7/ 7//J/ // 7/'7Y/ /'// ' a/s/'/vy;'// , J) 77 7/J / 7/ 7/777/ // rtidravm 1 Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2015 https://archive.org/details/newenglandsrarit01joss ARCELEOLOGIA AMERICANA. TRANSACTIONS AND COLLECTIONS OF THE AMERICAN ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY. VOLUME IV. PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY. 1860. NOTE. The book is reprinted literally, except in the following items : — Page 18, line 5, of the old edition, “ amphibius” is spelled right. Page 28, line 16, “Fresh-water mullet” is brought into a line by itself, instead of being made an apparent synonyme of the morse. Page 32, line 6, one of the names of the yard-fish is omitted. Page 47, line 15, “ Akrons,” where it occurs first, is corrected akorns. Page 48, line 14, the same correction is made where “akrons” first occurs. Page 54, line 5, “ Knavers ” is spelled knaves. Page 58, line 18, “it” is printed its. Page 61, line 2, comma omitted after blackish. Page 86, line 21, “ Planets” is corrected to plants. Page 101, line last, “ ones ” is corrected to one. Page 104, line 4, “ Richards” is printed Richard; and, line 5, “ Water” is corrected to Walter. Page 104 to end, 11 Anno Dom .” is omitted from the old paging, but inserted in the new paging instead. In the list of Fishes (the book proposing to consider Neio-England Curiosities), all those fishes which, according to the author, either in this book or the Voyages, are found in New-Eugland waters, are distinguished from the rest by Italic letters. New-E?tglands RARITIES Difcovered : I N Birds, Beajis, Fijhes, Serpents, and Plants of that Country. Together with The Phyfical and Chyrurgical Reme- dies wherewith the Natives con- ftantly ufe to Cure their Distem- pers, Wounds, and Sores. also A per fed: Dejcription of an Indian SQUA, in all her Bravery ; with a POEM not improperly conferr’d upon her. LASTLY A CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE of the moil remarkable Paffages in that Country amongft the English. Illujtrated with CUTS. By JOHN JOSSELTN , Gent. London , Printed for G. Widdowes at the Green Dragon in St. Pauls Church yard, 1672. TO THE HIGHLY OBLIGING, HIS HONORED FRIEND AND KINSMAN, SAMUEL FORTREY, Esq. Sir, It was by your assistance (enabling me) that I commenc’d a voyage into those remote parts of the world (known to us by the painful discovery of that memorable gentleman, Sir Fran. Drake). Your bounty, then and formerly, hath engaged a retribution of my gratitude ; and, not knowing how to testifie the same unto you other- ways, I have (although with some reluctancy) adventured to obtrude upon you these rude and indigested eight years’ observations, wherein whether I shall more shame my self, or injure your accurate judgment and better employment in the perusal, is a question. We read of kings and gods that kindly took A pitcher fill’d with water from the brook. The contemplation whereof (well knowing your noble and generous disposition) hath confirm’d in me the hope that you will pardon my presumption, and accept the tender of the fruits of my travel after this homely manner, and my self as, Sir, Your highly obliged and most humble Servant, JOHN JOSSELYN. NEW-ENGLAND’S RARITIES DISCOVERED. In the year of our Lord, 1663, May 28, upon an invitation from my only brother, I departed from London, and arrived at Boston, the chief town in the Massachusets, a colony of Englishmen in New England, the 28th of July following. Boston (whose longitude is 315 deg., and 42 deg. 30 min. of north latitude) is built on the south-west side of a bay large enough for the anchorage of 500 sail of ships. The buildings are handsome, joyning one to the other as in Lon- don ; with many large streets, most of them paved with pebble stone. In the high street towards the Common, there are fair buildings, some of stone ; and, at the east end of the [2] town, one amongst the rest, built by the shore by Mr. Gibs, a merchant, being a stately edifice, which it is thought will stand him in little less than £3,000 before it be fully finished.1 The town is not divided into parishes ; yet they 1 This house was one Mr. Robert Gibbs’s, “ of an ancient family in Devonshire,” says Farmer (Geneal. Reg., p. 120); and it stood on Fort Hill, the way leading to it becoming afterwards known as Gibbs’s Lane, and a wharf at the waterside, belonging to the property, as Gibbs’s Wharf. Mr. W. B. Trask, who obligingly examined for me the early deeds concerning this estate in Suffolk Registry, furnishes a memorandum, that on the 6th June, 1671, Robert Gibbs of Boston, merchant, conveys to Edward and Elisha Hutchinson, in trust, for Elizabeth, wife of said Robert, during her life, and after her decease to such child or children as he shall have by her, his land and house on Fort Hill, with warehouse on wharf, ‘ which land was formerly my grandfather, Henry Webb’s.’ The wife of said Robert Gibbs was daughter to Jacob Sheafe by Margaret, daughter to Henry Webb, mercer. Sampson Sheafe, a Provincial councillor of New Hampshire, and the ancestor of a family of long standing there, married another daughter of Jacob Sheafe. Mr. Gibbs was father to the Rev. Henry Gibbs, minister of Watertown, an 1 had other children; and the family continues to this day. 18 138 ARCHJEOLOGIA AMERICANA. have three fail' meeting-houses, or churches, which hardly suffice to receive the inhabitants and strangers that come in from all parts.2 Having refreshed myself here for some time, and opportune- ly lighting upon a passage in a bark belonging to a friend of my brother’s, and bound to the eastward, I put to sea again ; and, on the fifteenth of August, I arrived at Black Point, otherwise ’ called Scarborow, the habitation of my beloved brother,3 4 being about an hundred leagues to the eastward of Boston. Here I resided eight years, and made it my business to discover, all along, the natural, physical, and chyrurgical rarities of this new-found world. New England is said to begin at 40, and to end at 46, of northerly latitude ; that is, from De la Ware Bay to New- foundland. The sea-coasts are accounted wholsomest : the east and south winds, coming [3] from sea, produceth warm weather ; the north-west, coming over land, causeth extremity of cold, and many times strikes the inhabitants, both English and Indian, with that sad disease called there the “plague of the back,” but with us empiemcc .i 2 Compare the author’s Voyages, pp. 19, 161, 173, for other notices of Boston, and as to the first of these, which represents the town (in 1638) as “ rather a village, . . . there being not above twenty or thirty houses,” see the note in Savage’s Winthrop, edit. 1, vol. i. p. 267. 8 Mr. Henry Josselyn was probably living at Black Point in 1638, when his brother first visited it (Voyages, p. 20). It was then the estate (by grant from the council at Plymouth) and residence of Captain Thomas Cammock; but he, dying in 1643, be- queathed it, except five hundred acres which were reserved to his wife, to Josselyn, who, marrying the widow, succeeded to the whole property, which was described as containing fifteen hundred acres (Willis, infra), but is called by Sullivan five thou- sand (History of Maine, p. 128). In 1658, this and other adjoining tracts were erected into a town by Massachusetts, under the name of Scarborough, which is thus further noticed by our author in his Voyages, p. 201, as “the town of Black Point, consist- ing of about fifty dwelling-houses, and a Magazine, or Doganne, scatteringly built. They have store of neat and horses, of sheep near upon seven or eight hundred, much arable and marsh, salt and fresh, and a corn-mill.” — Comp. Williamson’s Hist, of Maine, vol. i. pp. 392, 666; Willis in Geneal, Register, vol. i. p. 202. 4 Empyema is a result of disease of the lungs. See Voyages, p. 121. new-england’s rarities discovered. 139 The country generally is rocky and mountainous, and ex- tremely overgrown with wood, yet here and there beautified with large, rich valleys, wherein are lakes ten, twenty, yea sixty miles in compass, out of which our great rivers have their beginnings.5 Fourscore miles (upon a direct line) to the north-west of Scarborow, a ridge of mountains run north-west and north- east an hundred leagues, known by the name of the White Mountains, upon which lieth snow all the year, and is a land- mark twenty miles off at sea. It is rising ground from the sea-shore to these hills, and they are inaccessible but by the gullies which the dissolved snow hath made. In these gullies grow saven bushes, which, being taken hold of, are a great help to the climbing discoverer. Upon the top of the highest of these mountains is a large level [4] or plain of a day’s journey over, whereon nothing grows but moss. At the far- ther end of this plain is another hill, called the Sugar Loaf ; to outward appearance, a rude heap of massie stones, piled one upon another ; and you may, as you ascend, step from one stone to another, as if you were going up a pair of stairs ; but winding still about the hill, till you come to the top; which will require half a day’s time, and yet it is not above a mile ; where there is also a level of about an acre of ground, with a pond of clear water in the midst of it ; which you may hear run down, — but how it ascends is a mystery. From this rocky hill, you may see the whole country round about : it is far above the lower clouds, and from hence we beheld a vapour (like a great pillar) drawn up by the sunbeams out of a great lake or pond into the air, where it was formed into a cloud. The country beyond these hills northward is daunt- 5 Compare the accounts of the first appearance of the country by the Rev. Francis Higginson and Mr. Thomas Graves, both well-qualified observers, in New-England’s Plantation, London, 1630; reprinted in Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. 117. And see Wood’s New England’s Prospect, a book which our author was probably acquainted with; as compare p. 4 of Wood (edit. 1764) with the beginning of p. 3 of the Rarities, and some other places in both. 140 ARCELEOLOGIA AMERICANA. ing terrible, being full of rocky bills, as thick as mole-hills in a meadow, and cloathed with infinite thick woods.6 New England is by some affirmed to be an island, bounded on the north with the [5] river Canada, — so called from Monsieur Cane ; on the south with the river Mohegan, or Hudson’s River, - — so called because he Avas the first that dis- covered it. Some Avill have America to be an island ; which, out of question, must needs be, if there be a north-east pas- 6 The earliest ascents of the White Mountains were those made by Field and others in 1642, of which we have some account in AYinthrop’s Journal (by Savage, edit. 1, vol. ii. pp. 67, 89). Darby Field, “ an Irishman living about Pascataquack,” has the honor of being the first European who set foot upon the summit of Mount Wash- ington. He appears at Exeter in 1639, and was at Dover in 1645, and died there in 1649, leaving a widow, and, it is said, children (A. H. Quint, in N. E. Geneal. Reg., vol. vi. p. 38). It seems likely, from his account, that Field, on reaching the Indian town in the Saco Valley, “at the foot of the hill” where the “two branches of Saco river met,” pursued his way up the valley either of Rocky Branch or of Ellis River, till he gradually attained to the region of dwarf firs, on what is known as Boott’s Spur, which is between the “valley” called Oakes’s Gulf, in which the “ Mount Washing- ton” branch of the Saco has its head, and the valley in which the Rocky Branch rises (see G. P. Bond’s Map of the White Mountains). There is no other vray that shall fulfil the conditions of the narrative except that over Boott’s Spur; but of the three streams, that is, “ the two branches of Saco River,” which come together at or near the probable site of the Indian town, the Rocky Branch is the shortest, and its valley the most as- cending. Field repeated his visit, with some others, “ about a month after; ” and latex-, in the same year, the mountains were visited by the worshipful Thomas Gorges, Esq., Deputy-Governor, and Richard Vines, Esq., Councillor of the Province of Maine, of which Winthrop takes notice at p. 89. Whether Josselyn went up himself, or had his account from otheixs, does not appeal-. But his calling the mountains “ inaccessible but by the gullies,” leaves it at least supposable, that he, or the party from which he got his information (pexhaps Gorges’s), instead of gradually ascending the long ridges, or spurs, penetrated into one of the gulfs (as they ai-e there called), or ravines, of the east- ern side; the walls of which are exceedingly steep, and literally inaccessible in many parts, except by the gullies. The “ large level or plain of a day’s journey over, whereon grows nothing but moss,” is noticed in Winthrop’s account of Gorges’s ascent, but not in that of Field’s; and this plain — which doubtless includes what has since been called “ Bigelow’s Lawn” (lying immediately under the south-eastei-n side of the summit of Mount Washington), but understood also, in Gorges’s account, to extend northward as far as the “Lake of the Clouds” — furnishes another ground for supposing that the last-mentioned explorer, or, at least, Josselyn, may have penetrated the mountain by one of its eastern ravines; several of which head in the great plain mentioned, while that is i-ather remote from what we have taken for Field’s “ ridge.” Our author is the only authority for the “pond of clear water in the midst of” the top of Mount Wash- ington; though a somewhat capacious spring, which was well known there befoi'e the putting-up of the house on the summit, may have been larger once; or he may rather have mistaken, or misremembered, the position of the Lake of the Clouds. NEW-ENGLAND S RARITIES DISCOVERED. 141 sage found out into the South Sea.* 7 It contains 1,152,400,000 acres. The discovery of the north-west passage, which lies within the river of Canada, was undertaken with the help of some Protestant Frenchmen, which left Canada and retired to Boston about the year 1669. The north-east people of America (i.e., New England, &c.) are judged to he Tartars, called Samoades ; being alike in complexion, shape, habit, and manners (see the Globe). Their language is very signifi- cant, using but few words ; every word having a diverse signification, which is exprest by their gesture : as, when they hold their head of one side, the word signifieth one thing ; holding their hand up when they pronounce it signi- fieth another thing. Their speeches in their assemblies are very gravely delivered, commonly in perfect liexamiter verse, with great silence and attention ; and answered again ex tem- pore, after the same manner.8 [6] Having given you some short notes concerning the coun- try in general, I shall now enter upon the proposed discovery of the natural, physical, and chyrurgical rarities ; and, that I may methodically deliver them unto you, I shall cast them into this form : 1. Birds ; 2. Beasts ; 3. Fishes ; 4. Serpents and Insects; 5. Plants, — of these, first, such plants as are common with us ; second, of such plants as are proper to the country; third, of such plants as are proper to the country, and have no name known to us ; fourth, of such plants as have sprung up since the English planted and kept cattle there ; fifth, of such garden herbs (amongst us) as do thrive there, and of such as do not ; sixth, of stones, minerals, metals, and earths. 1 Compare, as to the insulation of the tract understood bv Josselyn as New Eng- land, Palfrey, Hist. N. E., vol. i. pp. 1, 2, and note, and the accompanying map. 8 See the author’s larger account of the natives in his Voyages, pp. 123-150. 142 ARCH-EOLOGIA AMERICANA. FIRST, OF BIRDS.9 The Humming-Bird. The humming-bird, the least of all birds, little bigger than a dor ; of variable glittering colors. They feed upon honey, which they suck out of blossoms [7] and flowers with their long, needle-like bills. They sleep all winter, and are not to be seen till the spring ; at which time they breed in little nests, made up like a bottom of soft, silk-like matter ; their eggs no bigger than a white pease. They hatch three or four at a time, and are proper to this country. The Troculus .10 The troculus, a small bird, black and white, no bigger than a swallow ; the points of whose feathers are sharp, which they stick into the sides of the chymney (to rest them- selves, their legs being exceeding short), where they breed in nests made like a swallow’s nest, but of a glewy substance ; and which is not fastened to the chymney as a swallow’s nest, but hangs down the chymney by a clew-like string a yard long. They commonly have four or five young ones ; and when they go away, which is much about the time that swal- lows use to depart, they never fail to throw down one of their young birds into the room by way of gratitude. I have more than once observed, that, against the ruin of the family, these birds will suddenly forsake the house, and come no more. 9 There is a much fuller account — to be noticed again — of our birds, in the Voy- ages, pp. 95-103. Wood’s (N. E. Prospect, chap, viii.) is also curious. In the notes which immediately follow, on the birds, beasts, fishes, and reptiles, the oldest writers on our natural history will be found often to explain or illustrate each other. 10 Chimney-swallow. new-england’s rarities discovered. 143 [8] The Pilhannaiv.1 The pilhannaw, or meckquan, much like the description of the Indian ruck ; a monstrous great bird ; a kind of hawk, — some say an eagle ; four times as big as a goshawk ; white- mailed ; having two or three purple feathers in her head, as long as geeses’ feathers they make pens of. The quills of these feathers are purple, as big as swans’ quills, and trans- parent. Her head is as big as a child’s of a year old ; a very princely bird. When she soars abroad, all sort of feathered creatures hide themselves ; yet she never preys upon any of them, but upon fawns and jaccals. She ayries in the woods upon the high hills of Ossapy, and is very rarely or seldome seen. The Turkie2 The turkie, who is blacker than ours. I have heard several credible persons affirm they have seen turkie-cocks that have 1 “ The pilhannaw is the king of birds of prey in New England. Some take him to be a kind of eagle; others for the Indian ruck, — the biggest bird that is, except the ostrich. One Mr. Hilton, living at Pascataway, had the hap to kill one of them. Being by the sea-side, he perceived a great shadow over his head, the sun shining out clear. Casting up his eyes, he saw a monstrous bird soaring aloft in the air; and, of a sudden, all the ducks and geese (there being then a great many) dived under water, nothing of them appearing but their heads, Mr. Hilton, having made readie his piece, shot and. brought her down to the ground. How he disposed of her, I know not; but had he taken her alive, and sent her over into England, neither Bartholomew nor Sturbridge Fair could have produced such another sight.” — Josselyn's Voyages, p. 95. These notices have been taken to be sufficient by some writers to show the probable exist- ence of “ a bird of prey, very large and bold, on the back of some of our American plantations.” But our author’s account indicates clearly a crested eagle, which we cannot explain by any thing nearer home than the yzquautli, or crested vulture of Mexico and the countries south of it (Falco Harpyja, Gmel.); two notices of which (cited by Linnaeus) had been published some twenty years before Josselyn wrote, and may have been supposed by him to be applicable to a large bird which he had heard of as inha- biting mountains about Ossipee. The great heron — an inhabitant of the coast, and so uncommon inland that “ one . . . shot in the upper parts of New Hampshire was described to” Wilson “as a great curiosity” (Amer. Ornith., by Brewer, p. 555) — has the size and the crest of Josselyn’s bird; and, if this last was only (as is possible) the name of a confused conception made up from several accounts of large birds, the heron may well be thought to have had a share in it. 2 “ Of these, sometimes there will be forty, threescore and a hundred, of a flock; sometimes more, and sometimes less. Their feeding is acorns, hawes, and berries: 144 ARCHrEOLOGIA AMERICANA. weighed forty, yea, sixty pound. But, out of my personal, experimental knowledge, I can assure you that 1 have eaten iny share of a turkie-cock, that, when he was pull’d and gar- bidg’d, weighed thirty [9] pound ; and I have also seen three- score broods of young turkies on the side of a marsh, sunning of themselves in a morning betimes. But this was thirty years since ; the English and the Indians having now de- stroyed the breed, so that ’tis very rare to meet with a wild turkie in the woods. But some of the English bring up great store of the wild kind, which remain about their houses as tame as ours in England. The Goose? The goose, of which there are three kinds, — the gray goose, the white goose, and the brant. The goose will live a long time. I once found in a white goose three hearts. She was a very old one ; and so tuff, that we gladly gave her over, although exceeding well roasted. some of them get a haunt to frequent English corn. In winter, when the snow covers the ground, they resort to the seashore to look for shrimps, and such small fishes, at low tides. Such as love turkey-hunting must follow it in winter, after a new-fallen snow, when he may follow them by their tracks. Some have killed ten or a dozen in half a day. If they can be found towards an evening, and watched where they perch, — if one come about ten or eleven of the clock, — he may shoot as often as he will: they will sit, unless they be slenderly wounded. These turkies remain all the year long. The price of a good turkey-cock is four shillings; and he is well worth it,- for he may be in weight forty pounds: a hen, two shillings.” — Wood, N. Eng. Prospect, chap. viii. See also Josselyn’s Voyages, p. 99. 3 “ The geese of the country be of three sorts. First, a brant goose ; which is a goose almost like the wild goose in England. The price of one of these is sixpence. The second kind is a white goose, almost as big as an English tame goose. These come in great flocks about Michaelmas: sometimes there will be two or three thou- sand in a flock. Those continue six weeks, and so fly to the southward; returning in March, and staying six weeks more, returning to the northward. The price of one of these is eightpence. The third kind of geese is a great grey goose, with a black neck, and a black and white head; strong of flight: and these be a great deal bigger than the ordinary geese of England; some very fat, and, in the spring, full of feathers, that the shot can scarce pierce them. Most of these geese remain with us from Michaelmas to April. They feed in the sea upon grass in the bays at low water, and gravel, and in the woods of acorns; having, as other fowl have, their pass and repass to the north- ward and southward. The accurate marksmen kill of these both flying and sitting. The price of a grey goose is eighteen-pence.” — Wood, N. E. Prospect, l. c. The white new-england’s rarities discovered. 145 The Bloody - Flux cured. A friend of mine, of good quality, living some time in Vir- ginia, was sore troubled, for a long time, with the bloody-flux. Having tryed several remedies, by the advice of his friends, without any good effect, at last was induced with a long- ing desire to drink the fat-dripping [10] of a goose newly taken from the fire ; which absolutely cured him, who was in despair of ever recovering his health again. The Gripe and Vulture. The gripe, which is of two kinds, — the one with a white head, the other with a black head : this we take for the vul- ture. They are both cowardly kites,* * * 4 preying upon fish cast goose here mentioned is probably the snow-goose; upon which compare Nuttall, Mass. Ornith., Water-Birds, p. 344. Josselyn (Voyages, p. 100) says the brant and the gray goose “are best meat; the white are lean and tough, and live a long time; whereupon ttie proverb, ‘ Older than a white goose: ’ ” which is not supported by Wood or later writers. The snow-goose has become much less frequent with us since the settlement of the country. The great grey goose of Wood is our well-known Canada goose. 4 This was the best that our author could say of the eagles of New England. Wood assists us once more here: “The eagles of the country be of two sorts, — one like the eagles that be in England; the other is something bigger, with a great white head and white tail. These be commonlr called gripes.” — New-Eng. Prospect , l. c. The first spoken of by Wood — and perhaps, also, what Josselyn names last — may be the common or ring-tailed eagle, now known to be the young of the golden eagle. The second of Wood, and first of our author, is, without doubt, the bald eagle; the (so to say) tyrannical habits of which bird are sufficiently well known, at least in the vivid pages of Wilson. See the Voyages, p. 96; where we learn also that “ hawkes there are of several kinds; as goshawks, falcons, laniers, sparrow-hawkes, and a little black havvke highly prized by the Indians, who wear them on their heads, and is accounted of worth sufficient to ransom a sagamour. They are so strangely couragious and hardie, that nothing fheth in the air that they will not bind with. I have seen them tower so high, that they have been so small that scarcely could they be taken bjr the eye” (p. 95-6). Wood makes like mention of this little black hawk (New-Eng. Pro- spect, l. c.); and R. Williams (Key into the Language of the Indians of N. E., in Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 220) calls it “sachim, a little bird about the bigness of a swallow, or less ; to which the Indians give that name, because of its sachem or prince-like courage and command over greater birds: that a man shall often see this small bird pursue and vanquish and put to flight the crow and other birds far bigger than itself.” This was our well-known king-bird; and Josselyn, on the same page, tells us of “a small ash- 19 146 ARCH/EOLOGIA AMERICANA. up on the shore. In the year 1668, there was a great mor- tality of eels in Casco Bay : thither resorted, at the same time, an infinite number of gripes; insomuch that, being shot by the inhabitants, they fed their hogs with them for some weeks. At other times, you shall seldom see above two or three in a dozen miles’ travelling. The quill-feathers in their wings make excellent text-pens, and the feathers of their tail are highly esteemed by the Indians for their arrows. They will not sing in flying. A gripe’s tail is worth a beaver’s skin, up in the country. A Remedy for the Coldness and Pain of the Stomach. The skin of a gripe, drest with the doun on, is good to wear upon the stomach, for the pain and coldness of it. [11] The Osprey. The osprey, which in this country is white-mail’d. A Remedy for the Toothacli. Their beaks excell for the toothach ; picking the gums therewith till they bleed. The Wobble ,* * * * 5 The wobble, an ill-shaped fowl ; having no long feathers in their pinions, which is the reason they cannot fly ; not much unlike the pengwin. They are in the spring very fat, or rather oyly ; but pull’d and garbidg’d, and laid to the fire to roast, they yield not one drop. colour bird that is shaped like ahawke, with talons and beak, that falleth upon crowes; mounting up into the air after them, and will beat them till they make them cry:” which was, perhaps, the king-bird’s half-cousin, as Wilson calls him, — -the purple- martin. 5 Nuttall (Manual, Water-Birds, p. 520) says that the young of the red-throated diver is called cobble in England. Our author elsewhere (Voyages, p. 101) makes mention of the “wobble” and the “wilmote” (that is, guillemot) as distinct; but his wilmot was “ a kind of teal.” new-england’s rarities discovered. 147 For Aches. Our way (for they are very soveraign for aches) is to make mummy of them ; that is, to salt them well, and dry them in an earthen pot well glazed in an oven: or else (which is the better way) to burn them under ground for a day or two ; then quarter them, and stew them in a tin stewpan, with a very little water. [12] The Loone. The loone is a water-fowl, alike in shape to the wobble, and as virtual for aches ; which we order after the same manner.6 The Old. The owl, Avis devia, which are of three kinds, ■ — - the great gray owl with ears ; the little gray owl ; and the white owl, which is no bigger than a thrush.7 The Turkie- Buzzard. The turkie-buzzard, a kind of kite, but as big as a turkie ; brown of color, and very good meat.8 What Birds are not to he found in New England. Now, by what the country hath not, you may ghess at what it hath. It hath no nightingals, nor larks, nor bul- 6 “ He maketh a noise sometimes like a sow-geider’s horn.” — N. Eng. Prospect, l. c. t The first is the great-horned or cat-owl: the second, probably, the mottled or little screech-owl, which Wood notices more fully as “small, speckled like a partridge j with ears” (/. c .); and the third, the Acadian or little owl. There are hut two owls reckoned in New-England’s Prospect; the second of which — “a great owl, almost as big as an eagle; his body being as good meat as a partridge” (l. c.)— is, perhaps, the snowy owl, which, according to Audubon, is good eating. — Peabody Report on Birds of Mass., p. 275. 8 It is not clear what is meant here. The author merely mentions the bird again, in Voyages, p. 96. 148 ARC'ILEOLOGIA AMERICANA. finches, nor sparrows, nor blackbirds, nor mag[12]pies, nor jackdawes, nor popinjays, nor rooks, nor pheasants, nor wood- cocks, nor quails, nor robins, nor cuckoes, &c.9 SECONDLY, OF BEASTS.1 The Bear , ivhich are generally Black.2 The bear. They live four months in caves ; that is, all win- ter. In the spring, they bring forth their young ones. They 9 So Wood : “ There ore no magpies, jackdaws, cuckoos, jays, &c.” — New-England' s Prospect, l. c. Our author, in his Voyages, adds to the above list of New-England birds the following: “The partridge is larger than ours; white-flesht, but very dry: they are indeed a sort of partridges called grooses. The pidgeon, of which there are millions of millions. . . . The snow-bird, like a chaf-finch, go in flocks, and are good meat. . . . Thrushes, with red breasts, which will be very fat, and are good meat. . . . Thressels, . . . filladies, . . . small singing-birds; ninmurders, little yellow birds ; New- England nightingales, painted with orient colours, — black, white, blew, yellow, green, and scarlet, — and sing sweetly; wood-larks, wrens, swallows, who will sit upon trees; and starlings, black as ravens, with scarlet pinions. Other sorts of birds there are; as the troculus, wagtail or dish-water, which is here of a brown colour; titmouse, — two or three sorts; the dunneck or hedge-sparrow, who is starke naked in his winter nest; the golden or yellow hammer, — a bird about the bigness of a thrush, that is all over as red as bloud; woodpeckers of two or three sorts, gloriously set out with variety of glittering colours; the colibry, viemalin, or rising or walking-bird, — an emblem of the resurrection, and the wonder of little birds. The water-fowl are these that follow: Hookers, or wild swans; cranes; . . . four sorts of ducks, — a black duck, a brown duck like our wild ducks, a grey duck, and a great black and white duck. These fre- quent rivers and ponds. But, of ducks, there be many more sorts ; as hounds, old wives, murres, doies, shell-drakes, shoulers or shoflers, widgeons, simps, teal, blew-wing'd and green-wing’d didapers or dipchicks, fenduck, duckers or moorhens, coots, poch- ards (a water-fowl like a duck), plungeons (a kind of water-fowl, with a long, reddish bill), puets, plovers, smethes, wilmotes (a kind of teal), godwits, humilities, knotes, red-sliankes, . . . gulls, white gulls or sea-cobbs, caudemandies, herons, grey bitterns, ox-eyes, birds called oxen and keen, petterels, king’s fishers, . . . little birds that fre- quent the sea-shore in flocks, called sauderlins. They are about the bigness of a spar- row, and, in the fall of the leaf, will be all fat. When I was first in the countrie ” (that is, in 1638; in which connection, what follows is not without its interest to us), “the English cut them into small pieces to put into their puddings, instead of suet. I have known twelve-score and above killed at two shots. . . . The cormorant, shape or sharke” (pp. 99-103). 1 Compare the account given in the Voyages, pp. 82-95, which is much fuller; as also New-England’s Prospect, chap. vi. 2 “ Most fierce in strawberry-time; at which time they have young ones; at which time, likewise, they will go upright, like a man, and climb trees, and swim to the NEW-ENGLAXD S RARITIES DISCOVERED. 149 seldome have above three cubbs in a litter; are very fat in the fall of the leaf, with feeding npon acorns ; at which time they are excellent venison. Their brains are venomous. They feed much upon water-plantane in the spring' and sum- mer, and berries, and also upon a shell-fish called a horse- foot; and are never mankind — i.e., fierce — but in rutting- time ; and then they walk the country, — twenty, thirty, forty, in a company,- — -making a hideous noise with roaring, which you may hear a mile or two before they come so near as to endanger the traveller. About four years since, acorns being very scarce up in the country, some numbers of them came down [14] amongst the English plantations, which generally are by the sea-side. At one town called Gorgiana, in the Province of Meyn (called also New Sommersetshire), they kill’d fourscore. For Aches and Cold Swellings. Their grease is very good for aches and cold swellings. The Indians anoint themselves therewith from top to toe ; which hardens them against the cold weather. A black bear’s skin heretofore was worth forty shillings ; now you may have one for ten : much used by the English for beds and cover- lets, and by the Indians for coats. For Pain and Lameness upon Cold. One Edw. Andrews, being foxt,8 and falling backward cross a thought4 in a shallop or fisher-boat, and taking cold upon islands: which if the Indians see, there will be more sportful bear-baiting than Paris garden can afford; for, seeing the bears take water, an Indian will leap after him; where they go to water-cuffs for bloody noses and scratched sides. In the end, the man gets the victory; riding the bear over the watery plain, till he can bear him no longer. . . . There would be more of them, if it were not for the wolves which devour them. A kennel of those ravening runagadoes, setting rrpon a poor, single bear, will tear him as a dog will tear a kid.” — New-Eng. Prospect, l. c., which see farther; and also Josselyn’s Voyages, pp. 91-2. 8 Stupefied with drink. — Webster, Eng. Diet. 4 Thwart. 150 ARCELEOLOGIA AMERICANA. it, grew crooked, lame, and full of pain ; was cured, lying one winter upon bears’ skins newly Head off, with some upon him, so that he sweat every night. The Wolf.5 The wolf, of. which there are two kinds, — one with a round- ball’d foot, and [15] are in shape like mungrel mastiffs; the other with a flat foot. These are liker greyhounds ; and are called deer-wolfs, because they are accustomed to prey upon deer. A wolf will eat a wolf new-dead : and so do bears, as I suppose ; for their dead carkases are never found, neither by the Indian nor English. They go a-clicketing twelve days, and have as many whelps at a litter as a bitch. The Indian dog6 is a creature begotten ’twixt a wolf and a fox; which the Indians, lighting upon, bring up to hunt the deer with. The wolf is very numerous, and go in companies, — sometimes ten, twenty, more or fewer; and so cunning, that seldome any are kill’d with guns or traps : but, of late, they have invented a way to destroy them, by binding foui' maycril- hooks a cross with a brown thread ; and then, wrapping some wool about them, they dip them in melted tallow till it be as round and as big as an egg. These (when any beast hath been kill’d by the wolves) they scatter by the dead carkase, 5 “ The woolves be in some respect different from them in other countries. It was never known yet that a wolf ever set upon a man or woman: neither do they trouble horses or cows; but swine, goats, and red calves, which they take for deer, be often destroyed by them; so that a red calf is cheaper than a black one, in that regard, in some places. . . . They be made mugh like a mungrel ; being big-boned, lank- paunched, deep-breasted; having a thick neck and head, prick ears and long snout, with dangerous teeth ; long, staring hair, and a great bush-tail. It is thought by many that our English mastiff might be too hard for them : but it is no such matter; for they care no more for an ordinary mastiff than an ordinary mastiff cares for a cur. Many good dogs have been spoiled by them. . . . There is little hope of their utter destruc- tion; the country being so spacious, and they so numerous, travelling in the swamps by kennels: sometimes ten or twelve are of a company. ... In a word, they be the greatest inconveniency the country hath.” — New- England's Prospect, l. c. 6 Spoken of again in the Voyages, pp. 94 and 193; and in Hubbard, Hist. N. Eng- land, p. 25. Josselyn’s may be compared with Lewis and Clark’s notice of the Indian dog (Travels, vol. ii. p. 165). new-england’s rarities discovered. 151 after they have beaten off the wolves. About midnight, the wolves are sure to return again to the place where they left the slaughtered beast; and the [16] first thing they venture upon will be these balls of fat. For Old Aches. A black wolf’s skin is worth a beaver-skin among the In- dians ; being highly esteemed for helping old aches in old people ; worn as a coat. They are not mankind, as in Ireland and other countries ; but do much harm by destroying of our English cattle. The Ounce.'' The ounce, or wild-cat, is about the bigness of two lusty ram-cats : preys upon deer and our English poultrey. I once found six whole ducks in the belly of one I killed by a pond- side. Their flesh roasted is as good as lamb, and as white. For Aches and Shrunk Sineivs. Their grease is soveraign for all manner of aches and shrunk sinews. Their skins are accounted good fur, but somewhat course. [17] The Raccoon .7 8 The raccoon liveth in hollow trees, and is about the size of a gib-cat. They feed upon mass, and do infest our Indian- 7 Called also “lusern, or luceret,” in the Voyages, p. 85; the loup-cervier of Sa- gard (Hist. Can., 1636, cit. Aud. and Bachm. Vivip. Quadr. N. A., p. 136); of Dobbs’s Hudson’s Bay, &c. ; but more commonly called gray cat, or lynx, in New England. Wood calls it “more dangerous to be met withal than any other creature; not fearing either dog orman. He useth to kill deer. . . . He hath likewise a device to get geese: for, being much of the colour of a goose, he will place himself close by the water; holding up his bob-tail, which is like a goose-neck. The geese, seeing this counter- feit goose, approach nigh to visit him; who, with a sudden jerk, apprehends his mis- trustless prey. The English kill many of these, accounting them very good meat.” — New-Eng. Prospect , l. c. Audubon and Bachman (l. c., p. 14) give a similar good ac- count of the flesh of the bay-lynx, or common wild-cat. 8 The raccoon is, or has been, an inhabitant of all North America (Godman, Nat. Hist., vol. i. p. 117), and was one of the first of our animals with which European 152 ARCH.EOLOGIA AMERICANA. corn very much. They will be exceeding fat in autumn. Their flesh is somewhat dark, but good food roasted. For Bruises and Aches. Their fat is excellent for bruises and aches. Their skins are esteemed a good, deep fur ; but yet, as the wild-cats, somewhat course. The Porcupine. The porcupine, in some parts of the countrey eastward towards the French, are as big as an ordinary mungrel cur ; a very angry creature, and dangerous,- — shooting a whole shower of quills with a rowse at their enemies ; which are of that nature, that, wherever they stick in the flesh, they will work through in a short time, if not prevented by pulling of them out. The Indians make use of their quills, which are hardly a handful long, to adorn [18J the edges of their birchen dishes; and weave (dying some of them red, others yellow and blew) curious bags or pouches, in Avorks like Turkie- work.* * * * * 9 The Beaver , Canis Ponticus Ampliibius.1 The beaver, whose old ones are as big as an otter, or rather bigger ; a creature of a rare instinct, as may apparently be seen in their artificial dam-heads to raise the water in the ponds where they keep ; and their houses having three stories ; which would be too large to discourse. They have all of them four cods hanging outwardly betAveen their hinder naturalists became acquainted. Linnaeus (Svst. Nat.) cites Conrad Gesner among those who have illustrated or mentioned it. Wood says they are “as good meat as a lamb;” and further, that, “in the moonshine night, they go to feed on clams at a low tide, by the seaside, where the English hunt them with their dogs.” — New- Eng. Pro- spect, l. c. 9 The author’s account of the Indian works in birch-bark and porcupine-quills is much fuller in his Voyages, p. 143. 1 Wood’s account is far better. — New-Eng. Prospect , chap. vii. See page 53 of the Rarities for mention of the musk quash. new-england’s rarities discovered. 153 legs : two of them are soft or oyly, and two solid or hard. The Indians say they are hermaphrodites. For Wind in the Stomach. Their solid cods are much used in physick. Our English women in this country use the powder, grated — as much as will lye upon a shilling — in a draught of Fiol wine, for wind in the stomach and belly ; and venture many times, in such cases, to give it to women with child. Their tails are flat, and covered with scales, without hair ; [19] which, being flead off, and the tail boiled, proves exceeding good meat; being all fat, and as sweet as marrow. The Moose-Beer .2 The moose-deer, which is a very goodly creature, — some of them twelve foot high ; with exceeding fair horns, with broad palms, — some of them two fathom from the tip of one horn to the other. They commonly have three fawns at a time. Their flesh is not dry, like deer’s flesh, but moist and lush- ious ; somewhat like horse-flesh (as they judge that have tasted of both), but very wholsome. The flesh of their fawns is an incomparable dish ; beyond the flesh of an asses foal, so highly esteemed by the Romans; or that of young spaniel-puppies, so much cried up in our days in France and England. 2 See Voyages, pp. 88-91. Called moos-soog (rendered “great-ox; or, rather, red deer”) in R. Williams’s Key (Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 223): but this is rather the plural form of moos ; as see the same, l. c. p. 222, and note, and Rasies’ Diet. Abnaki, in loco. It is called mongsoa by the Cree Indians; and, it should seem, mongsoos by the Indians of the neighborhood of Carlton House; as see Richardson, in Sabine’s Appendix to Franklin’s Narrative of a Journey to the Polar Sea, pp. 665-6. “The English,” says Wood, “have some thoughts of keeping him tame, and to accustome him to the yoke; which will be a great commodity. . . . There be not many of these in the Massachu- setts Bay; but, forty miles to the north-east, there be great store of them.” — New- Eng. Prospect , l. c. On hunting the moose, as practised by the Indians, see Josselyn’s Voyages, p. 136. 20 154 ARCILEOLOGIA AMERICANA. Moose-horns better for Pliysick Use than Marts' -horns. Their horns are far better, in my opinion, for physick, than the horns of other deer, as being of a stronger nature. As for their claws, which both Englishmen and French make use of for elk, I cannot [20] approve so to be from the elfects ; having had some trial of it. Besides, all that write of the elk describe him with a tuft of hair on the left leg, behind, a little above the. pastern joynt on the outside of the leg, — not unlike the tuft (as I conceive) that groweth upon the breast of a turkie-cock ; which I could never yet see upon the leg of a moose, and I have seen some number of them. For Children breeding Teeth. The Indian webbes make use of the broad teeth of the fawns to hang about their children’s neck, when they are breeding of their teeth. The tongue of a grown moose, dried in the smoak after the Indian manner, is a dish for a sagamor. The Maecarib.3 The maecarib, caribo, or pohano ; a kind of deer, as big as a stag; round-hooved, smooth-hair’d, and soft as silk. Their horns grow backwards along their backs to their rumps, and turn again a handful beyond their nose ; having another horn in the middle of their forehead, about half a yard long, — very straight, but [21] wreathed like an unicorn’s horn, — of a brown, jettie colour, and very smooth. The creature is no- where to be found but upon Cape Sable, in the French quar- ters ; and there, too, very rarely ; they being not numerous. Some few of their skins and their streight horns are (but very sparingly) brought to the English. 3 Wood (N. E. Prospect, l. c.) has but two kinds of deer: of which the first is the moose; and the second, called “ ordinary deer,” and, in the vocabulary of Indian words, oltucJc (compare altuck or noonatch , deer, — R. Williams, l. c. ; but atteylc, in the Cree new-england’s rarities discovered. 155 The Fox} The fox, which differeth not much from ours, but are some- what less. A black-fox skin heretofore was wont to be valued at fifty and sixty pound ; but now you may have them for twenty shillings. Indeed, there is not any in New England dialect, signifies a small sort of rein-deer, — Richardson, in Appendix to Franklin’s Journey, p. 665 ; and it is observable that Rasies’ word for chevreuil is norice ), is our American fallow-deer. R. Williams also appears to distinguish with clearness but two; which are, perhaps, the same as Wood’s. Josselvn, in this book, passes quite over the common, or fallow-deer: but, making up in the Voyages for the fallings-short of the Rarities, he goes, in the former, quite the other way; reckoning the roe, buck, red deer, rein-deer, elk, maurouse, and maccarib. What is further said of these animals, where he speaks more at large, makes it appear likely that the second, third, and fourth names, so far as they have any value, belong to a single kind, — the “ordinary deer” of Wood (whose description possibly helped Josselyn’s), or our fallow-deer; to which the “roe” is also to be referred: and the “elk” he himself explains as the moose. But, beside these two kinds, Josselyn has the merit of indicating, with some distinct- ness, one, or possibly two, others, — the maurov.se and the maccarib. The maurouse ■ — of which only the Voyages make mention — “is somewhat like a moose; but his horns are but small, and himself about the size of a stag. These are the deer that the flat-footed wolves hunt after.” — Voyages, p. 91. This is to be compared with the mau- roos, rendered “ cerf," of Rasies’ Diet., 1. c., p. 382; and, in such connection, is hardly referable to other than the caribou , or reindeer, — a well-known inhabitant of the north- eastern parts of New England, and likely, therefore, to have come to the knowledge of our author; while there seems to be no testimony to its ever having occurred in Mas- sachusetts and southward, where Wood and Williams made their observations. The last, or the maccarib , caribo , or pbha.no , of Josselyn, is described above ; and, in the Voyages (p. 91), he only repeats that it “is not found, that ever I heard yet, but upon Cape Sable, near to the French plantations.” The “round” hoofs of the maccarib might lead us to take this for the caribou of Maine; the round track of which differs much from that of the fallow-deer. But the former is more likely to have been the American elk; so rare, it should seem, where it occurred, when our author wrote, and so little known in the New-England settlements, that his fancy, fed by darkling hearsay, could deck it with the honors of the “ unicorn.” i “ There are two or three kinds of them, — one a great yellow fox; another grey, who will climb up into trees. The black fox is of much esteem.” — Josselyn' s Voyages, p. 82 ; where is also an account of the way of hunting foxes in New England. Wood has nothing special, but that some of the foxes “ be black. Their furrs is of much esteem” (l. c.). Williams ( l . c.) has “ mishquashim, a red fox; pequaums, a gray fox. The Indians say they have black foxes, which they have often seen, but never could take any of them. They say they are manittooes.” Beside the common red fox, or mishquashim, we have in all these accounts — and also in Morell’s Nova Anglia, l. c., p. 129 — mention of a black fox; which may have been the true black or silver fox, or, in part at least, the more, common cross-fox (Aud. and Bachm., Viv. Quadr. N. A., p. 45); the pelt of which is also in high esteem. For Williams’s gray fox, see the next note. Josselyn’s climbing gray fox is perhaps the fisher ( Mustela Canadensis, Schreb.), notwithstanding the color. According to Audubon (l. c., pp. 51, 310, 315), this is called the black fox in New England and the northern couuties of New York. I have heard 'it more often called black cat in New Hampshire. 156 ARCHiEOLOGIA AMERICANA. that are perfectly black, but silver-kair’d ; that is, sprinkled with grey hairs. The Jaccalh The jaccal is a creature that hunts the lion’s prey, — a shrew’d sign that there are lions upon the continent. There are those that are yet living in the countrey that do con- stantly affirm, that, about six or seven and thirty years since, an Indian [22] shot a young lion,6 7 sleeping upon the body of an oak blown up by the roots, with an arrow, not far from Cape Anne, and sold the skin to the English. But, to say something of the jaccal, they are ordinarily less than foxes, of the colour of a gray rabbet, and do not scent nothing near so strong as a fox. Some of the Indians will eat of them. Their grease is good for all that fox-grease is good for, but weaker. They are very numerous. The Hare? The hare, in New England, is no bigger than our English rabbets ; of the same colour, but withall having yellow and black strokes down the ribs. In winter they are milk-white ; and, as the spring approacheth, they come to their colour 6 “ A creature much like a fox, but smaller.” — Voyages, p. 83. Probably the gray fox, called peqziawus by R. Williams ( I ’wipes Virginianus, Schreb.); which has not the rank smell of the red fox. — Aud. and Bachm., 1. c., p. 168. 6 “ They told me of a young lyon (not long before) kill’d at Piscataway by an In- dian.”— Voyages, p. 23. Higginson says that lions “have been seen at Cape Anne.” — New-Eng. Plantation, l. c., p. 119. “ Some affirm,” says Wood, “that they have seen a lion at Cape Anne. . . . Besides, Plimouth men” (that is, men of old Plymouth, it is likely) “ have traded for lion-skins in former times. But sure it is that there be lions on that continent; for the Virginians saw an old lion in their plantation,” &c. — New- Eng. Prospect, l. c. The animal here spoken of may well have been the puma or cougar, or American lion. 7 “ The rabbits be much like ours in England. The hai'es be some of them white, and a yard long. These two harmless creatures are glad to shelter themselves from the harmful foxes in hollow trees; having a hole at the entrance no bigger than they can creep in at.” — Wood, New-Eng. Prospect, l. c. Wood’s rabbit and Josselyn’s hare, so far as the summer coloring goes, appear to be the gray rabbit (Lepus syloaticus , Aud. and Bachm., l.c., p. 173); and the white hare of Wood — as also, probably, the hare, “milk-white in winter,” of Josselyn — is doubtless the northern hare ( Lepus Ameri- canus, Erxl., Aud. and Bachm., 1. c., p. 93). new-england’s rarities discovered. 157 When the snow lies upon the ground, they are very bitter with feeding upon the bark of spruce and the like.8 [23] THIRDLY, OF FISHES.9 Pliny and Isadore write, there are not above a hundred and forty-four kinds of fishes ; but, to my knowledge, there are nearer three hundred. I suppose America was not known to Pliny and Isadore. A Catalogue of Fish ; that is, of those that are to he seen be- tween the English Coast and America, and those proper to the Countrey. Alderling. : Anchova, or sea-minnow. Alize, alewife (because great-bel- j Aleport. lied), olafle, oldwife, allow.1 8 The Voyages mention, beside the quadrupeds above named, also the skunk ( seganhoo of Rasies’ Diet., 1. c.); the musquash ( mooskooessno of Rasies, l. c.), for which see also p. 53 of this; otter; marten, “as ours are in England, but blacker;” sable, “ much of the size of a mattrise, perfect black, but ... I never saw but two of them in eight years’ space ; ” the squirrel, “ three sorts, — the mouse-squirril, the gray squirril, and the flying-squirril (called by the Indian assapanich).” Our author’s mouse-squirrel, which he describes, is the ground or striped squirrel : probably the “ anequus, a little coloured squirrel ” of R. Williams, l. c.; and the anikoosess (rendered suisse) of Rasies, l. c. The mattrise of our author is, according to him, “ a creature whose head and fore-parts is shaped somewhat like a lyon’s; not altogether so big as a house-cat. They are innumerable up in the countrey, and are esteemed good furr.” — Voyages, p. 87. The sable is compared with the mattrise, at least in size; and the name is perhaps comparable with mallegooessoo of Rasies, l. c. ; but this is rendered lievre. Wood adds to this list of our quadrupeds, mistakenly, the ferret; and R. Williams, the “ ockquutchaun-nug, — a wild beast of a reddish hair, about the bigness of a pig, and rooting like a pig;” which seems to answer, in name as well as habits, to our wood- chuck, or ground-hog. 9 The author’s attempt here at a general catalogue of the fishes, mollusks, &c., of the North- Atlantic Ocean, affords but a poor make-shift for such a list as we might fairly have expected from him of the species known to the early fishermen in the waters and seas of New England! and the account in his Voyages (pp. 104-15) is again an improvement on the present, and is confined to the inhabitants of our waters. I have printed the names of such species, in the following list, as the author (either in this book or in his Voyages) attributes to New England, in Italics. Beyond this, the present editor has little to offer in elucidation of the list; which indeed, in good part, appears sufficiently intelligible. Compare Wood, New-Eng. Prospect, chap. x. 1 “ Like a herrin, but has a bigger bellie; therefore called an alewife.” — Voyages, p. 107. The other names, alize and allow, are doubtless corruptions of the French 158 ARCH.ZEOLOGIA AMERICANA. Albicore.'1 2 Barbie. Barraclia. Barracoutha, a fish peculiar to the West Indies.3 4 Barsticle. Basse.* Sea-bishop, proper to the Norway seas. [24] River bleak or bley, a river- swallow. Sea bleak or bley, or sea-came- lion. Blew-fish, or hound-fish, two kinds, — speckled hound-fish and blew hound-fish (called horse-fish5). Bonito, or dozada, or Spanish dol- phin.6 * River-bream. Sea-bream ? Cud-bream. Bullhead , or Indian muscle. River-bulls. Bur-fish. Burret. Cackarel, or laxe. Calemarie, or sea-clerk. Catfish .8 Carp. Chare, a fish proper to the river Wimander in Lancashire. Sea-chough. Chub, or chevin. Cony-fish. Clam , or clamp.9 Sea-cob. alose, also in use among London fishmongers to designate shad from certain waters. — Rees's Cyc., in loco. The old Latin word alosa , supposed to have been always applied to the fish just mentioned, is adopted by Cuvier for the genus which includes our shad, alewife, and menhaden. 2 The tunny is so called on the coast of New England. — Stover's Report on the Fishes of Mass., p. 48. 3 It is, notwithstanding, set down in the author’s list of fishes “ that are to be seen and catch’d in the sea and fresh waters in New England.” — Voyages, p. 113. And compare Storer, Synops. (Mem. Am. Acad., N. S., vol. ii. ), p. 300. 4 See Voyages, p. 108. The first settlers esteemed the bass above most other fish. See Higginson’s New-England’s Plantation (Hist. Coll., vol. i. p. 120). Wood calls it (New-Eng. Prospect, chap, ix.) “one of the best fish in the country; and though men are soon wearied with other fish, yet are they never with bass. The Indians,” he says, eat lobsters, “when they can get no bass.” The head was especially prized; as see Wood, and also Roger Williams’s Key (Hist. Coll., vol. iii. p. 224). The fish is our striped bass (Labrax lineatus, Cuv. ; Storer’s Report on Fishes of Mass., p. 7). Our author, at p. 37, again mentions it as one of the eight fishes which “ the Indians have in greatest request.” 8 See p. 96 as to the blue-fish, or horse-mackerel; and Storer, l. c., p. 57. 6 The bonito of our fishermen is the skipjack. — Storer, l. c., p. 49. 1 See p. 95. 8 See p. 96. Josselyn’s character of the fish as food is confirmed by Dr. Storer, l. c., p. 69. 9 The clam is one of the eight fishes mentioned at p. 37 as most prized by the Indians. “ Sickishuog (clams). This is a sweet kind of shell-fish, which all Indians gene- rally over the country, winter and summer, delight in; and, at low water, the women dig for them. This fish, and the natural liquor of it, they boil; and it makes their new-england’s rarities discovered. 159 CocJces or coccles, or coquil.* 1 Cook-fish. Rock-cod. Sea-cod, or sea-whiting.2 [25] Crab, divers kinds ; as, the sea-crab, boat-fish, river-crab, sea-lion, &c. Sea-cucumber. Cunger, or sea-eel. Cunner, or sea-roach. Cur. Currier, post, or lacquey of the sea. Cramp-fish, or torpedo. Cuttle, or sleeves, or sea-angler. Clupea, the tunnie’s enemy. Sea-cornet. Cornuta, or horned fish. Dace, dare or dart. Sea-dart , javelins. Dogfish, or tubarone. Dolphin. Dorce. Dorrie (goldfish). Golden-eye, gilt-pole or godline, yellow-heads. Sea-dragon, or sea-spider, quavi- ner. Drum, a fish frequent in the West Indies. Sea-emperour, or sword-fish. Eel, of which divers kinds.3 Sea-elephant. The leather of this fish will never rot ; excellent for thongs. Ears of the sea. broth and their nasaump (which is a kind of thickened broth) and their bread seasona- ble and savoury, instead of salt.” — Williams's Key,