the present year, a sam- ple of which, not less than fifty pounds, to be e.x- hibitcd. For the best $10 l''or the second best 8 III. Turning in of Grf.en Crops as a .'Ianure. For the most satisfactory experiment of turning in green crops as a manure, on not less than one acre of land, a detailed account of the whole pro- cess to be given in writing, For the best -$20 F'or the second best, 10 IV. Fokest Tr.EES. 1. For the best plantation of either of the follow- ing species of forest trees, viz: white oak, yellow oak, locust, larch, white ash, maple or walnut, in the third year of their growth, and not less than one thousand trees, $30 2. For the best do. do. do. not less than six liundred trees, 15 3. For the best do. do. do. not less thnn four hundred trees, 10 Remarks. To encourage the cultivation of forest trees, and to induce our farmers, if possible, to make experi ments therein, it is allowed that the trees may be raised finm the seed, or tran.<:planted from the for- est, and that lliey may be set on one or more par- cels of land on the farms ofthe claimants, or in or- namental rows about the farms. The number of trees and the thrift and vigor of growth will be rc- earded more than their position ; always under- standing them to be placed where it is designed they shall continue to grow. If raised from the seed, the third year of their growth will be the time for examination. If tak<'n from the forest, the third year after being transplanted will be the time for examination. If any person now has trees growing that will answer this description, they may be sub- ject of premium, as well as those- which may here- after be cultivated for this purpose. Notice of intention to claim any of these pre- miums must be given to the Secretary ofthe Soci- ety on or before the fifteenth of June in the year in which the claim is made. V. Cultivation OF Mulberry Trees, Silk, &c. 1. For the best plantation of mulberry trees, for wliich no premium has been awarded, at least one hundred trees, of three years growth or more, the sa.iie being in a thriving condition, !f\5 For the second best, 10 2. For the best nursery of mulberry trees, at least five hundred trees, not exceiiding two years growth, , $10 For the second best, .5 ■i. For the best specimen of silk produced within the county of Essex, not less than one pound, .f 7 For the second best, 5 4. For the best conducted experiment in the pro- duction of silk, the result to be shown in the exhi- bition of the article, the same to be exhibited either in cocoons, reeled, or manufactured, with a state- ment in writing ofthe facts relating thereto, $10 For the second best, ■ 5 Remarks. If any person shall have commenced experiments in reference to the premiums heretofore offered, their claims may be presented. The results of ev- ery experiment on those subjects although not par- ticularly within the description for which premiumB are offered, would be acceptable, and if found wor- thy, rewarded with a suitable gratuity. VI. Irrigation. For the most satisfactory experiment for increas- ing the crops, upon not less than one acre of land, by irrigation, with a detailed account of the man- ner, expense, and benefits produced, $12 Fi>T the second best, 8 VII. Improving Wet Meadow or Swamp Lands. For the best conducted experiments in reclaiming Aet meadow or swamp lands, on not less than one acre, I'or which no premium has heretofore been awarded, the course of management, and the pro- duce, &c. for a period of two years, at least, to be detailed with a statement of all incidental expen- ses, $20 For the second best, 10 As numerous premiums have been awarded on these subjects, more minuteness of detail will be required than has heretofore been exacted. VIII. Ploughing. 1. Double Teams. — For the best performance in ploughing, $12 the second, 10 the third, 8 the fourth, 6 2. Single Teams. — For the best performance in ploughing, $10 the second, 8 the third, 6 the fourth, 4 .3. Horse Teams. — For the best performance in ploughing, $8 the second, 6 Remarks. Double teams will be required to plough not less than one sixth of an acre, and single teams not less than one eighth of an acre. Doublo teams not less than seven inches deep ; single teams not less than Jive inches deep. Tlie plough must be of the best construction, the I'urrows truly cutand well turned ; the whole must be done in a workmanlike manner. So many premiums have already been awarded for ploughing, and so great have been the improve- ments in the construction of ploughs, that nothing less than the best work will be satisfactory. Those who intend to be competitors in the ploughing match must give notice to the secretary on or before the Monday previous to the exhibition. Persons re- siding more than ten miles from the place of exhi- bition, can have their teams intended to bo used in the field, fed at the expense of the Society, the night previous. The competitors for these premiums must be the owners of the teams, and the same must be entered in the name ofthe owner. No person will he en- titled to receive more than one premium, although he may enter more than one team. IX. Improvement of agricultural Implements. To the person who shall exhibit at the show any NEW ENGLAND FARMER JTJLT 8 t 4 new or improved agricultural implement, the inven- tion being his own, whicli shall in the opinion of the trustees merit a reward, a premium shall be I given, not exceeding ten dollars. In all cases, proof must be given of the worK'i done by the iiiplemenl before it is exhibited, and | of its having been used and approved hy some practical farmer. j X. Comparative I'ntve of Crops as Food for Cnltlc. | For the most satisfactory experiuient upon a j stock of cattle, not less than four in number, in ascertaining the relative value of the different kinds of fodder used for the cattle, as compared with English hay, with a detailed account of the fodder used, and the expense of raising the same ; the experiment to be made in the three winter months, S'JO For the second best, II) For the third best, 10 These premiums are offered, to be paid wlienev- or a meritorious claim is presented to the Trus- tees, and will be continued for three years. XI. Experiments on .Manures. For any well conducted and decisive experi- ment in the use of marl, peat, lime, gypsnm, ashes of wood, peat, or coal, as a manure, in the \\n- provement of land, with full accounts of its man- agement and results, $20 For the next best experiment, 10 XII. Fattening Cattle and Swine. For the most satisfactory experiment in feeding cattle or swine, with a statement in detail of the process nnd the results, .fl.T For the second, 10 XIII. Cultivniion of Ulieat, Rye, Oats, Barley, Buckwheat and Indian Corn. 1. For the best conducted experiment of JVheat, on not less than one acre of land, $10 2. For the best conducted experiment of Rye, on not less than one acre of land, $10 3. For the best conducted experiment of Oats, on not less than one acre of land, $10 4. For llie best conducted experiment of Barky, on not less than one acre of land, $10 5. For the best conducted experiment of Buck JVheat, on not less than one acre of land, .$10 6. For the best conducted experiirent of Indian Com, on not less than one acre of land, .$10 A statement of the jjroduce, the manner of pre- paring the ground, the seed, harvestinr, &c., in- cluding all the details in ri'lalion to the crops, &c. will be required to be handed to the Committee. (Concluded next week.) CANKER WORMS. To the Editor of the New England Faraier: I notice in a late number of your valuable paper some account of the canker worm, signed by Elijah Voso of Dorchester, in which ho remarks that the grubs ascend in October. I will here state for the information of your readers, (and I wish it were in my power to tell it to all people who are troubled with canker worms,) that the grubs ascend in the ninth month, (September) and that they continue to ascend whenever the weather is favorable, and the ground is not frozen so as to confine them in it, until the first or middle of the fifth month (May) following. I believe that the want of suc- cess on the part of those tliat attempt to destroy the canker worm, is owing to their not applying their remedies early enough in the fall, and thai they do not continue them late enough in the spring. In conversation with Mr Asa Freeborn, a highly respectable farmer of Portsmouth, R. I., I inquired what success he had in destroying the canker worms with llie leaden trougli and roof. He said "it prevented any from ascending where it was applied, and that he ascended the trees and used his best endeavors to find sou^e worms upon the trees, but he could not find one ; but where he used tar, or any other apparatus except the leaden troughs, they ate his trees badly." He had here- tofore been in the practice of tarring his trees, but says he, "I will never tar another tree." He in formed me that he intended to have the balance of his trees furnishc.l with the troughs this season. He assured me that he caught some ascending in September. 1 find very few people are willing to believe that the grubs ascend in the fall. I have heard some say that they had seen accounts of their ascending in the fall, but did not believe them. If any person who is troubled with canker worms will put some apparatus on the tree in the fall that will catch them, they will be so perfectly convinced, that any argument beside would be su- perfiuous, Respectfully, your friend, J. DENNIS, .Jb. Portsmouth, R. I., 7ma. \st, 1840. The undersigned having used J. Dennis, .Tr.'s patent trough and roof for preventing canker worms or other insects from ascending trees, for the two years past, are satisfied that is the cheapest, and most effectual, and more durable than any other method we have any knowledge of, and requires less care and attenti Middletown, R. I. William Bailey, I Thomas B. Buffum, j Henry Hedly, \ Asa Sherman, , Portsmouth, R. I. Solomon Hedly, j Charles S. Henishoff, Bristol, R. I. Having an orchard of rising iOO apple trees that had been badly eaten by tli^ canker worms, for a number of yars, I did, in the fall of 1838, have one half guarded with the leaden roof and trough invented by .lonathan Dennis, .Tr., of Portsmouth, R. 1., anil am satisfied that if properly done, and timely care and attention paid to keep the troughs well supplied with oil, both fall and spring, in tlie season of the grubs ascension of the trees, it will prove a thorough remedy. At any rate, I was so far pleased with the result of the trial on the first half of my orchard, that I had the residue of my trees furnished with lead in the fall of 1839. The part that was supplied the first, produced about 75 bushels of apples ; whereas the other part pro- duced scarcely any, having been eaten up very much by the worms, while the part secured by the troughs was acarcelv eaten at all. DAVID BUFFUM. Middletown, R. I, 2mo. Uth, 1840. J^Inasacliiiaelts Horticultural Society. EXH»BITIO:fl OF FRUITS, FLOWERS, AND VEGETABLES. Snlurday, July 4th, 1640; Vegetables. — Potatoes from Josiah Lovett 2d, Esq., of Beverly. Mr Lovett states that they are of excellent quality for winter, as well as summer use, and are always in eating by the 4lh of July ; they appear ripe, and are fine specimens for the season. Fruits. — Gooseberries, (fine) from John G. Thurslon, Esq., of Lancaster; Grapes, White Chasselas, from the garden of J. S. C. Green, Esq., of Waltham ; Black Hamburg, (very fine) from the garden of ,Mr. C. Golderman of Chelsea ; Cherries, hy A. D. Williams, Esq. Dahlias. — By Messrs A. Bowditch and Parker Barnes. Roses and Picotees, from Samuel R. Johnson, E.sq., of Charlestown. Bouquets, from John Hovey and S. Walker. Pi1^ks and Violas from S. Walker. JVative Floivers, by Dr E. Dwight of Dedhain. S. WALKER, Chairman Com. on Flowers. It is estimated that 100,000,000 lb,s. of Beet Root Sugar has been manufactured in France the last year, and in Prussia and Germany 30,000,000 lbs. The Troy Whig states that in Michigan, 240,000 lbs were manufactured the past season. From the New Genesee Farmer. PLUGGING FRUIT TREES. Mr.ssRs Editors — Some seven or eight years ago, you doubtless recollect there was considera- ble said about plugging fruit trees with sulphur and other substances to protect them from disease and insects. I had thought however that this was all a humbug, which had lived its day and received its doom ; till a few days since a respectable looking man told me ho had practiced a similar method with the most perfect success, on many trees in Living- ston Co., for several years past, and that lie had dis- covered a compound, which on being inserted into the body of the tree, would in a few hours expel all borers, caterpillars, enrculios, slugs, &c., and would effectually prevent all injury to the tree or fruit from these depredators for many months after the application. I asked him if so powerful an agent would not injure the tree or render the fruit unwholesome. He replied it would not, as the in- gredients were all used by men as medicine, and the quantity absorbed by the fruit was so very small, that nothing hut an insect could discover it. He evidently did not belong to the Thomsonian school of medicine, however, for he informed me that Calomel and raw quicksilver were among the substances employed. How they were to be dis- solved and made to circulate in the sap of the tree, is a mystery which he did not explain to me. May 27, 1840. MONROE. Canada Thistles should be mowed, to prevent seeding. This formidable weed is most easily disposed of by utter extirpation. Never allow them to show their heads above ground, and they will die. The leaves are the lungs of the plants, and if they arc not permitted to breathe, they can- not live. A good way to destroy a patch, is to let it grow till about the time of flowering, that the roots may become somewhat exhausted, then turn the whole under by deep ploughing, subsequently harrowing, and never allow the thistles again to peep above ground. '! his will be effectual the second, if not the first year. — lb. VOL.. XIX. NO. I. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, For the New England h'aritier. BOOK FARMERS, &c.— HAYMAKING. Boston, July ist, 1840. Mr Colman — There are in the cities, I am in- formed, <;ent!emeii who arc called (perhaps in de- rision) booli farmers ; who own t'arnis, but have lit- tle practical knowledge of husbandry. If they be judicious rncn, however, I should be far from think- ing' meanly of the utility of their labors. They have the means and the time to collate and exam- ine the various practical facts presented by working farmers, and the various theories offered by specu- latists. And then, opinions based upon so much valuable data cannot fail to bo respei'table. The voluntary and gratuitous labors of such members of the agricultural societies, to say nothing of their money contribntiiins, ought to be encouraged. In- deed it may be hoped that th-? time will come (so much desired by Franklin) when these men ofleis- ure and fortune will transplant some of their sons and daughters into the happy abode first made for man, instead of overloading the learned professions with supernumerary members and breaking down the real merchant by a crowd of pretenders — depriving agriculture of her natural arms, and then increas- ing its labor by charging it with the maintenance of a host of bankrupts. On the continent of Europe it is absolutely a ti- tle of nobility to possess and improve a good farm; and those who have this good fortune, call them- selves the lords of the land, and their title is not disputed. A little estate which I held, till lately, in France, with one other small circumstance, en- titled me to be a baron of the empire, under Napo- leon, if such a title could have been acceptable to a republican. If the agents of the census had been instructed to inquire what number of young men had left the fields for commercial pursuits, and those who had adhered to the plough, and the results of their re- spective labors at the end of fifteen years could have been known, few will doubt that the balance would be in favor of the farmers : especially when it is known that more than three quarters of the traders in our great cities fail. It is to the practical fanners, however, that we must look for the facts still wanting to fill the meas- ure of agricultural science, .^nd no one should think so humbly of himself as to suppose, that Ac cannot contribute something towards the filling that measure. The most trivial circumstance, if it appear new, and out of the common order of events, should be noticed and couniuinicated, so that it may find its way into print. By itself it may be of lit- tle value or quite insijnificant : but in the hands of a master workman in his study, it may prove to be the lost pleind, the very essential star that was wanting to complete some new and brilliant galaxy in vegetable physiology. The workingman fur- nishes the facts without which the synthetic philos- opher can build up no sound and philosophical theory. Let then every intelligent farmer take note of every variety of product, and every anoma- ly in nature's seeming freaks, but wise though un- known purpose, and in due time man will be able to read her work-< perhaps more understandingly, and probably with more fruit than he now reails the bible. I claim not to be a practical farmer — (I wish 1 cbuld) — nor yet a cbinet farmer, for I do not pos- sess one book on anriculture ; nor do I remember to have read one. In my youth I destined myself for a farmer, and engaged land for a settlement be- fore I was twentyone ; but I was opposed by my parents, and have thus been nothing. But my first love comes back to me in my old age, and I would discourse about it as much as I dare to, without exposing too nmch my ignorance. Where my no- tions or suggestions may appear unsound to those who have some real knowledge, I hope to be par- doned for my presumption. Perhaps my blunders may prove to be fruitful hints to them. 1 will now venture on one of them. HAY. 'I'he hay I made and saw made in France, was done very much as it is here. But their scythes were inferior to ours. Their hay is kept in barns and mows, like ours, and is subject to the like acci- dents. My intention now is to propose a means of pre- serving it better, which has been suggested to me by a practice common in Switzerland for preserving what is called Swiss tea, or certain aiomatic herbs found in the mountains. These herbs are com- pressed, after drying, into a very small compass, so as to exclude perfectly the air, and thus to preserve their aroma. The Shakers, I believe, preserve me- dicinal herbs in the same way; sj that they may be kept for years, and are taken for the longest voyages. Here then is the source from which I propose to borrow some useful knowledge, for this or some other place — for this or some other time. The principle is with me, I am sure; however circumstances may be unfavorable to ptactice. The aroina of the Quaker herbs, as the aroma of the hay, con.stitute essentia] parts of their value. To judge of hay the 'first act is to smell it ; not to le.irn if it be musty only, but to know if it be sweet smell- ing. This sweet smelling indicates a more impor- tant quality than may at first appear. It is not to gratify the cattle with a luxury like a pinch of snuff; but it is something more substantial. ]t an- nounces the presence of those essential oils which may be evaporated by exposure to the air, as the essential oils ol the aromatic plants of the Quakers would be, without the pressing. These oils are essentially nourishing. '! heir presence informs us that there is in the hay, well cured and well kept, certain farinaceous and saccharine matter in a state of slow fermentation, from whence emanates a fra- grant spirit — the alcohol of the plant, if I may be allowed to use the term. This saccharine princi- ple, however, is not wanted in the shape of alcho- hol for our cattle, no inore than it is wanted from grain or molasses for man. But it is the grand nu- tritive principle, without which the hay would be no better than chaff. Now our object is to pre- serve this important substance, and not let it es- cape and be wasted in the air. 'I he time for cutting hay should be, I presume, that in which the juices of the grass are sufficient- ly elaborated to produce the seeds very soon, but not to have completed that object. The saccharine matter is then in the grass. If it were in the seed and they were ripe, the seeds would bo apt to fall and be lost. The grass now cut, and at the proper time, re- quires vigilance, judgment and good weather. Too much drying would take away much of the quali- ties mentioned above ; too little would expose it to the putrid fermentation. It must, then, be well dried, and immediately housed or stacked. When I was a boy, I remember to have seen the barns quite open-work ; seemingly with the intention of letting in the air. Now, if the hay wanted drying, it ought not to be housed. If it were well dried, then it could not be kept too close. You see, sir, that I am coming to the pressing of hay, in imitation of the Shakers' process on herbs. Ves, that is the object of this letter ; and I offer the suggestion humbly, to those who know more about the matter than I do. If hay coming from Maine, or other distant pla- ces by water, exposed to the rain, and perhaps put up wet, often show to disadvantage, these unto- ward circumstances should be taken into account before taking such hay for a sample of the system. If any simple contrivance can be devised for pressing hay, as I doubt not there may, the saving of room alone, it would seem, would compensate for the trouble. Our barns need not be half so large, and no hay need be exposed to the weather. And if it were convenient or necessary to stack it in the fields, it might then be much better protect- ed from the air and the rain. Now all this, it will be said, is theory, — Boston notions. However boldly I may theorise, it is my practice to give some reasons for what I offer ; and to adduce, when 1 can, the experience of others, and the common sayings (which often contain the short-hand popular philosophy of the time) in sup- port of my theory. I this view, I will remind you of what you have often heard, probably. Hay cut from the mow will feed more cattlethan that from the barn. Now I believe that hay in mows is closer packed and more protected from the air than that in our common barns, although it un- dergoe nothing like mechanical pressing. It is moreover said, that hay two years old will go far- ther than new hay. Hay two years old, to be eata- ble at all, must have been well preserved; there- fore its superior nutritive quality must proceed from a certain degree of that conservative care which it is my present object to make general, more easy and systematic. If I have been correct in princi- ple, F have no fear that the seeds I attempt to sow will fall on a barren soil : the American farmer's mind is a very fruitful soil. Yours, WM. FOSTER. From the Genesee Farmer. CULTURE OF THE GRAPE. Messrs Editors — A correspondent in the fourth number of the Farmer wishes to know the best method of raising the grape. My way is to trim those vines that have been growing some years, in the winter, so as to prevent the sap from running in the spring, which is apt to retard their growth. When the buds begin to start, I rub all from the the old part, leaving those on the last year's growth only which will produce grapes. After they have grown to the size of shot, I clip the ends of the vines and free them from branches, leaving a few of the thriftiest, which I keep free from branches, so that in the fall I have a number to raise a crop from the next season. By the mid- dle of .August I take the leaves from the vines that have grapes on, and by this means get them ripe before frost. If the buds have not been taken off when they first started, the surplus branches of the present year's growth may be clipped off in the forepart of June. By pursuing this course my grapes ripen without being frozen. C. PoH Gibson, M Y. NEW ENGLAND FAR M E R , JUIiY 8, IS4 0. For llie N. E. Fiirmc'r. THE CULIURR OF SILK, &c. Mr Ediiok — I soikI you soiiie remarks in rela- tion to tlip subject of silk — a subject whicli at this time deeply cnj^affes the attention of a considerable portion of the American people. They contain some facts wliicli I consider highly important for them to know at this particular period and season. I have endeavored to recall their attention to a Tery remarkable race of men : I mean the anglo- Saxons, to which also the A^nerican people belong, as a people preeminently calculated to succeed in every enterprise which they once undertake. To this I shall also subjoin a valuable article from the National Intelligencer, which was sent to me through the politeness of the Hon. VVm. S. Hast- ings, member of C'ongress for this district. It con- tains some account of the Now System of Prance, or the system of M. Beauvais ; also of the system pursued with such extraordinary success by the Misses Reina, the daughters of Count Reina, at his several establishments on his estates at Come, in Lombardy. This system also, is eminently deserv- ing oftrial in our climate. Very respectfully, yours, WILLIAM KENRICK. ^onnnhim Hilt, J^Tewton, June 17, 1840. The race of tlie anglo-Saxons, to which we all belong by direct descent, includes a people un- doubtedly one of the most e.\traordinary known on the records of time. This race seems destined to overspread many vast countries and to cover terri- tories nearly four times as extensive as the whole of Europe. In this calculation! include New Hol- land and luniierous other isles of the four oceans, and also a very large proportion of North America ; all destined to hold communion at some not distant day, in but one common language : — a race peculiarly distinguished for intelligence, for indus- try and untiring perseverance — for energy and en- terprise, and for their wonderful knowledge and progress in agriculture and every useliil art. In all these circumstances combined, few have ever equalled and none have ever surpassed them. All this is true of the anolo-Saxon race, hut only in their own element or suitable climate: that climate is comprehended only in that portion of the earth which is situated between the equinoctial regions and the polar circles. In those deligetful islands and tropical countries where but a very iittle amount of clothing is re- quired— where the earth jiroduces its fruits without cultivation, and where even the bread is the spon- taneous production of trees — where the labor of but a few days is sufficient to provide f r the subsis- tence of a whole year — where want and even the fear of want can never come, few or none will vol- untarily toil for great riches or for a great and needless future store: none it is believed will thus toil except by compulsion; none indeed butslaves. In such a country and climati', the anglo-Saxon, like an exotic plant, has usually been found to de- generate in the second or third generation, during which he loses, in a great degree, his native ener- gy both of body and of mind : his fields of cotton, of indigo, of cocao, ofcoflce, and of sugar, if cul- tivated at all, must be cultivated by labors no', his own; '• the fields of the ric'i man" being literally "fertilised and refreshed by the toil and sweat of the poor man," whom he has been enabled by his superior power to circumvent and to make his slave. Thus the opium of India, which yields to the gov- ernment of Britain an annual revenue of many mil- lions sterling, is by Britons extorted from the poor Hindoo, who is compelled throughout whole and extensive districts of India to cultivate a certain proportion of all his lands in opium; to sweat and toil for no adequate compensation, and for the sole benefit of his cruel taskmaster; to cultivate the in- toxicatincr drug for the infamous purpose of beinir smuiXLlled into China. '1 he infernal poison with which the British novernment seems determined to pollute and destroy a whole nation, and to sap the Ibnndations of an ancient and mighty empire, is not produced by the labors of the anglo-Saxons, but extorted by them from a people whom they have brought into subjection by the sword. Yet in England they cannot raise silk; their iiostile climate forbids: the prevailing winds, blow- ing as they do from the west or north, and directly from the ocean, they carry from thence a cold and humid atmosphere, loaded with aqueous vapors, which for a considerable portion of the year ob- scure the sun. Indian corn will not ripen in that climate, neither will the leaf of the peach elaborate Its juices sufficiently to mature its fruit ; nor will the leaf of the mulberry mature its juices sufficient- ly to become the healthful food of the silkworm, from this same cause. Thus in the systematic and careful experiments of Mr Felton at Birminjjham, in J83!), none of the silkworms began to spin till the end of eight weeks from the time of hatchihg, and a great portion not until after the end of elev- en weeks : of the former, •i5 to 50 per cent, die.l ; and of the latter, or of those which lingered thus long, 87 per cent, also died ; and the cocoons pro- duced were small. We have many accounts of the unsuccessful at- tempts to raise silkworms in England. In the fif- ^ ''y I teenth volume of the Popular Encyclopmdia, which volume was published in that country so lately as 18 59, and at page 127, we have the following re- markable pa.^sage under the article Morus albit, which I here quote : '-In this country (England) the white mulberry in all its varieties, suffers a good deal from our winters, but not so much as to prevent its cultivation. Some years ago an at- tempt was made to introduce it, and the rearing of silkworms into Great Britain, but the attempt fiiil- ed, owing partly to unskilful management, hot more to the aofl, juicy condition of the leaves in tliis damp ctininte, which rendered t'lem unfit for the food of the silkworm." In all the north and west of France, fi-oni the points where Indian corn ceases to be a certain crop, we are assured that they usually in ordinary cultnri! lose from 40to GO per cent, of the silkworms a;id without doubt from these same and no other causes. Not so in our own climate and country, and for reasons which I shall now attempt to ex- plain. Our serene skies and days of genial heat and of sunshine are not only highly favorable to the health of the silkworm, but they serve also suf- ficiently and completely to mature the juices of the leaf of the iinilberry in all its varieties, and to con- vert them into the most healthy as well as nutri- tious food, so that losses from disease from this cause can never come. Our prevailing winds for about three fourths of the year are also from the westward, but, coming as they do over a vast ex- tent of territory, they are dry and salubrious, they always bring fair weather, they repel the cold and foggy atmosphere and moisture of tiie ocean. These prevailing winds of the middle latitudes it is well known, carry ship? across the ocean and to the coasts of Europe in a far less period of time than they can ever return, either by the same or by any other route. These winds of the middle latitudes are the counter-currents of those same winds called trade icinds, wi.ich, following in the direct course of a vertical sun, blow unceasingly in the contrary direction and in all seasons within the tropics. In "Graham's India" we are informed that the high table lands of the Deccan, situated beyond the extensive barrier of hills called the western Ghauts, offer advantages very far superior to those of the low sultry plains of Bengal, or of almost any other country, for the cultivation of the white mulberry and the rearing of the silkworms. In Italy it is deemed unsafe to strip the leaves from the trees more than once for ilie worms, which are slow in progress in that climrite, go that they can have only one crop of silk in the'year. In the Deccan the mnlberry trees thrive with the most surprising lu.K- nriance, and being in perpetual verdure may be de- prived of their leaves six times in the year, and this without injury to them, provided a few leaves are allowed to remain at the top of the branches. So rapid is the progress of vegetation in that coun- try, that fresh leaves soon burst forth to supply the place of those which have been removed. The silkworm is so rapid in its operations, that six crops of silk in the year can with ease be obtained. The labor of the Hindus is also much lower than in Europe. In Italy they are obliged to have recourse to stoves and to warm currents of air, both for the purposes of hatching the ogi:-^ and of rearing the worms in their natural temperature. Prom sudden cluinges of atmosphere also, the insect is in Italy liable to disease. In the Deccan the insect in this respect requires no artificial aid. The silkworm in all its varieties, from the copious transpiration of the watery part of the leaf through tlie pores of its body, requires a dry, warm, and equable tenipera- turo to carry off the insensible perspiration, and particularly when vast numbers are congregated in the same apartment. The climate of the Deccan, from its great elevation, from the mildness ol its rains, from its temperature, dryness and equability, is the most congenial to the silkworm of any in the world; yet notwitlistanding tliese decided advanta- ges for the cultivation of silk in the Deccan, it has been hitherto neglected ; while in Italy, with all its natural disadvantages, silk has long been culti- vated, and is become the grand source of the nation- al wealth. Tlius it is, that in those countries where nature seems to have done every thing, neither the anglo- Saxou or any other peo|)le will voluntarily labor be- yond the needful wants of today. Nor can the arts and manufactures and the agriculture of our own country or of Britain, so unrivalled, the cutlery, the cotton or the wool, be transplanted to those coun- tries with even any hope of success. In our own country and in some of the States, we have also ex- tensive establishments, not only of cutlery but of jewelry, and vast printing establishments of sian- dard works, wliich require a great amount of manual labor, yet neither can these nor those other manu- factures be transplanted from our ov.'n climate to those intertropical countries where from the despot- ic character of their governments and the insecurity of all property, or from the density of their popula- tion and the scarcity or monopoly of their lands, or from the enervating nature of their climate and the inefficiency of the people, labor is nominally so VOL. XIV. NO. 1. AND H O R T I C U L T IJ K A L R E G 1 S,T E R cheap and men perform the labors of horses and oxen. From tlie natural temperature of our own climate, from tliH energy and efficiency of onr pen. pic, from the fertility iif our soil, and the abundance and clu'apness of our l.nids and pasture, art^ we enabled chra[)ly to maintain the vast animal power whicli we eiii[)loy in all onr atrricultural operations. We have, in fact, little or nothing;; to fear from the ppople of any of those countries as rivals, even in silk or in any other aijricullural production which we can in our own climate raise as well as they, by the superior energies of our people, by the cheap- ness and fertility of our lauds, and the very great proportion of animal labor which we employ. [Here follows the article from the National In- telligencer, alluded to in the foregoing, the great length of whi<-h compels us to defer its insertion until ne.xt week.] WANDERINGS IN THE W EST IN I8IJ9. No. VII. (Conliniitd J'rum vol. 18, pugt 43fi.) The southern half of Wisconsin is quite similar to Illinois, but the face of the country is more roll- ing and there is a larger proportion of timber. There is a fine district of country in the vicinity of Rock river, about 20 to 40 mile.-* north of Illinois line, and another betwren the Sugar river and the Fekatoni- ca : the latter is the best farming district that I have seen west of Ohio: it is well watered by the finest springs: there is an abundance of timber and stone enough for all useful purposes may be obtain- ed by digging a few feet below the surface in most of the hills. The northern portion of Wisconsin is a forest country, producing the different varieties of pine as well as hard wood. The northern part of Michigan is a forest country also. The climate of the country west of the Allegha- ny mountains is undoubtedly milder than in the same parallels east of the mountains. Some wri- ters have undertaken to show that there are more fair days there than at the east : how that may be I know nol ; but the principal advantage of the cli- mate I apprehend is, that the spring is more favora- ble : when winter breaks up it does not " linger in the lap oi' spring" so long as in tin: east, but warm weather advances more regularly and vegetation is not so freiiuonlly checked by cold easterly storms. In the prairie country where the rays of the sun are not obstructed, the evaporation is very great and rapid in the summer and the dews are very heavy, so that one can scarcely go out in the morn- ing without beii'.g wet to the knees as thoroughly as though he had waded in the creek. As soon as the sun is down the air becomes damp and chilly, and it is not prudent to go out in the evening without warm clothing even in midsummer. It is probable that the t'ever and ague is brought on by exposure to the night air, as often as from any other cause. The quality of the water is an evil in the west em country, though this is denied by some. Mr .lones in his book " Illinois ami the West," says that he never drank a drop of unpleasant water in Illinois, and compares it to the pure sparkling wa- ter of the Green mountain springs ; but if Air Jones could detect no difference, his taste must be nmch less delicate than mine ; but I presume he drank none but river water until he came to Tremont, be- cause no other is used on board the steamboats. and his travels by land, according to his own ac- count, were limited to a ride from Tremont to Rock river and back, and from Peru to Chicago, so that he found no water of very bad quality ; but the water about Tremont and Peoria is certainly not good, except compa'atively. The truth is, that ah the wafer in the western country is strongly im- pre;.riuited with lime, and where clay abounds the water contains various salts and earthy substances which render it disagreeable and unhealthy, and in many places it is nauseous. Where gravel takes the place of clay the water contains very little of any oftheso substances exce[)t lime, and it is clear and sparkling and not very unpleasant lo the tuste, and 1 presume is not iinheallliy. though it acts me- dicinally upon strangers: such is the water in Wis- consin ami the northern part of Illinois : the great- est inconvenience arises in the use of it for wash- ing; the lime makes the water hard. Many opinions are expressed with regard to the healthiness of the western Slates : some insist that the whole couiitiy is unhealthy; others assert that it is as healthy as the eastern States. That every part of the country has been at times unhealthy, will not be denied ; and this has been the case in all countries when first settled, except those in higli latitudes, and it may be attributed in a great measure to the greater exposure of the settlers, th» change of climate, of diet, ignorance of the char- acter of the prevalent diseases, the want of proper remedies and medical advice. But without doubt there are many places which are decidedly un- healthy from pen.ianenl local cau.ses. The low- level districts in Indiana, Illinois, Michigan and loway, and the vicinity of large rivers, generally have a sickly season as regularly as summer and winter. The common diseases are of a bilious character and are said to yield readily to medicine in mo=t cases, if attended to seasonably. Pulmon- ary diseases are not common. The high rolling districts I believe to be as healthy after the first summer's residence, as any districts in the east in the same parallels. Agriculture is not pursued with economy or neatness in the west. Farmers give their atten- tion chiefly to the cultivation of grain. Corn is the greatest product. They raise besides corn, a large amount of oats and wheat: rye and barley are seldom raised. In the forest country they clear their land by deadening the trees, which they do by girdling, which method they prefer to cutting, because they sooner get rid of the stumps; the dead trees in a few years fall down and jiull out a part o( the roots : they then burn them on the ground. As soon as the clearing will permit, they put in corn or wheat, and the same field is culti- vated f r one kind of grain m my years in succes- sion. On the prairies they usually plough in June or July, and lot the sward lie until the next spring, — though it is often ploughed in May and planted to corn by cutting holes with an axe in every third or fourth furrow : this is called sod corn, and it re- ceives no further attention after planting. Sod corn often yields nofhing but fodder, but usually it yields from ten to fifteen bushels to the acre. I have seen it stated that sod corn yields ordinarily ;5.") or 40 bushels, but I venture to say that such a crop was never known upon prairie sod; I never heard any experienced man rate it higher than l."). .■M'terthe first season the land is ligiit and friable, and a single horse answers very well to |dough it, though two horsfs are generally used. The coni- nion practice is to plant corn in hills, and when it is three or four inches high they begin to plough it and continue the operation until the corn begins to set for ears ; it is then " laid by": very few hoa their corn at all: sometimes after the last plough- ing the larger weeds are chopped down, and cora thus tended in the southern counties yields on a« average 50 bushels to an acre : in the northerm Counties ;j5 to 40 bushels. The kind raised in the south is the flat corn; there are several varieties; that which is esteemed the best is the yellow dent. In the north the hard flint corn is raided, the south- ern corn being liable to be cut oft' by frost. With the use of manure and careful cultivation the crop may be very much incre sed, and more than a hun- dred bushels have been raised upon an acre ; but the average, without manure, is not higher thai above stated. An average crop of winter "heat is about 25 bushels and spring wheat about 18. Oats average from 40 to 50 bushels. I have seen 40 bushels of wheat to the acre and from 70 to 80 of oats; but these were extra crops. Roots are very little cultivated. A few potatoes, beets, English turnips and onions are raised, but no largo crops of either. Many farmers who raise 500 bushels of corn will have not more than 20 bushels of potatoes. In the far west no one tliinki of raising roots for cattle, so far as I am acquaint- ed. The soil appears to be admirably adapted t» roots. On Fox river the cultivation of beets for the manufacture of sugar is beginning to exci'c at- tention, and some experiments have been made, with what success I did not learn. Beet sugar may become a great staple in the west. Gardening is very little attended to. Most far- mers raise a few vegetables, but a regular garden is hardly to be foiind in the west Fruit trees flourish remarkably well throughout the whole western country, and in ihe older settle- ments there are line orchards of apple and peach trees. The only fruits which are indigenous in the west are crab apples, wild plums, pawpaw, raspber- ries and strawberries. The pawpaw is not found in the north. Plums are very plentiful in almost every grove. The horse is a favorite animal in all the western states, and the fanners generally take pains to' rear horses of good blood. The horses generally ar* lighter than in Pennsylvania, but more active. Very little attention is paid to the breed of cattle. Milk and butter are of little value and cheese is hardly known; iienci: the quality of cows is a mat- ter of very little concern. I have seen, however, some of the finest catt'e in Illinois that I ever sa» in my life, but in g'-neral a more ill-looking, black^^ ring-streaked and speckled race of cattle have nev- er been known since the days of the patriarch Jacob. Hogs are very plenty, and the farmers in Ohio, Indiana and Illinois rely upon them principally aa the means of obtaining money. They are gener- ally of a miserable breed, long-nosed, long-legge4 animals, apparently better fitted for running tha« for any other purpose. They go at large upon the commons and in the woods, living upon grass, mast, &.C. till autumn, when they are fed a little while with corn, and when ready for market the average weight does not exceed 1.50 lbs. The farmers sel- dom slaughter their hogs but sell them to be drive« to Cincinnati, Alton, Chicago and other marketi^ where the slaughtering and packing of pork is made a very extensive business. The usual price that is obtained is from three to four dollars a hundred weight. (Concluded in oiir next.) NEW ENGLAND FARMER, JlLirS, 1840. A>n IIORTICULTL'RAL RIGISTER. UosTON, Wednesday, Jdly 8, 1840. COMMENCEMENT OF VOLUME XIX. Tiine,evL-r on its wing, lias broiii'fii us lo ilie clo^e of another volume, and tiie CDmnienceinenl of h new one. In looking (»vf;r the last volmne, «e feel aj^iured that none ol its [iredecessors liavi^ been conducted with great- er ability, nor have their pages been enriclied with po ■luch original, useful and interesting niaiter as Lliat of »he last year. It has been our emieavor lo nieet the wants and wishes of ilie intelligent agricultural coinmu- nity, and as far as we can learn, belnve our efforts have not been in vain. VVe havj certainly exeried ourselves lo do tJie best we could. The able as.^istanci- from the Agricultural Coniniissioner, we are confiileiit, h:is been duly appreciated by the public, as well as that which we have received from , sprinkled generously during the afternmn and evening, and the sky being overcast on Monday, we availed ourselves of the opportunity to transplant the dahlias to the flower borders. From some cau.se or oth- er, either from an unsuitable exposure or an unconge- nial soil, my success with dahlias has been very discour- aginc, and I did not obtain last .season one 4)erfect flower. The vines upon the rafiers commenced blossoming on the 9th, and today several bunches are setting their fiuit. The berries upon the Isabellas have grown fine- ly, and are, generally speaking, about the size of early pe:is. They do not, however, set their fruit well under •.'lass, the blossoms requiring more air than it is practi- cable to admit inlo a vinery ; but when thoroughly ri- pened, which they never are with us in an outdoor ex- posure, they are a far richer and more highly flavored grape than the Sweetwater. Strawberries are ripening vry fast, and we have gathered freely from our vines both yesterday and today. Cherries are coloring upon the trees, and there have been some few otVered in the market, but they need a few hot suns to sweeten them. Roses have commenced blooming finely, es|>ecially the Scotch, the Boursalt and the Moss roses. The fly which disfigured the foliage the last season has again made its appearance, and no effectual remedy has been discover- ed for dispelling them. Sulphur, dry ashes and snufT have each been recommended and used, but they can neither of them be applied :it this stage of the growth without injury to the buds and flowers. The weather has been showery again tod.-\y, and wc have completed the filling up of the flower borders with annuals, and have transplanted lo the field a quantity of cabbage planis sowed I3th May. The locust trees have been in perfect blossom during the week and also the double pheasant-eyed pink borders around the circular flower beds upon the lawn, which combined with the clover blossoms, have completely perfumed the air with fra- grance. June 20th A brilliant flash of lighining succeeded instantaneously by a tremendous chip of thunder at 2 o'clock yesterday morning, introduced one of tiio finest rains of the season, which continued lo fall in pouring showers until mid-day. The weather has been clear and I comparatively coo! since Saturday last, such as farmers tt-rm III this season of the \ear, fine hoeing weather. Green peas, cherries and strawberries are now very abundant, but our crop of cherries is generally irtiper- fecily ripened, owing perhaps, in some measure to the difficulty of preserving the ripened fruit from the depre- dations of the feathered tribe, who not content with a fair proportion of the spoils, peck at each rosy cheils, and leave it to decay upon the tree. The vines in the g.'apery have all set tlieir berries fully and strongly, and the vines themselvi's have grown with great vi^or. Gar- den vegetables of all kinds are looking remarkably well, wilh the exception of carrots, the seed of which in many instances lailed lo v«gelate, in con.suquence of tlie con- tinued dry weather immediately after the sowing. This seed vegetates at best but very slowly, and like the beet seeds of every kind, should invariably be soaked at least three days beiore planting. I last year sowed rm the 30th May, half an acre with carrot seed, which had been soaking in spring water 4 days, and we were enabled to weed and thin them on the 1.5th June, almost before a weed had made its appearance upon the field. The show of ruses and of pinks have been perfectly beauti- ful during the week, but tht: latter were much injured by thi! rain of yesterday ; for the last fortnighi tliey have been blossoming superbly, attracting the admiration of hundreds who have visited Elfinglen for the purpose of viewing them, and now that they are trimmed off, and the earth drawn up around them, they will still continue until autumn, a ^-reen and ornamental border. June 27th — Saturday. It commenced showering this alternoon at 2 o'clock, and we have now every pros- pect of another refreshing rain, (iince Saturday last the weather has been clear and very hot, and the sur- face of the ground has become quite dry again under the influence of ihe scorching sun. The month of June has been hut and summer-like throiighcmt, forming a strik- ing contrast to the June of last year, when we had scarce- ly a warm summer day, and not one solitary warm night during its continuance Crops of all kinds are now promising remarkably well. Indian corn has generally been hoed the second time and is just ready to spindle, and early planted potatoes are fully in blossom. 1 would recommend to cultivators lo test tlie experiment of plucking off' the flower blossoms for the purpose of in- creasing the produce of potatoes. 1 experimented last season upon six rows of DiUinghams. The three rows fiom which 1 plucked the blossoms yielded fivebushels ; while the three rows upon which the balls ripened pro- duced only four bushels. The first crop of peas are about gone, and iheir place will soon be supplied with string beans, which are just podding. Melons and squashes have recovered from the efl'ects of the fly, and early planted canteleupes are already setting their fruit. Strawberries and cherries are very abundant. The grapes in the vinery are growing vigorously and are a week or ten days in advance of the last season. On the 29lhJune last year, they were barely of the size of very small peas; today they are larger than the largest mar- rowfats. During tlie week we iiave sowed several rows of Bloodgoods, ruta baga, (a reddish variety, fareuperior lo the white or green,) for transplanting the latter part of July and August ; have planted into llie trenches ihe celery plants which were pricked out from the hot-bed into the cold frame on the '.i7lh May; and have hoed and thinned out the mangold wurlzel planted on the 22d .May. The success of this most valuabh: crop depends much upon the proper thinning of the plants in the ear- ly stage of their growth. The soil foi Mangold Wurtzel should be ricii and deep, and if practicable, be trench ploughed, which is merely ploughing two furrows deep, by following wilh a second plough in the track of the first. The seed, having been previously soaked in spring water, should be planted about the 20th May, at the rate of 4 lbs to the acre, upon drills two feet apart. Each seed produces two or more plants, all but one of which should be drawn out at the first hoeing, and the plants thinned to 12 inches. Upon drills two feet asunder, wilh planis standing one foot apart from each other upon ihe row, there will be 4t>,.'5G0 plants upon an acre. Allowing them to average 2 lbs. each, which is ceitainly alow estimate, (I last year raised several Mangold VVurtzels and Ruta Bagas, weighing 8 and 10 lbs. each,) we shall have 9:1,120 lbs., or more than 4.) tons of the most nutritious food for stock. Man- gold Wurtzels cannot be transplanted to advantage, but VOL. XIX, NO. 1. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER any vacancies vvliicli may occur upon the rows should be till(!(l up with Rula Bagas, sowed for this purpose, as ineiitioned above. We iiave also triitiuied tlie Buc!-40. tteltirtf (1 ftirtlir ^fw Cn!.'l:iiiil l< inner Al M.irket 285 Beef Cattle, 18 Cows and Calves, 1325 Sheep and 125 Swine 40 Beet Cattle unsold. |*I,ICFS. — rteef Cattle — We quote to correspond with last week. First quality, ^6 25. Second qualitv, ^5 75 a $G 00. Thinl quality, Jji5 00 a $5 75. Onrs and CWrcs.— Sales $22, $25, $28, $30, .$32, and $40. SAee/J.— Dull. Lots were sold at $1 50, .$1 7.5. $2 00, $2 25, $2 37, and .$2 G2. Swtne. — No lot.^ to peddle were sold. A few were re- tailed at 4 1-2 a 7 THER.MO.METRICAL. Ilepiirteil (or the New England I'armer. Range of the Tlierinoinelerat the Garden of the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Hrighlon, Mass. in a shaded iVorlliprly exposure, weeks ending July 5. July, 1840. I 7A.M. I 12,M. I 5,P.M. I Wind. Mnmiay, Tue^ilay. Wednesdiiy, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sunlay, 29 6.5 SO 77 30 71 93 75 1 69 82 72 2 57 76 68 3 58 71 63 1 4 5S 75 64 5 59 82 73 s s. w. s. N. E. S. E. K. SrPERIOR SILK AVORitlS' EGGS. 200 ounces While and Yellow Peanut, White PiedmoU' lese, Milan, and Lyons Sdk Worms' Eggs, for s,i!e al S; per ounce. Tbey can tie sent per mail. The hrst crop of worms in the cocoonery of the subscribers have produced the most beautiful snow white Cocoons and of remarkable size and compactness. No worms have perished, and such has been the general success attendant every where in the Slate of New Y'ork and the adjoining States on this new branch of business, thai there is already found a great ip- sufficiency of foliage and SI per 100 lbs. is now offered for leaves. WILLIAM PRINCE & SON. Flushing, Long Island, July 8. 21* SCVTHES, RAKES, &c. The subscribers offer f*'r sale a very extensive and com- plete assorlment of Scythes, Rakes, &c. consisting in p.irt of 300 dozen Phillips, Messer and Colby's superior Scythes. 60 " MetcalPs do. do. 50 " Taft's cast steel do. do. 25 " English do. do. Grass do. 10 " do. do. (to. Cradle do. 10 '' do. do. do. * Border do. 100 " Hall's Rakes, superior, too " Wilder & Eddy's do. do. 200 *' Common do. do. 100 " Clapp's patent Scythe Snaiths. 50 " Baker's do. do. do. 100 " Conmion do do. do. 2500 " Austin's superior Rifles. 2000 " Common do. 1000 " Scythe Stones, too " Grain Cradles superior. They would respectfully call the attention of Dealers and Agriculturists lo ihe above assorlment, which ccmsisls of many of the best kinrls now in use, and which they are pre- pared to sell at the very lowest prices. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. .Vnp England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, 51 & 53 North Market Street. May 20. NOTICE. The Rhode Island Society for the encouragement of Do- mestic Industry, have procured copies of Dr Jackson's Geological and Agricultural Report of Rhode Island, and will deliver the members each a copy gratis, bv calling on B. Cranston &. Co. al their Bookstore in Providence. WILLIAM RHODES, Treasurer. Rhode Island, June 24. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GRE&T CARE, WEEKLY. The Revolving Rake, which has been in general use in niost pans of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is foued lo be one ol ihe most useful and lalior saving machines now in use. One man and horse, with a boy to lead, will rake on an averai^e from 25 In :jO acres per day, wiih ease, and do the woik well. They are coming into very general use in all pans of the country, and will, no doubt, in a few years, supersede the use of the common hand rake. Tliore is a great advantage in this rake over all others, as the person using it does not have lo stop the horse lo unload the rake. GRAIN CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England Slates, where they were till of late but little known, although ihey have been in very general use in the southern and western States, for many years, and which is lound to be decidedly Ihe be»t mode of harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one The iblTerence in gathering a crop is so much in favor of cradling, thai we must suppose that it will be the only mode adopted hereallcr, and the grain cradle will become of as n:iuch use, as an implemenl of husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great improvement in the manufac- turing of this article, they are now made on ihe most im- proved plan ; ihe scythe is well secured and finished in a superier manner and made of the best cast steel. OSTRICH FOWLS. For sale, a few pairs of this largest breed of domestic poultry. The hens are good layers and the eggs of the largest size. The male, of whicli these are the produce weighs more than eight pounds in common condition, and he is not quite a year old. This breed, as well as the Dork- ing, makes good capons. Price S5 per pair. Apply to JOSEPH BRECK i'ii CO. June 24. if PURE BLOOi) BERKSHIRE PIGS. The Society of Shakers al Harvard, Mass , have for sale the Pure Blood Beikshire Pigs. Also, a lol of Berkshire crossed svilh other Breeds, on reasonable terms at their Village Persons wishing to be sure of the clear Berkshire breed may rely on those they offer for sale, as they are the proge- ny of some of ilie latest imported from England. June 24. DORKING FO-WLS. For sale, a few pairs of pure Dorking Fowls. The slock, of which these are ihe produce, were procured in Dorking, County of Surrey, England. " Few breeds have a litle to boast of so high and long coniinued a reputation as ihe Dorking. Upwards of fiftyfive years have pa^sed, since, while resident in Surrey, I sent to Dorking for my first regular breeding- slock : Iney were then the ancient and superior five-clawed breed of Surrey.'' — JMolchrai/ on Poultry, 7th Edition. This breed attains to a large size, and the hens are the best of layers. Price S3 per pair. Apply lo JOSEPH BRECK & CO. June 24. tf ^ — ___ __ FROM TO Alum, American, .... pounc 5 6( Ashes, Pearl, per lOD Ihs. . 6 25 &6« Polj 4 60 4 7& Beans, while, Foreign, bushel 1 75 2 26 " " Domestic, . " 2 00 2 60 Ueef, mess, .... barrel 15 00 No. 1 " prime, .... (( 11 00 use Bkeswax, winte, .... pound 35 4* vcllow. " 25 2« Bristles. American, " 35 70 IJuTTEH, shipping;, " 10 11 dairy, .... " 16 18 Candles, moulil, .... " 13 14 dipped, " sperm, .... II 3f Chefse, uew milk, pounc Cider, . . .... doze I 1 25 1 5« refined barrel 2 00 4 00 Cone Man URK, bushe 3» in casks. " ar Feathers, norlheru, geese, pound soulhern, geese, . (1 37 4e Flax. (Ameriean) .... " 9 13 Fish, Cod. Grand Bank, quinla 1 62 1 sr Biv, Chaleur, " 1 62 1 sr Haddock, " 60 1ard^<:ni<:k»' icmives. JOSEPH BRECK it CO. have this season imported and now otter for sale a lew very superior Garden Knives, for pruning, &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of the kind hefbre import- ed. Also — a large assorlmeiu of Lludilini; Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &.C. April '32 siPERB rucke:t i.\rkspir seed. The suljscrihers otTer for sale a quantity of Superh Donhle Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising, ^aved from dou- ble flowering plants only, emhracing all the difleient colors. For tine, strong and early plants, the seed should he so^vn in August JOSEPH liRECK &. CO. June 1". A Half Blooded Cream Pot Bnll < alf for Sale. CaUed April, 1840. Odin, a first rale puuvc cow, and got liy Col. Jacques' famous Hull, Don Cream lot, 'I'his Calf is a deep rod color, and strongly marked of [he Cream I*oi breed. Apply to JOSEPH ffKI'lCK & CO, Dorchesier, June 21 , 3w THU NEW KNtil.A . D F.lii.MEK Is published every Wcdnesda) Evenir.g, at $n per annrt; |)aya|]leat the end of Ihc year — hut Uiose wdio pay wiili.n sixty days from the lime of subscribing are entitled to a rV duclionof 5B cents. TUTTl.K, DENNETT AND CHISHOL.M, rRINTERS, r. ,.i.-ll't,li. ,11 i*.-.k'l',. ,I;ii.-,iwN 'US^ AND H O R T I C U L T U H A L REGISTER. ^ ^ 1?UI;L!SHED by Joseph BRECK & CO., no 53 NOHTH market street, (Agbicultuhal Warehoube.) VOI-. \I«.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 15, 1840. [NO. a. N. E . FARMER. PREMIUM LIST OF THE ESSEX AGRICUL- TURAL SOCIETY. (Concluded.) XIV. AXIMALS TO BE PRODUCED AT THE EXHIBI- TIOM AT GeORGKTOWN, ON \Vl D.NiSDAV, t^EP- TF11EER 30. A. D. 1840. By thp Tuvor of tlii? Trii3ti.-r.s of the Massaciin- setts Society for Promotinir Agriciilturp, we have it in our power to say, tliat in addition to the other pretniunis offered, tlie following will bo awarded for stock from any county in the commonwealth, by a special committee for this purpose. " For the best full blooded bull, of an imported breed, not less than one year old, on satisfactory assurance bo iny jriven that he shall be kept for use in some county of the State, at least nins months from the day of e.vhibition, $lo For the secnnJ best, 6 For the best milch cow, full blood, of an import- ed breed, not less than three, nor more than ten years old, with satisfactniy evidence as to the quantity and quality of her milk, and the manner in which she has been fed, ,$1.5 For the second best, fi For the best full blooded heifer, of imported breed, that has been milked not less than three months, with satisfactory evidence of the quantity and ([uality of her milk, $10 For the best yearling full blooded heifer, of im- ported breed, .$.5 For the best pair of workincr oxen, taking into view their size, power and training-, $\-i For the second best, G For the best pair of three year old steers, taking into view their size, power, &c. $10 For the best milch cow, of native lireed, not less than three nor more than ten years old, with satis- factory evidence of the quantity and quality of her milk and mode of li?eding, $1.5 'I hey also propose the following premiums to be awarded to comi>etitors from any county in this Commonwealth, on stock exhibited at Concord, in the county of Middlese.x, at the Cattle Show of the Middlesex County Agricultural Society, on Wed- nesday, the 7lli day of October next, viz: For the best bull, $.50 For the next best, 25 For tlie best milch cow, 30 For llie next best, 20 For the best heifer under ;S years oldj 15 For tlii> next best, ' 10 For the best boar, 15 For the next best, 10 For tho best breeding sow, 15 For the next best, 10 The distribution of the amount of the foregoing premiums having been apportioned in conformity with the suggestions of the respective acrricultural societies of Essex and Middlesex, competitors will be required to comply with the rules and regula- tions tif said societies respectively, and also to give notice in writing of their intention to offer animals for the foreiroing premiums, to Benjamin Guild, Est). Boston, Recorduiff Secretary of the Massachusetts S(iciety for Promoting Agriculture, on or before the Monday preceding the aforesaid days of exhibition respectively." For the best ox fatted within the county, regard being had to the manner of feeding and the expense thereof, .Slo For the second best, 10 For the best fatted cow or heifer, 10 For the second best, 7 For the best bull, not less than one year old, on satisfactory assurance being given that he shall be kept for use in the county at least nine months from the day of exhibition, $8 For the second best, 6 For the best milch cow, not less than three nor more than ten years old, with satisfactory evidence as to the quantity and quality of her milk, and the manner in which she has been fed, $8 For the second best, (i For the third do 4 For the best lie'.l'er, that has been in mill; three months or n-.ore, with satisfactory evidence as to the quantity and quality of her milk, $0 For the second do 4 For the best yeailing heifer, 3 For the second do 2 For the best pair of working oxen, not to exceed eight years old, taking into view their size, power, and the manner in which they have been trained, $10 For the second do 7 For the third do 5 For the best pair three year old steers, taking into view their size, power, &c. .$7 For the second do 5 For the best pair of two year old steers, taking into view their size, power, &c. .$(! For the second do 4 For the best pair of yearling steers, taking into view their size, poxver, &c. .$4 For the second do 1 Yar the best boar, .5 For the second do 2 For the best bleeding sow, 5 For the secimd do 3 For the best litter of weaned pigs, not less than four, from two to six months old, .$6 For the second do .3 XV. Teams of Working Oxrn. For the best team of working oxen, not less than forty pair, belonging to one town, that shall be exhibiied between 12 and 2 o'clock, §'^0 [C?°lf these teams sliou.d C"ine more than six n.lles, the expense of their feed will be paid in ad- dition to the prciuiuui. XVI. Domestic Manufactures. For the best piece of carpeting, a yard wide, and not less than twenty yards to be exhibited, $5 TJie second best do do 3 For the best piece of stair carpeting, not less than twenty yards to be exhibited, $3 For the best straw or grass bonnet, 5 Tlic second best do 3 For the best wrought hearth rug, having regard both to the quality of the work and the expense of the miterial, $3 The second best do 2 For the best piece of woolen cloth, 7-6t lis of a yard wide, and twenty yards in quantity, $5 The second best do 3 For the best piece of flannel, a yard wide and twenty yards in quantity, $4 The second best do 2 For th_> best wrought woolen hose, not less than four pair, 2 The second best do 1 For the best iren's half hose, not less than four pair, $1 For the best silk hose, not lefs than three pair, 2 For the best piece of linen cloth, not less than twenty yards, $4 The second best do 2 For the best piece of linen diaper, not less than twenty yards, ,$3 'i'he second best do 2 For the best wrought counterpane, having re- gard to the quality and expense of the materials, $4 The second best do 2 For the best specimen of wrought lace, 3 The second best, 2 For the best specimen of work performed by a child under twelve years of age, exhibiting indus- try and iugemiity, $3 The second best do 2 Oy=The Trustees being disposed to encimrage domestic industry, solicit an exhibition of all arti- cles manifesting this — and will reward them as lib- erally as in their pow°r — the amount of these a- wards nut to exceed one hundred dollars. XVII. Frcits anu Flowers. A convenient room will be provided for the ex- hibition of fruits and flowers — whoever presents the same is requested to give a description of the article presented. A committee will examine and report on these articles, and particular care will be taken that no disposition will be made of them oth- er than such as the owner may direct. 'I'he friends of horticulture arn solicited to contribute their mite for the honor of the county. XVIII. Live Fences. The trustees, with a view to encourage the cul- tivation of hedges, or live fences, as in many cases iTost important, and when in good condition always iisei'ul, economical and ornamental, have determin- ed to offer premiums as follows : For the best cultivated hedge or live fence of any kiiiil, of not less than five years growth from 'he seed, and at least twenty rods in length, well trimmed and filled, a premium of $20 For the next best, under the same conditions, a premium of $10 10 KEW ENGLAND FARMER .TXJLY 1-* General Remarks- , crops — abcut 3 1-3 quarters of wheat and between . besides tlie carriage of the tiles, tliat is only 51. per All claims for premiums to be awarded on the 5 and 6 quarters of oats per acre. A similar course ' acre. Ot the 6 acres which had bem subsoil plough- day of e.xbibition, must be entered with the Secve- , «"J3 pursued, with variations, till within a few years ■ ed, 2 were drilled with Chevalier barle/ and 4 with tary of the Society or ills agent, on or before t> o'- ] when rye-grass and clover were sown witli the last .Tartarian oat^. Red and white clover, rye grass, clock, A. M. of that day All other claims for premiums must be handed or forwarded to the secretary in writing. All prrmiums awarded, the pMynieiit of which is not demanded of the treasurer within one year from the day nf e.-ihibilion, will be considered as given to increase the funds of the Society. No animal, for which a premium has lierctofore teen awarded by this Society, will be entitled to another premium, unless it be of a higher order, and for qualities different from those for which the former premiums were awarded. No person will be entitled to receive a premium unless he complies with the conditions on which the premiums are offered, and gives notice as re- quired, of his intention to claim the same. In regard to all subjects for which premmms are offered, it is to be distinctly understood, that the trustees reserve to tliemselves the right of judging of the quality of the animal or article offered; and that no premiums will be awarded, unless the ob- jects of them are of decidedly superior quality. By order of the Trustees, J. W. PROCTOR, Sec'ry. From the .Tournal of the English Agricultural Society. E X P E R I JVI E N T S On the Improvi-ment of poor lands by Stibsoil phiigli- ins;, both witli and without Undenlrmning. By the Rev. W. L. Rh.vm, Vicar of Winkfield. To the Secretary of the English JigrUulturul Society : Sir, — .As it is of more importance to the progress of agriculture to have well-authenticated facts and accurate details of different modes of cultivation, than mere theoretical speculations, I venture to lay before the English Agricultural Society the result of two experiments, made with considerable atten- tion to every circumstance whicli might influence the result. 1. The first which I shall mention may be found interesting at this inoment in consequence of i:s throwing some light on the use of the subsoil plough, which, although by no means a new invention, has lately been strongly recommended on particular soils, not without some discussions as to its merits, and doubts of its general usefulness. The field which was the subject of the e.\peri- nient was once a portion of the open common in the forest of Windsor, and brought into cultivation soon after the inclosure of the fiirest in 1813. Its soil consisted of a very moderate loam, inclined to yel- low clay, only a few inches in depth; the subsoil chiefly a stiff clay, but with occasional portions of a very gravelly loam, nearly impervious to water. The surface is slightly undulated, and sufficiently inclined to let off the surface-water by means of open drains. It was first brought into cultivation by paring and burning the surfuce ; and no very regular rotation of crops was followed. The first crop was turnips, broadcast; a very good crop, in consequence of the ashes. After this had been fed off by sheep, came oats ; a good crop. It was then chalked, at the rate of about 15 tumbrel loads to the acre, and manured with good dung, IJ tumbrels . per acre. After this, part of the field was planted with potatoes, part with beans, and part with pens, as experiments ; Ihe crops were moderate. The next crops were half wheat and half oats ; fair vhen crop. The grasses were mown twice for hay the | and other grass seeds, wore sown after the land field was pas- | had been harrowed, and the surface was rolled. I The season being moist, the clover grew very rap- idly, and the barley sufl'ered in consecjoence. The crop, notwithstanding, was fair, reckoned at about 4 1-2 quarters to the acre ; which is more than is usually grown in the neighburhood. Had there been no clover, C quarters might have been fairly expected from the length of the straw and ears. 'J'lie Tartarian oats kept down the clover. The straw rose above a man's brad, and the crop was very heavy. It is not threshed out, but we esti- mate it at S> quarters to the acre. From the yield of a small portion threshed, I have reason to think it will exceed this. The field is now (Dec. 21st) after all the rain which has fallen in autumn, as dry and sound as any pasture I have. My cows and horses liave been occasionally turned into the field without making any impression; and the old water furrows, which were dug out by my men, from habit, are quite dry, with fine clover in the bottom of them. The conclusion to be drawn from this experi- ment is important, as it shows that, wherever the subsoil is retentive of moisture, complete under- draining is essential ; and that the subsoil plough should never be used until the water can run off below. It also shows what an improvement is made on moderate land by the union of draining and subsoil ploughing. The cost is nothing when com- pared to the result. The 50/. I laid out on this field, I consider as the most profitable investment I ever made. The 4 acres which were not subsoil- ploughed are in artificial grass: as soon as the field is again broken up, which will be in two or three years, this portion shall also have the benefit of the subsoil plough. [The other experiment will be given in our next] next year. 'I he two next years th tured, chiefly with sheep. This I consider to have completed the prepara- tory cultivation ; and the field, when broken up, showed a manifest improvement in the depth, col- or, and texture of the soil. After that it bore beans and wheat. It was then fallowed, in order to clear it of the coarse natural grasses which, in spite of all this ciillivation, had not been entirely eradicat- ed, and also of a considerable portion of couch grass (Triticum repens,) which had increased in the soil. Six acres of the field were subsoil-plough- ed, early in 1838, to the depth of 14 or 15 inches, by means of the Rackheatli-plough, made by Messrs Ransome & Co., at Ip.swich. A common swing- plough (the only plough 1 ever use,) with two hor- ses abreast, first made a furrow of about G inches deep. Not having a large team, I had several such furrows opened, and then the two horses, and two more who had been carting manure while the other pair was ploughing, were yoked to the Rackhenth plough, which stirred the subsoil 9 or 10 inches deep. The common plough after that filled up the furrows. Thus somewhat less than half an acre a day was subsoil-ploughed with 4 horses, the weath- er being very favorable. The land was now ma- nured with 10 cartloads of yard dung to the acre: one acre was planted with potatoes ; in another acre, mangold-wurtzel seed was drilled in rows 18 inches apart; two acres were sown with Swedish turnips, and two acres with red tankard turnips. — The mangold-wurtzel was either taken off early by the fly, or failed ; and turnip seed was drilled over it. The Swedes were also sown a second time. Before Christmas there was a very good appearance of Swedes and turnips, which had been properly hoed two or three times and were clean. I con- gratulated myself on the result of the experiment, and began to feed off the turnips with sheep, draw- ing a portion for the cows at home. The winter was •^vet, and I was soon obliged to remove the sheep. The ground became too hollow to bear the cart wheels and the tread of the horses; and I began to regret having loosened the subsoil, which now held wet like a sponge. I had never thought that the field reiiuired underdraining. The water always ran off by the open drains before it was sub- soil ploughed ; I might, therefore, very naturally have concluded that the subsoil plough had now ruined my land. The turnips were now eaten oft' or carted home till late in spring; and perhaps I shoulil have lost the use of them altogether, or spoiled my land by cutting it up, if I had not de- termined on an effectual remedy. I immediately ordered 18,000 draining tiles, which fortunately 1 procured from different kilns in the neighborhood : they were the footed tiles. T)ie common size cost 2 guineas a thousand, besides carriage; they were 13 inches long; those for the main drains cost 3 guineas a thousand, G inches in diameter, but only 12 inches long. I laid out the drains .30 feet apart; the common drains 2G inches deep, the main dr.iins 30 inches. An immense vol- ume of water ran out of the drains before the tiles were put in ; and in a short time after they were filled up, my she( p relurned to the fold, and my cart took the daily .■■■upply of turnips for the cows. The whole field was underdrained at a cost of 50/., For the New England Farmer. BUTTER AGAIN. IMr Coljian — In my first letter on butter, I omit- ted to state that much of that celebrated butter of Holland is made from new milk; and that the but- termilk remaining is a very good food — much bet- ter than that proceeding from cream churning. I know not whether any of our farmers adopt this process ; or if they do, what improvements they have made on the practice of the Dutch ; and I should not be astonished to learn that they had really " beaten the Dutch." The superior quality of Dutch butter is attribu- ted by some persons to the salt which they use: — they make a secret of the preparation of their salt It is certain that their butter has very little of the taste of salt in the sense that ours has. Their secret consists, probably, in diminishing that acrid taste which proceeds from the muriate and sulphate of magnesia. For the want of positive knowledge, I will now indulge in my own speculations, which may go for what liiey are worth. I can easily imagine that the rich strippings from the cows may be churned with more ease than common milk. Now let us suppose that some of our experimental farmers, with some knowledge of chemistry, could find the means of stripping the vol.. XIX. NO. a. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. II com lion now inilU of its superfluous watery parti- cles, by a short and simple process; we sliould tlieii liave it all lilse the best strippinfjs, or perhaps better and more bntterous. I will siingest siicli notions on this subject as now onciir to nie, which may lead to better ones, and enconraije experiiients which I have not the means of 'naking in the city. I have shown in a former letter, that the separa- tion of liquor from its sediment, which is commonly a slow process, may be accelerated, and made al- most instantaneons. Co'oring matter, of various kinds, may be taken out of liquors as well as from stuffs, by chemical application ; and various com- pound substances may be reduced to their diverse elements by mechanical as well as chemical means Churnin;' itself is a mechanical means of separa- ting thi; bntterous from the caseous and watery par- ticles of tlie milk. I make lliese preliminary re- marks, by way of encouraging myself in the search of something analogous for the desired process on milk. It is true that the filtration of liquors is for the e.xtraction of heavy particles from the liquid, and the separation now sought for, is the extraction of light particles, or butler, and that upwards. The desired result is, to precipitate quickly the heavier particles from the milk. If I were about to try ex- periments, I should begin by trying cold and heat, in their various degrees, from congelation to boil- ing. I would next try these two means combined with salt, or alum, saltpetre, &c. : with cold water even, if I did not care about the buttermilk. If I were right in the hypothesis in my first letter, viz: that salt had no affinity for butter or any pure fiitty substance, there would be no danger of salting the butter by this process; and if the salt have an af- finity for watery particles, it would seem that salt might be made an efficient agent in the separation now reopf's, that the black and forbid- den art cast a blaze of true light on the important science of chemistry. \V,\I. FOSTF.R. SALTPETRE IN ME.\T. It is a matter of regret that while so much salt meat is made and used, we have not yet acquired the proper knowledge of the best mode to prepare and preserve it ; nor is it known how noxious salt meat may become by an improper use of saltpetre in the pickle or brine usually employed. There are various modes of preserving salt meat and fish, by drying, salting, pickling, oiling, smok- ing, &c. ; but I merely mean at present to notice some of the defects and noxious properties of our actual meat, either beef or pork. One of the main defects appears to consist in the useless addition of saltpetre to the pickle where- by the meat often beromes sour or spoiled, and al- ways acid and pernicious. I never could under- stand whv this substance was added to common salt, except that it is said to make it look better. But it ought to be known that saltpetre absorbed by the meat is ?!t7ric aciil or aquaforlis — a deadly poison, whereby our salt meat becomes unpalatable and pernicious. A slight excess of this acid renders the meat sour, or spoils it, as we say. It has been suggested to correct this by potash, which ro-ab- sorbs this excess ; but this only hides the defect without neutralizing the whole poison. Is it not surprising that we should feed and deal, as a staple of our country, with an article contain- ing a portion of such active poison as nUiic acid '7 In fact, our salt meats are no longer meat : they are a new pernicious substance produced by a chemical action of salt upon the (lesh of animals. This flesh when fresh, consists chiefly of gelatine and Jihritie. Gelatine or jelly, is the substance soluble in warm water, forming a broth by boiling, or becoming a jelly by concentration ; while fibrine is the fibrous, tough part of the meat, which cannot be dissolved, and is therefore unfit for food, while gelatine is the real nutritious part of the meat. But it is well known that salt meat and even corned beef can no longer afford a broth, and there- fore the gelatine must have been changed into another substance no longer soluble, nor so nutri- tious, by the chemical action of salt and saltpetre. To this new substance chemists have not yet given a name ; but it is as different from meat as leather is from the hide before it is tanned by the tan-bark or taymin. To this chemical change in meat are to be as- cribed all noxious qualities of salt moat, and the diseases to which those who feed chiefly on it be- come liable; sea-scurvey, land-scurvey, sore gums, rotten teeth, biles, ulcers, &c., which we entail im ourselves by using a kind of poisoned bad meat, which we call salt. This important and doleful fact ought to be well known generally to all those who raise cattle, cure meat, or consume it, in order that they may correct this sad defect. The first thing to be done is to abandon alto- gether the use of saltpetre in curing meat. This is indispensable, and no one who is told that aqua fortis is the produce of it, ought any longer to use this poison in pickles or brines. The best substitute for it is sugar. A small quantity makes the meat healthier, sweeter, nicer, and quite as durable. Let this be known to all our farmers and sailors. How to make brine for meat perfectly innoxious, is yet a desideratum. Gelatine ought to be pre- served in salt meat pure and soluble, as it is in broth cakes, before any meat can bo perfectly healthy and equal to fresh meat. But at any rate, by withholding the saltpetre, we divest it of a dead- ly poisimous substance. C. S, RAFINESQUE. Prof. History and Mttural Science, Elm Place. Lansinburg, N. Y. MASS. HORIICULTURAL SOCIETY. EXHIBlTIOH OP FRUITS AND VEGETABLES. Saiurday, June 27, 1840. The exhibition of fruits at the rooms this morn- ing reflected great credit upon the various contri- butors : every specimen could with truth be called excellent. 'I hey were as follows: By lion. E. Vose, Dorchester — Black Tartarian and White Bigareau Cherries ; very superior spe- cimens. By B. Guild, Esq. — Very fine specimens of Bl'k Tartarian Cherry. By Wm. Kenrick, Esq., Newton — Beautiful speci- mens of Napoleon Bigareau Cherry. The lovers of this fruit should not fail to order from Mr Kenrick trees that will yield such su|ierb fruit. Jno. A. Kenrick, Esq., Newton, exhibited Black Tartarian and one other kind of cheiry not named ; the first a beautiful specimen and worthy extensive cultivation. John .VI. Ives, Esq., Salem, presented two speci- mens of seedling cherries : o.ie called Mottled Bi- gareau and raised from seed of Manning's White Bigareau, and the other not named, raised from the seed of an English Bigareau — both very fine speci- mens. R. Manning, Esq.,''of Salem, exhibited the follow^ ing cherries: large White Bigareau, China Biga- reau and common White Bigareau, Black Tartari- an, Black Heart and Black Eagle, American Am- ber and American Heart, Elton cherry, and a sced- lins from the White Bigareau : these were all fine and some very excellent. Mr Hawks, of Lynn, exhibited fine specimens of Downton, Southboro' and Methven Strawberries. There was one specimen of fruit exhibited this morning, which though mentioned last, it would be impossible to forget — a Peach tree grown in a pot, of fine form and healthy, bearing beautiful speci- mens of the " Early Ann Peach"? This species attracted much attention, and the universal opinion was, "Beautiful ! beautiful!" It reflected much credit upon the contributor, Capt George Lee, of West Cambridge. Sam'l Walker, Esq., Roxbury, exhibited speci- mens of Rhubarb, (Pie Plant) These specimens ' were very large, and equal if not superior to any I that have been exhibited at the rooms for a long time. Spring Potatoes, so called, said to be full grown, though small ; raised by J. Toulmin Smith, Esq., of Roxbury For the Committee, JAS. L. L. F. WARREN. 12 NEW ENGLAND FAR M E R , Jl'l.Y 15. t840. WANDERliNGS IN 'JHE WEST IN 1839. No.VlH. (Concluded.) hands llirouijh wlioni they must pass ; tind it is only tlie great staples tliat can be sold at all, for the va- rious liltle things that are profitable to raise fur a with the all-absorbing object of aicuumlating prop- erty. 'I hose things will nndoubl-odly be changed in In the thick timber bottoms along the Illinois to a distant one :— thns, to use a familiar phrase, river ami in the swamps of Indiana, there are groat , ..nny way you can fix it" the west must sufter a numbers of wild hogs, which are occasionally hunt- j prea't inconvenience from the want of a market, cd, and many are taken, but they arc hardly worth | which goes far to balance the greater fertility of the killii^g. Sheep are not very common, on account of the wolves, but in some parts of Ohio there are con- siderable flocks, and there are a few in Illinois. — The high rolling prairies make excellentsheep pas- tures, and they thrive exctedingly nell there. handy marki^t, will not pay for the transportation : time, and the western country will improve nmch faster than the Atlantic country has done; — but at her soil. best a long period will be required before the mor- al, intellectual and social advantages of the west will be e(iual to what ihey are in the east. The common buildings in the west are lo" cab- The population of the western States is of a ins, which are built by locking logs together and 1 filling the crevii:es with splinters and clay. On trie mixed and heterogeneous character : the immi- grants are from all the States and of almost every ; inside the logs are iisunlly hewn off: the chimney nation, and there is little union among them. The j projects the whole siz^ from one end of the house, sonthern portion is chiefly settled by pc pie from laiid the fire-place is built of stones, if they can be There is no finer mutton to be found ill the world the more southern Slates, and are generally de- I procured : if not, of timber lined with a thick coat perhaps, than in Illinois. iSheep husbandry might nominated " Iloosiers"— a nick-name, which par- j of clay : single floors of boards or rough planks bo made very profitable there. : ticularly appertains to the inhabitants of Indiana ; complete the finishing of the dwelling. These The wild animals most common are deer, wolves the northern portion has a majority of New England cabins are comfortably warm but rathe'r inconve- of two kind.s, the grey wolf and the prairie wolf, , and New York people, who are styled " Yankees '" I nient habitations. A good cabin costs about one foxes, badgers, rabbits, otters and squirrels : bears ^ f ijg nianners and customs of the two classes are '• hundred lUdlars. After a time these caliins are ex- different, and there is mutual jealousy between I changed for Iramed or brick houses, the cost of them Besides these two classes there art; many which is greater than the cost of similar houses in are seldom seen Of birds there are wild turkies, in the forest coun- try, partridges, which are generally called pheas- ants, quails, called also partridges; grous, or prairie hens, cranes, snipes, larks, parroqnets — very beau tiful birds with white bellies, black wings, and head and neck a briglit scariet ; and a few other foreigners, especially Irish and Germans — the lat- ter generally settled in little communities by them- selves or in connection with the descendants of Germans from the middle States; and although these different races live peaceably with each oth- many parts of New England. One of the greatest inconveniences of houses in Indiana and Illinois is, the want of good cellars ; as there are very few localities high and dry e- non;ihto have a dry cellar, and it is very difficult small birds, besides water fowl, which are plenty : or, there is little of that harmony 'and kindly feel- to drain them; hence there are virry few houses at particular seasons. , i„g which exists among the people of New Eng- itheie which have any cellar at all. The lakes and streams are well stocked with j land ; and a long period must elapse before the i What great advantages are to be realised by emi- fish of various kinds, and many of large size. j whole population^ w.ll become assimilated and melt- ] grating to the west ? From these lists it will be seen- iliat sportsmen ed down into one homogeneous mass. Good soci- have fine opportunities for the ejsercise of skill in ety may be found in the west, even in the newest their various art The people of the western States suffer great inconvenience from the want of ready markets for settlements, but it must be selected. The laws anil institutiims of the western States, excepting Missouri, are copied in a gieat measure their produce. Notwithstanding the noble lakes from those of New York and New England. Ohio and rivers, the numerous canals and railroads wiiicli have been, and are being constnicti.'d, intersecting the country in all directions, still a great portion of the country does and always will suffer in this respect. The west is destined to be an agricultu- ral and not a manufacturing country. Almost all is especially a Yankee State. The more western .States differ more from us. Towns and parishes are scarcely recognised in law. TJie corporations which are denominated towns, have powers and privileges unlike the towns with us. Almost all municipal affairs are managed by the county ofti- branches of manufactures are carried on by means j ^^'■''' '''^ """"^ important of whom are the county of water power or are greatly facilitated by Its aid, I '^""""'^"'""'''■■■' "'"' s'l^'''^' "h" ^"^ periodically and the west has but a small share of water power, lel'-ctcd by the people. not more than sufficient to drive the saw mills and | Public schools are provided for with some degree flour mills necessary for the country ; hence no large communities of consumers of agricultural produce can grow up in the country, except in the cities, and these can never bo so numerous as lo consume a large amount compared to what will be produced ; therefore the great staples only can be carried to market, and these to a great distance, to be exchanged for the various manufactures of other countries and the produce of other climates, and must seek a market chiefly at the Atlantic cities and New (Jrleans. Improve the internal commu- nications as much as they may, a canal or a rail- road cannot be made to every man's door, nor through every town nor every county, and the lar of liberality. The government has appropriated one section in each surveyed township, that is one thirlysixth part of all the public lands, for the use of schools, and the States have established other funds, for the same purpose; but the people are generally unable to contribute much individually, and a great many do not properly estimate the im- portance of educating their children. — teachers who are competent are with difficulty obtained, and consequently the facilities for education are indif- ferent. Tlivre are a few persons who are intcrest- The emigrant who has a capital may obtain good land at a very cheap rate, and the rise of property will eventually make him rich; in the mean time if he is industrious, he may have an abundance of substantial food, indeed most of the necessaries of life; and he may have them too for one half the labor that would be necessary to obtain them at the east; but the luxuries, comprising many things which ho has been accustomed to all his life, and which most people esteem as almost necessary to the comfort of life, are not easily obtained. Excejjt the opportunity which is aflbrded to the man who has a capital to become rich by specula- tion, I know of no important advantage to be gain- ed by emigrating to the west. Mechanics and la- borers havs no better opportunities there than at the east. Merchants and professional men, if they are talented and active, will almost always obtain wealtli and honors in the west, and such men will succeed any where ; and men who are wanting in talent and activity, will always be losers by going away from their connections and friends. It is al- most a, proverb in the west, that one wno has not the "g'o ahead" in him will never succeed. I do not conclude that it would be better for alt to remain v.- he re they are, A young man who has a little money but not enough to give hi:n a start ed in the cau.^e and who tell us that in a few years ! in life, and who has in addition, strong hands and they will have good schools, and that the means of education will be abundantly sufficient to satisfy gest part of the produce must be transported aeon- ' '''*> wants of tiie rominunily, and in (Jhio a great siderable distance to any of these improvements, ideal has been done; hut in general these advanta- anu thence a long and expoiisiv.' route to the ulti- mate market, and when we consider the vast extent of fo'tile country to he cultivated, and the enormous amount of produce, we readily see that prices must be low, anil deducting the cost of transportation, the fanner's profits must-be small, and the prices of manufactured and foreign goods must be hii'h, exactly in proportion to the low prices of his own produce, and fiom the same causes — the cost of transportation and the commissions of the many ges exist mainly in the future prospect; and in the mean time the present rising generation will grow up in compaiative ignorance. a light heart, will do well to emigrate, if he will avoid whiskey and gambling, and attend to his own business. A man who has a family of boys to provide for and who may have been unfortunati-, but can yet save something from the wreck of his property, will find it advantageous to emigrate to the new The means of obtaining general inlormation are j scttlen.onts in the west, where l:o can begin anew limited ; the public journals are nearly all of them I with a prospect of success. But a young man, ill-conducted concerns, containing little which is whether a farmer, a tradesman, a merchant or a calculated to improve the tastes or the morals of I professional man, who can enter life with a tolera- thcir readers ; — libraries and literary societies are rare, and the conversition of the people of tlie west is almost wholly upon tangible subjects connected ble prospect of acquiring a competence, and of sup- porting a family in his own neighborhood, and the man who is settled in life and in comfortable cir- vol.. XI*. NO. 2. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 14 cuinstances, and also tlie iiiiin wlio is entirely des- titute (if meaTis, liad belter remain where tliey are; and if they ac<|iiirc! less properly they will be lil;(^- ly to enjoy lit'o better than they wonld to emigrate ; the niiddle-aged man esporiilly, who has been set- tled in comfortable circiimst.mces, and rC(noves, whatever may be his success, will always regret haviiiy left Ins home.. J. GOULD. Fur the New England Farmer. "F.ANCY FARMKRS." Jamiiicn Plain, [Wh June, 1840. Mr CoLiMAN — Dear Sir — A nt.'if;hl)or sent me, a day or two since, the lioston " (.'nltivator " of the i;3tli inst., thinliinij F rni<;iit like to se(5 a notice on ''Fancy Funners," without knowinjr I should feel any interest in that piece. That paper I have nev- er seen three nnnlbers of since its first publication, having always been well satisfied with the N. E. Farmer, which 1 have taken from its commence- ment. The article on large preminvtn on ploughs, was brnnixht to the notice of the 'I'rusiees of the Mas- sachusetts Agricultural Society by me. I was one of the trustees of that society for twenty years, and retired from it six or seven years ago. I still feel a great interest in it, and am a firm believer in its having done and is still continuing to do, much good to the farming interest. They were the first in America to recomtuend ploughing matches, which was the means of such improvements in ploughs, that although at their first match ill 1817. only one with iron mould board was in the match, (and which I imported from London,) at their last match in which twenlytwo ploughs were tested, every one was of cast iron. This result was brought about by the means, as the editor of the Cultivator stylos them, of "fancy farmers." Now as to the mode of ploughing, whether the furrow slice should be laid flat or on the edge, I have always thought for our New England fiirming, the flat mode was preferable. But I also know from book reailing, that in England where much wheat is raised, that they very generally use ma- chines lor sowing in rows, and afterwards machines drawn by a horse and guided by a man, to hoe and weed between the rows ; and they also lay the fur- row slice on edge and sow broadcast, by which rncans the grain slides to the bottom of the furrow, and the harrow drawn lengthways, levels the earth and leaves the seed in rows; by which means the air draws more freely through it; and it is also by many farmers hand-hoed and weeded, and not al- lowed to grou', weeds and all, as is much the case in other countries, smothering the crop and produc- ing more weeds than grain. In our ploughing matches at Brighton, one of the chairmen of those committees usually directed the ploughman to lay the furrow slice on edge. You will perceive, air, notwithstanding the sneer- ing of the aforenamed editor, I am not to be laugh- ed out of my ploughing notions, which are not of yesterday. This is not a great strain growing State, but our premiums for plough^ extend to every State in the Union, and they are for the use of any oilier State where much grain is cultivated. Now as to the reason for the premiums at all I w as invited three years ago to act on the premi- um cominittee on agriculinral iuiplemeuts at ihe mechanics' show in Faneuil liall. Ploughs by sev- eral of our best makers were ther';'. I stated that I could not give an opinion whicli was the best, without seeiiig them tested in the earth; last an- tumn F again declined acting on that coiuinittee for the same reason : [that Society ai-e not prepared to make such trials.] Several of these plough-makers caiiin to me on the suuject, to see how this could he broiiLiht about, and the rreniiums now offered by the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, are in consequence of my request to the Trustees. I am sorry to see an editor of an agricultural pa- per still using the term " fancy farmers " or " book farmers '' — by whom many experiments have been made that would not probably otherwise have been attempted — many of which rnay have been found too expensive, but many also have resulted in much good — and those li.ave been copied and continued. What also arc editors of papers doing, but dissemi- nating their weekly papers, the chief contents of which are but copies from books or other papers. I am, dear sir, Yours, very truly, JOHN PRINCE. From the AMi:iny Ciillivator. TFMF3ER : PROPER TFMEFOR CUTTING, &c. Timber includes all kinds of felled and seasoned woods. Of all the different kinds known, oak is considered the best for building, and even when it lies e.\posed to air and water, there is none equal to it. The goodness of timber not only depends on the soil and situation in which it stands, but likewise on the season in which it is felled. Peo- ple disagree very much in this : some are for hav- ing it felled as soen as the fruit is ripe; others, in the spring, and many in the autumn. As the sap and moisture of timber is certainly the cause that it perishes much sooner than it otherwise would do, it seems evident tliat timber snoiild be felled when there is least sap in it, or when the sap is most fu- sible or in a liquid stale. The ancients chiefly regarded the age of the moon in fidling timber : their rule was to fell it in the wane, or four days after the uew. ,";n Amherst, Massachusetts, cooper states that he formerly fur- nished three oil mills in that vicinity with casks made from oak felled in June ; because, he says, timber felled in winter being more porous, would not contain oil; and that oak and walnut cut in Fune, would not powder-post. 'I h.it the moon has an influence on the sap, no one who has paid attention will have occasion to doubt: the liber or inner bark is less adhesive at this stage of the inoon, the ligneous or woody mat- ter being in a more fluid state. It has been ascer tained by various experiments, tliat the woody part of oak in full vegetation, is only four tenths of the whole: air constitutes one fourth of it, and the rest consists in sap. Light woods have still a much less quantity of solid matter ; but the season of the year and age of the tree occasion considerable va- riation. Timber should be rut when of a proper use, for when it is either too young or too old, it will not be so durable. 'I'hey should be cut in their prime, when alnmsi. tully grown, and before they begin to decay; and this will depend upon the dryness and inoistness of the soil where the limber grows. The time of its cominencement to uecay, or when it is going past its prune, is when the concentric cir- cles are less and less, as may be seen in the oak, beech, walnut, &c. These circles yearly enlarge the trunk by tUii formation of a new alburnum or soft wood, which the next succeeding year becomes the lignuiu or hard wood. The wood of Ihe north side of all trees which grow in this climate is the weakest, and that of the south side is the strongest. The heart f the space in the corners of the squares between the trough and the tree, which were so much larger than at the sides, that it made it very difficult to keep them (iroper- ly packed ; whereas the leaden trough is made to stand at an equal distance from the tree all around. The space between the trough and the tree when properly packed with seaweed, and a little lar put upon the lop of the seaweed to stick the ends together, it will remain in good order for years, or until the tree shall grow so as to burst open the troughs, which has Inppeiied in sev- eral instances where the troughs have been upon the trees for a number of years. Ifseaweed cannot be readi- ly obtained, hay or straw will answer; but cotton waste holds the oil that may get on it against the tiee, and will injure the bark if it does not kill it. It also requires more oil for Ihe square than fir the circular troughs, on account of their being so much longer. Ami when the tree had grown so that the square troughs were loo small, it was very expensive making them larger, as it required four pieces of tin to be soldered into each trough and four more into the roof, whereas the circular troughs only require one small piece of lead lo be sol- dered in, which may be done at a very small expense and lea\ e the trough as good as when it was new. When the tin troughs are taken off they pre worthless ; but the lend troughs are worth two thirds of the original cost of the l(;ad per pound. If my recollection is correct, 1 made the first circular metalic troughs in the summer or full of 1830, which was previous to any similar ones being made by others. I have no objection to the whole copy of my patent be- ing primed ; but as it will make less work lor the prin- ter, I will extract the claim, which will perhaps answer H's purpose ; but if it shouhl not, I shall be happy to supply the whole. " What I claim as my invention and desire to secure by letters patent is, a circular me- tal iu trough and roof, made of one piece of metal and bent to conform to the shape of the tree, using for that purpose any metal that can be wrought into the jiroper shape." A? many persons infringe upon patent rights unconsciously, 1 will here give the 14th seclitm of the law of 18:!G, and inform such that the patentee is at lib- erty lo bring his action against the maker, vender, or the person who uses or has used and laid aside the thing patented. " Section 14. .ind be it further enacted, Th;it when- ever, in any aclion lor damages for raakins. iisinir, oi selling the tliiug whereof the exclusive right is secured by any patent heretofore gr.-inted, or by any patent that rnay hereafter be granted, a verdict shall be rendeied for the plaintilTin such action, it shall be in the power of the court lo render judijmeni in any sum above the the aiiiouni found by such verdict as the aiiual damages sustained by the plainiilT, not exceeding three limes the amount thereof, according to the circumstances of the case, with costs ; and such damajies may be recovered by action on the case^ in any court of competent juris- • diclif'ii, to be brought in the name or names of ihe per- son or persons interested, whether as patentee, assign- ees, or as grantees of tlie exclusive right within and throughout a s|iecified portion of the United Stales.'' J. DENNIS, Jr. Boston, 7th mo., 13rA, 1840. J\. H. Persons addressing me will please lo direct their letters to Portsmouth, Newport Co., R. 1. J. D. I EARLY POTATOES. We have received a *' good mess " of early potatoes from Mr J^isiah Ijovett, 2d, of Beverly, which we pro- nounce to be first rale. They are wilhont a name. He had them from the master of a coasting vessel, and does not know where they originated from- We think proba- bly from Nova Scotia, as we saw at St. Johns two years sinc Boel Catlle, 15 Cows and Calvet, 1450 Sheep and 330 Swine. PiiiCES. — l-icef Cattle. — Wc quote to correspond with last week. First quality, $(> 25. Second quality, $5 75 a $6 00. Third quality, 00 a $5 75. C'lws iinil Cuhes.—$24, $28, $:>5, $50. Sheep.— Lors were sold at f 1 50, $1 88, $2 00, $2 17, $2 33, and $2 75. Swine — A lot of siiinll pigs to peddle at 5 ; a lot of large sows 4, 4 1-4, and 4 1-2; large barrows 5. At le- tail Ironi 4 1-2 to 7. REVULVINU HOR.SE KAKB. lie: K.iiigeof the ol tile iMew Ell; IVoillierly expni THKll.MO.^l ETHICAL. piiiteil for Ihe Nexv Eiiglunit Fanner. riiermometer nl llie (iardeiint tlie proprietors f^laiid Farmer, Hrii^ltlon, J\lasB, in » shaded lire, weeks ending July 12. July, 1840. I TA.Jl. I 12,IH. I 5,P.M. I Wind. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Krulay, Saturday, Sunday, 6 61 76 65 7 59 66 66 8 61 85 72 9 67 89 68 10 . 63 86 70 11 60 82 75 12 6S 30 70 E. E S. W. S- w. w. s. S. E. To Manufactui-ers of Agriciilttiral aud Horlicol- tural Iniplciueuta. The undersigned, (editor and proprietor ul* the Soulhern Cahiiiei of Aijrtcuhure, Horticuiiure, &,c.) proposes eslab- lishini; in Churleslon, Soul h Carolina, hy the first of A iiiijust nest, a reposit()r\ f*ir the fxhihitinn and sale oT all articles connected witli either agriculiure, hoiticultnre, or domestic and rural economy, and he invites maniHactnrers, to forward to him two 01- three of each anicif , (unless hulky or costly) to Siorve as specimens, and to he deposited for exhdtition and sale in his rooms. He will act as general agent for such, and ■where truly meritorious, will endeavor to present ihem to the notice of ihecommunity All not disposed of, will he suh- ject to the order of the manufacturerers at all tunes For further information address the undersigned (post paid) at Charleston, Sio-ith Carolina. JOHN D. LEGARt:. References, Messrs. J. Breck & Co., Mr Daniel Kimball, and Messrs. Ellis &. Bosson, Boston. July \'y. TIE UP CHAINS. Just received al the New England Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of those celehraled Chains for lying upcattle. These chniiLs, introduced by E. H. Derby, Esq. oi yalem. and Col. Jacques, of Charlestown, for the pur- pose of st'cunng catlle lo ihe stall, are found to be ihe safest and mosl convenient mo ie of fasieningcnws and oxen lo the stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attached to the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal at liberty to lie down or rise ai pleasure, and keeps him perfectly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRKUK & CO. BUDDING FRUIl' TRICES. Cuttings of fruit trees for Imdiling, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of Apples, Pears, Pluin.-^, and Ciierries, known and cultivated in this country or in Europe, ali from bearing irees, can be packed in such a manner as lo be sent with perlecl safely to a ;y part of this country or liurope. Apply by mail lo the subscriber, at the Poinolnaical Garden, Salem, Mass. ROBERP MANNING. Salem, July 15. i^ rake over all others, as the person using il does not have to slop the horse to unload ihe rake. GRAIN CRADLES. The Gram Cradle is an article which is coming into very general Ui^e in the New England Slates, where they were till of late but little known, although ihey have been in very general use in the southern and weslern Stales, for many years, and which is ionnd to be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as il is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one. The diirerence in gathering a crop is so much in favor of cradling, thai we must suppose thai il will he the only mode adopted hereafter, and the grain cradle will become of as much use, as an implement ol husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great impnivement in the manufac- luring of this article, they are now made on the most im proved plan ; the scythe is well secured and finished in a snperier maimer anrl made of tl\e best cast steel. SL'PERB ROCKET L..\RKSPVR SEED. The subscribers offer for sale a quantity of Superb Double Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising, .-aved from dou- ble flowering plants only, embracing all the difierenl colors. For fine, strong and early plants, the seed should be sown in August. JOSEPH BRECK &• CO. June 17. PURE RLOOO BEKKSHIHE PIGS. The Society of Shakers al Harvard, Mass , have for sale the Pure Blood Bcikshire Pigs. Also, a lot of Berkshire crossed with other Breeds, ou reasonable terms al their Village. Persons wishing to 6c su?'(? of the clear 3erUshire breed may rely on those they offer for sale, as they are the proge- ny of some of the latest imporied from England. June 24. HORTICULTCRAIi TOOL. CHESTS. Containing a complete set of Garden tools of superior finish i and style, recently received foni Liverpool and for sale al the New finglund Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. May 6. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. PATENT SPRING BALANCE. A few of those very convenient spring balances, for fami- ly nse. a very simiile contrivance for weighing small articles. JC-^KPH BRECK & CO. No. 51 and 32 Norlh Market Street, Boston. July 15. " ,FMtU lo Alu.m. American pounc S Ail AsHEa, I'earl, per 100 IIjs. . S23 5 60 Pol, '•■•'•, 4 60 4 76 Beans, white, Foreign, bushe 1 7b 22» " '■ Donieslic, . '* 2 UO 2 6.0 Heef, mess, .... barrel 16 UO No. 1 " prime, .... " 11 00 11 50 Beeswax, while pound a.3 40 yellow. " 25 28 BK1STLE3, American, " 35 70 liuiTER, shipping. " 10 11 dairy, .... " 22 Candi.ks, mould, . . , . (E 13 14 dipped, " !-perm, .... '* 37 Chefse, new milli. pounr 10 ClDEH, . . .... dozei 1 25 1 60 refined barrel 2 00 4 00 BosE Manu-ie, bushe 38 in casks. " 37 Featheus, northern, geese, pounc southern, geese, . " 37 46 Flax. (American) .... " 9 12 Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, ' quinta 1 02 1 87 Biiv, Chaleur, ^ u 1 62 187 Hadilock, (( GU 100 Mackerel, No. 1 . barrel 11 00 No. 2, " 8 60 No. 3, . " 3 75 4 00 Mewives, dry salted. No. 1. K c^almon, No. 1, " 15 00 16 00 FLOun, Genesee, cash, . " 6 00 Baltimore, Howard street, 8 12 Richmond canal, K 5 00 .-llexandria wharf. ■ I Rye, " 3 00 Meal, Indian, in liMs. l( 3 00 Grain : Corn, northern yellow, bushel southern flat, yellow. " 66 white, . " S3 Rye, northern, . c< 69 60 Barley, " Oats, northern, (prime) . " 40 41 southern. (( 23 83 Grindstones, pr ton of 200n lbs. rough 18 00 19 00 do. do. do. finished 28 00 30 00 Hams, northern, .... pound 94 10 southern and western, . " Hay, licsl English, per ton, . 15 00 16 00 Eastern screwed, . 10 50 Hops, Isl quality. pound 46 48 2d quality, .... " Lahd, Boston, .... 10 11 southern, .... It 10 11 Leather, Philadelphia city tannage. K 29 30 do. country do. (1 25 U7 Baltimore city tannage. " •26 1 28 do. dry hides, . " 22 24 New York red, lisht. « 20 21 Boston, do. slangiiter. l( 21 22 Boston dry hides, " 18 20 Lime, hesi so/t, .... cask 75 80 Molasses, New Orleans, . gallon 20 27 Sugar House, " Oil, Sperm, Spring, K 1 05 Winter, . i( 1 10 Whale, refined, (( 40 46 Linseed, American, " 65 70 Neat's Foot " I 95 Plaster Paris, per ton ol 2200 lbs. 1 Pork, extra clear, barrel 16 00 17 00 clear, ..... ■■' i 16 00 Mess, .... " 14 00 15 00 Prime, .... " i ,2 50 13 60 Seeds : H erd's Grass, bushel 2 60 3 00 Red Top, southern. 70 80 northern, 1 60 Canary, u 1 2 00 2 2S Hemp, .... " 2 25 2 69 Flax, u 2 00 2 SO Red Clover, northern, . pound, 12 13 Soulhern Clover, " 15 Soap, American, Brown, " 5 7 " Castile, (( 12 13 Tallow, tried, .... " s* 9 Teazlls, 1st sort, .... prM. Wool, prime, or Saxony l-'leeces, . pound 45 48 American, lull blood, washed, " 40 45 do. 3-4ths do. il 40 d). 1-2 do. II 35 as do. 1-4 and common. " 35 3T z ( Pulled superfine. " 42 4S .feilNo. 1, . . . 1 S = 1No.2 " 3.i 40 23 26 ;?=^(No. 3, u 18 20 IG N E v.' ENGLAND FARMER jri,Y15. le** MISCELLANE{)US To ihe EHiior of llie New Ei^lanrt Farmer : Would not tho following liltle story, foiinJed on fact, be interestintr and useful to your re:;ders ? — It is from the Temperance Almanac. B. THE GARDEN. " i\?oney ! money! money! O there is nothing which money will not do," said Mr Jaqiies to him- eelf, as he stood one June morning in 1828, look- inp; into the jrardpn of IMr Lane, cullivnted some- wlint better than was common in the place, I'lough certainly not at any very great expense. While Mr Jaqiies was talkinj thus to liimself, Mr .Tohn- eon, a neighbor, came up, to whom he addressed himself with much interest, saying, " Only see what a garden this is ! I]ow early and flourishing ! Rat look at the melon and encumber vines; could yon believe they could have grown so large ? i here are the currant, gooseberry, raspberry bushes, peaches, apples, and pears, and multitudes of beauiiful flowers, and I know not what ; and it is only a few years since this lot was nothing but a conmion field, and not regarded as a very good soil neither. Hut tliere is nothing that money cannot do. I should like a- niazingly well to have such things, but we poor people must be content without them ; God has not given mo riches, and I do not know, finally, if he hod, that I should think it right to lay out so much just to please the eye and gratify the taste. How much good all the money spent here to gratify pride and suit the ajipetite, might have done, if giv- en to some poor fauuly to purch.ise food and cloth- ing. But the appetites of the rich must be pam- pered, let the real wants of the poor be what they may. There will be strange overturning when God shalljudge the world." " Do you then really think, neighbor Jnques," replied .Mr .lohnson, "that Mr Lane is a rich man ? Only reflect ; you know that he commenced life here, as wo speak, only about ten years since, with li'tle or nothing to dojend on but his earnings His wife, also, who was the daughter of fur{ner Pcasley, could not have brought much property with her, and though they have been industrious and prudent, yet they certainly have not been in the way of making any great sum of money ; and they have had a young family to provide for, like the rest of us." "There must have been money somewhere, I am certain," said Mr Jaques, "for I know that I have worked as hard as Mr Lane ever did, and I know that instead of being able to get such a mul- titude of things, I have had more than 1 could do to provide the commcm necessaries for my family ; this garden and all these fine things never come without money, and a good deal, too.". 'You mistake, entirely," said IMr Johnson, "and if you will hear me, I will tell you all about it, as I heard it from Mr Lane himself, and his statement was confirmed by looking at his books, where he has recorded every tree, vino, plant, &.c. which he has purchased, and the price given for them. The circumstances are these: Mr Lane became early convinced that the use of ardent spirits as a beve- rage was of no service to a man, and thus left the use, if indeed he ever had fairly got into the habit of drinking it. And when he bought here he de- termined to devote a certain suin every year less in amount than was usually expended by the most tem- perate men as they were then called, who were in the habit of driidiing a little every day. This sum, if I remember right, was not more than eight or ten d(dlars, which he has constantly devoted to tin.' pur- chase of trees, phmls or seeds for the garden. — These he has cultivated almost entirely himself, by tak.ng advantage of those intervals of business which iiKist men spend to little or no profit. The result is wli:.! you se<^, and it is very certain, should ho continue in this way, a very few years will e.v- hibit still greater results. And you and I, and in fact most of the neighbors, might have d-\Vl.S. For sale, a few pairs of pure Dorking Fowls. The slock, of w hicli these are 1 ho produce, were prcenred in L>oi'kiii?, CuufUy of .Surrey, England. " Few lireeds have a title lo I. oast nf so hi£^h and Ions continued a reputation as ihe Dinking. U)nvards of liliyHve years have pa-sed, siiiie, uhile lesideiit in ."Purvey, I sent to D..rking for my tirsi regular lireeouig- stock : they were then the ancient and superior five. clawed breed of Surrey.'' — MoiDbvay on Ponllnj^'ith Edition. This breed attains to a large size, and ihe bens are the best of laveis. t*rice 53 per pair. Appl\ to JOSEPH BKECK & CO. June 24. tf GARD.';]VF,RS-' KNIVES. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. have \hi.- season imported and now otfer lor sale a few very superior Garden Knives, for jiruning. &c. maniifailnred expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of ihc kind before import- ed. Also — a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &c. April 22 NOTICE. The Hhoile Island Society for the encouragement of Do- mestic Industry, have prociireri copies id Dr J.ckson's Geological and Agricultural Report of Khode Island, and will deliver ihe meiiihers each a copy irratis, hv calling on B. Cranston & Co, at their Bookstore in Providence. WII.LIA.VI KHOUKS, Trmuurcr. Rhode Island, ,Iiine 24 The census of Boston recently taken, gives a population of 8:!,707. In 183.5 it was 78,504. \n Ib'JO it was G1,:J8I. Till!; NEW KSGI.A'.D KAKItlKIC. Is puhtished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annuo) payaliie at ihe end of the year — luil those who pay wiili.n sixlydays frcm the timeoi' subscribing are entitled to a re duciionof 50 cents. TUTTLE, DENNF.TT AND CHISIIOI.iH, PRINTERS, i; S^.HOOI. srkKKr.....l!O.STO.N AND H O R T I C U L T U f{ A L REGISTER. ^ PUBLISHED EV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Aghicultural Warehouse.) VOL. XI.%.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY 2a, 1840. [NO. 3. FARMER. From the Journal of the English Agricultural Society. EXPERIMENTS On the Improvi-.m'nxt of poor Inmls bi/ Subsoil plough- ins;, both loilh and without Undtrdniininn;. By the Rev, W. L. Ra.\M, Vicjr of Winkfield. (Conclwltil.) 2. The other e.vpeiiment which I would mention was made on a tiold of 5 acres, of a cold wot clay. When I first took this field tlio soil was pnor ami heavy. About r> or 0 inches of soi! only had ever been stirred. All the land around is in permanent grass, being supposed ton heavy and wet for profit- able cultivation with the plough. The tenants are tied down, under heavy penalties, no", to break it up. The mode in which my field had been culti- vated before, was the old one of two corn crops, after a complete fallow. To attempt to have tur- nips there would have been consiilered as absolute folly. The first thing I did was to trench-plough it very partially, only bringing up about an inch of the yellow clay ; and this was too much. It was then well clialked all over; a practice extensively followed here, where there is no calcareous earth in the natural soil. The chalk is carted seven miles, and is reckoned to cost M. per wagon load when laid on tlie land. From 5 to 10 wagon-loads per acre are usually put on the land every S or 10 years, at the time it is fallowed. I fidlownd the old course of tillage, with the va- riation of wheat, beans, onts, and tares; manuring well, and fallowing every 4 or 5 yeflr.s. But every course was attended n'itli loss, as my accounts prov- ed, although I had fair crops, paid a very low rent, (for it is not my own.) aiid it was tithe-free. This did not suit my purpose ; but as I iiad a lease of it, and could not give it up, I laid it down to grass with a crop of oats, sowing clover and a mixture of good grass-seeds. 'The feed of it would more than cover the rent and outgoings; and I could lay out my money to better advantage on iu)i)roving my own land. It remained in grass five years, in which time it was mown twice for hay and led three years. Af- ter the first two years the grass began to deterio- rate, and at last the coarse grasses, especially Alo- pecurus ari'ensi.i, and the different varieties of •^^ostis prevailed, and left bare spaceoj between them. I therefore determined to break it up. Pre- paratory to this I had all tlie old furrows ploughed out between the ridges which still remained. The sward which the plough raised was taken up and carted into heaps at the corners (>f the field, which was then ploughed and left I'or 6 weeks. On the 1st of January, 1835, the weather being very mild, beans were dibbled ou it, in rows 1.5 inches dis- tant, beans being put in 4 inches asunder. They came up well, and were very carefully hoed three times, and the weeds pulled up by hand. The crop was abundant — the bean-stalks were high and well furnished with pods through their whole length. The produce was 30 quarters of excellent horse- beans, (G quarters per acre.) The bean-stubble was cleared and the land cleaned with the scarifier, harrows, and rake, and then ploughed. Red wheat was drilled upon it iniLnediately, and produced next autumn 2.5 quarters of plump corn. I need not add that the wheat was hoed and weeded about the time it began to tiller. The wheat stubble was ploughed soon after harvest, after a moderate coat of compost had been applied, and the field was sown with winter tares. This compost was made by mixing farm yard dung with the earth which had been ploughed out of the furrows on breaking up the grass, and which had been turned over twice with the sp;\de, so that it had the appearance of fine garden mould. Great atteatinn was paid to have water-furrows sufficient to carry ofi'all super- fluous water The tares produced a good crop in 18 57, which was partly made into hay ; a small por- tion was cut up green for the horses, and a part, left for seed, was reaped in the end of August. Where the tares had been left for seed some ma- nure was applied. The field being again ploughed was sown with wheal, and produced 20 quarters — t quarters per acre. It was now apparent that the weeds were increasing, and that a cleaning became necessary: the wheat stubble was therefore scari- fied, and the surface raked ; the weeds were burnt or carried off. The whole was ploughed as deep as possible before Christmas, and left rough to the influence of the frost. This was in 1838. As soon as the business of the farm permitted in the spring of 1830, the field was ploughed level by re- versing the furrows; the heavy harrow, called here the drag, was drawn over in all directions, and all the roots and weeds were collected. It was next ploughed at right angles to the first direction, and after a little time harrowed repeatedly, and all root weeds carefully forked out. In April, after spread- ing about 18 cubic yards of fresh stable dung on 1 1-2 acre, potatoes were put 12 inches apart into every third furnnv, after the plough, the manure being raked over the' sets, and covered by the re- turning plough. On the remainder of the field, the rest of the manure, consisting of about 40 cart- loads of good yard dung, which had been carted on to the headland from the yard, and there turned over once, was spread evenly. It was now plough- ed into very small ridges, 32 inches wide, each consisting of 2 furrows up and 2 down, or 2 bouts, as they are called. On the top of these ridges, after a light harrow had gone over, one row of Swedish turnips or of the red globe turnips was drilled. Plenty of seed was used to secure a plant. After this, the turnip-, which came up well, were cultivated after the Northumberland manner ; the intervals were ploughed, first laying the earth from the turnips, and then to them again. The double mould-board plough, which reached down to the yellow clay, deepened the middle furrow, and gave 1 a free course to the water. The Swedes and red rounds are as good a crop as I could desire; The distance of the ridges will i allow the wheels of my carts to take two ridges between them, the horse walking in the interval between them. Thus I sliall draw the turnips with- out injury to the land, even in wet weather; but f mean to avail myself of a few dry days to take them oft" and set them in a sheltered situation, as close as possible, with the tops on, where they will continue to vegetate slowly, and no frost will injure them, as I know by experience. This minute detail of my operations may appear tedious, but it tends to establish au important fact, that cold wet clays may be improved so as to bear good crops of turnips, even without under-draining. I d,i not pretend to say that under-draining would not greatly improve this field: but it has not suited my purpose or convenience to do so hitherto, and I have made it profitable without draining. I would not on any account use the subsoil plough here, unless I first drained it thoroughly. The subsoil plough does wonders in lands which have a porous subsoil, even when employed by it- self; but unless its application on stiff wet lands be accompanied with draining, it mikes theni worse, keeping in the water which would otherwise run off the surface. W. L. RH.AM. n'inkfield, Berkshire, .Vov. 1, 1839. [From ' Transactions of the Essex Agricultural .Society.'] OlM FOREST TREES. The Committee on Forest Trees, report : That although liberal premiums for the cultivation of forest trees have been offered by the socii-ty from its organization to the present time, no claim for those premiums has, within the knowledge of the committee, been presented until the present year. Perhaps the subject has not engaged the attention of the farmer, or the benefits have seemed too re- mote, or the experiments made have not beeji so extensive as required by the rules of the society ; but whatever cause may have hitherto prevented attempts to cultivate forest trees, your committee think that at no very distant day, the increased price of fuel and the diminished stock of timber, will awaken attention to supply the deficiency of both. Already the planting of trees by the road- sides, for ornament and shade, is becoming more frequent, and thousands might yet be planted, which would beautify our county, and in a few years add greatly to the stock of fuel. This article is one of the heavy items of expense to every family, and every addition to the sources of supply tends to keep down it^ price. How many tracts of land there are throughout the coun- ty, of little value for other purposes, which might be profitably devoted to the cultivation of trees : — how inany beautiful hills, I )ug since divested of" their primitive forest growth, and from which more recently the high price (ifship timber stripped the the few remaining oaks, until they now stand bleak and bare, exhibiting the aspect of sterility however good the soil, without shade or shelter for the cattle under our summer suns: — and how obviously would rows of trees by the fences and clumps scattered over these hills, heighten the beauty of the land- scape, afford a grateful shade to animals and aug- ment the value of the land. The value ofthe trees 18 NEW ENGLAND FARMER juLvaa, i«4". which miirlit now bo planted in the connty would, thirty years hence, without niuterially diijiinishing the income of the land, be almost iivalnabli.'. Mr Nathan Webster, of Haverhill, is the first and only claimant for this premium. He commenced planting the seed of the locust in October, 18-55, and not discouraged by the failure of most of the seed to germinate, or the destruction of the young plants by the winter of 1836 '7, lias continued to plant extensively the sreds of the locust, ash, elm, also walnuts and chesnuts, to the present time, un- til the larger pirt of abou'. nine acres of land has been planted, generally in furrows ten feet apart. But few of the walnuts came up, and of a bushel of acorns planted in the fall of 1837, not one germi- nated, owing, as lie supposes, to having been in- jured by frost before planting. Mr Webster lias found it necessary to soak locust seed Irom twelve to twenty hours in hot water before planting, to in- sure their germinating. Hi; also showed the com- mittee a promising nursery of ash trees, sown in his garden the last fall, and another of elms from 12 to 18 inches high, which were planted in June from seed the growth of the present year. The com- mittee visited bis plarrtation on the 20th September instant. The soil is dry and gravelly, and the land in 1835 was mostly covered with white birch and some white oak and maple trees. Previously to planting trees, only one acre of the field had been ploughed. The seed was dropped in furrows made with the plough in the sward, at ten fi-et distance, and covered with the hoc. Mr W. exhibited to the committee a considerable number of ash and but- tonwood trees in a thrifty state, which he had trans- planted ; some of the latter were growing thrifty from slips set in the wettest part of the land. But the attention of your committee was particularly directed to the locust trees, of which Mr Webster estimated that from five to six thousand were in the fourth year, and from three to four thousand in the third year of their growth. The seed having been dropped without manure in furrows from which the soil was removed by the plough, the trees could not bo expected to have had a rapid growth, and were almost universally injured by the borer, which is so peculiarly destructive to the locust tree. They were slightly hoed the first year, but had received no cultivation since, and the white birch and other trees were beginning to assert their claims to the soil. Cattle are entirely excluded from the field by a very substantial wall. Your committee think Mr Webster entitled to commendation for his exten- sive and spirited experiments in planting trees; and although they wish his cultivation had been more exact and thorough, and the present appear- ance of the plantation cleaner and more promising, yet considering the variety and extent of his ex- periments, and the importance of the subject, they recommend that he receive the first premium of thirty dollars. In behalf of the Cominittee, J. H. DUNCAN. September, 1835). JVulliaii IVebster^s Statemtni. To the Commitlce of ihe Essex Agricultural Society on Pur- est 'J rees : Gkntleme.n — The lot of locust trees wiiich 1 have offered for the premiutn of the Kssex Agri- cultural Society, is planted in Haverhill, about one mile east of the village. The land, between nine and ten acres, was iti 18 i5 mostly covered with white birches, with seme white oak and maple trees. The land is light gravelly loam; the bushes and;, trees I had cut, and about one acre of the land ploughed and planted with potatoes, and in Octo- ber, 1 8-55, 1 sowed one pound of locust seed, but very few came up. In May, I83<), I had one acre of land furrowed in furrows ten feet apart, and in these furrows sowed two pounds of locust seed, and think thati.iore than ten thousand trees came up. These were hoed once the first year, but in the following winter more than three fourths were killed. In the spring of 1837, sowed one pound of locust seed on two acres of land, in rows about ten feet apart ; the seed came up well — the plants were slightly hoed Ihe first year;— the first winter killed more than half of them. In the fall of 1837, I planted between one and two bushels of white oak acorns in rows ten feet apart, made by ploughing ;i furrow, but from these acorns not a single tree came up. I presume the early frost of that year killed the acorns before they were ripe. In 1838, sowed one pound of locust seed which came up well. I pour hot water on the locust seed, and let it remain twelve or twenty hours in the same water ; but few locust seeds will germinate if not soaked in hot wa- ter. I presume there are now on the nine or ten acres of land, in the fourth year of their growth, from five to six thousand trees, and in the third year from throe to four thousand trees. U here they were loo thick, 1 transplanted them, and they now cover eight or nine acres. They have been very extensively attacked by the borer, which has very much injured their appearance and growth. There has not been any labor bestowed on them since the first year. Yours, very respectfully, NATHAN WEBSTER. I ,- Far the New England Farmer. THE MORAL & PHYSICAL IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE. Boston, 14f/( Jul;/, 1840. Mil CoLMAN — The voluntary contributors to your paper are very properly permitted to choose their own subjects, (saving politics and religious sectarianism,) and it is well tliat they are; because all men, in matters of mind, as well as all women in matters toilet, are dailij : — they have their pretty and their ugly days ; their precise, logical moods, and their desultory moods. I sat down with the intention of being very mathematical, and headed a paper with Rural Mechanics. But I soon found that I was not in a mood for figures, and tore up the paper. However, as I have devoted a little leisure which I have on hand, to your valuable pa- per, I will let my pen take its own course. The moral as well as the physical importance of agriculture, has doubtless been the theme of many learned diswertalions and poetical essays, from the time of Virgil to this day. But as I have not read them all, I may now flounder heavily through some ofits pleasant paths, which have been rendered by others still more fascinating by the fiowers with v.'hich they were strewed. But also, this ignorance of the past, may cause me to blunder into some new path, less smooth and florid, though leading, possibly, to fruitful results. We must look back, I believe, to agriculture, for the true basis of civilization, if fixed property be considered as its principal agent. The property of the wild hunter was hardly deserving thai name, for it could be maintained only by physical strength, or by that cunning which we hold in common with i the fux, who hides his half knawed bone in the ground. The wandering, pastoral life of the an- cient Nomades was not much better, or their prop- erty much more secure. Their flocks and herds were the lawful spoils of the stronger tribe; there where no other law was known than that of the strongest. A little sophistry would enable me to make a tolerably gooil plea in favor of this system of plun- der, and a little refinement might enable one so disposed, to draw arguments in favor of it from our own system of majorities, considered in the abstract. But, really, might cannot make n'gW, independent- ly of other circumstances ; although right without might is a very impotent afl^air. It is to agriculture, then, that we owe the pro- gress we have already made in civilization. Is there any thing else to which we may owe our fu- ture progress? Shall we now kick away the lad- der by which we have mounted so high, and vainly say that society may now soar to the empyreal re- gions, astride on a single idea, independent of the terrestial base, on which the foot of our ladder stood, and far beyond its lop, through the giddy re- gions of imagination.-' No — let us rather, like Anteus, never forget our kind mother earth; al- ways maintain our foothold there, and be ever ready to call on her in time of need. She will never desert those who depend upon her r.nd them- selves jointly. But let us beware of the wilely serpent, who has too often assumed the tempting oiijce of distributor of earth's best gifts, without ever putting his own hand to the plough. He al- ways has been partial ; he is now partial, and al- ways will be partial. If ho were not partial, ho would be obliged to do his share of the work ; but being partial he shares in the Esau lots which he assigns to his favorites. This partial distributor is the maker of partial and unjust laws, which throw unequal burdens on labor, with the semblance of protecting it. Well might the ancients bestow the honors of apotheosis on the supposed author of agriculture, in the person of Ceres, of whom they made an ob- ject of adoration. Many other objects less worthy have fascinated the minds of man; but none on earth is more worthy of his love and gratitude. If it had not been for the wiley serpent who followed Ceres in her fruitful furrows, to gather where he had never sown, Ceres had been a goddess indeed, to this day, and worshipped by alj, with that hom- age alone which can be acceplible to her, viz: the labor necessary, and Ihe fruition consequent to her wise precepts. When agriculture first appeared to bless this world, then did man make the most important step in the path of morals. Property became fixed, and permanent. The respect due and rendered to the property of others was the surest, nay the only guaranty of riglits. Peace then looked down from heaven, and smiled on the future prospect of peace on earth. And in spite of the old French proverb, (which says, ' Qui lerre a guerre a': He who has land has war,) peace wilt bless this earth, and ev- ery man will sit down under his vine and fig tree, anil no one shall make him afraid. If possession bring war, necessarily, it can be so only where un- just monopoly deprives many, very many of all property. I say very many, because it requires great numbers to hazard a war on property : and VOI<. XIX. NO. •■(. AND H 0 11 T I C U L t u R A L REGISTER, 9 tlm petty war between neig^hbors, to which tlie French proverb piirticnlarly refers, proceeds from the same source — some latent injustice or imper- fection in the law. Can it be our will and pleas- ure that this last imperfection in law continue for- ever to verily the French proverb ? If a hundred land owners were asked whether they had rather hold their possessions free from every chance of litiffation, or take the chance of fjettinn^ some small portion of their neighbor's land by force of law, with all the trouble, heart-burning and costs, how many would vote for litigation ? If agriculture, where a few potent, luxurious, idle, profligate landlords were owners of all the land, and its cultivators were slaves or semi-slaves, have been the moans of civilizing Uie world to the degree we now find it, what may be expected in a country where almo.st every cultivator is also a pro- prietor of the soil ? If the increased produLUs of agriculture afforded the leisure and the means of making progress in all the other arts and sciences, including its owi, through the experiments and mental labor of a few wise and philanthropic men, not obliged to exhaust theniseUes by hard work, and not willing to waste their strength in dissipa- tion, what may be hoped from multitudes now simi- larly situated.' Indeed the great majority of our intelligent and independent farmers are well quali- fied to labor in this intellectual field, and do now labor in it most efficiently. In ])roof of this round assertion, which would astonish Europeans, we have but to turn to our patent office, to our manufacto- ries, to the arts generally, including the fine arts; to the learned professions, to commerce, and to our legislative halls, for all these are almost exclusive- ly peopled by the sons of agricultural labor, who have fciund money and leisure enough to qualify themselves to take the lead in them all. When' in old countries one man could aflRjrd to suspend his daily toil for the improvement of his mind, fjr a few short days in the year, hundreds here have six long winter months for the same purpose, and their children have every day of the year. I.s it then so extravagant to indulge in the flat- tering hopes of a moral millenium .' Either the abundance furnished by agriculture has ?io< been the means through which our present progress has been made, or increased abundance with more nu- merous laborers in the field of science, must accel- erate that progress. I do not see how to get rid of this conclusion; I will therefore hope on, and re- fer to posterity for the verificat'on of my prophecies. Now that I have established my general premi- ses, to my own satisfaction at least, and concluded that we have the means and the disposition to im- prove our talent, and are even now improving it, I will hazard a few remarks on the importance of maintaining entire the sacred means beciueathed to us by our noble sires, for the completion of the great moral work began by them. Those means are, physical and moral independence: — indepen- dence in property and independence in mind ; for they must go together or they both fall. A slave, be he white or black, is not a whole man. lie is, in fact, but the shell of a man. A man in debt is a slave ; and a poor man is a semi-slave Such men can make no progress. The day when inde- pendence in properly shall begin to diminish in this happy country, will be a gloomy day for our children. That day, if it could be ascertained, and fixed in our almanacs, would be celebrated in sack- clotli and ashes, by our miserable posterity. We seek not to level property by any other means than those afl'orded by the present jujt and eipial distribution of it among all our children, without favor or ):artiality. Nor can we wish to see it heaped up in (;xcessive masses, by any other means than by honest industry ; — and such excess is not to be feared where the laws are just and equal. The ilifl'erence between one man and anoth- er i.s not so great, nor is life long enough to accu- mulate excessive wealth, by sheer labor and econo- my. If our laws be wise and republican, our con- dition will never become aristocratic, by excessive wealth ; and every other kind of aristocracy has become impossible in the present stale of the world. Rut how shall we ascertain whetlu^r indepen- dence of property diminish or not, among the great mass of our citizens .' Be it ri'ineinbered that this is no idle question of a statistic-monger. It is one of the deepest significance. It is the infallible monitor, who would tell us trueb), if his voice could be heard, whether we were really rising or falling in the scale of morality and civilization. Need I add, in religion also ? No, — for what is religion without morals ? Cannot some of our oldest farmers answer my first question, after looking about and numbering the independent land-holders of the present day, compared v.>ith those of former times, according to the ratio of [lopulation ? By independent farmers I mean to distinguish all those who held then or hold now a house and ever so little land, from the mere day-laborers and tenants. If some philanthropist of forecast, had thought of the importance of this question, and had had a voice in Congress, he might have added this to nu- merous queries which the commissioners of the census are now making of every house-holder in the nation. But before the next census, which will be ten years, this hint will have been forgot- ten, I fear. The general idea of high civilization, such as nations have heretofore aimed at, is, I am aware, at variance with my present thesis. That idea leads us to look to cities and great accumulation of wealth as the sources of civilization. This very word, from civis, as well as urbanity, another word derived from the Latin for city, load to the idea that cities alone are the schools for civilization, i nnist here admit that if any civilization worthy of .'\mericans could exist wUhout mornlily, then in- deed would the cities have superior advantages to the country. The very vices of the city are, in a manner palliated by the illusions of fashion and the lustre of wealth. True civilization must then look to its own mother earth, for the completion of her great and glorious work. In connexion with this subject, I will quote a very significant remark, which I have heard in this city, from a fashionable quarter. I have heard it said that "the city had deteriorated in good man- ners and high polish, by the introduction of so many emigrants from the country ; and that the manners of the country have gained by the more frequent intercourse with the city, and by intermar- riages between them." No one will deny the beneficial tendency of the frequent intercourse which an active commerce brinirs about. But may we not have some doubts on the supposed decline of civilization in the cities ? I would not dwell invidiously on this subject ; but I am old enough to remember in the highest cir- cles in this city, gambling to the loss of whole es- tates, and invariable drunkenness at every fashiona- ble festival. In these two particulars we have, then, evidently improved in the city, notwithstand- ing tlie great influx of rustic vnljrarily. I wish I could add, that wo had also improved in the moral .-ensc of right and wrong, commercially and legally speaking. 1 leave it to the happy irdiabitants of thp fields to inquire how much their sense of right and wr(uig has been improved by our example. I cannot terminate this long letter more appro- priately than bv a quotation from Jefferson to Dr Priestley : " There is an overcharge in the class of compe- titors for the learned occupations, and great distress among the supernumerary candidates; and the more so, as their habits of life have disqualified them for retiring into the laborious class. The evil cannot be suddenly, nor perhaps ever entirely cured. Nor should I presume to say by what means it may be cured. Doubtless there are many engines which the nation might bring to bear on this object. Public opinion and public encourage- ment are among these. The class principally de- fective is that of agriculture. It is the first in util- ity and ought to be the first in respect. The same artificial means which have been used to produce a competition in learning, may be equally successful in restoring agriculture lo its primary dignity in the eyes of men. It is a science of the first order. It counts among its handmaids the most respecta- ble sciences, such, as chemistry, natural philosophy, mechanics, mathematics generally, natural history, and botany. In every college and university there might be professorships of agriculture, and that class of students might be honored as the first. — Young men closing their academical education with this, as the crown of all other sciences, fasci- nated with its solid charms, and at a time when they are to choose an occupation, instead of crowd- ing the other classes, would return to the farms of their fathers, or their own, and replenish and invig- orate a calling now languishing under contempt and oppression. Tiie charitable schools, instead of storing their pupils with a lore that the present state of society does not call for, converted into schools of agriculture, might restore them to that branch, qualified to enrich and honor themselves, and to increase the productions of the nation in- stead of consuming them. A gradual abolition of the useless offices, so much accumulated in all ■governments, might close this drain also from the labors of the field, and lessen the burthens imposed on them. By these and better means whicli will occur to others, the surcharges of the learned might in time be drawn ofl' to recruit the laboring class of citizens, the sum of industry be increased, and that of misery diminished." I hope, sir, that the sound and philosophic vieira of an old farmer as well as a profound statesman, will atone fiu- the length of this letter. Your ob't serv't, WM. FOSTER. The Baltimore Sun mentions an instance of a hen that lived twentyeight days without either food or drink, having been accidentally fastened in a pile of wood. The hen is still living and likely t9 recover. In case of a famine, it would be quite an advantage to be an old hen. The ship Henry sailed from Philadelphia last week for London, with a cal^o of 33,7.50 bushels of oaf* .' 20 N E W ENGLAND FAR M E R JULY aJ, 1840. From ihe Tliinl L. Letler 11 CharUmont, ^ipril, 1840. Rf.v. Mr Colman — My Dear Sir — My last let- ter enclosed samples of four varieties of mulberry leaves, White, Multicanlis, Canton and Broussa — all produced la.«t season on the same patch of ground — by inspecting which I think one would come to the conclusion, that the more modern fashionable leaves, after all, have little or no pre-eminence to the white, being little larger in size, and as to com- pactness and firmness of texture, manifestly inferi- or. I have formed no judgment, from my own ex- perience, whether there would be economy in sub- stituting other kinds for the Italian white mulberry ; for I have not had sufficient opportunity for a test. There is one consideration not to be overlooked. According to the proposed modern plan of silk pro- duction, viz : by taking up the trees in the autumn and housing them, and resetting them in the spring, their foliage will be later, and require that the lat- ter rather than the former part of .'-ummer be the season for rearing the worm. Now experience has established us in the opinion that the earlier months are incomparably preferable to the later for rearing healthy worms, and, consequently, for producing good cocoons. Trees which will not endure the winter, must be waited on for their harvest, until those of a more hardy race have matured their crop and given it into the hand of the gatherer. If the importance of early feeding be not a prejudice, ev- ery one must see that trees which stand the winter must, other things being equal, be entitled to the preference. When acdinuttion shall remove the objection which lies against the larger leafed spe- cies, they may command respect, and even pre-emi- nence ; but to continue their triumph by acclama- tion, is not to he expected. If the leaves I forward- ed to you are minutely examined, it will be judged, I believe, that the cultivators of the mulberry tree have good encouragement, even if their preferen- ces cling to the Multicanlis, still to regard the white with favor, so much as to allow it generous fare ; not to be turned of}" with a seat at the second or third table ; or still worse, to be denied every indulgence and kindness. A rich soil is alone able to clothe the mulberry with a rich foliage, and, for a liberal allowance of sustenance, even the com- mon sort, so degraded and scorned of late, will yield a noble and satisfactory return. Most sincerely yours, JOSKPH I'IKLD. INJURIOUS EFFECTS OF WEEDS. The question has been .■i.':kcli\sical strength we are not yet half a man. The greatest of all difficulties connected with fanning in Massachusetts is labor. It is ditiiciilt lo be obrained The prices of labor are enormous. The nior.iis of labor, as we shall presently explain, boih on the part of the employers and the employed, are exceedingly loose ; and the management of it involves innumerable difficul- ties. We are the warm friend o( liie laborer. We wish to see him not only well but liberally paid. We would spare no pains that hissitualion should have all reasona- ble comforts, and would do every thing to inspire a pride of character, to increase his self-respect; and to remove from his mind, when he performs his part hon- estly and well, any painful sense of inferiority. We consider high wages of labor, where there is a sound currency, among the best evidences of the prospeiily of a community. Heaven forbid that labor among us should ever be reduced to the miserable and degraded condition of Europe, even of improved England, wliere men and women perform constantly the most laborious and servile offices for lliu most miserable pittance ami the meanest food. But on the other hand, the price of labor should bear a just proportion to the value of agricultural produce, or the farmer cannot pay it. It has often happened wiihin the last fifteen years, that a day laborer on a farm in seasons of haying and harvest, has by a day's work been able to buy one aiid a lialf bushel of wheal, tlireo bush- els of corn, or eight bushels ot potatoes. Now no far- mer can afford for any length o( time to p ly prices like these; and the consequence is a most serious discour- agement to the farmer, for the whole of the produce is consumed in the payment of the labor. As Scott says in describing iu one of his novels the risult of some one's fanning, it is in this case — " the carls and the carl- eavers make it all, and the carls and the carl-eavers eat it all.'"' It is said that some years since a very exten- sive and successful farmer in Essex lounty, in showing a friend through his crowded barns and his granaries, nlmost bursting with their fulne-s, was asked what he was going to do with all this produce ;" O," said he, " my callle will eat it." " Well, what are you going to do with your cattle ?" " O," said hi', "my men will eat them." Kut this can hardly be called an cncour- affin" agriculture; and men must have iongpiirses who can sustain it. The great variety of luecliaiiical eiiiplo\ merils exist- ing among us, the amount of hanrls occupied at high prices in our manufacturing establishments, tile emigra- tion of young men into the new States, the gre,-it nunr- bers who go into ilie learned professions, the nnnumbcr- cd herds that crowd into cities ns liouse-servants, or shop-keepers, or tradesmen, or merchants, or almost any other employment which will enable them to cock a beaver on one .side of their empty linails, and to sport a clean dickey, a pair of kid gloves, and a black walnut stickee at public places— all these circumstances sweep the coiiiitry almost clean of young men, and render it next to impossible lo procure the labor necessary to manage a farm. Tile same remarks a[iply to female la- bor. It is not lo be had. The amount of dairy produce among us is greatly diminished. Many farms within our knowledge in the State, which formerly kept llieir ten, tweniy, and thirty cow.s, and found a nch source of income in the p oduct of their ilairies, now scarcely makiahi'ir own butter and cheese; and it would be less difficult in most towns in ihe Stale, to find even in our farmers' houses, a young lady who can execute quite passably one of IVIozai t*s best airs upon the piano, or lead off with grace in one of the latest German waltzes, timn lo find one who can milk a cow or make a cheese. Now we know no remedy for this serious discourage- ment lo .-igririulture, than by the more general employ- ment of forei'rn labor. Our own people preiend lo bluster and swear a great deal about the introduction of the Irish into the country ; but if our own people will not work, we must have recourse lo those who will. — The country is largidy indebted lo the Irish. Tlipy have made all our railroads, dug all out canals, filled up all our wharves, and wherever human lifi' was to be used up without concern, there wo have sent them, be- cause their necessities and their recklessness comprdled or made them willing to go. The Irish have many no- ble traits of character. Many whom we have had in our employ have been among the most laborious and faithful laborers we have ever fi>und. We iiave treated them with the grossest abuse ai.d injustice. We have insultetl their religirm, to which no people on earth was ever more attached. We have used them with constant contumely and contempt. We have even stoned those who were born among us, when in obedience to the civil authoiily of the State, they have apfieared on our public parade ground, prepared to defend not their adopted but their native country. We have suffered the devil to go amruig them uni-estrairred ; — we have sent him in the fnrmofrum and whiskey,— and then expect them to do well. If the Irish can but be induced to go forward in lire great mora! reforo.ation whicli is going on in their own green isle — if we can but induce them lo break up their clannish spirit by offerin:; them the honest hand of frienrislrip — if we can jjersnade them lo send tlndr chil- dren to our common sclioids and induce them to lay up their earnings in our savings bank, they will rise at once in the scale of humanity, and prove a great blessing to the country ; for as yet they ate willing to labor and consider labor as their destiny. Never on the earth were a people so crushed and abused as they have been in their own country. Philanthropy and humanily bid ns therefore welcome them to a country f>fboundh!SS ex- tent, and which ten ctnluries cannot fill up, and let them feel that they have the rights and the respi>nsibili- ties of men. There is one other remedy fiir the difficulties of labor, which is of a moral rharacler, and the effect of which may be something. Indeed we think in some cases we begin to pei'ceive iis influence. The opinions of young men and women are becoming more sound on the sub- ject of labor. They are beginning to feel that it is not degrading but honorable ; ami the caprices and distress- ing changes in business and public affairs, are with ef- fect admonishing many that a moderate and reasonable competence, the product of Jionest labor, is far better than lo take the perils and uncertainties of trade and specnlation. On other topics onnected \\ ith labor, we must ])ost- pone our remarks. H. C. EARLY RISING. It is hopiless lo persuade any one lo get up early whose habits of late indulgence are fixed ; and sometimes we think that the man in health who would close his shutters that the morning sun might not enter, would shut his door in the face of his best friend. But we can say i:i sober tiuih, that the most delicious of all pleas- ures of this kind is in the morning of summer, that of witnessing the first streak of light as it darls upwards above the horizon, breathing the balmy frcshne-s of the morning, after leaving your own confined cliamher, watching the gradual advancement of the light, until the sun presents himself in his robes of glory, and the whole creation rises as il were from the dead. H. C. ENaUIRY. To the Editor of the Farmer : I notice that iu the N. E. Farmer of July S, it is stated in the communication I'ecording the progress of vegeta- tiim duiirig the month of June, that a buckthorn hedge was trimmed at Elfinglen on the 27lh ult. Will you or your correspondent have the goodness to communicate the reasons for performing this operation at tliis season .' I have thought heretofore that early in sprinj;, before vegetation commences, is a better season, giving the new shoots lime to harden and lipen before ihe winler, which they cannot so well do if they commence putting fortli in July. C. WEEDS. Mr Editor — \Vill you have the goodness to tTi\e the public a chapter on weeds,' I well know that you have often done so ; but we require " line upon line and pre- cept upon precept." Would il not be well for towns lo impose the dutv upon their surveyors of highways, lo cause all weeds on the roadsides like the Canaila Ihisllo and the Cicuta mac- ulata or American hemlock, to be mowed down at cer- tain seasons. The latter is increasing rapidly and is well known to be highly poisonous. lis root is peren- nial and its seeds very numerous. Hardly a season passes without a ca-e of death arising froni eating it. C, [Our correspondent will find an article fiom the Alba- ny Cultivator on the subject of weeds, on anoiher page of this day's paper,] THE YOUNG GARDENER'S ASSISTANT. We have before us a copy of the 8lli edition of " The Young Gaidener's Assistant," by Thomas Bridgman, of New York. In looking over its paues we are well pleased with its systematic arrangement and with his plain and easy manner of communicating instruction to the 3'oung gardener. We are acquainted with the author, and know that he has the rejiutation of biding one of the first irr the line of gardening in his neighborhood. He fully understands ihe subject on which he has written. We can safi?ly commend this work to the public, witli the assurance that it will not learl them astray, J, B. WOODLAND, A friend at Harvard, Mass,, reqrrests us to insert the following inquiry : " Which is lire most profitable management on clear- ing ground, where it is intended to allow the wood tf> grow again — to burn ilover and lake off one crop of rye, or to allow the immediate growth .'" Will some of our correspondents have the goodness to reply ? VOL,. XIX. NO. 3. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. n MassacUilsetis Horticultural Society* EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS. Saturday, July IBth, IHO. Ciirniitions — Uy ]\Inssrs Walker, Jno. llovoy, Carter and Julinsoit. Dahlias — by I'arker Ilnrnrs, A. Cowditcli, and S. Walker. Nativn and other pri^llv rtnwers frnin Tlioinas Lee, Esq. — iN'aiive fl..w.^is liy F. I,. Call and F. Parker. Bouquets — hy S. Walker, Jno. llovey, llovoy *fe Co. nnd A. liowdilidi. We nniieed arnotij^ Mr Carter's specimens , siime seed- ling plilt),\i:s, and iJelphiniini graiidilloruin — the latter ufgreal beanty, and vvidl woitliy of eitltivation. For the Cotnniittee. S. WALKER, Chairman. Tile Conimittefl appnintcd to award premiums for Carnatiiins, adjudge tliein as follows: To Wni Meller, fur the best display, llie l,n premium. To John llovey, for the second best display, the '2d premium. The committee would remark that the exbibilioii was not such as they were in hope to have seen, from the liberal |)reniiums offered by the SociBty ; and tbey trust that ano!her year the exhibition of Carnations may be more worthy o( the Society's premiums. C. M. HOVEY, ■ S. WAl.KEa, REVOliVING HORSE RAKB. Committee. [CWe recommend to our readers the letter from our valaahle correspondent, Wm. Foster, Esq. It will lead to a train of though! perhaps new lo thdin, and this seems to be the principal aim of tlie writer, to elicit thou;^ht in otliers rather than io obtrude his own ideas BKH.II'l'UiN MAliKKT.— MoMiAi, July 20, IS40. itcptiileil fur tile Nmw RnfjlMlitl KJ>ruier. Al Market 200 Beef Cattle, '30 Cows and Calves, 2000 Sheep and 170 Swine. 120 Swine were report- ed last week. rmcF.s.— lieef Cattle. — The prices obtained last week were susiained and wo quote the same First quality, $6 25. Second quality, $5 75 a $6 00. Third quality, $4 75 a !i;5 75. 0,i€S and Calves.— $20, $23, $26, $28, $32, $:«, $40, and $42. Shee/,.—\iuU. Lots were sold. $1 2.5, $1 33.$1 02, $171, $188, $'2 00, $2 17, $2 25, $2 50, and $3 00. Swine — Dull. No lots were sold to peddle and no purchasers were at market. A few were retailed at for- mer prices, from 4 1-2 to 7. THERIMO.M ETHICAL. Itti[)nrteil for the New Kngland Farmer. Range of the Thermometer at the (lardeiiof the proprietors of the iVew England Fanner, Brighton, iMa.ss. in a ehaded Northerly exposure, weeks ending July 19. July, 1840. I 7A.M. [ 127*1. | 5,P.M. | Wind. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Frulay, Saturday, Sun.iay, S. S. W. S. S. S. E. S. s. On Wednesday at 2 o'clock, P. M., it was at 99^ On Thursday, al the same hour, 9^. There has been but very little rail! for se\eral weeks, and the earth has been very dry indeed. Sunday afternoon we had a refreshing shower ac- companied with thunder and lightning. 13 64 84 73 14 73 93 78 15 68 9-1 80 16 70 95 80 17 76 94 79 1 18 72 92 73 19 78 90 69 1 WANTED. A situation as gardener, hy a young man who is acquainted with its various brancht.*s. The hest references can be given. Apply at this office. July 22. TIE XJP CHAINS. Just received at the New England Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of those celebrated Chains for tying upcaltle. These chjiin.s, introduced by E. H. Derby, Esq. or Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Chariestown, for the pur- pose of securing cattle lo the stall, are found to lie the safest and most convenient mo le of fastening cnws and oxen lo the stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attached to the stall, plays free- ly up a:»d down, and leaves the animal at liberty to lie down or rise al pleasure, and keeps him perfectly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. jWHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. I CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. The Revolving Rake, which has been in general use in most parts of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is found lo be one ol the most useful and labor saving machines now in use. One man and hnrtie, with a Itoy lo lead, will rake on an average from 25 lo 30 acres per day, with case, and do the wuik well. Tliey are coming into very general use in all parts of the country, and will, no doubt, in a few years, supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is a great advantage in ihis rake over all others, as the person using it does not have to stop the horse lo unload the rake. CHAIN CKADLES. The Grain Cradle is ah article which is coming into very general use in the New England Slate>, whei'- they were till of late but liule known, although they have been in very general use in the southern und western Slates, for many years, and which is loiind lo be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as U is suppn&ed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one. The dillerence m galhernig a crop is so much in favor ol cradling, that we mu:>t suppose that il will be the only mode adopted herealler, and the grain cradle will become of as much use, as an implement ol husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great improvement in the manufac- turing of this article, they are now made on ihu most im- proved plan; the suylhe is well secured and finished in a superier manner and made of the best cast sieel. BUDDINO FRUIi TRRES. Cuttings of iruit trees for huddmg, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries^ known and cultivated in this country or m Europe, all from hearing trees, can be packed in such o manner as lo be sent with pertecl safely lo a .y pari of this country or Europe. Apply by mail lo the subscriber, at the Pomological Garden, Salem, Mass. ROBERT MANNING. Salem, July 15. i. DISHI,EY SHEEP. For sale, twenty full blood Dishley or New Leice-stcr Ewes, and one Ram. Price *10 each. Apply at the Far- /\tr. — mer Office June 24 DOKKIiVG FOWLS. For sale, a few pairs of pure Dnrking Fowls. The slock, of which these are the produce, were procured in Dorking, County of Surrey, England. " Few breeds have a Ulle to boast of so high and long coiuinued a reputation as ihe Dorking. Upwartls of fiftyfive vears have passed, since, while resident in Surrey, I sent to l)orking for my first regular breeding- slock : ihey were then the ancienl and superior five-clawed breed of Surrey." — Mowbratj on Ponltrij, Itli Kdttlon. This breed allains to a large size, and ihe hens are the [lesl of layers. Price S3 per pair. Apply to JOSEPH aUECX &. CO. June 24. if ,___ GARDt?NEKS> ICIVIVES. JOSEPH F.RECK &. CO. have ihi? season imported ami now oiler for sale a lew very superior (^■.■.r(leu Knives, for pruning, &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior lo any article of" the kind before import- ed. Also— a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &c. April 22 THE NEW ENGLAND PAIJMEK Is pubiished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 jier annum payableal the end of the year — but those who j)ay wiilrti sixty days from the time of subscribing are eiililled lo a Ce- duciionof 50 cents. TUTTl.E, nENNF.TT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTFRS, 17 ^CllOOl, STI{KRT..-..nOSTON AND H O R T I C U L T U {I A L U E G I S T E R . VOL. \IX.] POflLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricoltubal Warehouse.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, JULY ^9, 1840. [NO. 4. N. E . FARMER. For the New Ensland Farmer. DENNIS'S PATENT TROUGHS. Mr Editor — I desire through your columns to thanl; Mr Dennis for his early reply to my queries respecting his invention and the date of it; and while I am happy to concede to him to him all due credit for making and ap[ilying the lead gutter round trees, for protection agiiinst the canker worn-, I cannot allow his claim of originality. lie states his invention to be "a circular metallic trough and roof, made of one piece of metal, and bent to con- form to tlie shape of the tree — using for that pur- pose any metal that can be wrought into the prop- er shape," and " first made by liini in the summer or fall of 1836." Now, if [ shall show that there is nothing material in this description which was not invented and freely communicated to the public long before, I trust that he will have the masna- niniity to admit it, and to authorise his fellow citi- zens to unite for the extermination of this pest, without the fear of a prosecution, with treble dam- ages before thi-ir eyes, and without applying to his agents, (some of whom are far from admitting that any other than skilful mechanics can make them,) to do, what "any industrious young farmer may learn to do in one day." In the N. E. Farmer vol. 8, page 2'25, under date of January 25th, 1830, is a very intelligible descrip- tion of a tin trough, to be one and a half inches deep, with a cover or projection over it, filled with water, to which is added a small quantity of whale oil of the thinnest quality — the interval between the tree and the trough to be filled up with swing- ling-tow. This is the invention, or proposal, as he modestly calls it, of Mr Lemuel VV. Briggs, of Bristol, R. I. ; and here we have "the metallic trough and roof." But, says Mr Dennis, (hty were made square, and my invention is the circular form. Now it happens, singularly enough, that Mr Briggs, in his above-mentioned communication, in 1830, re- fers to a:i invention of tin troughs, by Mr Irish, of Rhode Island, mentioned in the N. E. Parmer, vol. 5, page 409, July 1827, to which he objects that they are cjVcii/ar, or as he describes them, "fitted to the shayie of the tree." Here then is the inven- tion in 1827 and 1830, ofa " circular metallic trough and roof" But Mr Briggs refers us a'.so to the in- vention of Mr Haughton, of Lynn, (N. E. Farmer, vol. 7, page 04, Oct. 1828,) which is a circular trough, mnde of strong pasteboard, painted, with a roof over it, filled with oil. Mere then we have the idea of a circular apparatus stnmgly developed in October, 1828. I shall now refer Mr Dennis and your numerous readers to the very accurate and remarkable paper of Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, on the canker worm, read before the Massachusetts Horticultural Socie- ty, and published in the N. E. Farmer, vol. 8, pages 377-8, June 1830 — in which, after stating the dis- advantages of tarring, he says — " If a vessel could be formed of some chea)) material, such as Danvers pottery ware, or sheet lead, in two parts, in the form of semi-circular troughs, placed on the ground and filled with a liquid, &c. &.C., it would answer the desired purpose." And a little further on he says : " A sheet lead vessel, or one of some other material, which could be secured to the trunk of the tree, a few feet from the ground, and filled with a liquid of the above named character, would be effectual." It is worthy of remark that these inventions and suggestions, made from six to eight years before the imaginary invention of Mr Dennis, were sub- mitted to the public in the most free and liberal manner, ami published in your useful paper. It thus appears conclusively that Mr Haughton invented and used " circular troughs" in 1828, and that Mr Irish used -'circular metallic troughs and roofs, bent to conform to the shape of the tree," in 1827. Mr Dennis may say, perhaps, that they were of tin and made of more than one piece of metal. To the first allegation it would be sutBcient to re- ply that his specificaiion, as he gives it, does not claim the original use of any particular metal ; .nnd if it did claim the introduction of sheet lead, I have shown it was invented by Gen. Dearborn and pub- lished to the world six years before. To the sec- ond allegation, if made, it may be replied Ihat Gen. Dearborn's second proposition of a "sheet lead ves- sel which could be secured to the trunk of the tree, a few feet from the ground," most obviously points us to the very gutter or trough made and used by Mr Dennis, of one piece of metal, unless the size of the tree should make two pieces expedient. I feel confident that ftlr D., after reading the evidence thus collected from a cursory examina- tion of the N. E. Farmer, will candidly admit, that in 1836 he only hit upon or invented, what was al- ready either in use or suggested and proposed by others. I can readily believe hiin if he asserts that he was ignorant of these facts, and that the inveu- vention was original, as far as regards his own mind; but he must be sensible that, in such case, all exclusive rights under the patent will fall to the ground. I have not the slightest hostility to Mi Dennis, and have no object in view, other than the promo- tion of justice and of the interests of agriculturists. If this remedy, which appears to have been the re- sult of the conjoined application of several thinking minds to the subject, can be thrown open to the public, we may hope for the extermination of the canker worm. On the other hand, if this is a pa- tent remedy, many persons w ho have been acquaint- ed with the expedient for ten or twelve years, will be deterred from its use by the fear of "the 14tli section of the law of 183(3." I am aware that the former volumes of your pub- lication contain other facts applicable to the sub- ject, which, should it become necessary, may be laid before the community; and I beg leave to say again, that I do not desire by this open exhibition of them, to injure or wound the feelings of Air Den- nis, but to call the public attention to the matter tor the public good. H. P. S.— .My copy of vol. 8 of the N. E. Farmer is incomplete, not containing the No. for June 25th, 1830, in which, I have reason to think, will be found a description of the use of lead gutters, oil, &,c., by Mr P. G. Bobbins, of Roxbury : if so, will you have the goodness to publish such part of it a3 you think material ? From the N. E. Farmer of June 25tli, 1830. CANKER WORMS. Ma Fkssendk.n — My apple trees have for some years past been very much injured by canker worms, and I have diligently endeavored to find out some- thing to check their ravages. I thought of a plan for that purpose, last sum- mer, and intimated it to a respected friend and far- mer in my neighborhood ; but deferred putting my thought into action, because experienced men said, " the canker worm's career has always been limited to just so many years. In 1830, you may rely on it, the worms will not appear." Last fall, however, the slugs began to go up. I faithfully tried the old remedy, and tarred them autumn, winter and spring. Vet they have been more numerous and destructive the present year than ever. My apple trees now appear as if a blazing fire had raged among their leaves. On the third of this month I cut a strip of slieet lead, 4 1-2 inches wide, and of sufficient length ; formed it on the handle ofa pitchfork, like a tube, and had it soldered ; then passed a piece of rope through it and bent it around an apple tree, draw- ing the rope tightly while bending, till the ends met; cut the pipe open and lapped the ends past each other two inches, that they might be hammer- ed well together, and, by a proper cement, say put- ty or something similar, be made water tight; then brought it to a level and tacked the upper edge lo the tree with small pump nails, about six inches apart. Here was a complete circular canal around the tree. I purpose to fill it early in the autumn with winter strained oil, spirits of turpentine, or some other liquid. If this should not lay an em- bargo on their commerce, it must at least stop their navigation, for no slug will dare to sail over it. A piece of sheathing paper, cut in proper form and oiled, may be fixed over it to keep out the rain. If the lead be rolled thin, the expense will not probably exceed two shillings per tree. I beg leave through your useful journal, to sub- mit the above experiment to my agricultural breth- ren, for their consideration, with a hope, that if it should not prove altogether successful, it may lead to some better discovery to protect our apple trees from the blasting influence of canker worms Respectfully yours, P. G. ROBBINS. Roiburt), June \Qth, 1830. The greatest man is he who chooses the right with invincible resolution; who bears the heaviest burdens cheerfully ; who is calmest in storms, and most fearless under menaces and frowns ; whose reliance on truth, on virtue, on God, is most unfal- tering.— Channing. 2fi N E V\^ E N GLAND FARM E R J11.V !S40. For the N. E. Taimcr. RURAL EDUCATION. No. I. If any one should suppose that by rural educa- tion, something is meant inferior to city ediicalion, he greatly misunderstands my views. After hav- ing contended, as I have done, that civilization it- self, owes every thing to the labors of the field, the means, and the inspiring objects which not only invite lo the contemplation of nature's works, but almost force it npon us, and teach us how to make the most of them, and in some deiiroe to improve and multiply them; I say, after these high prclen- eions for rural life, and the expressed hope of fu- ture progress from the same source, it cannot be supposed that rural education is to assume an in- ferior rank. So far is this idea foreign from my present thoughts, that I sincerely believe that the highest grade of improvement to which our iiatuie is susceptible, must depend upon the pure moral air, and the necessary and honest labors of the field, for all future progress. Too much credit has been given to the cities for past improvements. It is true that some of their philosophers have wrought up to considerable ad- vantage the ideas furnished by tlie country ; and their merchants have carried to foreign lands her superlluous products, bringing back in return, new products and some new ideas ; and thereby the city philosophers and merchants liave contributed to our present stock of comforts and knowledge. Still we must look back to mother earth for the foundation of these city labors. But whence comes that moral lore, that unique cement which alone keeps society itself from fall- ing asunder .' Do the philosophers manufacture it ? Do the merchants import it from abroad ? Is it to be found in the laws, the usages, the manners, the government or the religion of foreign countries ? Are the cities the places where all these exotic plants are the least congenial and least apt to take root ? Are the cities the fruitful, congenial soil in which morals thrive best ? " What are laws without morals ?" was the enquiry of an ancient philosopher: " Cluid projiciunt testes sine inoribus." No : the cities have done much good, fur which we thank ihein ; and much evil, which we should remember, not in malice, but as a wholesome lesson to the whole human race. Let not our gratiiude to the feudal cities, for ism. I will not lengthen this paper by arguing ; bor and the loss of his estate to causes which were this point, for I am writing to intelligent men, who | not the real ultimate causes. But if they would know the history of cities, from those of Palestine know whether the agricultural interest were rising to the Gulf of I'^iidnnil, and from Paris to the capi- or otherwise, in the great scale of national prosperi- tal of the Celestial Empire. They may there learn \ ty, — if they would know whether the moral and po- what part cities take in the government of king- litical standard of the farmer were more or less doms ; and then ask, pertinently, what despots \ elevated, in comparison with other vocations, now would do without their potent aid ? But with all due gratitude to the cities for the improvement they have made of the precious talent confided to them by the country, it may be asked, without offence, what would have been the condi- tion of the world at present, if the cities and their mighty rulers had contented themselves with a fair compensation for the labors required of them ; which are as useful in their kind, I admit, as those of the fields; and have left the ownership of the soil to those who make it fruitful with the sweat of I iheir brows, and a fair share of the products of I those labors ? Would the farmers have been less 1 intellectual because they would be less miserable? ' Would no shaded academic groves have been found in the country, where rural philosophers might have collated, discussed and compared the vast sum of data fresh to their hands, with all that which the city merchants could bring to them from foreign places? Would the soil of these rural retreats of science be less propitious than the hard pavings and soft morals of the city ? Would the quiet, or- derly, intelligent labors of nature, prove to be a less inspiring scene to the student, than the discor- dant din and discrepant action of the, city ? If then any physical advantages be conceded to the quiet country, shall I be allowed to ask fur- ther, whether the city philosopher be so free from bias, from a thousand sources, as the more indepen- dent and isolated inhabitant of the fields? Need I mention the checks and shackles which necessa- rily impede the free expression of thought in the city philosopher ? Look at the history of all cit- ies, and reflect on the fate of the boldest and snb- limest benefactors of our race in the cities — Socra- tes, Galileo, Faustus — and to sum up all, look at Christ, and the place of his suffering. To politi- cians I would mention the patriol James Otis. 'J'o the advocates of hninaii liberty and the lovers of religious freedom, I might cite instances of perse- cution offered in this orderly city. I believe that I may conclude, that however well moral science may have thrived in tln^ cities, and ' by the influence of city interest, manners and hab- , . „ ■ . , . , , , i its, it would have made Idler progress in situations their former resistance to barorual despotism, and i <• r .1 • a . , . . .,,-.■ , , .! more free from these influences, for having given the first impulse to the return of liberty, blind us to their defects. One of the apos- tles of our revolution has told us that "great cities were great sore."." And what moral talc do not the great cities of Europe tell us? Have not they and their lordly inhabitants — though formerly warm sticklers for liberty and opponents lo the steel-clad tyrants — become tyrants in their turn, and swallow- ed up the fat products of the fields, deprived by .partial laws, slowly progressive, the miserable cul- tivators of every inch of land, and obliged them to live on a scanty allowance of thrice-culled pota- toes,— which British writers say is the present con- dition of the Irish peasantry ? But I would not be ungrateful to the cities for the smallest favors ; — and I would, if 1 could in conscience, believe that none of our cities would ev(!r do as other cities have done, even if they liad the power. It will be here remarked that I speak of Europe- nn cities, as if they were the originators of despot- P)Ut the principal force of my position does not lie in the relative ad- vantages of the American cities and the American fields, as they now are. I have therefore alluded often to European town ami country. In America, town and country are, fortunately, as yet, not so dissimilar. But I may be allowed to use here the principle, however small in degree we may find a similarity between European cities and ours, or European laborers and American independent far- mers. That difleronce is yet enormous, especially between the two latter. May it always remain so : or rather may the time C(mie when no American, of the ago of twentyfive, shall be without his farm, in fee simple, and that not mortgaged to banks or city. May our happy inde[]eiident farmers be sensible of their happiness, jealous of it, and ever watchful to arrest the suiallest encroachments. They should not confine their attention to individual cases, be- cause tlioy would be liable lo be deceived by false appearances and to attribute the decline of ? ■" >'.fW, and formerly; they must not compare the houses they live in with those their fathers inhabited, or the clothes they now wear or the food they eat, with that of their ancestors. But they must ask what is their relative standing with the members of the other professions. Let them take it for a cer- tain truth, that if they have made one retrograde step, as a class, they are destined to go down to the foot of the hill, sooner or later. They must hold together, as the other classes do, or their fate is sealed. Individual property is indispensable for the in- dependence of body or mind. Without it, there can be no leisure for mental cultivation. Mental cultivation would seem to be the object of this let- ter, but I cannot enter upon that subject, specifi- cally, without a foundation, which I am now seek ing. A considerable participation in the soil of Eu- rope by its cultivators, must have existed at various periods of its history, we know ; for we read of re- volts against the monopolizers of the land, and of agrarian laws being forced upon those monopoli- zers. How happened it, then, thai the cultivators of the soil have been almost universally dispossess- ed of any share in its property? This miracle could not have been wrought in a day, nor could it have been accomplished at all, if the cultivators, who constitute the almost totality of those nations, had been enlightened on their true interest. The only means then, by which this injustice could have been perpetrated, must have been deception and force united. Force alone could never have accomplished it, for force was with the injured party. Fraud, then, must have been the principal instrument. And here I am sorry to find, that iho very shepherds, whose sacred duty it was to pro- tect the confiding flocks from the wolves, were among the principal instruments by which the most useful and most numerous portion of the human race, were dispossessed of every thing which their conspiring, civil and ecclesiastical tyrants could deprive them of, — the soil they had made fertile, and the use of their own minds. This entire dispossession will not be denied by any one who knows any thing of the state of old countries. And those in whose hands the stolen property is found, must be considered as the thieves, or receivers of the stolen goods as bad as thieves. Before the revolution of France, the royal domain, the nobilliary estates, and the clergy's lands, com- prised the whole kingdom. It is the same now in all the rest of Europe ; and must remain so, until some terrible revolution bring about the bloody remedy. I state these facts, merely to show the impor- tance of guarding against similar results, now that it is lime, and by the only means by which it can be done. Those means are, riiriil education, which is my text. Why do I call it rural education ? Because that which I have in my mind is more especially for the interest, the permanent interest of the most numerous and the most useful part of the human race ; without whose labors all other classes would be useless and would not exist. Surely, the great VOT,. XIX. NO. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 27 and kind mother of all the arts and sciences, should not be the least entitled to filial regard, coninion rights and protection. It is tor the interest of the next largest class, commerce and mechanics, and its nunjeroiis acces- sories, that agriculture should thrive, and produce a great overplus ; for the more of ihat there is in the market, the more have commerce and the arts as stock to work upon. I will not say what may he the interest of some other classes : each one may judge of that according to his own notions; — although I will say, that as good citizens and chris- tians, they all ought to rejoice in the success of that occupation which is the basis of society, and may be the means of the greatest degree of happi- ness and morality of wiiich the human race is sus- ceptible. Agriculture cannot be made to yield its utmost in any way, but by making it for the interest of the producers to raise as much as the soil will produce ; and this will never bo done but by the owners of the soil. A hired farm may, for a few years, be made to produce as much as it could in those few years, without regard to future crops ; but this is not what is understood by the utmost yield of land. I will here suspend, for a moment, my own spec- ulations, for the sake of offering something more worthy of notice and credit, viz : historical facts. We learn from the history of Europe, that the land was formerly cultivated by slaves ; and we learn, also, that those slaves did not emancipate themselves. They were then emancipated by their owners, who were also owners of the soil. Now, opening the book of human nature, must we not learn, that any change made by these masters of slaves and owners of land, could have been only with a view to their orvn interest? Well, we now learn from history, that these money-loving mas- ters liberated their slaves so far as to leave them only attached to the soil; — that is, without the pow- er of quitting without leave. They also allowed them a small portion of the products of their own labor : and the result was, that the land owners got more from their land than before. Here was one advance of humanity and selfish interest together : a happy coincidence indeed. The next step taken by the land-owners was, to liberate their slaves more effectually, and to let their lands to them on halves, or other shares, ac- cording to circumstances. The benefit of this change was also apparent, and soon became gen- eral. The last reform, which is the present state of a large part of Europe, was to lease the land en- tirely and annually, for a given sum of money or produce. This change was also found to be emi- nently advantageous to the landlord. There was but one more move to be made, and that was re- served for our happy country. It was to leave the ownership of the whole rural territory in the hands of the cultivators. We now are trying this experi- ment. But the old test of utility is now broken off. We have no idle land-owners or land monopolizers to ask how this change affects their interests. There may, however, remain some means of testing the meritsof this last change ; — thus for example: The American cultivator figures in the double capacity of owner and laborer. Now I would ask him, in his capacity of landlord, whether, by either of the foregoing means, of slavery, semi-slavery, joint stock, or lease, he could enjoy as much from his land as by cultivating it himself? I believe his answer would be in the negative ; for if he em- ployed his time in some more profitable occupation. this would be going out of the comparison. We must therefore suppose his own personal labor of the same value on the farm as elsewhere. I omitted to notice another improvement made by the landlords, which was to give long leases in- stead of short ones ; for the longer the lease the better will the land be improved by the tenant. I have now established, as well as I am able, a reason and a basis for rural education It will be here foreseen that my object is, the improvement of the mind, with an ultimate view to moral excel- lence and physical comfort, through durable pos- session of the land, without which the two former can make no progress, and without all three, the American cultivators, now the first class on earth, must see in the distance, its own degradation to the lowest station on earth, viz : the rack-rent tenant of Ireland. In my next, I shall try to say something rational on the means and manner of education. WM. FOSTER. This is my first essay ; and the wish to have it tried this season by others, induces me to publish it thus early. BENJ. BELL. Charlestown, July 21, 1840. F'or the New England Parmer. REMEDY FOR MILDEW ON VINES. Mr EoiTOR — Having a seedling vine, the fruit of which is extremely subject to mildew, but in all other respects a superior grape, and having resort- ed to the usual modes of applying sulphur thereto, with little success, I contrived a way to use sul- phur which promises to answer my purpose: it is to sublime it directly upon the fruit, from a mix- ture contained in a pipe. Mixture J^o. 1. Mixture JVn. 2. 2 oz. nitre (saltpetre,) 2 oz. nitre, 4 oz. rye or maize bran, 10 oz. bran, 2 oz. sulphur. 12 oz. sulphur. The nitre is to be finely powdered, and the sul- phur free from lumps, and the three ingredients well and thorougly incorporated together. The pipe is formed of tinned iron, in shape some- what similar to a common tobacco pipe — a common crucible, perforated at its bottom by a hole 1-8 in., serving as a lining to defend the soldering from the heat. 1. Crucible — 3 inches long— circumference at t<»p 7 inches. 2. Tube — length 15 inches— diameter 3-8 incii. The bowl of the pipe is grooved together, and united with the tube or moufh-piece by soldering, and also made air tight with solder throughout. — The crucible is united with the tin work by a lu- ting of soft clay and dried. The only proper time to fumigate is, when the air is perfectly calm ; such is the case most fre- quently at sunrise, or before. A spoonful of mix- ture No. 1, is put into the bowl of the pipe and lighted with paper, like tobacco. After drawing a few whiffs you begin to blow, and fill up with No. 2, which is the charging, or proper mixture. A dense smoke arises, consisting of hydroguretted sulphur, &c. The howl is to be refilled occasion- ally, and its contents adjusted frequently with a poker. Should it take fire it must be instantly withdrawn and stifled with more of No. 2, or with a cover. I tried sawdust at first, hut found bran to be less offensive to the smell : no doubt some other I vegetable substance would answer better. THE IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE. We have often been surprised that so little atten- tion is paid to the subject of agriculture by the public writers of this country. It constitutes the most important business of the nation, and is des- tined, if adequately appreciated and properly fol- lowed up, to render this country the granary of a large proportion of the world. Already our pro- ducts are immense, but they are as a drop in the ocean to what they may become. Millions of acres, the richest and the finest that the sun ever shone upon, are yet to receive the first touch of the spade— while states and territnries yet unknown, will one day, not very remote, like infant Michigan, send forth their millions of bushels of wheat, for the support of the great family of man in other sections of the earth. Not a day goes by that emigrants are not bending their footsteps westward — all de- termined to take up their abiding places among us — to D-ather the rich treasures of our soil — and thus to add to the general amount of national industry and national wealth. The pursuit of the farmer is a glorious avoca- tion. He may be said to work under the immedi- ate eye of the Almighty, and to be assialed in his work greatly and indispensably by the Omnipotent Architect of tlie world. Thus, the very seed that is put into the ground is fostered and encouraged there by the invisible and mysterious power of na- ture ; and the farmer is thus taught in the very outset of his occupation, to look to and depend up- on the source that hung the stars in the heavens — that made man in his own glorious image — and who alike paints the rainbow and gives the chrystal glitter to the rain-drop. Is there not something noble in all this ? Does it not teach man the af- finity existing between the creature and the Crea- tor? Does it not elevate the soul from the mere clod to the source of intellect, of spirit, of existence ; to the great fountain of that vivifying principle, which not only animates mortality, but which lives, breathes and moves throughout all creation ? We have often thought that a farmer and an infidel were impossible. The very pursuits of agriculture are calculated to have a leligious influence upon the mind, and to show man his utter nothingness, without the aid of the great power to whom he is taught to look, by the running stream, the towering oak, the humble blade of grass, and the golden grain field. Agriculture, then, is by no means an ignoble pursuit. On the contrary, we recognise it as one of the most elevated occupations of man — The farmer is indeed and in truth the lord of the soil, and with a just dependence upon the Great Ruler of the see'd-time and harvest, he can laugh to scorn the bubbles of speculation which are blown into existence by the stock gamblers of the day — which please, dazzle and fascinate the eye for a moment — but which, bursting, leave behind the memory of deceit and the emptiness of ruin. — Far- mers'' Companion. Judge Buel states that British agriculture pays most of the burthens of the government, supports a privileged clergy, and pays more than thirty mil- liims of dollars annually for poor rates, and that its products exceed in value more than 14 times the whole amount of British exports to foreign countries. 2S NEW ENGLAND FARMER Jl'LT a9. I 4 From the Albany CuUivalor. MR COLMAN'S THIRD REPORT. We have had the pleasure of examining the re- port of the Agricultural (^oimtiissioner for the past year; and are hap)iy to bearoiir trstiuiony to the ability and zeal with which his arduous duties are perl'ormed, and the beneficial efiects his labors are calculated to produce. Mr Colman's first report related to the ajrriculturo of some i f the eastern counties of Massachusetts ; tlie second report was devoted to the survey of the county of Berkshire ; and the present is occupied with the groat subjects of wheat and silk. The lesjislature of Massachusetts in 1838, offer- ed a bounty on the cultivation of wheat, and the present report illustrates the effect of that law, by showing the number of claimants, the acres sown, and the amount of wheat produced. The number of claimants for the bounty was 3,(i4'2 : acres sown, nearly 7,000; bushels produced, ]08,.'')70; and the average not far from 15 bushels per acre. We ac- knowledge this result is rather unexpected to us, having heard so much of the incapacity of the New England States to grow wheat : for we much ques- tion wliether the sprws; whtnt crop of any conside- rable part of New York will average more than the one stated. The returns from the several towns are very full, and embrace much valuable matter, which has been skilfully condensed in the report. From an examination of the returns, it appears that much injury was done by the grain insect or worm ; that there was much smut ; some blight from causes unknown ; and much suffering of the crop from drought. " It appears also from the returns, tliat there is scarcely an instance named in whicli lime or plaster has given any decisive and well-authen- ticated favorable results. Wood ashes have been frequently used, and large crops have followed.'"— Ashes, however, sometimes failed. Mr (^olman enters into an extended argument to show that Massachusetts would find her account in producing lier bread from her own soil ; and his reasonings are in our opinion conclusive. No p^-o- ple can permanently prosper who depend on others for their bread. Every other kind of business must fluctuate ; and while some individuals or states grow speedily rich from maiuifactures or commerce, the tiller of the soil, be who grows his own bread, is alone independent. Mr Colman has most truly said, that "agriculture, in the view of every sound political economist, is tiie foundation of national wealth." All other means are only accessories. The report enters largely upon the cultivation of wheat; its diseases, varieties, methods of improve- mejit, and the best mode of culture. The causes of failure he arranges undor the heiid of rust, smut, mildew, and insects. On all these topics his ob- servations are worthy of being studied by every wheat grower, as embracing umch condensed infor- mation, which will be every where useful. The grain worm is doubtless the most formidable ene- my the eastern wheat grower has to encounter, and on this subject Mr Cohnan recommends most stren- uously the use of newly slaked lime, dusted thor- oughly over the grain just as it is coming into flow- er. A single application has proved successful, while in others repetition was necessary. Mr C. announced this preventive some years since, in the N. Y. Farmer, but the results of some experiments made by farmers in the valley of the Hudson, did nut seem to justify the opinions entertained of its : efficacy ; the difficulty might, however, lie in the lime, or the period of its application ; and it is well worthy of trial wherever the u orm makes its ap- pearance in the wheat crop. There are two kinds of worms which feed on wl)eat in the ear; one, which has been known for a long time in western New York, and has sometimes produced some inju- ry, though little, when compared with the ravages of the other species in other parts of the country. The otiier is the worm of New England and the Hudson valley, which, there is reason to hope, has passed the period of itfs greatest ravages, as it has been less numerous and destructive to the wheat crops for the last two years, than for several years previous. On the subject of ploughing in clover for wheat, Mr Cohiian has the following remarks: "I have al- ways been inclined to the belief, which generally prevails, and which Mr Phinney maintains, that the higher the state of luxuriance in which vegetable matter was turned in by the plough, the more the land will be enriched by it. But the experience of one of the best farmers in the State has satisfied me, especially as it has been confirmed by anollier equally intelligent farmer, and wliolly unbiassed by tlie judgment of any other person, that the land is more benefited by the turning in of the clover crop after it is dried, than when in a state of green- ness and full of sa|). The opinion is, that if green, it creates an acidity in the soil, prejudicial to the succeeding crop." In support of the opinion here expressed by Mr Colman, we may adduce that of one of the most successful wheat growers in the western counties, whose crop is usually from 1000 to 1500 bushels. He assured us several years since, that he had done turning in clover when in full vigor for wheat, as from his experience he knew that it "soured the soil," and that it would not recover from such a dressing under three or four years. Still clover was the main stay of his wheat husbandry ; but in- stead of turning it in, he fed or trampled it down upon the land, by cattle or sheep, he preferring the latter, and keeping some three or four hundred for that purpose. His lands are broken up in the fore part of summer, before a great growtli of clover is attained ; whijat is sown in the fall, and clover seed in the spring. The wheat is plastered and also the clover in tli,e next year ; his course embrueing four years. Large quantities of clover decay on the ground, and this, mixed with the manure of the animals, and the mass of clover roots at t!ie time of fallowing, gives a progressive improvement to his soil and his crops, which certainly speaks well in favor of the system. It ap[>ears from that part of the rejjort relating to manures for wheat, that lime has been of little or no value when used, and that crops of wlieat of about 30 bushels per acre, have been grown on soils in which not a trace of carbonate of lime existed. There was a small quantity of phosphate of lime, however, present, one and a half per cent., and this could not have been without its influence. It i.s surprising to witness the discrepancy between the results f'rom the use of lime in Massachusetts, as given in the report, and those produced by the same article in some of the middle States. The reason of this want of efficiency in the northern soils, does not appear to be satisfactorily ascertain- ed; but the subject is one of such consequence, as to demand the most rigid investigation. Wo are inclined to the opinion, tliat where the other mat- ters in the soil are right, a very small quantity of lime is sufficient for all the purposes of vegetation ; but as lime appears to be an essential part of the wheat and clover plants, it seems clear, that more or less of it is indispensable to their growth, and the perfection of their seeds. The Berkshire marls have not produced the effect expected from them by some ; but, if made into compost in mixture with peat, vegetable mould, or animal rnantires, we doubt not the value of all would be greatly enhanc- ed. Mr Colman's remarks on cleanness of cultiva- tion, and recent agricultural improvements, are very just; but we have room here only to refer to them, and must pass to the Bec(md part of the re- port— that which relates to silk. The report of Mr Colman on this subject, one which we consider of vast importance to the na- tion, is without question, the most valuable docu- ment yet given to the .American public on this top- ic, and should be in the liands of every one who , proposes to enter on the production of silk. His opinions and facts are advanced with fearlessness and discrimination, and the amount of information he has collected and condensed in the report, is truly great. On the subject of the mulberry, the kind of worm, the different methods of feeding, the cost of production, the demand, and the profits of production and manufacture, are all well treated, as well as many other incidental topics connected with these. The report is not intended as a manu- al for the producer or the manufacturer, but as a general guide to the inquirer ; and in this respect will be found unrivalled. In determining the question of the capability of this country to produce silk, Mr Colman very justly distinguishes between the mulberry speculation and the growth of trees for silk only. To whr.t- ever cause we may attribute the mulberry fever of 1838 and 1839, whether, with Mr C. to a conspira- cy among a few individuals to defraud the public in this way, or to an ignorance of the results cer- tain to ensue from excessive multiplication, or whether we consider it as only one of the many modes in which the mania whicli infected the v.hole nation in those years developed itself, it now mat- ters not ; the bubble has burst, and thousands of the mulberry speculators, as well as those in west- ern lands, corner lots, and lithographic cities, have been ruined. The conclusion to which i\ir Colman arrives, af- ter a survey of the wlnde ground, and we think it is a correct one, is, that wo can, and should, make our own silks. After disrejarding all the extrava- gant calculations that have been made, after rigo- rously making every necessary deduction for the expenses of production, it appears that the silk cul- ture offers as handsome a remuneration for labor, as any of the agricultural pursuits of this country, and in its pro.-iecution embraces the labor of indi- viduals that could bo of little service in other pur- suits. The production of silk by companies has proved a failure in this country, so far; and it ap. pears very certain that the business, if it succeeds, must be prosecuted as a branch of domestic indus- try. The manufacture of the material when imce produced, is another matter. The production of the raw material, introduced as a collateral branch of industry, not as a jirincipal one, must prove a source of eminent comfort and wealth. There is clearly nothing mysterious in the business ; all is simple and easily understood and practiced, by any one that chooses to bring to it the necessary atten- tion and skill. We fully concur in the opinions TOL,. XtX. NO. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 29 expressed in the fullowing extract from tlie report: — "I take particular pleasure in rpcominondinc; the culture of silk 1o iny respected friends, the Shakers. Thoy have every element of success ; intelligence, skill, exactness, perseverance, abundance of labor, land enoufjli, and buildings already prepared for their operations. They, if any among us, would be the fittest persons to undertake the artificial method of M. Ueauvais. Their female aid is of the best description for this culture. They inay pursue it to any desirable e.xter.t ; and I cannot have a doubt, if they should undertake it " ith their usual care and determination, their enterprise would be crowned with success." We should be pleased to extract largely from these reports, and shall have occasi(m often to re- fer to them as a magazine of facts collected with great skill, and particularly valuable as illustrating all subjects connected with the iriatters to which they are devoted. WHEAT. The experiments which have been made, under legislative encouragement, in some of the New England States, would seem to have demonstrated satisfactorily, (hat that part of the United States is abnndanlly able to produce its own wheat, as well as its corn or potatoes, although as circumstances and prices are, the matter of profit does not seem quite so certain. It has for some time appeared probable to us, tliat in ordinary cases, v/hen the ease with which wheat is raised in the west is con- sidered, and the low price at which it is afforded, taken into view, eastern farmers, or the most of those in the Atlantic States, can better employ their lands and labor in producing other articles than in raising wheat. There are a multitude of crops of great value, such as corn, grass, oats, roots and other vegetables, of certain growth and ready sale, affording perhaps, a greater profit than wheat at the present time, and as well calculated to im- prove the soil and promote permanent fertility as that crop. It becomes, therefore, a calculation of simple profit or loss with the eastern farmer, whether he will at a great expense of labor and manure, raise his own wheat, or by applying that labor and ma- nure to other crops, usually considered more cer- tain, find the means of purchasing what flour he finds necessary for his consumption. In the west, the attention of the agriculturist must necessarily be turned to wheat, as it is the only crop that can bear transportation to market, and of course, the only one in which the fertile new lands of the west can be brought into direct competition with the more worn soils and laborious culture of the east. As a material for bread, as a food for animals, and as an improver of the soil, Indian corn is not he- hind wheat in importance ; and so long as the west is compelled to furnish us her flour at so low a rate, it may be considered questionable whether, as a general crop, corn should not be preferred to wheat. The time will probably come, when the strong vegetable properties of the western soils being ex- hausted, labor and manures will be required to con- tinue their productiveness, and then the natural in- crease in the price of flour may render it proper for the east to enter more fully into the culture of wheat. There is a feeling among many eastern farmers, notwithstanding the proof that the exjicrience of the last few years has afforded, that the east can never, under any system of farming, be made to produce wheat as it once did. This opinion is absurd: wheat is properly the grain of the world, and is now grown in increased quantities on lauds from which it has been cropped since the days of Julius Cff'sar. The renovation of lands, after be- ing reduced almost to sterility, it is true, must be a work of time, aid ri'(|uire3 u.sun by this wentleman. If we had access to tlieiii, we certainly should transcribe them, as embracing precisely our own opinions in rela- tion to the snbjer't. Our j'oung men in general, whpn they go to service, or as it is customarily tenned, " hire out," seem to ihinU that there ia something di^nradinff in the idea of being servants ; and bring wirh them so much of what they deem a proper spirit of independence, that they forget the employer has any rights, and lake pride in insolence and ill-manners. Now we protest against meanness and servility, but still more agninst in- civility and insolence. The truth is, that no honest em- ployment is derogatory to any man ; and we cannot name a man in the community who is not a servant in some respects to others. Many situations in life, which to the multitude are objects of envy, are situations of extreme drurlgery, much more severe both lo mind and body than labor on a farm. The laborer has his rishls and duties. Having enter- ed into service for a fixed compensation, unless express exceptions are made at the time of the engagement, he is bound to render his best services on the farm, in the most assiduous and faithful manner, under the direction of his employer, whether he approves that direction or not; and we know of but one rule for an honest man, which is to consider his employer's interest as his own, and do in every respect in the case as he would judge it right to do if the situations were reversed, and he were the employer instead of tlie employed. The em- ployer is boimd on the other hand, to furnish the laborer with a sufficiency of good and wlwlesome food, suitably prepared; comfortable lodgings; exact no unreasonable service ;"and treat his laborers with kindness, civil lan- guage, and all proper confidence. This roniprchends all the mutual dniins as we understand them. It often happens that hired men are disposed to make difficulties if two tables are set. In this uiaiter let the household- er never yield a hair's breadth of his outlmri'y. In many eases it is most convenient to have but one table; but in this respect the laborer has no claims except lo a t eutficiency of good and wholesome food, prepared prop- erly and seasonably ; but he has no right nor shadow of right to interfere with the farmer's domestic arrange- ments, as oftentimes it must break up entirely that do- mestic quiet and privacy which constitute the chief pleasures of domestic life. We have no arbitrary dis- tinctions of rank in this country, and every man's stand- ing depends upon his moral character. One man is as honorable as another, who behaves himself as well as another. But then our pursuits in life are very differ- ent from each other. Our tastes are not always conge- nial ; and it is not necessary, that under the lidiculous pretence of maint.iining a nominal equality, we should sacrifice the comlbrls of life by associations which are not in truth agreeabl.^ to either party. Where it can be done without being offerrsive or inconvenient, we iidmit that it would be much more ccononiic.il and convenient to form but one family ; but we maintain that this is en- tirely at the option of the employer, in respect to which the laborer has no demands whatever. There is a matter which a few years since gave a great deal of trouble to farmers, which the wholesome decisions of the courts have materially corrected. Then laborers felt that their employers were in their power; and that they were at liberty to quit the service and de- mand their wages at their pleasure. Sometimes in the midst of planting, or hayiu'r, or harvesting, either through mere caprice, but most commonly with the ex- pectatiiiti of getting higher wages, they would quit their employer and leave him under every disadvantage. The courts having decided that no man is entitled to his wa- ges who, without good and sufficient cause, fails to con- tinue his agreed term, the employer has a proper remedy in his own hands, which wiil keep this matter right. There i^* another point in this case of the morals of labor, upon which we have not the power to animadvert with too much severity ; tmd that is, a practice among employers of seducing by bribes or intrigues or some vile means, a laborer from the service in which he is en- gaged. We have known this done so frequently, and under circumstances of such extreme inconvenience and loss to the injured party, that no words can express our sense of its baseness. It is a gross violation of all faith and honor; and a man who would directly or indirectly be guilty of such an act, ought to be pronounced an out- law of civil society. The matter of providing for laborers has become a very serious affair ; and gross extravagance has come in here as into every other department of life. A hired man, when he demands sixteen dollars a month and his board, generally estimates his board as of no considera- tion. But in few parts of the State can a man be board- ed fiir less than eight or ten dollars a month ; and when the farmer perceives that instead, as the laborer pretends, he is paying only sixteen dollars a month, he is in fact paying Iwentysix dollars a month, the burden becomes very heavy. Our habits of living have become too lux- urious. The habit of five meals a day which prevails on many farms, is most pernicious to the health. We know well by experience that thiee meals a day, at C A. M., at 12 P. M. and at 0 P. M., with sometimes a cracker or two in the forenoon, is all that is essential or beneficial. Nothing is more unfavorable to health both of body and mind than by frequent eatings to keep the organs of digestion under continual exertion; and to at- tempt to labor with the stomach filled to repletion. The allowance formerly of a Scotch laborer in time of hay- ing and harvesting, and no men ever labored harder or enjoyed in general firmer health, or were capable of going through greater hardships, was a peck of oatmeal on Monday morning and a gallon of milk a day. This was the week's allowance, and he prepared it in any way which pleased him. The allowance of a field la- borer at the South is one and a half peck of corn meal per week and three and a half pounds of pork or bacon, or two and a half pounds of pork and fourteen herring. With this they labor constantly from daylight to dark, with only an occasional hour allowed them some Satur- day evening. Their health is good ; and we were told by many of them that the supply was in general more than thiy required. Water is their only drink. Now most certainly we do not refer to such cases as these with any desire that our laborers should be abridged of a single comfort ; but as displaying the extremes to which our extravagance leads us ; and to show how much less is required than we generally supp(ise, to maintain the \igor of the human frame, and lo support men in health uniler the severest toil. We are satisfied that our present system of inanagement is actually pre- judicial to health antl morals. How a remedy shall be ft)und and applied, is more than we can say. The temperance reformation has been an immense gain both to employers and laborers. The very personi- fication of evil, in our opinion, is Rdh ; and the blessed change which even its imperfect progress has produced in the country, is every where apparent, and fills the be- nevolent bosom with inexpressible joy and the bright- est hopes. H. C. Mepkori., July 20th, 1840. Mr Brkck — Sir — Having of late been principally en- gaged in the gardening line, for Dr. S. Kidder, of Med- ford, Mass., and as he ii one of your subscribers I have had opportunity to peruse your papers ; and let mo say they are not what I expected, but far exceed my expec- tations, and in perusing them I have been happily dis- appointed ; and for one I think that your paper is one of the most useful and interesting which the farmers could procure ;— valuable, not only for its neatness, but for the real subject matter contained in it; and as a friend, 1 wish ycu an ample number of subscribers, to sustain you in its publication, not only for the benefit and interest of the farmer, but the public generally. Your well-wisher, JAMES M. HARTWELL. Massachusetts Horticultural Society. EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS. Saturday, July 2otli, 1840. Dahlias — by Messrs Bowditch, Barnes and Walker. Bouquets — by Mcs'^rs John Hovey,Hovey & Co., W. Kenrirk and Walker. Carnations — by John Hovey. Lilium superbum, (very fine,) by John Prince, Esq. Mr Samuel R. Johnson presented some roses and other flowers. Gladiolus florabundus, and dwarf double Sunflower, from Parker Barnes, Esq. For the Committee. S. WALKER, Chairman. EXHIBITION OF FRUITS. Saturday, July 18th. Samuel Downer, Esq., Dorchester, exhibited very fine specimens of Belle Magnifique Cherry. A. D. Weld, Esq., Roxbury, presented fine specimens of Whitcand Red Cuirants and Raspberries. Wm. Kenrick, Esq., Nonantum Hill, Newton, sent fine samples of English Gooseberries. A. D. Williams, Esq., Roxbury, exhibited superior samples of Red and White Antwerp Currants. James L. L. F. Warren exhibited specimens of his new seedling cherry, called " Warren's Transparent" — pronounced by judges to be one of tlio best late cherries yet produced. C. Goldeman, Esq., Chelsea, exhibited very choice specimens of Black Hamburg Grapes; — ihey reflected much credit upon the cultivator. For the Committee, J. L. L. F. WARREN. Milking Cows. Good cows need milking regularly three times every twentyfour hours. In fact, if this practice were adopted, our farmers would have more good cows than they now do. We see it stated that a gentleman near Philadelphia, who has adopted the prac- tice of milkin^ thrice a day, has a short horned Durham cow that yielded an average of 33 1-2 quarts a day dur- ing the first week in June. — Exch. pap. Flour is selling at Cleveland at wheat at about 75 cents per barrel. 7.5 per barrel — vol.. XIX, KO. 4. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 31 BRICiirrOiN MARKKT.— MoNUAT, July 26, Ia40. KflKirlpil forth** ^«fw F.iiel!)n(l Kanriur. Al Market 4;r> Bnef Cattle, 20 Cmvs and Calve,«, 2900 Slieup. (iU Beuf Caitle uiisolii. Pmces. — HeeJ' Catlle. — We reduce uur quotalions to conform to sales. First quality, $6 00. Second quality, $5 50 a $5 75. Third quality, ^4 50 a J5 25 /^...„o .„.,J f'„l„,„ Snl..o t'lU «!9y di'J.'i. ) DU a T^o /J. X mro quaiiiy, ^^'j ou u ^a ^^. Cows and C'n/(jc«.— Sales $19, $22, $25, $30, $33, 37, and $40. Sheep— UuW. Lots were sold, $1 33, $1 35, $1 58, $1 75, $1 88, $2 00, and $2 50. Swine. — Ni>ne at market and no demand. THKRMO.M ETHICAL. lU-porleil (or the i\f vv l^nyhinU Fariner. Range of the Tlieriiionieter al the (Jardeuor the proprietors of the New England Farmer, Brighton, Mass. in » shaded Northerly exposure, weeks ending July 26. July, 1840 7A.M. 112,M. 1 5,P.M. 1 Wind. Monday, 20 65 7U 66 W. Tuesday, 21 56 86 7U W. Wednesday, 22 61 85 73 S. E. Thursday, 23 62 86 .S. Friday, 24 68 72 69 E. Saturday, 23 64 sn 71 S. E. Sunday, 26 62 86 79 S. The average range of the thermometer has been about the same as it was during the weeks ending July 5 and 12. We liad a powerful rain on Friday, commencnig al an early hour in the morning and conliuumg till about noon. Vegetation is very much revived. Green Honsc Propagator, aud Silk W^orms' Eg^s. Wauled in a per:nanent localion an mdustrious, sieadj^ man, capable ol taking charge of a large collection of Green House Plants, skdful at propagaling, and a general good manager in all respects. Ajtply by mail with the most salis- laclory rciereuces. Persons wishing superior White Imperial aud White Mammoth Silk Worms' Eggs, of crop 1839, can be supplied at 34 to S5 per ounce, and eggs of this year's crop, for next year's use, will be supplied at S2 per ounce to all Ihose who send the cash in advance, within thirty days from this date. WILLIAM PRINCE & SON. Flushing, July 29, 1840. BERKSHIRE: HOGS. The subscribers offer for sale a few pair of full blooded Berkshire Hogs ; also, pigs 7-8 blood, crossed with Mackay. Inquire at the New England Farmer ofiice, or at their farm at Brighton. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 29. REVOIiVIlVG HORSK KAKE. The Revolving Rake, which has been in general use in most pans of Pennsylvania and New Jersey, is found to be one of the most useful and labor saving tnachiues now in use. One man and horse, with a boy to lead, will rake on an average from 25 lo 3U acres per day, with ease, and do the work well. They are coming inlo very general use in all pans of the country, and will, no doid)i, in a few years, supersede the use of the common hand rake. There is a great advantage in this rake over all others, as ihe person using it does not have to stop the horse to unload the rake. GRAIN CRADLES. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the New England States, where lliey were iili of late but little known, alihuugh they have been in very general use in ihe southern and western States, for many years, and which is iound lo be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle live acres in a day when he cannot reap more than cnie. The ddlerence in galheriug a crop is so much in favor ol cradling, that we must suppose that it will he the only mode adopted hereafter, and the grain cradle will become of as much use, as an implement of husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great improvement in the manufac- turing of this article, ihey are now made on the most im- proved plan ; the scythe is well secured and finished in a superier manner and made of the best cast steel. TIE UP CHAINS. Just received at the New England Agriculiural Ware- house, a good supply of those celebrated Chains for lying upcatlle. These chains, introduced by E. H. Derby, Esq. 01 Salem, and Col. Jacques, of (Jharlestown, for the pur- pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found lo lie the safest and most convenient mo le of fastening cows and oxen to Ihe stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attached lo the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves ihe animal ai liberty lo he down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him perfectly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. I STRAWBERRIES ! STK AVVBEllKIES I I j 'J hose who are desirous of cultivnling this delicious Fruit are respectfully infoi-rned that the subscriber has J succeeded, alter many years e.\|M'rinientiiig upon the Strawberry, nut only in obtaining new varieties, but in asecitnining the best methods of cultivalioii. The sub- scriber would (lifer to the public, the present season, his Selected Collection cunsisling tit' seven rarieties ; tliev are such as have stood liie lest of i\ fair trial lor sivcn years, and are all grown by the subscriber. Spec:iiiieiis of his Fruits have been exhibited every season at the Massachu-eits Horticultural Rooms, and have uKvays coiiiinanded an extra price in Faiieuil Hall Maiket. IVmren's Seedling Mithten, a new and valuable kind, a free bearer, fruit veiy large and juicy ; fruit measu- ring .5A inches has been exiribiied the present season. This variety tan be warranted lu he one of the finest va- rieties grown, and will produce as fine frull and as large quantiiy, wilh the siiine cultivauon, as any other everid- fered, although some may ask the modest (!) price of $5 per dozen. The price of this Seedling is $5 per hundred plants. Methven Castle — Fruit extremely larjje, high flavored and showy ; specimens of this fruit have been shown ihis season six inches in circumference. This variety can be said to be veiy excellent, (when the true kinds is obtained); it is one of the largest Inte varieties known, profitable and highly worthy of cultivation, all that some growers may say lo the contrary, nutwilhstandlng. Price $3 per hundred plants. Keen's Seedling — A very superior variety, fruit very large, rich dark color, and uncommonly high flavored ; has always been ronsldered by English cultivators the best grown. Price ,$3 per hundred. Royal Scarlet — Frull long oval shaped and juicy, very free bearer and very liardy. I'rlce $2. Hauthois — Fruit larger than English Wood, exceed- ingly numerous, sometimes yielding 100 berries to the plant. Piice $1. Early Virginia — This is known to be the earliest and best fruit for market, a tree bearer, and very hardy. — Price $2. English fTood— Fruit well known for years. $1. N. B. Those w-ho are desirous of cultivating this de- licious fruit, would find it lor their inlerest to visit the gardens and see the melhod of cuhivalion, and satisfy themselves that they can obtain their plants from first hands, for it Is too ofien the case that large and attrac- tive advertisements are sent forth to the public by deal- ers in plants, when at the same time they have never grown the kinds oflered for sale, and know but little about their cultivation. Attention to this by purcha- sers, if possible, will save much lime and money. Every plant sent from this garden will be warranted lo be free from niixtmes, and shall also be young and healthy, worth the price paid for them. All orders directed lo the subscriber, enclosing the amount for ihe (uder,or wilh a good reference, shall be promptly attended to, and the plants carefully forward- ed agreeably to directions. JAMES L. L. F. WAKREN. JVonantum I'alc, Brighton, Jultj 25, 1840. Orders directed to J. BRECK &. Co., will be execut- ed with despatch WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. W.VNTED. A situation as gardener, by a young man who is acquainted wilh its various liranches. The best references can be given. Apply at this office. July 22. liVDDIIVG PRUir TREES. Cuttings of fruit trees for budding, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, known and cultivated in this country or in Europe, all from bearing trees, can be packed in such a manner as to be sent wilh perfect safely lo a ) pari of this country or Europe. Apply by mall to the subscriber, at the Pomological Garden, Salem, Mass. ROBERT MANNING. Salem, July 15. ^E^-CE CHAINS. Just received from England, at the New Engl md Agricul- tural Warehouse, 6 casks cfiaius, suitable for makins the chain fence, &c. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Julv 15. TRACE CHAINS. Just received, direct from the English manufactnresr, 8 casks of Trace Chains, from 6 to 1 1 feet long, suitable for ploughing or draft chains. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 15. C0RRECTE1> WITH BRE4T C&RE, WEEKLY rsoM i( Alum, American, .... pound S t ..AsHE.s, Pearl, per too lbs. . 5 25 5fi Pol, " •' " . 4 60 47 Bfans, while, Foreign, bushel 1 78 2 2 " '' Domestic, . " 2 00 25 Beef, mess, .... barrel 14 5U 15 0 No. 1 " prime, .... u U 00 11 S Ueeswax, while, .... pound 35 4 yellow. " 25 a Bhistles, American, K 35 7 BuTTEa, shipping. '* 10 1 dairy, .... " 25 2 Candles, mould, .... " 13 1 dipped. " sperin, .... It 3 Chesse, new milk. pound • 10 Cider, . . .... dozen 1 25 1 5 refined, .... liarrel 2 UO 40 Bone Manure, .... bushel 3 in casks. " 3 Feathkhs, northern, geese. pound southern, geese, . " 37 4 Flax. (American) .... Fi3H, Cod, Grand Bank, '* 9 1 quinlal 175 20 Bay, Chaleur, " 1 50 1 7 Haddock, (( 60 1 0 Mackerel, No. 1 , . barrel 10 50 No. 2, " 8 50 87 No. 3, . " 4 12 42 Mewives, dry sailed. No. 1. " Salmon, No. I, '< 15 00 160 Floub, Genesee, cash, . (1 S 1 Baltimore, Howard street. " 5 25 53 Richmond canal. " 5 00 5 1 Alexandria wharf, " Rye, " 3 00 .Meal, Indian, in bids. " 3 00 Grain : Corn, northern yellow. hushel southern flat, yellow. t< ■ 67 5 while, . t< 54 5 Rye, northern, . " 59 6 Barley, " Oats, northern, (prime) . " 4 southern. " 33 3 Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough 18 00 190 do. do. do. finished 28 00 30 0 Hams, northern pound 94 I southern and western, . " Hav, best English, per ton, . IGUO 160( Eastern screwed, . 10 50 Hops, 1st quality. pound 46 4 2d quality " Lard, Boston a 10 1 southern, . . t< 10 1 Leather, Philadelphia cliy tannage, 11 29 3 do. country do. " 25 2 Baltimore city tannage. " 26 2 do. dry hides, . " 22 2 New York red, light, " 20 2 Boston, do. slaughter. " 21 s- Boston dry hides. " IS 2 Lime, best sort cask 76- 8 Molasses, New Orleans, gallon 20 2< Sugar House, " Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . 1 00 1 10 VVhale, refined. " 40 4; Linseed, American, u 65 7 Neat's Foot, .... " 1 95 Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs. j Pork, extra clear, barrel ! 16 00 17 0( dear, ..... '' 1 160 Mess « ! 14 00 130 Prime, .... 11 12 30 13 6 Seeds : Herd's Grass, bushel 2 50 j 30 Red Top, southern. 1 7U 8 northern, u 15 Canary, u 20a 22 Hemp 2 25 26 Flax, 2 00 1 25 Red Clover, northern, . pound] 12 1 Southern Clover, " 1 Soap, American, Brown, . •( 5 " Caslile, (( 12 1 Tallow, tried, .... i( Si Teazles, isi sort prM. Wool, prime, or Saxony h'leeces, . pound 45 4 American, full blood, washed. " 40 4 do. 3-4U1S do. <■ 40 do. 1-2 do. " .; 35 3( do. 1-4 and common. " 33 3 S . f Pulled superfine, . II 42 4 J'SjNo. 1, iilNo.2 !.' 35 23 4 2< S. * [ No. 3, " la 2 32 XEW ENGLAND FARMER Jl LY ;49, IviiO DENNIS'S PATENT TROUGHS. We extract the following from Dennis's Circu. lar, which we presume will be acceptable to those who design to protect their trees from the ravajres' of the canker worm. Our correspimdcnt H. in this (lay's paper, lias perhaps made ont his ca>e, proving that Mr Dennis is not the original inventor of ihe circular troughs, and that, conseiinently, he is not entitled to a patent. Of this, however, we leave our readers to judge and act accordingly. J. B. I main for years without further care, or until the I tree grows so as to burst open the trough, w hen a Ismail piece of lead may be soldered in at a trifling I expense, and the trough will serve another term of i years ; and thus the troughs may be increased in I size as the trees grow, so long as there is any use for them, and v hen the lead is taken off", it is ] worth two thirds of its original cost. There is not n.uch doubt but that the troughs will always be i wanted, as the canker worms liive been in some 1 neighborhoods for the last fifty years, according to the aulhority of tin; oldest inhabitants. I CAUTIO.N NOT To USF. COTTON WASTE. Cotton waste has been sometimes used but is found to absorb the oil that niay get upon it, and ' holds it against the bark of the tree, thereby de- 'stroying tlie bark or greatly injuring it. Any peisons, having trees packed with cotton waste, hemp, or tow, would do well to examine them and I see that their trees do not become injured. DESCRIPTION OF PLATE. i 1, canker worms' f^gs ; 2, a full grown worin ; 3,1 chrysalis; 4, lemale ; 5, iiiali' ; ti, male with its wings I spread — al the left hand llie section <»f u tree with a trough upon it. The unparallelled success that has attended the i application of the patent circular metallic troughs I with roofs, in Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Con- j necticut, New York, and Maryland, has won for it the enviable reputation of being the cheapest and most effectual, and more durable, requiring less care and attention than any other method ever discovered, — as the various certificates testify that are signed by more than fifty persons, who have used them successfully, — induces the subscriber to ofl^er it to those suffering from the effects of the canker worm, with icnewed confidence, as where it has been applied in season, that is, previous to the 20th of ninth month, (September) it has. In many instances entirely destroyed them, so that not one could be found upon the tree. DFSCRIPTION OK THF Taol'Gll. The patent circular troughs, with roofs, are made of a strip of slieet load, about four inches wide, bent in the fm-ni of the firgure 2 inverted, with the fool cut off", thus forming a trough and roof of one peice of metal and bending it around the tree so as to conform to the S'lape of the tree. It is made large enough to leave a space one inch in width around the tree, between the trough and the tree. The ends are then soldered together, thus forming a trough completely round the tree, with a roof over it. Tluee or more nails are tack- ed into the tree to suppnrt the trough, and the space between the trough and tree is filled with seaweed, hay, straw, or any other substance that will prevent the insects from ascending between the trough and the tree. After the packing has been put in the top, the ends should be daubed with a little tar to stick them together, taking care not to let the tar get upon the trough or the tree, and then it may re- I'-.XPK.RIMEiNT. The circular troughs were put upon three orchards belonging to Jonathan Dennis, in Ports- mouth, R. I., containing 115 trees, varying in size (rom three inches to two feet and upwaids, at an expense of thirtyfive cents per tree. • They were packed with seaweed in 1837 and most of the packing is in good order at present, and likely to last several years more without renewing. Five gallon) of cheap fish oil was sufficient for the 115 trees for one year. A very little oil was put into these troughs the 20th of ninth month (Septem- ber.) After it had remained several weeks a little more oil was added, .and from the time the oil was first put in, until the first of fifth month, (May) following, there was a little oil put in twice, and it also received two or three stirrings ; putting the oil in three times, and stirring it, giving the trees all the attention necessary, was less labor than it would have been to have tarred the trees one week. This apparatus destroyed the insects so completely, (which, for a number of years previous, had been so numerous us to destroy the fruit) that it was difficult to find one upon the trees, and the crop of apples was so large, as to render it neces- to prop the trees. The value of the apples the first year was equal to three tines the expense of the troughs, oil, and attention. PF.OPF.R KIND OF OIL. Cod fish oil, or what is termed liver oil, by Ihe dealers in the article is said to bo best to put in the troughs, as it will remain the longest without drying, and for that reason is never used for paint- ing, and is about as cheap as any fish oil, being fifty c{:nts per gallon. These troughs should not be filled more than one-third or ono-foutth full of oil. It is now well known, that a part of the can- ker worms leave the ground in the autumn, begin- ning about the last of the ninth month, (Septem- ber) and ascend the trees and deposit their eggs. Tliey continue to ascend the trees from the time above mentioned, until the first or middle of the fifth month, (May) following, whenever the weather suits them and the gniuiid is thawed so that they can escape. CF.RTiriCATKS. ll.iviiig an prcli.inl of rising 100 applf trees ;hat had been h:iilly ealun by llio canUer wurins, fir a nunilier nf yniiis, I did, in the tall of ICii'B, have one half guarded with ihi: leaden rotif and tidugh invented by Jiin.'ithan Dennis, Jr., r.C Purtsiiintnli, R. |,, imrt am satisfied tliBt if properly done, and timely care and attcnticm paid to keep the troughs well supplied with oil, both fall and spring, in the season of llie grubs ascension of the Irees, it will prove a thorough remedy. At any rale, I was so far pleased will) the result of the trial on the first half of iny orchard, ihat 1 h;id tliu residue of my trees furnished with lead in the tall of 133'.) The part that was supplied the first, produced about 7.5 bushels of apples; whereas the other part produced scarcely any, liavinu' been eaten up very much by the worms, while the pait secureil by the troughs was scarcely eaten at ail. Uavid Buffum. Middtelown, R. /., 2mo 1 Ith, 1840. The undersigned having used i. Dennis. Jr 's p.itent trntigh ami roof fir preventing canker worms or other insects from ascending trees, liir tlie two years past, are satisfied that it is the clieapest, and most effectual, and uuire durable than any oilier ineihod wo liave any knowledge of, and requires less care and attention ; and we take pleasure in recommending it to ttie public. Geor^ze J. Bailey, David Buffum, James E. Bailey, V\ illiam Bailey, Thomas B. Biitfuin, Middletown, R. 1. Henry Ht dley, Asa Sherman, Solomon lledley, Porls- mnuth, R. 1. Charles S. HerrishofF, Bristol, R. 1. SCITHES, KAKES, <&.c. The suhscril-ers oiler fer sale a very extensive and com- plete assortment of Scythes, Rakes, &c. consisting in part of 300 dozen Phillips. Mcsser and Colby's .superior Scythes. 50 " Melealf's do. do. 50 " Tafl's cast steel do. do. 25 " Enslishdo. do. Grass do. lU " do. do. ilo. Cradle do. in " do. do. do. Border do. too " Hall's Rakes, superior. 100 "■ Wilder & Eddy's do. i!o. 200 " Common do. do. Hio " Clapp's jialent Scjthe Snailhs. 50 " Baker's do. do. do. too " Coinmon do do. do. 2500 " Austin's superior Rifles. 2ii00 " Common do. 1000 " Scythe Stones, inn " Grain Cradles superior. They would respectfully call the attention of Dealers and Agriculturisls lo ihc above assorlineiit, which consists of many of the best kinds now in use, and which Ihey are pre- pared to sell at the very lowest prices. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. NeiD England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, 51 & 52 North Market Street. May 20^ BONB MANURE. The subscriber informs his friends and line puhli:, thai alter Icn years experience, he is fully convinced that ground bones form the most powerful siiniulanl thai can he applied lo Ihe earth as a manure. Oiders for Pone Manure or Oyster Shell Lime, left at the Bone Mill, near Tremonl road, in Itoxhury, al Ihe New England Agricultural Warehouse ami Seed Store, No 52 Norlh .Market Street, or llirongh the I'osl Offiro will meel wilh prompl attention. March 4, 1840 NAHUM WARD. DOKKING FOWl,S. For sale, a few pairs of pure Dorking Fowls. The stock, of which these are the produce, were precared in Dorking, County of Surrey, England. " Few breeds have a title lo boast nf so high and long continued a repulalion as ihe Dorking. Upwards of lihyfive years have |)a>se(l, since, while resident in Surrey, I sent to Durking for my first recular hreeiiing- stock ; tiiey were then the ancient and superior five-clawed breed nf Surrey." — Mowbray on Foulinj, Tth Edition. This breed attains lo a large size, and the hctis are the best of layers. Price S3 per pair. Apply to JOSEPH BKECK &, CO. Juiie24^ ll\ GAIlD.'';NEItS' KNIVES. JOSEPH BRECK ^i. CO. have this season imported and now offer for sale a few very superior Garden Knives, for pruning. &c. maiiufacliired expressly for Ganleners, and warranted superinr to any article of the kind before import- ed. .Mso — a large a~,sor!mcnl nf Budding Knives, Grajie Scissors, &c. &c. April 22 TIIK NEW KNGI. VM> FAUMF.K Is piihiished every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annini payable al Ihe end of the year — hut those who pay williin sixlydays from the tunc oi' subscribing ore entitled to a c'e- ducliouof 50 cents. TITTIF. IIKNKITT AKD CHISIIOL.M, PRIMTFRb n .s(,:iii)oi s'luiKKT iui?'ro\ AND H O R T I C U L T U fi A L REGISTER. PUnLISHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (AGnicuLTDuAL Warehouse.) vol.. MX.l BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST .5, 1840. [NO. 9. N. E . FARMER, From ihe Third Report on tlie Agriculture of Massachusetts. ON DRAINING AND SUBSOIL PLOUGHHSTG. The statements which I give below, are from un e.xamination had before a largo committee of the British Parliament, relating to ili-aiiiing and subsjil ploughing. I at first intended to give only a short abridgment of them ; but they are of such remarka- ble importance, that I have chosen to give thejn at large. I know they will bo read with the great- est interest. Statement hy T. F. Ktnncilii, Esq., of Dunure, for- merly M. P. for the Ayr Burs^hs, respecting his experience of Ihe system of Drainins: and Suhsoit Ploughing, recommended by Mr Smith, of Denn- ston, in the County of Stirling. I have practised Mr Smith's system of draining and snbsoil ploughing upon my farm, in the county of Ayr, during the last three years, and the result has fully justified every anticipation of benefit- It is applicable to all soils not rocky which have not an absolutely porous subsoil — the great object be- ing, that the subsoil should be rendered anificially porous, and that all rain water should sink on the spot on which it falls, and that no running of water should take place on the surface. There was, at the outset, considerable difficulty in having the work executed; it was arduous, and those engaged in the superintendence and labor were adverse, because they did not see the princi- ples of the. system, or the advantages which were likely to arise. A little encouragement and a dis- tinct intimation that there must be perseverance, overcame every difficulty. This observation ap- plies to the subsoil ploughing, while some difficulty attached to the perfect execution of the drains, in having them made of the full depth of .'30 inches, and filled neither too much nor too little, and with all due care in all particulars which must be at- tended to to secure permanence in the effects. 1 have invariably made the drains twelve feet apart, in order to secure the effect beinrr complete ; be- ing much impressed with the folly of spending a considerable sum per acre in the operation, and still failing to obtain what I may term perfection in the system. I have also used broken stones as the material when they could be obtained within such a distance as to prevent the e,\'pense of cartage be- ing excessive ; in other cases I have used tiles, with a layer of three or four inches of stones or gravel over them. When stones alone were used, the drains have been uniformly -30 inches deep, leaving 10 inches for the operation of the plough and subsoil plough; where tiles have been used, the depth has been about 24 inches, the same depth for the ploughs being left as in the other cases. A crop of oats has generally been taken after the drains have been executed, and the land lias been comparatively dry ; but even the visible effect has been very imperfect until the subsoil plou"h has been applied. By means of this plough the whole obdurate uudercrust of the soil has been broken up, and all water has instantly escaped, and after six or eight months of the alternations ot heat and cold, wet and dry, a most remarkable change has appear- ed in he condition of the soil ; what was before ob- durate and retentive, has become comparatively mellow and friable, and the longer the time since the operation has been performed, the grenter has been the perceptible progressive effect. The ope- ration of the subsoil plough has produced cracks and crevices and interstices to the depth of 16 inches ; through these the rain passes off with ra- pidity, and these crevices are immediately filled by the air of the atmosphere, and during dry and hot weather these cracks and crevices are multiplied to :in indefinite extent, and in clay soils to an extent quite remarkable. Instead of resuming its original tenacity, there seems to be a decided change ef- fected in the character of the component parts of the land to the depth the plough has reached. It is for the skilful farmer to apply manure judiciously according to the state of each field. Drilled green crop has followed a crop of oats, and the land which before was unfit to grow turnips, has become fitted for that crop, although perhaps a little rough and cloddy during the first year. Next has come a crop of wheat, and in it has been seen the great and re- markable effects of the system, in the condition of the soil and the quantity of iiioduce. Land which was before, in truth, unfit to carry wheat from ex- treme wetness, has become altogether the reverse, being sown with wheat without ridges and furrows, being perfectly porous; all rain disappearing as it falls, and being carried ofi'by filtration to the many drains, and each drain having little more than a thread of water to carry off. Possibly the land of which I speak might have previously yielded a pre- carious produce of 20, or at the utmost 24 bushels of wheat per imperial acre, while in its improved state, the actual produce of the crop of 1635 has been 40 bushel.-J thrashed out, a few bushels of which were not very good in quality, owing to what is now to be mentioned. The fault of the crop was, that it was too strong, and there being much rain while it ripened it was laid down. Had this not occurred, the quality of the whole would have been good, and there is no doubt that six or eight bushels more per acre would have been obtained. The facts, therefore, are most satisfactoi-y, because the result in the first wheat crop may truly be said to be twenty bushels of wheat of extra produce, in return for an expense of 10/. IOj. per acre, which was the cost of the drainage and the extra expense of subsoil ploughing. It ought to be stated that with the turnips, the land was well manured, and subsequently abundantly. After the wheat was carried, and during the winter, the field was plough- ed about nine inches deep with the ordinary plough, and remained rough until the month of March, the whole rains of winter, which were excessive, sink- ing as they fell. Towards the end of March the field was harrowed, drilled, and sown with beans without any manure. The crop is promising, and there can be no doubt that the powers of the soil which have now been brought into action, will ren- der it abundant. The soil is so powerful, that it is intended to take a cro]) of wheal after the beans, without any manure, but taking care to make the laud perfectly clean ; and there is little doubt that the wheat crop of ISi? so treated, will lie more productive than that of 1S3.'>, because it will be less supenibundant in straw, and incur less probable in- jury from being laid down. My experience, en a moderate scale, leads me to say, that the system is the greatest discovery which has been made in agriculture, (because it is applicable to soils hitherto almost intractable and most expensive to cultivate,) provided it be applied only where the altitude justifies the undertaking, by securing a climate suitable to valuable crops. It in truth converts almost the worst into the best land — that is, the most powerful in respect of pro- duction, because the quality of land to which it is applicable, the heavy clays and retentive subsoils will yield heavier crops after such treatment than the lighter loams and many of those varieties of soil which hitherto have been so pleasant to the agriculturist to cultivate. The reformation which the system effects on lands which previously were looked on as hopeless, is quite surprising, and no one believes it until it is seen; but again I say, that the whole success depends on the perfect and complete manner in which the operations are executed, as any thing being merely an approximation to the system, will end in disappointment. The expense of what is perfect must not be grudged, and as sure as it is liberally given will it be abundantly repaid. I would also say, that the effects of the draining and snbsoil ploughing are dependent on each other; the one is comparatively worthless without the other; the ploughing would be thrown away with- out the previous draining, and the draining is a poor improvement compared to the combined ef- fect with the subsoil ploughing. I may state that my bailiff and the ploughmen who worked the subsoil plough, certainly, in the outset thought my orders almost foolish, (who nev- ertheless cari-ied them into effect faithfully,) but now see the effects of the system, and are fully sensible of the extraordinary benefits resulting from it. The Various views of the advantages might be multiplied to any extent, but a concise statement of them seems to be, that the most obdurate and intractable soils assume a friable and mellow char- acter, and at the same time are rendered perma- nently most productive. A system which is appli- cable to 10 acres is equally so, in its principle, to 10,000 or 100,000 acres, and consequently the sys- tem becomes a most important national considera- tion. -My decided impression is, that capital judi- ciously applied in the execution of this system may yield a return varying from 10 to 0 or 50 per cent I according to the various circumstances attending the infinite variety of cases in which the system may be carried into effect. Every thing depends ! on the mode and perfection of execution. If any ! one thinks of limiting the expense of complete ex. u NEW E NJ G L A .\ D FAR M E R AIG. 5, $40. ecution, he may rest assured, that the recompense will be still more restricted, and that it is mnre judicions to impmve one acre well, than to deceive liimself by a superficial operation on a more extend- ed surface. A remarkable effect is, that the harvest is con- siderably earlier on land so treated than on tlie same land in its previous state, and it is scarcely ?iecessary to remark, that there will be a constant return for the same seed and labor and manure far greater than when they are applied to land in a naturally wet condition. Evidence of James Smith, Esq., invtnlor of the Sub- soil Plough. Chitirman. You live at Deanston ? — Ye.s. Where is that? — In the western district of Perthshire in Scotland. Do you occupy a considerable farm in that part of Scotland ? — About ;J00 acres. Have you improved your farm lately ? — I have. In what way? — Chiefly by tlioroirirh draining and subsoil ploughing. What was the nature of the soil upon your farm ? — It was various : there is some part of it rather light soil, some of it gravelly upon the edge of the river, and some lightish loam, with rather a tena- cious bottom, and in other parts a stiff sandy clay. Is it a stiffsnbsoil ? — Some part of it very stiff. And it was all subject very much to wet? — The greater part of it was covered with rushes and bent before being drained. Will you describe to the committee your mode of draining? — The principle upon which I drain is to put in drains frequently, so that there may be opportunities for the water to pass off, because I find that in our climate the chief injury arises from the water that falls from the heavens. Are those drains placed up the furrows or across the land ? — They are placed in *,iie same direction that the furrows were before, but I have now no furrows. I lay all my fields down without any fur- rows. I object to furrows, because water is allow- ed to collect in a body, and thereby ruins the soil. The fact is, that those drains are so frequent that they answer the purpose ot furrows?— Yes ; they answer the purpose of furrows. How far are they apart? — '1 weiityone feet, and two feel six inches deep to the bottom. Do you drain with atones or with tiles? — Chiefly with broken stones, because I have stones upon the land. You spoke of subsoil ploughing; you are the inventor of a subsoil plough ? — I am. Do you use it after draining? — After draining. I first take a grain crop, and then after the separa- tion of that crop from the ground 1 subsoil plough. How far do you fill up the drain with stones .' — I put in 12 inches of stone.'', leaving 18 inches be- tween the upper pait of the drain and the surface of the soil, and then I cover them most carefully with very thin sods, overlapping at the joinings, because it is of the first importance to prevent tlie soil which has been rec^.■mly removed from running into the drains. There are many drains destroyed by means of the soil getting in at the top. The water comes in at the side of the drains ? — Yes, by fissures in the subsoil. Will you describe the operation of tlie subsoil plough ?— I have got a plate of it here, (pruducitig the sanie.)* The princijile upon which I construct- *Sce First Report of Agriculture of Mass., p. i. ed that plough was this, that I saw it was of the greatest importance to break up the subsoil, espe- cially "here it « as tenacious. I saw that the com- mon trench plough, when used to break up the sub- soil, at the same time turned over tlie recently moved subsoil to mix with the surface soil, which induced a sort of partial sterility for a time. I then bethought me of having a plough that would move the subsnil, still retaining the active soil upon the surface, and I considered how I should con- struct it to have the le.-ist draught, so that the hor- ses might easily draw it, because I was aware that it would require considerable forre. I therefore made the plough as thin as possible in its trans- verse section, and the share of the plough, which is usually made with a free point not touching npon the lower part of the plough, and I found it was apt in stony land to get knocked out of its place, and therefore I made a mortice in the sock, and inserted the point of the share in this mortice; then in order to move the subsoil as much as pos- sible, I placed an oblique spur upon the one side of the plough, which throws up the subsoil after the furrow has been divided and breaks it, but does not throw it further up than the bottom of the fur- row of the active soil. Mr Hadlty. Does not the .spur increase the draught ? — It does not materially. How many horses does it require to work that plough ?■ — Generally four horses in onlinary sub- soils, but npon some it has been necessary to use eight horses. How deep do you plough? — Sixteen inches from the surface. Mr Loch. What is the depth of the original furrow ? — Six inches : we first go on with the com- mon plough and turn over a furrow of the depth of six or eight inches, and then the subsoil plough goes and stirs up the bottom without bringing the soil further up than its original position, then when the common plough comes round again, it throws the active soil upon that part which has been sub- soiled. Then the advantage uf stirring up the subsoil is, that the water which falls gets down to the bottom of the second furrow so as to relieve the upper soil from tlie effects of the rain that falls? — Yes; be- sides there is a constant operation of the air upon the subsoil, which converts it into soil. Mr Cayletj. Is it with a view to draining prin- cipally?— ^With a view first to draining, and then to converting the subsoil into a fit soil for growing plants. It makes the soil more permeable ? — Yes. How long have you been doing this.' — About twelve years. In the first instance, if you were to turn up that subsoil, it would not be a productive soil, and there- fore you prepare it by this course for subsequent turning up when it is prepared? — Yes. When you conceive it to have come into a prop- er state for vegetation, do you turn it up at once or gradually ? — .^t once. Do you find that the soil will be very jiroductive the first year after it is turned up? — I find it so. Do you stir it up with the old soil ? — I subsoil it only once. I then fake a green crop, followed by a grain crop; then it lies three years in grass; and then after that, I take a crop of oats; and then af- ter, I turn it up to the depth of sixteen inches. Then it takes about three or four years to bring the subsoil to a proper degree of preparation ? — It does. After the subsoil has been brought into a proper degree of preparation for vegetation, have you ever tried the experiment of bringing in a certain pro- portion, say a fourth part of the subsoil after it is prepared, into co-operation witii the active soil ? — 1 have, and it answers very well. Do you consider that the bringing into play the whole of the subsoil at once is a better thing and more productive than holding in reserve a portion of the subsoil? — I think it is. After turning up the subsoil how many years have you grown crops upon it.' — My mode of crop- ping is a-seven years' shift, and I have now four fields undergoing a second shift. Have yon had the experience of what the con- dition of the previous active soil becomes, from be- ing in a state of rest for several years ? — It is all mixed together. Then the effect of your system is to produce a new soil instead of the old one ? — Yes. Mr Denison. According to your plan, supposing you were not to have turned up any o( this subsoil, but merely to have had your subsoil plough pass through it, and were to go on cultivating without any thing being turned up to the top, instead of producing sterility, would even that produce an im- provement of the crop ? — It would, and a continued improvement. After getting upon land that has been subsoil ploughed, and then ploughing it up again, do you find that the subsoil continues friable ? — I do to the bottom. With strong tenacious soils you do not find that it is run together again ? — No. Mr Heathcote. You have no furrows, and you plough 16 inches deep in all parts of the farm ? — Yes. Do you find that the water stands at the bottom of the furrow any length of time before it gets into the drain ? — I do not think it does, but I cannot see the bottom of the furrow. When you turn it up how do you find it? — 1 find it particularly dry, and sometimes where the land has been poached in consequence of taking off a green crop, still it is perfectly dry at the bottom of the furrow. You do not find that the treiding of horses has any effect upon it at that depth ? — None whatever; the effect of the most thorough poaching does not go beyond six inches, and below that it is found quite dry. Will this subsoil ploughing apply to all species of soils ' — I have never yet seen any soil that it would not apply to. The most retentive stiff soil ? — Yes, and the deep bog as well. Mr DenisoH. After breaking up the subsoil, hut without turning it up to the top, suppose the farmer was to continue to plough it seven or eight inches, in that case how lon. Xl.V. NO. s. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. m The physical education of female children is happily beginning to attract notice ; and the most fashionable mothers becotninij sensible of the great importance of healtl], from the want of it, now al- low their girls to take strong fxercise in the open air. I heard from the lips of Dr. Kirklaml, (lie late learned professor of TIarvard Univi.'rsity, that if he had to choose between learning and health, he would choose the latter. I may add, that when the heart is right, the head is seldom wrong; and the heart may be made right without nmch techni- cal learning. After statmg what woman can do, when strengtli- cned by the wisdom of society ami enlightened on her own duties, powers and interest, I may glance delicately at the evil she now does. Will she be- lieve that she often conspires against her own hap- piness ? Woman ought to be the first to stand up fertile promotion of just and equal laws. The smallest attention to her own degraded condition, a few centuries agr, and her cquivocul condition now, although greatly improved, will teach her why she, in particular, should contend for general justice. — She is a great admirer of splendid talents; so ar- dent is she in this devotion, that she will, in their favor overlook the grocest accompanying vices; even those which tend to degrade her own sex. Speak of a man of shining parts in her presence, but without morals, and a sensible, modest man of modest fame, and notice the relative estimation she holds tliem in. Compare two decidedly vicious characters, the one highly talented or fashionable, and the other less so; and see how differently do the same vices weigh in her mind. Both ought to be excluded from her society; but for what? for their vices. But is this the case ? The former, whose immorality is ten times more dangerous, through its fascinating accompanyments, is admit- ted, and the latter, more harmless, is rejected. The vice then is not that which she seems to abhor ; but the absence of power to please. There is a Persian adage which says, " If knowledge ivitltoiit virtue were estimable, who could lie more estimable than the dcri!" Woman worships the brave as well as the elo- quent. So we all ought to love true couraiie, and eloquent truth. But the eloquent tongue may flat- ter, and the sharp sword may defo.iU her ; but the former may also si.-duco or slander her, when prin- ciple is not its companion; and the latter may lay in the tlust the virtuous champion who stands up in her defence when her virtue is assailed, by a man of mere animal courage, but devoid of true honor. Woman will be more just and judicious in these respects, wlien she understands her inter- est better. When she lias exercised all her power over infant man, tlien shining parts in man will not be used for sophistical deception in morals, politics, or religion ; not even for female seduction ; for man so educated will be more virtuous and woman more enlightened. Then too will the champion's sharp sword become loss wanted, not only in the cause of woman, but on all accounts ; for even now is duelling but a miserable supplement to imper- fect laws ; which li-.ws will become more perfect, and supercede the iiecessity of that practice, when justice and a true sense of virtue sliall rise from the true femeiiine source, to which I now point, un- impaired by those sinister powers which have so long warped its progress upwards. We want no better foundation for that education which would lead to sound morals, good government. and pure religion, than interest — the interest well understood of mim and especially of women. Social viitue, without a worldly motive, has been too long the chimera of transcondentalists. I use t'lis modern word, as sufficiently expressive of an ancient vague notion of something not within the reach of the senses, or of common sense. Let ns be more humble, and come dov,'n to the use of the powers given to us ; they will answer all our pur poses, and we shall be tli'^ wiser as well as the bet- ter for keeping nenrer to nature's limits. Let us then take this well known wordly motive, m/t?'es/, and not despise it, or try to make it despicable by misapplying it. It is a very good motive. It is, in a final analysis, the onl>/ motive of man. If you must have inspiration, that is inspiration : God has inspired it into the hearts of all his creatures. — Seeking for something beyond and above inter- ested motives, something undcfinable and unintel- ligible, has caused us to overlook the true foun- dation of social perfection. The inconceivable distinction between spiritual and mundane truths ; between virtue celestial and virtue terrestial, have bewildered us, and given too much occasion for moral quncks to build up their own supremacy on our degradation. If we take as our infallible guide that unerring monitor which accompanies all rea- sonable men, moral as well as political quackery will die for want of aliment ;and none but true teach- ers will bo listened to; and it will not then be diffi- cult to distinguish true from false teachers ; for those onlv (ire true who can make themselves under- stood. There is no mystery in morals or in honest politics. I shall defer the technical part of my subject, with your leave, .Mr Editor, so h^ng as materials may fall under my hands wherewith to widen and strongt.'ien the foundation of education. We are just beginning to learn the importance of having competent teacliers ; and in imitation of a French and Prussian practice, some forty years old, are now instituting J^/orinal schools for the teaching masters how to tearh. I ventured to propose this system about 20 years ago in some of our papers. Two of those papers insisted on chang- ing the world JVormal into Moral, and so it was repeated in others in my absence, and made non- sense. If then the importance of preparing male teach- ers for technical education be admitted, wlio will say that it is of no importance to prepare, qualify, and empower the female cultivators of the heart, without which all the technical knowledge in the world is worthlos^ ; nay worse tlian worthless — it is a new power for mischief; as a knowing man without principle is worse than an ignorant man without vice. Would you place your child in the hands of a slave to teach him the duties of a freeman ? would you confide it to a reputed liar to make it a lover of truth ? would yon, to inspire it with that lovely candor and youthful frankness which we all ad- mire, and which is the secret charm of youth, choose for it a preceptor, at an age when example is every thing, and precept nothing, whose very condition in society, commands an habitual state of dissimulation — one who was not permitted to speak or act the truth ? John Randolph, with all his ec- centricities, was a man of truth : and he says, "a man may act a falsehood — he may be maliciously false without opening his mouth." If then exam- ple be teaching, and there be an age in which first impressions are almost ineffacable, shall that im- portant period be unnecessarily exposed to evils for which no aderpi.Ttn remedy has yet been found ? Shall Normal schools be instituted for the improve- ment of the head, and the improvement of the heart be conlided to incompetent teachers; to mothers, who are prohibited from a duty so interesting to themselves, and so important to social progress? Lycurgus and his followers down to Owen, were fully aware of the power of education by example. Man's nature has been almost changed by it. Bet- ter indeed would it be, as in Sparta, that the iron despotism of rulers should deprive the mother of every care of her child, than to leave her unprepar- ed for this important duly. WM. FOSTER. TREATMENT OF WOODLAND. To the Editor of the New Eiiglaiul Farmer : In rejily to' the inquiry of your friend at Harvard, in your paper of the 22nd inst., I would state, from some experience and more observation, that when woodland is cleared and it is designed to have wood grow again, it by no means should be burnt or ploughed; but secure it from cattle and let it re- main nntouched, i^ much the better way ; there will sooner be a new and thrifty growth. Besides ex- perience and observation of the fact, it is rational to suppose that it should be so — that is, to me it is rational. Some have an idea that the next growth after clearing, proceeds from the stumps by sprouts. This is, in some measure the case, but not wholly so: there is generally and perhaps always, seed in the ground, sufficient to produce a crop of wood, that are covered with leaves, but when exposed to the sun, soon vegetate. Hence the reason that when a wood lot is cut off, a growth of an entirely diflferent kind of wood takes the piace of the for- mer growth : for instance, it frequently happens that where a growth of oak has been taken off, a growth of pine comes next, and so vice versa. Many men I know are not aware of this fact, but a fact it is, which I have observed nearly my whole life, which has been lengthened to more than three score and ten year,-', ■ I could wi.t^ much more on this subject, but not having had much education, which perhaps has made me have a repugnance to writing, — besides, there are so many men of education who write for agricultural papers now-a-days, many of whose productions have more imagination and theory than sound practical knowledge of agriculture, as ap- pears to me, I will forbear, lest I also should be thought a theorist., A FARMER. Crops at the west, and particularly in Michigan, have not come in so favorable as was at one time anticipated. A letter from that State says — "If two thirds of a middling crop of wheat is gathered, I shall feel satisfied. The insect commonly called the Hessian fly, has made great havoc in many places. Latterly a new enemy has appeared, call- ed the '-anchor worm." They were nearly as nu- merous as the flies of Egypt. So annoying and plenty have they been, that they would inundate whole fields, and the farmers have in some instan- ces made trenches around their fields and houses, to save themselves. They move in a mass from one field to another. After finishing a repast and crossing a road, the earth is nearly obscured for many rods." A good farmer is unceasing in his efforts to add to his manure heaps. 38 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, AOG. 5, 1840 ANn HORTICULTURAL RKGISTER. Boston, Wedkesdav, Acgobt 5, ISIO. AGRICULTURF, IN MASSACHUSETTS. We continue r the patronage which she has bestowed upon agriculture ; and it is equally to her honor lhat these efforts have been seconded by many distingtrished ex not criminals or convicts — but unfortunate ; and thus rescued from profligacy and ruin. Never was a more benevolent institution. Here now any respectable far- mer may always go to obtain as many children as he is willing to take charge of and able to do justice to, who will he bound to hirn until ihey are twentyone, upon the most reasonable conditions The Female Asylums in Boston and Salem afford the same favorable opporliinities in regard to girls. Good frmilics may thus essentially servi^ their own interests and the cause of humanity, by availing lliemselves of these advantagenus offers The managers of these es- tablishments are persons of the highest character. We know a farmer in the Slate who has now had fur some time on bis farm, four lads from the house for ref- ornration for juvenile olTenders in New York city, and is perfectly satisfied with the experiment. They arc under indentures until twentyone, and he is at liberty to relurn them on commission of any crime. H. C. THE POLITICAL CRISIS. It is not for us in this place to enter the political are- na; but we have no hesitation in sayirrg, that within our recollection, a more important crisis in public af- fairs has never presented itself than thai which is ap- proaching in the ensuing national elections. The pub- lic, Irom one end of the Union to the other, are actually breathless; the pulse beats with a power which seems to be felt through the whole fiame ; and Ihe country is rocked as with the hcavings of an earthquake. In such case let no man fail to perform his duty. Disdaining all considerations of a mere parly character, let every true man determine to discharge his conscience. It is a case, which admits with an honest mind of no vsaciUa- lion, hesitation, or distrust, and one in which " The country expect" every man to do his duty." This only can save the country. [f. c. waordinary drain in the house; so lhat when a frrmer amples of individual liberality, and by the ready and lays up some of his small earnings upon the shelf, ho does not, upon going to look after them a second lirne find lhat ihey regularly " lake to themselves wings and fly away." It supposes that the hands in the house do not require to put on kid gloves in order to sweep the floor; and that they do not dread or disdain being soil- ed by perfiirming any of the domestic labors of the household. If there ever have been situations in life which we have been disposed above all others to envy. It has been family establishments {and thousands of such are scattered all over our happy commonwealth,) where all ihe household constitute but one family of parents, sons, daughters, and perhaps grandchildren; — where labor is made light, first by simplicity of livinjr, and next by muturrl and unvarying kindness ; and where throughout the whole there is to be found but one inter- est and one heart. This now is one kind of Massachu- setts farming, which does not indeed exhibit any grcal palrioiic co-operaiion of some of the most eminent men and some of the most powerfitl minds in our commnni ly, who have felt ihi: importance of the interest and given to il the weight and influence of their talents and character. H. C. LABOR PROCURABLE. We are reminded ofa duly, which we have a long time unintentionally oinilted ; but the discharge of which may irow be of great importance to the farmers, and at the same time essentially serve -the cause of humanity. The Farm School on Thompson's Island, in BoJton harbor, was established for the rescue of unfi>rluniite children, neglected by their ()arents, or perhaps without any parents to care fi)r them, who are taken, as far as the funds will admit, anil placed on this island, where Klassachugettg Horticultural Society. EXHIBITION or FRUITS. Saturday, July 25(A, 1640 . By Gen. Sumner, Roxbuty — Nutmeg Peaches — very delicate — out door culture. By Mr Miller, Portland — splendid specimens of Peaches, raised under glass. By MrO. Johnson, Lynn — a very large cluster of Zinfindal Grapes— also Klack Hainburgh. By Mr Grosvenor — handsome Apricots. By Mr Rundle, Warren Street, Boston — fine speci- mens of very large Apricots. By MrB. V. French— Peach Apricots, Heath's Early Nonsuch and Early Harvest Apples. By B. Guild, Esq , Brookline — July or Sugar Top Pears — an early variety, but not first rate. By Mr J. Hovey, Roxbury — Early Harvest Apples — quite large — also. White Currants. By E. M. Richards— Early Harve.it, White Junating, and Red Astracan -Vpples. Veoetahles. — Mr .\. Bowdilch exhibited specimens of ripe Tomatoes. For the Committee, E. M. RICHARDS. they receive a gooil and useful education ; their morals amount of profit in nn arithmclicnl form ; but in a social I "''* carefully watched over, and they are brought up to and moral aspect prrrsents an eminent prosperily. habits of mechanical or agricultural lab >r. They are STRAWBERRIES. We would tall the attention of our readers to the ad- vertise neni of Mr J. L. L. F. Warren, of Brighton, in Ihis day's paper, who has as fine a collection of the most approved varieties of Strawberry as can be lound in the country. Mr Warren attends to the raising and packing of his own plants, and sends out none but such XIX. NO. 5. A i\ D HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. ad ns are younc^ and ihrifty and well packed, so thai lliey maj' be sem to any part of the country wlili safely. To those who wish to fiirm a pinnlaiion of this delicious fruit, we would reroirinictid the present as beinjr the most suitable time of th'.' year for it. VVe can furnish plants from Warren's, ILivoy's or fi'oni any other place in the nei«;liborhood, at the prices adverlised. JO.SEPII I5KECK & CO. BKK.IirOK MAliKi/r.— Mo.voAr, Aug. 3, IS4(J. Kcporleii fur the Nkw Kiiilliml Kariijijr. Al M.irket 330 Beet Cattle, 95 Stores, 25 Cows and Calves, 2400 Sheep, and 200 Swine. I'lUCES.— Kecf Cuttle. — VVe quote to correspond with prices obtained last week for a like qu 'lity. Three or four yoke of extra, $G 25. Fir.=t quality, ^fi 00. Sec- ond quality, $5 50 a $5 75. Third quality, 1*4 00 a $5 25. Stores. — Few purchasers only were at market, conse- quently sales were only etfected at a low rate. Ones and Cahcs.—$20, $23, $25, $-31, $35, $42, and $10. S/iccp.— LuU $1 25, $1 33, $1 42, $1 58, $1 71, $1 92, $2 00, and $2 37. Sicinc — A lot old 4 and 4 1-2, and a tot 4 1-4 and 4 3-4. A lot shoals at 4 5-8. Al retail from 4 1-2 lo B. TIIKKAiO.MKTKlCAl,. ItepiirleJ liir the iN'ew [--ii^liunl Farmer. Range of the Thennoiiieter at llie (iiardeuof the |>foprietors ol the New England Farmer, HrigUlon, Mass. in a shaded Northerly cxpofjure, weeks eitding August 2. August, 1840. i7A.M. 1 12, M. | 5,1'.M. | Wind. S. S. w. S. E. S. E. N E. S. E. We ha\e had a fine growing week. Weather fair until Saturday, when more rain fell than at any one time during the summer. Sunday, " dog days weather," cloudy, warm, and liffht showers. Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, Sun-lay, 27 65 82 G3 2.i 61 33 T3 29 70 84 77 3" 61 85 71 31 (0 88 60 I 59 83 67 2 62 84 68 SUPERIOR NEW STRAWBERRY. Hovey's Seedling, a new variety, originated in 1835, and now for the first time ofl'ered to ihe pidilic, after a trial of three years, in a hearing slate, has confirmed its superiority over every other variety. It belongs to the class denomina- ted Pine Strawberries, and may be described as follows : /''ruii. very large, round, never coxcondi-shaped. even iu the largest berries. Color, deep shining red. Seeds, insert- ed in a sli.iht cavity. Fieslt, scarlet, firm, abounding wtih a most agreeable acid and exceedingly high flavored juice. The vines are as hardy as the Early Virginia, having stood the severity of the several ]jast winters unharmed ; gro vih vigorous, and the fruit well elevated from the ground on Blrons stems. A full descnplinii of this seedling, with an engraving of the fruit, and some account of its origin, treat- ment, &c. will be given ui the August number of the Maga- zine of HorticuHure. This strawberry was first exhibited al the Massachusetts Horticultural Society's Rooms iu lS3s, again in 1839, and also the present year, and each year obtained the Society's premium, although in coropetion with the Methven, Keen's Seedling, Downton, &c. Gentlemen well acquanited with all the other varieties cultivated iu this country, have se^'U ilio bed iu full bearing, and hesitatingly pronounce it the largest, finest, most productive and hardy variety they have ever seen. The entire slock of plants is iu the possession of the sub scnhers, not one ever yet having been disposed of, and they are now offered for sale, and will he ready for delivery on and al'ier the 20lh of August .\ll orders will be executed in the rotation in which they are received. Plants, S.^ per dozen. All orders from a distance, enclosing the amount for the plants ordered, will be immediately attended to, and the plants promptly sent to the direction desired. Also a fine stock of jilanls, of the following sorts, all warrenled s^cnuiue, or no charge. Methven Scarlet, 32 per hundred. Bishop's Orange, S3 pei hundred. Early Virginia, St per hundred. English Wood, St per hundred. AlTorders immediately alieudeil lo, and the pialll^ sp.-edily forwarded. HOVEY &. CO. Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, August 5. 7 Merchants' Row, near Slalo si. BustoD. STRAWBERRIES! STR AWBERlilES I I Those who are desirous of cultivating this delicirnis Fruit are icspcctlully inforiiied that the subscriber has succeeded, alter iii.iny years experinieniing upon the Strawbr-rry, not only in obtaining iumv varieties, but in ascertaining the best nieihods of cultivation. The sub- scriber would offer to the public, tiie present season, fiis Selected Collection ctttisisiiug i}f stven varieties ; they are such as have stood tiie lest of :\ fair trial for stveji years, and ate alt grown by the subscriber. Spe-eiiueiis uf his Fruits have been exliibittrd everv season a; the iMassacbu-etts Horticultural Rooms, anil have always commanded an extra price in Faneuil Hall Market. IVarren's Seedling Methven, a new and valuable kind, a free bearer, fruit veiy large and juicy ; fruit measu- ring 5^ inches has been exhibiied the present season. This vaiii'iy can be warranted to be one of the fim-st va. rieties grown, and will produce as fine fruit and as large qiiaiitiiy, with the s:ime cultivatiim, as any other ever of- fered, although .«ome may ask the modest (!) price of $5 per dozen. The price of this Seedling is $5 per hundred plants. Methrcn Castle — Fruit extremely large, high flavored and showy ; specimens of this fruit have been shown this season six inches in circumference. Tbi.s variel) can be stiid to be very excellent, (when the true kinds is obtained); it is one of the largest late varieties known, profitable .ind highly worthy of cultivation, all that some growers may say to the contrary, notwithstanding. Price $3 per hundred plants. Keens Seedling — A very superior variety, fruit very large, rich dark color, and uncommonly high flavored ; has always been ronsidereJ by English cultivators the best grown. Price $3 per hundred. Royal Scarlet — Fruit long ovul shaped and juicy, very free bearer and very hardy. Price $2. Hautbois — Fruit larger than English Wood, exceed- ingly numerous, sometimes yielding 100 berries to the plant. Piice $1. Early Virginia — This is known lo be the earliest and best fruit for market, a free bearer^ and very hardy. — Price $2. Enirlish IVood— Fruit well known for years. $X. N. B. Those who are desirous of cultivating this de- licious fruit, would find it for their interest to visit the gardens and see the method of culiivalion, and satisfy themselves that they can obtain their plants from Jirst hands, for it is too often the case that large and attrac- tive aOvertisements are sent forth to the piiblii: by deal- ers in plants, when at the same time they have never grown the kinds offered for sale, and know but little about their cultivation. Attention to this by purcha- sers, if [lossible, will gave much time and money. Every plant sent from this garden will be warranted to be free from mixtuies, and shall also be young and heallliy, worth the price paid for them. .All orders directed to the subscriber, enclosing the amount for the order, or with a good reference, shall he promptly attended lo. jind the plants carefully forward- ed agieeably to directions. JAMES L. L. F. WARREN. J^onantum Vale, Brighton, July 25, 1840. Orders directed to J. BRECK &. Co., will be ex-ecut- ed with despatch. ^V ANTED. A situation as gardener, by a young man who is acquainted with its various luaucbes. The best references can be given. Apply al this office. July 22. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTFI) V.'ITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. I. UUDDIKG FRIHI' TREES. Cuttings of fruit trees for budding, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of .Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, known and cultivated lu this country or in fiiirope, all from bearing trees, can be packed in such a maimer as lo be sent with perfect safely lo aiy part of this country or Europe. Apply by mail to the subscriber, at ihe Pomologieal Garden, Salem, Mass. -ROBERT MANNING. Salem, July 15. I^EACE CHAINS. Jusl received from England, al the New Engl uid Agricul- tural Warehouse, 6 casks chains, suitable for making the chain fence, &c. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Julv 15. TRACE CHAI."«S. Just received, direct from the English manufacturesr, 8 casks of Trace Chains, from 6 to 1 1 feet long, suitable lor ploushing or draft chains. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 15. Al.Uil, American, . .-tsHE.-', Pearl, per lUO lbs. . Pol, ' Ei'ANs, while, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Heef, mess. No. 1 prime, Beeswax, white, yellow, Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, dipped, sperm, Chefse, new milk, CiDKa, .... refined, Bone Manure, in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Brv, Chaleur, Haddock, .Mackerel, No 1 No. 2. No, 3, \lewives, dry salted. No Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Ballitnore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf. Rye, ..... Msal, Indian, in bids. Grai.n: Com, norlhern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, norlhern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (jirime) . southern, GaiNDSTONEBjpr Ion of 20U0 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, uorthern, .... southern and western, . Hav, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isi quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, ... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, LiiiE, best sort, .... MoLASSE6, New Orleans, Sugar House Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Fool, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lbs Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, Prime, j Seeds: Herd's Grass, ! Red Top, southern, I northern, [ Canary, ' Hemp, . ! Flax, .... I Red Clover, norlhern, 1 Southern Clover, ' Soap, American, Brown, . " Castile, Tallow, tried, . Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony i-'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, r Pulled superfine No 2 3 pound bushel barrel pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal (( barrel bushel FI.IIM 5 5 37 4 60 1 75 2 00 14 50 11 00 3j 25 35 10 22 13 10 1 25 2 00 pound pnund 37 ■9 1 75 1 50 87 11 OU 9 00 4 12 15 00 5 25 5 00 3 00 3 00 62 67 54 59 44 35 IS 00 28 00 9k 15 UO 1050 10 I IU 29 25 ! 26 22 20 I 21 '■ 18 cask 75 'allon 20 " 1 00 1 10 o 40 '• 65 " ! 95 10 S| 5 50 4 7S 2 29 2 50 15 00 II 50 49 23 70 II 25 14 3t 1 50 4 08 32 3f 46 12 2 12 1 7B 1 00 U 25 9 26 4 37 16 00 5 19 5 37 5 12 65 58 66 6« 46 39 19 00 30 00 10 16 00 II 11 30 27 28 24 21 22 2iJ B* 2r barrel 1 6 00 bushel I'S jNo. 1, 1=11 No. 2, 5 <=^ No. 3. pound prM. pound 14 00 12 50 2 SO 70 2 00 2 25 2 00 la 5 12 Si 45 40 40 35 35 42 35 23 18 45 7» 17 00 16 00 15 0(1 13 50 3 00 8t I5» 2 25 2 50 2 50 14 15 7 13 I 43 4i 38 sr 4S 40 as 20 40 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AI'G. 5, 1140 MISCELLANEOUS OBSERVATIONS ON THE WKATHER. Mists. — A white mist in the evening over a meadow or a river, will be drawn up by the sun next tnorningand the day will be bright. Five or six fogs snccessivply drawn up, portend rain. Where there are high hill?, and the njist which hangs over the lower lands draws towards the hills in the morn- ing-, and rolls up to the top, it will be t'iir ; but if the mist hangs upon the hilhs, and drags along the woods, there will be rain. Clouds. — Against much rain, the chiuls grow bigger and increase very faet, esppciully before thunder. When the clouds are tormcd like Heeces but dense in the middle, bright towards the edge, with the sky bright, they are signs of a frost, with hail, snow or rain. If clouds breed high in the air, in their white trains, like locks of wool, they portend wind, and probably rain. When a general cloudiness covers the sky, and small black frag- ments of clouds fly underneath, they are sure signs of rain, and probably it will be lasting. Two Cur- rents of clouds always portend rain, and in summer thunder. Deiv. — If the dew lies plentifully on the grass after a fair day, it is the sign of an it'her. If not, and there is no wind, rain must follow. A red eve- ning portends tine weather ; but if spread too far upwards from the horizon in th6 evening, and es- pecially morning, it foretels wind or rain, or both. When the sky in rainy wfathor is tinged with sea green, the rain will increase ; if deep blue it will be showery. Heavenly Bodies. — A haziness in the air which fades the sun's light, and makes tlie orb appear whitish or ill defined; or at night, if the moon and stars grow dim, and a ring encircles the former, rain will follow. If th? sun's rays appear like Mo Bes's horn, if white at setting, or shorn of his rays, or goes down into a bank of clouds in the horizon, bad weather is expected. If the moon looks pale and dim, we expect rain; if red, wind; and if of her natural color, with a clear sky, fair weather. If the moon is rainy throughout, it will clear at the change, and perhaps the rain return a few days af- ter. If fair throughout, and rain at the change, the fair weather will probably return on the fourth or fifth day. If the setting sun appears yellow or gold color, and particularly if accompanied with purple streaks, the following day will be fine. Wind. — If the wind veers about, much rain is pretty sure. If in changing it follows the course of the sun, it brings fair weather ; the contrary, foul. Whistling or howling of the wind, is a sure sign of rain. Meteors. — Tlie Aurora Borealis, after warm days, is generally succeeded by cooler air. Shootins Btars are supposed to indicate wijid. Jlnimals — Before rain, swallov/s fly low ; dogs grow sleepy and eat gra.ss ; water fowls dive much ; fish will not bite; flies are more troublesome; toads crawl about; nicdes, ants, bees, and many insects are very busy; birds fly low for insects; swine, sheep and cattle are uneasy, and even the human body. Where there has been no particular storm about the time of the spring ecpiinox, (March 2],) if a storm arise from the east on or before that day, or if a storm from any point of the compass arise near a week after the equinox, then, in cither of these capes, the succeeding summer is generally dry, four times in five. But if a storm arise from the S. W. or W. S. W., on or just before the equinox, then the summer following is generally wet five times insi.x'. — Shooter's Annual. Extreme Delicney. — 'I'he disposition to be ago- nizingly delicate, is well ridiculed in the following : " Is there any thing the matter r'^ " Tliere is, sir," was the liost's reply. " Have I given any offence .'" " Vou have, sir." " Really I am ignorant of it." " Such language won't suit here, sir." " My dear sir, what language ?" " We were talking of soup." « We were." " Vou mentioned ox tail." "I did." "That's it, that's it, sir; that sent the ladies! blushing out of the room — that highly improper language, which I never heard at any board before, and should not have expected from yuu." " Why, sir, I but called it by its proper name. Vou asked a question and I replied. I am, how- ever, sorry that it has given offence, but I really do not know how I could havo avoided it." " Then, sir, I advise you when you have an oc- casion another time to speak of tliat particular soup, do not call it ox-tail." "What shall I call it?" " Fly dispcrser." " Thank you, sir : I think I shall remember the 'fly disperser' soup." Love — If women do snarl up a feller's heart strings, they keep liim out of other scrapes — any body what knows will tell you Ihat. A man that is in love a leelle is not always running into rum holes and other such places. He don't go a gam- bling, and isn't sneakin' round nights. — Sam Slic/:. Green House Propagator, and SUk AVorms' E?ggs. Wanted in a permanent location an intfustrious, steady man, cap'jtjle ol talcing charge of a large collcclion of Green House Plants, s-kilfnl at propagating, and a general good manager in all respects. Apply by iriail with the most satis- lactory references. Persons wishing superior While Imperial and White Mammoth Silk Worms' Eggs, uf crop IS39, can be supplied at S4 to S,j per ounce, and eggs of this year's croji, for next year's use, will he supplied at S-2 per ounce to all tliose who send the cash in ailvance, within thirty days from tliis date. WILLIAM PRINCE & SON. Flushing, July 89, IS40. BBRKSHIHG HOGS. The snliscriliers offer for sale a few pair of full blooded Berkshire Hogs ; also, pigs 7-S blood, crossed with Mackay. inquire at the New England Farmer ofiice, or at their farm at Brighton. JOSEI'H BRICCK & CO. Julv 29. TIE UP CHAINS. Just received at the New England Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of tliose celebrated Clinins for tying upcalile. These ch.iins, introduced by E. H. Herhy, Esq. oi Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Charlestown, for the pur- pose of securing cattle to the M-ill, are found to lie the safest and most convenient mo le of fastening cows and oxen to the stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attached to the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal at liherty to he down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him perfectly secure. Jaly 15. JOSEPH BRKCK & CO. DISHMCY SHBRP. Kor sale, twenty full blood Dishfey or New Leicester Ewes, and one Kom, Price ?10 each. A|>ply al the Far mer Ofhcc. June 24. * SCYTHES, RAKES, &e. The subscribers offer for snle a very extensive and com- plete assortment of Scythes, Hakes, &.c. consisting in p.nrtot 300 dozen Phillips, Messer and Colby's superior Scythes. .50 " MeicalPs do. do. 50 '■ Taft's cast steel do. do. 25 " English do. do. Grass do. 10 " do. do. do. Cradle do. 10 " do. do. do. Border do. 100 " Hall's Rakes, superior. 100 " Wilder & Eddy's do. do. 200 " Common do. do. 100 " Clapp's patent Scythe Snailhs. 5n " Baker's do. do. do. 100 " Common do. do. do. 2500 " Austin's superior Rifles. •2u00 " Common do. 1000 " Scythe Stones. HiO " Grain Cradles superior. They would respectfully call the attention of Dealers and Agriculturists to the above assoriineiil, which consists of many of the best kinds now in use, and which ihey are pre- pared to sell at the very lowest prices. JOSEPH BREGK & CO. New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store, 51 &. 5'Z iXorlli Market Sfrecl. May 20. ^^ .i BONE SJ AN LIRE. ^ The subscriber informs his friends and the pnbli-, that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that j,round bones form the most powerful stimulant that can lie applied to the earth as a manure. Orders for Pone Manure or Oyster Shell Lime, left at the Bone Mill, near Tremoiit road, in Roxbury, al the New England Agricultural Warehouse ami Seed Store, No. 52 North Market Street, or through the Post Office will meet with prompt attention. March 4, 1840. NAHUM WAR1>. DORKING FOAVI.S. For sale, a few pairs of pure Dorking Fowls. The stock, of which these are the produce, were procured in Dorking, County of Surrey, England. " Few breeds have a title to boast of so high and long continued a reputation as the Dorking. Upwards of fiftytive years have passed, since, while resident in .Surrey, I sent to Dorking for my first regular breeding- stock : they v/ere then the ancient and superior five-clawed breed of Surrey." — Mowbray on Poultry, 7th Edition. This breed attains to a large size, and the hens are the best of layers. Price S3 per pair. Applv to JOSEPH BKECK & CO. June 24. tf GARD^NERti' KNIVES. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. have this season imported and now offer for sale a few very superior Garden Knives, for pruning, &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of the kind before import- ed. Also — a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &c. Jj April 22. f SUPERB ROCKET Ii.VRKSPUR SEED. The subscrihers offer for sale a quantity of Superb Double Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising, javcd from dou- ble flowering plants only, embracing all the dificrent colors. For fine, strong and early plants, the seed should be sown in August. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. June 17. PURE BL.OOD nE:RKSni!!E PIGS. The Society of Shakers at Harvard, Mass., have for sale the Pure Blood Beikshire Pigs. Also, a lot of Berkshire crossed with other Breeds, on reasonable terms at their Village. Persons wishing to be ^urc of the clear Berkshire breed may rely on those they offer for sale, as they are the progfe- ny of some of the latest imported from England. June 24. HORTlClILTURAIj TOOl. CHESTS. Containing a complete set of Garden tools of superior finish and style, recently received from Liverpool and for sale al the New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store. May 6. JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. PATENT SPRING BALANCE. A few of those very couvenient spring balances, for fami- ly use. a very simple contrivance for weighing small articles. JOSEPH B'RECK & CO. No. 5t and 52 North Market Street, Boston. July 15. THE NEW ENGI.AXD FAUItlRU Is puhiishcd every Wednesday Evening, al S3 per anniini payable al the end of the year — but those who pay witliiii sixty days from the time of subscribing are entitled lo a t e- ductionof 50 cents. TUTTLE, DENNETT AND CHTSnOLM, PRINTFR3, li HCllOJL ."ITRCKT EDSTOV •^iSti AND H O R T I C U L T U l{ A L REGISTER. PUI;LISHED by Joseph BRECK & CO., no. 52 north market street, (Aghicultubal Warehouse.) vol.. XIX.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 12, 1840. tNO. 6. N , E . FARMER. For ihe New England Farmer. DENNIS'S PATENT TROUGHS. JosF.rii Breck & Co. — I again solict the indul- gence of replying through your columns to your correspondent II., who has again appeared, and in my apprehension he has gone round the subject without comprehending it at all. And I hope to show him that there is something materially differ- ent in my description from what was "invented and freely eonwnunicated to the public before." I have warned him and others not to use my patent circular metallic trouglis with roofs, without my permission in writing, and if they do, they may have "the fear of prosecution with treble damages before their eyes," unless they employ a regularly authorized agent to put them on. H. quotes the communication of l-.. W. Briggs, which describes tin troughs made square, the trough being made of four pieces of tin soldered at the corners, and the roof was made of four more pieces, and soldered to the trough. These troughs were preferable to tarring the trees, but there was much labor neces- sary to keep the packing in order, and when the trees grew so as to burst them, it was very expen- sive making them larger, requiring eight pieces of tin and the soldering of ten joinings. They were found more expensive and less effectual than the circular lead troughs with roofs, v, hich require but one piece of lead and the soldering of two joinings to make them larger. He further cites the experi- ment of George Irisli, who invented the circular tin troughs. As my residence at the time tiie said Irish put the circular tin troughs upon his trees was within two miles thereof, I will state for the information of 11. that they were made of several pieces of tin, a part of which was applied to the bark of the tree, and the others were soldered to them at the lower edge, the upper edge standing out at an angle of 23 degrees from the piece next to the bark, making a circular trough, about 3 in- ches deep and 2 inches wide at the top, without any roof. If my recollection is correct, these trouahs were applied in the summer, and the rough bark was scniped off so that they might fit close to the tree ; and before it was tijne to use them the fol- lowing autumn or the second, the trees had grown and burst open the tin troughs so that they were useless. They were soldered anew, but to little or no purpose, ns they were continually bursting and the liquid leaking out. As there was no pros- pect of these troughs answering the purpose for which they were invented, they were taken off and thrown in a heap, making a monument that was any thing but agreeable to look upon, being the result of an experiment that cost upwards of three hundred dollars : and George Irish, in preference to tarring the whole of one of the largest and finest orchards in New England, cut down one half of it, and continued to tar the balance until 1838, when he paid me one hundred and twentysix dollars for applying the patetjt circular metallic troughs with roofs; and the orchard was more effectually clear- ed from worms than it had been belore either by tar or tin troughs. The two foregoing instances were all that I knew of previous to my making the circular metallic troughs with roofs. H. farthercites a circular trough made by Haugh- ton, of Lynn, and the recommendation of Gen. H. A. S. Dearborn, to use Danvers pottery or sheet lead, and the actual making the circular troughs without roofs by P. G. Robbins, or with paper roofs, for P. G. Robbins nailed the upper edge of the trough to the tree, and of course could not use it for a roof. I have examined the volumes of the New England Farmer, and read the articles H. cites and many others, to see if any thing there de- scribed would have any effect upon the validity of my patent: and having a very thorough knowledge of the patent laws, and also attended the circuit court over which Judge Story presides, where seve- ral cases touching the validity of patents were tried, and having heard Judge Story give his opinion on. numerous doubtful points, I am firm in the opinion that L. W. Briggs using a square trough with a roof, and G. Irish a circular trough without a roof, or P. G. Robbins a circular trough with a paper roof, nor any thing cited by H., nor any thing pub- lished in the New England Farmer, has in any de- gree whatever, any tendency to destroy the validi- ty of my patent right: because I do not claim a patent for a square trough with a roof, nor for a cir- cular trough made of several pieces of metal with- out a roof, nor for a trough made of pasteboard or of Danvers pottery, nor for a trough made of sheet lead without a roof, or with a pasteboard or sheath- ing paper loof, which I believe includes all the kinds H. has enumerated. But I do claim a patent right for a circular metallic trough and roof, the trough and the roofer any section of it being made of the same piece of metal. And I will further add for the information of H., that any recommen- dations or suggestions of Gen. Dearborn or any oth- er person, would have no effect upon the validity of my patent, unless they were put in practice pre- vious to the date of my invention. I hope H. will excuse me for correcting him where he says " that Irish used circular metallic troughs with roofs bent to conform to the shape of the tree, in 1827." The fact is, Irish used circular metallic troughs without roofs in 1827. "I feel confident after reading the evidence col- lected " by H. and a thorough "examination of the New England Farmer, that in 183(5 I hit upon and invented " what was not in use nor had been sug- gested or proposed by others, and I hope H. will readily believe from the evidence heretofore offered "that the invention was original av far as it re- gards myself, and he must be sensible that in such case all exclusive rights under the patent do not fall to the ground," as H- would feign have them, but are good and valid to all intents and purposes: and I am so far from throwing my patent open to the public, that I again caution H. and all others against "using it, for fear of the 14th section of the law of 1836." Your friend, ' J. DENNIS, Jr. Portsmouth, R. 1., 8th mo., 1st. 1840. From \he Third Report on the Agriculliirc of Massachusetts. EXPERIiVIENT IN FORWARDING SEEDS. The subjoined experiment rests upon unques- tionable authority. No one could be more relied upon for exactness and care than the eminent man who made it. It is a most striking result. What is applicable to one kind of seeds is doubtless ap- plicable, in a degree, to all seeds; and nothing can more emphatically illustrate the importance of care in the selection of seeds. H. C. Experiment, showing the importance of selecting the first ripe seeds, communicated to the Trustees of the Jlgricultural Society, by James Freeman, D. D., Sept. 1, 1805. To ascertain whether the ripening of seeds can be forwarded, by sowing those which are the ear- liest ripe, I have made experiments, all of which have been successful, on several different sorts. It will be sufficient to mention one only. In the year 1801, I planted the case-knife bean. The pods first formed, which are commonly those nearest the root, were reserved ; and when about the quantity of a peck was fully ripe, they were gathered on the same day. The largest and fair- est of seeds were planted the next year, and the first formed pods reserved as before. The same method has been pursued without any variation till the present year ; by means of which, whilst the bean has not degenerated in its quality, the ripen- ing of the seeds has been forwarded twentysix days, as will appear from the following table. Planted. Gathered. M). days. 1801, May 20, Sept. 9, 112 1802, " 11, Aug. 21, 102 1803, " 10, " 8, 90 1804, " 8, « 4, 68 1805, " C, July 31, 86 The first column denotes the time of planting the seeds ; the second, that of gathering the seeds which were first ripe ; and the third, the number of days which elapsed between the time of plant- ing and the time of gathering. As in the second and following years, I antici- pated tlie lime of planting the seeds, (by which means fourteen days have been gained, in addition to the twenty six noted above,) to determine what effect later planting would produce, by giving the seeds more advantage from the heat of summer, in the years 1804 and 1805, I put into the ground a quantity of seed, about a week later than that which was first planted. The event which took place is exhibited in the following table. Planted Gathered. JVo. days. 1804, May 14, Augusts, 86 1805, " J 3, " 6, 85 As very little time has been gained in the pre- sent and in the preceding year, I suppose I have now reached, or nearly reached, the ne plus ultra. I delay not, therefore, to communicate to the Trus- tees of the Agricultural Society, the result of an 42 NEW E N G L A N J) FAR M E R AUG. la, 1S40. experiment which confirms Iho important truth taught in various parts of tiieir useful publications, that, to ensure an early and ijood crop, tlio seeds reserved for future sowing sliould be those which sre the Jirst ript, and wliich are, in other respects the most perfect. Extracts from a letter of Joseph Cooper, of .Yew Jersey, in 1799. * * "This kind of corn I have continued plunt- ■ingever since, selecting thai designed for seed in the manner I would wish others to try, viz : When the first ears are ripe eriuugh for seed, gather a suf- ficient quantity for early corn, or replanting; and at the time you would wisli your corn to be ripe generally, gather a sufficient quanlity for planting the next year, having particular care to take it from stalks that are large at bottom, of a regular taper, not over tall, the ears set low, and containing the greatest number of good sizeable ears of the best quality; let it dry speedily, and from the corn gathered as last described, plant your main crop, and if any hills should be missing, replant from that first gathered, which will cause the crop to ri- pen more regularly than is common, which is a great benefit. The above mentioned method I have practised many years, and am satisfied it has increased the quantity and improved the quality of my crops beyond what any person would imagine, who has not tried the experiment. '• For many years past I have renewed the whole seed of my winter grain, from a single plant which I have observed to be more productive and of bet- ter quality than the rest, which I am satisfied has been of great use, and I am fully of opinion that all kinds of garden vegetables may be improved by the foregoing methods." PROGRESS OF VEGETATION DURING THE MONTH OF JULY, 1840. ((vommunicated for the N. E. Farmer.) July 4th — Saturday. With the exception of yesterday, which was a dull, lowering day, the weather has been rem;irkably fine during the week, and we have done little else than attend to the get- ting of our hay, the crop of Which is coming in finely in this section of the country. The grass upon upland was partially injured by the drought in iMay, but the burden upon rich grass lands and reclaimed meadows is very heavy. The season, thus far, has been most favorable for vegetation of every kind. Potatoes are generally out of blossom, and new ones are brought freely into market. In- dian corn has spindled, and promises at present an early and an abundant crop. The second crop of pease are nearly or quite gone, and stringed beans are very abundant. We have also been cutting fruit during the week from a hill of cucnmber.s planted in the centre of my first hot-bed. After removing from this bed the lettuce, celery, toma- toes, peppers, &c., for which it has been used, thi' soil had fallen to such a depth as to lead ine to fear that we should lose the cucumbers entirely, as it appeared to be impracticable to furnish them with sufficient air, for want of which, the fruit im- mediately after it was set, damped off. About ten days since we paved the entire bed with suitable sized stones, raising the vines to the light and heat, thereby, as I hope, reiinidying the evil. Beets are large and fine and lit for the table, but carrots ad- vance slowly. The grapes in the vinery are grow- ing luxuriantly, and I liave already commenced thinning the Sweetwaters, which generally seta greater proportion of small and useless berries than the Hamburg, and which it is important to remove at the early stage of iheir growth. If suffered to remain, ti.e bunches soon become close and com pact, and it is next to impossible to introduce the scissors into the bunches without injuring the fruit. July 1 Ith. We have passed the greater part of the week at liaymaking, for which the weather has been less favorable since llie 4th — the sky hav- ing been partially overcast and threatening rain, of which we have had but a moderate quantity during the summer. Corn and potatoes upon dry land each begin to curl, and to show the effects of drought. Early potatoes are very fine, and the crop upon low lands, which proved nearly a failure last year on account of the continued rains, will be, this season, very heavy. Squash and melon vines are n-rowing luxuriantly, and are both showing a- bundancc of fruit. We need only a generous rain to gladden the heart of the farmer, and to fill his barns and his storehouses with a superabun- dance of the fruits of the earth. AcGOST 1st — Saturday. Having been absent from Elfinglen since the 14th July, on an excur- sion into Virginia, I have been spared the pain of witnessing the progress of the continued drought, which has in many instances blighted the hopes of the husbandman, and rendered fruitless those labors | from which, in the early part of the season, he had every reason to anticipate a most fruitful harvest. Consideiing the dry and arid nature of the soil at Elfinglen, our crops have not suffered so much aa I had feared before my return. We have en- tirely lost our crop of potatoes, Chenangoes and Dillinghams, but the Rohans which were planted on the same field, and upon a similar soil and ex- posure, have been apparently but slightly injured. Beans also were completely ruined by the parching siinsof the 15th and ItJth ult., when the mercury indicated 92° and 93° at mid-day. Cabbages and ruta bagas, which I left growing finely, have been much injured by the aphides, and it was only by copious supplies of water, both morning and even- ing, that my gardener succeeded in preserving the grapes, melons and celery from a similar fate. — Beets and carrots have sustained the drought with me remarkably well. Corn has sufTered but par- tially, and we have already gathered several mes- ses for the table. We have, after all, great cau.se for thankfulness in the agricultural prospect before us; for had the drought commenced at an earlier period, our crop of hay, which has come in remarkably well, and which has been cured with but a small amount of labor, would have been greatly diminished, and this being the staple crop with our farmers, would have lessened, more than any thing else, the prof- its of our labor. I have sometimes thought that we farmers are too apt to complain of the season, that it is too hot or too cold, too wet or too dry; and I should question whether there has ever been a season perfectly satisfactory to the entire mass of the farming community. Let us endeavor to cor- rect this error — to look more with an eye of con- tentment and satisfaction upon our lot in life, rest- ing a.ssured that there are many bright liours in reserve for each one of us — and never forget tlie lieart-clicering promise, that while the sun endu- relh, seed time and harvest shall not fail. For the N. E. Farmer. TRIMMING BUCKTHORN HEDGES. Mr Bbf.ck — Sir — In reply to an enquiry in the Farmer of the 22d July, respecting the trimming of the buckthorn hedge, I would state that I have a- dopted the system of summer pruning in preference to that of spring, for two reasons. My liedges at Elfinglen are purely ornamental, being used mere- ly as partition walls between different portions of my garden grounds, and therefore it is desirable that they should possess during the summer months the appearance most pleasing to the eye of an ob- server. And secondly, they are trimmed with much greater facility and exactness while the new growth is yet green and succulent ; and the growth which immediately puts out after the summer prun- ing, has in no instance ever failed to ripen itself thoroughly before the approach of winter. Were one desirous of growing a buckthorn hedge which should answer the purpose of a fence around an enclosure for cattle, I am inclined to the opinion that the early spring would be the most suitable time for pruning, and in this case the whole of the summer's growth might be permitted to mature its wood. D. Soap or strong soap suds should never be used to cleanse oil paints, especially green color. BE MERCIFUL TO YOUR OXEN. For mercy's sake, in this hot weather, deal gent- ly with your oxen. Do not overload them, drive them too fast, or work them too long in these long days. Another thing — never yoke them up, or at- tach them to the cart, till all things are ready for you to work by means of them. Some people will yoke up their cattle early, before they have got well rested and fed from the labors of the preced- ing day ; and let them stand eating poslnieata long time, whilst their drivers are getting things in readiness out of season. They have just discover- ed that the chain is broken, and so the oxen must stand till Dick is sent off to the blacksmith to get it mended. When he returns and all thingsappear ready, it is discovered that there must be some new stakes made for the hay cart, or the wheels need greasing ; and the poor cattle must stand another half hour or hour, eating nothing and basking in the sun, waiting for their sluggish masters to get ready. It stands to reason that oxen cannot work so lung or heartily, driven out after standing in the yard or field, acquiring an empty stomach, as they could if yoked u|) fresh from a cool stable, where they had been eating till the moment of work ar- rives. Give them, too, a good opportunity to rest in the middle of the day. There is nothing lost in being reasonably merci- ful to the brute. On the contrary this is true poli- cy, as well as a dictate of genuine humanity. He who would overtax or abuse a fiiithful ox or horse, deserves to do his own pulling and trotting, with- out the aid of those noble servants. — Maine Cult. Bacon. — 'I'o prevent bacon from getting rusty, after it has been sufficiently cured, put it into a box of the size of the piece of bacon, covering the bottom of the box with hay ; then wrap up each piece in sweet hay, and between every piece intro- duce a laying of hay. This method will prevent bacon from rusting, and keep it for twelve months as good as it was on the first day of salting. Don't permit stagnant water on your premises : it is a prolific source ol disease. VOf,. XI ». NO. 6. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 43 From the Worcester iKgie. The followinn; coinniiinication is from a venera- ble correspoiidt'iit, of anntlier State. His age and experience entitle his words U> all that reverence which belonjfs to the advice cominfj Ironi the lips of a patriarch. The benevolent spirit they breathe will secnre for his opinions the rei^aril which the young should ^^ive to the wisdom of gray hairs. — One who possesses the simplicity of life, purity of views, and the wide and saafacious observation of the old philosopher, had a rij;ht to put the name of Franklin to his communication. TO THE YOUNG OF BOTH SEXES. It is of great importance that persons in early life, should prepare themselves for the part they are to act in society. 'I'here is a strong desire in both se.\es to rise to respectability, and this is high- ly commendable ; but many persons err in their at- tempts to gain their object. A principal cause of the failure of young people to reach the object of their desire is, the attempt to get rich without labor. In this way they often aim at an object without the means to accomplish it. Thus, for many years past, young men have enter- ed on business with borrowed capital, to an extent never before known ; they have calculated upon profits which were precarious ; they have neglect- ed to calculate the chances of sudden declensions in business; they have entered upon house-keep, ing with e.iitravagant purchases of furniture; they nave mostly failed, and reduced themselves and families to poverty. The failures and the distress which have occurred in this country within a few years, exceed every thing probably that ever be- fore liappenod. Young friends, loam wisdom. It is not the or- der of Providence that mankind should have bless- ing and prosperity without labor. It is best for mankind that this should be the order of things ; good moral habits are formed by industry ; sudden acquisitions ot property tend to prevent the forma- tion of such habits : they are often ruinous to mor- als. Moderate acquisitions of property generate good habits — tlie habits of prudence, of foresight, and correct calculalions of what is practicable. The desire of reaching a respectable standing in life has led many to renounce labor for books, with the expectation tliat they can live by learning. But the number of persons who can gain subsistence by learning is comparatively small. The profes- sions are full to overflowing ; unless that of the gospel ministry may be excepted. By far the greatest part of mankind are destined to labor, without which society cannot be supported. In forming a plan of business for life, therefore, the first requisite is to determine the course to be pursued, the occupation which is to be followed, and then to devote all possible attention to gain the qualifications essential to success in that occupa- tion. In this preliminary to success, persons very often make groat mistakes. !f a young man is to be a fanner, he must begin when a boy, and continue in that business. He must gain knowledge by experience, and muscular strength by labor. Books and learning will nev- er make farmers. If a young man is to be a mechanic, he must be- gin his art when young, and persevere in it, and be thoroughly master of every part of his business. Books and learning can not supply the want of la- bor and experience. Farmers and artisans can not be made in the school house or college. Most of the sliidios cultivated in our seminaries of learn- ing, however useful to professional men, are not ap- plicable at all to to the common occupations of life. This the writer knows by e.xperience. It is with females as with malps: they desire to live without labor ; and thousands of them fail of obtaining a good setth-ment in life, by aiming at what can not be obtained. Hence the high schools often become nurseries of old maids. The daugh- ters of wealthy men, who are sure of the means of living without labor, and such as are fortunate enough to marry men of affluence, may be justified in devoting many years to languages and sciences which they are never to use; but how small com- paratively is this number. Most of the people of this country possess small estates, which when divided will not support th'^ir children. Hence it often happens that children whom the father can support in a genteel style, fail at his death of the means of subsistence. Hence probably no country presents su many instances of young persons of both sexes educated above their condition, as the United i^tates. Many persons and families, within the knowledge of the writer, have been ruined or doomed to struggle with ad- versity all their lives, from this mistake. They begin wrong; they expect to be gentlemen and la- dies, without the means of supporting themselves in such style. Equally mistaken are many of the daughters of poor families. Some of them enter manufactories, where they get good wages, and dress in rich at- tire ; neglecting to gain a thorough knowledge of house-keeping, the very knowledge which they most want to insure them a good settlement. Young men of industry want wives tliat are good house- keepers. They do not seek females for their dex- terity in tending spools; but for those who are ac- customed to all the work of a family and to an eco- nomical use of money. Such wives are useful auxiliaries in supporting a family ; whereas such as are not accustomed to house work, often check or prevent the prosperity of their husbands : some- times they ruin them. Much less do men in the ordinary occupations of life, seek for females who have studied geometry, algebra, rhetoric, zoology and the higher mathe- matics. Such sciences are of no use to thenr, in discharging their duties as wives, mothers, or house-keepers ; they are soon forgotten, and if not, never used ; nor do they ever become subjects of conversation. In the course of thirty years obser- vation, the writer has never known a fe.iiale thus educated to make the least use of such sciences; not even in the families of the affluent. Books on such subjects, read in after life, for the purpose of gratifying curiosity or enlarging the knowledge of the works of nature, may be useful for these pur- poses among those who have leisure ; but not being necessary to qualify females for their duties, should not be a part of school education. In no particular, is the folly of females more re- markable than in their estimate of labor. They seem to think it disgracing to labor in the family as domestics, when they will labor in manufacto- ries without objection. They do not consider that the proper sphere of females is in the family, and that they cannot fill that sphere without serving an apprenticeship, and they should no more disdain it than young men should disdain to be apprentices to mechanics. The young of both sexes must be subordinate to those who are older, for it is frotii the experience and knowledge of older persons that they are to qualify themselves to be respecta- ble masters and mistresses themselves. Girls who have Tio property should seek to be domestics for two or three years, in respectable, well-ordered families ; for it is in these they are to learn not only to do all kinds of work, but to improve their minds and their manners. It is the best, if not the (Hily chance which many of them can have, thus to improve, and become respectable mistresses of families. All young persons should have a competent Eng- lish education, and for this purpose tlioy should have access not only to the bible, but to the best writings of Watts, Addison, Cowpor, and Mrs More. In wealthy and well conducted families the poorest girls may have this advantage. By avoiding domestic service, they deprive thi;mselves of advantages which they can never have in any other business. The pride of females often con- demns them to poverty and to a single life. Many and many a female fails to gain a comfortable set- tlement in life, merely because she is too proud to submit to the apprenticeship of learning the duties of a house-keeper in the character of a hired do- mestic. FRANKLIN. From the same. HONEY BEE.— WEEKS'S PATENT HIVE. Mr Editor — While on an excursion in Con- necticut, I stopped a day or two with a friend who was engaged in raising bees and obtaining honey by means of Weeks's Patent Hives, which proves io bo a very profitable business. These hives have two stories, each containing 30 lbs. The .10 lbs. in the lower story are first made, and whsn com- pleted, which may be known by inspection, or by weighing, the drawers are placed in the upper apartment and nicely adjusted, so that the bees can readily pass into them. When these are filled they can be withdrawn, and others placed in their stead — thus the bees can be preserved, and the excess of honey secured, without the cruel and wasteful process of destroying the bees, which was formerly adopted to obtain the fruits of the labor of these patterns of industry. I brought from my friend's bee-house, two draw- ers of this most beautiful honey, made by a swarm which had been in the hive but five weeks. These drawers contained more than S-'-i pounds of honey : add to this the 30 pounds already accumulated in the lower chamber, and it will be seen that this swarm of bees had, in a little more than five weeks, made 53 pounds of honey, of excellent quality, which in the market readily commands 25 cents a pound. From this brief statement, the profits of bees may easily be seen. The swarms sell readily at five dollars when first hived. Thus, the product ot the six hives will be in the autumn, 30 pounds of honey for winter use, 30 pounds for market, and five dollars for each swarm of bees. If the old hives make as much honey as the swarms, to this must be added 60 pounds made by each hive, half of which is profit, to wit : 180 pounds. The profit of the six hives for one year (exclu- sive of the provision for winter) will be $207 50 : a sum well worth saving to a man who does not need to devote one week's time to the business. Yours, very truly, S. B. Woodward. 44 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AUG. IS. t 4 PEACH TREE GRUBS. Remove the earth fiom the roots of your peach trees, and just beneath the surface of the ground, you will probably find places where gum has exud- ed from the tree. On .scraping this away with a knife, you will find a small grub, which is the in- sect so destructive to peach trees. Cultivators of the peach have resorted to many methods to e.xter- mitiate this insect from their trei's, but generally without success. The habits of the insect should fust be known, then perhaps some method may be devised for an effectual e.\termiiiation. I have now before me some of these grubs, which I have just taken from some trees where a small quantity of charcoal "as placed about the roots last spring. They are white, with a redish brown head, and measure from half to three quarters of an inch in length. The grub commences its operations the last of September and beginning of October. It appears to pass through the bark just below the surface of the ground and works a passage downwards into the roots, where it remains during the winter. In the spring its course is upwards, and about the middle of May it may be found very near the sur- face o( the earth. The pupa state commences about the first of July. It appears in the winged state from about the middle of July to the middle of August; then de- posites its eggs somewhere upon the outside of the tree, and not beneath the bark. The young grub, whicli is hatched about the last of September, passes down and pierces the tree just below the surface of the ground, where t!ie bark is tender, and proceeds as above. If the earth be removed from the roots in the spring, all the grubs taken out, the louse dead bark cut away, the wouml washed with soap suds, a box be made and placed around the roots in such a manner as to run a little below and rise three or four inches above the surface of the ground, and leaving a space of about six inches all around from the trunk of the tree, and if this be filled up with powdered charcoal, I think the tree will be -stife from the ravages of this insect, for it will not pass the charcoal to get at the roots, and it cacnot while young pierce the hard bark above. Wash the trees thoroughly two or three times irom July to October with strong soap suds. This will destroy all tlie eggs and young grubs. Placing a shovelful of charcoal at the roots of e tree and leaving it so that the grubs can pass >wn without coming in contact with it, will do o good. Neither will any outward application do Hiiygood while the grub is under the bark. All outward applications in order to be efl^eclu- al, must be made while the insect is on the out- BJde of the tree. There are some insects which deposite their eggs upon tlie trunk and branches of trees in the fall, where they rem.iin until spring, when they hatch. Therefore it is well to give all trees a thorough washing in the spring with soap suds. This will clear off all eggs and insects which may be upon them. It also clears offall the old rougli bark, and gives them a clear and healthy appeir- Bnce. — Detroit Duihj JldveHiser. ON WATERI.MG AND FEEDING HORSES. To prevent all inflammatory disorders arising from the too prevalent practice on the part of the inexperienced, in the use and application of the necessary and proper quantity of both food and water, for the comfort and preservation of the health of horses, and their consequent usefulness, I sub- join the following unerring ruin and directions, to secure and in.sure the health, vigor, and consequent utility of this most valuable and indispensable ani- mal to man. When n horse is healed from any cause, great care should be taken, while in that slate, to allow him to take but a very Sijiall quantity of cold water at a tine — say not iiTore than two quarts, whicli may be repeated at intervals during his mea's, which should also he limited. New hay and corn should always be rejected, when pure hay and oats can be obtained ; the natural and certain tendency of the introduction of either new or green hay and Indian corn (in too great quantities) into the stom- ach of a horse, is to produce diseases in that or- gan, and consequently the derangement of his whole system ; the animal is therefore rendered worse than useless ; for delay, and frequently fur- ther remedies are vainly sought for, because it too often happens that from the ignorance of the ope- rator, he adds to the malady, instead of removing it. Give your horse (after, and while he is heated) one quart of oats or dried corn, with a sprinkle of salt, alter his first draught of water, of two quarts. These portions of each, water and food, may be re- peated at discretion, during the reasonable but ne- cessary time for the rest of the animal, and ycm may then with certainty and safety pursue your journey to any distance and time. Recipe. — When the firegoing directions are omitted, and the bad effects are apparent, give the animal the following: '1 incturo of Benzoin one ounce ; spirits of ammo- nia one do. ; aromatic confection half an ounce ; ginger one ounce. To be mixed in one quart of water. When a horse is overheated, this applica- tion will relieve hiui — and it may also be given with success, in case where a horse is affected with chulic or gripes, flatulency in the stomach or intes- tines, mixed with a pint of warm oil — to bo repeat- ed at every three hours until relieved. Wm. Cookf, Veterinary Surgeon. No man can be entirely independent, yet the fanner should remember tlmt if any one can be Maid to possess that enviable distinction, he is the man. Let him then be proud of his calling. GOOD HUSBANDRY. The editor of the Maine Cultivator (Mr Drew, of Hallowell,) cultivates but a single acre of land, but this ho does in such a manner, as to obtain from it an astonishing amount of produce. The following account ofthe management of his garden will no doubt interest many of our readers: One third of an acre he devotes annually to corn — the long eared, large kernelled, eight rowed yellow corn, that is not very early, and not very late. With him it has ripened every year for the Inst ten vears that he has cultivated it. The soil average for years, over -iO bushels of sound corn for grinding, besides a little pig corn for the hogs in the fall of the year. This is as much corn as he needs in his family; besides a sufficient sur- plus fi)r fattening one large or two small hogs. — From the same land he ordinarily obtains some two or three hundred pumpkins, which serve important purposes in the family, being, besides, an excellent article for boi!ing up with the hogs' potatoes, giving a cow, &c. From the same land, he has generally obtained all the dry white beans he has needed in his family to go with his pork — which he raises by the avail of his land, without purchasing of others. The corn fodder is carefully cut and cured, and helps .-IS a subsistence for the cow. So much for one third of an acre. A small portion of land is set apart for the culture of onions. Ordinarily he raises from 50 to 75 bushels on a bed, say six rods square. These he sells on the average at one dol- lar per bushel — say .St!0 per acre. This purcha,ses his flour and rye at common prices. So that from the first third of one acre, and an onion bed, he has all his bread, brown and white. On two other large beds, he grows generally about 50 bushels mangel wiirtzel and carrots. These are fur the cows' winter provender. '1 hey more than pay for themselves in the milk and butter, to say nothing of the saving of hay and other proven- der. With a very little hay, together with the corn fodder and roots, a good cow (and he finds it economy always to keep the hest,) may be kept through the winter. Potatoes for summer and autumn use are plant- ed on the margin, and wherever there is a vacant chance for a hill, a department is expressly devoted to them, large enough to raise all that are wanted for the table, and enough to spare for the hogs, &c. So far as relates to bread, butter, pork — and he might add, poultry. Then the rest ofthe land is devoted to too many things to mention here : beets, parsnips, cabbages, turnips, green beans, peas, green corn, cucumbers, melons, squashes, summer and winter sorts, &c., besides fruit and flowers of various kinds; grapes, Antwerp raspberries, black do., currants, white, red, black and yellow ; English and coHunon goose- berries, and a few choice apple, pear, pluin, cherry, peach and quince trees. All this from a single acre, which he cultivates mostly with his own hands. Scab in Sheep. — The following remarks are from the pen of one ofthe most experienced and compe- tent wool growers in this country. We have had some acquaintance with the remedies proposed be- low, and can add our testimony to their value : •'The scab is very contagious, but when observ- ed at an early pi^riod, it may easily bo cured, or at least prevented from spreading. One of the best remedies is a strong decoction of tobacco, to be applied to the diseased parts, after scratching off the sciibs with a comb or other instrument. The decoction of tobacco mixed with lime water and oil of vitriol, and used constantly, when necessary for some time, will generally ertect a radical cure. he makes rich. He applies to it before ploughing, j Another excellent remedy is a decoction of helle. at the rate of eighteen or twenty cords of long ma- I bore, mixed with vinegar, suljihur, and spirits of nure, (or six t J the third of an acre) and turns it ; turpentine. Internal remedies are of no use, ex- under by the plough. He plants the hills three j eept when the disorder has induced other corn- feet and a half apart one way and three feet the [ plaints, by weakening the general health."— ^i6a- other — eradh) hy measurement with a line, ^n \riy Cultivator. each hill he deposites a shovel full of old rotten i hog manure as will not over stimulate the crop. — | He that deserves nothing should be content From this third of an acre he has realized on an j with any thing. 1 VOIi. XIK. NO. 6. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 45 HEADS GATHKREl) FOR SEED. Tlie good and careful fanner takes the pains to select from his wheat and his corn the ears and heads that are earliest ripe for seed. In this way he may always keep these productions up to the mark nay, if the selection be made with close at- tention and per.severance from year to year, it can- not be doubted that very great improvement would result from it, and that all grains and plants thus selected, would pass in a few years through a course of melioration to the greatest attainable degree of perfection — if indeed such a degree can be reached. The young farmer who would begin now to manage on this principle, in regard to all his sta- ple crops, as Mr Baden did many years since with his Baden corn, and who, in the view of his neigh- bors would persist in carrying out the system un- der his direct personal supervision, and with the utmost particularity, would not only render a great service to his neighborhood, but might command for his commodities an extra price, that would more than compensate him for his trouble. Dr. Anderson, in his "Recreations," says: — "Every attentive observer will remark among the plants of almost every kind of crop, some individu- al stalks which are distinguis'iable from the others by a great degree of health or luxuriance, or profli- gacy, or earliness, or some other peculiarity. A friend of mine remarked some years ago, a particu- lar stem of peas among his earliest crop, which came into flower and ripened long before the others. He marked this stem and saved the whole of its pro- duce for seed. These came as nmch earlier as they had originally done. This produce was also saved for seed ; and thus he obtained a particular kind of early pea, that came at least a week before the best sort he could buy in the shops, if sown at the same time with them." The Doctor relates facts similar to this respecting wheat and beans. The general idea he means to incultate is obvious, and i.'xliemely wortliy attention. — American Far- mer. [The experiment of Rev. Dr. Freeman, publish- ed in this day's Farmer, clearly demonstrates that great advantage is to be gained by selecting for seed those heads which are earliest ripe.] sixteen or seventeen hundred years old. — Hartford Conrant. Tlie springing up of plants in a soil on which ii is known no plant of a similar kind has grown for a century or ii'ore, is a fact of such comnum occur- rence in New England, that it hardly attracts no- tice. Large tracts of land among the (ireen Moun- tains, on being cleared and burned over, produce the ' high blackberry" in most luxuriant abun- dance. So, too, in many places what are called " pine barrens," being burned over, are soon cov- ered with shrub oaks. Ii is a well known fact, that some years ago, when the hills at the wester- ly part of this city were dug down twenty or thirty feet, and an immense body of earth removed, the new surface was almost immediately thickly sprink- led with the thorn apple (stramonium) growing to an uncommon rankness. Where did the seed of this plant come from ? or was it the spontaneous effect of the "primal curse" — "thorns also and thistles shall it bring forth " ? A singular instance illustrating the vitality of seed remaining in the earth, is within our own ex- perience. Seven years ago we threw in our gar- den at Cambridge, a small quantity of the seeds of the common tobacco — intending to use the leaves ofthe plant in experiments for destroying bugs, worms, &c. No plant produced from this seed has ever been permitted to ripen on the premises, and but one was permitted to flower : yet, there has been no year of the seven, in which new plants have not come up, and it is not a week since we destroyed several of them. Some ofthe seed must have lived seven years in the earth before it vege- tated.— Boston Courier. PROTRACTED VITALITY OF SEEDS. Without admitting such doubtful cases as those of seeds preserved in mummies having germinated, there are many instances of seminal longevity about which there can be no doubt. Books contain an abundance of iiwtances of plants having suddenly sprung lip from the soil obtained from deep exca- vations, where the seeds must be supposed to have been buried for ages. Professor Henslow says that in the fens of Cambridgeshire, after the surface has been drained and the soil ploughed, large crops of black and white mustard invariably appear. — Miller mentions a case of Plantago Psyllium hav- ing sprung from the soil of an ancient ditch which was emptied at Chelsea, although the plant had never b(!en seen in the memory of man. De Can- dolle says that M. Gerardia succeeded in raising kidney beans from seeds at least a hundred years old, taken out of tlie Serbarium of Tournefort ; and I have myself raised raspberry plants from seeds found in an ancient coffin, in a barrow in Dorset- shire, which seeds, from the coins and other relics met with near them, may be estimated to have been RAIN The quantity o ' rain that has fallen during the months of May, J une and Ju ly of the present year in this place, is unusually small. Although we lavo had thirteen dis tinct rains the wh ole quantity amounts to but 6.78 100 inch cs while the average for the last 10 years is 11.36-100, as will be seen by the following tab e taken from our [lain Guagt Book : May. Jime. July. Amount In. 11 0 In. 100 In. ioO In. 100 182.5 l.!)I 5.07 1.14 8.12 6 4!) 4.04 2.08 6.61 7 5.44 2.14 2.72 10.30 8 6.25 6.16 .5.00 17.41 9 3.13 2.88 5.9<> 12.00 30 3 81 4.01 6.09 1.3.91 1 3.84 4.42 5.13 13.39 2 7.41 54 3.23 11.18 3 2.01 .3.97 3.38 10.26 4 6.49 3.69 4.88 15.06 .5 2.18 2.16 8.&3 12.97 () 2.17 3.73 2.40 8.30 7 6.88 4.06 1.66 12.60 8 3.43 5.09 1.86 10.38 9 5.5ir 3.16 .3.71 12.45 40 2.28 2.41 2.09 I 6.78 n. 100 A veragc for six teen years 1I..36 Amount for 1840, 6.78 fValtliam, Aug •1, 1840. H. [Daily , Uvtrtiser. PROFIT OF BEE-KEEPING. Col. II. K. Oliver, of this city, has for several years paid great attention to the management of bees ; and after a scries of experimenis and unwea- ried dilioence, he has now reached a wcmderful de- gree of perfection. His apiaries, we may safely say, are the finest in the State. Col. O. uses the non-swarming collateral hive, which he thinks bet- ter adapted to cities nnd populous places than any other. We had the pleasure of witnessing the la- bors of his busy operatives last week, and can as- sure our readers that it ia a sight well worth see- ing. The hivps are so constructed that one can observe without danger all the operations of these indefitigablo laborers, and draw therefrom many a useful lesson. Col. Oliver has two apiaries, one containing eight, and the other (partly stocked) to contain sev- en hives. The hives consist of one central and two collateral boxes — the honey being drawn only from the collaterals, leaving that in tlie central box where the bees are preserved during the cold weath- er, as stock for their winter supply. Some of them have, in addition to the two collaterals, a top box t(p contain glasses to be filled by the bees. Dur- ing the present year ten hives have yielded an average of 50 pounds each, making 500 lbs. of hon- ey, which sells readily here at 25 cents per lb. Some ofthe hives yield as high as 80 pounds each. The honey is the whitest, clearest, purest we have ever seen, and, fresh from the comb, is truly deli- cious. As to the profit of keeping bees, there cannot be a question, the Col. thinks, if they are rightly man- aged. But like all othct^ stock, they need care and attention, and must not, to be made profitable, be kept in the usual rough boxes of the farmers, nor left to the tender meffcies of the moth. By the common method, in order to get the honey, the bees are all killed ; but b-y the improved method, they are all saved alive, and are deprived of only the excess of honey over what, is necessary for the winter's consumption. Our townsmen, Messrs Hol- man and Phippen, havfl apiaries also, constructed on the same bee-preserving principle, and equally profit.ible. — Salem Register. The American (Baltimore) Farmer says the crops ofthe Middle States promise an abundance greater than common, in spite ofthe reports to the contra- ry circulated by speculators in bread stuffs. Mites in Cheese. — We copy the following from the Zanesville Gazette, and shall publish it for the special benefit of cheesemakers and cheesemongers, not doubting that it will materially increase the consumption of the article. Were it as fashionable to drink spirits of turpentine as spirits of wine or brandy, the first might be substituted for the last in its application to cheese, and quite as effesen a Committee of Arrangemenig for the annual exhibition of fruits and flowers the ensii- in" autumn ; — Sam'l Walker, Win. Oliver, Isaac P. Da- vis, L. P. Grosvenor, Thos. Lee, Marshall P. Wilder, Isaiah ."^tickney, Edw'd 1\I. Richards, J. J. Low, Jno. I^ Russell, Benj. V. French, Robcit Treat Paine, Chas. M. Hovey, Wm. T. Eustis, John Towne, Sam'l Downer, J. E. Teschemacher, Otis Johnson, David Haggerston, W. H. Cowan, Rob't Manning, J. M. Ives, George Brown, M. P. Sawyer, Cheever Nevvhall, Joseph Breck, Wm. M'Lellan, Wm Kenrick, Jona. Winship, Henry VOL,. X IX, NO. 6. AND H 0 R T I C U L 1' U R A L REGISTER 47 Sheafo, Sani'l 11 Jolirison, Ebun'r Putn.nni, J. C. How- ard, S. Sweuiser, I'. B. Hove)', J. 1,. L. F. Warren, Jno. A. Keririik. Win. E. Cart.-r, J W. Russell, Kufus Howe, Sain'l Poiid.Jno. Hovey , A. Bowdilcli. Special Comvtittce to Decorate the Hall and to lake charge, of the Fruits and Flowers. — Siiin'l W^alker, L. P. Grusvenor, M. P. Wild.'r, Win. Oliver, C. M. Hov- ??y, I. Stickncy, j;, M. Richards, David Haggerston, S. R. J.,linsoii, J I-. L. F. Warren, J. W. Russell, Wm. McLellan, Riifus Howe, A. Bowdiicli. Committee to make Repotts of Flowers, Fruits and Vegetables. — Sain'l Walker, E. M. Richards, J. L. L. F. VV arren. Att.si, E. M. RICHARDS, Rec. Sec'y. BRKjHIOW market.— MoNDAr, Aug. 10, J840. Kfporteit fertile Kew tnjjlund [-armer. Al M.irkct 410 Beef Cattle, 18 Cows and Calvei^, 2950 Sheep, and 175 Swine. PiilCES.— fiee/ C'««/e.— First quality, $6 00 a $6 25. Second quality, $5 50 a $5 75. Third quality, $4 00 a $5 25. Otics and Calves.— ^'iO, $22, $25, $30, $33, $35, and $3S. 5/ieep.— Lots $1 25, $1 42, $1 50, $1 G2, $1 88, $2 25, $2 33, and $2 CO. Swine. — Old hogs 4 for sows, 4 and 4 1-2 for barrows. Lots to peddle 4 and !). At retail 4 1-2 to 6 l-S. i;r\te and pouukbtte. An eslahli.shnipnt lor the manufacture nf the Manures called Urate and Pnudrette ha-. Iieen erected, at a considera- ble expense, in llie Slate of New Jersey, near the city of ' New York ; and an act of incorporation has been grained by ' "1-cm, American, . the legislalure of ihe Stale of New Jersey, by the name of Ashes, Pearl, per lot " The Lodi Mannluclurin!; Company " for purposes of agri- 1 ''"' culture, wherein It is provulcd, that 5U0 shares, a porlioii ofi the stuck reserved for subscription by farmers and gardeners, within a limited time, shall he entitled to receive 50 bushels of Proudretle yearly lor live years, viz. in 1840, 184!, 184i!, 1843, and 1844, upon each share of Snio, which is at the rale ; of 20 per cent, per annum, for those years, nnd after that period to receive an equal dividend with the other stock- holders. The Manufactory has gone into operation according to law ; a sufTicient number of shares havm;; been subscribed for that puipose. and capital paid in; and the first dividend has been regularly paid to the subscribers— the next divi- dend is payable in September. Kut the Company needs a larger moneyed capital than it now has, to carry it on to hel- ler advantage. Inquiries having been inude whclher all the stock had been taken, and the difficulty al the preseut time ol obtaining funds, to a sufficient amount, from a few indi viduals, has induced a renewal of this notice to farmers and gardeners, and every other person who may have spare funds, (as every person is now permitted to subscribe,) that there is WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLV. THERM OMETRICAL. Itf |>nr!ed (or the New England Farmer. Range of ilie 'i'hermoineterat the fiardeiiof the proprietors of the New England Fanner, Brighif>n, Mugs, in » shaded Noriherly exporfiire, weeks ending AngusI 9. August, 1840. 1 7A.M. I 12,M. | 5,1*. M. | Wind. Monday, 3 63 83 71 S. w. Tuesday, 4 68 84 74 S. W. Wednesday, 5 70 85 73 w. Thursday, 6 58 80 T'^ S. w. Friday, 7 60 78 66 w. Saturday, 8 69 80 06 s. Sunilay, 9 53 82 67 N. W. Fair weather every day at 12 o'clock. SUPERIOR NEW STRA'WBERRY. Hovey's Seedling, a new variety, originated in 1835, and now lor the first lime offered to the public, after a trial of three years, in a bearing state, has confirmed its superiority over every other variety. U belongs to the class denomina- ted Pine S'traicberries, and may be described as follows: i*^ruti, very large, round, never coxco/nb-shaped, even in the largest berrits. Color, deep shining red. ^Seeda, insert- ed in a slight cavity. J^/eih, scarlet, firm, abounding with a most agreeable acid and exceedingly high flavored iuice. The vines are as hardy as the Early Virginia, having stood the severity of the several past winters unharmed ; gro.vih vigorous, and the fruit well elevated from the ground on strong stems. A full tiescripliou of this seedling, with an engraving of the iruit, and some account of its origin, treat- ment, &c. will be given in the August number ot the Maga- zine of Horticvliure. This strawberry was first exhibited at the Massachusetts Horlicnlturat Society's Rooms in 133S, again in 183^, and also the present year, and each year eed .^lore, August 5. 7 Merchants' Row, near State st. Boston. ' vet a considerable portion nf the reserved slock, which, by law, is to receive 20 per cent, per annum, payable in Prou drelle, one half in May, and the other half in September, in the years IS40, 1841, 1842, 1843, and IS44, not yet subscribed (or, and the books arc now open to receive subscriptions for Ihe same, by any person, whether gardener, farmer or other- wise, at Ihe office of ihc Lodi Manufacturing Company, No. 73 Cedar Street, in the city of New York! Terms for the reserved stock, Sioo per share in cash; and for the other portion of the slock an instalment of S25 jier share on sub- scribing, and the residue (being S75 per share) to be called in by instalments of S5 per share, after thirty davs notice. These manures have been fairly tested and very generally approved of as being the cheapest and best manures, and more economically applied than any other known substance used for manure. As the article can be furnished from the city of New York, only to a limited extent, (not more ihan sufficieni to manure 35,000 acres annually.) it must follow, that m a few years it will necessarily be confined to the use of the stockholders alone. It is important to agriculture, and the enterprise deserves the liberal support of every enlightened farmer. By order, WILLIAM M WILSON, Secretory. At an election for Directors of the Lodi Manufacturing Company, held at Jersey City on the 6lh day of July, 1840, the following persons were elected Direcli>rs of the Compa- ny, to hold their offices until the first Monday in October next, namely, Anthony Dey and Jacob C. Dey, of New York ; J D. Miller, Andrew S. Garr and Rodman M. Price, of New Jersey. Agust 12. Ci-igbton IVurseries and Gardens. For ^ale A large quantity nf superior European and American Urnamental Trees, well calculated for public places, or private grounds, with Fruit Trees embracing a great varnty o{ the most ap- proved kinds and fine sizes. The trees, and all olher productions can now be se/ec/erf and 7?larA-e(/, and will be for warded to any place as soon as it will answer to re- move the same. Also, forty kinds of Strawberry Plants, of the most proved European and American varieties. Orders may be forwarded via. mail, addressed Messrs. WINSHIP, Brighton, Mass., or lefi wilh Messrs. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Brighton, August 12. ap- TO AUKSERYillEN AKD GARDEIVERS. A well established Nursery and good Vegetable Garden, situated in the Slate of Rlassachiiselts, near a market for vegetables, and where there is a good demand for trees, to- gether wilh every convenience for a man with a family, will be let on accommodating lerins to a good tenant for a term of years. Address a line staling name and reference (post paid) to J. P. MERRILL, care of Messrs. Brerk & Co. Seedsmen, Boston, previous to first of October. August 12. BUDDING FRVIl' TREES. Cuttings of fruit trees for budding, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of Apples, Pears, Pluins, and Cherries, known and cultivated in this country or in Europe, all from hearing trees, can be packed in such a manner as to be sent with perfect safely to a y part of this country or Europe. .Apply by mail to the subscriber, at the Pomolocical Garden, Salem, Mass. ROBERT MANNIKG. Salem, July 15. CASE.S OF TOOLS. Just received from England, a few cases of superior horti- cultural tools, for gentlemen or ladies use, a splendid arlicle in mahogany cases. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. 00 lbs Pot Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No 1 prime, .... Eeesw AX, white, yellow. Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy. Candles, mould, dijiped, sperm, CHEraE, new milU, Cider, ..... refined. Bone Manure, in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bav, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 , . No. 2, No. 3, . Alewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1 , Floub, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, Meal, Indian, in hbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) . southern, GRiSDSTONES,pr tonof2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, .... southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia city tannage, do. C'Untry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. siangliter, Boston dry hides. Lime, best sort, .... flloLASSEs, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton ol 2200 PoEK, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, Prime, Seeds; Herd's Grass, Ued Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, ... Flax Red Clover, northern, Southern Clover, SoAi>, .American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony h'leeces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, S_: I Pulled superfine, ^5jNo. I, g-3lNo.2, .... 2 ^ t No. 3, pound bushel barrel pouud pound dozen barrel bushel pound quintal barrel rhttfti S 5 37 4 87 1 76 2 00 14 50 11 00 35 25 35 10 22 13 10 1 25 2 00 bushe pound pcund cask gallon 37 9 1 50 I 50 87 II 00 9 00 4 12 IS 00 5 25 5 09 3 00 3 00 62 57 54 59 42 3U 18 00 28 00 to 15 00 10 50 10 10 29 25 26 22 20 21 IS 75 20 1 00 1 10 40 65 10 6i 5 5« 5 12 225 2 50 5 00 barrel 16 00 " 14 00 " 12 50 bushel 2 SU 70 ti " : 2 00 " 2 25 2 00 13 pound pr M. I pound 11 50 4» 28 70 II 2S 14 3T 1 50 4 on 3« 3r 46 12 2 25 1 75 1 0» 11 25 9 25 4 37 16 00 5 19 6 37 5 12 65 53 56 60 43 37 19 00 30 09 II 16 00 11 II 30 27 28 24 21 2S 29 89 2r 45 7» 17 0» 16 00 15 00 13 58 3 00 80 1 50 2 26 2Sa 2 50 14 IS 7 13 9 48 4e 3S 45 40 25 20 48 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AIG. 12, 1S40. MISCELLANEOUS Krom the Fnrmpr's jVIoiilhly Visitor. FARMERS PHILOSOPHERS. All t'arinera nii{;lit and sliuiild be pliilosophers — not like Newton, LucUe, nr Descarte-s for few liave the intellect, or time to examine nature as tliey did — but all have tlie faculty and time enough to read the book of Nature, which lie.s wide open, and is 80 plain that "he who runs may read" many things for curiosity, and some for profit : I will relate a few tacts in n\y blunt way. A few years since, while standing' beside a wall, ] heard a splashing in water on the opposite side. Looking over, I saw about eight feet from me, two bullfrogs apparently wrestling. They stood upon their liiiid legs — took fair hold at the back with their arms (or fore legs, if you please) and tripped, and twisted just like two men in wrestling. Some- times one would get thrown, then the other. I saw them at this play ten or fifteen minutes. They certainly were not fighting, for neither were hurt. The water was two or three inches deep, just up to their knees ; as soon as one gave the other a fall, he would jump ofl', and both would stand up and take hold again. HAWK STORY. There was a pair of hawks nearly as large as the eagle, which visited our neighborhood for twenty years — how much longer I know not. They were curious and cunning creatures. They generally took five or six chickens annually from each far- mer. Nobody could shoot or trap them. One time when I was from home they pounced upon an old hen and killed her, but could not carry her off. I came home soon after, and placed myself in the barn with a double barrel gun about eight rods from the hen. There was a hole through the barn door big enough for the gun barrels. There I waited, expecting they would come back after their prize. They did come back ; but whether they saw tlic barrels or smelt mischief otherwise 1 know not. They flew round a wliile — lit several times twenty rods olT, and then cleared out forever from the hen. But the most curious thing about these liav\ka was their races. About a mile north of my house jinother. — A few years ago I saw in my garden thousands of hob s about the bigness of a gc.ose- quill and perfectly round. Supposing there were some insects in these lioles that were destroying my garden sauce, I dug some of ihem out. I found them from three to five inches in depth. They were diflcrcnt from any creature described in any nntiirnl history which I have seen. About one fciuith KJVIVES. JOSEPH BRECIC & CO. have lliif season imported and now ofl'er for sale a few very superior Garden Knives, for pruning, &.c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of the kind before import- ed. Also-a large assoninenl of lJtidited everv seasun a! the Ma.ssaclui^elts Hortir^uttiiral Rooms, and have always comniandt'd an extra price in Faneuil Hall Miirkel. Warren's Seedling Methven, a new and valuable kind, a free bearer, fruit very large and juicy ; fruit measu- ring .^j^ inches has been exhibited the present season. This variety can be warraiiieil to be one of the finest va- rieties grown, and will produce as fine fruit and as large quantiiy, with the s:iine cultivation, as any other ever. XIX.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVKNINO, AUGUST J'J. 1840. [NO. 7. N, E . FARMER. VISIT TOTIIR FARM OP E. PHINNEV, Esq., LEXINGTON. Wo ffavo list year an acccuuit oftlin ff.rm of Mr Pliinney, of Lexington, which we believe was ac- ceptable to our readers. Our ol)joct was to enconr- ago and stimulate others to follow the example of Mr Phinnoy in their improvements, that like him they might receive ten fold in the amount of their produce. Wo have reason to believe that the ac- count given was not altogether in vain to the pub- lic, but has been instrumental in some measure of calling up the attention of a few to the importnnce of a more systeuiatic cultivation and liberal outlay in their agricultural operations. We do not wish to convey the idea that Mr Phinney 'stands at the head of agiicultural improvements, or that he has no equals in the vicinity, by our frequent recurrence to his farm, for there are hundreds in the circle of our acquaintance, who like him stand in the fore- most ranks, and are making rapid strides towards a better and more perfect mode of cultivation. Hav- ing again had the pleasure of spending a day upon this farm, which may truly be styled a pattern one, we will now take the opportunity to communicate a few things, which more particularly struck our at- tention, and first we will speak of the Oiilutrding. We refer our readers to the last volume of the N. E. Farmer, page fil, for the account given of it last year. The trees have made a vigorous growth the present season and are now loaded with a heavy crop of fruit. The Baldwins arc remarkably fair, and promise to be of an e.xtra quality and very free from the ravages of the curcnlio. The contimted drought began to affect the crop seriously, and great quantities of fruit had fallen, but the abun- dant and timely rains have revived the trees and probably as much fruit remains as will be benefi- cial to the trees, or profitable. We were informed that in the fall of 1838, 700 barrels of good mar- ketable apples were gathered from this orchard, which when it is considered that at that time the trees were but 14 years old, must be thought a very large crop, and a pledge that the expenses which have been incurred in bringing these trees forward would soon be reimbursed, and that hereafter a handsome income would annually be realized as a reward for the extra care and attention v/hicli has been bestowed upon them. 1 he trees are 40 feet distant from each other : most of them have finely shaped heads. It appears thai much utteution had been paid in their early training to encourage the branches to shoot out in a horizontal direction, as in that position they are not in so much danger of splitting off as those which rise with an angle of 45 degrees or therea- bouts. By this mode of training the fruit is more equally expo.=;ed to the beneficial effects of the sun, and is more easily gathered. The bark of the trees appears in a fine healthy condition, looking clean and bright : this has been effected by wash- ing the limbs with potash water. One man was employed thirty days in tie spring in performing this operation. The vigor of the trees has been produced in a great measure by keeping the ground in constant cultivation, it having never been laid down to grass since the orchard was planted. Ten acres of the orchard is devoted to the raising of rooti for the hogs and i thor stock. Where the ground is much shaded the crop will barely pay for cultivation : in the intervals between the trees however, the roots are very promising. If the crop pays the expense of cultivation without profit, the object is attained, as by this means the ground is kept clean and light and the growth- of the trees promoted and fine fruit produci'd. The manuring for the crops is rather light, as it is considered that an excess of manure would be injurious to the trees. It was probably owing to forcing the trees too fast, that so many were destroyed by the severe winter a few years since. Fresh soil is taken frotn the woods and spread under the trees occasionally, which has a good effect. The canker worm has never attacked this orchard, and we hope it will never be subject to their destructive ravages. We mentioned last year instances where trees which had been girdled had been saved by inserting sci- ons from the bark above to the bark below the wound. We saw an example now of a tree which had become so badly damaged about the root that no graft could be inserted, where the tree was sav- ed by setting out small trees around it and graft- ing the tops of them into the bark above. We doubt whether in either case the trees will be long lived, but as a matter of curiosity they are interest- ing operations: We believe there is no danger of overstocking the market with winter fruit, as the demand is con- stantly increasing. The steam navigation to Eng- land will open a way for the disposal of a large quantity, as our fruit is highly esteemed and brings a high price there. P^armers should pay particular attention to this department of cultivation, and have their farms well stocked with none but the best of winter apples : if their fruit is inferior let them proceed without delay to graft over their trees with such as is considered good and saleable, and young trees should be planted from year to year to supply the place of those which are soon to decay. Pears and other Fruit. The same course is pursued with the other fruit trees as with the apple ; — the ground is under cul- tivation and kept perfectly free from weeds. The peach trees were bending to the ground with fruit : in the intervals where there was a chance for the sun to shed his genial inflviences, we noticed mel ons in a flourishing state. The health and fruit- fulness of the vines, it was said, was owing to the fact that wherever it was designed to plant a hill, the ground was liberally supplied with virgin soil from the woods. In other places we saw squashes planted in the same way. There are about 700 pear trees on the premises including all the good varieties in cultivation, many of them in full bear- ing. Mr Phinney has received from time to time large accessions to his collections from Prance and \ other foreign countries, some of which have proved to be fine, while many varieties have been condemn- I ed as unworthy of cultivation, and other approved sorts engrafted upon them. His spare moments 1 seem to- be occupied, in the proper season, in raia- . ing up a succession of young trees, and in engraft- ing over the old ones. We saw a small nursery containing a number of thousand young pear, peach, ' plum and other trees, from the seedling upward, and were shown pear slocks imported last spring and budded the same season, which have made a growth this year of two and three feet, in spite of the severe drought : thus he has at all times young trees in readiness to fill up spare ground, or supply the places of such as by disease or accident have been destroyed. The plum trees are in great a- bundance and variety, but yield no fruit this year. The Isabella grape vines show abundance of fruit and the season thus far has been favorable for ma- turing it. This variety when fully ripened is very fine, but it is not every year that this is the case, and we have been pained to see hundreds of bush- els rendered worthies! by an early frost. In our last year's account we noticed a variety of native grape grown upon a massive stone wall, which has proved in many respects more valuable than the Isa- bella, as it never fails to ripen. Tiiis wall now presents a sight worth looking at, as the quantity growing upon it has been estimated at two tons, and the grapes will bring froiri (5 to 8 cents per lb. the only trouble of which is to gather them. Weeds Suhdued. We W'Cre happy to see the extensive crop of roots and the avenues leading through the grounds free of weeds, scarcely a straggling one left to give evidence that the original curse included this sec- tion of terra finna. Tliere is nothing more grate- ful to the agriculturist than a clean crop at this or any other season of the year. The expense of ma- nuring is so great that it is a pity to suffer the weeds to draw its richness from the ground. It is not generally understood that veeds are great ex- hausters of the soil, and that it frequently costs more to support the weeds than it does the crop ; then they deprive the crop of light and moisture, and in case of droucht, the plant may well say, "my sufferings is intolerable." Before calling upon .Mr Phinney, we noticed a crop on another fiiriH quite the reverse of what we have been de- scribing. Here the weeds h;id gained the ascen- dancy ; the hope of eradicating them with the hoe had passed away, and the only chance left of pre- venting the crop from smothering was by reaping: to this the owner had resorted, and we noticed a pretty heavy crop. Had this man been "able" to have hired a few days additional he Ip in season, he would not only have had an addition of one third at least to his crop, but his grounds would have been in a far better condition to sustain the next. We could say, as Solomon did when he passed by the field of the slothful, and beheld it covered with thorns and nettles and the stone wall tumbled down — "Then I saw and considered it well: I 50 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AVG. 19, f840. looked upon it and received instruction." We should do injustice to the unnamed person to wlioni we refer, to call him a slothful min — for it is tar from the case, as he rises early and toils late, and is ever busily engaged ; but he was not wise in attempting to cultivate rnnre ground than he could take care of; and after he had commenced the task found that he " could not atTord " to hire ad- ditional help for a few days. But by this time we are ofTof our friend's farm, and will return and say a word about his crop of Indian Corn. Ilis principal crop of about six acres, is the same variety that he has planted a number of years back, with twelve rows similar to the Dntton, excepting it is rather earlier. It is found that this variety grows a little later every year, and to all appear- ance will soon be no better than the common corn. There is no danger but that it will fully ripen this year, and the present prospect is that there will be an extra heavy crop. In another field we saw the Brown corn, which seems to answer its description well. We found it was at least a week earlier than the other. It was planted in hills about three feet distant each way, and the prospect for a good crop is as flattering as with the other variety. Subsoil Drain ing. In the corn field we were shown a section which was formerly wet, cold and unproductive, that had been reclaimed by under draining and now produc- ed corn as luxuriant and promising as any portion of the field. 'I'lic drains were cut three feet deep and filled up with stones two feet, those on the bot- tom so laid as to give a passage for the water ; the stones are then covered with earth and all levelled oflT. We did not ascertain the expense per rod, as it was done at odd jobs and no calculation made; but whether the expense was more or less, it has converted a sterile piece of gro^'sd into a fruitful field. The crop of hay has been abundant, and as the weather was very fine during the season of haying, it was made in the best possible manner. In one section of the farm we were told tiiere was about fifty tons of hay designed for the market. The drought which has been so severe in many parts of the country, has not done so much injury in this region as was anticipated. The pastures suffered a little, and early potatoes and some other productions of little conseiiuence, comparatively speaking, were somewhat injured ; but upon the whole, the prospects of the farmer fur a bountiful harvest were never brighter. Our readers have had a full account of Mr Pliin- ney's piggery by himself: it will not be necessary, therefore, to say any thing more upon this depart- ment, only that his hogs were never in better con- dition at this seaso:i of the year than thej' are at the present time. We hope, not only for him, but for the sake of all our farming friends, that pork will bring a little higher price than it did last year. With these few remarks we take leave of this interesting farm for the present, wishing its intelli- gent proprietor continued success in his agricultu- ral iniprovemeute, and hoping that his good exam- ple will be more generally followed by our farmers. J. a A farmer should never let his wood house be empty during the summer, else ho will have to use green fuel in winter; and he who does this has not mastered the A B C of domestic economy. ing more grass, more stock may be kept, and that increases the quantity of animal manures. The policy of raising so many acres of corn on reduced laud, must be abandoned. When more buckwheat can be raised on the acre than is ob- tained of Indian corn, it should be substituted for corn in a great measure, for it requires not a sixth part of the expense to produce it — and when buck- wheat is raised for its grain, if proper care be taken to sow something with il that may be turned in for a green crop in June, the land will prove more productive, year after year. On the wet and clayey lands of that district of country buckwheat may be sown. Such lands may be treated as wo treat our grass lands of that character at the north. They may be turned over in autumn and seeded down again directly to grass. — Albany Cultivator. GREKN MANURES— BUCKWHEAT. Manures cannot be conveniently catried to all parts of a large plantatiim. They sh iud therefore be applied to the fields near where they are made, and the more distant fields must be enriched with green crops. Tares arc much used for this pur- pose in Europe, but whether ihese would grow as rank and as rapidly in our dry climate, we are not certain. We think they have not been extensively tried. Oats have been sometimes sown to be ploughed in, but they give only a small layer when the latid is poor. Rye will grow on poor soils, but we must use much seed, or we must let it grow tall, else we have but little to bury with the plough. Round turnips form a good green croo for th? plough, but they wdl give no top in poor ground. Indian corn has been recommended and partially tried. This is not more exhaustiug than oats or rye, and no fields not worn down low, probably no green crop would furnish more matter to ho cov- ered by the plough, than this one. But on quite exhausted land this would not answer our p\irpose, and the quantity of seed necessary for such a pur- pose, would be four or five bushels, quite an objec- tion with economists. Buckwheat is a grain that will grow on most poor soils. It delights most in dry locations, a soil inclined to gravel or sand. It has many qualities that reconunend it higlily as an article to be grown for the purpose of filling the soil with vegetable matter, of which it has been much exhausted in the states of which we have spoken. In the first place, it will grow and produce a handsome layer for the plough, on lands that will produce nothing else. In the second place, we do not find it an exhausting crop. We can raise it many years in succession on onr poor lands with- out any manure, and we very couunonly save fif- teen or twenty bushels of the grain from an acre. This plant has a very small, fibrous root, and is easily pulled up by the hand. It has also a large branching top that never could get its support from this root. It has therefore probably greater facil- ities for procuring nourishment from the atmosphere than most plants have. All theory and all experience unite in showing that this plant takes less from the soil than any other of the same size. In the next place, it has a rapid growth, six weeks, in Massachusetts, boing long enough to bring it in full blossoui, when it should be ploughed in. Three crops may there- fore be turned under in one season in Virginia, and then it will be early enough— (Sept. 1st) — to sow down with grass seed. Another advantage attends the raising of this for grain or for green crops, the expense is not great. It usually bears the same price as our best corn, and is worth <)uite as much for fattening animals, and one bushel of seed is enough for the acre. When it is raised for the purpose of saving the grain, we often sow but half a bus'iel. The straw is also greedily eaten by the young cattle and by horses — colts may be wintered on it. Yet we have known large piles of the straw to be burned in the field where it was thrashed ! None of the various grasses are great exhausters of the soil, and grasses must form one of the series Coiiiion.— Where potatoes are boiled for hogs, of the rotation of crops. When lands arc kept the water in which they are boiled should never be half the time in j.rass, the roots fill the soil with given them, but thrown entirely away, because it vegetable matter that turns to manure directly on j contains delctereous or poisonous properties—a being turned by the plough, and, by means of rais- j 'i'Ct which is not generally known. H.^RVEST1NG POTATOES. Never commence harvesting your potatoes till they have come to full maturity, or till the frost has killed the tops down. While the tops are green, the tubers are growing and improving. In digging them, use cither the plough or the potato hook. As soon as they are out of the ground let them be pick- ed up. Never pernut them to remain out in the sun or air hmger than you can possibly help. I am well aware that this direction is at once in op- position to the rule of many farmers, which is, to allow their potatoes to remain out in the sun, dry- ing as long as they can, and yet have them picked up on the same day day they are dug, in order that as much of the earth as possible may cleave off from them. This is very bad management for po- tatoes designed for table use ; because it renders them strong, or acrid in taste. Every attentive observer has noticed that that part of tlie potato which happens to be uncovered in the hill, changes its color to a dark green. This portion is very much injured in taste ; in fact it is unfit for use, because it has imbibed from the at- mosphere deleterious qualities. As soon as pota- toes are dug and exposed to the light and air, this change begins. Every attentive observer has also noticed that potatoes are of the best flavor and quality after they have come to maturity and while they are yet in the ground. The longer they are dug and exposed to liglit and air, the more of this liigh flavor is gone, till it is wholly lost, and tliey become unpalatable and unwholesome. Potatoes that remain all winter in the earth where they grew, are in excellent condition for the table in the spring. In view, therefore, of all these facts, let us prescribe a rule in harvesting the potatoes, which will tend to perptttuile through the whole season these excellent qualities. As soon then as practicable after digging, remove the potatoes de- signed for the table to a dark bin in the cellar. After depositing thus the whole crop, or as many as are designed for the table, cover them over with earth or sand, and they will retain their excellent qualities till they begin to sprout in the spring, and require to be removed. Wlien shipped for sea, they ought to be put into casks and covered with sanA.—Mb. Cult. vrv-,,. XIX. NO. r. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 5J Forlhe N. E. Farmer. PREMIUM STRAWBERRIES. Mr Editou — I have noticed in tlie New Eng- land Farmer, Yankee Farmer and various other pa- pers, tfie advertisement of " JVeiv Seedling Straiv- berries" hy tlie Messrs Hovey. They say of their Beedling — "This strawberry was first e.\hi'jited at tlie Mas- sachusetts Horticultural Society's rooms in 18.'i8 — again in 183!), also the present year; and eaclt sea- son obtained the Society's premium, although in com- petition with thoMethvcn, Keen's Seedling, Down- ton, &c." Is this true f or liave tlie Messrs Hovey made a mistake'? Let us refer to the report of the com- niittee on fruits to the Society, in IS'.iS: vol. 17 N. E. Farmer, No. 30, page 237. Having the hon- or of being on that committee, I feel called upon to correct such mislalies"? In 1838, the premium was awarded to the Hon. E. Vose, President of the Society. In 1839, the Messrs Hovey did obtain the pre- mium. In 1840, (the present year,) the premiums have not been awarded. I hope the iMessrs Hovey did not intend to im- pose upon or to deceive the public ; but as they have been so anxious to warn the public in one of their advertisements, I thought it right also to give them an opportunity to correct their mistakes '} hop- ing at least, they will have the modesty'/ to alter their advertisements, so that they will agree with the reports of the Society for the future. I particularly regret that any attempt sliould be made to deprive the President of the Society of that which he so fairly won in 1838, and I am sor- ry the Messrs Hovey have assumed the premium for the present year before it has been declared, because it does not agree with their modest ? and unassu7)nng ') deportment generally. Hoping this plain method of correcting mistakes ? will set matters to rights, I will close, reserving a curious story about seedling strawberries for anoth- er paper. JAMES L. L. F. WARREN. JVonantum Vale, Brigldon, Aug. 14, 1840. Alassacliusetts Horticultural Society. EXHIBITION OF FLOWtRS. Saturday, August 15, 1S40. Dahlias — by Messrs Parker Barnes, David Mc- Intire, F. W. Macondroy, John Hovey, William Bacon, J. J. Low, Hovey & Co., J. L. L. F. War- ren and S. Walker. Bouquets — by Messrs John Hovey, R. Howe, Hovey & Co. and S. Walker. China Asters — Some fine specimens from Mr Wni. Bacon. Balsams — by Messrs J. J. I,ow, Hovey & Co., S. R. Johnson and Wm. Bacon. An extra line single specimen was exhibited by Mr Sprague. Native plants by Mr E. Wight. Roses by Mr Samuel R. Johnson. Among the dahlias we noticed as extra fine flow- ers, Nimrod ? in the stand of J. L. L. F. Warren ; Dutchess of Richmond, by Hovey & Co. ; Mado- na, by D. Alclntire ; Marquess of Lothian, by P. Barnes; Queen Victoria, by J. J. Low, and Juliet, by S. Walker. Stramonium .' by Dr Robbins, of Roxbury. For the Committee, S. WALKER, Chairman. KXHIBITIUN OF FRUITS. Saturday, Jlug. 8, 1840. Hon. E. Vose, Dorchester, exhibited superior specimens Shropshirevine and Early Harvest ap- ples and Schyler's apricot. From S. Pond, Cambridgeport, Puiid's Seedling and Apricot plum. From B. Guild, Esq., a tine pear, nanm unknown. From E. Al. Richards, Esq., Dedham, the follow- ing varieties of apples, all very fine specimens — Early Bough, Red Juneating, Sugar-loaf Pippin, Early Spice, Webb apple. Early Harvest, William's Favorite, Ciirtis's Early Striped, and Sops of Wine. From A. Bowditch, Roxbury ; Cattin Pears, also Bartlett Pears (unripe.) From S. Walker, Esq., Roxbury; fine specimens Franc Real de Ete and Green Chissel pears. From J. Hovey, Roxbury : a basket of very su- perior William's Favorite apples. From B. V. French, Esq., specimens of Irish Peach apple. From J. L. L. F. Warren, Brighton ; fine speci- mens early Royal George Peach (opeii culture.) The Messrs Winship, of Brighton, embellished the hall with very superior specimens of " Shephai- dia trees " in full fruit. These valuable and orna- mental trees should be more cultivated : they are perfectly hardy and need but to be better known to be fully appreciated. The Messrs Winship have at the present time tlie finest lot in the coun- try. For the Committee, JAS. L. L. F. WARREN. VEGETABLES. Fine Water melons and fruit of the Egg Plant, from S. Swcetser, Esq., Woburn. Early sweet corn, from J. L. L. F. Warren, Brighton. From E. M. Richards, Esq., Dedham ; the finest specimens of the fruit of the Purple Egg Plant ever exhibited at the rooms : they attracted much no- tice.— It is hoped that more interest will be felt for the future in this branch of the Society's labors, and that the specimens in;iy be increased from week to week. J. L. L. F. WARREN, Chairmati. DESTROVING WEEDS. It cannot be denied by any one, that those pests of good farming, noxious weeds, have increased, and are increasing, at a most frightful rate in nearly every section of our country. Insignificant in their appearance or results at first, the farmer treats tliem with contempt, but before he is aware they have obtained a hold on the soil, which enables the in- truders to set him at defiance. The only safe course with weeds is to meet them early in the field, and allow them no rest until the extirpation is complete. When plants are propagated only by seeds, as charlock, stein krout, &c. they can be eradicated more easily, than when they are propagated both by seeds and roots, as johnswort, Canada thistle, elder, &,c. If the seed of the fiist is not allowed to ripen, the danger is past, and consequently careful pulling will destroy weeds of this class ; but where the roots retain their vitality, or in other words the plant is perennial, the labor of extirpa- tion is much increased. In the Genesee country the stem krout has become so prevalent in the wheat fields, that comparatively little precaution is used against it, and as large quantities of wheat are annually distributed from that section of the stale to others for seed, the spread of that weed is of corresponding extent. So with the Canada thistle, that prince of noxious plants ; it has become so ex- tensivelv' spread over most of the northern states, that enormous as the evils caused by its presence on a farm are, it excites little attention, and mixed with clover, timothy, or other grass seeds, is rapidly extending itself to districts and states hitherto exempt. As a first and important step, every farmer should reso'.ve that no consideration shall induce him, to allow any foul stufl' to perfect its seeds on his farm. Were this generally or univer- sally done, the most eft'ective cause of increase would be arrested at once. It is nothing less than suicidal to the prospects of a farmer, and inflicting great evils on those around him, to allow sucii plants as the thistle, johnswort, stein krout, charlock, sweet elder, everlasting, daisy, iSic. &.c. to ripen their seeds, and propogate unmolested on his prem- ises. Weeds that cannot be pulled should be mown cut or beat down, in such a way that no seed can possibly ripen, and it should also be remembered, that all mutilation or injury done to the leaves or stems of a plant, have an eflfect in retarding the vigor or spread of the roots, and not unfrequently cause their destruction. — Albany Cultivator. REMARKS ON THE GENERAL PRINCI- PLES OF HUSBANDRY. 1. Whatever may be the nature of your soil, and situation of your farm, remember, that there is no soil so good but it may be exhausted and ruined by bad tillage, and that there is none so bad, that cannot be rendered fertile by good tillage, even barren heath, if it can be ploughed and swarded. 2. The true art of husbandry consists in suffer- ing no crop to grow upon your land, that will so far exhaust your soil, as to lesson the value of your succeeding crop, whatever profit such a crop may afford you. 3. To avoid this, suffer no one crop to grow two years successively, upon the same piece of ground excepting grass, and buckwheat, without the ferti- lizing aid of rich manures to support tlie strength of the soil ; and even then, a change of crops will generally do best, excepting onions, carrots, and hemp. 4. Every plant derives from the earth for its growth, such proprieties as are peculiar to itself; this plant, when followed successively for two or more years upon the same ground, will exhaust the soil of those proprieties peculiar to itself, without lessening its powers to produce some other plants. The fact is most striking in the article of flax, which will not bear to be repeated oftenerthaii once in seven years, and is common to all crops, with the exception of tliose noticed above. 5. To avoid this evil, arrange your farm into such divisions as will enable you to improve all the variety of crops your land may require, in such regular succession, as to form a routine of five, six or seven years, according to the nature, quality and situation of your farm. 6. This method will make poor land good, and good better. Try and see Farmer's Cabinet. A correspondent of the Albany Cultivator gives the following cure for dysentery in horses: Put in- to a junk bottle one pint of good gin, and one oi. of indigo: shake well together and turn down the horse's throat. 52 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AUG. 19 l<* 1 NOTICES OF FARMS, &c. Gov. Ilill, editor of tlio Fanner's Monthly Visi- tor, gives an interesting and instructive account ol the farms he visited during a recent journey made by him in Maine, Now Humpsliirc setts, from which we make the and Massaclm- followino- extracts. Judge Haj/es's FaDii, South Berwick, Me.. Passing the boundary of New Hainpjliire and coming to the State of Maine, we could not decline the invitation of that Cininent lawyer-farmer, Judge Hayes, of South Berwick, to ramble again in fair weather over his extensive premises, a view of which in a foul rainy day had given us so much pleasure a little later in the summer of last season. The Judge informed us that his crop of Black Sea wheat the last year measured fortyone bushels to the acre, and that his spring rye, the seed of which he obtained about ten years ago from the Rev. Jeremiah Barnard, of Amherst, being a kind of rye better than he had ever seen elsewhere, pro- duced full thirty bushels to the acre. His wheat and rye of the present year were sown on ground which produced corn and potatoes last year: if they shall escape blight, rust, and the grain worm or weevil, we cannot doubt the present crop will be at least equal to the last. The rye was already in the head and in full bloom : it stood thicker and heavier on the ground than any field of spring grain ve had yet seen. The wheat, which was sown about the '20th of May, had not come to the head on the .3d July ; but it covered the jrround in rich evenness at the height of about twelve inches, and left no room for the appearance of weeds or Rny other growth. The situation of Judge Hayes's house is one of the most delightful that could be imagined. The yards about his mansion and the farm buildings are nil ample to their intended purposes : every thing is clean and neat, and there is room to give every ' article its proper place. The ascent to the house from the road is by .'successive flights nf steps, leav- ing room for the disposition and display of elegant flowers and shrubbery. Fronting the house on the opposite side of the way is a hay field of twenty- Iwo acres. This ground is naturally of the light- est soil — the knolls upon it have suffered much from the drought of the present summer; but much of the land will this season produce two a^d some of it three tons of hay to the acre. The road front- ing the buildings and leading in the direction of York, pursues its course on the side hill in a circu- lar or half moon shape. At suitable intervals the gutters of the street are turned upon the mowing ground below^ by means of bridges and ditches ; the value of the irrigation from this source is-secn in the addition of at least half a ton of hay grow, ing upon the ground of each overflow. Directly in the rear of the dwelling house, is a clean and neat kitchen garden, lurnishing all the esculent varieties usual in the most extended gar- dens, with the due portion of currants, gooseber- ries, etc. In the rear of the garden is an elegant little orchard of gralted apples, from which were sold one hundred dollars worth the last season, af- ter laying in an ample family supply. This orch- ard is cultivated and was this yenr growing a crop of oats, which were even and of vigorous growth. Two acres of ruta baga on Judge Hayes's farm looked far better than any crop of the kmd we had seen during the present year. 'J'hey were put in- to the ground with Willis's new seed sower, and fail not to show the advantage to be derived from that valuable agricultural implement over hand sowing, or any other machine within our knowledge. The advantaoe of this sower is that itoperat.es well on uneven ground and among grass tufts and even rocks, and that it puts seed into the ground in just such quantity as may be desired. The distance of rows may be regulated at pleasure. Judge Hayes, in strong, well manured ground, has placed his rows of ruta baga twenty inches apart. Judge Hayes has a corn and potatoe field of some twelve acres- which had been laid down sev- eral vears to grass and pasture. His method is to alternate from Indian corn and potatoes to grain and grass and aferwards to pasture. On this ground of the abundance of manure which ho makes he spreads at the rate of thirty to forty loads to the acre. The potatoes look remarkably well ; but some of the Indian corn failed to come up ; some of it was eaten down by the grub after it had come up; and as a whole it looks inferior to many other fields we had seen. Reclaimed Meadows. We had a more e.Ntensive ramble over and view of Judge Hayes's reclaimed meadow than we took at our former visit. This meadow lot consists of about fifty acres, leaving t'l'o clumps of eight or ten acres of the higher part grown into wood. The ground was sour meadow, a portion of which had been mowed for a succession of nearly two hundred years : his farm is one of the oldest settlements of the State of Maine. His method of reclaiming this meadow has been the digging one or more main ditches in the mist convenient part which should receive and conduct off the water. VVIiere the work of reclamation has been completed, trans- verse ditches about two feet in depth are placed at the distance of two rods from each other ; the mud or earth thrown from the ditches is scattered over the surface between. Before the frost heaves the ground in the spring, sand or gravel is carted on to the amount of a hundred loads to the acre. The effect of this sand is to drive away the sour propen- sity existing in the surface soil, which is black mud from eighteen inches to three and four feet deep. To this sand is added eight or ten loads to the acre of warming compost or barn yard manure. The whole is harrowed down and clover and herds grass sown upon the surface. For the first three or four years the deepest of this muck soil produ- ces constantly two and three tons of hay to the acre; and with cleaning out and digging down the ditches and spreading the manure once in every five years, Judge II. docs not doubt the crop of hay may be kept np on this ground as long as " wood grows or water runs." The Manure M/ikers. The ingenuity and industry of Judge Haye? in increasing his quantity of manure, is not less wor- thy of our notice than it is to be imitated by all good farmers. He keeps up constantly a large family of swine, who as constantly do their day's work in the manure bed, as they eat their portion of daily food. There is an ample bed of black mud or muck in a field upon the hill not far in the rear of the barn or other buildings. From this bed at every convenient opportunity the mud is taken and laid about the yards of the barn, where it is trod- den upon by the sheep and cattle ; afterwards, with other quantities of mud in its crude state, this is deposited in the hog yards where great and little pigs are kept constantly at work. In this way the quantity of good manure is annually increased sev- / eral hundred loads; and Judge H. is able to sell . several hundred dollars worth of hay without im- poverishing his lands. In summer and early fall i he partially sustains his hogs by means of boiled ' ruta baga thinned out of the growing field when of suitable size. T'alue of the Roller. lie makes an extensive use of tlie roller upon ploughed grounds. He stated as a fact which we think to be important to every farmer, that his grass seed had never failed where the ground was laid down with the roller. This instrument, but little used, we consider to be of great value either to wet and heavy or to light and sandy ploughed grounds. — The Ryal Farm, Midford, Mass. This farm has been so long tenanted by its pre- sent occupant, that he cannot help treating the premises as his own. The milk of forty to sixty excellent cows has for thirtyseven years poured in a stream of wealth to the occupant of these premi- ses, after furnishing the means for the payment of rent and generous wages to the hired help. Na- than Adams, Esq., the tenant of this farm, seventy- six or seventyseven years of age, superintends it w ith only the aid of a grandson, who daily drives into the city and deals out the principal article of milk to the customers, some of whom liave contin- ued thirty to forty years to receive their supply from the same place. The fine land compo.=iing the pastures and mowing grounds of this farm, is situa- ted upon the north side of Winter Hill, known as the encamping ground of Burgoyne's army after it capitulated at Saratoga. Mr Adams was absent in Boston when we called. His lady, 70 years of age .but as active as some girls of sixteenin house, hold affairs, informed us that she had under charge, with two female assistants, ten hired men engaged in haying. These men used and were furnished with no ardent spirits. Six pounds of meat were daily measured to be used for the family ; to this was added all the lighter food that the appetites of the laborers required. The hired men wore fur- nished at this season with their meals five times a day, of which was a lunch in the field forenoon and afternoon. Five men in winter and ten men in summer were employed on the farm. Tlie forty cows were milked by the men morning and even- ing within the space of half an hour. Excepting where there was more milk than would supply cus- tomers, no butter and cheese were made. The Ryal farm, which consisted originally of three hundred acres, has been subdivided into two farms; a son of Mr Adanis occupies that part near- est the top of Winter Hill ; he nowkeeps his twen- ty to thirty cows, and employs seven hands in hay- ing time. Under the improving system wliich has for so many years been practised by the tenants of this magnificent farm, division and subdivision have the grand effect of giving a greater profit to the lesser amount of land cultivated by the individual — a principle that, we trust, is hereafter to bo exten- sively realized in the farming of New England What more could an ordinary farmer desire than has been realized by the tenants of the Ryal farm during the last fifty years ? If they had been the exclusive owners, they could not have done better; they might not hnve done as well. Their kind treatment of the land which they did not own, has been returned to them in that abundance which has made them happy and independent. vol,, xi.v. NO. r. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 53 Kur the New £ngland Karmcr. THE BORER. Mr Bkf.ck — Sir — Pormit me through the col- umns of your most useful paper, to lay before your readers some facts re»pectinir that most destruc- tive insect called the borer. I am sensible that much has ah-eady been said in relation to this in- sect ; but, as the sayin!> is, it may not be amiss to "stir up the minds of some by way of remembrance," being aware that this insect and fruit trees are too much neglected. .^s to the orij;in of this insect, almost all who have ever written respecting it, have widely differ- ed. Some have supposed it orijrinated in the ma- nure, and have therefore prepared a compost of several ingredients to put about the roots of the tree, in order to nourish it, and provided there were any of them in the manure which was put into the compost, thereby kill them. Again others have sup- posed that they originated from the fruit which falls upon the ground botore ripe,- and leaving that it commences its attack upon the tree ; and therefore in order to secure themselves in this respect, they have taken pains to pick up once a week all the fruit which falls from the tree before it is ripe. And finally such is the diversity of ininds in res- pect to the borer, that to eniiuierate them all and enter into particulars respecting them, would fill a bulky volume. Therefore I will pass over the opinions of others on the subject iu question, and proceed to give my own. That the borer does not originate in some degree in the nianures put about the tree, I am not disposed to deny; indeed, I think it very probable that such is the case, from the fact that all manures contain more or less worms; and as a safeguard, I think it highly commendable as well as beneficial to secure the tree about the roots with a good compost made of something which will destroy the insect and prevent the injury which would, as a natural consequence, result to the tree. Again that the borer does not originate from the windfalls which lie about the roots of the tree, I cannot deny, although if this is the fact, I have never learned it from practical e.xperience. How- ever as it is not impossible that the insect may originate in this way, I think it would be well to be on our guard, and secure ourselves by pickin'' up alUhe apples which fall from the tree; and Tf we do not in this way prevent the depredations of the borer, I am sensible from experience th.at we shall secure our trees from v-.rious olher insects, which if the fruit was not gathered up, would in the course of the fall or the next year, appear again to make their ruthless attacks upon the fruit if°not on the tree itself. I have said that I did not deny but that in some degree the borer originates from the manures put about the tree, or from the fruit which falls before it is ripe ; but that they originate solelij in either of these ways, I do not, 1 cannot believe; because I Jiave extracted borers from the tree, from the roots upward to the height of ten feet. Now if they originate from the manures altogi.'ther, how docs it happen ihat they get so high up on the tree, espe- cially when there has been no manure put about the tree for a year, and are found also at the small Bize of a half inch in length .= If they had been in the manure when it was put around tlie tree, they would have commenced their depredations before, and been ofa larger size than half an inch in length.' Again, that they originate in the fruit altogether, IS a great mistake, as I have found a vast nuiny in trees which did not bear at all, and those too of a very small size. But you may ask, from what then dues it origi- n>ite ? That is more than I can teM : but I can tell you what I think about it. I think by what I have seen myself and learned from others who were acquainted with the borer, that in general it originates from a certain insect, (of what descrip- tion I cannot tell,) which in the ii.onth of June de- positcs an egg in the bark of the tree, in various places, which egg in tlie month of .luly hatches, or in other words becomes a worm, and that worm is the borer. What makes me think that the borer originates in this way is tlie fact that soon after washing my trees with potash water, as I was one day examining them, I perceived several small yel- low spots upon the back of the tree, about the size ofa pin head, or a little larger it may be, and be- ing led by curiosity to examine them, 1 found they contained a worm, but at the same time I had no thought of the borer, as it was altogether out of the season to lind any, excepting those which had remained in the tree during the winter. But as time passed on, I was again looking at this tree on which I saw the spots; when to my surprise I saw that the yellow spots were gone, and in their stead there were holes. I took my knife and matie search, when to my greater surprise, I found that the very small worms 1 had found before, were now borers, three quarters of an inch in lenp-th, and had commenced eating very voraciously between the bark of the tree and the wood. l'"iuding there were many in the trees, tho'ugh hardly perceivable, I went to the shop and selected as an instrument for extracting them, a gouge, one half inch in width, which I found upon usage answered my purpose well, and if I remember right, I at the time extract- ed as many as fifteen borers from one tree — three old ones and twelve small ones, and since then I. have taken out several more, some of which were higher than I could reach without climbing ; still later I have examined more trees, and thoe.gh I have found none so bad as the one above mention- ed, yet I perceive, as the prospect is now, that it will be a fine year for them, I have written this, in order that the farmer and gardener might be on the look out, especially for the young borers : ifat- ended to in season, their extraction may be accom- plished without apparently iijuring the tree. The first time I attended to the borers was on the 28tli of July last, and more or less ever since; and though September is thought to be the best time to attend to them, I think farmers will do well to at- tend to them as much before that time as is con- venient. If any one would like to seethe tree out of which I took so many borers, and at the height I have stated, they can gratify their curiosity by call- ing on me at Mr Samuel Kidder's, in Medford, as I will with pleasure shor,- them the tree ; and if any one can give better proof that the borer orig- inates in any other way than that which I have stated, I should like to hear from them. Yours, in farmers' love, JAMES .M. HARTWELL. Medforil, Mass., Aug. Gth, J 8 10. • [Rkhakks by J. I?. — Our correspondent is rifht in his conclusion about the origin of the borer. 'The subject is now generally well understood by practi- cal horticulturists, and by timely care their trees are preserved from the depredations of this destruc- tive insect. It requires patience and perseverance to keep them under subjection, and they are, there- fore, truly considered a great evil. There are other i.'istruments quite as effectual as the gouge or crooked wire for the destruction of the borer ; and these are the bill and long tongue of the little speckled wood-pecker. Let these birds be encouraged, and much of the labor of the horti- culturist is prevented. A friend of ours told us he would not have one of these birds killed for five dollars, and that he suffered no loafer to enter his j)remises with a gun. and considers the man or boy who injures a bird in the same light as if they rob- bed his purse ] For the New England Farmer. CIRCULAR LEAD TROUGHS. Mr Editor — The several articles which have appeared in your paper of late relating to troughs made of lead or tin, applied to the apple tree to aid in the destruction of the canker worm, bring to my recollection the fact that similar trcmghs made of lead, were used in this vicinity in the years 1833 and 1834; and 1 believe in other subsequent sea- sons. I used them myself of lead in a circular form, applied to the tree in the manner described by Dennis ; excepting that I did not leave so large a space between the lead and the tree as he men- tions. Where the troughs were properly fitted and care was taken to keep them properly supplied with oil, they constituted an effectual guard against the progress of the insect, and prevented their go- ing upon the tree. The first season I used these troughs, I was much pleased with them, and recom- mended them to others. 'I'hey were used at the same time by Wm. Sutton, Esq., of Salem, and others. Subsequently I observed that the bark up- on thef trees, where the troughs had been fastened, appeared to have been injured. Wherever they pressed against the trees or wherever ^ pail had been inserted, it became discolore'' j^pj peeled off. Some of the wounds thus "cr'^gJQpgj },_.jyg p^.i vet entirely healed. And I have since concluded Hhat the danger of permanently injurinn- the ir^"' by the use of such troughs, was great°er than the a d*antages to be gained by obstruotina the pro- gress ot the canker worm. As yet I have seen no pi-eventive so effectual as <,.-r, when properly ap- plied. If care is taken to apply bark or cloth to the tree before the tar is put on, and to remove it at a proper time, there will be little danger of injury by tnis application. I liave no desire to interfere with any man's patml rights, but was very much at5tonished when I saw in your last paper a descrip- tion of the article patented, because 1 think it is not a new invention. Respectfully, your ob't serv't, J. W. PROCTOR. Danvers, Aug. 1st, 1840. The annual Cattle Show, Exhibition and Fair of the New Haven County Agricultural and Horticul- tural Societies, will take pFace about the first week in October. 'I he exhibitions of ihese Societies last year gave a start to the interest already begin- ning to be (elt in the community ; and the exhibi- tions of 1839 will long be remembered as an era in the cause of agriculture. We are informed that arrangements are in progress by both the Socie- ties, which taken in connexion with the uncommon fruitfulness of the present season, will render the exhibition highly attractive. 54 NEW ENGLAND FARMER Al'G. 19, 1840. and horticultural register. Boston, Wednesday, Augdst 19, 1840. HENRY L. ELLSWORTH, E»q , Commissioner vf Palcnts back door and the front door, as if ihey belonged to the house : in truth, we have seen certainly in one case, the pig and the child laying down together in the same entry, in the full enjoyment of the otium cum flignitate. II. C. Report on the Geological and Agricultural Sur- vey OF THE State of Rhouk Island, made under .-i resolve of the Legislature, in the year lC)39. iJy Charles T. Jackson, M 1). pp. 3iy By the politeness of Win Rhodes, Ei-q., of Providence, we have been favored with a copy of this work, but have been wailing for the return of Mr Colman, who we thought would do better justice to it than ourself; — as he is yet detained by sickness at tiie west, we lake ttiis opportunity to commend the work as highly credita- ble to the Stale for causing the survey, and to the au- thiT for his success in producing so valuable a result to his labors. We think it not only interesting to the State, but to the community generally, and a good ap- propriation of money which was made for this object. — We trust ere long that surveys of all the Slates will be ordered, that we may have a complete and full geologi- cal and agricultural survey of the Union. We shall hereafter extract liberally fioni this report, for the bene- fit of our readers. J. B. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. KXHIBITIOS OF FRUITS. Saturday, .August 1, 1840. [For reports of the two last exhibitions, see another page of this day's paper.] I'y Capl. Sever, Dorchester — Early Harvest apples. By John Ilovey, Ro.\bury— Early Harvest apples — very large and fair. By C. Golderman, Chelsea — Black Hamburg grapes and figs. By B. V. French — Early Harvest, William's Favorite, Sopsavine and River apples; also two varieties of pears. By E. M. Ricliards — While Junealing, Early Spice, Early Harvest, Early Bough, Red Juncating, William's Favorite, Early Striped and Red Astraoan apples. For the Committee, E. M. RICHARDS. Tomatoes and an early pumpkin were exhibited by A.D.Jones, Brighton. DITCHING AND DRAINING. The season of autumn, and of drought especially, is the season fi)r ditching and draining our low lands. For a full account of the improved methods of Scotch drain- ing, we beg leave to refer our readers to the appeiidix to the Titird Report of the Agriculture of Massachusetts, ([lublished in No. 5 of the present vol. of the Farmer,) which we are persuaded they will read with interest and advantage. The method of tile-draining there ex- plained, can scarcely be expected to be adopted by our farmers with small means; but that of draining with small stent's is feasible and to be strongly recommend- ed. Covered draining, where it will answer, is always to he itieferred to open draining. In making an open drain, be sure to leave the top at least twice as wide as the bottom ; making the banks of an even and exact slope; and be sure, likewise^ not to leave what is taken out of the ditch on the banks of the ditch in heaps through the coming winter, to assist them in caving in ; or 10 remain overgrown with grass in unsightly heaps fur years, to interfere with the scythe. What you un- dertake to do, do well. Finish one job before you go to another. These we believe are wholesome rules. Give them a fair trial, and then if ihoy do nol answer, con- demn and renounce them. But first try them. — H. C. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. [nrNO TICE. — The Committee of Arrangements for the annual exhibition, are respectfully requested to meet at their rooms, 23 Tremont Row, on Saturday next, at half past eleven o'clock, A. M. Per order, S. WALKER, Chairman. [p=THE Committee on Flowers of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, will hold a special meeting at their rooms, on Saturday next, '.221 inst. at 12 o'clock M. A punctual attendance is rcquesteil, as business of im- poriancu will be brought before them. Per order, S.WALKER, Chuirman. Boston, Aug. 15th, 1840. Grasses. — Vast provision has been made in the mul- titude of grasses, for tho support of the graminivorous races ol animals. More than eighteen hundred species have been described by botanists ; more than three hun- dred are ascribed to North America ; and more than one hundred and twenty are fouml in the State of New York. A correspondent of the New Gcneseo Farmer says that cows may lie fed on rula bagas wilhout imparting a turniiiy taste to the milk and butter, if they be not al- lowed to feed on the roots vviihin six or eight hours of milking. VOL. XIX, NO. 7. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 85 liKKWrrOiX MAKKKT.— MoMiAT, Aug. 17, 1840. Iteponeil fur Hit* N«*w Englnlul Knniipr. Ai M.jrkul 32r) Beef Cattle, 180 Stores, 35 Cmvs and Calvep, 5200 Sheep, and 300 Swine. About 1000 sheep unsold. PlilcES. — Reef Ciitllc — A few tales were made on Saturdny at a trifle higher than our qinttalions. We quote the prices of today : First quality, $.5 75 a $6 00. Second quality, $5 25 a $5 50. Thin! quality, |3 75 a S:5 00. Stores. — A tew sales were effected at very unequal prices. We slinll omit quotations until another week. Cows and Ca/rfs.— Sales $15, $18, $22, $25, $30, $32, $10, and $4.'i. S/icc/..— Dull. Lots $1 25, $1 33, $1 G2, $1 88, $2 00, $2 17, $2 25, $2 33. Stoine. — Lots to peddle ai 4 a 4 1-4 for sows, and 5 a 5 1-4 for barrows. Old hogs 4 and 5. At retail 4 1-2 to 6. THER.MOiVlKTKlCAL. Rcpfirtedtor ttie i\t*w En;,'lan(l Farmer. Raiijjeof the 'rheniinincter at the Oardeiiof the proprietors of tlie New England Farmer, Hrighhm. Mass, in n shadeid they no good in this? No doubt they saved us many tons of grass in this town; and a little ingenuity in putting up images will save our corn from their ravages. But sup- posing (which is not true) that some of these feath- ered songsters do injure us in a pecuniary way : — do we wish any species of them e.vtinct, as the crow, the blackbird, &c. ? No I We all I hope, love to see and hear them; for tiiey were made by our common Creator, and have the same right to "vindicate their grain " that we have. — Farmer's Monihhj Visitor. TO AUnSERViilEN AND GARDENSatS. A well pslahbshpd Nursery and good Vegetable Garden simaled in the Stue of Massachuselts, near a market for vegetaldes, and where there is a good demand for trees, to- : gelher with every cnnvenieuce for a man with a family, will be let on acr'nnmodaling terms lo a good lenain for a term of { years. Address a hue slating name and reference {post j paid) to J. (• MKRRIf.L, care of Messrs. Brerk &. Co, I Seedsmen, Rosion, previous lo first of October. i August 11 BUDDING FRUir TREES. Cuttings of fruil trees for liudding, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of .Apples, Pear's, Plums, and Cherries, •known and cultivated in this counlry or in Europe, all from hearing trees, c.in he packed in such a manner as lo lie sent with pertecl safety In ay part of tliis counlry or Europe. Apply hy mail lo ihe subscriber, at the Pomological Garden, Salem, Mass. ROBERT MANNING. Salem, July 15. CASES OF TOOt,S. Just received from England, a few cases of superior horli- cidtural tools, for gentlemen or ladies use, a splendid article in mahogany cases. JOSEPH 15RECK: & CO. SUPERB ROCKET IiARKSPUR SEED. The subscribers offer for sale a quantity of Superb Double Rocket Larkspur See, I, of their own raising, saved from dou- ble flowering plants o;dy, emiiracing all ihe ditfereiil colors. For fine, strong and early plants, the seed should be sown in August JOSEPH BRECK & CO. June 17. GARD.--.NERSJ' lOTIVES. JO.SICPH P.RECK >V CO. have this season imported and now offer for sale a tew very superior Garden Knives, fur pruning. &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of ihe kind before import- ed. Also — a large, assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. file. April aa. STRAWBERRIES ! STRAWBERXIES I ! Those who are desirous of cultivating this delicioua ( Fruit are respectfully informed that the subscri'jer has succeeded, after m.iny years c;tperiineniing upon the Strawberry, not only in obtaining new varieties, fiut in ascertaining the best methods of cultivation. The sub- scriber would offer to the public, the present season, his Selected Collection consisting of seven varieties ; they are such as have stood tlie lest of ixfnir trial for stven years and are all grown by the subscriber. Specimens of his Fruits have been exhibited every season at the Massachusetts Horticultural Rooms, and have always commanded an extra price in Kancuil Hall Market. Warrens Seedling Methven^ a new anil valuable kind, a free bearer, fruit very large and juicy ; fruit measu- ring .^)A inches has been exhibited liie present season. This variety can be warranted lo be one of ihe finest va- rieties grown, Hnd will produce as fine fruil and lis large quantity, with the siinie cultivation, as any other ever of- fered, although some niav ask the modest (.') price of |i5 per dozen. The price of ihis Seedling is $5 per hundred plant.s. MclliTin Castle — Fruit extremely lar^e, high flavored and showy ; specimens of this fruit have been shown this si.'ason six inches in circumference. This variety can be said to be very excellent, (when the true kinds is obtained); it is one of the largest l.nte varieties known, profitable and highly worthy of cultivation, all that some growers may say to the contrary, notwithstanding. Price ,f3 per hundred plants. Keen's Seedling — A very superior variety, fruit very large, rich dark color, and uncommonly high flavored ; has always been considered by English cultivators the best prowu. Price $!3 per hundred. Royal Scarlet — Fruit long oval sbiiped and juicy, very free hearer and very hardv. Price $'2. Huutl/nis — Fruit larger than English Wood, exceed- ingly numerous, sometimes yielding 100 berries to the plant. Price $1. Early Virginia — This is known to be the earliest and best fruit for market, a free bearer, ami very hardv. — Price .sa. English Wood — Fruit well known for years, i^l. N. li. Those who are desirous of cultivating this de- licicMis fruit, would find it for their interest to visit the gardens and see the method of cultivation, and satisfy themselves that they can obtain their plants from first hands, for it is too often the case that l.Trge and attrac- tive a'lvertisementB are sent forth to the public by deal- ers in plants, when at the same lime they have never grown the kinds offered for sale, and know but little about tlieir cultivation. Attention to this by purcha- sers, if possible, will save mncli time and money. Every plant sent from Ibis garden will be warranted to be frei: from mixtuies, and shall also be young and healthy, worib the price paid for them. All orders directed to the subscriber, enclosing the amount for the order, or with a good reference, shall be promptly attended co, and the plants carefully forward- ed agreeably to directions. JA.MES L. L. F, WARREN. Konantum Vale., Brighton, July 25, 1840. Orders directed to J. BRECK & Co., will be execut- ed with despatch. TIE UP CHAIIVS. Just received at the New England Agrie.uliural Ware- house, a good supply of those eelehrated (^hnins for lying; upcattle. These chains, introduced hy E. H. Perby, Esq. of Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Charlcstown, for ihe pur- pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found to be the safest and most convenient mole of fasteningcows and oxen to the slancbioii. They consist of a chnin w hicll passes round the animal's necU. and hy a ring altiiehed to the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal at liheriy to Ife down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him oerfeetly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. PATENT SPRING BAILAKCE. .\ few of those very convenient spring hclances, for fami- ly use. a very simple contrivance for weighing small articles. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. No. 51 and 52 North Market Street, Boston. July 1.-,. THE NEW ENGLAVD FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the end of the year — hut those who pay wilh;n sixtydays from the time of subscribing are entitled to a ee- ductioii of 50 cents. TBTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOL!\I, PniNTFKS; n SCHOOL STRKKT.....IlilaTO\ AND H O R T I C U L T U rt A L REGISTER. PUIILrSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 62 NOKTH M.\RKET STREET, (Agricultubal Warehouse.) vol.. XIX. J BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 2fi, 1840. [KO. 8. N. E. FARMER. RHODE ISLAND AGRICULTURE. Tlie subjoined c.\tr.TCts from Dr Jackson's Re- port on the Geological and Agricultural Survey of Rhode Island, will we think bo read with interc-sl and profit. Report of Ihc Farm of lion. Job Durfee, Tieerton. Farm consists of — ploughed land, 22 acres; grazing 47, mowing 46, orchard 4, wood 30, peat and unreclaimed swamp JO. Total, iH'J acres Value of land per acre, $100. Soil, generally stiff loam. Crops. — Indian corn 400 bushels — 40 bushels per acre; manured with ten large ox loads of fish compost and barn yard manure. Wheat 14 bush- els— 20 bushels to the acre, blasted ; land manur- ed with fish in 1838. Barley 50 bushels to the acre — Injured by the fly. Oats 334 bushels — 50 bushels to the acre ; not manured the present year ; the crop followed Indian corn. Mangel wurtzol 362 bushels — 108C bushels to the acre. Turnips 250 bushels, grrwn among corn. Hay 46 tons — one ton to the acre. Stock. Horses, 2, raised 2, valued at $140 Oxen, 6, do 4, do 3(i0 Cows, 8, do 8, do 240 Sheep, 100, do 100, do 200 Swine, 12, do 12, do do 130 50 Yoiinfj stock, 12, do 12, Poultry, Wood, 12 cords. Produce. Beef, butter, cheese, milk and wool not estimat- ed. Wool, 3 pounds to the fleece. Corn' estimated, $400 Wheat, 20 Oats, 133 Barley, 40 Potatoes, 70 Turnips, 60 Beets, 70 Pumpkins, j5 Hay. 700 lal (^iieslion. — Wliat agricultural experiments have you made ? (See below for answer.) 2d. What is the results of your researches or observations concerning the use of lime as an a- mendment to soils, or as an ingredient in composts ? I have made no experiments with lime. 3d. Have you used ashes, live or spent, or hard coal ashes, as an amendment, and what is the re- sults of your experience? I have used spent ashes occasionally, to a limited extent, and as far as my observation extends, with favorable results. 4th. Have yuu made use of peat for manure, alone or in compost, and wjih what results .' I have used an imperfect peat, or rather swamp mud, with fish and turf. The compost made a ma- nure much quicker and more active than any other that I have used, but I doubt whether it will carry a crop to m:iturity so steady as good stable manure. It does best in wet seasons. 5th. What is your opinion respecting the use of a compost made of 4 cords of peat, 2 cords of stable manure, and 4 casks of lime, well mixed, as a com- post manure? Will you ple.ise to try it? To this compost I would add sand, especially if to be used on a close, heavy soil. I have never tried this compost, but certainly think it highly worthy of a trial. Glh. What are the relative values of fish and stable manure ? Fish manure is more active and quicker than stable manure. Fish used ahjne, exhausts itself in three or four years, unless the crop be consumed on the ground. After being used on corn, it throivs up a great crop of grain, (if grain follow,) but the new meadow is too frequently light. Its use should be continued on the new meadow. I can- not speak definitely of their relative values. 7th. Have you used rock weed, ribbon weed, and eel grass for manure, and with what results ? I have used rock weed, and eel grass, in com- posts of the barn-yard, &c., but never alone. 8th. Have you tried any experiments respecting the use of muscle or marsh mud, or of ground oys- ter shells, clam shells, or ground bones, as amend- ments to soils ? I have used broken clam shells, the remains of Indian feasts ; I think with good eflfects, but can- not speak definitely. I am beginning the use of marsh mud, but am not as yet able to speak of re- sults. 0th. What means do you use for the prevention of smut in wheat, and to what results do you ar- rive ? I have ste?ped my seed wheat in brine for 7 hours, and then limed it, to no eflfect. I have steeped it for IG or 18 hours, and then rolled it in ashes, with apparently some beneficial result, but have found no effectual remedy. 10th. What crops are the most profitable to raise on your farm ? Indian corn, oats, barley. (See remarks.) 1 1th. What is the value of your produce in mar- ket ? See the estimates I have put upon the several products. 12th. Do you save the liquid parts of your ma nure by any vat under your stalls or stables, and Inve you made any experiments as to the value of such manure ? Please mention the results. I must answer this question in the negative. General Remarks. In my estimate of the quantity of ploughed land, I include that sowed with grain. My estimate of mowing land includes only meadows. In n)y estimate of the quantity of Indian corn raised, I include some raised in rny orchard ; in as- certaining the average to the acre, I take no note of the orchard land, for I am not able to ascertain what portion of it was planted, it liaving been planted with corn only where open to the sun. In fict, for this season, I doubt not t'lat my estimate of this crop is large ; but to estimate it at less would deceive. The average, even as it now stands in the return, is much below the common average. I was greatly disappointed in this crop the present year (1839.) 1 attribute my disappointment to the violence of two gales in August, particularly to the first, which, though less violent than the second, was most injurious, prostrating my corn, which was of an early kind, when just in the milk. My Dut- ton corn suffered severely ; it was not half a crop. Worms also injured the crop severely. I speak now with reference to that p irt of the crop raised on a newly turned sward. We took from an acre of old ground, where corn was raised the preced- ing season, fifty bushels, and one hundred bushels of French turnips, besides pumpkins. This was the last planted, and seemed to have suffered least from the winds. I do not think highly of the Dut- ton corn ; nor do I think it generally a judicious practice, in our foggy climate, to cut up corn and shock it. Our wheat was, up to the period of forming the grain, very promising ; it then suddenly shriveled. Was this caused by the honey dew? There was not half a crop. Barley, years past, was our most valuable grain. It is now a very uncertain crop, owing to the rava- ges of an insect, the egg of which is deposited in the growing stalk. The oat crop may appear large, compared with my other crops, but we have measured not only the product but the land, and the return is rather under than over the true amount. The quantity given is the quantity actually taken up. There could not be less than double the quantity usually sown shelled out before it was stacked, and thus entire- ly lost. From one lot consisting of about an acre and a quarter, we threshed out and measured nine- tysix bushels. This was corn land last year, anJ was then fisiied at the rate of thirty barrels to the acre, in addition to the usual manuring. Report of the Farm of Gideon Spencer. Dr C. T. Jackson — Dear Sir— Your blank forro of a farm report was put into my hands sometime since, but in consequence of my having been em- ployed the last year in other business than attend- ing to my farm, I cannot fill the report with accu- racy. I will, however, give you a brief account of my procedure in farming for about thirty years. In 1808, I commenced farming on the farm I now own, and which was previously owned by my fath- er. I took no pains to make manure, and as was the practice among my neighbors, I milked my cows in the pasture, and let my hogs lun in the road. — The land was not then very much exhausted, and we could raise from 15 to 30 bushels of corn to the acre, without manure. This I found was wearing out my land; and in the year 1811, I commenced a new course. I yarded my cattle, carted loam in- to my cowyard, shut up my hogs, &c., and the next season I planted a larger field of corn than usual, and put the manure all in the bill, and this greatly 58 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AUG. an increased the crop of stalks, but not much tliat of corn. I fouiid this would not ilo, and as I liad not manure to spread on a large field in one year, 1 came to the conclusion to manure a small one ; and I carted on and spread twentyfive loads on one half an acre — on another three acres I put on nine ; and I raised ns much corn on iht half acre as / did on the other three ains. I soon afterwards joined the R. I. Society for the Encourai;ement of Domestic Industry, and heard an excellent address delivered to the said society, by the Hon. Tristam Burgess, from which I received much instruction. My neighbors soon termed me " the book farmer," said that I was following up book recommenda- tions, putting all my manure on to one small lot, and that I should soon have no farm to manage ; I nevertheless persevered, and put 50 tons per acre on my corn land, and 1.5 tons per acre on my mead- ows, when I laid them down to grass, until I had 12 acres prepared in that way ; since which, I have received two premiums from the said agricultural society ; one for 102 bushels of corn raised on one acre, and one for a large crop of potatoes. Pre- vious to making the improvement I cut hut five tons of hay on my farm, and I now, and have for tlie last twelve years cut upwards o'- thirty tons of English hay yearly. A few years since I cleared lip and underdrained a cold wet swamp of several acres, which until tlien had been considered of lit- tle or no value. It now produces yearly two tons to the acre. The last season I cut on another lot of one acre, over three tons, and the hay for one year sold in maikct would pay the whole expense of labor on the same. I believe I am on the road to still further improvement, and am waiting with Bonie impatience for your report of the state survey, and as I am informed by one ef the state commit- tee of this survey, that the agricultural part of the survey thus far, can be considered no more than introductory, I presume our legislature will have it completed two or three years hence, when I hope to give you a more detailed account. I remain yours, very respectfully, GIDEON SPENCER. Warwick, .'Ipril 4, 1840. Report of the Farm of Joseph Childs, Porfsmoulh. Farm consists of ploughed land 21 acres; pas- IG 1-2; orchard 2 1-2 ; total 4G Crops. 300 buiilielson91-2acres. ture (i ; mowing acres. Indian corn. Rye, 32 ' 21-2 Peas, sold green, 100 ' 1-2 Potatoes, 800 ' 4 Onions, 24000 bunches, 1440 ' 21-2 ' Mangel wurtzel, 200 ' 3-4 ' French turnips, 200 ' 1-4 ' Hay, 25 tons 16 1-2 ' Onion seed, 80 lbs. 1-4 ' Other Produce. Apples, 75 bushels. 2000 lbs. beef. Pumpkins, 0 tons. 2000 lbs. pork. Cabbages, 200 heads. 300 lbs. butter. Isabella grapes, 5 bush. Stock, gross value, .$385 ; viz : 2 horses, 2 ox- en, 5 cows, 12 hogs, and 40 domestic fowls. The cost per acre for the cultivation of each crop, 1 have no means of ascertaining. I use about 850 large ox-tart loads of manure per year, made from fish, sand, sea weed, green weeds, and the barn yard and hog pens. For two years past I have put into the compost ten casks of lime, which I think has proved decidedly advantageous. I al- so spread upon the land from 2C0 to 300 barrels of fish, and 300 bushels ol spent ashes. The char- ges for labor in 1838, which I think will be the same this year, were $504, exclusive of the labor of myself and my wife, who do as much as can be expected from persons seventyone years of age. (Questions. — (See Judge Durfee's report.) 1st. I change my seeds often, and practice a careful rotation of crops with everything except onions. 2d. Have used lime to some extent for two years and think it does well. 3d. I use 30 or 40 bushels spent ashes per acre, yearly, for onions and grain. They do best for dry land. 4th. Have no peat. 5th. [Not answered.] 6th. Have used fish for 20 years, and think 40 barrels spread on an acre, equal to eight cart loads of common manure. 7lh. I use 30 to 40 loads of sea weed yearly, in the hog pens, mixed with sand, dir', and all the green weeds I can collect. The compost is spread upon the onion and potato fields. 8th. I have not. 9th. T soak seed wheat two hours in strong brine, and mix lime with it while wet. This pre- vents smut, and assists the growth of the wheat. lOth. Onions are the most profitable crop at pre- sent : potatoes come next. 11th. This year, onions sold, delivered in New York, for 50 cents per bushel ; rye .f 1 16 ; wheat $1 50 ; and potatoes 28 to 33 cents. 12lh. My cattle are stalled in the winter. There is no floor to the stables, but they are provided with sufficient litter, sand, &c. to absorb all the liquid manure. General Remarks. I conceive there is a great deal of useful infor- mation to be obtained from tlie diflTcrent agricultu- ral journals. In our state, the land has generally been hard worn by constant cropping and light manuring. Much, however, may be done by every fanner, to restore fertility to his soils and increase their productiveness, if he will make good use of all his resources. Let him employ all hands every leisure moment in collecting weeds, leaves, and every article of which manure can be made, into compost heaps for spring use. Let him keep his crops carefully cleaned of weeds during summer, and after the early crops are got in, keep the weeds close, to prevent their going to seed, either by ploughing them in or removing them to his hog pens, and he may rest assured of a rich re vard for his labor and care, in the increase of his crops. (To he continued.) Cure fur sore hacks or galls in horses. — Rub white lead in sweet oil until a good paint is made, and apply a coating of this to the injured place. — Milk will do where the oil is not to be had. It is one of the effective applications. Some for the same difficulty use a solution of vitriol in water, for a wash; but in most cases the white lead is to be preferred Mh. Cull. RECENT INTRODUCTION OF VALUA- BLE PLANTS AND GRAINS. The most valuable plants and grains which now engage the industry and minister to the support of three-foutths of the world, are of comparatively recent introduction. Whilst the olive, the millet, and the silk, may be traced back to the ages of an- tiquity, the articles which now feed and clothe the inhabitants of the civilized world, have been more recently discovered by men of science, and brought into cultivation by the skilful agrictiltutist. A single generation has only passed away since a liandful of rice, and a few seeds of cotton, were sown in (Charleston, as a curious, and no doubt, re- garded by many as an idle experiment. They are now such important staples, that they engage the commerce, and regulate, in a considerable degree, the monetary system of the world. The Irish potatoe which has been of ti.e greatest consequence to mankind, was not known in Europe till the days of Raleigh, and found its way into Eiigland by a ship wrecked on the coast of Lancashire. During the many severe famines to which Great Britain has been subject, there is no exaggeration in asserting that the lives of millions of human beings have been preserved by this vegetable alone, it is but a little more than a century since the first coffee tree was brought to France, from which all of the trees in the West India islands have originated. The original sweet oranf;e tree, from which all the vari- eties of that fine fruit in Europe and America have been derived, although a native of China, was shown but a few years ago at Lisbon. The writer of this article, has plucked fruit from the original tree, which produces the Sickle pear now cultivated both in Europe and America, as the finest variety of this fruit in the world. The tree, he believes is still growing in one of the meadows in the vicinity of Philadelphia. Nor is it in the power of any government, by its strictest enactments to prevent the dissemination of fruits, plants and seeds. If the ingenuity of man cannot accomplish it — the birds, the winds and the waves, will effect it. The cocoapalm is now growing on the sands of Florida the nut having been floated from Cuba by the waves of the sea. The sea grape, the shore plum, and moie than a hundred other species of West India plants, not omitting the mahogony, have been car- ried thither either by the winds or the birds. '1 he white headed pigeon is known to visit Cuba every day, whilst it is breeding along the Florida coast, and thus becomes a courier and a planter between the island and main. The severity of the laws of that exclusive and extraordinary people the Chinese could not prevent the productions of their soil from finding their way to other lands — nor could the rigor of the Dutch and the burning of their super- fluous spice trees prevent the dispersion of their cherished aromatic plants. The tea shrub of China is now cultivated in Java by men smuggled from Japan, and also flourishes in the vicinity of Charles- ton— and the spice trees have found their way to the islands of the West Indies and of the Pacific Ocean. — Southern Cabinet, Milk. — 18 cows kept by Adam Antony, of North Providence, R. I., give 593 gallons of milk per year. A senseless, rich dressed dandy may be compar- ed to a cinnamon tree — the bark is worth more than the body. He that spares when he is young, may spend when he is old. VOL,. 3SIV. jro. 8. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 59 Krom ihe New Havoii Heralil. THE CANKER W O R M S . We (lid not notice tlio in<|iiiry of the Boston Courier, mldressed to us on tiic subject of the can- ker worm and gfrub, until yesterday, when we ri'- ferred it to a friend conversant with the facts, who has handed us the following communication. Our own observation enables us to say that the remedy practised here has been partially successful, and will no doubt be productive of beneficial results. The process is still pursued for the preservation of our trees, with the substitution of sea weed instead of hay or straw, to fill up the interstice between the trough and the tree. The oil has no contact with the tree, and of course can produce no injury. We think it much more eft'ectual than the course which we observed last summer on the Boston Mall. Messrs Editors — Havinjj paid some attention to the leaden troughs which have been placed around the elms of our city, I will endeavor, in a few words, to answer the inquiries of the Boston Courier re- specting them. Here, I believe, there is but one opinion on the subject. We are all, so far as I know, satisfied from an experience of one y.'ar, that they answer as completely as any thing can, the object to be arrived at. We know that thousands and tens of thousands of grubs were destroyed by them; and have a right to infer that not a single grub could have passed them alive, had every precaution been taken which might have been. As long as the troughs are kept filled with oil, it is not possible for one grub to get over the:Ti, ex- cept by one of the following modes : slicks falling from the trees arc liable to lodc;e on the troughs, and if they are large enough, may by their weight bear down the upper lid so as almost, if not entire- ly, to bring it in contact with the lower ; or bits of paper, rags, &c. flying in the air, may get lodged in a similar manner; or if the straw or sea weed which is placed between the troughs and trees should be long enough, it may, and frequently does, fall over the troughs; or snow and ice may accu- mulate and remain on the north side of the trees after the grubs begin to ascend ; or, finally, mis- chievous boys may, and often do, batter the troughs with stones, clubs, &c. In either of these cases a hedge is formed, which the grubs may avail them- selves of. The oil may also be driven out by a high wind, or displaced by water getting into the troughs. By a little care and attention all these difficulties may be overcome. Hay was used last season as the filling between the troughs and trees, but it is now believed that sea weed i.5 better; at any rate it has been generally used this season. The oil in the troughs can in no way injure the trees, for it no where comes in contact with them. — S. ICT^We are glad to hear so good an account of tlie experiment, and we are in possession of no fact to weaken the force of the argument in its fa- vor, so far as its success in prevenlino; the ascent of the grub is roncerned. But we are not quite cer- tain, notwithstanding the positive assurance of both the editor of the Herald and his correspondent, that the oil can in no way injure the tree, "for it no where conies in contact with them." It is not a very easy matter to prevent such a contact, and S. has himself stated that the oil maybe driven out of the trouglis by a high wind, or be displaced by rain. In either case, it would be difficult we pre- sume, to prevent its coming in contact with the tree. But as we have no disposition noi'j to make an argument, we simply state the result of our own experience, and let the fact go for what it is worth. In October last we employed the agent of Mr Dennis (the patentee of the le.iden trough,) to place troughs on twelve trees — six npple and six plum — all vigorous and healthy and from four to six inches in diameter. Each trough was fastened to the tree by six nails, and the interstice between the tree and the trough filled with cotton. Great care was taken to replenish the oil in the troughs, whenever it was driven out by high wind or displaced by rain. Both these contingencies happened frequent- ly, and of course the cotton became in the course of a short time completely saturated with oil, and consequently the oil not only came in contact with the bark of the tree, but found its way between the bark and the wood by means of the nails which secured the troughs. About the first of May, the bark just above and below the troughs was observ- ed to be in a state of decay. One trough after another was removed, and the bark found so rot- ten that it eould easily be removed with the finger. Several gentlemen have examined them, and ainono- them Mr Dennis, the patentee. Mr Dennis thinks it was the cotton and not the oil, which has done the mischief, but all the rest are of a different opin- ion. Whether tiie trees will ever recover from this injury is yet uncertain ; some of them we think will not. The wounds have been kept plas- tered over with clay, and in some instances the dead and rotten bark has been displaced by that which is young and healthy. One of the apple trees is now loaded with fruit, but nearly destitute of foliage. — Boston Courier. From the AHany Cultivator. THE PLACE TO DIG A WELL. Messrs Gaylord &c Tucker — I saw in your paper an inquiry fiir tlie best mode of finding water, or rather a place to dig a well. I have had some in- formation on the subject, but do not profess to be a very experienced hand at the business. The way I manage is, to choose a clear day, when there are no clouds to interfere with the eye ; about one or two o'clock, I go out to the place I wish to look Cot water; I turn my back toward the sun, and look toward the sky, to examine the vapors that arise from the ground into the air, and if there is a vein of water near in that direction, there will ap- pear a vapor to rise quick to a certain height, and then it wi.I move off on a level, in the same way that the smoke will rise from a chimney over a very hot fire of coals, where there is no smoke, and will rise as high above the surface as the water is below the top of the earth. The facts are, that water must have vent, and the deeper in the earth the water lies, the harder the pressure and the high- er it will rise. Now, as I have stated I am not a professed water witch, I would wish to hear from those of more experience, as there are many who do profe>s to know, and say tliat they can trace a vein of water not larger than a rye straw, that lies 60 ft. under ground, and tell t'le quality of the wa- ter. As to qualities of water, all I know is, that salt water gives a stronger cloud than fresh, and lime water gives a whiter cloud than pure soft water. Any i.iformation that can be given on the subject will be thankfully received. W. STOWELL. fVashinglon's Opinion oj" Agriculture. — The fol- lowing is an extract of a letter from General Wash- ington to Sir Arthur Young, who was fond of agri- cultural pursuits : — " The more I am acquainted with agricultural affairs, the better I am pleased with them ; inso- much that I can nowhere find so great satisfaction as in those innocent and useful pursuits. In in- dulging these facts, I am led to reflect how much more delightful to an undebauched mind is the task of making improvements on the earth, than all the vain glory which can be acquired from ravag- ing it, by the most uninterrupted career of con- quests. The design of this observation is only to shoiv how much, as a member of human society, I feel myself obliged to your labors to render respec- table and advantageous an employment which is more congenial to the natural dispositions of man- kind than any other." Horn Distemper — Spirits of turpentine rubbed in around the base or the horns, when the disease is in ils incipient stages, will usually arrest its pro- gress and effect a cure. If it has so far advanced as essentially to lower the temperature ofthehorna or horn, (for sometimes only one is attacked,) bor- i.ng with a large nail gimlet on the under side of the horn, three or four inches from the head, will be necessary. If the horn is found very hollow at this place, another opening still nearer the head may be necessary. The horns must be kept open, that the matter may freely escape ; and they should be'thoroughly syringed or washed out, twice or three times a day. Salt and water or soap snds ia good for this. Allowing the matter in the horn to escape, relieves the distress of the animal, checks the inflammation about the head, and unless delay- ed too lonf, eflfecta a cure, — Jltb. Cult. Cure for fVounds — King of Oils This invalu- able remedy for wounds in cattle or horses, particu- larly the latter, has lately been brought before the public by Silas Gaylord, of Skaneatles, and we have known some very surprising cures performed by it, in the case of severe wounds in horses. The fol- lowing are the directions given for preparing the medicine : 1 ounce of green copperas, 2 ' of white vitriol, 2 ' of common salt, 2 ' of linieod oil, 8 ' of West India molasses. Boil over a slow fire fifteen minutes, in a pint of urine ; when almost cold, add one ounce of oil of vitriol and four ounces of spirits of turpentine. Ap- ply it to the wound with a quill or feather, and the cure will be speedily effected. — lb. Making Bread. — A late French journal states that an important series of experiments is now go- ing on in the city of Paris, by order of the govern- ment, and under the direction of a committee of bakers, to test the value of a new discovery in bread making, that promises the most important results. In Ihe new mode of preparation the flour that for- merly made 100 lbs. of bread, now yields from 120 to 12.1 lbs. The discovery consists iii an improved mode of fermenting it, by which a greater quanti- ty of water combines with the gluten, and the nu- tritious qualities are more fully developed. A loaf of the n iw bread is found to be equally nutritive with the old, and decidedly improved in flavor. — lb. 60 IS i. W ENGLAND FARMER, AIO. 36, rS4 0. OBSERVATIONS ON THK SEASON, CROPS, &c., IX Mkrrimac Co., N. H. We conimeiid to our readers tlie follow iiif; inter- esting letter from Levi Eartlett, Esq. to the Rev. Mr Colinan, which would have been responded to in his u.sual happy manner, had he been present to receive it. He has not yet reiurned from the west : Ilia prolonged stay has been occasioned by severe elukness : the last accounts from him wore that he WHS on his way home and his health improving, and we hope soon to see liini. In relation to the lotter we would say, that if our readers are as well pleased with it as ourselves, they will ask Mr B.irtUHt to favor them with fur- i llier results of his observations from time to lime, and we think the farming interest would be much advanced if practical farmers gem rally would give us niore of their experience and observations, for the mutual benefit of all. J. B. \ llarmr, A*. H, .Ivg. ISth, IS-10. ' My Dear Colvan— Knowing you take a deep interest in every thing relative to agriculture, and that that interest e.\tcnds too, beyond the limits of j your own parish, it affords me a pleasure to com- | niiinicate to you the results of niy observations in , an excursion of several days of the past week, a-; rtiong the farming community in a part of Merrimac county, N. H. From the middle of May to the first of August, , this section has been visited with the most severe ' dl^ouglit that perhaps ever occurred so early in the season, which has materially affected many kinds of crnps, while niK up, and it did not tiller or branch out ; of course it was very thin, and owing to the fruits, to say nothing of good apples, pears, plums, &c. ; handsomely furnished parlors and good col- ections of minerals, shells, specimens in geology ! wet season of '39 ind too great neglect among : and other interesting curiosities, &c. ; and tables farmer.s, to prevent the weeds from seedhrgtn their hoed crops, almost every field of wheat was over- run with weed.s, and many of them so much so that they are worth more for fodder for beasts than for bread for man. I believe you have a;^ great a horror for weeds in hoed crops, as old • Sootie' has for holy water: if so, I wish you would give laden with useful books and standard periodicals — all goes to prove too that there is a moral and intel- lectual impiovement going forward among the ris- ing generation. '1 he leisure time that used to be spent by the young of by-gone days in ' playing button and blind-man's-buff,' or 'tripping the feet to the music of the violin,' is now scarcely known your readers 'line upon line' till yon shall make | to the youth of the present time, only as thinffs of them all do as I did last year, hoe their corn five times, if nothing short will eradicate the weeds. — We did nut find a field of wheat that was entitled to scarcely a fourth premium. I sowed upon one acre on the ]'2th of May, two bushels of Italian wheat, strictly upon Mr Phinney's system; and I have not seen a piece of wheat that can in any way be compared to it — much ol it standing meas- ured 4 1-2 feet, and it gave over ^00 largo sheaves: it lodged some and suffered by the rust, but it would be called a prime piece of wheat even in a good year. There is a great abundance of clover and other grasses that huve lived through the d.-ought, even upon the tops of two dry hillocks in the piece, to warrant a heavy crop of hay next season; while many of my neighbors who have pursued the old course, with precisely the same kind of land, are now ploughing in their stubble and again sowing gra.ss seed. Will you be so good as to name this to our mu- tual friend Phiuney, when you see him, and say to him how deeply I feel obliged for the important ag- ricultural information he has so kindly imparted to me. The early planted potatoes on dry land will but little more than return the seed — but later, and on heavier ground, will give a t(derahle crop ; but as a whole they will be very light. I planted four quarts of the English Horse bean, imported by Mr Webster; but they could not .'tand a broiling sun that carried the ii'ercury up to 130° : they will with me prove a total failure. The several kinds of turnips he introduced will be of incalculable benefit to the country : from the ap- pearance of mine now, I think they will give a greater yield than the ruta baga, but may noljirove so good for late keeping. 1 used some of his bar- ley and oats, and think them a great acquisition, although 1 got them on too dry a piece of ground. I traversed the farm and grounds of Gov. Hill, who by the way is the most industrious and hard working man we have in the Granite Slate. Only think how many irons he has in the fire at the pres- ent lime ; — Receiver General of all Uncle Sam's revenue for New Ihigland — a great iarm and far- mer— editor of the Monthly Visitor and a large weekly political paper — and god-father to one of the great political parties of New Hampshire. — There is no danger of such a man's rusting out. He has made great improvements upon his farm and is now reaping large crops: he has upon his grounds a large and well cultivated market garden. It is truly gratifying to every lover of our own dear New England, to witness the improvements going forward among our farming community. The well finished and furnished farm houses, the capa- cious and solid built b irns and oiu limises, well fenced and neatly cultivated fields, neat and clean kept giirdens with almost every variety of escu- lents and many urnaniented with flowers and small nther days, like high heeled shoes and hooped pet- tico.Tts. I intended to have said something to you in re- spect to the ' editorials ' in the last three or four numbers of the N. B. Farmer, but have only room to resp(md a hearty amen, for ' thtm '« my saitimtnts exactly.' Yours, truly, LEVI BARTLETT. From the Farmer's Cabinet. MANUFACTURE OF CIDER. (From the papers of the late Joseph Cooj-er, Esq.) Cider is an article of domestic manufacture, which is, in my opinion, the worst managed of any in our country, considering its usefulness; and per- haps the best method to correct errors is to point out some of the principal ones, and then reconimei.d better. One of the first is the gathering of apples when wet ; the next, to throw them together, exposed to sun and rain, until a sourness pervades the whole mass ; then grind, and for want of a trough or oth- er vessels sufficient to hold a cheese at a tune, put the pomace on the press as fast as ground, then make so large a cliecse as to take so long a time to complete and press off, that fermentation will come on in the cheese befi)re the cider is all out; and certain it is, that a small quantity of the juice pressed out after the fermentation comes on, will spoil the product of a whole cheese if made there- with. When either of the above circumstances will spoil the cider, which I know to be the case, don't wonder at the effect of a combination of the whole, which is frequently the case. As I have very often exported cider, and sold it to others for that purpose, to the West Indies and Europe, without ever hearing of any spoiling, and as it is my wish to make the productions of our country as useful as possible, I will give an ac- count of my method. I gather the apples for good cider when dry, put tliein on a floor under cover, have a trough sufficient to hold a cheese at once, when the weather is warm; grind them late in the evening, spreading the pomace over the trough to give it air, as that will greatly enrich the cider, and give it a fine amber color ; then early in the Morning press it off: the longer a cheese lays be- fore pressing off, the better, provided it escapes fer- mentation until the pressingoff is completed. '1 he reason is evident from the following circumstance: take a tart apple and bruise one side, and let it lay till brown, then taste the juice of each side, and yon w ill find the juice of the bruised part sweet and rich, though a tart apple. So, if sweet and sour ap])les are ground together, and put immedi- ately oil the press, the liquor therefrom will taste both sweet and tart, but if let lie till browu^ the ci- der will be greatly improved. I always taki; great , ▼Ot^. XlJr. NO. 8. AND HORTICULluRAL REGISTER, Bi caro ti) put ciJor in clean sweet casks, and the on- ly way to effect this is to rinse or scald thcin well as soon as the cider is out, and not let tlieni stand with a remn.int or lees to make them sour, must or stink. Whi^n my casks are filled, I place ihorn in the shade, and exposed to the northern air — When ffriTientation takes place, fill them up once or more a day, to cause as much of the filth as pos- eihle to dischari;e from the herry bunj ; when it discharges a clear white froth, put in the bunpr stack, or boro a hole and put a spile in it, and thereby check t!ie fermentation {gradually ; and whiMi it has subsided, take the first opportunity of clear cool weather, and rack it off i:.to clean cask.s; to effect which, when I have drawn the cider out of a cask in which it has fermented, I first rinse the cask with cool water, then put into a hogshead two or three quarts of fine gravel, and three or four gal- lons of water ; work it wcdl to scour off the yo^st or scum and sediment which always adheres to the casks in which the cider ferments ; and if not Bcoured off as above directed, will act as yeast when the cider is put in again, and bring on fret- ting, and spoil or greatly injure the liqnor ; after scouring, rinse as before. I find bi'nefit in burn- ing a brimstime match in the cask, suspemled by a wire, after putting in two or three buckets of cider; the best method for which process is, to have a long tapering bung, with a large wire drove in the small end with a hook for the match, which for a hogshead should be siifKcient to kdla hive of bees. If the cider stands a week or more after racking, previous to its being jiut into the cellar, rack it again and rinse the casks, but not with gravel, nnd ;>ut it immediately into the cellar. 'I'he late made I put iu the cellar iimnediately after or before the first racking, agreeable to circumstances as to the weather. The cider I wish to keep till warm weath- er, I rack iu clear cool weather, the latter part of February or March. It is best to keep ihe cask full and bunged tight as Dossible, To refine cider for exportation or bottling, take of Russia isinglass about an ounce to a barrel, pound it as soil as possible, pink it into fine shreds, put it in a clean earthern pot, pour on about half a pint of boiling water, siir and beat it with a stick split in four parts at the end, and something put in to keep it apart ; when it has got thick add a pint of good soiintl cider, set the pot in a place the most safe and handy, but not too warm ; as it grows stiff, add cider as before in small quantities, and repeat the stirring, the oftener the better, if fifty tirnos a day; in two of three days, if it is well dis- solved, rack off the cider which is for refininir, add of it to the isinglass prepared as above, stirring it well till fit for straininu', which do through a linen cloth ; then mix the fining and cider together as well as possible, and set it in a proper place for drawing off, giving some vent for some days. If it is not sufficiently fine in ten days, rack it off and repeat the fining as before; but it is best to rack it, fine or not, in ten or twelve days, lest the sedi- ment should rise, which I have known to be the case, 'I'he foregoing operation should be performed previous to the apple trees being in bloom; but I have succeeded best in the winter, in steady cool weather. I have likewise had good success in put- ting the fining in the cider direct from the press, and set in casks with one head out, taps put in and SH in a cool place properly fixed for drawing, and •covered ; when the fermentation subsides and the scum begins to crack, take it off carefully with a skimmer, then draw it carefully from the s(-diment. If it is not suffici"ntly fine by the middle of winter, proceed as before directed. The settlings of cider spirits, reduced w.th wa- ter cider, being put into cider in proportion of from two to three gallons to a hogshead, answered the purpose of filling lull as well as the isinglass. JOSEPH COOPER. '2nd mo., 1803. From ihe Albany CuUivalor. FOWLKR, SPARE TH.'\T BIRD! Messrs Gaytord Sf Tucker: — I know of few things more calculnted to disturb the equanimity of mind, and ruflic the feelings of a humane man, one who lives amooLr animals and birds, and feels as if they were all personal friends, than to see a shock- headed, straddling thing, calling itself a man, with rusty musket or rille, creeping about our highways, woodlands or orchards, and popping away at the harmless little creatures that give to the landscape half its charms, and to the eye and the ear half their pleasures. I know these men cannot look upon birds as I do, or they would not have to be guilty of homi- cide to know what the sensations of a murderer are, when they wantonly destroy these creatures of the air. I plead not for the hawk or the crow ; but for the beautiful songsters that greet the morn with a hymn, flutter over and through our meadows and orchards, and exhibit an instinctive happiness that woiild reconcile the most morbid misanthro- pist to life and its cares. I never liear the sono- sparrow, that with us is usually the first harbinger of spring, without a feeling of gladness that "the winter is over and gone, and the time of the sing- ing of birds is come ;" and this feeling is increased, as day after day, the blue bird, robin, tree sparrow, yellow bird, bob-a link, brown thrush, oriole, and swallow, su>-cesriivcly arrive, and enliven the woods and fields with their presence, and fill the air with their music. Tell me not that birds have not memories ; that when the mysterious instinct compels their migra- tion from us, ihey never return to their loved haunts, or again build in the same grove, but go whither accident or chance may direct. Only a few days since, I was standing in the field, and suddenly I heard the far off twitters of the barn swallow, of which not one had yet appeared. Away up in the blue sky, I at last descried him, as he .-lowly and on weary wing descended from his long flight, and with a song that could not be mistaken but for one of joy that his journey was over, he resumed his ac- customed place oil the ridge of the barn. In a few minutes he was joined by his mate, and during the hour in which they were resting from their weary way, many were the congratulations that passed between them. On the spot where for years they have built their nest, and reared their young, they are now building, and their absence is like Ihe absence of friends. And what is the crime charged upon these beau- tiful birds, that they are doomed to death by every boy or man, who is disposed to show his powess in shedding their blood ? Why they eat our cher- ries, or perhaps occasionally peck our trees or our sweet iipples. This charge is true ; but only a very small part are guilty, if guilt there is about it : and must all the acknowledged harmless species suffer for the act of one or two ? Where is the man who cin accuse the sparrow, yellow bird, blue bird, swallow, thrush, bob-a-link, lark, and a multitude of others, of preying on his crops or his fruits? — Yet these are sought after and destroyed with as much avidity and hot haste as the most predatory ones. The urchin or the ragamullin raises his weapon, and the half-warbled song, remains unfin- ished forever. 1 have admitted the charge, but if true in its fullest extent, v,le, and extract a grub that was perforating and destroying inch by inch your tree. Di.'pend upon it, the wood -pecker will not hurt your trees, if there are about them no insects, or decayed wood, that requires excision. Before you destroy a bird on your premises, or permit any one else to do it, be certain that you are not about to destroy one of your most faithful friends. Carefully weigh the good and evil they occasion against each other ; think of the plea- sure and instruction they afford: rise on one of our beautiful mornings before the sun, and hear from copse, and orchard, and grove, the thousand voices of joy and melody that are rising and mingling, and if you have a single feeling that belonged to man in paradise, it will not be necessary to repect to you — Futvter, spare that bird! A Friend to Birds. Pairxting. — Spirits of turpentine is in most cases used in mixture with paints, because it facilit.ites the drying rapidly. It decomposes and destroys the vitality of the oil : it should never be used when durability and lustre is required. I have been in the practice of painting my out buildings with pure oil, mixed without boiling, and am satisfied that it is more durable : the drying proc.'ss is not so rapid, but the coat is harder and more adhesive, and less expensive. S. W. Jewett. H'eybridge, VI. Powers oj the .^rab Horse.— Vrascr, in his ' Tar- tar Journey,' relates as an undoubted fact, that an Arab horse travelled 520 miles in six days—rested three days, and then went over the same ground in five days. 62 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, Al'G. S6, 1840. AND HORTICULTL'KAI. Rl CISTKR. Boston, VVBDSESDAy, Anousr 26, 1840. BANKS AND THE CREDIT SYSTEM. No. (. In the condition of llie cnrrenry no class in tlie roni- munily haven more direct iritHreJit than the aiiricultiiral. We have been repeatedly cliarged with hoMing npin- iftns on the sulijict of banlis and credit of an heretical character. We shall therefore tuhe the ltl»erty of mak- ing some remark.s on these sulijecls. These may go for what they arc worth. VVe do not regard the opinions of an humble individual like ourselves, of much impor- tance to any one ; and, on a subject in a degree foreign from our general piirsuits, we should be among ihe last to assume an oracular authority ; but every man ou'rht to have a reasonable concern tor his own consistency ; and if the soundness of his opinions is called in ques- tion by any one, he should be ready to maintain or re- nounce them. We shall allude to Ibis subject without any pariy or political reference whatever. To do other- wise would be incompatible wilh the neutral character of the New England Farmer. Banks are of various characters. The bnnlis existing among us are those of discount and loan; and it is to these we shall refer. Capital is the surplus accumula- tion of labor. It consists of whatever vie call property ; nnd productive capital is that which in one form or anoth- er, or in any form may be applied to the increase of property or wealth ; or as it is said, of what has value, whatever may conduce to the subsistence or comfort or improvement of human life and the human condition. Capital is not in ilself productive. It will not increase by any intrinsic principle of vitality or growth. A hun- dred dollars in gcdd or silver deposited in a man's chest, will remain a hundred dollars at the end of the ycai. — A farm or tract of land Mot cultivated will produce noth- ing. A ship lying at the wharves — or a factory, lei its machinery be of the most perfect character, will givo no return, unless the one is freighted and sent upon her destined voyage, .Tnd the machinery of the other is made to perform its proper office under llu: due and diligent application of skill, intelligence and labor, and the suffi- cient supply of the raw material. For all these purpo- ees capital is indispensable. The means must be at hand to purchase the implements and to pay the labor of cultivating the land; to hire hands, and to furnish a cargo for the ship ; and to employ laborers and superin- tendants, and to furnish the material for the manufactory. The individuals in these i ases, who have Ihe skill and labor, and the good will to apply the skill and labor, have not always the capital which will enable them to do it to advantage. A single pair of hands in most ca- ses ran accomplish very little; and in many of the most important and useful arts of productive industry would be wholly impotent. Here comes in the necessity o capital; and in his case of course the necessity of cred- it, by which he would he enabled to procure the means of managing the concerns, and rendering the tiadc, the farm, the ship, or the factory productive. To rely u|ion the credit of the individuals employed, and obtaining their labor with the condition of paying for it at the close of the operation, would be attended with innumerable inconveniences; and certainly is not practicable on any extensive scale. In general the la- borers themselves could not be found to do it, as they require quick returns, that they may obtain the daily bread for their families. To rely upon the aid of insu- lated individuals lt>r the means ol conducting these ( on- cerns, is liable lo many evils and disappointments; and though there are cases of small opeialitm, in which it might be the most eligible mode, yet it would often re- sult in disappointment; and expose one to extortion and oppression. Hanks f»f loan and discount here fur- nish Ihe remedy, and the iilentiral means wanted. 'J'he proper design of banks is to ccdlect such capital as may have been accumulated in the community, for the pur[»ose of loaning it in such sums as may bu need- ed for the encouragement of honest trade, useful Indus try and the various productive arts of life. They offer this advaiita^'C to capitalists of small means, that they can place these small means, which perhaps they them- selves are incapable of using wilh advantage and safely, where certainly they ought to be safe and Tiake a fair return. These nils being turned into a common stream the mass is firmed. It is obvious that if the hanks were allowed only lo loan the exact amount which they receive at legal inte- rest, nothing would remain for the payment of the nec- essary erections of buildings and vaults; and of the per- sons emplovd to keep the books and lo manage the con- coins of the institution. The State therefore, in the in- corporaliim of a bank, allows it to loan not only to Ihe full amount of its capital paid in, but likewise half as much more ; so that a bank with one hundred thousand dollars capital may loan to the amount of one hundred and fifty thousand dollars ; and it is from this source, from the anticipation of interest, when notes are dis- counted, and from the wear and tear of bills, which are consequently lost and never returned lo the bank ; and from the use of deposits which are made in the bank for a longer or a shorter time ; and in some cases from the negotiation of exchanges wilh distant banks for which a small commission is charged, that the profiis of a bank are derived and its expenses paid. These certainly are all honest sources of income ; and of which the public have no right lo complain, since they received much more than an equivalent in ihe pecuniary advantages of ihe institution. Now an insliintion of this character lioneslH managed, may be of signal advantage ; and es- pecially lo a new community, where more than any thincT else capital is wanting for the encouragement of labor and enterprise. An industrious and honest young man, who has spent a Ion" ap[)renticeship in acquiring a trade, finds himself when ready to enter upon business, perhaps without a dollar to purchase his tools and materials. Credit to him is indispensable. A tradesman, wishing to com- mence a business, which under a careful, frugal and at- tentive management, may yield a fair profit and furn sh ihe honest means of suircess and wealth, is withoul the means of commencing it : to him credit is indispensa- ble. A merchant's means are too limited for him to prosecute a foreign trade, for which he is well skilled, to advantage, without the aid of capital, which he can only procure upon credit. A manufacturer or an asso- ciation of individuals, intelligent, skilful and enterpris- ing, and disposed to engage largely in a useful and profi- table »)aniifacture, and to put many wheels and many hands ill motion, cannot do this withoul a larger capi- tal than their own funds will supply; they therefore re- quire cridil to pursue their operations to advantage. — That is tlipy require capital which they do not possess, and which they can only obtain by borrowing, until till ir ind'istry, or labor, or skill shall put them in a con- dition of returning it. Banks furnish these fic lilies. They furnish iheiii to a much greater advantage than iho same facilities could bo obtained from individual capitalists ; and these institutions among us, under proper management, have been of the greatest benefit. They have improved agriculture. They have expand- ed ihe wings of commerce. They have quickened trade and industry ; and they have carried ihe manufacturing and mechanic arts among us to a perfection and extent which are justly the pride, and the foundation of the wealth ol this busy hive in which we live — happy and privileged, though too often disdained New England. Banks are an essential part of ihe system of credit It used to be a proverb to say of a man, he is as sure as the bank ; wiiich meant that his [troinises and eiigage- mrnls might be relied upon with absolute confidence. H. C. JVlassncltiisetts Horticultural Society. EXHIBITION OF FLOWERS. Saturday, August 22, 1840. The contilbiitions offiowers by our friends were libe- ral, and some of the specintens very beautiful. We no- ticed among them some choice Asters and Balsams, from the garden of Mr VVm. Bacon, of Roxbury. Bal- sams by Mr Jones, of Brighton, and Mr S. R. Jidinsot^ of Charlcslown. E. H. Derby, Esq , of Salem, presented some very su- jjerior specimens of Nemphoea odorata. Dahlias, by Messrs Wilder, Siickney, Low, Golder- rnann, Mclntire, Sprague, Barnes, Howe, Hovey &. Co , Warren, A, II. Hovey, Jno. Hovey and S. Walker. — The specimens of Ne plus Ultra, by Col. Wilder and .Mr VVm. Meller, were very fine. Mrs Bucknall, by Mr l.'ariics ; Unique, by Mr Sprague; Striata formosis- sima, by Mr Mclntire ; Marquis of Lothian, bv Mr Low, were extra specimens. Bouquets, by Messrs W. Kenrick, Jno. Hovey, R. Howe, Hovey & Co. and S. Walker. Eighteen varieties of Verbenas, Phlox Drummondii, Salvia Penorie, Eryssimum Peroffskyanum, Gladiolus floribandus and D;ifilias — from Hovey *& Co. For the Conimiitee, S. WALKER, Chairman. [CrAt a meeting of ihe Flower Committee it was vo- ted—That the exhibition of the Dahlia for premium, shall lake place at lire rooms on Wednesday and Thurs- day, 23il and 24th of Septemtier. The flowers for pre- mium must be in the stands before 10 o'clock. After the judges have awarded the prizes the room will bo opened for exhibition with the names of the successful competitors attached. ■ S. WALKER, Chairman. EXHIBITIOW OF FRUITS. The display of fruits this day was principally from S. Pond, Cambridgeport, who exhibited twenlyeiglil dish- es of very fine peats and plums— among them we notic- ed two magnificent Birllett pears, on one branch, taken from a tree the slock of which was only four years from the seed ; and the branch the second year's growth from tlic insertion of the hud. Other specimens of the Bart- lelt were also very line for the season ; also Julenno, St. Ghislaiu and Cushing pears, and the following vari- eties of plums ; Smith's Orleans and Duane's Purple — very large and handsome; Prince's Impoiial Gage, Bing- ham, White Gage, and Bolmer's Washington. By the President, Hon. E. Vose ; very large speci- mens of the Large Red Sweeting apple, also the St Law- rence Apple, f:oni scions presented by Mr Corse. Rev. Gardiner B. Perry, of Bradford, exhibited beau- tiful specimens of a sweet app'e. The scions, Mr Per- ry informed us, were taken from the original tree in Kingston, N. Y. Those presented' were large and very vol.. XIX NO. r. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 63 ^fair — color, n pale yellow, and of a fine sweet flavor, very tender and juicy. From iliB {;,irden ot Mrs T. Bigelow, Medford — sri|ic. rior sprciinens uf Rareripe Pearlies, ijrown on the open wall ; — among them was a yellow Hiircripe, which meas- ured leii inches in circ-.umfeience. By Jamea Kussell, Koxbiiry ; Apples, without name. By S. Walker — fine specimens ot* the Frank real d' Kte und Green Chiscll Pears. By S. K. Johnson, Charlestown — fine epecintens as usual, ol Bolnier's Washingum and While Gage plums. By J. 1>. L. F. Warren, Brighton — Bingham plums. From the garden ol* Mr William Greenough, C'ain- hridge — ripe figs, from a tree grown in the . Joufs, Brighton — a large Caritelope meluii. For the Commiltce. P. D. HOVEY, Jr. EXHIBITION OF VF.GETABLF.S. From John Hovey, Itoxbury — a basket of ttunatocs. For llie Committee, KUFUS HOWK. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. We wish to call Ihc attention of our horticultural friends to a notice in this day's paper relative to the annual exhibition of the Muss, tlurlicultural Society, and hope every one will contribute to render the loining exhibition equal, if not superior, to any that has preced- ed it. BKHjHTOiN MARKET.— Mokdat, Aug. 24, IB40. Rf ported fur Ilie New £n(;land Fnriner. Al M.irket 490 Beef Cattle, 440 Stores, 4d00 Sheep, and 'J'JO Swine. I'hicEs.— ISeef CVi«/e.— First quality, $5 75 a $6 00. 'Second quality, ^5 00 a $5 50. Third quality, fS 75 {» $4 75. Stores. — Sales were not brisk ", purchasers are hardly willing to pay the cost of the cattle in the country. We noticed sales of Two Year Old at $14, $15, and $18 ; and Three Year Old, $24, $25, $27, and $29. Sheep.— DuU. Lots f 1 25, $1 33, $1 42, $1 50, $1 67, $1 88, $2 00, and $2 25. Sicine —Dull. Lots to peddle at 3 1-2 a 3 3-4 for sows, and 4 1-2 a 4 3-4 for barrows. At retail from 11-2 to C. THERMOMETRICAL. IteporTed lor Iht* \f w tingland Fanner. Kaiigeof tile Thermometer at the (iardeiiof the proprietors 3[ the i\ew England Farmer, Brighion, M»ss. in a shaded Norllierly exposure, weeks ending AiigusI 23. August, 184U. I 7A.M. I i2,M. I 5,P.M. I Wind. Monday^ 17 62 j 78 I 66 j S. E. Tuesday, 18 6U | 83 | 70 | S. E. Wednesday, 19 69 I 8» 74 i S. E. Thursday, 20 66 | 87 '5 | S. E. h'riday, 21 6j I 88 "6 1 E. Saturday, 22 66 | 87 ?6 S. W. Sun.lay, 23 69 | 89 74 | S. W. Fair everyday at 12 o'clock, and almost the whole of the week. Very dry and dusty till Sunday afternoon, when we lad several showers and a powerful ram during i he evening. This has been the warmest week we have had this season 'xcept the one ending July 19. ,C3=> HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. ,£3f The annual Exhibition of the Massachusetts Hnrlicul- ural Society, will take place at their Rooms, 23 Tremont low, (opposite the Savings Bjnk) on Wednesday, Thurs- lAV and Friday, 9lh, uit'h, and llih Seplember. Choice and rare specimens of Fruits and Flowers are res- leclfully solicited from the memhers of the Massachusetts horticultural Society, and from the lovers of Ihe .science of iorticulture generally. Committees will he in attendance 0 receive cnntribulions on Monday and Tuesday, 7th and ■th uf September, and the specimens sent will he retained, uhject Vo the order of the owner. A I'st, giving the names of ihe specimens of Fruits and .'lowers presented is respectfully requested. By order, SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman Com. of Arrangements. Boston, August 2Uh, 1840. G"AI1« CRADLES, WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLV. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use in the ISew England States, wher^ they were tih ol lale but little known, although they have been in very general use in the souihern and westiTii Slates, for many years, and which is lound to be decidedly the best mode of harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in a day when he cannot reap more than one. The difference in gathering a crop is so much in favor of cradling, that we must suppose that it will be the only mode adopted hereafter, and the grain cradle will become of as much use, as an implement ol husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great improvement in the manufac- turing of this article, they are now made on the most im- proved plan ; the scythe is well secured and finished in a superier manner and made of the best cast steel, HYACINTHS. The subscribers liave received a large assortment of Dou- ble and Single Hyacinths of every color and shade. Also, Tulips of mixed sorts, Crown imperials, and Lilies; they have also at their garden all the fine varieties of I'ceonies, which will be furnished at o'.e day's notice. Lilies and Paeonies, and Crown Imperials, should be planted in August or the first of September. We shall receive a great variety of Bulbous Roots, from Holland, in a few weeks, when no- lice will he given. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August 26. BOY WANTS A SITUATION. A smart active hoy, about 16, wants a situation w.th a far- mer where he can have an opporiimily to learn the practice of agriculture, with whom he wishes to slay until of age. inquire of JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August 26. PATENT SPRING BALANCE. A few of those very convenient spring b.:lances. for fami ly use. a very simple contrivance for weighing small articles JOSEPH BRECK & CO. No. 61 and 52 North Market Street, Boston. July 15. Bi-ig;liton Nurseries and Gardens. For ^ale A large quantity of superior European and American Urnamental Trees, well calculated for public places, or private grounds, with Fruit Trees embracing a great varu ty of the most ap- proved kinds and fine sizes. 'I'he trees, and all other productions can now be sc/erfed and marked, and will be for warded to any place as soon as it will answer to re- move the same. Also, forty kinds of Strawberry Plants, of the most ap- proved European and American varieties. Orders may be forwarded via. mail, addressed Messrs WINSHIP, Brighton. Mass., or left with Messrs. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Brighton, August 12. tEiNCE CHMNS. Just received from England, al the New Engl md Agricul tural Warehouse, 6 casks chains, suitable for makin" the chain fence, &c. JOSEPH BRECK & CO Julv 15. TRACE CHAINS. Just receiycd, direct from the English manufacluresr, 8 casks of Trace Chains, from 6 to 1 1 feet long, suitable lor ploughing or draft chains. July 16 JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BERKSHIRE HOGS. The subscribers offer for sale a few pair of full blooded Berkshire Hogs; also, pigs 7-3li|ood, crossed with Mackay. Inquire at the New England Fari/ier oflice, or at their farm at Brighton. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 29. CASES OF TOOLS. Just received from England, a few eases of superior horti- cultural tools, for gentlemen or ladies use, a splendid article lu mahogany cases. JOSEPH BRECK & CO Alum, American, . Ashes, I'earl, per 100 lbs. . Pol, " ■' " . Beans, white. Foreign, " " Domestic, , Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... I Beeswax, white, 1 yellow, Bristi.es, American, Butter, shipping, dairy. Candles, mould, dipped, sperm, Chefse, new milk, Cider, ..... refined, Bone Manure, in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, - Flax. (American) . Fish, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1, . No. 2, No 3, . ■\lewives, dry salted. No. 1. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, . Baltimore, Irloward street, Richmond canal, Alexandriti wharf. Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain : Corn, northern yellow, southern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, , Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) . southern. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Haus, northern southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, Isl quality, 2d quality, . . . Lard, Boston, . . . . southern, . ... Leather, Philadelphia city, tannage, do. country do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . Niw York red, light, Riision, do. slaughter, Boston dry, hides. Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, ., . . Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 2200 lb: Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess Prime, Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax, .... Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, Iried, Teazles, 1st sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony ^"leeces, . American, lull blood, washed do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £_• r Pulled superfine, ^ J J No c pound bushel barrel pound pound dozen barrel bushel pound (( i( quintal barrel bushel pouud pound 6 5 37 4 87 1 75 2 00 14 50 II 00 3.5 25 35 10 22 13 10 1 23 2 00 37 9 1 ^5 1 50 87 II ou 9 00 4 12 15 00 6 37 6 62 3 00 3 12 62 67 64 69 42 30 18 00 28 00 10 6 00 10 50 SJlNo. 1, :3 ] No. 2, . ■ =■ No. 3,1 cask gallon barrel bushel pound pr M. pound 26 23 22 20 19 21 18 75 20 I 00 1 10 40 65 95 16 00 14 00 12 50 70 2 Ofl 2 25 2 00 IS 5 12 8i 45 40 40 35 35 42 3S 23 18 6i 5 50 5 12 2 85 2 50 15 oa 11 50 4* 28 70 II 28 14 3r 1 60 4 00 3t 3r 46 IX 2 2S 1 78 1 oa II 25 9 25 4 37 16 00 5 60 5 76 5 60 3 25 3 25 65 63 66 60 43 37 19 00 30 00 U 16 0* 12 II 2S 26 26 22 20 22 20 8* it 4« 70 16 50 16 00 15 00 13 6* 3 60 80 1 6* 2 26 2 60 2 60 u 1« r 13 ( 4a 4t 3S 3t 46 40 2S SO 64 NEW ENGLAND FARMER AI'G. 26. I'*4(> MISCELLANEOUS GIVE YOUR BOYS A TRADE. With the exception of a very few Kpecially dc- iigried to fill the learned professions — and these may for the most part he confined to those "ho are physically unable to rrct their livins; by hard work — all boy i at the a jje of sixteen, havinn^ previously bee;i well educated at school, should be put to some useful trade. No pirent is faithful to his sons, or looks out well for their future prosperity, who suf- fers ih-^m to frrow up without an early designation of the business they are to pursue, and an educa- tion specially adapted to qualify thf^m for such busi- ness. He who enters upon manhood witlmut n trade, as a fiirmer or mechanic, or without a profrs- Bion, is but afloat on the uncertain sea of life, with- out any destination in view, and without rudder, compass, or any of the other means of a successful cruise, lie is sent forth amidst society as a mere loafer, an injury and a pest. tt would even be well for boys intended as law- yers, doctors, ministers and merchants, to acquire a trade. Should they succeed in either of those professions, they would yet find meanwhile much convenience from knowing how ti cultivate the earth or to use tools ; but should they not succeed, a trade would be of vast importance lo them as an ultimate and safe resort under the vicissitudes of fortune. A good trade is a thousand dollars to a young man. It is worth more than money as an inheri- tance, for this may fail ; that never will, if lie be industrious. IRCG FOUND IN COAL. On Wednesday morning as two colliers, George Ross and James Gardner, were working in one of the rootns of the Old-Muirfield-pit, at Gargieston, they found a living frog embedded in the solid seam of coal, at least twelve fathoms beneath the surface of the earth. The niche in which it had lived was perfectly smooth inside, of the exact shape of the frog, and without a crack or crevice to give admittance to air. The hind legs of the animal are at least a third longer than usual, thi' fore legs shorter, the toes longer and harder, and its general color is of ii bronze shade. It leaped briskly abiut the moment that it was excavated from its narrow cell. IJow many centuries it has been shut out from light and air and entombed in its dreary dormitory, it is impossible to say : cer- tain it is, that although diminutive in form, and with great brilliancy of eye, it has a most antedi- luvian aspect. It inspires us with a kind of awe to be brought into contact with any living being that may have breathed the same air as Noah. If it had but the gift of speech, what a fund of" auld world stories" it would unfold Kilmarnock Joiir. ANECDOTE OF A GOOSE. At the flour mills of Tubberaheena, near Clon- mel, while in the fossession of the late Mr New- bold, there was a goose, which by some accident, was left solitary, without mate or ofl'spring, gander o, „',";|i"e's. Now it happened, as is common, that tlie miller's wife iiad set a number of duck eggs under a hen, which in due time were incubated, , ''course the duckl'.ngs, as soon as they came and o» - . . ■ 1 1 forth ran with u..l'>ral instinct to the walcT, and the lien was in a sad pucker, her maternity urging her to follow the hrood, and her selfishness dispos- i„^ her to keep on dry land. In the m-anwhile, up''sailed the goose, and with a noisy gabble, which certainly (being interpreted) meant, leave them to my care, she swam up and down with the duck- lings, and when they were tired with their aquatic excursion she consigned them to the care of the lien. The next morning down came again the ducklings to the pond, and there was the goose waiting for them, and there stood the hen in her great flustration. On this occasion, we are not at all sure that the goose tiiviteii the hen, observing her maternal trouble — but it is a fact, that she being near the shore, the hen jumped on her back, and there sat, the ducklings swiuuning, and the goose and hen after iheni up and down the pond. And this was not a solitary event: day after day the hen was seen on board the goose, attending the ducklings up and down, in perfect contentedness and good humor— numbers of people coming to witness the circumstance, which continued until the ducklings coming to days of discretion, requir- ed no longer the joint guardianship of the goose and the hen.— Dublin Mjgazinc. A HINT TO THE GIRLS. We have always considered it an unerring sign of innate vulgarity, when we have heard ladies take particular pains to impress us with an idea of their ignorance of all domestic matters, save sewing lace or weaving a net to encase their delicate hands. — Ladies, by some curious kind of hocus pocus, have got it into their heads that the best way to catch a husband is to show him how profoundly capable they are of doing nothing fur his comfort. Fright- ening a piano iLito fits, or murdering the king's French, may be good bait for cert".in kinds of fish, but they must he of that very small kind usually found in very shallow waters. The surest way to secure a good husband is to cultivate those ac- complishments which make a good wife. TO »UnSERYi>IE.\ ASD GARDKXERS. A well eslalilisherl Nursery and good VegctaMe Garden, siiualed'iii the State of Massaclinsetts, near a market for vpgpialilef. and where there is a good demand for trees, to gelher v''.lh every convenience lor a man wuh a family, will he let on aecommodaling terms lo a good tenant for a term of years Address a Inie siatiiic name and reference {post jjaid) to J. P MERRtLL, care of Messrs. Bieck & Co. Seedsinen, Boston, previous lo first of October. August 1-2. BVDDirsG Fuutr trees. Cnllitigs of fruit trees for hudding, comprising nearly all the choice sorts of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries, known and cultivated in this country or in Europe, all frem hearitl-" trees cm he packed in such a manner as to he sent wi'th perlect safety to a y part of this country or Rurone. Anolv hv mail lo the subscnljer, at the I'omoloaunI Garden, Salem, Mass Salem, July 15. rR\TE AWD POUDRETTE. An esialdishineni lor the manufacture of ihe Manures called Urate and Poudrelle lia^ heen ereuted, at a considera- ble eToense, in tie Slate ot New Jersey, rieor ihe cit y of New York ; anil an act of incorporation has heen granted hy the^ lepislaiure of ilie Stale ol ^e^v Jersey, hy the name of " The fjoili Alanufaciurins CoiM|iany " for purposes of agri- cullure, wherein it is providei!, that .'lOn shares, a portion of the stock reserved fur siihsci ipijnn hy farmers and ffanlcners, within n limited lime, shall I.e enlilled lo reieive 0(1 hiishels of Proudreue yearly lor five years, viz. in 18-m, IS4!,ls42, 1843, and 1844, upon each share ol Sioci, which is ai the rate of 20 per cent, per annum, f<)r those \ears. and alter thai period to receive an equal dividend with the other stock- holders. The Manufactory has gone into ojieration according to hiw ; a sutlicient nninher of shares having heen siihserihed for ihai pu pose, and capital paid in; and the first dividend has teen regularly paid lo the siihscrilers— the nest divi- dend is payahle in Seplemher. Hut the Company needs a larger moneyed capital than it now has, to carry Hon In hel- ler advantage. Inquiries having' Keen made whether all ihe stock had heen taken, and the dilficuliy ai the present lime of ohlaining funds, to a snfficienl amnuiit, from a few incli vhluals, has induced a renewal of this nulice to farmers and gardeners, and every other jierscn who may have spare funds, (as every person is now permuted to suhscnlie,) ihat ihere is yet a cnnsideralde portion of the reserved stock, which, hy law, is to receive 20 percent, per annum, payable in Prou- dretle, one half in May. and the other lialf in Seplemher, in the years 1S40, t<41, 1812, 1843, and 1844, not yet subscribed for, and the books are now open lo receive subscriptions for ihe same, by any person, whether gardener, farmer or other- wise, at the office id' ihe Lorii Manufacluring Company, No. 73 Cedar Street, in the city of New York Terms for ihe reserved slock, Sioo per share in cash; and for ihe other portion of the stock aii instalment of S25 jier share on sub- scribing, and the residue (lieing S7j per share) lo be called in by instalments of *3 per share, after thirty days notice These manures have been fairly tested and vei-y generally approved ol as being the cheapest and best manures, and more economically applied than any oiher known substance used for manure. As ihe ariicle can be furnished from the city of New York, only lo a limited extent, (not more than sufficient to manure 35.11110 acres annnally,) it must follow, that in a few year» it will necessarily lie confined to the use of the slockholders alone. It is important to agriculture, and the enterprise deserves the liberal support of every enlightened farmer. By order, WILLIAM M WILSON, Setre/ur;/. At an election for Directors of the Lodi Manufacturing Company, held at Jersey Cily on the Cth day of July, I84U, the following persons were elected Directors of the t.'ompa- ny, to hold ifieir oHices until the first Monday in October next, namely, Anthony Dey and Jacob C Hey, of New York ; J D. Miller, Andrew S. Garr and RoJmau M. Price,' of New Jersey. Agusl 12. SUPERB ROCKET LARKSPUR SEED. The subscribers offer for sale a quantity of Superb Double Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising. 'aved from dou- ble flowering plants oidy, embracing all the different colors. Kor fine strong and early plants, the seed should he sown in August JOSEPH BRECK & CO. June 17. GARD.'^.IVERS' KJSIVES. JOSEPH BRECK it CO. have lliis season imported and now offer for sale a few very superior Garden If nives, for pruning. &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warraiiled superior lo any ariicle of the kind before import- ed. Also— a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &.C. 6i.c. April 22. TIE UP CIIAI\S. Just received at the New Ensland Agrirnllural Ware- house, n good supply of iliose celebrated Chains for lying upcatile. These chains, introduced hy E. H. -Derby, Esq. of Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Charleslown, for the pur- pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found lo be the safest anil mosl convenient mole of fastening cows and oxen to the stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round tho animal's neck, and hy a ring attached lo the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal ai liberiy to lie down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him perfecllv secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BEKKSHIRIS PIGS PROM HAAVS'S STOCK. ^ The subscriber has on hand a few lillres, from some of the largest and finest sows in the country, sired hy Losing's and olher imported boars. Also, the smaller class of Herk- shi e pigs, which are very beautiful animals, and delicious porkers. Either of the above slocks will he disposed of extremely low hy applying to Z. STANDlsH. N. B. The pigs will tie neatly caged and shipped at New York, without extra charge, if required. Unquestionable reference will be given for thorough breeding. Albany, August 19. 4t THE NEW E!IIGL,A\D FARMER Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per anniixi payable at the end of the year— hut those who pay wilhi* sixtydays from the time of subscribing are entitled to a rtf» ductionof 59 cents. TUTTLK, DENNETT AND CHISIIOL.M, PRINTFB3, 11 acaOOLSTRKET..... BOSTON AND HORTICULTUUAL REGISTER. VOli. XIX.l PUlILrSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO. 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Warehodbe.) BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 2, 1840. [NO. ». N. E . FARMER RHODE ISLAND AGRICULTURE. Wo continue our e.vlracts from Dr Jackson's Re- port of the survey of Rhode Island. Report of the Crops, Sfc. raised onike Rivulet Farm, in Cranston, 1839. The land consists of 15 acres under tillage, 75 15 25 30 50 10 to 15 5 to 10 Stuck. 15 cows, $570 1 bull, 25 1 pair of large o.^ien, IGO a heifers, 50 Produce Raised and Sold. Corn on 3 acres, average quantity, 58 hush, to the acre, $150 ' 5 ' injured by the August gale, 60 Barley and oats, 4 acres, 33 Potatoes, 3 acres, 450 bushels marketable, 150 ' 50 ' for feeding cattle, 13 in graziijn-, clover meadows, watered ' river ' in wojd, peat bog, unreclaimed. 2 horses, $110 21 sheep, C3 18 head swine, 108 Turkeys, geese, &c. 44 Beets and carrots, valued at 25 Fruit, (not sold.) 1800 lbs. pork, sold from 7 to 8 cents per lb. 130 Pigs raised, 22 ' sold, 8 Lambs, 18 sold at $3 each, 54 Calves, 14, ' $5 50 each, 77 Profits in carting wood cut on the farm, 48 7 tons of hay sold, $18 per ton, 126 5 ' unsold, 70 1455 lbs. butter sold, at from 26 to 33 1-3 cts. per pound, 380 Butter and milk used in family, 30 Premium received on butter exhibited at the Rhode Island cattle show, 15 Received for improvements on the farm, 48 Received for boarding laborers, 32 $1470 Expenses. Two hands, each 7 month.'?, at $12 1-2 per month, $175 1 boy, 7 months, 35 Paid for labor in getting hay, 26 1 hand in winter 5 months, at $8, 40 1 boy, do. 10 Board of laborers reckoned at $1 per week, 130 Grain, potatoes, and hay seed, used in the spring, 60 Salt for m:inure, 10 Salt for dairy, 6 Taxes, 28 Blacksmith's bill, 24 Balance, from which deduct rent of farm and family expenses, 936 $1470 The farm was not fully stocked, being unwilling in the spring to pay the liigh prices demanded for neat cattle. I. A. GARDINER, Tenant. In reply to your inquiry, what experiments in ag- riculture have you made .' we reply, that on this farm we have made many : some successful and some otherwise. We will give you as brief a de- tail as possible of some of them. We irrigate a- bout twentylive acres of upland, mostly tlie sloping sides of hills. The water used is from .springs that rise on the farm, on the highest land. We formed a reservoir by the erection of a dam, and are therefore enabled to retain nearly all the wa- ter that collects in the day and run it on to the meadows in the night, preventing the grass from being scorched or wilted as it would be if put on in the heat of the day. We carry a portion of this water to our barn yards, to our hog pens, and also to our dairy house, where we have put in a water wheel for the purpose solely of aiding the dairy maid in the process of making butter, and find a very considerable labor saved. We intended to have used the water power in churning tlie milk daily, instead of the cream, in the manner practis- ed by some of the western farmers. We tried the experiment, and found no difficulty in the process, and the butter was excellent, but the quantity fell short so materially that we abandoned it. VVe tried the experiment recommended by some Pennsylvania farmers, that of setting the milk part- ly under ground, and letting the water constantly run round the pans of milk by setting them into ex- cavated shelves. We found that the milk would keep sweet longer and the cream was equally as good, if not better. But here again we found a di- minution : so much cream would not rise on the milk. We therefore continue the old mode. This experiment convinces us, that a milk room should stand separate and apart from any other building, be of good size and height, well ventila- ted, and shaded with forest trees, and be used sole- ly for that purpose. We have tried the experiment of flooding land. We built a dam on a small river that runs through the farm, on the sides of which are what is termed interval or river meadows, (about thirty acres,) and by flowing back we cover the whole extent, and keep them flowed from November to April, when we draw it ofl^and find slime and mud deposited on the surface that enriches it, and our crops of grass have increased thereby both in quantity and quali- ty. We cart sea weed a distance of from four to six miles, and we think we find our account in it when properly used. It should be spread in hog pens or yards, small in extent, and coarse sand, (the best is found on the sliores,) mixed with or spread over it, which will be by this preparation, converted into fine compost by the swine being yarded upon it. We derive another advantage in putting the sea and rock weed into our hog yards ; they will feed considerably on it, and it serves to make them healthy and prepares them for fattening. We use considerable impure salt in our compost- ing. VVe purchase the sweepings of the vessels holds in which it is imported, and consider it a cheap, valuable, material for the purpose. Some of our neighboring farmers cart salt water from the sea shore, a distance of several miles, and think it better than to let their teams be idle. This they spread on beds of loam, and it is thereby very soon converted into a black mould. We salt our river meadow hay, putting from two to three pecks of fine Liverpool salt to the ton, and we tliink we are thrice paid for so doing; firslly, in the time saved in curing the hay ; secondly, in its increased value ; and thirdly, in the salting of the cattle which are fed on it. Besides, we find that low meadow hay when salted, will not deteri- orate if kept several years, and we believe it im- proves by beiiig kept two years. We had dug some peat for fuel, and used it to some advantage ; but until we heard the sugges- tions you made of the possibility that our worn out soils might by the aid of peat be restored, we had not tried it to any extent as a manure. We have since opened a bed on the farm and dug out about 100 loads, at an expense of about 15 cents per load, with which we mixed ten tons of animal manure and six casks of Harris rock lime, which cost in Providence, $1 25 per cask. The frost pulverized it, and we found it this spring in a good state for spreading on our meadows, and to use on our corn and potato fields. On the meadows we have al- ready ample evidence of its utility. We have experimented with menhaden fish. For the first and second year they appeared to be a ben- efit, but afterwards we found the land less produc- tive than it was before the fish was put on, and in- deed in some places almost barren. We are of opinion that fish operates on the land like the free use of ardent spirits on the system of the laborer, who, while the excitement is on, is en- abled to do more work ; but when it is gone is left in a torpid and enfeebled state. Farm Report of tVm. Peckham, S. Kingstown,1839. Farm consists of ploughed land 12 acres, graz- ing 25, mowing 7 1-2, salt marsh and beach 9, or- chard 3 1-2, wood 24, peat bog and unreclaimed swamo 4 1-2. Soil, loam underlaid by sand, and gravelly loam. Crops. 100 bushels, 20 bu. to the acre. Corn, Barley, Oats, Potatoes, Carrots, Beets, French turnips. Hay, Salt marsh do. 25 125 270 12 12 1-2 ' 110 10 tons, 2 ' Other Produce. 25 ' 301-2' 180 ' ' 425 < ' 600 ' 550 ' 1 3-4 tons. 900 lbs. Milk, estimated 733 gal. 205 ' Pumpkins, 20 loads. Gross amount of all produce, $486 57. Pork, Butter 65 NEW ENGLAND F A R xM E R SEPT. a I-!4 Slock. — Two horses, 2 cows, 2 hogs. Poultry, 36 turkeys, 13 guslins, 65 chickens. Estimated worth of stock, 8441. Ciueslions. — (t^ce Jiiilge DurlVe's refiort in hist week's Farmer.) 1st. I have used fisli mixed witli common soil, to great advantage. Likewise, stiible manure, spread and ploughed in, for a potato crop, and the crop was as good, and the potato lietter Havered than when manure was used in the hill. 2d. None. 3d. Have used ashes for cabbages several years, and thoroughly tested their value. Use a pint to each hill. 4th. Have not. S'.h. Have not. 6th. There is little difference when fish can be obtained at ordinary prices. 7th. Have used sea weeds of the kind indicated, and found them more valuable upon soil of a grav- elly nature than upon stiff loam. 8th. Have not. 9th. Have not raised wheat. 10th. Corn, barley, rye, oats and potatoes. 11th. [Not answered.] 12th. Have generally put earth under ;iiy stalls, and have thought that this mould impregnated wilh the liquor of the stable, is worth thrice as much as other manure. Report of the Rotch Farm, AT. Providence, leased and cultivated by Mr Mam Jlnthony. I have great satisfaction, says Dr. Jackson, in laying before the citizens of Rhode Island, the very lucid and detailed report of Mr Adam Anthony, who is one of the most intelligent and successful farmers in the State. Mr Anthony cultivates a farm leased of Mr William Rotch, of New Bedford. The farm is situated two miles north of the city of Providence, and the soil is naturally poor, light and Bandy, with some patches of thin swamp, having a light covering of black peat. A large portion of this farm was originally almost barren, or support- ed only a thin forest of pine trees. By chemical analysis of the natural soil, i:t was found to be an ancient granite diluvium, charged with decompos- ed vegetable matters, in an acid state. Hence the theory of liis improvements by means of ashes, con- taining alkaline matter and lime. * # * tf * .^ * Memoranda furnished hy Mr .'inthomf. Farm consists of Ploughed land 30 acrefi, valued at S141 per acre. Pasture 26 ' ' 70 ' Mowing 18 ' ' l.'iO ' Wood 30 ' ' 40 ' dy ; 4 1-2 acres no manure — 10 ashed, 100 bush- els to acre. Pumpkin--, .5 tons from among corn. Other Produce— ]iref, 9^00 lbs. ; pork, 567 I'^s. ; milk, 8764 gallons. st of cult 'vation per acre. ralue of crop. Indian corn. .ft49 $87 25 Barley, 27 31 00 Potatoes 46 78 00 Turnips, 47 116 00 Hay, 24 49 00 .Millet, 24 49 00 .Stock. Value. 1 horse. $50 2 oxen. 7() 8 cows, 648 Crops. Corn, 2,58 bushels— 64 1-2 bu. per acre: soil, sand and sandy loam: manure, 7 eords per acre. Potatoes, ,592 bushels— 236 bu. per acre : soil, sand and sandy loam: manure, 7 cords per acre. Turnips, 1300 bushels— (550 bu. per acre: soil, sand and sandy Inam : 240 bushels of ashes: ma- nure, 3 1-2 cords per acre. Barley, 10 tons — I 3-4 tons per acre;- cut for fodder: soil, sand and sandy loam. Hay, 50 tons — 23 4 tons per acre ; 5 acres up- land, 3 lowland ; sandy ; 10 of reclaimt^d peat bog ; 2 acres of upland, top dressed with 5 cords manure per acre. Millet, 40 tons — 2 3-4 tons per acre : soil, san Mirth Providence, 12 mo. 2, 1839. Dr. C. T. Jackson — Esteemed Friend — Having filled such of the blanks in the form appended to the circular as were necessary to the requisite statements respecting my crops of this year. 1 avail myself of the convenience of a separate sheet to notice sirch of the questions as I am able to answer. I have made no experiments that have been suf- ficiently carried out to be of other importance than as affording suggestions for further trial and more accurate and extended observation. Of thi.s char- acter are those with nitre, potash, &c., of which a statement has already been given. It may he well, howeve.'', to repeat it here. Several plats of ground, each containing a rod, half a rod apart, on a field of sandy soil which had been recently sown with millet, without manure, were treated in the following manner: one with lime, one with ground oyster shells and another with salt — four quarts to each : one with a peck of recent, another with the same quantity of spent ashes : the n«xt with potash and the last with saltpetre — each a pound. The lime and oyster shells produced no effects, the mil- let being no better than on the undressed ground about them. Salt had been furnished in too large a quantity, and destroyed most of the seed. The few plants that came, however, grew very luxuriant- j ly. There was no perceivable difference in the I ashed portions, the crop being alike better than on j the intermediate spaces. Potash and nitre gave I the best results, the latter the most striking. The I ground was in fine condition. It produced at least 1 three and a half tons of millet to the acre. I have tried lime in but a few instances, and not ] at all in comports. In a potato drill, on a sandy 'loam, it was evidently injurious to the crop; and I as a top dressing for grass grounds, one a sandy i soil, the other a reclaimed bog abounding in vege- j lable matter, it was of no perceivable benefit. Spent wood ashes have been the principal ma- j nure which I have used in amending the condition of light loams and sandy and gravelly soils. On all these they are used to great advantage; and to a profitable result in the improvement of the two last mentioned, combined with the growing of clo- ver they are almost indispensable, especially if the soil be of very sterile character. Besides the experiment above noticed with n-round oyster shells, I have applied them to sandy and to loamy soil for grass and for turnips, but without effect. Bog mud of peaty character has been used to some extent in my manure trenches, and is deemed excellent for the purpose — more valuable than loam. On the sandy and poorer grounds of the farm millet and clover are the most profitable crops. On those of firmer texture the root culture has given the best results. A part of the difference in the supeiior profit, however, is but apparent. Requir- ing most or all of the season to perfect their growth, they prevent, without some inlervenient crop, late summer or early fall seeding, the seasons, I be- lieve, in which lands in high condition are most profitably laid down to grass. The value of the produce of the farm this year, inclusive of pasture feed and the products of garden grounds, (included in the ploughed land, but not otherwise noticed,) is $2840. .'Vnd it appears on examination of my accounts, that its conversion into the forms in which most of it is disposed of, is not likely to give a very dissimilar result Sales have been made to the amount of $2962 84, and there is on hand .$669, worth more than at the commencement of the year. To this should be added .$600 for the manure made by the stock ; making in the aggregate $4231 84. From this sum should be deducted the cost of the grain purchased, and the hogs and cattle fatted, which amounts to $1214 6.5, leaving a balance of .$3017 19 as the value of the produce. 'I he ex- cess over the first estimate of .$177 19, will proba- bly defray all extra expense incurred by the dispo- sition which is made of it. The liquid manure from I he stock is saved, but has never been separately applied. Both this and the solid matter are received into a trench in the rear of the cattle stalls, and with the admixture of bog mud or loam, make a compost much more valu- able than ordinary stable manure. Six dollars a cord for it may be tliought to put an end to all profitable results in farming, but the efTects of its application sustain me in this opinion of its value. It is charged at five dollars, in my estimates of the cost of crops, one sixth part, I consider, as being appropriated by the soil to its own improvement. I have limited my estimates in regard to crops, to such only as have been raised on the farm this year. There are others, in the rulture of which I have had some experience ; sueh as oats, beets and carrots. Oats, in general, give about the same results as barley. Beets and carrots cost more in the cultivation than ruta baga ; beets perhaps 6, and carrots $12 an acre. The product, with me, has been about the same, and they are probably of equal value. The difference, if there be any, as food for stock, has escaped my observation. In re- gard to beets, however, I speak only in reference to the scarcity and yellow French. Tlie white and red are said to be of better quality. In the valuation of the lands of the farm, build- ings have not been included. These, exclusive of the dwelling liouse, would add about twenty per cent, to their value, and of course, about one and a half per cent, to the cost of crops as interest. For some further account of the method pursued in my farming operations, and for the result for 1838, allow mo to refer thee t ) a letter addressed to Henry Colman, published in No. 48 of the New- England Farmer, for the current year. Respectfully, and very truly thy friend, ADAM ANTHONY. .4 Malural Coincidence. — At the great sale of Durham breeds of cattle which took place lately at Lexington, Ky., we notice among the sales the fol- lowing coincidence : Victoria, purchased at $1750, and Prince Albert, her calf, at $300. VOI^. \l\. NO. 9. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 6T now TO STOP BLEEDING. Having noticed several cases of death resultinjf from loss of bhjod, I have been induced to offer a few simple directions which will enable any one to understand the nature of the danger and how to ap- ply the remedy. Either an artery or vein may be wounded. The arteries carry the blood from the heart towards the extremitiet;, and the veins return it towards the heart. The blood when an artery is injur- ed flows in jets, not in a continuous stream, and is of a bright florid hue: from a vein it flows with a uniform stream, and is of a dark red color. Bleed- ing from an artery is nmch the more dangerous. The vessels of the thigh, leg and foot are the more liable to be wounded by various accidents ; such for example, as that of the late Mr Knicke- backcr, who was cut with a scythe and died in half an hour: the artery of the thigh is often wounded by the falling of a p;iir of scissors or of a hmfe, in clapping the knees together to catch them. I have known a boy stab another with a penknife so as to open an artery. A celebrated surgeon tells us he has known a fine young fellow lose his life from the alarm of the attendants and confusion of the surgeon. "He was a tall stout young man, who was sitting at table with his companions eating bread and cheese, taking his glass and telling his tale. He had in his hand a sharp pointed table knife, which he happened to hold dagger-wise in his hand, and in the height of some assertion he meant to strike the table, but the point missed and slanted over the table: he had stabbed himself in his leinoral artery, and with one gush of blood he fell. When I came I found the young man stretch- ed out upon the floor ; he was just uttering his last groan; the floor was deluged with blood. The wound was covered with a confused bundle of clothes, which I instantly whirled off; and the by- standers had the unhappiness to see that the hole was no bigger than what I could close with my thimib, and which, had it not been shut and com- pressed, would have healed in three days, allowing time for a deliberate operation." When arterial blood is seen to gush from a wound, let the bystander reflect that the blood is passing from the body into the limb. The member having been e.\posed as quickly as possible, let him take a pocket handkerchief and tie it loosely, but with a tight knot, around the limb, above the wound ; then introduce a stick or the handle of a penknife, which will answer perfectly well, and twist it round sev- eral times, till the limb is firmly compressed by the handkerchief, and the blood ceases to flow. In- deed the wounded person might do it himself un- less the Ideeding was very profuse so as to cause his fainting at once. After the bleeding is stop- ped, the handkerchief may be somewhat relaxed, but still continued around the limb until a surgeon can be called to secure the vessel. In case of a wound of a vein, there is much less danger, and moderate compression bcluw the wound will retain the blood. When apersi.n is suddenly attacked with bleeding from the lungs, nothing is so effectual as the use of a nutmeg grated or cut with a knife and adminis- tered in a little water or other liquid which may be at hand. I have repeatedly employed it before any other remedy could be procured, and with suc- cess JV. Y. Eve. Si<;nal. PROPER AGE or SHEEP FOR MUTTON. ;tlie pigs constantly grazed, to be much more pro- In England, where mutton forms such an ijssen- tial part of the food of all classes, great attention has been paid, not only to producing the greatest quantity, but the best quality of mutton. .^fter years of trials and experiments, it seems now to be generally conceded by the writers of the country, that sheep of great size and quick growth, such as the Eeicesters, will not give as fine mutton as smaller sheep, and thosr longer in coming to ma ductive, and yielding finer fruit tlian those orchards where the grass was mown, or even those where the soil was tilled, and al.-^o supposed to be less j subject to blight. For this purpose, moveable styes are jilaced on wheels in the pens. The ma- nure is powerful, and rendered more or less so ac- cording to the nature of the food made use of. — 1 his method is generally practised in the winter season, and its effects are conspicucms in the sprin", turity. In other words, the profit is on the side'of ''"■" "'^ '''"^ generally present a vi^jorous aiTd the large sheep: the plo.isures of eatino- are wit!, '"''''"'>' "PP^'^^ic^ and its ellect on the soil is the smaller, such as the South Down. A writer in \ ''^''^''^ P"" crful. In fact it may be rendered too a late volume on British Husbandry says- j P"»'Prful f'"- t'le trees. It is best used with mode- " A sheep, to be in high order for the palate of """"' ""'' <«:<=asionally repeated; but, after all, an epicure, should not be killed earlier than when "® ^^'^'^^^ ^'^ "°^ ^" unilorm and lasting as in those [Ave years old; at which arre the mutton, will i,^. °'<^^^-^'^' ^'""^^ ''"'^ "° ied.— English pap. \ of tlie richest gravy ; whereas if only two years old, ~~ ! it is flabby, pale and savorless. The graziers, in- i THE FLOUR TRADE. j deed, do not admit this ; and we constantly read | There is truth in the following article from the I flaming accounts in the reports of the shows of ; New V'ork Star. It has too often been a serious 'stock exhibited in various parts of the kingdom, of error among dealers and speculators in flour, when j pens of wethers fattened to an enormous size in ' a- demand has arisen from England, to run up pri- I extraordinary short periods of time ; but if any one ; ces so as to exceed the limits of the English or- chooses to ascertain the difference in quality, let j Jers, and thus prevent the sale of thousands of bar- liim cause an equal weight of one of these young ; ''els for tliat market. Long experience has shown Leice.sters and a five year old South Down, to be i that speculations based on the chances of the har- stewed, down into broth, and he will find that of the j vests in England, have, with but very few excep- former to be little better than greasy water, while ' lions, resulted in losses to the American shipper, the latter, besidc^s its superior degree of nutriment, j 'i'he true policy in this country is to be a seller to possesses all the flavor uf full grown meat." 1 the English, whenever they want breadstuffs and Among the amateur mutton eaters, wether mut- I "'e have them to spare, as is the case now. — Bol- ton is always considered preferable to that of the ! timore American. ewe, unless the latter has been spayed, in which I Good Taste. — The Countess of Huddington, in 1705, sold her jewels to jiurchasc ornamental trees for her estates. case, when kept to five years old and well flitted, she is considered by connoisseurs, superior as mut- ton to any thing else. Youatt, in his work on slieep, says : '■The Leicesters will yield more meat, with the same quantity of food, than ai>y other sheep can do ; but when fed too high, as is sometimes the case, so much fat is put on that the muscles or lean seems all absorbed, and the carcass has the appearance and taste of a mass of luscious fat." The propensity to fatten, or to come to early tna- turity in some of the improved animals, is a source' of great profit to the breeder ; but the consequence to the consumer is, that for mutton ho gets neither lamb nor mutton ; and when steers of eighteen or twenty months old are converted into beef cattle, so fur as weight is concerned, the meat, it is clear, is neither veal nor beef, but a compound of both, and not equal to either. As a general rule, it may be remarked, that all animals should be killed while the flesh is m the white state of the young animal, or when it has readied the firm red fibre of matu- rity— a result which a forced growth and fattening does not seem to hasten in the least — Genesee Far. PIG MANURE FOR FRUIT TREES. Sir — I noticed in your last number a paragraph giving an account of a new mode to promote the growth of trees, now in operation at Welbeck, an estate of the Duke of Portland, by confining pigs in pens under them. As far as I know, its use may be new as reo-ards forest trees, but I have known this method in use above thirty years in Kent, to promote the growth of the apple tree and render it more productive. The method originated in consequence of observ- ing those orchards adjoining the farm-steads where Wheat Flour Farmers. — There is a most as- tonishing infatuation among the dealers and grow- ers of this essential staff of life, to bring up the pri- ces always beyond Jive dollars a barrel, and thus unintentionally stop the sale for exportation to Eng- land. We have warned our friends, raising and deal- ing in this article, that there are millions of bush- els and barrels on the continent of Europe, always ready for sale to English agents, whenever they can afford to pay $5 ; and these depots of conti- nental grain are so much nearer at hand than ours, that it procures, even at the same price, the prefis- rence, except as to age. Th« Falls of the two last seasons would have carried ofl' five millions of barrels to England in wheat: and flour, and brought twentyfive millions of dollars to our country, but for the prices being be- yond the limit, at which we repeatedly hinted ; and thus five milioni of British sovereigns found their way to the pockets of the European farmers, and left us with our staple on liand to become stale, and finally be offered for sale in small lots at a de- preciation. To make Vinegar. — A fig would we give for all the slops called ' vinegar,' made in grocery and con- fectionary shops, from the rinsings of grog glasses and tea pots. Give us the real old cider vinegar for all that. Do you wish to know how to make it.' Just take an oaken cask, and put it, during warm weather, in the garret, under the eaves, where it will be warm. Into this turn one or two gallons of clear, fermented cider — leave the bung out: in two or three weeks this will be sharp vinegar, with mother to receive additional supplies of cider, which may be turned into it every little while, till the bar- rel is full. — Maine Cult. 68 NEW ENGLAND FAR M E R SEPT. a, I ?4 0. ' GREAT AGRICULTURAL MEETLMG IN | ENGLAND. SpEI CH OF TIIK AmEKICAN Ml^■lSTEU. We publish below thn speech of lion. A. Ste- venson, our Minister to Enolanil, at the rrinnd ag- ricultural meeting at Cumbriilj^e, Er.g., on the ]4th of July. After the Cattle Show, which lasted two days, there was a splendid dinner, the Duke of Richmond being in the chair. A large number of distingui^;hed gentlemen weie present, and from tiie accounts we have received of the meeting, it must have been a season of great interest and en- joyment to the immense concourse of people as- sembled on tlie occasion. That they dined well, our readers cannot doubt, after reading the follow- ing account of the Hill or Fare. 5G lambs, S.IO chickens, 120 pieces of roast beef, 120 pieces of boiled beef, 120 pieces of roast veal, 100 hams, 100 tongues, 500 salads, 500 dishes hot potatoes, 100 raised pies, 100 pigeon do., 5.50 fruit tarts, 2 Cheshire cheeses, 4 Gloster do., 12 Stilton do. — 10 barrels of ale(!) and upwards of 2,800 pints of wine (! 1) After the 'Queen' and ' Royal Family ' had been given, the next toast proposed by the Presi- dent was the health of the Hon. A. Stevenson, the American Minister, &c. Mr Stevknson rose to return thanks, and was received with great cheering. He said that it would be an unworthy affectation if he did not say that this was one of the most remarkable and im- posing assemblies that he had ever witnessed in the course of a public life, not very short. He feared that he should not be able to do justice to his feelings or the occasion. The kind and hos- pitable reception which had been given to him, and the very gratifying manner in which his name had been associated with that of tiieir two countries, demanded his grateful acknowledgments. He re- ceived it with pride and satisfaction, greatly en- hanced as it was by the kind motives which had prompted it, and the flattering manner in which it had been received by such a distinguished assem- blage. (Cheers.) Deeply sensible, however, as he was of the high honor done him, he should but inadequately convey what he felt, if he confined himself to an expression of his individual feeling. (Hear.) In relation to himself personally, it was but a matter of little importance; but in another sense, looking li such an assembly as that, repre- senting not only the great agricultural interests of England, but of the United Kingdom, the kind and liberal sentiments which had be('n expressed, would do good, und strengthen those relations of amity and peace which existed between the two coun- tries. (Cheers.) He therefore asked leave to thank them in the name of his country, and at the same time to assure them that nothing would be more acceptable to the goverriinent r.nd people of the United States than sentiments like those which had been so kindly expressed. (Cheers.) Their noble President, said Mr S., had been pleased to express a wish in allusion to the late negociations between the two countries, that tire present rela- tions of peace and concord might happily long con- tinue for the benefit of both. He need hardly say how cordially and sincerely he united in this wish. This was fortunately, he s'iid, for mankind, not an age of war. The time had long since passed, when hostility and war was regarded as the natural state of man, and peace only a difficult and dangerous experiment. (Hear.) The soldier and the sword, he thanked God, were no longer ihe on!y security for nation-. The schoolmaster and not the war- rior was abroad- Moral power was taking the place of physical force, and the rulers of the world would soon learn, if they had not already, that they must look for security to their thrones to moral and not physical power, and to the virtue and intelli- gence of their people. (Cheers.) In this enlight- ened age, said Mr S., when the love of peace, knowl- edge, and Christianity was overspreading the earth, was there one IJriton, or American, one wise of good man, who would not look upon a war between two such countries as England and America as one of the greatest calamities that could befal mankind ? A war against interest, kindred, language, and re- ligion, and for what ? — not for principle ; not for national honor, (the only justifiable cause for war between nations,) nor for conquest; but a war to settle tlie geographical lines of a treaty of bounda- ry, the subject legitimately of negociation and peaceable adjustment. (Loud cheers.) But Eng- land and America, he said, were too wise to enter into any such war. Neither, he was sure, would feel Itself called upon in vindication of its honor, or in defence of its rights, to embark in war. The security for peace, he said, was in the wisdom and prudence and foresight of the rulers of the two countries, and in the virtue and intelligence of their people. (Cheers.) Iheir noble chairman, said Mr S., had done hini no more than justice in sup- posing that he had done every thing in his power, both ofiicially and individually, to cherish and in- vigorate the friendly relations of their two countries, upon the preservation of which he believed the prosperity und tiappiness of both nations essential- ly depended. He therefore only spoke the senti- ments of his i>wn country when he assured them that Its people and government desired peace, solid permanent peace with all nations, but especially good understanding with Great Britain, upon terms compatible with the rights and honor of both. — (Cheers.) Mr S. then asked whether he might be indulged for a moment in a brief notice of this association, and the great benehis it was calculated to bestow •on agriculture. (Cries from all parts of the pavil- ion to go on.) He rejoiced, he said, in having had it in his power to attend upcm the present occasion. Besides the opportunity it atibrded liiin of witness- ing for the two last days, proceedings so congenial to his feelings, it enabled him to express in person his deep sense of the high honor which the Socie- ty had done him, in deeming linn worthy to become one of its honorary members. (Cheers.) He only regretted that it would not be in Ins power to re- pay such an honor by some corresponding benefit, worthy of such an association, and of the interest he felt at its success. He could, therefore, only ofl'er the humble tribute of his homage and his best wishes. In such an assembly, it would, he was quite sure, be needless, if he were competent, to expatiate upon the subject of agriculture and its claims to support. He however felt a disposition to throw out one or two suggestions, which inight not be entirely unworthy of consideration. (Cheers.) All, he said, concurred in assigning to agriculture a high place in the scale of individual and national interest — (hear, hear) — but yet he thought they did not give it the importance it merited, and to which it justly aspired. In other words, that too many supposed the object of agriculture was alone for purposes of subsistence. Now a more fallacious opinion could not, he thought, obtain, than that the responsibilities of agriculture stopped at the pro- duction of food for eaters : far otherwise — the du- ties of agriculture, he said, were like those of mo- rality ; they spread beyond the circle of providing the means of subsistence, into a wide expanse cre- ated by the obligations arising out of a state of so- ciety, and were connected with all the great na- tional interests. (Cheers.) Hence the support of government — the encouragement of commerce — the basis of manufactures— the subsistence of the learned professions, depended upon the importance and interests of agriculture. (Cheers.) It was the source from which all classes not only derived subsistence, but prosperity. As an object of uni- versal benefit then, it was justly entitled to univer- sal patronage. (Cheers.) Mr Stevenson said, that agriculture had been justly considered national property; the whole country one great farm, and the inhabitants as one great family ; in which, however, those who worked the least had often the most profit. Now if this was true, as he believed it to be to a certain extent, then those who were not farmers had as great an interest as the farmer himself, inasmuch as the whole class employed in agricultural districts and labor were the first to be subsisted, and that of the other classes out of the surplus ; and of course the larger the surplus the greater would be the profit. This was a selfish argument, it might be said; but yet he thought it not Ihe less strong. (Hear.) Of all the modes which had been resorted to in aid v( agriculture, the most beneficial were associations of this character — societies for the collection and diftusion of knowledge; the introduction of useful experiments; the writings of able and distinguish- ed men; and that excitement and emulation so e.-'- sential to all improvement Science was absolute- ly necessary to modern agriculture — theory and practice reflected light on each other, and this was the more felt, as of all pursuits there was no class so wedded to old habits, and which are so unyield- ing, as those who cultivate the soil. This was the case both in the old and new world. He rejoiced, therefore, in the giant strides which agriculture was making in every quarter of the globe, under the beneficial aids of practical science. 'J'his was, he said, one of the great benefits which this society would accomplish. (Cheers.) If any man doubt- ed the extent to which science had benefited agri- culture, let him visit England and Scotland — Eng- land, really, which had justly been said to be the garden of all Europe. .'\nd why was it so.' simp- ly because its entire surface was cultivated upon principles which were broiight to the test of the most rigid and severe experiment ; because agri- culture was scientifically and philosophically pur- sued, and because she had such excellent farmers. (Cheers.) It was indeed delightful to witness the system of farming and rural economy throughout the land. If a foreigner wished to know what England really was, he must go into the country and mix with her fanners and yeomanry. It had been said, he believed, by one of the prin- ces of the reigning family, that the pride of Eng- land was in her yeomaniy. Here-echoed the sen- timent, and was happy to belong when at home to that class. Next lie said, to the proud distinction of being an American citizen, was that of being a farmer. (Cheers.) Who could look upon such an • asse.ubly as this without feeling himself elevated and gratified .' (Cheers ) We see here all classes VOI>. XIX. NO. O. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 6d uiiiti'd ill tliirf grral work. Tlio wise and good, the public nnd |inv:ito man, those wlin fill liijfli places, niixinijf wilh t!u; t;\rincrs and cultivators of tice soil upon perfi'ct i'(|iiality, and the spirit of peace and cliarily sheddinp; around tlieir holy calm, refresliing alike to the feelings and the intellect. (Cheers.) It was, he said, upon this Society and its wide spreadiug anil far e.xteiuling purposes, that the eyes of Europe and .America were now fixed with a steady gaze. He hoped there would be no disap- pointment. Viewed in relation to their own coun- try, there was every motive for supporting it — but viewed in relation to its effects upon other nations, as had been justly said, the motive for exertion rose into a much higher and nobler sentiment: it be- came then the cnuse not of their country or his, but that of mankind ; and who so poor or sordid in spirit as to think only of himself or his country, when the great ()uesti horticultural rigister. Boston, Wednesday, Sept^ 5, 1840. BUNKER HILK jMONUMENT. The women luive at ]a>t taken in iiand the coin[>lt^ti(in of this paliintic erection ; and, as is their wont, to " cap tlie climax." It has stood long enough to the hnrning ehanie of the men, the descendants of those wlio fell there, and now liviri;^ jn the rull enjoyment of the bif;ss- ings purchased by that noble sacrifice, in a half tinished state, until at least some have feared that our litierties might be h'st before thisnornmemoration of them should be completed. The orator, at the laying i»f the corner stone, spoke rh:irmingly ol the rays of the sun reflected from the top of iliis noble spiro ; yet many a psitriot of '76, whose heart was illumimled by the brilliant sugges- tion, has " died without the siglii." But the women, we trust, will now do it; and, if they will get the mo- ney, we promise them in this case, that the '* confound- ed " question, as the abolitionistscall it, about *' woman's rights," will not be called up. They shall have all the merit of carrying up the cap-stone, and of placing upon its glittering summit to their own honor, an imperisha- ble garland. They are determined to raise at least twenty thousand dollars, and this with pledged contributiona, wili com- plete the erection. For this purpose they propose hold- ing a Fa r in Q.uincy Hall, I'ostim, on the tenth of Sep- tember, where they will sell all sorts of liieirnice handy work ; and as the fairest of the Fair will be there in all their brilliancy, it will be quite an affair. We are not certain that any of the women themselves will be on sale, though they will be in the market house. Many of the fairest, we know, have long since been taken or spoken for; but upon tiie presumption that " there ore as good fish in the sea as have ever been taken out," we can answer for it that the specimens of the caught fish will present all the encouragr^ment liiat can be desired to every bachelor tn throw in his line. All the proceeds of the sales (abating the last alluded to.) will go to the completion of this patriotic erecticm. We invite therefore, the patriotic and lib.^ral of all clas- ses, sexes and parties to attend and help f the I'-i;^ Plant. From Hon. K. Vose, Unr' liester ; large Lima beans. These were pr'inounced b) the Committee tu be the: finest specimens ever exhibited at the hall. By Mr J. Hovey, Roxburv ; Toin.itoes. By Mr J. A. Keniicli, Newi.m ; Tomatoes. For tile Committee, A.^RON D WILLIAMS. 03"Judge Pitman is expri:iHt 8-i G7 1 57 7i 68 58 73 64 1 50 73 63 62 78 71 w. N. E. S. K. S. !•:. S. E. E. S. E. SCF' HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. .:£3| The annual Exhihiiion of ihe Ma.ssachuseits Horticul- tural Society, will take place al their Rooms, 23 Tremont Row, (opposite the Savings Bank) on VVednksdav, Thurs- day and b''RiDAY, 9ih, mill, and llih Seplemher. Choice and rare specimens of Kruils and Klowcrs are res- pectfully solicited from the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and from the lovers of the science of Horticulture generally. Committees will be in attendance to receive contributions on Monday and Tuesday^ 7lh and 8lh of September, antl the' specimens sent will be retained, subject to the order of the owner A list, giving tlic names of the specimens of Fruits and Flowers presented is respectfully requested. By order, SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman Com. of Arran^cmeiUs. Boston,Ang-ust 2Glh, I34ii. SUPERB R0CI£:KT LARKSPUR SEED. The subscribers ofTer for sale a quantity of Superb Doiilde Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising^. ^aved from riou hie flowering plants only, embracing all the different colors. For fine, strong and early plants, the seed should be sown in August JOSEPH BRECK «fe CO. June 17. nrigUton Nnrgerics niicl Gardens. For Sale A large quantity of superior European and American Urnnmenlal Trees, well calculated I'ur public places, or private grounds, with Krmt Trees emlirHcini; a great variety of the most ap- j)rfived kinds and fine sizes. The trees, and all other prnduetions can now be selcctedaad marked, and will be for wnrded to jmy place as soon as il will answer to re- move the same. Also, forty kinds of Strawberry Plants, of the most ap- proved Europi'an and .American varieties. Orders may be forwarded via- mail, addressed Messrs. WINSHIP, Hrighton, Mass., or Ick with Jilessrs. JOSL^PH hreck: & CO. Brighton, August 12. HYACINTHS- Tlie subscribers have received a large assortment of Dou- ble and Single Hyacinths of every color and shade. Also. Tulips of mixed sorts, C"own imperials, and Lilies; they have also at their garden all the fine varieties of I'aeoiiies, which will be furnished at one day's notice. Lilies and Po-onies, and Crown Imperials, should be planted in August or the first of September. We shall receive a great variety of Bulbous Roots, from Holland, in a few weeks, when no- tice will be given. JOSEPH HRECK & CO. August 26. BOY WANTS A SITUATION. A smart active boy, about 16, wants a situation with a far- mer where he can have an opportunity to learn the practice of agriculture, with whom he wishes to stay until of age. Inquire of JOSEPH BRECK & CO^ August 26. PATENT SPRING BALANCE. A few of those very convenient spring balances, for fami Iv use. a very simple contrivance for weighing small articles. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. No. 51 and 52 North Market Street, Boston. July 15. TO NURSERVJIEN AND GARDENERS. A well established Nursery and good Vegetable Garden, situated in the State of Massachusetts, near a market for vegetables, and where there is a good demand for trees, to- gether with every convenience for a man with a family, will be let on accommodating terms to a good tenant for a term of years. Address a hue stating name and reference (post paid) to J. P MERRILL, care of Messrs. Brack &- Co. Seedsmen, Boston, previous to first of October. August 12. BUDDING FRUir TREES. Cuttings of fruit trees for budding, comprising nearly all the choke sorts of Apples, Pears, Plums, and Cherries. known and cultivated in this country or in Europe, all from bearing trees, can be packed in such a manner as to be sent with perfect safety to a :y part of this country or Europe. Apply by mail to the subscriber, at the Poinolocical fJarden, Salem, Mass. ROBERT MANNING. Salem, July 15. FENCE CHAINS. Just received from England, at the New Engl uid Agricul ■ rural Warehouse, 6 casks chains, suitable for making the chain fence, &c. JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. Juiv 15. TRACE CHAINS. Just received, direct from the English manufacturesr, 8 casks of Trace Chains, from e to 1 1 feet long, suitable for ploughing or draft chains. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 15. BERKSHIRE HOGS. The subscribers offer for sale a few pair of full blooded Berkshire Hogs: ^Iso, pigs ?-S blood, crossed with Mackay. Inquire al the New England Farmer office, or al their larm at Brighton. JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. July 29. CASES OF TOOLS. Just received from England, a few cases of superior horti- cnUurat tools, for gentlemen or ladies use, a splendid article in mahogany cases. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. GARDfilNERS' ICNIVES. JOSEPH BRECK iV CO. have this season imported and now offer for sale a few very superior Garden Knives, for pruning, &c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior to any article of the kind before import- ed. Also— a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &,c. April 22. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. (prime) Alum, American, . AsHE3, I'earl, per lUO Uis. . Pot, Beans, white, Foreign, " " Domestic, . . Beef, mess, No. I prime, Beeswax, while, yellow, Bristles, American, BuTTEH, .shipping, dairy, Candles, mould, dipped, sperm, Chefse, new milk, Cider, ..... refined, Bone Manure, in casks. Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, • Flax. (American) . Fi9H, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. 1 . . No. 2, No.3i . A,lewives, dry salted, No. I Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Genesee, cash, , Baltimore, Howard street, Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye, .... Meal, Indian, in bbls. Grain; Corn, northern yellow, s-outhern fiat, yellow white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, southern. Grindstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. fi-nished Hams, northern, southern and western, . Hay, best English, per ton, . Eastern screwed, . . - . Hops, 1st quality, . . , 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston, southern, Leather, Philadelphia ciiy tannage, do. cuunlry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, Winter, . Whale, refined. Linseed, American, Neat's Fool, . Plaster Paris, per ton of 22u0 lbs, Pork, extra clear, clear, .... Mess, Prime, Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, . . , Flax, .... Red Clover, northern. Southern Clover, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, . . . , Teazles, ist sort, . Wool, prime, or Saxony h'lecces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. 1-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, f Pulled superfine, No. 1, No. 2, . . . No. 3,^ 11 FhHU pounii 5 I 0 37 I 4 87 bushel I 7fi " I a 0(1 barrel U CO pound pound dozen barrel tiusliel 10 1 25 2 00 pound " I 37 " 9 quintal 1 75 1 SO 87 11 00 9 00 4 12 15 00 5 12 5 62 barrel bushel pound pound 3 12 62 63 57 57 36 25 18 00 28 00 10 9 IGOO 10 SO 26 23! 22 20 19, 21 18 75 20 I 00 I 10 40 80 95 barrel 16 00 cask gallon bushel ; il5 00 il3 00 70 " 2 00 " 2 25 " 2 00 ))uund 13 prM. pound 6i 5 se S 12 2 25 2 60 IS 00 13 SO 10 00 40 29 70 II IS 14 3f 72 NEW £ In AND FARMER SEPT. 2, 1R40 MISCELLANEOUS THE BISHOP AND HIS KIRDS. A wortliy bishop, who died lately at Riilisbon, hail for his arms two fieldfares, with the motto, " on- not two sparrows sold fur a farthi ig ?" This strange coat of arms, had often excited attention, and many persons had wish«d to know its origin, as it was generally reported, that the bishop had chosen it for himself, and that it bore reference to eome event in his early life. One day an intimate friend asked him its meaning, and th« bishop re- plied by relating the following story : — Fifty or sixty years ago, a little boy resided at a village near Dillengen, on the banks of the Dan- ube. His parents were very poor, and almost as soon as the boy could walk, he was sent into the woods to pick up sticks for fuel. When he grew older, his father tanght him to pick the juniper ber- ries, and carry them to a neighboring distiller, who wanted them for making Hollands. Day by day, the poor boy went to his task, and on his road he light; "you can do for ine what I should like bet ter than anything else." " What is that ?" asked the schoolmaster, snii ling. VR\TE AND POUDItBTTE. An estahlishnipnl for llie maniiraclure of ihe Mantircs called Urate and Puudrelie lias lieeii erected, at a eon&idera- Me expense, in llie State of New Jersey, near the city o( New York ; and an ctt of ineornoralion tias been granted hy Teach me to read," cried the bov, falling on ' the legislature of the Stale oi New Jersey, l.y the name of , . , , , , . , . . ' , 1 11 , " The Lodi Manufacturing Comiiany." for purposes of agri- hts knees ; " oh, dear, kind sir, teach me to read. | fuimre, wherein it is provided, that 50n sliares, a portion of The schoolmaster complied. The boy came to I the stock reserved for suliscription by fanners and gardeners, him at all his leisure hours, and learnt so rapidly, ' ^1'^". a limited time, shall he entitled to rccei^ve 5" '■"shels ' 111- ' I ol Proudrette yearly tor five years, viz. in 1840, lb4!, IS-^i, that the schoolmaster recommended htm to a no- | ,^,43, and 1844, upon each share of Sioo, whicli is at the rate bleman, who resided in the neighborJiood. This ] of 211 per cent, per annum, for those years, and after thai , L! ■ I ■ • 1 :„ I.;, period to receive an equal dividend with '' "' ~ ho was as noble in hia nitnd, as in lits j^^| . 1 I gentleman I birth, patronized the poor boy, and sent him to I school at Ratisbon. The boy profited by his op- portunities, and when be rose, as he soon did, to wealth and honors, he adopted two fieldfares as his arms." " \\ hat do you mean ?" cried the bishop's friend. " I mean," retiirned the bishop, with a smile, "that the boy was mvsf.lf." Do AS YOU WOULD BE DONE UNTO. — The Itorse of a pious man living in Massachusetts, happening passed by the open windows of the village school, j t„ gtray into the road, a neighbor of the man who where he saw the schoolmaster teaching a luimbcr of boys about the age of himself. He looked at owned the horse, put him into the pound. Meet- ing the owner soon sifter, he told him what he had done ; " and if I catch him in the road again," said he, " I 'II do it again." " Neighbor," replied the other, " not long since I looked out of my window in the night, and saw your cattle in my meadow, and I drove them out, and shut them in your yard — and /'// do k again." Struck with the reply, the man liberated the horse from the pound, and paid the charges himself. " A soft answer turneth away wrath." Revolu rIO^ART Akmy. — We find the follow- ing in an old Vermont paper : The number of regu- lars furnished to the revolutionary army, were, by New England, 147,441 ; by the Middle States, 56,.571 ; by the Southern States, 5C,9S)7. It ap- pears by the above, that Ne»v England, consisting of New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut furnished more troops for the de- fence of the country, than the other nine states, by 3872. The number of troops furnished by St;utli Carolina, was 6,448 ; Massachusetts, (J7,907. Ceorsia, 2G97 : Connecticut, 31,939. these boys, with feelings almost of envy, so ear- nestly did he long to be among them. He knew it was in vain to ask his father to send him to school, for he knew that his parents had no money to pay the schoolmaster ; and he often passed the whole day, thinking, while he was gathering hia juniper berries, what he could possibly do to please the schoolmaster, in hope of getting some lessons. One day when he was walking along, he saw two of the boys belonging to the school, trying to set a trap, and he asked one what it was for ? The boy told him that the schoolmaster was very fond of fieldfares, and they were setting the trap to catch .some. This delighted the poor boy, for he recollected that he had often seen a great number of these birds in the juniper wood, where they came to cat the berries, and he had no doubt but he could catch some. The next day the little boy borrowed an old basket of his mother, and when ho went to the wood, he had the great delight to catch two field- fares. He put them in the basket, and tying an old handkerchief over it, he took them to the schoolmaster's house. Just as he arrived at the door, he saw the two little boys, who had been set- ting the trap, and with some alarm he asked them if they had caught any birds. They answered in the negative ; and the boy, his heart beating with joy, gained admittance into the schoolmaster's pre- sence. Iti'a few words he told liow he had seen the boys setting the trap, and how lie had caught the birds, to bring them as a present to his master. " A present, my good boy I" cried the school- master ; "you do not look as if you could afford to make presents. Tell me your price, and I will pay it to you, and thank you besides." "I would rather give them to you, sir, if you please," said the boy. The schoolmaster looked at the boy as he stood before him, with bare head and feet, and ragged trowsers that reached only half way down his na- ked legs. " Vou are a singular boy !" said he ; j A Profitable Voyage. — Mr Hatch informs " but if you will not take money, you must tell nie 1 us that the ship Hector arrived at New Bedford, what I can do for you ; as I cannot accept your from the Pacific, last evening, with a cargo of present, without doing something for it in return, twenty seven hundred barrels of oil— having been Is there anything that I can do for you ?" j out only twrnty-six months ! The cargo is worth "Oh, yes!" said the boy, trembling with de- about «i'^/i(j/ (/lousanrf rfoWar* .' — Transcript. To TAKE OFF THE IMPRESSION OF PbINTS. Ti'.ke Venice or Windsor soap, which must be cut into small pieces ; a certain quantity of potash, with as much quick lime, and boil the whole in a pot. Wet the engraved side of the print gently with this liquor, then apply to it a sheet of while paper, and roll it several times with a roller, in or- der that the impression may be complete. New Invfntion. — It is said, that a cute Yan- kee, in the Old Bay State, has invented a kind of musical clock, that he has attached to a cradle, and the musical department sings the baby to sleep, 'I his cute labor saving machine, it is thought will induce many wary bachelors to forego their celiba- cy, and venture upon a series of connubialities. he other stock- lolders. T!ie Manufactory has gone into operation according to law j a sufficient nundier of shares having licen snhscrihed for that puipose. and capital paid in ; and the first dividend has Ijeen regularly paid to tlie subscrihers — the next divi- dend is payalde in September. Kut the Company needs a larger moneyed capiiai than it now has, to carry it on to bet- ter advantage. Inquiries having fieen made whether all the stock had been taken, and tlie difficulty at the present lime of otitainiiig funds, to a sufTicient amount, from a few indi- viduals, has induced a renewal of this notice to farmers and gardeners, and every other perscn who may have s|)are lunds, (as every person is now permitted to subscribe,) that there is yet a considerable portion of the reserved stock, which, by law, is to receive 20 per cent, per annum, payable in Prou- drette, one half in May, and the other half in September, in the years 1840, 1S4I, 1812, 1-543, and 1844, not yet subscribed for, and tlie t)Ooks arc now open to receive subscriptions for the same, by any person, whether gardener, farmer or other- wise, at the office of ihc Lodi IVlanufacluring Company, No. 73 Cedar Street, in the city of New York. Terms lor the reserved stock, SlOO per share in cash; and for ihe other portion of ihe slock an instalment of S25 per share on sub- scribing, and the residue (being S75 per share) to be called in by instalments of fis per share, aher thirty days notice These manures have been fairly tested and very generally approved of as being the cheapest and best maimres, ana more economically applied than any other known substance used for manure. As the article can be furnished from the city of New York, only to a limited extent, (not more ihan sufficient to manure 35.000 acres anmially,) it must follow, that 111 a few years it will necessarily be confined to the use of the stockholders alone. It is important to agriculture, and the enterprise deserves the liberal support of every enlightened farmer. By order, WILLIAM M. WILSON, Secretary. At an election for Directors of the Lodi Manufacturing Company, held at Jersey City on the 6lh day of July, 1840, the following persons were elected Directors of the Compa- ny, to hold their offices until the first Monday in October ne.xt, namely, Anthony Dcy and Jacob C. ttey, of New York ; J D. Miller, Andrew S. Garr and Rodman M. Price, of New Jersey. Agust 12. TIE UP CHAINS. Just received at the New England Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of those celebrated Chains for tying up cattle. These chains, introduced by E. H. Perby, Esq. of Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Charlestown, for tlie pur- pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found to be the safest and most convenient mo le of fastening cows and oxen to the stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attacheii to the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal ai lihcriy to lie down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him oerfeclly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. _ BERKSHIRE: PIGS FROM HAWS'S STOCK. ' The subscriber has on hand a few liltres, from some of the largest and finest sows in llie country, sired by Losing's and other imported boars. Also, the smaller class of Berk-' shire pigs, which are very beautiful animals, and delicious- porkers.. Either of the above stocks will be disposed of extremely low by applying to Z. STANDISH. N. B. The pigs will be neatly caged and shipped at New York, without extra charge, if required. Unquestionable reference will be given for thorough breeding. Albany, August 19. 41 THE NEW S5NGI.AXD PARRIEK Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per annum payable at the cud of the year — but those who pay wilhm sixtydays from the lime of subscribing are entitled to a cie' ductionof 58 cents. TDTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTERS, n SX'IIOO! S'I'rtl.KT ...nOETON AND H O II T I C U L T U U A L REGISTER ^ PUIILtSHBD BY JOSEPH BllECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Warehouse.) vol.. XIX. 1 BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 9, 1840. t»ro. 10. N. E. FARMER HANKS AND THE CREDIT SYS I EM. No. II. Tlie first e.\cliiinL'.es of men were of wlrit wo call biuter, in which one arlicle was triven direclly for another — as a skin for a bushel of grain, or grain or sUins for a cow ; or other forms, in which articles were exchanged in kind. This, for various and obvious reasons, was a very inconvenient mode oftrartic. Men presently found that some fixed representative of value wms needed, by which ex- chanijes could be made with more ease and with e.iactness. The precious melals have been adopt- ed by all civilized and semi-civilized nations as this representative of value, tliis medium or standard of exchange; and by the.se means business or ex- change or traffic is carried on with fractional pre- cision. In themselves the precious metals are not so valuable aa iron or lead or copper ; that is, they are not susceptible of being applied to so many of the practical use< of life ; but from their scarcity, and their little liability to corrosion or wear, they have been universally adopted as a currency or me- dium of traffic and exchange. It will be obvious upon reflection that the first and an indispensible requisite in a currency or standard of value or me- dium of exchange is, that it should have an intrin- sic, admilted, fxed and ptnnanent value. This, we repeat it, is essential ; and must never be lost sight of. Without this, every thing would be thrown into contusion. The power of no government on earth can sustain a currency without this basis of confidence. The previous metals alone furnish tliat basis. Governments have often attempted by arbitrary enactments to fix a scale of prices, and to make other things than gold and silver a legal tender in payment of debts ; but the consequences have always been disastrous. The currency thus attempted to be sustained by the force of law, has gone down in proportion to the violence of the ef- forts made to niainlan it. A bank, to have the confidence of the public, must rest its credit upon its perfect capacity to meet all its obligations promptly and perfectly ac- cording to their tonor : if its notes are on demand, whenever they are presented ; if on time, when that time arrives. There must be no evasion, or hesitation, or delay. It is allowed to issue its cred- its in the form of notes, usually payable on demand at its banking house. If these notes are expected to liavo currency as cash, they may be as gpod as cash by being able always to command it. Banks have been established on various founda- tions: sometimes on the pledge of real estate; sometimes on the pledge of public stocks; some- times on the association of individuals, who united their joint credit and gave their own personal secu- rity for the redemption of their notes. Such a cap- ital is in the first place necessarily Huctualing in its value ; and in the next place, such bills are not convertible into specie, and therefore do not an- swer the purpose of exchange. Banks which rest exclusively upon mere personal credit, excepting in some such extraordinary cases as that of Girard, are utterly unsafe. A bunk is safe only when it rests upon a S|iecie basis — a basis of gold and sil- ver, and is prepared to cash all its demands on pre- sentation. The State understood this in the first creation of banks; and therefore it provided that no bank should go into operation until two thirds of its cap- ital stock should be paid into the vaults of the bank in good faith, there to remain lor the use of the bank in case a run should bo made upon it, and for the security of the public against the insolvency of the bank. This wholesome provision, though re- maining untouched on the statute book, has long since been utterly disregarded in the modern sys- tem of banking. It is obvious that there could be no actual loss to the public from keeping tliis spe- cie on hand, because it would be represented in full by the notes of the bank ; but had this whole- some provision been strictly maintained, we should never have heard of broken banks and the suspen- sion of specie payments. But it is said, since the multiplication of banks, this has been impossible, for no bank can keep out but a comparatively small portion of its capital, owing to the severe competition of other banks. This competition has undoubtedly its advantages ; but in any case tiie same proportion of specie to its issues should be maintained ; and no bank ought to be considered as safe, nor should be tolerated by law, where it has not always on hand a specie cip- ital at least equal to two thirds of its issues or discounts. If there is a deficiency, it should at once, for the security of the community, supply that deficiency. It may be said that its creditors are all good, and the obligations of the bank will in any event be made secure. This may be true and ought always to be true; but the objection in the case is, that this property is not convertible. The true value (jf a bank note consists in being at once convertible into gold and silver; the moment it loses this capacity it at once depreciates in value, and the loss falls upon the holde ; and sometimes to his most serious inconvenience. It may be said again, that this condition of re- taining such an amount of .•-•pecie in the vaults of the bank is incompatible with the number of banks in th-s tState or country. The answer to this is then, that we have too many banks. We have pushed the credit system too far. The truth is, all credit to be sound must rest upon a solid basis. There is no mystery in this case. Men make a great flourish about the principles of banking, as though they were so complicated that a common man could not understand them. A common man can understand the principles of common honesty in any case ; and if the mysteries of banking dif- fer at all from these, we leave it to those to ex- plain who understand them. A merchant's credit is sound just in proportion to his ability to meet his demands exactly according to their tenor, and no farther. Extraordinary and unlooked for emer- gencies may arise, when he may ask an indulgence from his creditors. He will seek it with great hes- itation. Corporations should be held to a severer rule; and though we confess there may be great cases, such for example as the unexpected occur- rence of a war, or some contingency, whigli might threaten at once to rob them of all their specie; yet in general they should be held to an absolute enforcement of the law. Banks, then, resting upon a specie basis, and whose credit is secured by all the guards which human wisdom or virtue can devise, for nothing short of this should satisfy a wise legislator and an intelligent community, are of an immense benefit to such a community as ours. Besides the conve- nience of their notes and the facilities which they give to exchange, the ci ncentration of capital so as to re.ider it available to all classes where indus- try and enterprise are to be encouraged, and the actual increase of capital by fifty per cent., which can be done with safety under proper management, render a most important service to the poor, indus- trious and productive classes — advantages of which they can avail themselves by no other means. The banks of Massachusetts and New England, with some few most disastrous and humiliating excep- tions, have hitherto maintained an undoubted credit throughout the Union ; and they have been in a great degree the foundation of the prosperity of New England. We shall speak hereafter of some of the abuses of batdimg and the credit system, if there are those who are willing to read our lucubrations. H. C. August 21. BANKS AND THE CREDIT SYSTEM. No. III. We promised a continuation of our remarks on these exciting topics. They may be worth little ; they may be worth nothing. They may show only a profound ignorance of what aie technically called the principles of banking. We can promise noth- ing other than the impressions and opinions of a mind honestly inquisitive af\er truth ; of one whose knowledge of them has never extended to any of the mysteries of the art ; and who has in the case no party or political feelings whatever to gratify. As we have before said then, let them pass for what they are worth. A bank, in the first place supposes, that there is an actual accumulation of capital upon which it is to be founded ; otherwise it has no substantial basis. It certainly is not enough for the security of the public that certain individuals, however respecta- ble and reponsible, pledge to the community their own personal credit and issue their notes of hand as currency. No such bank as this would be re- lied on. Each of these individuals is liable to failure. 'I'he notes might be paid on demand or not, as it might happen ; and that, which is first of all things demanded in a bank, a foundation of per- fect confidence, would be wanting. The object of a bank is to loan money ; but what sort of a bank is that which has no money to loan. The credit of a bank must be unquestioned. Its notes must be regarded as equivalent to their nominal amount in specie, and at any time convertible into specie 74 NEW ENGLAND FARMER SEPT. 9 [,4 . at pleasure; otherwise they become liable to ilis- 'us suppose an c.xtretiie case. We have no hesita- trust, depreciation and fliicliiation, which subjects tion in saying- that the Bank should, by any sacri- the holder to serious and o^t^■ntirnes ruinous losses, j tice whatever, meet its demands punctually, fully No bank can maintain it.s notes at par value where | and exactly. Failure or refusal to do this, should there is any question of the al'ility and readiness of I never come into 'ts calculations. We know many the bank to redeem lliem according to their tenor, j high-minded merchants, men of whom it is only In the original incorporation of b.inks in the 1 just to say,' they rank among the nobles of the land. Commonwealth, this was perfectly understood and I who act only and fully upon thefe principles. They provided for. There were men en;raged in the es- would not fail or suspend, while they had any means tablishment of the first banks, who had passed i of avoiding such an occurrence. In the late dif- throuffh all the miserable fluctuations of the revo- i ficult crisis they made most tremendous sacrifices, liitionarv currency ; and many of whom had pun- i by paying exorbitant interest to the Jews and sharp- gent recollections of these times, without doubt, in ( ers, who hung round them like the Cossacks upon piles of this pictured government money lying in the Hanks of Napcdeon's army in his reticat from their drawers, which perhaps had fallen in their \ Moscow. They might liave suspeiidi'd, but they hands to a value less than t'le paper on which its ; felt their mercantile honor, which they vahied next nominal value was enstumped. On this account it i to their lives, was at stake, and they would not, was provided in the general banking law, that be- ; while they could, ward off the blow, though it might fore a bank went into operation, two thirds of its j require in order to maintain their honor, the sur- capital should be "bona fide paid in in gold and render of the Inst (JolLar, the hard earnings of many filver, to he liepi there for the iise of the hank.'" — ; a year's labor and toil. This provision still remains on the statute book. ■ A bank surely should art upon as high princi- Had it been always enforced, we should never have pies of right and duly. Unless by some wholly heard of the failure of banks or the suspension of; unlooked for emergency, such as the sudden break- specie payments. Nor would the public have ever suffered loss or inconvenience from this, what some would term, hording the specie; because this spe- ing out ot a war, or revolution in the government, a bank should consider a failure or suspension im- possible. We use the terms as synonymous. A cie might always be represented by the bills of the j suspension of specie payments from inability to bank, which under such circumstances, being al- ' meet its demands exactly according to their tenor, ways convertible into specie at pleasure, would, as a currency, be lar more convenient than specie. We lay it down as a fixed principle, that a bank ought never to fail. A suspension of specie pay- ments, a refusal to pay its notes in specie on de- mand, agreeably to their tenor, is a failure; is a bankruptcy in every sense of the word. The dis- is bankruptcy ; and its efiects are always disas trous ; first in the depreciation of its stock, and second in the depreciation of its bills or notes, by which suft'ering and loss aie often widely and se- verely extended ; and lastly in the general distrust which it at once creates towards all banking insti- tutions and all paper currency. When a bank as- cussion ot the question by the batiks whether they sumes the right to suspend at its pleasure, and shall suspend specie payments, and how long thi'y i gravely, with an arrogrance which we hardly choose shall continue this suspension, and when they shall resume, and how far they shall resume, is an out- rage upon all justice and right ; and so far from be- ing countenanced or commended, ought to be sig- nally rebuked and visited with the apvenst retri- bution of the laws. If it be said that there is not specie enough in tlie country on which to found such a system of banking, then it seems we have not the capital for secure and lu'nest banking : and ought not to have a bank, which cannot thus provide for itself; or otherwise we ought to seek foreign capital, which would always be to be had, if full confidence could be placed in our system of banking. It is because our system of state banking, I do not limit the re- mark to Massachusetts, has .been justly deemed en- tirely insecure, that our f?tato bank stocks find lit- tle or no market in Europe. But it may be asked, to put an extreme case, suppose a bank with one hundred and fitly thou- sand dollars capital, and the full amount discount- ed should be run upon for specie. Upon our sup- position she has but one hundred thousand dollars in specie to pay with if called upon. Now in the first place no such run is likely to take place, cer- to designate, in defiance of law and right, chooses to discuss the question of how long tlie suspension shall continue, we should like to inquire whether its customers are at liberty to act upon-the same principle ; and whether its heaviest debtors will be spared and indulged when they choose at their pleasure to suspend the payment of their notes which the bank has discounted ? Shall a corpo- ration, enjoying singular privileges in the commu- nity, be allowed to violate all principles of commer- cial honor and right in a case where an individual in debt to the same corporation, would be held to the extreme rigor of the law, and be degraded from the liigb standing which ho occupied, if he failed to meet his engagements? It is not enough in such case to say the bank is secure ; its means are ample, and it will presently meet all its engage- ments. This may not be generally known, or may not secure universal confidence. Its stock and its notes are at once depreciated ; and those who hold them cannot v\'ait for an ultimate settlement, and must dispose of them at a most serious loss. At the failure of the Commonwealth Bank in Boston, for example, thousands and thousands of its bills were sold at 50 per cent, discount; though it was are not estimated as they ought to he. If the ef- fects of a failure to meet his engagements exactly j and iniuctually, were always limited to an Individ- ual, the evils of failure would be comparatively iri- '■ fling. But it is not so. In an active business ] community, men of business are desirous to employ all the means they can command. They incur ob- j ligations on the presumpticm that the obligations of , others to themselves will be punctually fulfilled. These obligations are spread in infinite ramifications , like net-work over the whole community. A fail- ' uie in one case may be felt throughout the whole, and the negligence, or inadverleuce, or want of punctnality in some single individual, may bring ! inconvenience and ruin upon thousands. We say, therefore, that a bank should not fail. It should not allow itself to be put into a condition to fail. Such a contingency should be hardly within the limits of possibility. The banks never would have failed and never would fail, if they strictly conformed to the provisions of the law as to the amount of specie in their vaults. But the an- swer to this is that the banks then could never do any business, and that there is not specie enough for these purposes. Then it seems in the first place we have too many banks, or otherwise they would do business to the extent of their capital, and this is all they ever should do. If in the next place we have not specie enough, then it seems the capital is actually wanting on which alone a secure banking system can rest. A bank should take no extraordinary risks. It is of no advantage to the community and seldom to the individuals them- selves, to loan money to those persons whose credit is in any measure suspicious or uncertain. We know at least one bank in the State, to its high praise be it spoken, which, we believe, has in the course of twenty years of banking, never lost a single dollar from its creditors. 'J his shows a vigilance, a rigid adherence to fixed rules and punctuality and sound judgment in the manage- ment, which are worthy of all praise. There is little danger of the failure of such a bank. August 28. H. C. tainly if other banks are managed on the same just, i well known that under the law rendering the stock- honorable and legal principles. If atteinpled it i holders responsible to the amount of their shares, could not be done at once without giving si'mo it was not probable there would be any eventual time for the bank to provide for such an emergen- | loss upon them. The stock of the United States cy. But the thing itself is scarcely possible, as it j Bank, much of which was bought at V^'y dollars ))er supposes all the notes of the banks to be cimcen- : share, owing to its suspension has commanded only trated in a few hands; or a conspiracy among the : .'iti dollars in the market. How many of its stock- holders of the bills ti effect the ruin of the bank, a holders must be utterly mined by such a result, thing which will not happen, unless the bank by its ; Honor and punctuality are the soul of a cominer- misconduct brings itself under suspicion. But let ' cia! community. It ia much to be feared that they Mutton Broth for tht Sick. — Have a pound and a half of a neck or hiin of mutt(ui ; take of}" the skin and the fat, and put it into a sauce-pan ; cover it with cold water, (it will take about a quart to a pound of meat,) let it simmer very gently and skim it well ; cover it up, and set it over a moderate fire, where it may stand gently stowing for about an hour ; then strain it of!'. It should be allowed to become cold, when all the greasy particles will float on the surface, and becoming hard, can be easily taken off, and the settlings will remain at the bottom. N. B. — We direct the meat to be done no more than just sufficiently to be eaten ; so a sick man may have plenty of good broth for noth- ing ; as by this manner of producing it, the meat furnishes a good family meal. This is an inoffen- sive nourishment for sick persons, and the only mutton broth that should be given to convalescents, whose constitutions require replenishing with res- torative aliment of easy digestion. The common way of making it with roots, onions, sweet herbs, &c. &c. is too strong for weak stomachs. Plain broth will agree with a delicate stomach, when the least addition of other Ingredients would immedi- ately ofTond it. How can a farmer expect to gain wealth who con- sumes all he raises and runs in debt for all he baya vol.. Kit. NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 75 A BARN WORTH LOOKING AT. Tlie SImkers at AllVfd, Me., as we lenrn from tlie Farriior's Monllily Visitor, liave a barn I4.'i feet 111 li'iigtli by about 50 fi'et in widlli, and tlireo sto- ries in lieiglit from the basement lo tlie pKites ; on one end, say thirty feet beam, and at tlie other from eiirhteen to twenty feet. The entrance to the barn with loaded teatns of hay or grain is on the third or upper story. As the bnilding stands on a side liill reaching up and down lengthwise, the entrance is of no very steep ascent on the upper end of the barn. The load of hay is pitched down either up- on the scartbliling over the cattle stalls, or where there is no stall to the double depth of the bays be- low. The quantity of h;iy or other barn material that this building will contain after leaving ample space for the cattle, is immense; and instead of disposing of the hoy by lifting and pitching over head, the greater portion is merely thrown over. — The ample barn floor extending the whole length of the building, is constructed on the principle of a moderately inclined plane, so that the empty cart or other vehicle, separated from the oxen or horses, runs back itself to the entrance without backing the whole together, as is ordinarily done in corn- men barns where there cannot be a passage through. This upper entrance and Hoorare at no time an in- terference with the floor below fronting the cattle stalls, from which they are supplied witli their dai- ly food. On this story, as an unusual convenience in a common barn, are apartments for keeping cows expected soon to calve, and for keeping the nurs- ing calves. In the basement, beneath the cattle stalls, on the one side, the manure is dropped down to be kept under cover, and on the other side is a capacious cellar, in which root crops are kept free from frost during the winter. In the rear of the cattle-stall-side of the barn, is a large barn yard, hollowed out from the centre to the sides, so as to catch and retain the strength of every thing running into it. Into this yard, which had been cleared of every thing the past spring, a load of black muck or mud from the swamp at no very great distance, has been recently carted. The cattle kept here, or hogs rnnning upon and working it over in the course of the summer, convert every material deposited in a yard thus constructed, into an extra quantity of the very best manure. FRUIT TREES. The following extracts from a foreign work will show the young people of our country how they keep up a succession of fruit trees in Germany, and perhaps it may stimulate some of them to imi- tate so laudable an example. "In the duchy of Gotha, in Germany, there are many villages which obtain a rent of many hundred dollars a year for their fruit trees, which are plant- ed on the road-side and on the commons. Every new married couple is bound to plant two young fruit trees. The rent arising from the trees thus planted is applied to the uses of the parish or town. In order to preserve the plantations from injury or depredation, the inhabitants of the parish are all made answerable; each of whom is thus on the watch over the other: and if any one is caught in the act of committing any injury, all the damage done in the same year, the authors of which can- not be discovered, is attributed to him, and he is compelled to atone for it. according to its extent, either by fine or corporal punishment." "A gentleman at Colchester, England, makes it a rule whenever he builds a cottage, to plant a vino against its walls, and two or three apple and pear trees near to it, or in tlic garden, and thus he; con- fers a greater benefit on his tenant, by givin;; him an innocent source of gratititation to his children, and an excitement to a little extra industry on his own part, Uian if had let him a comfortless, mean looking hovel, at hnlfthe rent." A few ornamental trees and shrubs, disposed with good taste about a farm-liouse, add much to the beauty and pleasantness of the scene; and they never fail to make a favorable impression on the mind of a visitor, of the character of the in- mates of the mansion. A season should never be suffered to pass by without some addition being niade by the young people, to the ornaments of the yard, garden or lane loading lo the houso. Some families have displayed their industry, taste, and good judgment in this respect so conspicuously as to command the admiration of their neighborhood, and to excite the curiosity of travellers to inquire '' who lives there •■" — Fanners' Cabinet. From the Farmer's Cabinet. HEN'S e;ggs. I notice in the Farmers' Cabinet for 4th mo. last, p. 275, an inquiry as to the trutli of the assertion, that hen's eggs which are round produce female chickens, and those which are long or pointed, pro- duce males. When a boy, I was in a situation to be able to indulge my fondness for fowls, and often raised chickens. Without ever having heard of the above facts, I discovered that the eggs which approached the nearest to roundness always produced females, and those which were pointed at one end always produced males. I acted accordingly, and always succeeded in obtaining females or males, accord- ing as I wished. After a lapse of a number of years, being in Philadelphia market, I happened to mention the fact to one who raised chickens for sale, and who preferred the males, because they grew larger: the information was received with some surprise ; but I advised the person to try it, and afterwards was informed of the entire success of the experiment, all males being produced by selecting the longer pointed eggs. I since find the fact was mentioned by a writer over 2000 years ago. L H. FLOWERS. Flowers — of all created things the most inno- cently simple, the most superbly complex! play- things for childhood, ornaments of t!io grave, and companions of the cold corpse ! Flowers, beloved by the idiot, and studied by the tliinking man of science! Flowers, that unceasingly expand to heaven their grateful, and to man their cheerful looks : partners of human joys ; soothers of human sorrow; fit emblems of the victor's triumphs and the young bride's blushes ! Welcome to the crowd- ed hall, and graceful upon the solitary grave ! Flow- ers are, in the volume of nature, what the expres- sion "God is love'' is in the volume of revelation ! What a desolate place would be a world without a flower I it would be a face without a smile — a feast without a welcome. Are not flowers the stars of the earth ? and are not our stars the flowers of heaven ? One cannot look closely at the struc- ture of a flower without loving it: they are the emblems and manifestations of God's love to the creation, and they are the means and ministrations of man's love to his fi'l low. creator's, for they first awaken in his mind a sense of the beautiful and good. The very inulility of flowers is their excel- lent and great beauty, for they lead us to thoughts of generosity and moral beauty, detached from and superior to all selfishness, so that they are sweet lessons in nature's book of instruction, teaching man that he liveth not by bread alone, but that he hath another than animal life. — Zinn's Advo- cate. Jin Orchard destroyed by Canker Worms. — The orchard of Mr Jabez Giddings, of Rocky Hill, has been overrun with worms for seven years — and is now entirely killed ; so that lie lias determined to cut it down. — Thus he has, by these insects, been deprived of seven years' fruit, and finally of a fine orchard, — which he is now under the necessity of clearing off — all for the want of a little care and labor. By spending an hour per day for six months in the year, and $1 per annum for tar, an orchard of 50 trees might be preserved. The expense of this operation would not be more than .$20 per an- num to any farmer, and most of them would per- form it with their own hands, without being felt. The result would be the preservation of the trees, plenty of fruit for family use, and a surplus that would bring at least $50 a year in the Hartford market. The fruit used at home is a full compen- sation for carrying the remainder to market. Ac- cording to this calculation, the balance, in 7 years, is $210 loss, besides interest. But an orchard that produces an annual income of .$30, is as good as $500 at interest — this being added, makes Mr G.'e total loss from neglect, over and above all necessa- ry expenses for preservation, not less than $750 — or on an average of $107 per annum — more than $2 a year for each tree suffered to be overrun by Canker Worms. — Hartford Courant. Antidote against Mice. — Mr McDonald, of Scalps, in the Hebrides, having some time ago suf- fered considerably by mice, put at the bottom, near the centre, and top of each of his stacks of grain, as they were raised, three or four stalks of wild mint with the leaves on, gathered near a brook in a neighboring field, and never after had any of his (Train consumed. He then tried the same experi- ment with his cheese, and articles kept in store, and with equal effect, by laying a few leaves, green or dry, on the articles to be preserved. Poultry. — When, says M. Bosc, it is wished to have eggs during the cold season, even in the dead of winter, it is necessary to make the fowls roost over an oven, in a stable, in a shed where many cat- tle are kept, or to erect a stove in the fowl house on purpose. By such methods, the farmers of Auge have chickens fit for the table in the month of A- pril — a period when they are only beginning to be hatched in the farms around Paris, although further to the south. It would be desirable that stoves in fowl houses were more commonly known near great towns, where luxury grudges no expense for the convenience of having fresh eggs." By the growth of root crops and planting, Mr Coke, the great English farmer, has increased the rental of his estates from 25,000 to $'200,000 per year. m NEW E N GLAND FAR M E R , SEPT. 9, ■e40. AN ENGLISHMAN'S ACCOUNT OF OUR COUNTRY. In tlie Hritish rarmer's Magaxiiie fur .luly, wf find the follmving nolico of Mr Echiiiinil Edmiinil's letter to tlie fanners of Eiiglaml, after havii-fi been to the United States to look after a pauper lie h:ul sent out. He has jrlven to his countrymen a curi- ous account of the a;iriculture of our country, so mixed np witli ignorance and pn'judice, that we thinli our readers will be anui.^ed by the perusal of it. — It i.s lucky Mr Edmunds escaped as he did with life, after having his ears greeted " with the loud horrid noise of the bull toads, which weigh from three to four pounds each." VVe sincerely hope he will not venture the lives of any more of his paupers on this side the Atlantic ; for after hearing his description of our climate and the dan- g-ers to which we are e.xposed from heat, cold, grasshoppers and bull loads I we shall set him down guilty of manslaughter at least, by thus endanger- ing their lives. No — let him keep his paupers at home, and feed them on fat bacon and cabbage, rather than send them here " to slave in the heat, toil in the cold, and starve on pickled pork and po- tatoes." J. B. " A Word to thk Wise " — A Letter to the Far- mers of England, liy Edmund Edmunds, Uraun- eton, Northamptonshire ; a Farmer, lately re- turned from the United States of America. — London : Hamilton & Adams. 1640. A very sensible, and we are inclined to think a very faithful [! ! !] account of a land, of which we are further inclined to think more lies have been told than of any other of our emigrating points Mr Edmunds had Keard much of America, especial- ly from a pauper whom he had been the means of sending out thither, and who represented it as a land flowing with little short of milk and honey. He resolved to see and judge for himself, and it is the objrct of the letter in question to give the re- sults of his invfstigation. "I went up to Palmyra, a pleasant village in the State of New York, because there I was to meet my son, a young man about twenty vears of age, for whom in England I had no more chance of tak- ing a farm than I had for myself; and there too was the man whom I had prevailed on the parish to send out, and who, knowing the interest I had taken in his welfare, had written to me such letters of his great prosperity. lint how did I Hnd liim ? Did I find him the genllemaii fanner his letters had led me to suppose he was ? No. I found him as poor as when he was the village cobbler of Biann- ston, and I may say apparently less comfortable in every point of view. The land which he had boast- ed of as his estate was not his own ; and he was looking forward to tlie approaching harvest with dread of the heat and labor with which it was to be gathered." We should like much to have the result of the son's experience, the young man of 20, above allud- ed to, and to know how far it corresponded with that of his father. Meanwhile, we shall give such extracts from the letter of the latter as we think may interest the general reader. "The .\niericans always reckon by dollars and cents, each cent being the hundredth part of a dol- lar; but as I am not writing for Americans but Englishmen, I shall give the value of every thing in English money. " .^s respects the land, 1 was not at all deceived. It is light and easy to till. An acre a day may be ploughed with t»'o horses abreast driven with rein.-j. The land being fertile the crops for a while grow very luxurituitly, exciting hopes which are not un- frequentiy disappointed ; for supposing a crop of wheat should escape the blight, or, as the Ameri- cans call it, the rust, which in two or three days will so utterly destroy a whole field that there shall not he a grain of corn in it; supposing it should escape, what from the excessive heat all the low lands are particularly subject to, yet from the heat alone, when it does no particular injury, the vegc- tation is so quick, and the grain ripens so long be- fore it has had time to perfect its growth, that the kernel is very snr.ll and light, and altogether very inferior to what it would be in a better climate. Wheat, in a good season, will not yield more than from about 1.5 to 20 bushels an acre, and being small and dry it lies close, and weighs from 60 to C4 lb. per bushel. In the States further west, it averages about 2.') bushels per acre ; but the price is lower, in consequence of its having to travel so many hundred miies to market, in order to its be- ing exported, or to supply the Eastern States. If a crop of wheat in Ohio is larger than in the .State of New York, it is of less value; so that the far- mer's gain is about equal in each Slate. " As I took out with me a bushel of good Eng- lish wheal of the prini"st quality, I sometimes could not restrain iny English feeling when I heard the Americans proudly boasting of the produce of their country, and vainly talking of it, as if the like could never be seen. When they seemed to be all agreed and had quite settled the point in their own mind that there was no wheat like their own, out I used to pull my sample of good bold English wheat, fat and plump, and showed them, to their great sur- prise, such wheat as I knew their country could not grow. When I did this on board a steamer, they came round about me like bees — all the cry was, ' I wonder much,' ' I wonder much ;' ' and does suih grain as this really grow in England ?' and then one and another, forgetting his American in- dependence, was presently asking for a few grams just to set in his garden. "The Americans grow great quantities of Indian corn, which, being natural to the soil and climate, will yield from t!0 to ]()0 bushels per acre, accord- ing to the land, and the good husbandry with which it is tanned. It is set in rows wide enough for a plough to go between, about the end of April or beginning of May ; it grows from five to eight feet high, and puts forth a number of broad loaves, which are good fodder for cattle. It is a great ar- ticle with the Ameri<;aD farmer, and, as a never failing crop, it is his chief dependence, and much relied on by hiin lor the keep of all his stock through the severities of an American winter. "Tlie land would grow good Swede turnips, but they are not cultivated. It would not pay to give men a dollar a day, that is four shillings, and their board, t.) pull them up and house them ; the far- mer has no stock that would pay to eat them, and they would all perish if left in the ground. "The meadows, generally speaking, look pretty good, and will average about two tons an acre; but the hay, made of red-top or timo'.hy grass, grow- ing from three to four feet high, is very coarse, and there is not much nuture in it. The stoiik which are grazed in such meadows never become fat. If they are in good order as stores, that is as much as you must ever expect to see. I never saw any thing at all like fat beef or mutton in the thousands of miles I travelled. " During my stay, I spared no trouble or expense to gain all the information I could collect, beino' very desirous to know whether America was what it had been represented or not. And from my ov. n observations, I made those calculations which ev- ery man of my age and experience ought to make, before he thinks of settling down in .a countrv which appears one thing in American books and private letters, and another as it is observed with the eye of an English farmer capable of forming a correct judgment. "The American horses, with their long tails, are all of the nag kind, vary in price from £10 to £30, and are, taking them generally, so very good, that I may say they are superior to our own. They are well made, good tempered, and are mostly used for harness, and a span or a pair abreast in a light wagon, will trot along well. The Americans take great care of them, and will give them corn twice a day, when there is plenty of grass, yet they are never in any better condition than what we call good working order. But I regard America as a country in which neither man nor beast can thrive, for there is but very little enjoyment for either- Every living creature must feel, more or les.s, the close ,SM/(ri/ heat of an American summer, and the picrctns; co]A of an American winter. "As I should be sorry to misrepresent any thing, though so much was mi-sreprosenled to me, I must now state that the cows are very good and u.sefu! for a dairy. They are of every breed, and worth from £8 to £10 each. In their frame they are what we should call beasts of six i^r seven score a quarter. But the farmer, who should keep ten or twelve for a dairy, is subject to a very great loss in the calves. There being no market for veal at 6d. or 7d. per lb. as in England, the calves that are not wanted for rearing, after they have been kept about ten days to draw the cow's bag, are knocked on the head, skinned, and thrown to the pigs, the price of slock being so low, the farmer has no in- ducement to rear more calves than he is likely to want to keep up his own stock, and to save buying. " The sheep, a mixed breed of Spanish merino and Saxony, are worth about six shillings a head. They are very much like an ill-bred Southdown in poor condition, and will cut from 2 to 3 lb. of wool each. When fed on an American pasture, they weigh about 10 or 12 lb. a quarter, and the meat, whether beef or mutton, is worth 2 l-2d. or 3d. per lb. The lambs, which when fat are worth four or five shi. lings each, are yeaned at the latter end of April, or the beginning of May. In consequence of the winters being so very long and cold, the springs are lale ; and the ground being covered with snow the greater part of the winter, the far- mer is obliged to fodder his ewes from the middle of November till the middle of May on hay and In- dian corn. Now I would ask, what is to pay for keeping, we will say, fifty ewes for a year, and for shepherding them as they ought to be attended to, in a country where men and cattle sufl'or so much from the oppressive heat ot the summer, and the piercing cold of the winter? If we reckon that fifty ewes have one lamb each, and they seldom have more, and supposing them all reared without the loss of a single sheep, for I am quite willing in my calculations to give America every advantage, what then? why the farmer, after twelve months' keep, has got fifty ewes that will not cut more than •3 lb. of wool one with another, and he has, at most, V'M.. XIV. NO. AND HORTICULTURAL REGLSTER, 77 fifly I'al Uiiilis, wortli £12 10s., for they will not fetch more than five shillitigs each. In Enghind, the keeping of sheep is, in every point of view, a profitable part of fanninij ; bnt wliat is to be jrai[i- ed from it in America? As I thought on the keep- ing of sheep in America, and compared it with the same stock in England, I could not help saying to myself, ' this is indeed fine farjning,' and is this part of t'le fartnin;; for which I have left the slioros of old Englund and all its comforts, to come hore and he surfeited wiili pickled pork, and toil like some poor wretched nogrn slave in Soulli Carolina, and live, too, as I have never been accustomed to do, on a perfect level with my laborers. What if There is 'no rent to pay,' the land must be bought and paid for; and what is there to pay you any in- terest for money expended in land and stock ? What is there to enrich you after years of servi- tude, and enable you to return to England, to end your days where they began, surrounded with the comforts which an Englishman is privileged to en- joy? Is the reader thinking what a fine opportu- nity I had of improving their breed of sheep, and immortalizing the name of Edmunds as the- great benefactor of the country ? What a fine opening for beconiing a great sheep breeder ! Though I did not cross the Atlantic in pursuit of fame, yet I was not insensible to the importance of introducing a very superior breed of sheep, and it was tor that purpose that I took with me eight such e.\cellenl iong-wooled tups. But did they maintain their English character and good properties, and keep up their healthy appearance? No. I saw them degenerate daily, faster than I thought it possible for any creatures to do. When they landed they were in good condition, bnt I could not keep it up. Though I set great store by them, and they were all the stock I had to attend to — though they had the best pasture the country afforded, and were well shaded ivith trees — had as much as they could eat of oats, peas, Indian corn and potatoes — still they got poorer and poorer, worse and worse every day, till at last they became very thin, and their wool so harsh, witliout any moisture or nature in it, that it was certain they would never cut a good fleece again. But the heat was so intolerable to them, that they had no more comfort of their lives than I had, who at that time was obliged to change my shirt at least twice a day, though I had nothing to do but to sit still in the house. " From my own experience, I can only speak of the overpowering heat of the summer, that moist, relaxing, melting kind of heat, which unfits a man for every thing and makes existence almost a bur- den. I may venture, however, to assert with truth, and therefore without any fear of contradiction, that tlie winters are most severe. Cows with tlieir tails frozen off, would have given the lie to any A- merican who should have maintained that their win- ters were not more severe than ours. But I heard enough of their winters from the Americans them- selves, to convince mo that a winter's residence in the State of New York is not more desirable than my summer one. which has made such a lasting im- pression on my mind." Again — " Of the ytates west of New York I can say but little, except tint every one fold me how subject they were to the ague, and that if I went to settle in either of them I could nut escape it. This re- port I have had confirmed, and my opinion is, from all 1 have heard, that there is not so gri-'at a differ- ence in any of the Western States as any one would suppose. A nephew of mine complained exceedingly of the heat of Illinois, and I have no doubt ho would have found the winters very cold, if after coming to England he had determined to return to his claim, which he had marked out, and which, as far as the land was concerned, hold out every prospect that America could present to a young man well qualified for encountering the dif ficulties which every settler nmst expect. I am convinced from my own experience, that the Eng- lishman who tioes to the United States must expect 10 find liiniself not only destLtute of the comforts to which lie has been accustomed, hut many iiiconve- niencios which ho did not reckon upon. The in- tolerable bite of musquitOHs ; houses swarming with bugs, and so full of black flies that they get into every thing; they are in your tea cup, half a dozen at a time, before you can swallow your tea, and you must pick them off your butter, soft with the heat, before you can spread it on your bread. The chirping of iityritids of crickets and grasshop- pers, trirte as it may appear in comparison wiih mnsquitoe* anil bugs, is so wearisome, that it be- comes quite a nuisance ; and as for the American forests, they are as gloomy and dull as any thing you can imagine. No singing birds to delight and cheer you, and for a while make you forget, if you can, the country you have left behind. ■ No voice of the turtle is heard in the land;' but, after sun- set, the doleful croaking of three or four sorts of toads, with the loud horrid noise of the bull toads, which weigh from three to four pounds each ; such are the sounds which break the death like silence of a grand American forest, with its lofty pines and magnificent trees of almost every description. " There is, no doubt, a great deal of sickness and innumerable deaths occasioned by the exhala- tions which arise from the swamps, and which are not likely to be drained till labor is cheaper and produce of more value. There is, in fact, no capi- tal— and where there is no capital you cannot ex- pect improvement. " But the one grand objection to thi,' United States is that of which I was most ignorant — tlit climale. It does not suit the Americans, and it cannot suit an English constitiuion, to work in a country where there is not, for many days, a breath of wind stirring, and where it is impossible to con- ceive heat more close and sultry ; the thermometer in the summer is often, for days together, at 90 degrees in the shade ; and in the winter oO de- grees, and even lower than that, below zero. If a man have 'bones of iron and flesh of brass,' he may be proof against all such great extremes ; but if he have the constitution of men in general, let him be ever so stout, ho will soon look as thin and sallow as his neighbors. Go where you may, and look which way you will, you neverseethe ruddy bloom of health which meets you every where in England, nor old men and women of between eighty and ninety, as you will see in almost every English village. It is the climate that carries off the pop- ulation so fast, that I doubt whether it would ever beooino a populous country, were it not for the im- mense tide of emigration flowing in, more or les.s, from every country in Europe; more than 4000 emigrants having arrived at New York in four days It is the climate of America which is the grand ob- stacle to its prosperity — it is the climate which dis- heartens and sickens the man who dwells uiubr its influence ; for it is a power which he cannot re- sist; other difliculties might all be overcome, but with this he struggles in vain." He at length resolves to return to old England : " Let not my reader suppose for a moment that I was the ring classps in Kurope and in this country is exciting strongly the a'tcntJon of the reflecling and humane. It is noi our intention, certain- ly at this time, Id go into the subject. Among the la- boring classes are comfirehendeil many more than most persons, nt first gliince, apprehend. The merchant at his desk, is often one of the hardest of labiprers; and Mr Dune, of Beverly, who compiled a most valuable di- gest of the laws, valuable to every class in the commu- nity, and spent regularly for moie than forty years, six- teen hours a day in close application to this business, certainly labored as intensely and severely as any man that can be found among us. If we look at the hard stu- dent, who in many cases by the offspring of his mind, renders extensive, essential, and permanent aids to the community, and to the laboring and mechanical com- munity in particular, and see his pallid and wasted fea- tures, and hear his complaints of indigestion, disturbing dreams, fruitless efl'nrts and sleepless nights, we shall be disposed to include liim among the hardest of labo- rers. But the classes which are generally referred to in speaking of the working classes, are iho^e who w(»rk with their hands, with their muscles, with their bodies. The sufferings of these classes are in many countries extreme, and have just claims to all the conimisseration which the humane can feel for them. In many coun- tries they are poorly fed, or rather starved ; not half clad, live in unliealthy, subterranean, wet, ill-ventilated habitations; and are doomed to toil, which is almost in- cessant, leaves no time for domestic comforts and scarce- ly for sleep. Philanthropic minds look at these things with exquisite pain, and are devising means to remedy these terrible evils. They are shocked at the anomaly, that those who produce the loaf must always he satisfied with the under-crust, however buinl or haidbaked, and not always gel the whole of that; and that the finest of the flour and the whole of it gt^es into hands which are not so much as soiled with milting the bread, after the corn has been grown. We feel in many cases the extreme inju.'>tice of this; but whc^re is the remedy .' There may be alleviations, but there can be no perfect remedy until the whole con- stitutiim of society is changed, and until human nature is changed. Whoever thinks to ch.inge the constitu- tion of society or to change human nature, may as well think of levelling the Rocky mountains and of making the .Mississippi flow into the Oreg(m. Some minds with large hopo fancy they see day-light on this sub- ject; but our hope is small, and though we have been dreaming for some time about the good that is to come to human nature presently, we do not think the night is passed; we do not believe that evt-n midnight has yet come. Our melancholy crmvictions are founded upon two cimsiderations. First, Christianity among us, as a law of universal justice and universal love, is a mere name. We have scarcely yet learnt the first three let- ters of the alphabet. Secondly, the disfiositiou and ten dency to abuse power is the great sin of human nature. Where is the man v\ ho can say that in this matter he is blameless.' Now then as soon as you give men educa- tion, property or political power, and, as we term it, elevate them in the community, they feel the power; they become antagonlstical to the class below them, on whose labor they depend ; they cease to wish to bring them to an etjuality with themselves; they abuse their power. In general the novelty of the possession of pow- er renders these people liable to its grossest abuse. Man- umitted slaves make ifie most cruel of all task-masters; and men raisi'd from the lowest oppression to rank and power, have always proved the most unrelenting and despotic. Under these circumstances, what hope is there for ignorance, weakness, poverty and mendicity in its struggle against intelligence, selfishness, and po- litical power ? Look, say you, to the justice and humani- ty and magnanimity of society ? Yes ! look to these wiih a witness, as you would lo.>k to the tiger to drop the lamb, into which he hns just fleshed his teeth ; and is now regaling on the sweetness of (he fresh blood. In our country, thank God ! we can hardly be said to have such a class as we have described. In Great Brit- ain no laboring man can ever expect to becr.me a free- holder; nor to rise above the condition in which he and his ancestors before him have trr.ddeu the beaten round oftoil. In our country a nuin may become any thing which he chooses to make himself. Ho may be a free- holder ; and he and his children may aspire to the high- est dignities of the State; and to the undisturbed pos- session of the fruits of his honest industry. Cheap land and of the highest fertility may be had almost for ask- ing. F^very man is at liberty to choose his own profes- sion and for hi.s children after him ; and industry and frugality joined with moral integrity, are sure (extraor- dinary contingencies excepted,) of competence and hon- or. If the laboring classes — we speak particularly of the male portion, for women are bound by customs and cir- cumstances which pievent their commanding their con- dition— forfeit their independence or fail to maintain it in our country, it must be their own fault. The great danger of ibis lies to aconsiderable extent, in the melan- choly fact of their forsaking tlie pursuits and employ- ments of agriculture and the wholesome equality and manliness of rural life, to crowd into cities, to become petty traders, ostlers, bar-keepers, porters, servants, coachmen, fuoimen, and indeed any thing and every thin", however servile, by which they can without too much work acquire ready money. Of this numerous class of young men, supplied as it is by the most costly drafts Ujion the country, though as we well know, there ate many honorable exceptions, ) et the great mass be- come perfectly effeminate ; spend in dress and dissipa- tion as much as they earn; fall a prey to the numerous temptations of city life; or become abandoned to the "ross vices of which they are frequently called to be the ministers or panders for others. We have so little hope of human nature, that we see no remedy for this; and fear in spite of all the noble aspirations and confident labors of philanthropy, the world will go on as it is. H. C. DEATH OF DR HENRY PERRINE. The papers recently announced an attack by the Flor- ida Indians, in number one hundred, upon Key West, and the cruel destruction of many of the inhabitants: among the rest the valuable man whose name is at the head of this article, lie was eminently distinguished by his botanical researclies and his devotion to natuial science His communications to the public press on these subjects have been numerous and many of them insiruclive and valuable. He had been employed by the government in the cullivalion of valuable tropical plants, with a view to their propagation in the Stales; and his researches and experiments promised to be ot much utility. It is but recently that we received a long communication from him, written with all the enthusi- asm of scientific pursuit. Bui a mournful Providence has prematurely sealed his falo. This Indian warfare is horrible. The savages give no qoarlcr. How upon any princi|iles of human nature can it be expected to be otherwise.' We have robbed and defrauded them. We hayecarrieil amonjr them the two greatest of curses, the small pox and whisUey. — Whole tribes, as Catlin says, have (alien at the contami- nating tout h of the white man. We have undei taken lo teach them what we call Christianity — a matter in which we seem to be rather poorly instructed ourselves; and the arts of civilization; and when they had made some progress, then we coveted their green fields and golden crops, and liave driven them, when the most atrocious frauds failed us, at the point of the ba\onet from their homes and the sejiulchres of their fathers. — Now we are hunting them witli blood hounds ; and they perceive that ihe hour of their utter extermination has arrived. What have we not to expect from savages, in the last gasp of their death struggle ! We have a friend who crossed the country with a party of twenty persons, from the mouth of the Missouri to the mouth of the Co- lumbia river. He was six months among Ihe Indians, without seeing a white man, save those of his own par- ty. In this whole time he says his quiet was never me- naced nor his life in danger but once, and this from a tribe at war with those among whom he was. He found nothing but kindness and fidelity. Our opinions of human nature are not very exalted ; yet after all we be- lieve that there is something in the heart of man, how- ever tawny the skin, which always responds to gene- rosity, kindness, honor and justice, where they have not been outraged and violated ; and therefore we be- lieve that for most of tlie Indian wars in which our coun- try has been so often up to the elbows in blond, the guil ty responsibility rests upon ourselves. These considerations, however, do not at all mitigate the sadness of the cc.lamity which we now deplore, nor lessen the duty of the government to afford adequate protection to our frontiers. H. C. Farms in England. — Nine tenths of the cultivated lands in Great Britain are leased to tenants, who pay from two to five pounds sterling per acre, annual rent. Now, admitting taxes and labor and other expenses to bo no higher here than there, it will at once be seen that our common cultivation will no where do much more than pay the price of rent; but by superior productive- ness, occasioned by superior cultivation, the British farmer is not only enabled to pay rents and taxes, find- ing every thing for husbandry, and all articles put upon the ground, and all utensils by which the ground is worked, but he obtains also, wealth from the pursuit of his calling. Mr Cumin stated the produce of an Eng- lish farm of894 acres in the year 1811, to be £8,578— equal to $38,000. On this gn.und were carried in that year, the almost incredible quantity of 13,746 one-horse cartloads of manure, and in the next year 10,250 more ! Suppose the rent of this farm to be $12 an acre, the ex- pense of manure and its application 1^12 more, and the interest on outlay, t.ixes, and additional labor ot culti- vation, &c. $12 more; still there will bo left, as profit, $10 an acre ; leaving a clear gain of about ten thousand dollars lo the tenant. A hay farm, near London, of KiO acres, was rented for $12 an acre, or 1020 dollars a year : the tenant com- menced with a great outlay liir manure — an outlay which would here be considered at least equal to the value of the land before it was manured ; a large outlay for farm- ing implements and for accommodations and wages for laborers; and yet he has been constantly accumulating riches from this farm, after paying all expenses. — Month- ly Visitor. VOI-. XIX, NO. 10. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 79 OKKiHTON MAUKKT.— MoNOAT, Sept. 7, IB40. Kf j'ortpri for the NfW Kngtiind Ksfrmer. Al lM:irl(cl 375 Beet Cattle, 530 Stores, 4300 Sheep, and IIGO tSwiiie. FiiicKS. — Beef Cuttle. — A gniiill adv.Tncc was eHVcteii, probably occasioned by tho limited ntiinber at marliet, and tiie increased demand lliis vveeli for the lOtli. VV*; quote First quality, ;fi.'' 75 a $G 00. Second qiiiility, $5 25 a !|;5 50. Third quality, $4 00 a *5 00. Stores — VearlingB, JmS a $11. Two Year Old $14 a $18. Three Year Old, $83 a $28. Sheep.— Lola were sold at $1 12, $1 i>5, $1 37, $1 5S, $1 75, $1 92, and $2 00. Sioi«e.— Lot.-i of 50 to 100 to peddle 3 1-2 for sows, and 4 1-2 for barrows At retail 4 to 5 1-2. GUAIW CRADLES. Tlli:i!MO.\lETKICAL. Itepciireil liii llic iN'cw ICiijilmid I'ariner. Ritiigeof llie 'riienn'>iiifterftl (he (Janieiinf the proprietors of the New Englaiu! I'ariiier, BrigUhm, Ma.^s. in a shaded Northerly exposure, wi'eks ending September 6. Sept. 1840. 7A.,M. 1 12,iVI. 1 5,P.iM. 1 Wind. Monday, 31 (i7 85 72 S W, Tuesda"y, 1 66 72 68 N. W. Wednesday, 2 62 77 69 S, Thursday, 3 :>7 70 01 N. W. Kriday, 4 46 09 69 N. E. Saturday, a 54 60 50 E. Sun.tay, 6 Si 67 58 N. ICP HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. ,,£:]^ The annual Exhibition of the I\Iassachuselt.s Horticul- tural Society, will take place at iheir Rooms, 23 Tremnnl Row, (opposite the ?^avinij;s Buik) on VVenNESoAy, Thurs- OAY and KniDAV, 9lh, Ultli, and lllh Seplemher. Choice and rare specimens of Fruits and Flowers are res- pectfully solicited (rom the members of the Massachusetts Horticultural Society, and from the lovers of tiie science of Horticulture generally. Committees will be in atlemlance to receive contributions on Mondaij and Tuesday^ 7lh and 8th of Seplemi)er, and the specimens sent will be retained, subject to (lie order of the owner. A list, giving the names of the specimens of Fruits and Flowers presented is respectfully requested. By order, SAMUEL WALKER, Chairman Com. of Arrangements, Boston, An g-ust 2Uh, 1S4U. Jh'KUIT AND ORNAMENTAL. TREKS, &c. Fruit Trees of all the different species— of the most celebrated kinds. These include Pears, [*Iums, Apples, Quinces. &.c. — the trees of the Peach and Cherry, especially, are of the finest size, and in numbers al'oundmg at this lime, and ot vaiieiies un.surpassed. The Catalogue of Fruit and Ornamental Trees and Shrubs, Roses and Herbaceous Flow- ering Plants, will be sent to all who apply: in that Cala- logue many of the very liest kinds of fruits, so (ar as proved, are uarticularly designated by a star. Also, Grape Vines, Raspberries, Strawberries, Goose- berries, and Alalberrics for silk— Scuich Larch, Lindens, Sycamores, Silver Firs, Willows, Elms — Honeysuckles, Dahlias, splendid Paeonies, tVc iScc Trees when so ortlered, will he securely packed for iransporlation to distant places, and all orders prompiiy executed ny WILLIAM KENRICK. Nonantum Hill, Newton, near Boston, Sept. 9, 1640. eptDl NOTICE. The Rhode Island Society lor the Encouragement of Do- mestic Industry, hold their election at their hall, in Paw- tuxet, on Wednesday the "ilsl insi. (having been postponed from the 9ih inst.)— lo meet at 9, A. M. An address will be delivered at 11 o'clock, A. M., by the Hon. Judge Pitman. Dinner will be provided for I he members, at the expenses ol ihe Society, at 2 o'clock, P M. Butter offered for premiums must be entered by 7 o'clock, A. M.. on said day. W'M. RHODES, Treasurer. September 9. SI PERB ROCKET LARK.SPCR SEED. The suliscribers offer for sale a quantity of Superb DonMe Rocket Larkspur Seed, of their own raising, ^aved from dou- ble flnwering plants only, embracing all the different colors. For fine, strong and early plants, the seed should be sown in August, JOSEPH BRECK &. CO. iJune 17. TRACE CHAINS. Just received, direct from the Engdsh mnnufacturesr, 8 casks of Trace Chains, from t; to 1 1 feet InnsJ, suitalde ibr ploughing or draft chains. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. The Grain Cradle is an article which is coming into very general use m the New England States, wher*? they were lili of late but little known, although they have been in very general use in the southern and western Stales, for many years, and which is iound to bo decidedly the best mode ol harvesting grain, as it is supposed one man will cradle five acres in u day when he cannot reap more than one The difference in gathering a crop is so much in favor of cradhng. that we most suppose that it will he the only mode adopted herealter. and the grain cradle will become of as much use, as an implement ol husbandry, as the plough now is. There has been a very great improvement in the manufac- turing of this article, they are now made on tin- most im- proved plan ; the scythe is well secured and finished in a superier manner and made of the best cast steel. Bri^a^liton Nurseries aud Gardens. Kor Sale A large qnantiiy of superior European and ^* American Urnamental Trees, well calculated for public places, or private grounds, with Fruit Trees embiacing a great van* ty of the most ap- proved kinds and fine sizes. The trees, and all other produclions can now be sclectf.dand inarked, and will be for warded to any place as soon as it will answer lo re- move the same. Also> forly kinds of Strawberry Plants, of the most ap- proved European and American varieties. Orders may be forwarded via- mail, addressed Messrs. WINSHIP, Brighton, Mass., or left with ftlessrs. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BrightoD, August 12. HYACINTHS. The subscribers have received a laree assortment of Dou- ble and Single Hyacinths of every color and shade. Also, Tulij)S of mixed sorts, Crown Imperials, and Lilies; they have also it their garden all the fine varieties of Pasonies, which will be furnished at Oije day's notice. Lilies and Paeonies, and Crown Imperials, should be planted in August or the first of September. We shall receive a great variety of Bulbous Roots, from Holland, in a few weeks, when no- tice will be given. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. August 26. GARDi'^.NERh' KJVIVES. JOSEPH BRECK S^ CO. have thi? season imported and now offer for sale a few very superior Gi'.rden Knives, for pruning. &-c. manufactured expressly for Gardeners, and warranted superior lo any article of the kind before import- ed. Also — a large assortment of Budding Knives, Grape Scissors, &c. &.C. April 22. BOY WANTS A SITtTATION. A smart active boy, about 16, wants a situation w.ih a far- mer where he can have an opporlunity to learn the practice of agriculture, with whom he wishes to slay until of age. inquire of JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Augu.st 26. WHOLESALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRECTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKLY. PATENT SPRING B.VLANCE. A few of those very convenient spring bcilances, for fami Iv use. a very simple contrivance for weighing small articles. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. No. 5i and o2 North Market Street, Boston. July 15. I'ENCE CHMNS. Just received from England, at the New Engl tnd Agricul tural Warehouse, 6 caisks chains, suitable for making the Cham fence, &,c. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. Julv 15. Bb:RKSHIUE HOGS. The subscribers offer for sale a few pair of full blooded Berkshire Hogs; also, pigs 7-^ -blood, crossed with Mackay. Inquire al the New England Farmer office, or al iheirfarm at Brighton. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. July 29. I Alum, American, . . . . Ashes, Pearl, per |[)o lbs. . Pot, -..'.. GsANS, while, Foreign, " " Domestic, . Beef, mess, .... No. 1 prime, .... Beeswax, white, .... yellow, Bristles, American, Butter, shipping, dairy, .... Candles, mould, .... dipped, s^perm, .... Chefse, new milk, Cider, . . .... refined Bonk M.\nuhe, .... in casks, Feathers, northern, geese, southern, geese, . Flax. (American) .... Fisri, Cod, Grand Bank, Bay, Chaleur, Haddock, Mackerel, No. I . . No. 2, No. 3, . \lewives, dry salted. No. I,.. Salmon, No. 1, Flour, Gene.see, ca*^h, . Baltimore, Howard street^ Richmond canal, Alexandria wharf, Rye Meal, Indian, in bbls, Graijs ; Corn, northern yellow, sotithern flat, yellow, white, . Rye, northern, . Barley, Oats, northern, (prime) ,. southern, Gri:ydstones, pr ton of 2000 lbs. rough do. do. do. finished Hams, northern, .... southern and western, . Hay, best English, per tou, . Eastern screwed, . Hops, 1st quality, 2d quality, .... Lard, Boston southern, .... Leather, Philadelphia cily tannage, do. C'luntry do. Baltimore city tannage, do. dry hides, . New York red, light, Boston, do. slaughter, Boston dry hides, Lime, best sort, .... Molasses, New Orleans, Sugar House, Oil, Sperm, Spring, WinUer, , Whale, refined, Linseed, American, Neat's Foot, .... Plaster Paris, per ton of 220U lbs. Pork, extra clear, clear, ..... Mess, .... Prime, .... Seeds: Herd's Grass, Red Top, southern, northern, Canary, Hemp, .... Flax Red Clover, northern, . Southern Clover, Soap, American, Brown, " Castile, Tallow, tried, .... Teazles, 1st son, .... Wool, prime, or Saxony h'lecces, . American, full blood, washed, do. 3-4ths do. do. i-2 do. do. 1-4 and common, £ ■ f Pulled superfine, ^ilNo. 1, i =^ I No. 3, pound 5 5 37 4 H7 bushel 1 76 " 2 00 barrel 14 00 pound 37 25 " 35 " 10 " 18 " 13 pound dozen liarrel hushel (t pound quintal I :: I barrel lU 1 25 2 00 37 9 2 25 1 87 I 00 bushel pound pound 16 DO 5 12 6 6: 3 12 69 66 67 36 25 19 00 28 00 10 9 15 00 10 60 26 23 " 22 l( 20 " 19 " 21 " 13 cask 75 gallon 20 II 100 " 1 10 „ 40 95 5l 5 50 S 12 225 2 50 14 60 13 60 10 04 4» 23 70 II 25 14 37 I 60 4 09 32 3r 46 M 2 50 2 26 1 12 12 76 10 60 5 60 17 00 5 75 5 50 3 26 3 26 60 5T 60 33 28 19 00 30 00 11 10 16 00 12 11 28 26 26 22 20 2* 20 80 2r 1 03 1 12 46 liarrcl 16 00 bushel pound pr M. pound 14 50 13 00 3 50 : 70 2 00 2 25 2 00 13 4 12 17 00 16 00 15 50 14 00 4 00 80 1 sa 2 25 2 50 2 60 14 16 6 13 » 48 45 3S ar 46 40 2i 20 80 NEW ENGLAND FARMER. SEPT, 9, 1«40 MISCELLANEOUS ANECDOTE OF THE HORSE. On a t'lur to tlio Wliite Hills, I rode n finu light- grey saildle pony, by the name of Feilerul ; lie and I had become well acciuainted, and he was a most noble-hearted fellow ; I thought I could ?ee the best way to ascend, and he clambered up by my directions — he would do anything for me. We got at last upon the peak, where was a level of some yards square, and Federal, who liad never before been -oo higli in the world, as we slackened thirty years, two only fell victims to lightning. constantly the effect of God's displeasure and min- isters of his wrath. W ere men to consider that thin phenomenon, so alarming in appearance, is the efft'ct of natural causes, that it contributes to the welfare of mankind in purifying the atmosphere, charged with noxious exhalations, removing the danger of pestilence, reason and gratitude would cause them to rank them among the many other fa- vors of Heaven. To dimininish these ungrounded apprehensions, the timid should be informed that of 750,000 per- s ms that have died in Limdon, within a space of the rein, turned three times round to enjoy the prospect, and then set up a scream of delight! it was not a neigh or a whinner, nor any common mode of speech for a horse — it was a regular hurrn ! After a while, we lurned to descend, and I nave Fedi'ral the rein ; it seemed at times a ticklish job, but he managed it well ; he stopped now and then and made a survey, as carefully as could be done by a civil engineer, turning, and tacking, and working ship like an old sailor amongst breakers, and being careful, and surefooted, he came down as safe as a tortoise. But we brought up at last against a fence, having taken a different route from that by wliich we ascended ; wo rode at the fence fairly, but Federal stopped short — tried it again — it was no go — I stopped a moment, I felt sure that he would have done his best for mo at any time, and would have broken his neck sooner than have refused, had he known exactly what to do : I there- fore talked kindly to hiin, coaxed him, patted his neck, and when I saw his head raised up two or three inches, and his ears pricked up brightly, and felt the muscles of his side swell under the saddle, I knew he had caught the idea — that was all he wanted — 1 gave him the hint to try it, and over he went, like a swallow, and at least two feet Higher than needful, for he meant to make a sure job of it. He no sooner touched the ground on the other side of the fence, than he wheeled about, looked at it, snorled, as much as to say " what do you think of that," and trotted on. During our jour- ney afterwards, Feilcral was looking out for an ex- cuse for leaping ; a log of wood, a run of water, or a low culvert he uniformly pricked up his ears at, and leaped over, giving a snort each time, to express his joy at having accomplished a new feat. Federal needed only to understand frhat I wanted, he would then do his utmost towards its accom- plishment: no whipping, pulling, jerking, or spur- ring would ever have compelled him to take the leap at the fence ; but with a moment to think about it, and a little kind flattery, he flew over like an experienced hunter. A horse may be taught, like a cliild, by those who have won his affections, but the method of teaching is to show him dis- tinctly what you wish him to do, and not to beat him because he does not understand you, and per- form at the outset. — Boston Times. They should also be informed that they unreasona- bly prolong their fear at each shock. He who has time to dread the consequences of a flash of light- ning, is already out of its ri-'ach. It is the lightning alone that can hurt us, and if we have seen it, it is Ally to grow pale, and trem- ble at the clap of thunder, and to stop our ears against the noise, which announces all dangers to be past. The greater the interval between the thunder and the lightning, the more removed is the danger. If with our finger to the pulse, we can count in the time twelve or thirteen pulsations, we calcu- late that the storm must be three miles dist.iiit. But the vriy best preventive against this or any other aliiriu, is the testimony of a good conscience. Tranquil and firm, the just man fears not unrea- sonably the judgments of Heaven. He knows that at the order of God, all nature flies to arms against the sinner, and at the same time feels that the just man is under the safeguard of Heaven. His Creator, the God whom he loves, is the Master of the Universe, and rides on the wings of the lightning ! He has his time for threatening, and his lime for punishing. Fear should be a stranger to those whose glory it is to love God, and to ccmfide in Him even when the earth shakes to its very centre with His thunder, and appears to be groaning in the agonies of dissolution. — Pough- keepsie Jmirnal. UNREASONABLE FEAR FROM THUNDER. A young man who for some years was so terri- fied by thunder and lightning, as to be on the point of falling into fits at their approach, found very great benefit from the following reflections, which a friend sent him for his most serious and frequent consideration. Unreasonable and excessive apprehensions, caused by thunder and lightning, chiefly originate in prejudice, or in an erroneous idea that they are HOW TO ACQUIRE HEALTH. Walker, in his " Original," lays down the fiil- lowing rules for attaining high health. — They are worth remembering : " First, study to acquire a composure of mind and body. Avoid agitation or liurry of one or the other, especially just before and after meals, and while the process of digestion is going on. To this end, govern your temper — endeavor to look at the bright side of things — keep down, as much as possible, the unruly passions : discard envy, hatred and malice, and lay your head upon your pillow in charity with all mankind. — Let not your wants out- run your means. — Whatever difficulties you have to encounter, be not perplexed, but only think what is right to do in the sight of Him who seeth all things, and bear without repining, the result. When your meals are solitary, let your thoughts be cheerful ; when they are social, which is better, a\oid disputes, or serious argument on unpleasant topics. 'Unquiet meals' says Shakspearc, 'make ill digestions,' and the contrary is produced by easy conversations, a pleasant project, welcome news, or a lively companion. I advise wives, not to entertain their husbands with domestic griev- ances about children or servants ; not to ask for money, nor produce any unjiaid bills, nor propound unreasonable, provoking questions." IR^TE AND POVDKETTK. An eslahhshiiipnl lor ihe manufaiUire nf ihc Manures called Urate and Poudrelle ha-, been erectt'H, at a consiHera- lile fxpiMise, in the Slale n( New Jersey, near ihe rily of New S'ork ; and an Kcl of inciirporalion has been gronleci hy the lesislature of llie State of ISew Jersey, liy the name ol " The I.odi iVIaniiliicinriiii; Company " tor pnrpnses oi agri- culture, wherein il is provided, that .''iiio shares, a poriion of the stuck reserved for siitiscripiioii liy fanners and cardeners, within n limited lime, shall he entitled to receive 5ii hiishels of Proudrette yearly ior five years, viz. in 1940, IS4!. 1S42, 1843, and 1844, upon each share of SlUd, which is at the rate of 211 per cent, per annum, for those jears, and after that period to receive an equal dividend with tiie oilier sloek- nolders. The Manufactory has sjone into operation according to law ; a sufficient number of shares bavins Iteeii sithscribed for that pu'pnse. and capital paid in i and the first divideud has heen regularly paid to ihe suhscrihers — the nest divi- dend is payalile in Septemhcr. Rut the Company needs a larser moneyed capiial than it now has, to carry Hon lo bet- ter advauiai;e. Inquiries liaving: tieen made whether all lite stock had been taken, and tlie difficulty at the present limo of olitaining funds, to a sufficieni amount, from a few indi- viduals, has induced a renewal of this nuiice to farmers and gardeners, and every other perscn who may have spare funds, (as every person is now permuted to suhscrihe,) that ihere is yet a considerable portion of the reserved slock, which, by law, is to receive 20 per cent, per annum, payable in Prou- drette, one half in May. and the other half in September, in the years IS40, 1941, 1S42, l,S43,3nd 1S44, notyel suhscrihed for, and the hooks are now open lo receive siihscriptions for llie same, hy any person, wheiher gardener, farmer or other- wise, ai ihe office of ihe Lodi Manufaeluring Company, No. 73 Cedar blreet, in the city of New York Terms for the reserved stock, SinO per share in cash; and for the other portion nf the slock an instalment of S-25 per share on sub- scribing, and the residue (being $7.5 per share) to be called in by instalments of Ss per share, after thirty days notice These manures have heen fairly tested and very generally approved of as heing the cheapest and best manures, and more ecnnomically applied than any oiher known substance used for manure. As theariicle can be furnished from the city of New York, only lo a limited extent, (not more ihan sufficieui lo manure 3.>,iKHl acres annually.) il must follow, that in a few years it will necessarily he confined to the use of the stockholders alone. It is important to agriculture, and the enterprise deserves the liberal support of every enlightened farmer. By order, WILLIAM M Wlh^ON, Secretary. At an election for Directors of the Lodi Manufaeluring Company, held al Jersey City on the 6lh day of July, 1840, the following persons were elected Directiu's of the L'ompa- ny, lo hold their offices until the first Monday in Ocloner next, namely, Anthony Dey and Jacob C. l>ey, of New York ; J D Miller, Andrew .S. Garr and Rodman M. Price, of New Jersey. Agusl 12. TIE VP CHAINS. Just received at the New England Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of those celebrated Chains for lying upcatile. These chains, introduced by E. H. Deriiy. Ksq. of Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Cb.irleslnwn, fur llie pur- pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found to he the safest and most convenient mo le of faslemngcows and oxen lo the stanchion They consist nf a chain which parses round the animal's neck, and bya ring atlacbed lo the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal al liberty to lie down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him perfectlv secure, July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BF.KKSIIIRB PIGS PROW HAWS'S STOCK. " The suhscrilier has on hand a few littres. from some of ihe largest and finest sows in the country, sired by Losing's and other imported tioars. Also, the smaller class of Berk- shire pigs, which are very beautiful animals, and delieioui porkers Either of the ahove stocks will he disposed of extremely low by applying lo Z. STANDISH. N. B. The pigs will be neatly caged and shipped at New York, without exira charge, if required. Unquestiouable reference will he given for thorough breeding. Alfiany, August 19. 4t THE NEW KNGLAKD FARMER Is puhlished every Wednesday Evening, al S3 per annum payable at the end of the year — bin those who pay wilhm sixty days from the time of subscribing are cntilled to a dc' duclionof 59 cents. T0TTLE, DF.^fNETT AWD CHISHOLM, PRINTFRS, n sruooi, STHf-KT. ..BOt-TON H O 11 T I C U L T U f{ A L REGISTER. PUBLISHED BV JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultural Warehouse.) vol.. XI v. 1 BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER IC, 1840. [NO. II. N. E. FARMER, BANKS AND THE CREDIT SYSTEM. No. IV. We B])oke at large in our last nf tlie necessity of a bank maintaining an undoubted and niisus- pectcd credit; and in order lo this, of its resting its operations and crc^dit upon a specie basis. Tliis only can be considered as a perfi'ctly secure founda- tion. The formation of banks was authorized in .Michigan, whenever twelve persons would associ- nte, and pledge for the redemption of their notes a certain amount of land. We do not know the pre- cise form in which this was to be done ; but we suppose these securities were lodged with some officer of the government; nor do we know by what rule the land was valued. The scheme, as might be e.\pected, e.xploded ; the notes immedi- ately depreciated; they were not convertible into money; and we counted in a single paper publish- ed in Detroit the present month, no less than nine banks whi;so assets were advertised to be sold by the sheriff; these assets consisting of worthless debts, a banking house, and a few chairs and ta- bles. In New York the system of what is called free banking has been adopted. As we understand it, any number of individuals are allowed to associate for banking purposes and issue their bills, upon their depositing with the Comptroller of the State a specified amount of available stock, sufficient in his opinion to secure the community against loss, should they fail to redeem their issues. This is as yet an experiment; and liable to so many abuses, that we predict its failure in any extraordinary emergency. The notes of these banks, many of them, became at once distrusted and depreciated, until the government required that every bank wkerever situated, should redeem its bills in spe- cie in New York at half per cent, discount. There seems no good reason why the holders of the bills should be subjected even to this loss. Under this system of free banking, several t'raudulent and mushroom banks have already sprung up, who have to a certain extent succeeded in their impositions ; and there seems, in our apprehension, ample room for more. In the present deranged state of the currency, men are willing to take and give almost any thing in the shape of money ; and it is wonder- ful witii what pliilusophical forbearance and pa- tience they submit to the loss. Most men, how- ever, in such cases, are pretty careful not to make tliemselves the depositaries of any considerable sum for any length of time, but pass it off as soon as practicable after receiving it. We believe that no bank is safe that does no', rest upon a specie basis. Wo hold that no bank has a right to suspend specie payments at its plea- sure, either for a longer or a shorter time. We hold that no bank ought to be indulged or tolerated in the community a day, which is not ready and prompt to redeem its notes in specie exactly ac- cording to their tenor. If these principles had been maintained, and they are no other than what the law contemplates and enforces, we should nev- er have heard of bank snspiinsions and failures. The banks at present in the country arc in very bad odor. The public indignation, exclusive of all party considerations, is loud and deep against them ; and many of the best minds in the community have been led to distrust the justice and expediency of the wbole system. The aim of every friend to the public good should be to correct the abuses which have crept into it. The notion of getting entirely rid of banks in our community, is perfectly idle. The people have so long enjoyed the advantages and facilities which they furnish, that they will not give them up. The United Slates government may refuse if it will, and as long as it will, the es- tablishment of a national bank, and may pile its systems of cash duties and sub-treasuries one upon anotlier as high as it pleases ; but it cannot con- trol the Stat<'s in their legislation, and baidis the States will have. The banks have brought the odium they suffer upon themselves. While we accord all due praise to those banks who have conducted their busim.'ss with perfect honor, and such there are in New England and out of it, we are compelled to say of a large proportion of the banks throughout the country, thisir condtrct has been most fraudulent and atrocious. In Boston and its vicinity, where mercantile honor has always stood so high, to our deep himiiliation at least eleven banks almost at the same time exploded, and scattered loss and suffering throughout the community. They viola- ted, and therefore forfeited their charter. Their notes were immediately at a large discount : many are entirely worthless. The notes of some of them have been redeemed : the notes of several of them never can be, because nothing is left in the vaults, or as nothing ions ever there to be left. The defal- cations of banks in other parts of the Union have been tremendous. In Michigan millions were lost. In Mississippi, the famous bank of Brandon is sup- posed to have issued upwards of eighty millions of dollars, not a note of which is worth more than the paper on which it is engraved. The mammoth Bank of Pennsylvania, by its speculations and tra- ding character, has depreciated its stock fifty per cent., and its notes are much below their par value. A traveller as soon as he passes out of New Eng- land anil New York, is subjected to infinite vexa- tions in the uncertain, worthless and depreciated currency which he is compelled to take. This comes of banks without capital, or banks violating their charters and acting in defiance of law as well as of justice.. That many banks have been created in New England without a capital as well as in other parts of the country, there can be no doubt. The law IS explicit, that no bank shall go into operation " until two thirds of the capital stock are bona Jide paid in in specie, there to remain for the use of the bank." Language need not be more direct. Now how is this provision grossly evaded. On a cer- tain day commissioners are appointed and required to examine the means of a bank about to go into operation. The money representing the capital is hired of some other bank for the occasion, for that day or that hour. None of it belongs to the bank whose supposed condition is examined. It is shown for the occasion ; and as soon as the occa- sion is over, it is returned to the bank of which it hired or borrowed. When shown to the commis- sioners, some of the officers of the hank make sol- emn oath that it has been bona fide paid in as a part of the capital, and is there to remain for the use of the bank ! Some people smother their ci n- sciences by calling this oath a mere formality, or as they denominate it, a " custom house oath ;" but if it be not deliiierate perjury, then we do not know the use of the terms. A second abuse in banking is discounting upon stock. In a case as described above, where in truth little or no capital is paid in, where stock- holders are allowed to have loans to the amount of seventyfive per cent upon their stock, the certifi- cate being dejiosited with the cashier, the effect is obvious. If we suppose in the first place that no, or comparatively no capital was actually paid in, then the certificate is in a degree worthless so far as the public security is concerned ; and in any case it is essentially diminished by the substitu- tion of an individual's private security or note for three quarters of the amount, for that which ought to represent so much actual specie. Such a bank then rests not upon a specie capital, but for at least three fourths of its capital where stockholders avail themselves of their privilege, upon the mere notes of individuals without even an endorsement. A third abuse of banking is, where, as in too many cases, the getters up of the bank are them- selves borrowers, not capitalists or lenders of mo- ney. It is obvious to what abuses the funds of the bank may be applied, and what motives to fa- voritism are presented, when those who have the exclusive control of the moneys of the bank, them- selves want to use them. No director or officer of a bank should, under any circumstances, be allow- ed the use of the money of that bank or to become its debtor. The public have justly felt indignant, when in times of severe pressure, the notes of good customers have been refused to be discounted, while at the same time the directors of the bank, by a system of log-rolling, could obtain money ; and by the agency of a broker, purchase out of doors these same notes, which were refused to be discounted at the bank, at a large discount, and then lodge them in the bank at their full value, of course as security for the money which they them- selves had borrowed, making themselves a large per centage without incurring any responsibility whatever. These practices, we do not say to how great an extent they prevail, certainly not at all with men of honor and principle, are too well au- thenticated to be denied. Another abuse, of which great and just com- plaint has been made, has been favoritism in mak- ing loans. Oftentimes one man can obtain his thousands where another, whose security was equal- ly sound, could not obtain his hundreds. A bank, we admit, has a perfect right to loan its funds ac- cording to its best discretion, where the security is 82 NEW ENGLAND FARMER SEPT. 16 14 . satisfactory; and an individual or a corporation rc- qniring funds arid operating on a larffe scale, do not act for themselves alono, but tlicir success and operations involve, of course, the interests of many others; but it is obvious that in proportion to the amount the risk is increased ; an offensive monop- oly is allowed ; and in a business conunuiiity,-in times of severe pressure, where so rnanyaie strug- gling for existence, a hank instituted for the gene- ral good should deal with an equal add impartial hand. What is to be said of cases, where in a bank with a capital of one hundred thousand dol- lars, two individual directors obtain almost as a per- manent loan, more than sixty thousand dollars : in another case, wliere the bank has a capital of a million, a single individual is favored to the amount of three hundred and twenty thousand dollars; and another case recently disclosed, wliere in a season of universal distress and pressure, a single house of brokers and speculators, could obtain a discount of more than two millions of dollars. We leave others to answer. Another too coinmon abuse of banking powers has been excessive loans. Nothing can justify go- ing beyond their legal rights in this respect. This however is ofteji done; and we have known a bank, with two hundred and fifty thousand dollars capital, discounting to the amount of more than a million. The public have no security where such practices are allowed. We might add considerably to the catalogue of banking abuses ; but we forbear, save in naming one. A bank should engage in no form and in no case whatever, in trade or speculation. The legi- timalc object of banking is not, in the mercantile sense of the term, the making of money. A bank is not a trading house nor a broker's office. The proper object of a bank is a place of deposit of surplus capital in a situation of perfect security, and where it can be loaned for the benefit of the community. It has a right, therefore, to legal in- terest for the money deposited, to the discharge of all its necessary expenses, and to any profits which may accrue from the use of money deposited in its care. It njay likewise lawfully avail itself of any advantages arising from the exchange of foreign money, and for the negotiation of exchange with distant places. In all these respects the public are essentially benefited ; and these may be man- aged with perfect security to the bank. But it is not so when a bank enters into trade or specula- tion of any kind : it then clearly dt-partiS from the true principles of bunking. It exposes its stock to loss and its notes to deprociaticm ; and therefore assumes risks, which were never contemplated in its charter; and especially as by its extraordinary command of funds it may in many cases monopo- lize any branch of trade, and control the business operations of the community in a way in which they will not and ought nut readily to acquiesce. 'i he United States Bank of Pennsylvania pre- sents a striking lesson on this subject. The true history of its transuctinns in cotton is not known. If it obtained and forwarded the cotton of the plan- ters with a view to save itself from loss from the large debts of these planters, thi; motives are com- mendable : but the fault lies in so largely extend, ing its discounts. If its object was a mere specu- lation in cotton, as any other mercantile concern, this was wholly foreign from its proper objects, and no one but the parties concerned can lament the retribution which has fallen upon it. If its object was, as is professed, to secure the cotton planters from loss, by monopolizing the supply and so maintaining the price of cotton, il has seen the folly of attempting by any artificial interference, to sustain a particular interest and to control the laws of trade. These great laws like the great laws which regulate every department of nature, are as fixed and uniform in their operation as the ebb and flow of the tide, and cannot be managed by human skill and cunning. Any attempt to sub- vert, escape from, or obstruct them, is as wise as Canute's determination to stop at his royal com- inanil the flowing of the sea, or, to use a humbler comparison, as it would be to shut the cellar door to keep out an earthquake. The course pursued by this bank, its losses, its suffering its bills to be dishonori'd, and the depreciation of its stock, have done an immense disservice to the cau.ie of legiti- mate banking generally, and deeply and most inju- riously affected the currency of the country. H. C. From the Farmor's Cabinet. BOOK FARMING. Mr Editor — Sir — On a visit to a young and neighboring farmer, one who has left the busy town for the peaceful country, as he says, and who reads the agricultural works of the day in his own de- fence, I saw many things about his house and pre- mises which even I, an old farmer, with perhaps a pretty strong spice of prejudice, especially against book farming, at once could perceive were improve- ments upon the old plans adopted by my grand- father. I had called upon him to offer my services by way of advice, but I vow that before I entered the house, I was sensible that I had come to the wrong [ilace for that business — so I made what is called a virtue of necessity, and held my tongue. Why, Mr Editor, before I left him, I found that he was the oldest in point of knowledge, and only wanted a little practice to render him by far a bet- ter manager than myself: I guess he talked "like a book," and had chapter and verse at his fingers' ends for every thing he did ; and something better than that too, for he had the modesly to listen, while I described some of our old-fiisliioned modes of management, which, however, he would demol- ish, although very quietly, in about half a minute, by turning to his books, in which, 1 declare, he seemed to have the power to find just what he l(,ok- ed after; and the truth of his notions was, I am compelled to say, as plain as A, B, C. There is one thing, however, in which I think he is wrong: he says we do not, according to his calculation, plough deep enough. Now I think, if any thing, we plough too deep, and so I told him; but he on- ly answered he was young, and was desirous of getting informatiim by buying it, and was making experhnenls which would convince him of the truth or falseliood of the theory ; and then he asked me if I had ever given the thing a fair trial ? which I was bound to say 1 had not: and there, Mr Editor, these youngsters have the advantage over us — for nothing will satisfy them but rooting to the bottom of things ; and it was in vain for me to say, as I did repeatedly, " he may be sure that I was right in my notions on that subject, and he would find it so." His dairy cows, which lie had bouglit but the last year, were all of the proper age and in full milk, for he told me, as often as he was convinced that he had a bad milker, ho gold lier right away and bought another ; for, added he, " my books tell me there is more than a hundred per cent, dif- ference between a good and a bad milker, lor while a good milker gives a profit, a bad milker gives a /oM." This was physic to me, for I knew that one-half my dairy cows were too old or too young, and the other half far from good — so I said nothing. But there was one thing in which he shamed nif, and that was, the way in which he had chang- ed the situation of his cattle yard, so as to prevent the drainage of the dung from passing over the high road and down the ditch, as had been the case for the last age or two, and this he had done so easily too, for, by digging up the bottom of the old yard two or three feet in depth in the centre, he had cast it hollow, and obtained by these means many hundred loads of the richest mould, exactly in the place where it was required, and all without the cost and labor of carting, to act as a sponge to soak up the drainage of the yard during the win- ter; and now I found liim turning it up with his long manure, a heap, I had almost said, as large as a little barn I this was killing two birds with one stone, you see, and I wondered how the idea could have entered his head — for I am sure it had never entered mine — but he took down a book where there was a picture ofa cattle yard as natural as life, and pointed out the advantages of the altera- tion, and made a calculation of the saving it would be to him in the course of the year, in the article of manure, that quite astonished me ; and then he went to work with his figuring to show the quan- tity of capital mould he had obtained, merely by digging; multiplying together, as he called it, the length and breadth by the height, and turning tlu; whole into loads, without ever loading a bit of it I declare it made me feel all-over-like to see him go from Dan to Beersheba in about a wliistlc '. But there was a machine in ashed at the end ot the house, that was a caution to me : it was a large grindstone set upon rollers, so true, that with a sin- gle finger it might be set off" as though it would go for a month : now that was a toid which I had promised to get for the last ten year.", but never found time to do it, although it has cost me hun- dreds of hours, and something more than time, to go to the tavern a mile ofl^, every time we want to grind a scythe, or hook, or axe, and operate upon an old, worn out, rickety thing, about as smooth as the back of my hand — a quality which it never be- fore struck me was chosen by the owner and ten- ant of the tavern, for the purpose of keeping the noses of his customers so long at the grindstone, , as to bring on a desire for drink ; and, now I think of it, it is placed in the nine-pin alley! I would have passed without noticing it, but my young friend remarked, " here is the cheapest article I over bought ; it is large and cuts so readily that it is no labor to use it : I guess it has saved me about the amount of a rent already : all our tools, from the knives of the table to the hoes, spades, shovels, and pick-axes, are kept sharp, and it is a pleasure to work with them ; at haytime and harvest, we generally give our scythes a touch every morning, which saves hours in the day and many a weary back, besides cutting the crops closer and cleaner: I cannot calculate the value of such a convenience because I have never been without one:" but I thought I could, and from that moment determined to get one right away. He had many other strange things about him, a description of which I must re- servo for another opportunity. Onk of the Old School. VOI,. XI.V. NO. II. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER 83 CATTLE SHOW, Exhibilioti of Manufactures and Ploughing Match, at It'esthoro', Mass., Oct. 7, 1840. The Directors of the "Agricultural Society of Westboro' and Vicinity," propose a Cattle Show, Plougliing Match, and Exhibition of Manufactures, at Westboro', on Wednculay, the 7lh day of Octo- ber next, at 9 o'clock-, A. M., and will distribute as premiums, ngricullurn! puhlicaHons. Competent judges have been appointed on the fcommitlees for awardintr the preiiiinins. The undersigned, appointed a committee by the Directors of the Agricultural Society of Westboro' and Vicinity, to make all necessary arrangements for the 7tli of October next, propose that premiums be awarded For the best milch cow, For the next best " For the best bull not less than one year old, For the best bull calf. For the best 3 years old heifer, For the best 2 " " For the best ] year " For the best heifer calf. For the best pair of working oxen, not less than 4 years old. For the best 3 years old steers, For the best '2 " " For the best 1 year " For the best ox fatted for slaughter, For the best boar. For the best breeding sow. For the best pen of fat hogs, not less than three, belonging to one person, For the best weaned pigs, not less than three in number. The committees will have regard to the product of milk and butter, manner of keeping and time of 'calving of the cows, and the manner°and expense of raising and keeping other stock, an account of which must be given to the appropriate committees in the day of exhibition. Persons intending to nffcr any species of stock, must give notice to the Secretary on or before the Cth day of October, the iay preceding the Show, at." o'clock. The own- ers of working oxen or cattle are requested to fur- lish a chain for each yoke. Domestic Manufactures. For the best butter, not less than 13 lbs. For the next best " " 12 ]bs. For the best lot cheese, not less than ."iO lbs. The butter must be exhibited in bcves, and the )wners of butter and cheese must have a private nark, and any public mark must be concealed so IS not to be known by the committee. It is hoped that other articles of manufacture nay add to the interest of the exhibition. A com- nittee will examine all that may be oflered. I'ub- ications arc reserved and will be distributed in gratuities to persons who shall exhibit articles of kill and utility. Every article of manufacture nust be entered and delivered lo the person ap- xiinted to receive them, before 2 o'clock the day 'receding the exhibition. Ploughing Match. For the best work with double team, For the next best work with do. For the best work with single team. For the next best work with do. The great object of this part of the exhibition is to excite emulation in the use of the most impor- tant instrument of agriculture. The ploughs and oxen and ploughmen must be those used and em- ployed on the owner's farm. Those persons who design to become competitors must give notice to the Secretary before the first day of October next. The ploughs must be on the ground designated precisely at 9 o'clock, A. M. All stock offered for premium or exhibition, must remain in the pens until 3 o'clock. I'loughing match will commence at '.) o'clock precisely. An address will be delivered in the meeting house at 11 o'clock, immediately after which there will be a trial of working oxen. J)inner will be provided for those who furnish themselves with tickets before 10 o'clock, which ni.ay be found at the hotel of D. Brigham, and at the different stores. Premiums will be declared at the meeting house, after dinner, on the ringing of the bell. I he committees are recpirsted to meet at the Town Hall, at S o'clock precisely. G. Df.nnv, Aeijah Stoive, J. A. Fayerweather, Thomas Stone, Charles P. Ricr, Committee of .Arrangements. The publications will be distributed within twen- ty days after they are awarded ; if not called for in two months, they will be considered relinquished. LOVETT PETERS, President. Geo. Denny, Sec'ry. irestboro\ Sept. 4, 1840. PREVENTIVES OF SMUT. We take the following from the British Farmer's Magazine, into which it is copied from Bell's (Lon- don) Weekly Messenger : Having observed in a contemporary paper, in- structions for dressing seed wheat, in which lime is recommended to be mi,xed with the blue vitriol, I am induced to beg the favor of your inserting the following observations. I have been an advocate, and as far as my limited sphere has allowed, an es- tablisher of the vitriol dressing for wheat for .seve- ral years; but, at the same time, I have most stren- uously insisted upon the injurious effects of using liine with it, as at variance with the laws of chemU cal science. For instance, sulphate of copper, com- monly called blue vitriol, is a chemical comhina- tion of copper with sulphuric acid : this acid has a greater affinity for lime than copper; consequently in the plan referred to, the acid passes from the copper to the lime, and forms sulphate of lime, which resembles in appearance and utility what is known by the name of plaster of Paris ; and thus, just in proportion to the quantity of lime used, the vitriol is deprived of its preventive quality, and you get as a substitute a perfectly useless substance. My directions are as follows: dissolve one pound of vitriol in a kettle of boiling water, then add as much cold water as will make three pails full of liquor, steep the wheat in the liquor about 20 min- utes, turning and skimming it well; strain it off in a skep over another tub, and in 13 hour.i it is fit for use. The wheat, when thus dressed, will keep sound for many weeks, and the liquor which re- mains is equally efficacious for fresh wheat. The above plan, as far as my observations have extend- ed, h s never failed to secure a sound crop, and by adding double the above quantity of vitriol, the most bladdered wheat has been used with equal success. I feel confident, if the above directions be strictly adhered to, the use of tho vitriol will be highly appreciated by every agriculturist in the '*'"i="'"l"- JaS. B. CUTTl.NG. From ihi; British Fiirmer's Magazine. SALT AND LFMK. Now I am an humble farmer, but this much I have tiled as an experiment, though I have not ex- actly completed it, because I have not thrashed out the corn. I sowed two acres and a half of wheat, and to the first half acre I put an application of salt! to the next half acre salt and lime, and to the next ^ lime alone. This was on heavy land, and where I put the salt and the salt and lime, I am thoroughly convinced [ had two coomb an acre more. To the day the land was ploughed up, you could see to an inch wh(!re the salt and the salt and lime went, and there was one hoeing less required on that part than on the other. I have been particularly care- ful in separating the crops of the different half acres, and after a time I will give you the result: I think I shall have a good report lo make of the salt and lime. F think salt and lime best. On the light frothy land, I think there would be a great increase from a mixture of salt and lime. Mr C. .Tohnson refers you to several gentlemen as givin.r testimony to the beneficial results—amongst otir. ers to Sir Thomas Ackland, who is a great experi- mental farmer, and to come nearer home, to Mr Chaltis, of Panfield, who, I believe, is since dead, and his certificate was. that he grew upwards of six bushels an acre more, and tho wheat was worth one pound a load more.— Mr Etwes, South Suffolk •Association. The next subject was partly taken up by tho chairman; I mean a mixture of salt and lime. This is an easy application: it is only for the farmer to buy 100 bushels of lime, and put 50 bushels of salt inaclampdugasifforpotati.es or mangel wurt- zel ; lay it altogether, and mix it up with water till It comes to the consistency of mortar ; cover it up close, and let it lay three months, and then apply It to the field either by sowing or spreading it; 30 bushels an acre is the outside on land for° barley, or wheat, or grass ; and when the grass is subject to moss it will be very beneficial. Where lime is applied to pasture, there you are sure to see what is called Dutch clover, and you will always find it to he so — Mr Mapletoft. •/igricnllure. — If agriculture were the universa employment of mankind, and every one found his support from the labor of his hands, we should hear no more of treachery or violence : peace, tranquili- ty, and contentment of mind and heart, would es- tablish their residence upon earth. I have never yet met with the person with whom f would wil- lingly change situations ; nor have I ever to the present hour, felt any want, or the slightest inclina, tion to covet the possession of what belonged to another. — Kliyogg. Lime. — A Pennsylvania paper states that a Mr Cadwell, of Valley township, near Danville, raised 400 bushels of wheat from a field of land the past season. Five years ago the product of the same field was but thirty bushels. In the mean time, Mr C. has spread 1500 bushels of lime on said land S4 N E W ENGLAND FAR M E R SEPT. 16, 1840. Ffir the New Englaiul Farmer. AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEM F.NI'S. Mr CoLi'.iA>' — Tlie great iniprnvoments made in agriculture within the last twenty years, and the impetus ^iven to it by agricultural Bcicieties, hooks and periodical papers, is evident to every man of observation. And that there is room for fnrther and still greater improvement is beyond qnestion. Ploughing matches have proved that a yoke of oxen can plough at the rate of several acres a day, and they liave also called into use n great variety of ploughs, and very much lessened the labor of turning up the glebe. But from the almost end- less variety of patterns of this implement, there does not seem to be any one kind that in public estimation takes the lead of all others. And such is the dispositions of many persons to buy the cheapest priced arti'-le, that almost any thing in the shape of a plough will find purchasers, if 'tis nominally cheap; but there are others who are willing to pay liberally if they can be sure of a good article. I saw at your mechanics' fair in Boston, last September, several kinds of well made and handsomely finished ploughs ; but I should have felt much embarrassed in awarding a premi- um without a trial of them in the ground. For one I am much gratified tliat there is to be a trial of the comparative merits of the several kinds now before the public. It is the only sure and right test, and to that mechanic who tnakes the best ar- ticle let him have the credit of it till another can outdo him : it is the only way of making advances towards perfection. If 'tis a project of" fancy far- mers " it is also a project that I fancy ; and I am one of the " huge paw " farmers. Another impor- tant step towards improvement is the liberal pre- mium offered by tlie Plymouth county society, in the management of three pieces of land of half an acre each; one by ploughing in with the sward a given quantity of manure ; one by spreading and harrowing the same amount of manure after the land is ploughed; the third without manure. First year in corn ; second in grain; third in grass, — the crops to be accurately measured and weighed. That course will decide the difference, if there is any, in the application of the manure ; also the true value of it. 'I here is such a difference in farm- ing in the same neighborhood in many places, that if there is hut one right and profitable way it is of great importance that it f-hnuld be known. With- in the distance of about one mile from where I am now writing, there are four or five farmers, who all manage differently. Farmer A. carts all his win- ter made and coarse man\ire and turns it under with his greensward in May. B. suffeis his to lie in the yard and at the hovel windows througli the summer, carts it out upon his sward land in Sep- tember and October, ami ploughs it under for his corn crop ne.xt sea.-.-uu. C. breakt^ up his sward land in the autumn ; next year sows to onts ; in September carts out his manure and turns it in with the stubble for hoed crops the next year. 1). lets his manure lie in the yard and at the hovel windows till fall ; then carls it out into large heaps ; next spring applies it all in the hill for his corn and potato crop. Yet each man thinks his own the best course. They do not vary from it, nor try any experiments, and none of them cart any muck, leaves or loam into their yards to mix with their manures to imbibe the light or retain the gaseous parts. There seems also to be some difference of opin- ion among farmers in relation to improving their lands by ploughing in vegetable matter, whether in its green or dried state. A few weeks since I saw a very good farmer mowing a crop of oats, and drying them before ploughing in — while most far- mers plough in such crops while green and full of sap. Now that one or the other way, is the best and most profitable is morally certain, and the only way of determining is by actual and carefully con- ducted experiments. The late Col. Taylor, of Virginia, enriched and very much improved his large plantations by plough- ing in dried clover, and has as.-igned his reasons for it in preference to the practice of turning in green crops, but they are too lengthy to quote in this sheet. In some parts of Pennsylvania they grow wheat every other year, let it remain in clover al- ternate years till it is fairly in blossom, then turn in their cattle and pasture it till time to plough for winter wheat. Their lands are continually improv- ing by this course. K Mr Pomeroy, in reply to the printed questions of the trustees of your State Agricultural Society, stated it as his practice to plough in dried clover in preference to turning it in green. To this the trustees dissented. Mr Keeley, of Haverhill, has proved beyond all doubt the great value of ploughing in green vegetable matter, and of that fact I have no doubts myself.— But whether green or dried is the best course, I am not quite so clear about. It is a common say- ing, cultivate a Utile land and manure and cultivate Mo(well. But you, Mr Editor, some time ago, broached a new and I think a more correct doc- trine— that is, to cultivate a good deal of land, and tliat well : but that cannot be done unless we re- sort to some other means than the mere droppings of our stock for manure, and many good farmers are sensible of that, and are trying to enrich their grounds by plougliing in vegetable matter. There- fore it seems important that the question should be settled, as to the best and most profitable method of availing ourselves of this great auxiliary. I had a few other hints in my " mind's eye " when I began this ; but have already spun it out to such a length that I fear it will deter you from sticking the type for it. B. Sept. 7, 1840. suffer the dung to lie all the season in the yard, trodden down hard by the cattle and exposed to a winter flood of rain. Every dung heap should rest on a foundation of mould, so placed as to catch the draining of the manure, which would else soak into the earth and be lost, but which, fully impreg- nating the bottom layer of mould, renders it nearly equal in richness with the rest: and the dung ought to lie loose, that there may be space for the act of fermentation. It would doubtless be advan- tageous to have the dung under cover, but such convenience is rather out of the question on ac- count of the expense ; nevertheless a covering of earth is no despicable substitute. Various receipts are given for the making of compost — some of them laughable enough, on account of the expen- siveness, scarcity, or hard names of the ingredients ; but the best way is for the farmer to get all the various articles of manure he can possibly lay his hands on, the fatter the better, and with them form his compost heap : the diflerent ingredients should lie as equally as possible, nor ought lime or ashes to come ill immediate contact with dung, but with earth or vegetables ; and every practical man knows when to turn it over and divide and break the clods and adhesions. — Lawrence. MANURING. The bulk of the manure on a farm should ever be bestowed upon those crops dosi[:ned for the sup- port of tlie live stock, by whicli n>easure, and the use of the hoe or cultivator, these fallows, as they are very properly termed, will be in a most rich, clean and cleganforder for the production of corn or grain of any kind ; and this measure is absolute- ly essential upon soils apt to run riot from super- abundant fertility, when fresh dunged and sown with grain broadcast, when the consequence too often is one continued bed of weeds and a forest of straw, borne down by its own weight, and de- stroyed by the rust. The true management of dung in the farm yard, is to get it ready fer use, that is, to expedite a due fermentation as early as possible, by throwing it into convenient situations in heaps of advantageous size. Dung hills of mod- erate size are most favorable to fermentation, and are, besides, ready at hand for choice on any emer- gency ; and it is very much better to continue at every opportunity, to make dung hills in proper situations, either at home or in the fields, than to EUROPEAN HUSBANDRY. The new husbandry of England and Scotland presents a most gratifying fact, which ought to be realized and undei-stood here. Our men of capital ] invest their money in almost any thing, sooner than in either purchasing farms or making improvements upon them. In England, the policy of the law is, , to continue the ownership of the soil in a succes- j sion of families, so that the greater enterprise is to be found, not in the owners of the land, but in those who pay a high price for the use of it : the improve- ments there are more generally made by the ten- ants than by the owners. The eminent success of the venerable farmer of Norfolk — Mr Coke, of Holkham — presents a case wcuthy our admiration. The product of his whole estate when he came in- to possession, was little more than two thousand pounds per annum : twenty years ago his income from rents had advanceB to twenty thousand ; and it is now said to be more than forty thousand pounds, or exceeding two hundred thuusand dollars! In adding this great iucriiase to his wealth, Mr Coke has not made thousands poor, aa he might have done, if his estate liad been money, and that money had accumulated from use, even at no more than the lawful interest: the value of his property has been increased in the course of the time of his ac- tive life, from thirty to forty fold, and no human be- ing under the sun is the poiprcr for it: he has liv- ed all the time in a style of princely magnificence, and even what has been expended in mere orna- ment, has made the world no poorer, but dispensed favors to the poor, who have received in the expen- diture, not what is wrung from the hard hand of la- bor, but the surplus that has been left after labor had received its full remuneration. The wealth of Mr Coke has been the increase of the capital of the country : the acre of ground that is now worth twenty and thirty for one, is worth nothing less to the community in which he lives, than to himself: its increased value to him, is also increased value to them. — //o?i. 1. HilVs .Iddress. Wheat.. — More than one hundred and fifty varie- ties of this grain are known to exist. vol.. XI.\. NO. 11. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER, 85 PLOUGHING. Fanners liavR bcoii considerably divided in opinion on two points connected vvitli ploughs, or rather with ploughing ; one of these regardinir tlie manner in whicli tiie furrow slice should be turned over ; and the other, the deptli to which land should be ploughed. Some ht'.ve contended that the furrow slice should never be laid flat, but always in such an ini:lined position, that the edge of one slice should josi rest on the next one, leav- ing under the edge su raised, a vacancy nearly as deep as tlie thickness of the furrow slice. This, it it contended, is advantageous, by liastening de- composition, and by allowing water to pass freely oiF without injury to young plants. Other far- mers maintain as strenuously that the furrow slice should in all cases be laid perfectly flat, or revers- ed in such a manner ihdt a field aftur ploughing should be as level as before, the plough simply reversing the surface of the slice. In this, as in a majority of controverted points, our experience and observation leads us to conclude that both sides are partly right, and both partly wrong. We liave found that, if on lands strong and with a tenacious or impervious subsoil, which retained for some time what water fell upon it, the furrow slice was slightly lapped, so as to leave a space below, young plants suffered less from a wet season, or an undue accumulation of water, than they would if the furrow slice was fully inverted, and the surface made smooth and even. On the contrary, we have been led to believe that on a light soil, or one inclining to be dry or porous, it was better to invert the surface completely, and by rolling, ren- der the surface smooth, and its particles as com- pact as possible. A surface so treated, will retain its moisture longer than if left in a state more loose and friable, and the conducting power will be increased by the particles being brought more closely in contact. Let the farmer, then, whose subsoil is impermeable to water, lay his furrows as dipping as he pleases ; the more spaci; below, the bettor for him; but on a light porous soil, lay the surface flat, and make it as dense as it well can be. The benefit, which compressing sandy soils confers, is well understood in Norfolk, in England, where the treading of the sheep in feeding the turnips in the field, is considered not the least ben- eficial part of the culture required for the produc- tion of wheat. Nearly the same remarks may be applied to the other controverted point, viz: that which relates to the depth of ploughing. 1 he propriety or im- propriety of deep ploughing must be determined by the soil itself; by its condition, in reference to a supply of vegetable matter in the soil, and the depth to which it has been formerly ploughed. Where the stratum of fertile soil is thin, and the subsoil, no matter from what cause, incapable of promoting vegetation, it is bad policy to bring this infertile subsoil to the surface, as a stratum in which seeds are to germinate. And where the soil is permeable to the deptli of twelve or eighteen inches, or as low as the plough can penetrate, and is filled with fertilizing materials, deposited by the processes of nature, or by manure applied to the surface in cultivation, then the plough may run deep without fear of injury to the present crop, and the certainty of benefit to the future ones. We think the true method of rendering any soil deep and fertile, is to plough no deeper, and bring up no more of the infertile earth at a time to the surface, than can be thoroughly corrected by manures, to be incorporated with it, and thus made Iriable and productive. At each successive ploughing, if this course is followed, the soil will be gradually deepened and rendered productive to any desired depth. I'v pursuing this course of manuring and ploughing, .ludge Powell rendered his soils fertile to the deptli of fourteen inches, and whi're the roots of plants have this depth ol good earth to range in and seek their fooil, the farmer can hardly fail of securing first rale crops. Every part of a soil BO prepared, is fit for the germin.ilion of seeds to the lowest depth to which the plough can reach ; and the more thorough the ploughing is given, the greater will be the surface exposed to the benefits of leration, or the ameliorating influ- ences of the atmosphere. One of the greatest differences between the old and the new husbandry, depends on this question of ploughing. In the old mode, the plough was used year after year to the same depth, and the manure applied with refer- ence to the crop solely, while the improvement of the soil was wholly left out of sight. As a natural consequence, " tliere was no depth of soil," and when manure failed, the fertility of the land was gone, with scarcely a possibility of renovation un- der such a jjrocoss. In the new husbandry, the permanent improvement of the soil, by gradual manuring and deepening, is kept steadily in view ; and hence the accumulation and use of manures lias received an additional importance. The gar- den is usually far the most fertile part of the farm, and this is brought about by the gradual incorpo- ration of manures wiili the subsoil raised at each successive ploughing, until the requisite depth and fertility is gained. On lands long ploughed to a uniform depth, as they were under the old system, the pressure of the plough on the same surface, gradually formed an impenetrable strata, thus forming a fatal obstruction to the roots of plants, where it did not naturally exist. In England, on soils inclining to clay, and which have been under the plough occasionally, or almost perpetually for centuries, this impermeable pan is cnnimoii, and one of the most decided advantages found to re- sult from the subsoil plough, i.-i the breaking up and demolition ol this artificial construction to the spread and depth of the roots of plants. On the old cultivated fields of New England, the same difficulty exists more or less, and can be lemoved, and the soil rendered fertile by the same means so successful abroad. The too freciuent ploughing of land is not to be recommended in any case, and unless absolutely required to destroy foul weeds, it should receive no further moving than is requisite to fit it for a crop. The great mistake of Tull, was, that plough- ing or pulverization would supersede the use ot manuring. lint experience shows, what indeed philosophy inculcates, that beyond a certain point, ploughing is injurious ; and that, though essential benefits are derived to the soil from the action of atmospheric agents, manuring in some form, is in- dispensable to successful farming. It may be said that an application of manure should take place every time land is either ploughed and cropped. On land that has been brought to a high state of fertility, the decomposition of the rich sward will usually prove a suliicient dressing for a single crop; but for a repetition or rotation of crops, manures cannot be withheld without a certain de- terioration of the soil, and a probable lessening of the crop. Ploughing and manuring must go to- gether, and without this combination, each will be found defective and incapable of producing such results as are certain to ensue when both separate processes are skilfully united. We are therefore disposed to consider every decided improvement in the plough, as a sure indication of progress in agriculture ; a proof that another step in the cor- rection and dissipation of ancient error has been gained ; and the way opened and the means provided for still further and more important ad- vances. 'Hbnny Vutlivnlor. From the same. PRESERVING WINTER APPLES. Mkssrs. Gavloru & TucKFE — Last April a year, I visited a friend, when he made me a present of a large dish of fine flavored apples, and it being out of season to have apples in such a good state of preservation, I inquired his mode of keeping them. He informed me that in the fall he made a box six feet long and two feet deep, which he sunk into the ground to a level with the surface, then he filled the box with sound apples, and cov- ered it with boards in the form of a roof, but leav- ing an opening at both ends. The roof he also covers with straw and earth, to the usual thickness of an apple or potato hole. In this condition he leaves it till the apples are frozen, but as soon as a thaw comes, he makes it perfectly air tight, and in a few days the frosl is altogether removed, and the apples are as fresh and perfect as when they were taken from the trees. I am aware that this is an excellent plan, be- cause I know that most of the apples and potatoes in holes rot and decay, in consequence of the warm and foul air accumulating having no oppor- tunity to escape. I thought, however, to improve it. I consequently, last fall, buried my apples in the usual way ; then I took four strips of one inch boards and nailed them together in the form of a chimney, leaving a vacancy in the middle, of one inch square ; this I placed in the centre of the ap- ple hole, the end resting on the apples inside, and the other end projecting two feet above the ground. This succeeded far beyond my expectations. The vacancy in the chimney was barely sufficient to permit the warm and foul air to escape, and not so large as to let the frost in to affect the apples. My family, during the winter, whenever they wish- ed to have apples for consumption, only removed the chimney and reached in with the hand to get a supply, and then replaced it again ; and I can as- sure you, that of eiglil bushels which were thus buried, only three rotten and five or six slightly affected apples were discovered, whereas my neigh- bors, who buried their apples in the old fashioned way, lost a large quantitv. WILLIAM J. EVER. Catlatvissa, P:. July llli, 1840. Importance of .liiricuUurc. — The world is in a fair way to be driven into an appreciation of the importance of agriculture, and the great truth will yet be understood, that to the labor of the hus- bandman, to the production of actual wealth from the soil, more than to all the transmutations and changes such wealth may afterwards undergo, is national prosperity owing. I he interests of the world are identified ; it is only when these inter- ests are disarranged by ignorance or cupidity, that general distress ensues. — lb. 86 NEW ENGLAND FARMER, SEPT. 10, 1840. anh horticultural rfci3ter. Boston, Wednesday, Sept. 16, 1840. ENGLrsH AGRICULTURE. It is highly grnlifyiiig tu observe thu rtnewc^d :iiiil strong interest now lal;ht, under the enliglilnned, iniiel.itigaiile, aiul intense devotion of Sir John Sinohiir and ihe Rev. Arlhnr Young. Aided by many intelligent coadjutor.^ and enjoying the lihcral p.rt- ronage of the government, Ihey effected innnense bene- fits to the agriculliirul interest. They awakened uni- versal attention. They obtained the establishment of a national board of agrieulturo ; they procured surveys of all the counties of England, which were published by the order and at llio expense of the board ; and full and statistical returns (if all the parishes in Scotland. These, Sir John Sinclair embodied in his general report of the airriculture of Scotland, iiiadilillon to this he publish- ed in two octavo volumes a distinct treatise of the hus- bandry of Scotland, one of the most valuable works ever given to the agricultur.il public ; and after this, what he denominates his Code of Agriculture. This has been througli several editions abroad, and has also been pub- lished in this country with notes by the American edi- tor. This book was intended, from a general survey of the whole ground which he h,ad passed over, to collate, combine, and condense the most valuable information and the most useful, practical and settled points and principles of agriculture ; and must long remain a stan- dard work on this subject. In addition to this he visited Flanders, and publislied some remarks on the agricul- ture of that country — a very imperfiicl work on that subject, because the kindling of a war between France and England obliged him suddenly to return home be- fore lie had accomplished his researches. In addition to this, an agricultural society in England had, at their own expense, sent out the llev. Mr Radcliffe to Flan- ders, who published an inleresting account of his tour, with very full details on (he ribjects of it — a highly in- structive volume. At the same time Arthur Young published in many volumes his agricultural lours through the several pans of England, which are full o/ ontertaiiiing and practical observations. Many other liighly intelligent writers entered the lists, and the science insejiarable from the practice always advanced with rapid strides. About this time Sir Mumphrey Davy, with \\U admirable ge- nius and learning and attractive manner, could render a course of lectures cm agricultural chemistry interesting to a very full attendauee of the highoct order of the no- bility and gentry of both sexes. This was the ''book farming" part of the business, which kindled a flame that illuminated all of England, and was reflected upon this country, where it was eagerly drank in by such minds as Washington, tnid other ilistitiguished niind-i, particu- larly in our own good Stnte of Massachusetts, in New York and in Pennsylvania. If nothing else came of it, it every where set the plough to work, and revealed to men the high importance of this great interest and its capability of improvement far beyond what it had al- ready reached. The Bath Societv about the same time distinguished itself by its many valuable publications ; and many in- dividuals came forward with the communication of high- ly important experiments in cultivation. Great atten- tion, likewise, was piiid to th<' improvement, more p;ir- ticularly of sheep and horned rattle; and llii.s attention and interest seem to have been kept itp without inter- mission to the present time. We should be very glad, if the means, which are in our possession, were at hand where we write, to sub- stantiate and exhibit the immense improvements which v%ere eflecled under such influences and agencies. We siiall have, we trust, some future opportunity of demon- strating this. We have only to say that they were most obvious and ex'.raoidinary, and amph' compensated the labors and fulfiderl the predictions of ihr.sc patriotic in- dividuals by whom they had been brought about. Af- ter a while, as it happens with all human affairs, the flood tide began to ebb; and for a while, with the ex- ception of the improve nent of the live stock of Ihe country, as above alluded to, tho attculitm to this great subject seemed to flag ; and from the advancement of the science and the bettering of the practice, it was di- rected principally to the discussion and controversy re- specting what are called the Corn L.'iws, which with a view to protect the landlord and grov\'ei of grain, forbid the introduction of foreign wheal or flour, iinlil from scarcity or other circumstances, wheat has reached a certain price fixed by statute. Things have now changed. The direct and practical improvement of agriculture is now claiming a deep inte- rest throughout the United Kingdom. Men rif science are turning their attention to it. Men of the highest wealth and rank are turning their attention to it. What is better than all this, the practical cultivators of the soil are turning increased and exact attention to it, and are communicating the results of their inquiries and ex- periments tlirough the medium of the agricultural jour- nals. The Highland Soeiefy o'' Scotland, has distin- guished itself by the valuable communications which it has given to the public. A new national agricultural society has been formed, which embraces gentlemen of the Irighest rank and influence, and extensive landhold- ers, and vast numbers of practical farmers, who hold their annutil cattle shows, where every stimulus which distinction and substantial golden rewards can apply, arc presented to competition an>l excellence. They have published four numbers of an agricultural journal, desitrnrd to be continued, and whose continuance is ;ire;illy to be desired, if the immbers already given are to be regarded as a fair sample of what may lie expect- ed At their creiit meeting at Smitlifieid the last year, our distinguished fellow-citizen, Mr Webster, addressed Ihe meeting, bein;' called up by a complimentary toast to his own country. This year the meeting was ad- dressed by our Ambassador at the court of St. James, Mr Stevenson. We gave Air Webster's admirable re- marks on the occasion, and we hope the jiublishers of the Farmer will *rive Mr Stevenson's to their readers, which do him equal honor. [Mr Stevenson's speech has been published in the Fanner.] One .sentiment em- bodied in it, coming from a Virginia planter, is sufficient- ly remarkable — viz : " II (agriculture) became then the cause not of their country iirlrij I'ur the Mrw (^iiulaiiil ^nrlripr. Ai .\l.,rlioi:i80 Beef Cattle, C75 Sliires, 4800 Sliecp, and 1175 Swine. 1*1.11 KS — lleef Catlle. — The prices ubiainod last week were fully sustained. We quote First quiility, $5 75 a $6 00. Second quality, $5 25 a $5 50. Third quality, $4 00 a .* 5 00. Siores.— Yearlings, 1*8 a $11. Two Year Old $14 a $18. Three Year Old, $82 a !ji28. AVicc/).— Dull— lots wrre sold at $1 12,. $1 25, $1 42, $1 ()(), $1 75, $1 8!!t, Mi'l ,f2 00. Siriiie — Dull, and piiies h.ive further declined, l.ou to peddle 3, 3 1-8, 3 1-4, and 3 3-8 fur bows, and 4, 4 1-8, 4 1-4 and 4 3-8 for barrows. At retail 3 1-2 to 5. I «!!AIW CRADLKS. THKii.MOMETRICAL. IIe[i with the boat. -As it was going to weather the point, they lowered sail ; the fellow being nearly exhaust- ed, gave up the chase, crying, " avrah, honey ! ij you^re ^oiixg to strip to it, the devil himself cmi't cnlrh you .'" Mr Marsh, a chemist, connected with the Royal Arsenal, Englanil, has discovered that iron, which has remained a considerable time under water, when reduced to small grains, or an i:npalpable powder, will become red hot and ignite any object with which it may be brought m contact. CR*TE AND POVDRETTE. An eslatilistinieiu for tlie maiiufaclure of tlie Manures called Urate and Pondrette ha^ heeii erectt.'d, at a consiifcra- tiie expense, in the Stale ot New Jersey, near the ciiy of New York : ami an act of iiieornmaiion litis ijeen graiueil hy ttie legislalure of the Slate of New Jersey, by the n. nif o' " The LoHi Manufacturing? Company." for purposes t \ ;i2ri- cullure, wfierein it is provider!, liiat r>nn sliares, a i-urluiti of the stock reserved for snliscriplion tty farin^^i> and ■•■rdeiicrs, within a limited time, shall be entitled to receive D'l Miisbcls of Proudrette yearly for five years, viz. in l^m, Ihllj 1S4-^, 1343, and 18-U, upon each share of SIOO, which is at tfic laie of 2(1 per cent, per annum, for those jears, mid after ilial period to receive an equal dividend with the oilier stiick- lioldcrs. The Manufactory has gone into operation according to law; a sufficient number of shares having f)eeii suhscrihed for that put pose, and capital paid ni ; and the first divideud has heen regularly paid to the subscrihers — the ue.xl divi- dend is payaMe in Seplemher. Hut the Company nerds a larger moneyed capital than it now has, to carry it on to hel- ler advantage. Inquiries having been made wliether all the slock had heen taken, and the difficulty at the present time of ohtaining funds, to a sufficieni amnuul, from a tew indi viduals, has induced a renewal of this notice to farmers and gardeners, and every other person who may have spare funds, (as every person is now permitted to suhsi'rihe,) lliat there is vet a considerahle portion of the reserved stock, which, hy law, is lo receive 2U percent, per annum, payable in Prou. dreltc, one half in May, and the other half in September, in Ihe years IS40, IS4I, 1842, 1843, and 1844, iiotyel subscribed for, and the books are now open lo receive subscriptions for the same, by any person, whether gardener, farmer or other- wise, at the office of (he Lodi Manufacturing Company, No. 73 Cedar Street, in the city of New York. Terms lor the reserved slock, SfOO per share in cash; and for I he other portion of the slock an inslalineni of S25 per share on sub- scriliing, and the residue (being S75 per share) to be called in by instalments of S.'j per share, after thirty days notice These manures have been fairly tested and very generally approved of as being the cheapest and best manures, and more economically applied than any other known substance used for manure. As the article can be furnished from the city of New York, only to a limited extent, (not more than sufficient to manure 35,000 acres annually,) it must follow, that in a few years it will necessarily be confined to the use of the stockholders alone. It is important to agriculture, and the enterprise deserves the liberal support of every enlightened fanner. By order, WILLIA.M M WILSON, .S'fcrc/ari/. At an election for Directors of the Lodi Manufacturing Company, held at .lersey City on the Cth day of July, tS40, the following pprsons were elected Directors of the Compa- ny, lo hold their offices until the first Monday in October ne.\t, namely, Anthony Dey and Jacob C. Dey, of New York ; J D. Miller, Andrew S. Garr and Rodman M. Price, of New Jersey. Agust 12. TIE UP CHAINS. Just received at the New Eusland Agricultural Ware- house, a good supply of those celebrated Chaiu.^ for tying npcatile. Tlipse chains, introduced l.»y E. H. Derfiy, Esq. of Salem, and Col. Jacques, of Charlestown, for the pur pose of securing cattle to the stall, are found to lie the safest and most convenient mode of fastening cows and oxen to iht- stanchion. They consist of a chain which passes round the animal's neck, and by a ring attached to the stall, plays free- ly up and down, and leaves the animal ai liberty to lie down or rise at pleasure, and keeps him perfectly secure. July 15. JOSEPH BRECK & CO. BERKSHIRE PIGS PR0.1I HAWS'S STOCK. The subscriber has on hand a few littres, from some of the largest and finest sows in the country, sired by Losing's and other imported boars. Also, the smaller class of Berk- shire pigs, which are very f'eautiful animals, and delicious porkers Either of the above stocks will lie disposed of extremely low by applying to Z. STANDISH. N. B. The pigs will be neatly caged and shipped at New York, without extra charge, if required. Unquestionable reference will be given for thorough breeding. Albany, August 19. 41 THE NEW KNGI.A.VD PAUIWF.K Is published every Wednesday Evening, at S3 per anniiMi payable at the end of the year — but those who pay wilhiH sixtydays from the lime of subscriliing are entitled lo a le diictionof 50 cents. TOTTLE, DENNETT AND CHISHOLM, PRINTERS, n .scHooi, i!Tiik:i:T ■ ..en^ry^ AND H O 11 T I C U L T U k A L REGISTER. ^^' PUI!LrSHED BY JOSEPH BRECK & CO., NO 52 NORTH MARKET STREET, (Agricultubal Warehouse.) vol.. XIX.] BOSTON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER a3, 1840. £NO. la. N E . FARMER DOMESTIC ECONOMY. The month of September is tlje month for prc- servin;^ fruits, &c., iiiid for the benefit of our lady readers, who wisli to furnish for their tables a sup- ply of fashionable sweetmeats^ pickles, &c., we do- vote this ciiapter of our domestic economy to those subjects e.\clusively. Where the fruits to be preserved nre very deli- cate, or sweetmeats of a superior quality are desir- ed, wliite or loaf sugar will be best; but for most kinds of fruit, or ordinary preserves, good brown or maple sui^ar will do very well. Brown sugar re- quires clarifying or cleansing, which is done by dissolving it in a small quantity of water with a j gentle heat, then, after cooling, stirring in the i whites of eggs well beaten, and gradually heating the syrup until all the impurities rise to the sur- 1 face, when they are to be skimmed off, and the I clarified syrup left pure for preserves. I Any kind of fire -proof ware will do for the ma- ! king of preserves, with the exception of iron; but i as most of the fruits contain more or less acid, brass j or coppered vessels tinned are the best. In no case should they be allowed to stand in any such I vessel to cool, as injurious consequences might en- I sue. Stone, or china, or glass, make the best ves- i sels for depositing sweatmeats in, as they furnish I nothing injurious for the acids to act upon. After i preserves are made, the pots must be covered close, kept in a cool place, frequently looked to, and if about to ferment, let the syrup be poured off, scald- ed, and returned to them while hot. A paper wet in good brandy and laid on the surface of the sweetmeats, will assist much in their preservation. As a general rule, a pound of sugar to a pound of fruit is sulRcient ; but some kinds of fruit require more, and others will do with less than an equal quantity, according to its rijieness or the acid it con- tains. Pears. — When made into preserves this fruit ro- quires three quarters of a pound of sugar to a pound of pears. Syrup made as directed from brown su- gar is good. Put the pears in the syrup and boil them till soft. The astringent or choke pears are good for preserving. A little ginger tied in a bag and boiled with the fruit improves iheir flavor, or lemon, or orange sliced, may be added at pleasure. To make Pear mnnnaluile, boil the pears with the skins on ; when soft rub them through a sieve, and put to each pound of pulp three fourths of a pound of sugar. Stew it slowly till it is a thick jelly. : fire, and boiled gently, always having sufficient I syrup to cover the quinces. When a small splinter twill go through them easily, they are done, and are ' to be turned out. In about a week turn off the sy- rup and boil it down so that there will be just enough to cover the fruit. They must be ripe to preserve good in this way. The parings and cores of quinces are used for mnrmrilade, which is made by stewing them in a small quantity of water over a fire till soft, then rubbing them through a seive, and adding to each pound of strained ([uince a pound of sugar. Put the vessel on a few coals, and stir constantly for one hour. When cold, it cuts smooth if sufficiently stewed, making a jelly of the richest kind. Plums. — This fruit requires equal weights of su- gar and fruit. Boilthe plums slowly in the syrup fiir ten minutes; turn them in a dish and let them remain four or five days; then boil again till the syrup appears to have penetrated the plums fully. Put tliem in jars, and in about a week turn off the syrup, scald it carefully, and return it while hot. .Apples. — Tart mellow apples are the best for preserves, and they must be pared and the cores taken out with a small knife. Three fourths of a pound of sugar, a tea spoonful of ginger tied in a bag, and water to cover the apples, is allowed to a pound of fruit. The apples must be put into the prepared syrup when it is lukewarm ; boil them till they are transparent ; and when taken up and part- ly cooled, put in a little essence of lemon. In a week turn off the syrup, boil it, and return it hot to the fruit. The Siberian crab apple makes a supe- rior sweetmeat, preserved as above, whole and with- out paring. Bitrberrits. — Barberries preserved, approach in their qualities the nearest to the East Indian lama- rinds, and like them are frequently found useful in fevers. The fruit should be fully ripe and allowed to remain on the stems. The syrup must bo rich, using as much sugar as fruit ; when made, and lukewarm, put in the barberries and boil them till they appear penetrated by the syrup. An orange sliced isthoughtby some to improve the flavor. Tomatoes. — An experienced lady gives the fol- lowing directions for preserving this fruit. " Take them while quite small and green, put them in cold clarified syrup, with an orange cut in slices to every two pounds of tomatoes. Simmer them gently over a slow fire for two or three hours. There should be equjl weights of sugar and tomatoes. If very superior preserves are wanted, allow two fresh lemons to three pounds of tomatoes, pare thin Ihe Marmalades must be stirred constantly, or they j^ind of the lemons so as to get none of ihe white burn on the Kettle. I part, squeeze out the juice, mix the parings, juice Qnmcf. — This fruit niakes the best of preserves j and cold water suliicient to cover the tomatoes, and and one the least injurious to health. Pare and i put in a few peach leaves, and powdered ginger cut the fruit in slices an inch thick, taking out the cores carefully, so that the slices remain in the form of a ring. One pound of sugar is required for a pound of fruit, and white sugar is to be pre- ferred. Dissolve the sugar in cold water, a quart tied up in bags. Boil the whole gently for three fourths of an hour — take up the tomatoes, strain the liquor, and put to it a pound and a half of white sugar for each pound of tomatoes. Put in the to- natoes and boil tiiem gently till the syrup appears to a pound, put in the sliced quinces and let them j to have entered them. In the course of a week remain half a day. They are then put over a slow turn the syrup from them, heat it scalding hot, and turn it onthe tomatoes. Prepared in this way, they resemble West India sweetmeats." fVater .Melon Rinds. — The rind of a good ripe water melon cut into s.nall strips and boiled in wa- ter ti'l tender, with a leaspooiiful of salseratus and a dozen peach leaves to two quarts of water. The rinds are then to bi' taken ont and soaked in alum water an hour. For tlie syrup, allow us much su- gar as riiid. Put the rinds in the syrup while cool, with ginger tied in a bag. Boil till the rinds are soft, and when partly cooled, add some essence of lemon. In the course of two or three days, take out the ginger, turn off the syrup, and boil it till there is just enough to cover the rinds ; return it to them while hot. Pickling — general directions. — Brass should be use for vessels in the process, thoroughly cleansed before using, and no vinegar allowed to cool in them. Tills precaution is necessary to prevent the formation of verdigris, an active poison. lioil alum and salt in the vinegar, in proportion of half a tea cap of salt and a table spoonful of alum to three gallons of vinegar. Vessels that have any grease about them will not do for pickles. Stone and wood are the only proper materials in which to keep pickles when made. All pickles should bo stirred up occasionally. When any scum rises, the vinegar needs scalding. Pickles may be spiced or not at pleasure ; and when the vinegar becomes weak from use, it may be thrown away and fresh vinegar substituted. Good, but not the sharpest vinegar, is tlie best for pickles. Cucumbers. — The best are those that are small and green, and those of a quick growth. Turn boiling water on them as s.eans of saving whole forests from destruction by the ravages of insects ; and were any particular species of wood- peckers to be suddenly annihilated, we should pro- bably soon discover the office which they perform- ed in the economy of nature, by seeing a certain kind of timber in our fnrests destroyed by that kind of insects which were formerly devoured by this species of bird It is well known that the locust tree, which af- fords some of the most valuable timber for posts in the country, on account of its hardness and dura- bility, is very uuilerially injured by a peculiar spe- cies of worm, from wliich all the care and ingenui- LUCERNE. This grass delights in a deep sandy 1 jam. The land should be thoroughly cleaned of all weeds, or Ihe seed should be sown in drills, so that the plants may be hoed until the weeds are subdued, ftlr S. Howard states in the ZanesviUe (Ohio) Gazette, that he sowed a small quantity of seed in drills, the last week in May, on the '• river bottom." The last of July it had reached eighteen inches in height, when it was cut and fed green to liogs and milch cows, who both ate it voraciously. In four weeks it had again grown to the same height, when it was cut the second time : on the first of November it was again cut, the crop being heavier than either of the preceding. A piece of very flourishing red clover adjoining, on precisely simi- lar soil, did not yield near half as much as the lu- cerne. Mr H. has no doubt but it may be cut, af- ter the first year, five times in a season, and that it will yield a ton and a half per acre of hay at each cutting. The culture of lucerne has formed a dis- tinguishing feature in the agriculture of France, where it has been in use for more than 250 years. The crop is there estimoted at from five to seven tons to the English acre. — Albany Cult. We understand, says the Worcester yEgis, that Daniel Webster and Isaac Hill have consented to attend the approaching Cattle Show in this town, and to deliver addresses on tlie occasion. Ad- dresses will [irobably be given by other distinguish- ed farmers, who are expected to be present on the occasion. Compost Manure. — M. Quenard, an experienced cultivator of France, recommends as perfect, a compost prepared as follows : 1. A layer of green stuff taken from a pond. 2. A layer of quick lime, ashes and soot. 3. A layer of straw and gteen grass. 4. The same as first. 'J'hese layers to be repeated as often as need be. Holes are then made through the several lay(^rs, and sufficient wa- ter introduced to saturate the mass and cause a thorough mixture of the vegetable and alkaline sub- stances. VOL. \i V. ivo. la. AND HORTICULTURAL REGISTER. 9i From ilie British Farmer's Magazine. MANURES. VVit.h regard to tlie subject of matjuros, I il„ thinli that, highly as many farms are ciiltivateJ, well as many gentlemen hn-sband those resources which their capitals give ihem, the subject of ma- nures is not sufficiently attended to. On most farms, even where the state of cultivalion is very high, manure, both as regards (|iiality and quantity, and its due application to the different species of produce to which it ought to be applied, so as to produce the greatest and besi possible results, is not in all cases sufficiently studied. It is to that I would wish to call your attention. Many artifi- cial manures are now beginning to be used I mean such manures as nitrate of soda, saltpetre, and so forth, liut there is another liild adopt means for ascer- taining, by actual and careful experiment, the ad- vantages arising from the use of raw, partially fer- mented, and rotten manure. 'I'he second subject also excited great interest; and the advantages of using what are called artificial manures for root crops came prominently before the meeting, as by means thereof a great saving of yard manure could be effected, which might be reserved for corn crops. Several gentlemen who had tried them upon a small scale expressed themselves well satisfied with the results; and that the most economical and effectu- al mode of applying them was by drilling the ma- nure in with the seed. Some particuFars were given by Mr Beadel of the result of applying salt- petre. He had tried it upon whe-.t, barley, and oats, upon sandy and clay soils : npon the wheat it had no beneficial effect, but when applied to bar- ley it increased the produce of grain l.'j bushels, straw 670 lbs. per acre ; and the oats 20 bushels' straw 1940 lbs. per acre. JUr Huntley, also, had found great advantage from the use of saltpetre lor mangel-wurzel upon heavy lands, by a great in- crease of produce. Several gentlemen having ex- pressed a wish that the subject should be gone further into, it was resolved that it be resumed at the next monthly meeting of the club ; and the party separated about half.past seven, much grati- fied with their first meeting. We cannot but^con- gratulate the chib upon this auspicious beginning, and we doubt not these meetings will tend to ben- efit the members themselves, and agriculture in general, by the spread of sound practical informa- tion. It is to be hoped that the example set by the Braintrce and Bocking Club will bo generally fol- lowed ; the advantages resulting from the inter- change of information, drawn from experience and practice of individuals, must do much towards rais- ing agriculture to that position which its impor- tance merits. Extraneous Manures— Nitrate of Soda. It is reported, that a remark was made by Lord Karnes, 90 years ago, that such improvements would be made in agricultural chemistry, that suf- ficient manure for an acre would one day be car- ried in a man's coat pocket; and that a trite an- swer was made to the remark, that the produce from such manuring would then be brought away in the waist-coat pockel. Now, although this pe- riod has not yet arrived, yet something approaching to the small quantity of manure necessary to give vigor to an acre of wheat, has been proved^ on Guilford Downs during the past year ; not that this kind of manure alone was taken up by the crop, but that it formed a. great stimulator to the extra growth there cannot biv a doubt; bringing into ac- tivity probably some latent manures "lyi'ng in the ground ; for a strong alkali will convert oleaginous matters into saponaceous consistency, and in tliat state becomes soluble in water : hence it is taken dressed over many acres of wheat with 1 1-2 cwt of nitrate of soda to the acre, leaving about half an I acre in the middle of the field undressed. The that has un- j dift'erence in the color of the wheat was seen in the course of 10 days ; when nearly ripe, the straw had the appearance of being 9 or 10 inches longer than the other part, and much stronger ; at reaping, seven rods of each part were measured, cut, and kept separate ; the nitred part produced 24 sheaves, oontainmg 11 gallons of wheat and 54 lbs. of straw ; and where the seven rods were not so dressed, ihe produce was 1(5 sheaves, containing 0 1-2 gallons of wheat and 40 lbs. of straw. From Bells Messenger. USEFUL ANIMALS OFTEN DESTROYED AS HURTFUL. Multitudes of animals are most unmercifully de- stroyed from ignorance of their uses, from an idea that they are noxious or injurious to some petty concern of a field or garden : and at the very time they are rendering important services to man, they are mowed down as if they were his sworn enemies, and had conspired against his life. Hence the rooks in some parts of England were at one time in danger of being extirpated, as we learn from the author of '-A Philosophical Survey of the Animal Creation." " The rook," says he, " is a species of crow that feeds upon worms produced from the eggs of the May-bug. As these and all the wing- ed insects in general are to be supported by the roots of plants, they deposite their eggs pretty deep in the earth, in a hole they dig for that pur- pose. The worms and caterpillars, upon which the rooks feed, are not exposed to the mercy of this bird till the earth is thrown up. Hence it is that rooks always frequent lands recently cultiva- ted, that the sight of the husbandman with his plough puts them in action, and that they search with so much assiduity about the furrows newly formed. Wherever the banishment or extirpating of rooks has been carried into effect, the most se- rious injury to the corn and other crops h::s invari- ably followed, from the unchecked devastations of the grub r.nd the caterpillar. Many birds besides rooks are destroyed, under the mistaken idea that they are injurious to the garden or orchard, at the very time they are most useful to both, in feeding themselves and their nestlings on grubs and cat- erpillars. 'I'he common sparrow, though proscri- bed as a most mischievous bird, destroys a vast number of insects. Bradley has calculated that a single pair, having young to maintain, will destroy 3360 caterpillars in a week. Also the blue tit- mouse often falls a victim to ignorance, in conse- quence of the injury it is supposed they do to fruit trees, though we have evidence of its being a friend rathei^ than enemy to horticullurists. Quad- rupeds, as well as birds, suffer much under slan- derous imputations, as can be attested by the bad- get and the hedgehog." The Amekican Institute. — The 1,3th annual Fair of this institution will open at Nihio's Garden , , "-'■ • "^"^>= "- '.-> lunLij 1 New York, on the 5th, and continue open till the up by the spongelets of the roots in a liquid state. { 16th of October. Those persons who consider quantity necessary in ! - manuring ground are sadly mistaken, intimate Hkavv Fleece—Ii is stated in the papers, that mmure with the soil, and capability ef becoming [ Mr S. Grownell of Chautauque Co. in this ^tale readily soluble being necessary points for consid- J sheared this season, 14 lbs. of wool from a SaxonJ oration. In .Aiarch, 1839, ,Mr John Ryds, bailiff to j sheep, which weighe,!, after the fieece was 3 !■ rederick .Mangles, Esq., of Down Farm, Guilford, ' off, 130 Ibs.—.-y/i. Cult. 91 NEW ENGLAND FARMER SEPT. 21, If 40. ' WINSIIIP'S NURSERIES. Many of our rea4ers, probably, liave never visi- ted these celebrated niir.sories. though they must be familiar with their name and character, for we believe there are but o few of our subscribers who have not at some time ordered trei's or plants from them through us or otherwise. A ramble among the young and vigorous trees, shrubs and plants, collected from all parts of the world, must, when clothed in their foliage of various shades, and flow- ers of every hue, give pleasure oven to the most careless observer of the vegetable creation : but to him who loves to observe and compare the endless variely contained in the vegetable kingdovn, will esteem it a rare treat to devote a few hours in walk- ing over these well kept grounds. Not long since we tools a friend of ours froju Maine to these nur- series, who observed, that althougli he liaccur from natural causes, the ma- chine, unlike the parent bird, never addles the egg. It is always contrived that one compartment shall e.xhibit the last stage of incubation ; and this being open, the visitor may not only hear the faint chirp of tlie imprisoned chick, but watch its attacks on its oval cell, till, having broken the shell ail round, it bursts the integuments and liberates it- self. At first emerging into this new sLate of ex- istence, the light and the human eyes gazing on the little chick, together with its extreme weakness, make it appear as if it would fain retire into its confinement again ; it staggers, closes its eyes, and falls down in an apparently exhausted state, but soon revives, though but for a short time ; as soon as it can take food, however, it gains strength rap- idly. In the last stage of incubation, the egg nny be held in the hand, or placed in a lady's bosom ; where, if any fair visitor bo so minded, the chick may come to light. In a case fitted with lenses, placed before eggs in different stages of incubation, lighted by gas, the appearances through the shell may bu observ- ed ; and on a table are placed the contents of sev- eral eggs at successive periods of incubaticm, show- ing the formation of the embryo, from the first day, (as seen under the microscope) to the complete bird, coiled up in its oval form. To trace the gradual devolopenient of the eyes, th^ bill and cra- nium, the heart and circulating system, the feet, feathers, &c., is exceedingly inlereslmg. The fledglings arc placed in partitions and sup. plied with food, and the room rings with their chirp- ing. The Eccaleobion process is of course applicable to eggs of every species of bird, but none other than those of the common gallinaceous fowl have been reared : parties bruiging the eggs of other birds, however, can have them hatched by the ma- chine, as the same temperature (about r.inetyeight degrees of Fahrenheit) is applii-able to all, from the wren to the eagle. The introduction of the Ecca- leobion into general use, will supply abundance of fowls for the table at a very cheap rate, and with very little trouble : the machinery of the Eccaleo- bion is also applicable to a variety of scientific purposes, where an even and pervading tempera- ture is required ; as it may be regulated at plea- sure up to three hundred degrees of Fahrenheit.- Lonilon paper. From the American Kurmor's Companion. MANURES. Mr Editor — As the success of the farmer in raising large crops in a great measure depends up- on the a!;iount of manure that he may accumulate, and the manner in which it is applied, it vvonid, perhaps, be interesting to mony of your readers, to know how they might be most successful in arcu- mulating manure. For the benefit of such, I send you the following method, which has been tested for many years. First, that part of the yard intended for the man- agement of manure, is so formed as to be six in- ches lower in the centre than any other part, so as to retain more or less of the urine, which is the very essence of manure, and a portion of which is necessary to create fermentalioii ; and that there be no loss in case of excessive rains, I have a pit at one end of the yard with drains leading to it, to catch all the superabundant liquid that may be drawn from the yard, which liquid, when fermented, I apply to the soil by means of a large watering pot made for that purpose. But to return — the yard being prepared, I cover it with refuse straw and other vegetable matter, about one foot in depth ; this layer is covered with manure from the stables to about the same depth, taking care to keep the horse manure on one part, and the other kinds on the other part. I then cover the manure with another layer of straw, leaves, or any other kind of vegetable matter that I may have at hand, so as not only to prevent the strength of the manure from evaporating, but the refuse by this method will undergo fermentation and absorb the supera- bundant moisture that may be in the maiuire. The next time in cleaning the stable, I reverse the plan of covering with manure, putting the horse manure on that part where the cow manure was put at the first covering; so as to produce equal heal in fer- mentation— the horse manure containing the most heat of the two, and so I continue reversing the manure, and cover with alternate layers of refuse straw from tim& to time, until the whole is well fermented, which will be in about six months from the time of commencing. By this method, with twelve or fifteen head of stock, from a thousand to fifteen hundred loads of well fermented manure may be accumulated every year; but perhaps some may object ti' this method on account of the amount of straw and other refuse required to cover the ma- nure with alternate layers. To such I would say, that leaves, bog roots, weeds, green bushes, and many other substances may be gathered on a farm, which, if mixed with manure, so as to ujidergo fer- mentation, will amply repay for the time and la- bor spent in gathering. In the next place, the manner of applying ma- nure. Now, all admit that it is applied for the purpose of nourishing the plants, roots or grain, to which it is applied — if so, reason and common sense will teach us that the nearer it gets to the root the better. Furthermore, we all admit that when it is applied as a lop dressing, that a greater part of the strength is evaporated ; on the other hand when ploughed in to the depth of six or eight inches, as is frequently done, in open and porous soils, much of the strength sinks beneath the reach of the roots ; therefore, in order to avoid both ex- tremes, when applied to corn ground, harrow it in with the cultivator to the depth of about three in- ches, and when applied to wheat ground, after the ground is completely prepared, apply the manure and plough it in with the wheat, to about the same depth as that of corn, and with every other kind of roots in a similar manner. A.N Old Farmer. PREMIUMS ON PLOUGHS. The Trustees of the Massachusetts Society for Promoting Agriculture, in their premium list for 1840, otler the following premiums: 1st. For the best plough that will turn the sod over and lay it flat ; regard being had to the strength of the plough, easiness of draft, excellence of the work it performs, and its cheapness — one hundred dollars. It is expected that two ploughs of different si- zes of the same model, will be produced. ■iA. I'or the best plough that shall lay the sod on edge or obliquely, and not flat, regard to the quali- ties above mentioned — seventyfive dollars. It is-exppcted that two ploughs of different sizes of the same model, will be produced. Competitors for these premiums will be admitted from any of the States, and claims may be sent to Benjamin Guild, Esq., Recording Secretary of the Society, in Boston, on or before the ninth day of October next. The trial of ploughs has been appointed to be had in Worcester, on Tuesday, the 13th day of Oc tober next, and the Committee of Arrangements of the Worcester County Agricultural Society, have been charged with the duty of making the neces- sary arrangements for the occasion. It is expected that the presidents of the several agricultural societies in the State, will constitute the committee for awarding these premiums — Wor- cester JEgis. FLOWERS, TREES, SHRUBBERY. We are not about to philosophize at all, but we wish to ask the farmer — the man who has a house and lot with it— the owner of any spot of solid earth — why it is that he does not more often real- ize the power which he has to make himself master of a literal paradise.' Our poets always talk of ■ green leaves, and fresh flowers and noble trees, as i things belonging, of course, to a blessed place. Our hymns tell of " flowery plains" and " trees of life ' immortal ;" and all our representations of happy places and scenery, include them as a matter of course. Why cannot this be realized ? The man who has a house, a garden, a yard, or a farm, can, with a little care, have all thesf, although he can lay no claim to wealth. There is wisdom in cul- , tivating these lovely adornments ; and although 1 we promised not to philosnphize, we cannot help I saying that there is more philosophy in these no- tions than most good people imagine. There is reason as well as poetry. And he who has about his dwelling these children of the earth, will have, among the s.jugsters of the air, and the fragrance and music which will come on the breath of sum- mer through his open windows, that which will sweeten his intellectual associations as well as re- gale his senses. Now, if this little article should be the means of planting a hundred trees and flowers, we should not be surprised to find out in the end, that it had cher- ished also a hundred domestic virtues. 94 N£V; ENGLAND FARMER, SEPT. 23, 1840. ANP IIORTICUL'IUKAI. RIGISTER. Boston-, WEDSESDAy, Sept. 23, [840. MANURES. Experiments are rtiporled as li.iving bron nrently made in England with sailpeirp, wiili mtich siiocoss. In the casps rcliTied to it was applied to whiiat ; but its application to other crops has proved equally lavorable and encouraging. It is not a new experiment. W'c know several ca»*eB in this country of its successful a| - plication, of which we shall speaU hereafter; hut we shall give the experiment now referred to in detail, be- cause it seems lo have been made with considerable care, and its results are professedly given with exactness. The Harleston (England) Facmers' Club put it to their mernbeis as a subject of the highest momitit, to make exact observation and experiments with various manures. Certainly no uiiillor connected with the im- provement of agriculture can be of more importance. — At a recent meeting ihe subject of saltpetre was discuss- ed. Various experiments were re|:orled. We select one of the strongest ca.=es, they sny, '■ the application of saltpetre as a top-diessing to wheat after pease, on a light land with a gravelly subsoil." "One hundred weight per acre was sown by hand on the 6th of April, and lo prevent any error which might have arisen from a difference in soil of one side of the field from another, the saltpetre was carefully applied on every two altc^rnale ridges. The two crops were reaped, stacked, and threshed separately ; and the re- sult was an increase of six bushels of wheat, and upwards of two and a half hundred of straw per acre, obtained at an outlay of 27s. steil'g only, as follows: Produce per acre of wheat which had been S(. lb. manured with saltpetre, 160 !il-2 Produce without saltpetie, 133 121-2 Incn'ase, 2() 4 Produce per acre of straw with salt- Cwt. St. lb. petre, 23 4 13 " " " without saltpetre, 20 7 8 Increase 2 5 5 Cost ofthe saltpetre was 27..^. sterl'g pi^r c«t. The wheat of course was winter wheat, and it was sown broadcast. A stone is 14 lbs. The Society proceed to report :—" It is the unnni- mous opinion of this meeting, that saltpetre is a most valuable a'tdition to our list of loaimres. Strong evi- dence has been given of the benefits conferred by it on wheat, clover, and other layers, and tares on light land ; and on clover layers im heavy land : in each case the saltpetre was ap|>lied in the month of April, and at the rate of one hundred weight per acre. The elVect would probably be increased (but this is at present unsupported by evidence) by applying only half the quantity of salt- petre at first, and the remaining part a few weeks after- wards." The experiinetits which liave oume under oui ov\n ob- servation, have beim upon grass and wheat. The effect upon grass was quite remarUablr. The wheat was in a growing slate; the saltpetre applied when six inches in height; the quantity per acre not noted; the diffe- rence between the part not dressed with saltpetre and that to which it was applied was obvious and striking; the wheal was then in (lower; it was intended that the result should he accurately observed ; and we hope pre- sently to be put in p"Sses.-ion of It. Any person of common observation, and at all inte- rested in such subjects, cannot fail to observe the im- mense quantities of manure which are absolutely thrown away on our firms, in our cities, and about our roads and buildings What a blessing it would he, if we had sttom of tlio bush ; they took every leal as far as they went. MassncllllsettB Horticultural Socielj*. KIHIBITIOS OF FRUITS. Saturday, Sept. 19, 1840. By Mr Samuel Pond, Cambridgeporl ; Surpassc, Vir- galieu and Spanish Bon Chretien Pears ; Lombard and Semionna Plums — fine specimens. By J. L. L F. Warren, Brighton ; Porter apples ; Prin'-e's Red Rareripe and Roval or Teton de Venus Peaches ; Musk IMelons grown from seeds brought from Paris by Rev. Mr Prerpont — juilged to be a new variety. By Mr Edward Sharp, Dorchester; Large White Peaches. Ky Mr Samuel Whiting, Dtviham ; Seckle Pears. For llie Committee, B. V. FRENCH. MASS. HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY. At an adjourned meeting of the Massacliusetl.s Horti- cultural Society, held September I2ih, IP40 — J^olctl, That the thanks of the Society be presented to the ladies and gentlemen who have so geneiously vol,. XIX NO. 13. AND H O R T I C C L T U R A L REGISTER contribulfil planls, llowors atid (Vuin to ilie twelfth an- nual exliibilion of llie Siioiety. Voted, That the thanks of the Suciely be pn-senled tn the ComiiMllee of ArrangeinenlB, nnd parlicularly toJMr Walknr, the Cliairman, for the manner in which they have executiul their duty, in the decoration of the hall and other arrangements, which liavo added so much to the interest of the S'"S Secretary, a Council, an Flowc vV"7'm"'''-.""c. ■^"""'"'S Conmmiees on f.^ruils, Mowers, \cgelal,les, the Synonyms of Fruits, the Library and hmauce. E M RICHanna L> o . '' Sep. 23, IS40. ' I^^"^»AKDS, Hec. &cVy. 95 VVHOLIOSALE PRICES CURRENT. CORRF.CTED WITH GREAT CARE, WEEKI.V. PRUIT AND OniV\l»IE\TAI. TREES. Gentlemea at a distance, wishing to purchase trees, are liuilan.l Ornamental Trees. Plan, s and Shrubs of every fo their i;'" I, '"'^, r" ''''r'^: "'"' Poy Particular a.tentio i lo^lheir packing, and forward them to any part of the coun- From Messrs Winships', Brighton William Kenruk's, Newton. John A. Kenrick's Do S. & G. Hyde, Do. Samuel Pond, Caml.ridgeport. I?otanic Garden, Gamhridgc. Robert Mannmg, Salem J L L F. Warren, lirighton. iJreck & Co., Brighton. and shr'Jihs'"" '' """ '"'" ''""■ '° "•^"^P'""' »" ^^"iy trees He°dl'pr'l' ^'^'""^'^ '■"'■ ''I"'", Pear and other Stocks, Hedge Plants, &c. JOSEPH BRECIC & CO. Unstou, Sept. 23, 1840. • The discovery of the means of destroyin-r slugs bv strewing common salt upon them, belong.s to 'Dr Rous- seau, who having thrown a small quantiiy of th,->t sub- stance on a pb.nk in his garden, covered with those in- sects, a. I that came in contact with the salt perished l!KI(.HrOi\ RIAIlKKT.-Mo.vuAr, Sept. ai, 1840 Kei.orteil fi.rllie New Knulnnil Kntliier. Al Market 525 Beef Cattle, 720 Stores, 4300 Sheep and 1125 Swine. ' PiciCEs.- Bee/ C««(/e _Tbe prices obtained last week for a like quality were tiot sustained. We quote a few extra at $(i 00. First quality, $5 50 a $5 75. Second $5 00 a $5 25. Third quality, ij4 00 a 4 7.3. Scores.- Yearlings, $8 a $11. Two Year Old $14 a f 18. Three Year Old, $S2 a $28. Shee/,.— Lou were sold at $1 17, $1 25, $1 37,jftl 50 «1 C(i, $1 88, $1 !!-', $2 00, and $2 50. Swine —Lots tn peddle were sold at 3 and 3 1-4 for sows, and 4 and~4 1-4 for barrows. At retail from 3 1-2 to 5 ]-a. THERMO.METRICAL Keporled lor the New Englanil Farmer. Rai.geof the Thennoineter al the fiardenof the proprietors ofthe New England Farmer, Brighton, Ma.^s. in a shaded Norllierly exposure, weeks ending September 20. I^UHT AND ORNAMENTAL TREES, &c. Fruit Trees of all the different spccies-of ihe most celebrated kinds. These include Pears, I lams. Apples, Quinces. Jtc. -the trees ofthe 1 each and Cherry, especially, are of the fiiiesi . — S'ze, and in numbers abounding at this lime and ol varieiies unsurpassed. The Catalogue of Fruit and O namenlal Trees and Shrubs, Roses anri'Herhaceous Flow ering Plants, will be sent to all who apply; j„ that Gala loguemauy of the very best kinds of frii'^s^^o far as proved are particularly designated by a star. provea, Also, Grape Vines, Raspberries, Strawberries Goose- berries, and Mu/6erne../or «7A-Sc,.tch Larch, Lindens sycamores Silver Firs, Willows, Elms - Honeysuckles' Dahlias, splendid Pa«,nies, .Ve. &c Trees when so'^ordered; aZ',' :« iT,zlzX J^^c'rrry"^""" •" '"^-' "'--■ Nonantnm H.ll, Newton, near^tt^S^pt^^s'^^O^^- eptOl • r , TRACE CHAINS. casks of'T^rw-h'*''^" /'""" "'" ^"2''*'' >nanufactiiresr, 8 casks of r.aee Chains, from 6 to 1 1 feet long, smlabfe or plnnghing or draft chains. JO.SEPH BRECK & CO BONE MANURE The subscriber informs his friends- and the publi-- that after ten years experience, he is fully convinced that Iround bones form the most powerful slimulaot that can be a, P ied lo the earth as a manure. oi'pneu Bone'M?ll'^"n,l'rT^''""? °' °:^^'" ^^'■^ Lime, left at the Uone Mill near Tremont road, m Roxburv, at the New England Agricultural Warehouse and See, Store, No 5^ wiihpXt-ntror^'''™''^''''''^ ''-' Office will "met! _^I«^4._1840 NAHUM WARD. HllRTlCl/LTURAI, TOOircHESTS Containing a complete set of Garden tools ofsuperior finish nL^^';"'^!'^' ""r"^ *■""" Liverpool and fo?"ale at he New England Agricultural Warehouse and Seed Store '^'"y ^- JOSEPH BRECK & CO Sept^ 1840^_^^^..M. I 12, M. | S.P.iVI. | WhidT Monday, 14 Tuesday, 15 Wednesday, 16 Thursday,' 17 Friday, 18 Saturday, ig Sun.fay, 20 4U 63 64 E. 49 P9 66 F 4S 74 64 S E :-7 74 66 S. E. 60 80 67 S. 62 (9 56 S. 61 70 64 S. W. Fair weather at 12 o'clock, every day eicpt one. PATENT SPRING BAI^ANCE. A few of those very convenient spring balances for fami i^Oslp^H^bS'^^r rfV'r '^'"^^'"Sl'-'V" "uta^l aftfd™. irreeU^oston."'"' ^ '-^^ ''"• '' '"' '' ^<^"^ «l«rket July 15. I.\t pound 5 5 50 5 00 bushel 1 76 " 1 2 00 • barrel 14 00 poun