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ARCHITECTURE

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Agricultural Experiment Station

STORRS, CONN.

BULLETIN No. 69, JUNE, 1911

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03

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WHITE OAK AND CHESTNUT

NEW ENGLAND TREES
IN WINTER

BY

A. F. BLAKESLEE and C. D. JARVIS

_JARD OF CONTROL

THE BOARD OF TRUSTEt

— OF THE —

CONNECTICUT AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE

GOVERNOR SIMEON E. BALDWIN

H. G. MANCHESTER
E. H. JENKINS
GEORGE A. HOPSON
L. J. STORRS
CHARLES A. CAPEN

E. g
D. \
A.

J. Vs.

CHAI

C. L. BEACH B.S.A., President Conn.

L. A. CLINTON, M. S.

J. M. TRUEMAN, B. S. Agr.

F. H. STONEBURN,
W. M. ESTEN, M. S.
C. D. JARVIS, Ph. D.
CHARLES THOM, Ph. D.

G. H. LAMSON, M. S.
H. D. EDMOND, B. S.
L. F. RETTGER, Ph. D.
CHRISTIE J. MASON, B. Agr.
E. B. FITTS,

KENNETH J. MATHEWSON, B. S.
P. A. WRIGHT, B. A.

STATION STAFF
Dire

Po

Cheese Invest'

Bacteriologitm
Assist
Assistant 1

Chemist, Cheei

A. F. BLAKESLEE, PL. D., Professor of Botany^Conn.

LANDSCAPE
ARCHITECTURE

Add'l

LANDSCAPE

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

PREFACE 307

LITERATURE, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

INTRODUCTION 313

NAMES, HABIT, BARK, TWIGS, LEAF-SCARS, BUDS,
FRUIT, COMPARISONS, DISTRIBUTION, WOOD.

ANALYTICAL KEY 327

METHOD OF USE, KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES.

DESCRIPTION OP SPECIES 344

The Pines (p. 344-355) ; the Larch (p. 356) ; the
Spruces (p. 358-367) ; the Douglas Fir (p. 368) ;
the Balsam Fir (p. 370) ; the Hemlock (p. 372) ;
the Coast White Cedar (p. 374) ; the Arbor
Vitae (p. 376) ; the Jumpers and Red Cedar
(p. 378-381) ; the Ginkgo (p. 382) ; the Willows
(p. 384) ; the Poplars (p. 386-397) ; the Walnuts
and Hickories (p. 398-409) ; the Hornbeams
(p. 410-413); the Birches (p. 414-425) ; the
Alders (p. 426) ; the Beech (p. 428) ; the Chest-
nut (p. 430) ; the Oaks (p. 432-455) : the Elms
(p. 456-463) ; the Hackberry (p. 464) ; the Mul-
berries (p. 466-469); the Magnolias (p. 470-
473) ; the Tulip Tree (p. 474) ; the Sassafras
(p. 476) ; the Witch Hazel (p. 478) ; the Sweet
Gum (p. 480) ; the Sycamore (p. 482) ; the Pear
p. 484) ; the Apple (p. 486) ; the Mountain Ash
(p. 488) ; the Quince (p. 490) ; the Shadbush
(p. 492) ; the Hawthorns (p. 494) ; the Cherries
(p. 496-505); the Plums (p. 506-511); the
Peach (p. 512) ; the Kentucky Coffee Tree
(p. 514) ; the Honey Locust (p. 516) ; the Red-
bud (p. 518) ; the Yellow Wood (p. 520) ; the
Locusts (p. 522) ; the Ailanthus (p. 524) ; the
Sumachs (p. 526-529) ; the Holly (p. 530) ; the
Maples (p. 532-547) ; the Horse-chestnut (p.
548); -the Linden (p. 550); the Dogwoods
(p. 552); the Tupelo (p. 554); the Ashes
(p. 556-561); the Catalpas (p. 562).

GLOSSARY 564

INDEX . 569

6O5

PKEFACE

So much has been written popularly and in a scientific way on
trees that no book on the subject would be warranted unless it
was designed to meet a decided need. At present there is no
general work upon American trees which combines illustrations
of the individual forms with keys for their identification based
upon winter characters. The forester and lumberman, however,
are more called upon to distinguish trees in winter when leaves
and flowers are fallen than in summer. Trees, as the most con-
spicuous elements in the winter landscape, must also appeal to the
student of out door life. The interest shown by classes of school
teachers in the Summer School in identifying specimens of twigs
collected the previous winter indicated that the winter study of
trees can be taken up with enthusiasm by teachers in their schools.
In our experience, the winter identification of trees has proven to
students one of the most interesting subjects of their course. It is
of decided value for its training in the power of accurate obser-
vation. The work comes at a time when material for natural
history study seems scanty and might therefore be used to bridge
over the period between fall and spring which are unfortunately
considered by many the only seasons when study of out door life
is possible in the schools. A tree in winter is far from being
the characterless object many believe. Freed from its covering
of leaves, the skeleton of the tree is revealed and with the method
of branching thus clearly discernible, the species may generally
be more readily identified at a distance than in its summer garb.
There are many forms, moreover, that are difficult to distinguish
from summer features alone but which in winter have twig, bud
or other characters which make their separation comparatively
easy. It is believed that the combination of keys, text, and illus-
trations from photographs will furnish the assistance which the
current texts fail to supply and render the identification of our
common trees in winter a relatively simple task.

The text with keys is an outgrowth of outlines that one of the
authors has developed and used with various modifications for
the last four years in his college classes in Botany and Forestry.

308 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

The photographic illustrations are all originals, most of them
by the other author. Although one of us is responsible for the
text and for the selection of the material photographed and the
other for the photographs, we have freely consulted and the
bulletin is therefore to be considered a joint publication.

The order of arrangement of the species in the text and the
scientific names follow the usage of the seventh edition of Gray's
Manual and the latter are in accord with the rules laid down in
the Vienna Congress. The figures and descriptions given are of
trees for the most part growing wild in New England. A few
rarer species which occur in New England only very locally or in
isolated instances have been omitted from illustration. In their
places, however, some of the more frequently cultivated trees, have
been included because of their value for forestry planting in New
England or because of their familiarity in city ornamental plant-
ings. The varieties of cultivated forms are so numerous that it is
obviously possible to take account of only the most common types.
Their inclusion, it is believed, will add to the value of the publi-
cation especially for its use in cities. The keys can be absolutely
relied upon only for the species just mentioned from New England.
New England, including as it does the meeting ground between
the northern and southern floras, is extremely rich in the species
of trees represented. The bulletin, therefore, especially in its
descriptive text and illustrations should prove of service outside of
the geographically restricted region described.

The final keys to the genera and to the species as well as the
descriptive text in galley were placed in the hands of the present
year's classes in Botany and Forestry. A student after finding
the species by the keys, read the twig characters in the galley
and signed his name opposite the species if the description corres-
ponded with the twigs supplied. All of the trees described and
illustrated have thus been checked up by students and some of them
by as many as seventy different persons. In this way limitations
to the use of certain of the characters employed as means of
separating allied species have been discovered and the constancy
of other characters has been confirmed in so far as the material
available could allow. The greatest assistance rendered by the
students, however, has been in disclosing difficulties in the use of
the keys, due to unfortunate choice of contrasted characters or of

STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIOX. 309

terms used in their description. The keys in conse-
quence have been considerably modified before final paging.
Many of the explanatory phrases which may appear to
be unnecessary have been inserted at the demand of the students.
Where possible the most obvious characters have been employed
and though the keys in consequence have become somewhat more
cumbersome it is hoped they will prove more usable. Errors
and omissions have no doubt crept in despite the efforts to avoid
them. We would be grateful for any additions or corrections that
may be suggested in the descriptions or keys in view of a possible
revision of the text.

The photographs of the twigs and of the fruit of the deciduous
trees are very nearly natural size. They have been slightly reduced
in production but all of them to the same scale, except the
fruits of the Catalpa, the Chestnut, and the Honey Locust as
indicated under these species. Line drawings or touched-
up photographs would no doubt show important details
more clearly by emphasizing certain of the minute markings.
Since, however, these details are often obscure, and moreover receive
full recognition in the accompanying text, it has been thought that
a truer idea of the twigs would be gained if they were left as they
appeared in the photographs. Accordingly, they have not been
"doctored" in preparation or reproduction. The leafy twigs of the
cone-bearing evergreens have been more or less reduced as indicated
under the descriptions of the genera in the key. All the twigs
of a single genus, however, are on the same scale.

LITERATURE

The following is a list of books which will be found useful
to the student of New England trees. They have been freely
consulted, as well as others not listed, and have been of value
in determining the ranges and wood characteristics of the indi-
vidual species, in confirmation of bark and habit characters, and
to a less degree of the other winter features. The dimensions of
the trees in the heading "Habit" and the information under the
heading "Distribution" have been taken with little change from
Dame & Brooks' Handbook, except what is given in the subhead-
ing "In Connecticut" which was obtained from the catalog of
the flowering plants and ferns of Connecticut; Bulletin No. 14,

310 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Conn. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,, 1910. The characters under
the heading "Wood" were taken chiefly from Sargent's Manual.
To obtain information in regard to the dimensions, the distribution
and the wood characters of cultivated species, .Bailey's Cyclopaedia
of Horticulture and various European works have been freely
consulted.

GENERAL WORKS ON TREES.

Sargent, C. S. — Manual of the trees of North America, 826 pp.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1905. The best general book
on the subject. The text and illustrative drawings are taken
chiefly from summer characters, but winter characters receive some
attention.

Sargent, C. S. — Silva of North America in 14 quarto volumes.
Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1902. The most extensive work
of its kind. Except for the more elaborate drawings, of less
general value than the Manual, the text of which is practically the
same but more conveniently arranged.

Britton, N. L. — North American Trees, 894 pp. Henry Holt
& Co., New York, 1908. Of the same general scope as Sargent's
Manual. Contains occasional habit photographs.

Hough, E. B. — Handbook of the trees of the northern states
and Canada, 470 pp. Lowville, N. Y., 1907. A most valuable
publication, without habit illustrations, but with excellent photo-
graphs of leaves, fruit and bark and less successful photographs
of winter twigs. The keys and the text are based upon
summer characters. This is our only book giving bark photographs
for each species treated.

Dame, L.L. & Brooks, H. — Handbook of the Trees of New Eng-
land, 196 pp. Ginn & Co., Boston, 1901. The best manual for the
region covered.

Emerson, G. B. — Eeport on the trees and shrubs of Massachu-
setts, 624 pp. in two volumes. Little, Brown & Co., Boston, 1875.
Especially valuable for its habit descriptions.

Collins, J. P. and Preston, H. W.— Key to New England
Trees, 42 pp. Preston & Bounds Co., Providence, 1909. A useful
little book. Contains keys only, based on summer characters.
Includes cultivated forms.

Eogers, Julia E.— The Tree Book, 589 pp. Doubleday, Page &
Co., New York, 1908. The best of the popular books on trees.

STORRS AGEICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 311

Contains habit and twig photographs of some of the species treated
and occasional photographs of the bark taken chiefly from museum
specimens.

WORKS DEALING WITH THE WINTER CONDITION OF TREES.

Schneider, C. K. — Dendrologische Winterstudien. 290 pp.; 224
fig. Gustav Fischer, Jena 1903. A very extensive work giving
descriptions and drawings of twigs of 434 individual species
cultivated and native in Europe, together with keys and an intro-
ductory text.

Huntington, Miss A. L. — Studies of Trees in Winter, 198 pp.
Knight & Millet, Boston, 1902. A popular book excellent as far
as it goes. Figures at least the winter twig, the habit, or the
bark of 65 species. Has descriptive text with habit notes and
poetical quotations.

Wiegand, K. M., and Foxworthy, F. W. — A key to the genera
of woody plants in winter, 33 pp. Ithaca, N. Y. 1904. Treats
of wild and cultivated plants of New York state, including shrubs
as well as trees, contains keys only. Scientific names alone used,
a valuable key to genera, has passed through several editions.

Trelease, Wm. — Winter synopsis of North American Maples,
Rep't Mo. Bot. Gard., vol. 5, pp. 88-106, 1894. A critical treat-
ment of the Maples based upon winter characters with keys and
twig figures.

Trelease, Wm. — Juglandaceae of the United States. Eep't Mo.
Bot. Gard., vol. 7, pp. 25-46. A critical treatment of the genera
Carya & Juglans with keys, twig figures and bark photographs.

Schaffner, J. H. — Key to the Ohio woody plants in the winter
condition. The Ohio Naturalist vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 277-286, 1905.
Keys only, limited to genera, shrubs as well as trees treated.

Hitchcock, A. S. — Keys to Kansas Trees in their winter condi-
tion, 6 pp. Keys only, leading to species.

312 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

Acknowledgments are due to Prof. C. S. Sargent, Prof. J. G.
Jack, Mr. Jackson Dawson, and Mr. E. W. Curtis for courtesies
in the museum and grounds of the Arnold Arboretum where
many of the photographs were taken; to Prof. B. L. Robinson for
assistance in checking up the scientific names; to the Connecticut
State Forester S. M. Spring, for suggestions as to what cultivated
trees are of sufficient value in New England forestry to be included
in this publication ; to Mr. T. F. Eady, for supplying the additional
galley sheets used by the students; to Mr. Robert Weller for
his painstaking care in the reproduction of the photographs; to
Mr. A. F. Schulze for compiling the index; to Miss E. M.
Whitney for reading the proof; to the Station Director, L.
A. Clinton,, for the generous way in which the undertaking has
been supported; and especially to the students whose interest in
trees in winter first suggested this publication and whose co-opera-
tion in its production has given it its finished form.

ALBERT FRANCIS BLAKESLEE.
CHESTER DEACON JARVIS.
Storrs, Conn., June, 1911.

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 313

INTRODUCTION

Before considering the individual trees in detail it seems de-
sirable to give a general discussion of the different terms used as
headings in the description of the species.

NAME — A common English name heads the description of each
tree and this name is used throughout the book as the designation
of a particular species. The same form may be known
in different localities by several entirely different common
names. Thus the Tupelo in some places is called only Pepperidge,
in others. Sour Gum or Black Gum. After consultation with the
literature the name Tupelo was chosen as being somewhat more
desirable for the whole of New England than the other names
given in smaller type as synonyms. Often several common names
may be in about equally frequent use. There is, however, only
one scientific name at present sanctioned by botanical authorities
and this is placed first, followed by the Latin synonyms in italics.

HABIT — By the word habit, we denote the general appearance
of a tree seen as a whole. A tree strictly speaking is generally
considered as a woody growth having an undivided trunk at the
base and rising to at least twice the height of a man. A shrub
on the other hand is low-growing and may branch from the very
base. No hard and fast line, however, can be drawn between a
tree and a shrub. Many trees at the limit of their range or
under unfavorable conditions are reduced to the form and dimen-
sions of a shrub and some forms growing as shrubs in New
England become trees in states outside this group. A young tree
sometimes resembles a shrub, but is more rapid in growth and
generally does not bear fruit until it has reached a considerable
size. Of the forms on the borderline between trees and shrubs
only those have been treated that have demanded recognition on
account of their commonness or their relationship with other
forms.

The information regarding the dimensions of a tree are of
minor importance for purposes of identification, but are of con-
siderable value to the woodsman. The diameter of the trunk may
be best measured directly by calipers at breast height from the
ground or indirectly obtained by dividing the circumference by
3 (more accurately by =3.1416). A number of rough methods
of estimating height are given in books on forestry. For example,

314

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

from a distance equal to several times the length of the tree, the
height of a 10 ft. pole beside the trunk or a mark on the trunk
of known height may be compared with the height of the whole
tree. Instruments for more accurate measurement are on the
market under the name of hypsometers. A home-made instru-
ment may readily be constructed which has been found to compare
favorably in accuracy with the expensive Faustmann hypsometer
of which it is a modification. A rectangular board about a foot
in length is ruled in squares or more conveniently has squared
coordinate paper pasted on one side (fig. 1). Care should be

M

K

Fig. 1. Home-made Height Measurer.

observed that the top of the board AF is straight and accurately
parallel to the lines running lengthwise of the paper. The line
MC is numbered from M in any convenient unit, say up to 100,
and using the same unit, the line HK is numbered in both direc-

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 315

tions beginning at C. A thread with a weight is attached at M
and 'hangs free from the zero point of the top of MC. In use a
convenient distance, say 100 ft. from the tree, is first measured off
as a base line, and upon this measurement largely de-
pends the accuracy of the height estimation. At the
100 ft. mark the top of the tree is sighted along the
straight edge AF which may more conveniently be fitted
with some simple form of sights. At the point B, where
the plumb line crosses the line CK the height of the 'tree above
the eye is indicated in feet. The height of the eye above the
ground is added to this reading if the measurement is on the
level, or a second sight may be made to the base of the tree and
the reading noted on CH added or subtracted, according to whether
the base of the tree is below or above the eye level. If in the
instrument as figured, the base line had been 100 ft. as suggested,
the height of the tree above the eye is given as 40 ft. If, however,
the base line had been 50 ft. the height is given as 20 ft., the
reading being taken at the intersection of the thread with the line
running lengthwise through whatever number on MC has been
used to represent the base line. The two smaller diagrams show
the instrument in position for sighting to top and base of tree

Fig. 2. Height Measurer in position for sighting to top of tree.

316

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Fig. 3. Height Measurer in position for sighting to base of tree.

respectively. In figure 2, the eye is assumed to be on the level
with the base of the tree and only a single sight is necessary. In
figure 3, the base of tree is below eye level and the distance CD
must be found by a downward sight and added to the reading
obtained for BC. It can be readily seen from inspection of the
figures that the method is based upon the similarity of the triangles
ABC and ACD with the smaller triangles abc and acd.

Two general habit types are recognized — the spreading and the
erect — often termed deliquescent and excurrent respectively. The
former is well represented by the Apple (p. 487) and White Elm
(p. 461) and the latter by the Evergreens and those of the Poplars
that form narrow conical heads (p. 395-397). By its more erect
habit of growth the Sweet Cherry (p. 503) is readily distinguished
from the Sour Cherry (p. 505) and in like manner the Pear
(p. 485) from the Apple (p. 487). It is these habit differences
that form the most ready means of separating the contrasted trees
just mentioned which may closely resemble each other in twig char-
acters. The angle which the branches make with the trunk is
frequently a diagnostic character of considerable value. For
example, the ascending and gracefully outward curving limbs of
the American White Elm (p. 461) stand in contrast with the
sharply divergent limbs of the English Elm (p. 459). Likewise the
horizontal branches of the Tupelo (p. 555) and the strongly pendant
lower limbs of the Swamp White Oak (p. 439) are characteristic
of these species. The relative thickness of the branchlets contrasted

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 317

in the Sweet Cherry (p. 503) and the Black Birch (p. 415) and
the arrangement of the branchlets whether opposite or alter-
nate and whether erect or drooping,, may further be mentioned
as habit characters.

As one becomes more familiar with trees in their winter aspect,
the number that cannot be recognized at a distance becomes greatly
diminished. We come to know trees by hardly definable traits,
much as we recognize our friends at a distance by some peculiarity
of form or gait. Watching the trees from a car window is a great
help in acquiring this familiarity with the habit characters. The
method of branching and other features included in the habit,
however, do not furnish such precise marks as do the twigs, and
cannot therefore be of much value in a descriptive key. In fact the
habit varies considerably among individual trees of the same
species, no two trees having exactly the same method of branch-
ing. Moreover trees grown in woods in company with other
trees are prevented by lateral shading from developing their normal
form and produce tall trunks with but little branching. On the
other hand trees apart from other trees have usually been planted
for ornament or have originally grown in woods but have beet)
left isolated by the cutting down of their neighbors. In the latter
case the habit will be more or less that of a forest-grown tree
dependent upon the age at which the conditions of light and
shade were altered (see lower habit picture p. 463). In the
former case the top of the young tree may have been cut in the
process of transplanting causing an increased branching at the
point of cutting and the lower limbs may have been trimmed off,
giving a greater show of trunk. These mutilations, however, have
less influence upon the outline of the head or crown than might
be imagined since the tree is generally able to accommodate itself
to such accidents as those mentioned and express its individuality
despite them. The age of the tree is also an important factor in the
outline, young specimens being in general narrower and more coni-
cal than in later life while those in old age may have lost shape
through ice storms, high winds and the attacks of fungi.

So far as possible the photographs have been taken from mature
specimens growing in the open and only those have been chosen
which have been considered to present an appearance typical of
the species. They will help one to form a mental picture of those

318 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

generalized features of a tree in the landscape which may be
recognized at a distance, but which are difficult of analysis.

BAEK — Although it is upon the appearance of the bark more
than upon any other character that the woodsman depends in his
recognition of timber trees, the bark shares with the habit the
misfortune of being difficult of precise description. A study of
the photographs, however, in connection with the description of
the color and texture will enable one to recognize a large propor-
tion of our trees by the appearance of the bark alone. They
have been taken from mature trees of moderate size which have
developed the characteristic sculpturing of the bark rather than
from those of larger size which are less frequently seen. A tape
measure surrounding the trunk or in some instances a penknife
stuck into the bark may serve to give an idea of the relative size
of the markings on the trunk. The heading "Bark" is used
throughout the descriptions in reference to the trunk and larger
limbs and not to the twigs which are described under another
heading.

The color of the outer bark is an important mark of distinction
and is the chief means of separating the different species of the
Birches (p. 415-425). The color and taste of the inner layers
of the bark are in some cases also characteristic. The Black
Oak for example is best distinguished from other Oaks by the
yellow and intensely bitter inner bark. Similarly, the
Black Birch, the Sassafras and the genus Prunus including
the Cherries have barks with characteristic flavors. The swamp-
loving Poison Sumach (p. 529) is the only poisonous tree
in New England so that after this shrubby form is known there
need be no fear of tasting bark and twigs of any unknown tree-
like species.

The bark varies in character according to the age of the tree.
In the young tree the bark is smooth, but, as the trunk expands
from the growth of the wood within, the covering of dead bark
outside is forced to crack in a variety of ways giving rise to
characteristic fissures and ridges which become more prominent
as the tree grows older. The bark of few trees such as the Beech
(p. 429) and the American Hornbeam (p. 413) remain smooth,
their outer layers expanding with the growth of the tree. The barks,
of others as the Paper and Yellow Birch (p. 417) stretch and peel

STOKRS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 319

off. in thin papery layers. In the Birches (p. 423) and Cherries
(p. 503) the breathing pores (lenticels) become horizontally elon-
gated to form narrow transverse streaks which are characteristic for
these forms. When ridges or scales are formed they may be close
and firm and with difficulty removed from the trunk as is the case
with the bark in the Black Oak group or, on the other hand, they
may be easily rubbed off as are the scales of the bark of the
White Oak and of most members of the White Oak group. Bark
of this latter type is called -flaky in our descriptions and this
distinction between barks that are flaky and those that are not
flaky is of considerable importance in classification. To avoid
confusion little notice is taken of the minute scales that are
likely to occur on the surface of both types of bark. The bark
may come off in large sheets as in the Shag-bark Hickory (p. 403)
and the Sycamore (p. 483), and the ridges may be long as in
the Chestnut (p. 431) or short and run together to form more
or less perfect diamond-shaped areas as in the White Ash (p. 557)
but these as well as other differences in the sculpturing are shown
in the photographs and do not require further discussion in the
introduction.

TWIGS — The unqualified word twig refers in the descriptions
to the growth of the past season only. Older twigs and branch-
lets are the designations employed for the small growth of several
seasons. The Horse-chestnut (fig. 4) may be taken as a convenient
form to illustrate the various markings found on the twig. The
large triangular patches resembling somewhat closed horse-shoes
in shape are the leaf-scars showing where the bases of the leaf-
stalks were attached to the twig before their fall. The little dots
corresponding to the nail holes in a horse-shoe are the bundle-scars
and mark the location of the so-called fibro- vascular bundles that
run up through the leaf-stalks and connect with the veins of the
leaf acting thus as the channels for the transference of raw material
and manufactured food to and from the leaf. The leaf-scars are
located at the nodes and the portion between the nodes is called
the internode. Scattered along the twig are little dots, the lenticels,
which are openings that function to a certain extent like breathing
pores. Above each leaf-scar is normally produced an axillary bud
so called because located in the axil or angle made between the
twig and the leaf-stalk when the latter was present. The lateral

320

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN AVINTER.

Terminal Bud .
Axillary Bud

Fruit Scar

\__Internode
£_._ Node

Lenticel

Leaf Scar

Bundle Scar..,

Scale Scars __
Dormant BucL.

XN>— 1 year's growth

Fig 4. Twig of Horse-chestnut.

buds are in distinction to the terminal buds at the ends of the
twigs. Each bud contains the rudiments of next year's growth with
shortened internodes and minute leaves folded together like a fan
and packed away within the protective covering of the bud-scales.
Growth in the spring consists for the most part of a rapid elon-
gation of the internodes and an enlargement of the parts which
are already formed in the bud but which remain during winter

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 321

in a condensed condition. The bud-scales are modified leaves which
protect the parts within from mechanical injury and from loss
of moisture,, but are of little value as a protection against cold as
is often supposed. At falling they leave a ring or band of scale-
scars marking the limit of each year's growth. These bands often
remain distinct for many years (see twig of Beech p. 429)
and by counting their number the age of the branchlet may be
estimated. Thus it can be readily seen that the figure of the
Horse-chestnut represents growth made during three years. Each
year a ring of new wood is formed just underneath the bark, and a
count of the number of these annual rings between the central pith
and the bark, as seen in a cross section of a branch or trunk,
will likewise give the age of the part investigated. The uppermost
buds of a year's growth are generally the largest and most likely
to develop into branches the following spring. In some species,
such as many of the Evergreens, and the Carolina Poplar (p. 395)
for example, the branches coming from these more vigorous buds
form regular whorls along the trunk at the upper part of each
year's growth and afford for such species a third means of esti-
mating the age. Certain of the buds do not continue the growth
of the twig but form flowers which develop into fruit. Where the
individual fruit (in the Horse-chestnut the fruit cluster) was
attached, a fruit-scar is left and these fruit-scars furnish evidence
of the amount of fruit produced in previous years.

In some species, such as the Black Birch (p. 415) and the
cultivated Cherry (p. 503), a sharp distinction can be drawn
between rapidly-grown long shoots which have elongated inter-
nodes and continue the growth of the twig and slowly grown
short spurs which have greatly abbreviated internodes and crowded
leaf -scars. The fruit-spurs of the Apple (p. 487) and Pear
(p. 485) are of this latter type.

Of the distinctive characters given under the heading twigs may
be mentioned the relative thickness, whether stout or slender, the
presence or absence of thorns or prickles, the color, the taste as
indicated under the discussion of the bark, and the character of
the surface, whether smooth or more or less covered with hairs.
Twigs are called hairy when the hairs are individually distinct,
downy when they are fine and numerous, and woolly or cottony

322 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

when they are twisted together into a more or less felt-like mass,
but these distinctions cannot be always sharply drawn. A twig
if smooth may be dull or shiny in appearance. The lenticels are of
most distinctive value in those forms like the Birches (p. 423), in
which they become horizontally elongated with age. The color,
size and shape of the pith are often characteristic as seen in the
wide salmon-colored pith of the Kentucky Coffee Tree (p. 515)
and the star-shaped pith of the Oaks and to a less degree in the
Poplars (fig. 5). Some few trees have their pith separated by
hollow chambers such as the Hackberry and the Butternut
(fig. 6) or have solid pith but with woody cross partitions such as
the Tupelo.

LEAF-SCARS — The arrangement of the leaf-scars form
primary divisions in the classification. They may be opposite with
two scars at a node as in the Horse-chestnut, or alternate with only
one scar at the node as in the majority of species. Alternate leaf-
scars may be arranged along the twig in two longitudinal rows
when they are said to be 2-ranked, as in the Mulberry (fig. 8),
or in several rows when they are more than 2-ranked as in the
Poplars (fig. 5). Twigs sometimes if rapidly grown have the
leaf -scars which are normally opposite pulled apart to appear
alternate, but the typical condition will be found on other parts of
the tree. A few species like the Chestnut sometimes take the
2-ranked, and sometimes the more than 2-ranked position, and the
number of ranks in other forms, may be at times somewhat ob-
scured by a twisting of the twig. The distinctions in the main,
however, hold good and where a doubt is likely to occur in regard
to the arrangement, a place has been made in the key for the
• species in both the 2-ranked and the more than 2-ranked groups.

The size and shape of leaf-scars are important factors in identi-
fication. They may be very narrow as in the Pear and
their upper margins may be flat or convex as in the Black Ash
(p. 561) or deeply notched as in the White Ash (p. 557)
or form a band nearly surrounding the bud as in the Sycamore
(p. 483). They may become dingy and inconspicuous or be
sharply distinct by color contrast with the rest of the twig. Thus
the Elms and the Poplars have their leaf-scars covered with a
light-colored cork-like layer which makes them conspicuous

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

323

irrespective of their size. Leaf -scars may be level with the twig or
rnor'e or less raised with their surfaces parallel with the twig or
making various angles with it up to a right angle. Ridges in
some cases run down the twig from the base and corners of the
leaf-scar.

At the bases of the leaves of some species a pair of small leaflets
called stipules are regularly formed and leave, at the fall of the
leaf, more or less definite stipule-scars at either side of the leaf-
scar as shown in the Carolina Poplar (fig. 5).

The number, the size, the relation to the surface of
the leaf -scar whether sunken or projecting, and the
distribution of the bundle-scars form important points
of distinction. When they are indistinct, as is fre-
quently the case, they may be revealed if a thin slice
is taken off the surface of the leaf-scar. This surface
section must be very thin, however, since the number
of bundle-scars exposed by a deep cut is often different
from that on the surface, and this latter number is the
one used in the keys and descriptions. A distinction
-SX is made between a group in which the bundle-scars
form a single line and a second group in which they
are variously scattered and grouped or in a
double line.

BUDS — In regard to their position buds are ter-
minal or lateral. Buds produced at or near the nodes
but not in the axil of a leaf-scar are called
accessory buds. Of these there are two kinds: Super-
posed buds located above the axillary buds and
collateral buds located at either side of the axillary
buds. The former are shown in the Butternut (fig. 6)
and the latter in the Eed Maple (fig. 7). Classified
p according to what they produce there are flower buds
Fie. 5. Twig of which contain the rudiments of flowers, leaf buds
Carolina Pop- ^^ contain rudiments of leaves, and mixed buds

stlpusecar. which produce both flowers and leaves. Flower buds
P"p1thr"shaped are generally stouter than leaf buds.

324

NEW ENGLAND TEEES IN WINTER.

|-tr

Most species by the end of the growing season have formed
terminal buds which remain through the winter and are destined
to continue the growth the following spring. In
some species, however, such as the Mulberry (fig. 8)
the terminal bud together with the tip of the twig
dies away and drops off before the beginning of winter
leaving a small scar at the end of the twig. The
presence or absence of the terminal bud is a very
valuable point of distinction and is used throughout
in the keys. Unfortunately it is not always possible
at a cursory glance to say whether the terminal bud
is present or absent and a hand-lens must generally
be used for an accurate determination of this point.
In the Mulberry figured, the self -pruning scar formed
by the dropping off of the terminal
bud is perched on the tip of the twig
with the topmost lateral bud obvi-
ously in the axil of the last leaf -scar.
Frequently, however, the self-prun-
ing scar may be nearer the lateral
bud which bends in and gives the
appearance of being terminal. The
pig. e-Twig of presence of a leaf-scar below it

Butternut. .... . „ , .-,-,

tr— terminal bud. snows that it is in iact axillary,

xillary bud. . .. „ .

but since leaf-scars are sometimes
present toward the end of twigs without buds in
their axils the presence of the self -pruning scar at
the twig end must be used as the decisive sign that the terminal
bud is really absent.

Aside from the color, the presence or absence of hairs, stickiness,
fragrance and other such surface characters, the position of the
buds in relation to the twig may be of importance. Buds that lie
close up against the twig as those of the Small-toothed Aspen
(p. 389) are called appressed, while those that project more or
less away from the twig as those of the Carolina Poplar
(fig. 5) are called divergent. In the Common Locust
and a few other forms the buds are sunken below the surface of the
twig, and can be found only by cutting the twig lengthwise
through the leaf-scar.

s p— Superposed
accessory bud.
p — chambered

pith.

Fig. 7 — Twig of Red
Maple.

ax — axillary bud.

cl — collateral acces-
sory bud.

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 325

The characters of the bud-scales of most importance are the
shape, the number visible in the unmutilated bud, their arrange-
ment— whether alternate or opposite — and the number of ranks
they form on the bud.

FEUIT — The fruit generally forms a good means of identifi-
cation when it can be found. Unfortunately there are a number of
limitations to its use for this purpose. In the first place many
species of trees do not fruit every year, and it may happen that the
species under examination is not in its fruiting
period and consequently all the trees of the region
will fail to show fruit. Again, in some species
such as the Ash the sexes are separate and con-
sequently only female trees can ever be expected
to bear fruit. The fruit generally does not re-
main on the tree throughout the winter but if the
tree is sufficiently isolated from other species, a
careful search on the ground will often be re-
warded by the finding of specimens of fruit that
one can feel sure came from the tree in question.
However, some species such as the Poplars and
Fiberr~;Twlg' °f Mul" the Eed and Silver Maples scatter their fruit
BS? earlJ in sPrin& and Suiting material of such
forms in consequence is not to be looked for in
r«a tennmantnfd winter. The immature fruit of some species

and tip of twig. mfty be f()und on the tree in winter ftnd be of

value in identification. Thus the presence of young acorns on
an Oak in winter shows that it belongs to the Black Oak group.
The staminate flowering clusters are of similar diagnostic value in
certain groups, their presence or absence, for example, separating
the American Hornbeam from the Hop Hornbeam.

COMPABISONS— Under this heading are contrasted the
different species that are considered likely to be confused. It is
believed that the information in this section will prove more
valuable to one with some knowledge of trees than the more
detailed descriptions first given.

DISTBIBUTION— The habitat first discussed under this
heading shows in what kind of locations as to soil, moisture and
exposure the species normally grows. The information may be of
identificational value bv elimination. Thus if one finds a cedar-like

326 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

tree on a hillside pasture one can be sure it is not a Coast
White Cedar since this latter species grows only in swamps. In
like manner the geographical limits may assist in identification; a
Pine found growing wild in Rhode Island or Connecticut, for
example, could not be the Jack Pine since this is a northern
form found native only in the northern New England states.
Although some cultivated trees have escaped from cultivation, an
introduced tree is generally characterized by the places in which
it is found growing.

WOOD — Under this heading the information given in regard to
the characters of the wood and the economic value of the species
is of practically no value for purposes of identification of standing
timber, but may prove of general interest to the student of trees.

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 327

ANALYTICAL KEY

METHOD OF USE

Despite the fact that the appearance of the bark and the method
of branching are almost exclusively depended upon by the experi-
enced woodsman in recognition of species, these characters are
difficult of precise description and not adapted to use in a key. The
twigs therefore with the scaly buds and leaf-scars are used, as a
basis of the following keys. The word "twig" in the sense here
used, it should be remembered, denotes the growth of the past
season only, and the word "bark" refers to the bark of the trunk
and older limbs and not of the twigs or branchlets. The student
should read the introduction and note the limitation of terms and
characters used in the following pages.

Before attempting to identify an unknown tree it is necessary
to have good material to work with. Care should be taken that
the twigs selected are normal in appearance, being neither abnor-
mally stunted in growth nor unusually elongated as are twigs on
young sprouts. Frequently the species may be determined by an
inspection of the twigs alone but notes on the character of the
bark and the habit of growth as well as specimens of the fruit
will generally be found useful and sometimes necessary.

In the key a choice is given between two paragraphs preceded
by the same number. This choice leads to a new number or to the
name of the species followed by the page where a detailed
description of the tree may be found. The White Ash may be
used to show the method of procedure. Starting with No. 1 we
have the choice between trees with "leaves persistent and green
throughout winter" and trees with "leaves not persistent and green
throughout winter." We choose the latter and this takes us to No.

11 where the decision must be made between "leaf -scars opposite
or in 3's" and "leaf-scars alternate." The leaf-scars on the Ash
are opposite and we take the first 11 and are led to No. 12. At

12 we have the alternative between "leaf -scars, or some of them, 3
at a node" and "leaf-scars always 2 at a node." The first pair
of contrasting characters mentioned are always the most important.
The constant presence in the Ash of two leaf-scars at a node is
sufficient to cause us to choose the second 12, and our choice is
corroborated by the position of the bundle-scars and by the presence
of a terminal bud, so we pass to 13. The upper lateral buds of

328 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

the Ash are not covered by persistent bases of leaf-stalks and there
are 2 or more pairs of scales to the leaf buds, we therefore pass
to 14. The relatively small size of the buds and their freedom
from stickiness takes us to 15 where the number of the bundle-
scars and the other characters given show us that we have in hand
a twig of one of the Ashes. We now turn to No. 164 and confirm
our determination of the genus by reading the general description
of the Ashes. To find out which Ash we are dealing with we
precede with the key of the Ashes and, knowing that the leaf-scars
in our specimens are deeply concave on their upper margins, we
conclude that we have the White Ash (Fraxinus americana) .
At page 556 we find a detailed description with photographic
illustrations of this species and may learn the winter characters
of the tree not already given in the key. If the description and
photographs do not correspond to the tree under investigation, we
know that we have gone astray at some point in the key, and
turning back we repeat the analysis taking if need be the other
alternative of a pair where the choice had been doubtful.

Sometimes a tree is variable in the characters used in the key.
Thus the Chestnut has terminal buds sometimes present on the twigs
though they are generally absent. In such cases, however, and
where there is a legitimate doubt as to whether the tree should be
placed in the first or the second group, it has generally been placed
in both so that either of the two choices should lead to the correct
name. The determination of the presence or absence of the ter-
minal bud is perhaps the greatest pitfall likely to be found in the
use of the key, but should give little difficulty if the discussion in
the introduction is understood and the terminal scar is looked for
with the aid of a hand-lens.

STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 329

KEY TO GENERA AND SPECIES

1. Leaves persistent and green throughout winter (Evergreens) ....2

1. Leaves not persistent and green throughout winter (dead leaves
often persistent in the Oaks and Beeches) 11

2. Leaves broad, prominently spiny-margined. Holly (Ilex opaca)p.530

2. Leaves narrow, often minute and scale-like; Conifers (i.e. cone-
bearing trees) 3

3. Leaves, except scale-leaves, needle-shaped, in definite, generally
sheathed clusters on the sides of the branches Pine (Pinus) 85

3. Leaves, not in definite clusters 4

4. Leaves opposite or in 3's, therefore 2 or 3 at a node 5

4. Leaves alternate, scattered, therefore only 1 at a node 8

5. Leaves whorled in 3's, all alike, whitened above and green below,
awl-shaped, sharp-pointed and spreading; fruit bluish, berry-like;

a shrub or low tree. (See also juvenile condition of Red Cedar)

Common Juniper (Juniperus communis) p.378

5. Leaves opposite in 4 ranks, minute, scale-like, closely overlapping 6

6. Young twigs prominently flattened and forming a flat, 2-ranked,
fan-shaped spray often mistaken for the true leaves which are
minute and of two shapes, those on edges of twig being narrower,
those on flat sides being broader and more abruptly pointed with
each leaf generally showing a conspicuous raised glandular dot;

fruit a thin-scaled, oblong, woody cone

Arbor Vitae (Thuja occidentalis)i>.376

6. Young twigs not prominently flattened; fruit spherical 7

7. Spray somewhat fan-shaped; young twigs not prominently 4-angled;
leaves all alike in shape, some of them with prominent raised

glandular dot on back; fruit a spherical woody cone

Coast "White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides)jt.374

7. Spray not fan-shaped, young twigs with typical leaves and promin-
ently 4-angled; leaves without conspicuous glandular dots, of two
kinds; (a) the juvenile form — awl-shaped, spiny-pointed and
spreading, in 2's or 3's at a node and resembling leaves of Common
Juniper, the usual leaf form on young trees but generally to be
found on some parts of older trees; (b) the typical form — smaller,

scale-like and closely appressed; fruit bluish, berry-like

Red Cedar (Juniperus virginiana)v*380

8. Leaves distinctly flattened 9

8. Leaves not distinctly flattened, needle-shaped, 4-angled, sessile
on projections of the bark Spruce (Picea) 91

9. Leaf about 1 cm. long with definite leaf-stalk, leaving prominently
projecting scar when detached. Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis) p.372

9. Leaf about 2 cm. or more long, without leaf-stalk, leaving a flat
or only slightly raised scar when detached 10

10. Buds small, nearly spherical to broadly ovate, their scales covered

and glued together by resinous coating; leaf-scars flat

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) p.370

10. Buds larger, narrow conical, without resinous coating; leaf-scars
slightly raised Douglas Fir (Pseudotsuga taxifolia) p.368

11. Leaf-scars opposite or in 3's, therefore 2 or 3 at a node 12

11. Leaf-scars alternate, therefore only 1 at a node 16

12. Leaf-scars or some of them 3 at a node; bundle-scars in an
ellipse; terminal bud absent Catalpa (Catalpa) p.562

12. Leaf-scars always 2 at a node; bundle-scars not in an ellipse;
terminal bud present 13

13. Lateral buds, at least the upper ones, covered by persistent bases

of leaf-stalks; leaf buds with only a single pair of scales

Flowering Dogwood (Cornus florida)p.552

13. Lateral buds not covered by persistent bases of leaf-stalks; leaf
buds with 2 or more pairs of scales 14

330 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

14. Terminal buds large, over 1.5 cm. long-, sticky or varnished; leaf-
scar large, inversely triangular; bundle-scars 3-9, conspicuous

Horse-chestnut (Aesculus Hippocastanum) p.548

14. Terminal buds smaller, under 1.5 cm. long, not sticky-varnished-
leaf-scars smaller ^5

15. Bundle-scars, minute, numerous in a U-shaped line often more or

less confluent; bud-scales scurfy (i.e. rough-downy)

Ash (Fraxinusj 164

15. Bundle-scars definitely 3 in number; bud-scales not scurfy

Maple (Acer) 155

16. Stipule-scars entirely encircling the twig 17

16. Stipule-scars when present not encircling the twig \ 19

17. Terminal bud absent; (the last lateral bud may appear to be ter-
minal but absence of terminal bud is shown by small scar at end

of twig); leaf-scar almost completely surrounding the bud

Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) p.482

17. Terminal bud present; leaf-scar not surrounding the bud 18

18. Scar of rudimentary leaf surmounting decurrent ridge on side of

bud; buds ovate to conical, hairy at least within

Magnolia (Magnolia) 141

18. Scar of rudimentary leaf if present at base of bud; buds flattened

oblong, smooth without and within

Tulip Tree (Liriodendron Tulipifera) p.474

19. Twigs with thorns, spines, or prickles, or branches ending in
thorns 20

19. Twigs without thorns, spines, or prickles 27

20. Spines in pairs at the nodes, or twigs covered with weak hair-
like prickles 21

20. Spines not in pairs at the nodes, twigs not covered with weak
prickles 22

21. Buds rusty-hairy, more or less covered by bark; terminal bud
absent Locust (Robinia) p.522

21. Buds, red, exposed; terminal bud present; a shrub

.... Prickly Ash (Zanthoxylon americanum) under Comparisons p.522

22. Thorns lateral, regularly placed on the twig at or near the
nodes 23

22. Thorns terminal 25

23. Thorns generally branched, situated above the nodes; buds several

in a longitudinal row, the lower ones covered by the bark

Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthus)p.51Q

23. Thorns generally unbranched on twigs, situated at the nodes;
sometimes branched thorns on trunk; buds exposed 24

24. Thorns generally present at all the nodes; bundle-scar single

Osagre Orange (Madura pomifera) under Comparisons p.494

24. Thorns generally absent from many of the nodes; bundle-scars 3.
Hawthorn (Crataegus) p.494

25. Terminal bud absent but leaving a terminal scar on twig

Plum (Primus) 1 ^0

25. Terminal bud present, at least on spineless branches 26

26. Tree with bushy habit of growth; twigs with characteristic
licorice-like taste, generally reddish-brown, more or less pale-
woolly at least toward apex; lateral buds blunt, flattish, appressed
and more or less pale-woolly Apple (Pyrus Malus) p.486

26. Tree with upright habit of growth; twigs without characteristic
taste, generally yellowish green and generally smooth; lateral buds
sharp-pointed, smooth or sometimes slightly downy, generally not
flattened nor appressed Pear (Pyrus communis) p.484

27. Pith in section lengthwise of twig seen to be interrupted by hollow
chambers or by woody partitions 28

27. Pith continuous; i.e. without hollow chambers or woody parti-
tions 32

28. Pith chambered but with chambers confined to the nodes

Hickory (Carya) 101

28. Pith when chambered with chambers not confined to the nodes.. 29

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 331

29. Pith wide, brown, with hollow chambers; fruit a nut ........... 30

29. Pith narrow, light colored; fruit a small stone-fruit ........... 31

30. Downy patch present above leaf-scar; nut elongated ...............

.................. ................. Butternut (Juglans ciwereojp.398

30. Downy patch absent from leaf-scar; nut round ................ ...

................... ............. Black Walnut (Juglans

31. Pith with hollow chambers; buds brown, terminal bud absent,
lateral buds appressed ....... Hackberry (Celtis occidentalis) p.464

31. Pith with woody partitions in the solid ground-mass; buds reddish,
terminal bud present, lateral buds divergent .....................

..................................... Tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica)p.554

32. Leaf-scars regularly 2-ranked, i.e. arranged in 2 longitudinal rows
on the twig .................................................. 33

32. Leaf-scars regularly more than 2-ranked, i.e. in more than 2 rows
on the twig .................................................. 49

33. Terminal bud absent (the last lateral bud may appear to be ter-
minal but absence of terminal bud is shown by small scar at
end of twig) ................................................. 39

33. Terminal bud present ........................................ 34

34. Buds stalked ................................................. 35

34. Buds not stalked ............................................. 36

35. Buds, for the most part naked, i.e. with undeveloped leaves serving
the function of scales; woody, 4-parted fruits and the remains of
last season's flowers generally present .............................

.......................... "Witch Hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)v.47S

35. Buds covered with bud-scales; fruit a woody cone-like catkin .....
................................................ Alder (Alnus) p.426

36. Stipule-scars nearly encircling twig; buds long and narrow,
generally over 5 times as long as wide, divergent; bud-scales in
pairs, 4-ranked, 10 or more scales visible; bundle-scars 5 .........

.............................................. Beech (Fagus) p.428

36. Stipule-scars when present relatively short; buds stouter, generally
not over 4 times as long as wide; bud-scales less numerous .... 37

37. Leaf-scars very narrow, V-shaped, swollen at the 3 bundle-scars;
buds long, appressed; bud-scale tipped with dark point; stipule-
scars absent ........... Shad Bush (Amelanchier canadensls) p.492

37. Leaf-scars relatively broad; buds shorter; bud-scale without con-
spicuous dark point; stipule-scars present though often incon-
spicuous ...................................................... 38

38. Bundle-scars 3; bark of young stem and branches with horizon-
tally elongated lenticels, often peeling into papery layers; pith
generally elliptical often with irregularly toothed edges; fruit a
catkin, immature catkins generally present on tree in winter .....
............................................... Birch (Betula) 104

38. Bundle-scars several; lenticels not horizontally elongated; bark
never peeling in papery layers; pith more or less 5-pointed, star-
shaped; fruit a bur ............... Chestnut (Castanea dentata)*.43Q

39. Leaf-scar almost entirely surrounding the buds; buds brown,
hairy, several massed together to form a bud-like cone; bundle-
scars raised, generally 5 in a single curved line ...................

.............................. Yellow Wood (Cladrastis lutea) p.520

39. Leaf-scar not more than half surrounding the bud; buds not massed
together into a hairy cone ................................... 40

40. Bundle-scars 3 or more in a single curved line ................ 43

40. Bundle-scars more than 3 in a closed ellipse, double line, vari-
ously clustered or irregularly scattered ....................... 41

41. 2-3 scales visible to a bud; bundle-scars not prominently pro-
jecting ........................................................ 42

41. 4 or more scales visible to a bud; bundle-scars rather prominently
projecting ................................. Mulberry (Morus) 140

42. Twigs usually zigzag; pith roundish; buds and twigs mucilaginous
when chewed; fruit spherical, woody, about size of pea, attached to
a leafy bract ................................ Linden (Tilia) p.550

332 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

42. Twigs nearly straight; pith more or less 5-pointed, star-shaped;
buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed; fruit a large bur.
Chestnut (Castanea dentata) p.430

43. Buds superposed, at least at some of the nodes; stipule-scars absent-

older pith with reddish streaks .'

Redbud (Cercis canadensis) p.518

43. Buds never superposed; stipule-scars present; pith without red-
dish streaks 44

44. 2-3 scales visible to a bud . 45

44. 4 or more scales visible to a bud 46

45. Buds stout; buds and twigs mucilaginous when chewed; lenticels
not horizontally elongated; fruit spherical, woody, about size of
pea, attached to leafy bract Linden (Tilia) p.550

45. Buds narrower, buds and twigs not mucilaginous when chewed;
lenticels on stems and branches horizontally elongated; bark often
peeling in papery layers; fruit a winged seed-like body borne in
catkins Birch (Betula) 104

46. Bud-scales 2-ranked (i.e. arranged on the bud in 2 longitudinal
rows); leaf-scars covered with a smooth corky layer; bundle-
scars typically sunken; bark ridged; catkins absent

Elm (Ulmus) 137

46. Bud-scales more than 2-ranked; leaf -scars not covered with
smooth corky layer; bundle-scars not sunken; fruit borne in cat-
kins 47

47. Lenticels horizontally elongated with age; bark on young trunks
and branches smooth, not becoming fluted, often peeling into papery
layers but not flaky; fruit a flat seed-like body borne in catkins;
catkins generally present on tree in winter. Birch (Betula) 104

47. Lenticels not horizontally elongated; bark flaky or fluted; bud-
scales 4-ranked; fruit a nutlet attached to a bract 48

48. Bark flaky; twigs 1-2 mm. thick; buds usually 3-7 mm. long;
nutlet enclosed by a sac-like bract; staminate catkins generally

abundantly present in winter

Hop Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana) p.410

48. Bark smooth, close, sinewy-fluted; twigs about 1 mm. or less
thick; buds usually 2-4 mm. long; nutlet attached to flattish,
toothed bract; staminate catkins enclosed in enlarged scaly buds,

therefore no catkins visible on tree in winter

American Hornbeam (Carpinus caroliniana) p.412

49. Buds clustered at tips of vigorous shoots; terminal bud not greatly
larger than others of the cluster 50

49. Buds not clustered at tips of vigorous shoots, or if slightly clus-
tered, then terminal bud much larger than others of the cluster 53

50. Bundle-scars numerous, scattered; pith regularly 5-pointed, star-
shaped Oak (Quercus) 109 and 120

50. Bundle-scars 3; pith not 5-pointed, star-shaped 51

51. Terminal bud absent, but leaving a terminal scar on twig

Plum (Prunus) 150

51. Terminal bud present 52

52. Buds woolly at least at tip; collateral buds generally present

Peach (Prunus Persica) p.512

52. Buds smooth; collateral buds generally absent

"Wild Red Cherry (Prunus pennsylvanica) p.500

(See also other cherries 144.)

53. Buds stalked 54

53. Buds not stalked 56

54. Buds bright yellow dotted, often superposed

Bitternnt (Gary a cordiformis)v.40ft

54. Buds not bright yellow dotted, not superposed 55

55. Buds always stalked, blunt; stipule-scars present; catkins present
. in winter Alder (Alnus) p.42«

55. Buds, except occasionally on rapidly grown twigs, generally not
stalked, pointed; corky ridges generally present on branchlets;

stipule-scars and catkins absent

Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua)p.480

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 333

56. Buds sunken, partially or completely covered by the bark, for the
most part minute and superposed; best seen in a section length-
wise of the twig1, through the node at right angles to the surface
of the leaf-scar 57

56. Buds not sunken and generally not superposed 59

57. Twigs very stout, g-enerally 1 cm. or more thick; pith salmon-
colored; buds bronze-silky, exposed but surrounded by an incurved

downy rim of the bark; bundle-scars generally more than 3

Kentucky Coffee Tree (Gymnocladus dioica)p.514

57. Twigs rather slender generally less than 5 mm. thick; pith whitish
not salmon-colored; bundle-scars 3 58

58. Buds smooth, distant, the uppermost breaking- through the bark
above the leaf-scar, the lower ones submerged, appearing in sec-
tion of twig as separate green dots

Honey Locust (Gleditsia triacanthus)v.516

58. Buds downy, clustered together in cavity below leaf-scar

Locust (Robinia) p.522

59. Bud-scale one, large cap-like, terminal bud absent

Willow (Salix) p.384

59. Bud-scales more than one or bud-scales absent; terminal bud
present or absent 60

60. First scale of lateral bud directly in front (i.e. facing directly out
away from twig); leaf-scar covered with a light-corky layer, large
inversely triangular; bundle-scars 3, often compound; pith more
or less 5-pointed star-shaped Poplar (Populus) 96

60. First scale of lateral bud not directly in front 61

61. Twigs branching freely the first season, the branches surpassing
the main axis in length 62

61. Twigs generally not branching the first season or if branching then
branches not surpassing main axis in length 63

62. Bundle-scar one; twigs greenish, spicy, mucilaginous "when chewed.
Sassafras (Sassafras variifolium) p.476

62. Bundle-scars 3, twigs not mucilaginous Alter-
nate-leaved Dog-wood (Cornus alternifolia) under Comparisons p.552

63. Bundle-scars 1 or 2; leaf-scars, except on young shoots, mainly
densely clustered on short, stout, wart-like branches 64

63. Bundle-scars 3 or more 65

64. Bundle-scar single; leaf-scars minute, scattered leaf-scars also
present on twigs, very numerous and strongly decurrent; twigs
slender; fruit a cone, generally present Larch (Larix) 90

64. Bundle-scars 2; leaf-scars larger, scattered leaf-scars if present
relatively far apart and not decurrent; twigs stouter; fruit a stone-
fruit generally absent Ginkgo (Ginkgo triloba) p.382

65. Bundle-scars 3 or more in a single curved line 69

65. Bundle-scars more than 3, variously grouped or scattered, but not
in a single line 66

66. Stipule-scars absent; terminal bud present 68

66. Stipule-scars present; terminal bud present or absent 67

67. 2-3 bud-scales visible; bundle-scars not projecting; terminal bud
present or generally absent. Chestnut (Castanea dentata) p.430

67. 4 or more bud-scales visible; bundle-scars projecting; terminal
bud absent Mulberry (Morus) 140

68. Buds large; twigs without resinous juice; fruit a nut; a tree

Hickory (Carya) 101

68. Buds small; twigs with resinous juice; fruit a small white drupe;
a shrub growing in swamps. Poison Sumach (Rhus Vernix) p.528

69. Bundle-scars 3 74

69. Bundle-scars 4 or more 70

70. Terminal bud absent, but leaving a terminal scar on twig 72

70. Terminal bud present 71

71. Lateral buds mostly large, twig without resinous juice; fruit red,
berry-like; a small tree Mountain Ash (Pyrus)pASS

334 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

71. Lateral buds small, cut twig exuding watery, resinous juice; fruit
small, whitish drupes; a shrub growing in swamps ...............

............................... Poison Sumach (Rhus Vernix)

72. Leaf-scars deeply V-shaped, almost entirely surrounding the buds 73

72. Leaf-scars, inversely triangular to heart-shaped, large, not more
than half surrounding the bud; twigs stout; pith chocolate-brown.
.............................. \ i Inn! li us (Ailanthus glandiilosa)it.Z24

73. Pith yellowish-brown; twigs stout, exuding a milky juice when
cut ........................................... Sumach (Rhus) 152

73. Pith whitish; twigs slender, without milky juice .................

............................. Yellow Wood (Cladrastis lutea) p.52O

74. Terminal buds on rapidly grown shoots absent, but leaving a ter-
minal scar .................................................... 83

74. Terminal buds present ....................... ................. 75

75. Lateral buds flattened, appressed, about as broad as long ...... 76

75. Lateral buds not distinctly flattened and appressed, mostly longer
than broad ................................................... 78

76. Terminal bud large, generally 12 mm. or more long; some of the
lateral buds generally long, nearly equalling terminal bud; leaf-
scars raised on dark red, polished ridges of the bark .............

....................................... Mountain Ash (Pyrus) p.488

76. Terminal bud smaller, generally under 8 mm. long; all lateral
buds small; leaf-scars not on specially colored ridges of the bark 77

77. Tree with bushy habit of growth; twigs with characteristic licorice-
like taste, generally reddish-brown, more or less pale-woolly at
least toward apex; lateral buds blunt, more or less pale-woolly. ...
......................................... Apple (Pyrus Malus) p.486

77. Tree with upright habit of growth; twigs without characteristic
taste, generally yellowish-green and generally smooth; lateral buds
sharp-pointed, smooth or sometimes slightly downy ...............

...................................... Pear (Pyrus ccmmunis) p.484

78. Buds spherical or nearly so, seldom pointed; bud-scales thick,
shining; leaf-scars narrow; twigs more or less zigzag, branches
generally thorny; fruit a small pome; small trees or shrubs ......

....................................... Hawthorn (Crataegus) p.494

78. Buds not spherical; bud-scales thinner ........................ 79

79. Leaf-scars narrow crescent-shaped, several times as broad as
high .......................................................... 80

79. Leaf-scars semicircular to broadly crescent-shaped, seldom as much
as 3 times as broad as high .................................. 81

80. Buds long, narrow, elliptical, 3-4 times as long as wide ...........

........................... Shad Bush (Amelanchier canadensis)j?.4W2

80. Buds conical, stout ............... Pear (Pyrus communis) p.484

81. Twigs densely speckled with very minute pale dots, brightly
colored, generally green-yellow below and more or less reddish
above and highly polished; buds generally densely downy at least
toward apex; collateral buds usually present .....................

...................................... Peach (Prunus Persica) p.512

81. Twigs not densely speckled with minute dots; buds not densely
downy, collateral buds generally not present ................... 82

82. Twigs without bitter taste; branchlets generally becoming corky-
ridged; bud-scales downy-margined; leaf-scars large with con-
spicuous bundle-scars; fruit a spherical bur-like head generally
present in winter ...... Sweet Gum (Liquidambar Styraciflua) p.48O

82. Twigs with bitter taste often resembling bitter almonds; branches
without corky ridges; bud-scales not downy-margined; fruit a
drupe ............................. Cherry or Plum (Primus) 144

83. Buds spherical or nearly so; bud-scales thick, shining; twigs more
or less zigzag, often thorny; fruit a small pome ..................

........................................ Hawthorn (Crataef/us)v.4H4

83. Buds not spherical, longer than broad ........................ 84

84. Twigs generally gray-woolly toward apex; buds blunt, brown-
hairy at tip; stipule-scars at the sides of leaf-scar ................

..................................... Quince (Cydonia vulgaris)p.49O

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 335

84. Twigs smooth or downy but not woolly; buds pointed, generally
smooth or somewhat downy; stipule-scars more or less behind
leaf- scar. . Plum (Prunus) 150

THE PINES
Pinus.

Needle-shaped leaves in many small clusters of 5 or less, each
cluster surrounded by a persistent or deciduous sheath and borne on a
rudimentary branch which is subtended by a scale-like primary leaf;
fruit a cone with woody scales, maturing at the end of the second or
third season; seeds winged. The position of the resin-ducts in the
leaves is a distinctive character of some value and may be observed
if a thin cross section is made with a sharp knife and viewed toward the
light with a hand-lens. Twig photographs are about *4 natural size.

85. 5 needles in a cluster White Pine (Pinus Strobus)v.344

85. Less than 5 needles in a cluster 86

86. 3 needles in a cluster Pitch Pine (Pinus rigida) p.34C

86. 2 needles in a cluster 87

87. Needles 3-6 in. long, cones at right angles to branch 88

87. Needles ty-Sty in. long, cones pointing either backward or for-
ward . . . 89

88. Twigs reddish-brown, leaves slender and flexible, resin-ducts peri-
pheral; native species Red Pine (Pinus resinosa, p.350

88. Twigs yellowish-brown, leaves thicker and stiff, resin-ducts between

periphery and bundle; European species

Austrian Pine (Pinus Laricio, var. austriacaj p.352

89. Cones pointing forward, leaves %-!% in. long, dark yellowish-
green, resin-ducts between periphery and bundle; native species.
Jack Pine (Pinus Banksiana) p.348

89. Cones pointing backward, leaves l%-3% in. long, bluish-green,

resin-ducts peripheral; European species

Scotch Pine (Pinus sylvestris) p.354

THE LARCHES
Larix.

Pyramidal deciduous-leaved cone-bearing trees; twigs with resin-
ous taste; rapidly-grown shoots with numerous scattered strongly de-
current leaf-scars with single bundle-scars; short stout wart-like
branches with densely clustered leaf-scars abundant.

90. Cones %-% inch long with few scales; twigs pale reddish-brown;

a native tree growing in swamps

American Larch (Larix laricina) p.356

90. Cones 1 inch or more long with many scales; twigs yellowish,

stouter; a European tree

European Larch (Larix decidua) under Comparisons p.356

THE SPRUCES
Picea.

Evergreen pyramidal trees with scaly bark, alternate scattered, 4-
angled leaves without proper leaf-stalks but perched on persistent
decurrent projections from the bark and ovate to cylindrical pendant
cones which fall off the tree entire. The Spruces are distinguished from
the Balsam Fir by the 4-sided scattered leaves, the projecting leaf-scars
and the scaly bark. Twig photographs are about % natural size.

91. Twigs hairy 92

91. Twigs smooth or nearly so, cones cylindrical 94

92. Cones cylindrical, more than 3 inches long; cultivated species

Norway Spruce (Picea Abies) p.366

92. Cones ovate to oblong, less than 3 inches long 93

93. Leaves dark yellowish green, %-% inch long. Cones ovate-oblong
!1/4-2 inches long; a tree growing on uplands, rarely in wet places,
reaching 40 ft. or more in height Red Spruce (Picea rubrajp.360

336 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

93. Leaves bluish green, %-% inch long, cones ovate, %-!% inches
long, persistent on tree for more than a year; a tree growing
chiefly in swamps or lowlands, generally under 30 ft. in height,

sometimes fruiting when less than 5 ft. high

Black Spruce (Picea marianaj p.302

94. Leaves green, cones 4-7 inches long, cultivated species

Norway Spruce (Picea Abies} p.306

94. Leaves bluish green or silvery 95

95. Cones 2^-4 inches long, cone scales distinctly longer than broad

with narrowed, ragged, blunt apex; cultivated western species

Blue Spruce (Picea Menziesii) p.3(>4

95. Cones l%-2 inches long, cone scales rounded, not ragged; leaves
generally with unpleasant odor, native in northern New England"
but cultivated further south. White Spruce (Picea canadensis) p.358

THE POPLARS

Populus.

Rapidly growing trees generally with erect more or less continuous
trunk forming generally distinct whorls of branches at top of each
year's growth by which the age of the tree may be estimated; branchlets
brittle easily separating at point of attachment; young bark smooth,
generally light colored; pith, F-pointed star-shaped, upon drying
generally turning brown or black; leaf-scars large, 3-lobed, inverted
triangular, covered with a light colored corky layer; stipule-scars
generally distinct, narrow; bundle-scars 3, simple or compound in 3
groups; buds with the first scale anterior (facing outward), the first
pair of scales small and opposite; scale-scars marking annual
growth persisting for several years; seeds downy, produced from catkins
in spring, the tree often spreading widely by formation of root
suckers. The Poplars resemble the Willows but are easily distinguished
by the numerous scales to the bud. In addition to the native species
here described a rare form, the Downy Poplar. [Populus heterophylla L.]
occurs locally in swamps in southern New England.

96. Twigs of past season more or less slender, covered at least at apex
V.'ith white cottony felt which may be readily rubbed off exposing

the Kreenlrh bark below Silver Poplar (Populus «Zba;p.3S«

$6. Twigs smooth, n^t at all covered with white felt 97

37. Twigs yellowish 98

37. Twigs not yellowish (generally reddish-brown) 9

98. Lateral buds for the most part divergent, large, about 10 mm. or
more in length, tree with more or less pyramidal head, but not
narrowly spire-shaped Carolina Poplar (Populus deltoides)v-3$4

98. Lateral buds for the most part appressed, smaller, generally under
8 mm. long, tree narrowly spire-shaped

Lombardy Poplar (Populus nigra, var.

99. Buds more or less pale dusty-downy

Large-toothed Aspen (Populus grandidentata) p.3J)O

99. Buds not downy 100

100. Buds large, over 15 mm. long, covered with fragrant sticky gum.

BalHitm Poplar (Populus balsamifera)i?.!W2

100. Buds small, under 10 mm. long, shiny, slightly sticky but not

fragrant Small-toothed Aspen (Populus tremuloidcs)j?.388

THE HICKORIES
Carya.

Trees with smooth gray tough bark in young trees, becoming rough-
ened with age; twigs in the main stout, tough, flexible, but with
difficulty broken, dark, sharply outlined against the sky; buds more or
less naked to evidently scaly, frequently superposed, the lateral some-
times enclosed in a sac soon splitting at the top and often stalked;
leaf-scars alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous, more or
less 3-lobed inversely triangular; bundle-scars conspicuous, more than 3,
irregularly scattered or collected in 3 more or less regular groups, rarely
in a straight line; pith not chambered except at nodes, sometimes some-
what star-shaped in cross section; lenticels oblong, conspicuous; fruit
an unsculptured nut, inclosed in a husk which splits into four valves
at least at the apex.

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 337

101. Buds conspicuously bright yellow with minute glandular dots;
terminal buds elongated, flattened; bud-scales 4-6, valvate in pairs.
Bitternut (Gary a cordiformis) p.408

101. Buds not conspicuously bright yellow-dotted; terminal buds ovate;
bud-scales, 10 or more, overlapping, or the outermost on lateral
buds usually forming a closed sac soon splitting from the top;
inner scales hairy 102

102. Buds small, terminal buds 5-10 mm. long, their outer darker scales
generally somewhat glandular dotted, but not conspicuously
yellow; outer scales often falling and exposing downy scales
beneath; twigs smooth, comparatively slender; bark not at all or
but slightly shaggy Pig-nut (Gary a glabra) p.406

102. Buds large, the terminal buds 8-15 mm. long, ovate, nearly or
quite glandless; twigs stout, often downy toward tip 103

103. Bark not shaggy; terminal buds broadly ovate to spherical, outer
scales soon falling off entire, exposing pale yellowish-gray silky
scales beneath Mockemut (Gary a aZbajp.404

103. Bark distinctly shaggy; terminal buds elongated ovate, outer
scales persisting through winter but shagging off in pieces from
their apex downward Shag-bark Hickory (Carya ovata)p.402

THE BIRCHES
Betula.

Bark smooth, in some species peeling into papery layers but not flaky;
lenticels becoming conspicuously horizontally elongated with age;
leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, semi-oval to crescent-shaped; stipule-
scars narrow, often inconspicuous; bundle-scars 3 rather inconspicuous;
fruit a flat seed-like body borne in catkins, staminate catkins generally
present on the tree in winter.

104. Bark close, not easily separated into thin papery layers 105

104. Bark easily separated into thin papery layers and generally peel-
ing spontaneously. . . . .• • • • 106

105. Bark dark reddish brown; twigs with strong wintergreen taste.
Black Birch (Betula lenta)v.414

105. Bark chalky-white; twigs without wintergreen taste, generally
roughened with resinous dots. Gray Birch (Betula populifolia)p.42O

106. Outer layers of bark chalky-white 107

106. Outer layers of bark not chalky-white 108

107. Native species Paper Birch (Betula alba, var. papyrifera)v.422

107. European species European White Birch (Betula alba) p. 424

108. Bark reddish-brown to light pink; rare and local in New Hamp-
shire and Massachusetts, occasionally cultivated

Red Birch (Betula nigraj p.418

108. Bark dirty-yellow; common throughout New England

Yellow Birch (Betula luteaJpAlQ

THE OAKS

Quercus.

The Oaks form a large genus, of which 52 are North American. Of
these, 12 are native to New England. Buds clustered at ends of twigs,
more or less 5-sided pyramidal, covered with 5 rows of closely over-
lapping brownish scales. Leaf-scars concave to rounded above, rounded
at base, generally broader than high and raised with a ridge more or
less well marked, decurrent from lower edge, the ridges from the 5
ranks of leaf-scars causing twig to be more or less 5-angled especially
when dried. Bundle-scars irregularly scattered, inconspicuous. Stipule-
scars inconspicuous. Pith of cut twig 5-pointed, star-shaped. Cross-
section of branch or trunk showing layers of large, porous spring wood
alternating with dense layers of summer wood. Medullary rays of wood
very prominent, showing as radial lines in cross section of a log,
also generally showing prominently, especially through a hand-lens, on
cut end of stout branchlet of several years growth. Fruit an acorn
inclosed in a scaly cup. Dead leaves often persistent on the tree
during winter.

338 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Key to Oaks based upon fruiting material.

109. Fruit maturing in autumn of second year, ripe acorns therefore
borne upon parts of twig two years old; immature acorns to be
found in winter on twigs of the past season's growth; shell of
nut hairy inside; abortive ovules at the top of the nut; scales
of acorn-cup broad and thin; lobes of leaves bristle-pointed .......

................................................. Black Oaks 110

109. Fruit maturing in one year, ripe acorns therefore borne upon past
seasons growth; no immature acorns to be found upon twigs in
winter; shell of nut smooth inside; abortive ovules at base of nut;
lower scales at least of acorn cup more or less thickened at base
giving a knobby appearance to surface of cup; scales more or less
densely woolly; kernel commonly sweetish; lobes of leaves not
bristle-pointed; bark flaky except in Chestnut Oak .............

................................................. White Oaks 114

110. Cup of acorn shallow saucer-shaped .......................... Ill

110. Cup top-shaped .............................................. 112

111. Cup thin, 15 mm. or less wide; buds 4 mm. or less long ...........

................................. Pin Oak (Quercus patustris) p.448

111. Cup thick, 20 mm. or more wide; buds over 4 mm. long ...........

.................................... Red Oak (Quercus rubra)p.44Q

112. Buds under 4 mm. long; twigs slender; shrubs .....................

................................. Bear Oak (Quercus ilicifolia) p.454

112. Buds over 4.5 mm. long; twigs rather stout; trees ............ 113

113. Upper scales of cup loosely overlapping; buds pointed, whole
surface woolly; inner bark yellow. Black Oak (Quercus velutina}j?.452

113. Upper scales of cup closely overlapping; buds blunt, downy above
middle; inner bark pale red. Scarlet Oak (Quercus coccinea) p.450

114. Upper scales of cup with thread-like outgrowths forming a
fringe to cup; branchlets often with corky ridges; lateral buds
frequently appressed ........ Bur Oak (Quercus macrocarpa) p.436

114. Cup without distinct fringe; branchlets without corky ridges;
jiateral buds divergent , , ..................... . ............... 115

115. Bark on branchlets peeling back in dark stiff-papery layers;
marginal scales of cup narrow awn-pointed; acorns long-stalked.
........................ Swamp White Oak (Quercus bicolor)v.4S8

115 Bark on branchlets not peeling back in dark stiff-papery layers;
acorns sessile or short-stalked (at times long-stalked in White
Oak) ....................................................... 116

116. Buds sharp-pointed
116. Buds blunt

117. Nut 20-35 mm. long; buds 4-10 mm. long; bark thick, furrowed,
not flaky .................... Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus)V.444

117. Nut 15-20 mm. long; buds 3-6 mm. long; bark thin, flaky. ••••••••

....................... Chinquapin Oak (Quercus Muhlenberg^^j».440

118. Twigs slender, generally not over 2 mm. thick; shrubs .........

.................... Dwarf Chinquapin Oak (Quercus prinoides)v.442

118. Twigs relatively stout, generally over 2 mm. thick; trees ---- 119

119 Twigs, at least in part, covered with very fine close olive-green
down; buds, generally nearly hemispherical, about as broad as
long; scales of cup only slightly knobby, apex of nut generally
downy ........................ Post Oak (Quercus stellata) p.434

119. Twigs' smooth; buds distinctly longer than broad, broadly ovate;
scales of cup thick-knobby at base, apex of nut generally smooth.
................................. White Oak (Quercus alba) p.432

Key to Oaks without fruit.

NOTE. (W) after name indicates that the tree belongs to the White

Oak Group.
(B) after name indicates that the tree belongs to the Black

Oak Group.

Immature acorns therefore may often be found on winter twigs of
species marked with (B) but not on those marked with (W).

120. Buds large, those at tip of twig 4.5 mm. or more long ........ 121

120. Buds smaller, less than 4.5 mm. long ........................ 1*8

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 339

121. Bark of trunk flaky 122

121. Bark of trunk not flaky 124

122. Lateral buds generally appressed, buds downy; older twigs often
with corky ridges Bur Oak (W) (Quercus macrocatpa)v-4SG

122. Lateral buds divergent, buds smooth; twigs without corky ridges
123

123. Buds narrow conical, pointed

Chinquapin Oak (W) (Quercus Muhlenbergii)v.440

123. Buds shorter, blunt White Oak (W) (Quercus alba)p.432

124. Surface of buds pale-woolly 125

124. Surface of buds not woolly 127

125. Inner bark of trunk orange-yellow; whole surface of bud woolly;
buds large, ovate-conical. Black Oak (B) (Quercus velutina) p.452

125. Inner bark of trunk not yellow; not more than upper half of bud
woolly 126

126. Buds sharp-pointed; ovate, the widest part about y^-Vs above

base; slightly or not at all woolly toward apex

Red Oak (B) (Quercus rubraJv>44Q

126. Buds blunt-pointed; oval-ovate, the widest part at or slightly

below middle; distinctly woolly above middle , . . . .

Scarlet Oak (B) (Quercus coccinea) p.450

127. Fissures of bark separated by long flat ridges; buds ovate, more

or less constricted at base; twigs not bitter

Red Oak (B) (Quercus rubra)v.446

127. Fissures of bark separated by long rounded ridges; buds narrower,
conical, seldom constricted at base; twigs more or less bitter when
chewed Chestnut Oak (W) (Quercus Prinus) p.444

128. Buds narrow, conical 129

128. Buds short, blunt 132

129. Bark of trunk flaky 130

129. Bark of trunk not flaky 131

130. Buds downy, lateral buds generally appressed; older twigs often
with corky ridges Bur Oak (W) (Quercus macrocarpa) p.436

130. Buds smooth, lateral buds divergent, twigs without corky ridges
Chinquapin Oak (W) (Quercus Muhlenbergii) p.440

131. Twigs of past season dull, finely downy; shrubs

Bear Oak (B) (Quercus iUcifolia)v.454

131. Twigs smooth, shining; slender pin-like twigs numerous, arising

at nearly a right angle with the branchlets; trees

Pin Oak (B) (Quercus palustris) p.448

132. Bark on branchlets peeling into long, dark, stiff-papery layers.
Swamp White Oak (W) (Quercus bicolor)p.43S

132. Bark on branchlets not peeling into long, dark, stiff-papery lay-
ers 133

133. Twigs slender, generally not over 2 mm. thick; shrubs 134

133. Twigs stout, generally over 2 mm. thick; trees 135

Bark of trunk smooth; young acorns generally found on winter

twigs; buds more generally conical

Bear Oak (B) (Quercus ilicifolia)vA54

Bark of trunk flaky; young acorns never found on winter twigs.
• Dwarf Chinquapin Oak (W) (Quercus prinoidesjp.442

Lateral buds generally appressed; buds densely downy; older

twigs often with corky ridges

Bur Oak (W) (Quercus macrocarpa ;p.43B

Lateral buds divergent; buds not densely downy; twigs without
corky ridges 136

Twigs at least in part covered with very fine close orange-brown
down; buds generally nearly hemispherical and about as broad as

long Post Oak ( W) (Quercus stellata) p.434

Twigs smooth; buds broadly ovate, distinctly longer than broad.
White Oak (W) (Quercus aZ&a;p.432

340 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

THE ELMS
Ulmus.

Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, semi-circular, small, but conspicuous,
covered with a light corky layer; bundle-scars prominent, 3 to several,
sunken; terminal bud absent, lateral buds medium sized with 2 ranks
of over-lapping bud-scales; twigs slender; bark ridged; fruit small, flat,
winged, ripening in spring.

137. Twigs gray and rough and strongly mucilaginous; tips of buds
conspicuous with long rusty hairs. Slippery Elm (Ulmus fulva)vAZ&

137. Twigs neither gray and rough nor strongly mucilaginous; buds
without long rusty hairs 138

138. Buds chestnut brown; bud-scales with darker margins; bark
ridged; native species 139

138. Buds smoky brown to almost black; bud-scales nearly uniform in
color, bark firmer, roughened into dark oblong blocks; trunk
mostly continuous into crown with stout limbs arising at a broad

angle; head, "Oak-like;" European species

English Elm (Ulmus campestris, p.458

139. Twigs often with corky ridges; trunk generally continuous into
crown with stiff dependent lower branches; head narrow, "Hickory-
like." Cork Elm (Ulmus racemosaj p.462

139. Twigs without corky ridges; trunk dividing into several limbs,
spreading gradually upward and gracefully recurving; head broad,
"Elm like." "White Elm (Ulmus americana) p.460

THE MULBERRIES
Morus.

Leaf-scars alternate, 2-ranked, nearly circular; stipule-scars narrow;
bundle-scars projecting in a closed ring or irregularly scattered; ter-
minal bud absent; bud-scales 2-ranked; twigs with milky juice.

140. Buds about as broad as long, more or less flattened and appressed,
generally under 4 mm. long; bud-scales reddish brown without
darker margins "White Mulberry (Morus alba) p.468

140. Buds longer than broad, not at all or but slightly flattened, diver-
gent, generally over 5 mm. long; bud-scales greenish brown with
darker margins Red Mulberry (Morus rubra)pAG6

THE MAGNOLIAS

Magnolia.

Terminal bud much larger than lateral buds; bud-scales valvate,
united in pairs to form a cap, corresponding to stipules, each pair
enclosing in succession an erect folded leaf connected with the next
inner pair of scales; the unmatured leaf which belongs to the outer pair
of stipular scales falling off in autumn and leaving a scar on side
of bud with a decurrent ridge below, representing its leaf stalk;
stipule-scar narrow, encircling the twig; leaf-scars alternate, more
than 2-ranked, broad, oval to narrow crescent-shaped, bundle-scars
numerous, irregularly scattered or in a double row; twigs aromatic;
fruit a cone made up of numerous follicles which split open in the
autumn and let out the large flattish seeds.

141. Buds large 2?-50 mm. long, twigs stout, leaf-scars large 142

141. Buds small 10-20 mm. long; twigs slender; leaf-scars small ... 143

142. Buds densely pale-downy; twigs light yellowish to bluish-green,
more or less downy, fruit nearly spherical. Larpre-leaved Magnolia,

Large-leaved Cucumber Tree, Large-leaved Umbrella Tree

(Magnolia macrophylla Michx.) under Comparisons p.47O

142. Buds smooth; twigs brown; fruit elongated

Umbrella Tree (Magnolia tripetala) p.472

143. Twigs brown; leaf-scars narrow, crescent to U-shaped; buds blunt,
densely downy; bark flaky; a tree; in New England found only in
cultivation Cucumber Tree (Magnolia acuminata)&A7O

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 341

143. Twigs and buds bright green; leaf-scars oval to broadly crescent-
shaped; buds pointed, with long, silky hairs, often nearly smooth;
pith with more or less distinct transverse woody partitions in the
ground mass; bark smooth; in New England usually a shrub,
growing wild in deep swamps in Eastern Massachusetts, also
extensively cultivated. Sweet Bay, Swamp Bay, Laurel Magnolia,

Beaver Tree. (Magnolia virginiana L. ; M. glauca L. )

under Comparisons p.470

THE CHERRIES, PLUMS AND PEACH
Prunus.

Leaf-scars alternate, more than 2-ranked; bundle-scars 3; stipule-scars
present, inconspicuous, or absent; buds with scales overlapping* in sev-
eral rows; terminal bud present or absent; fruit a drupe.

144. Terminal bud present 145

144. Terminal bud absent. (Plums) 150

145. Twigs densely speckled with very minute pale dots, brightly
colored, generally green-yellow below and more or less reddish
above and highly polished; buds generally densely downy at least
toward apex; collateral buds usually present

. . . ' Peach. (Prunus Persica)p.512

145. Twigs not densely speckled with very minute dots; buds not
densely downy; collateral buds absent (occasionally present in
Wild Red Cherry) 146

146. Buds clustered at tips of all shoots; twigs under 2.5 mm. thick.
"Wild Red Cherry. (Prunus pennsylvanica)p.500

146. Buds not clustered, or clustered only on short fruit spurs; twigs
over 2.5 mm. thick 147

147. Short stout slow-growing fruit spurs present with buds clustered
at their tips; European species 148

147. Short fruit spurs absent; native species 149

148. Habit erect, generally with a central leader

Sweet Cherry (Prunus avittm^p.502

148. Habit spreading, without central leader; buds smaller; twigs more
slender , Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus) p.504

149. Buds generally over 5 mm. long; bud-scales gray-margined; bark

smooth ; generally only a shrub

Choke Cherry (Prunus virginiana) p.498

149. Buds generally under 5 mm. long; bud-scales uniform in color;

bark becoming rough-scaly; a small to large tree

Wild Black Cherry (Prunus serotina)p.49Q

150. Native species, growing wild 151

150. Cultivated species. Varieties chiefly of the American, European,
or Japanese type of Plum, p.508

151. Buds generally under 4 mm. long

American Wild Plum (Prunus am eric ana) p. 508

151. Buds generally over 4 mm. long. Canada Plum (Prunus nigra)p.50Q

THE SUMACHS
Rhus.

Shrubs or small trees with pithy twigs and milky or watery juice;
leaf-scars alternate, more than 2-ranked; bundle-scars numerous scat-
tered or in a single curved line; stipule-scars absent; terminal bud
present or absent; fruit a small drupe borne on erect or drooping1
clusters.

152. Terminal bud present; fruit smooth white in loose drooping clus-
ters Poison Sumach (Rhus Vernix) p.528

152. Terminal bud absent; fruit more or less hairy, red, in dense erect

clusters . 153

342 NEW ENGLAND TKEES IN WINTER.

153. Leaf-scars narrow, V-shaped, nearly encircling the buds; cut twig
showing milky juice 154

153. Leaf-scars broader; inversely triangular to broadly crescent-
shaped; twig with watery juice and resinous taste

Dwarf Sumach (Rhus copallina) under Comparisons p.526

154. Twigs densely hairy Staghoru Sumach (Rhus typhina)p.52S

154. Twigs smooth

Smooth Sumach (Rhus glabra) under Comparisons p.526

THE MAPLES
Acer.

Leaf-scars opposite, narrow U or V-shaped; bundle-scars conspicuous,
typically 3, equidistant, though sometimes each of these becomes
compounded; fruit winged, in pairs.

155. Adjacent edges of leaf-scars meeting and prolonged upward into
a conspicuous tooth 156

155. Adjacent edges not meeting, therefore not forming a tooth .... 158

156. Buds white-downy, collateral buds generally present, twigs gener-
ally with a bloom Box Elder (Acer Negundo)i*.Z4G

156. Buds smooth, collateral buds never present, twigs without
bloom 157

157. Buds with only one pair of scales visible, older branchlets white-
streaked Striped Maple (Acer pennsylvanicumJT?.*t32

157. Buds with several pairs of scales visible, branchlets not white-
streaked Norway Maple (Acer platanoides) p.542

158. Outer single pair of bud-scales equalling the bud in length, their
edges meeting and enclosing the bud, therefore generally only one
pair of scales visible; pith brown; shrubs or at the most small
trees 159 .

158. Outer pair of scales shorter than bud, their edges not meeting,
therefore several pairs of scales visible; trees 160

159. Buds and twigs stout, smooth; young bark with longitudinal white
lines Striped Maple (Acer pennsylvanicum,'v-53%

159. Buds and twigs more slender, both buds and twigs white-downy,
white lines absent from bark. Mountain Maple (Acer spicatum)p.534

160. Buds brown, narrow, sharp-pointed, generally 4-8 pairs of closely

over-lapping scales visible, collateral buds absent

Sugar Maple (Acer saccharum)p.53G

160. Buds red or green, broader, blunt-pointed, fewer scales visible 161

161. Terminal buds small, red, generally under 5 mm. long and not
distinctly larger than lateral buds; collateral buds generally
present; pith pink; native trees 162

161. Terminal buds large, stout, generally over 5 mm. long and gener-
ally distinctly larger than lateral buds; collateral buds never
present; European trees 163

162. Broken twigs with rank odor, bark falling away in large, thin
flakes on old trees Silver Maple (Acer saccharinum)p.538

162. Broken twigs without rank odor, bark rough on old trees but gen-
erally not flaking in large thin scales

Red Maple (Acer rubrum) p.54O

163. Buds red, inner scales covered with rusty wool; adjacent edges of
leaf-scars meeting and forming a slight projection; bark close-
ridged, not flaky Norway Maple (Acer platanoides 'p.542

163. Buds green, inner scales white-woolly, edges of leaf-scars not

meeting; bark flaking off in squarish scales

Sycamore Maple (Acer Pseudo-Platanus) p.544

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION. 343

THE ASHES
Fraxinus.

Leaf-scars opposite, large, conspicuous, bundle-scars minute, forming
a curved line often more or less confluent; buds stout, scurfy, brown or
black with ovate bud-scales opposite in pairs; twigs stout and brittle;
fruit winged.

164. Leaf-scars deeply concave on upper margin

White Ash (Fraxinus americana)p.556

164. Leaf-scars not deeply concave on upper margin, semicircular to
shield-shaped 165

165. Bark soft-scaly; buds generally black; last pair of leaf-scars
generally some distance below end of twig giving a stalked-like

appearance to the terminal bud

Black Ash (Fraxinus nigra) p.560

165. Bark ridged, not soft-scaly 166

166. Buds black; trees found only in cultivation

European Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) under Comparisons p.558

166. Buds dark brown; trees native 167

167. Twigs downy Red Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica}v.558

167. Twigs smooth. Green Ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata)

under Comparisons p.558

344 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WHITE PINE

Soft Pine, Weymouth Pine.

Pinus Strobus L.

HABIT — The tallest conifer of New England, 50-80 ft. high with a
trunk diameter of 2-4 ft., in virgin forests of northern New England
trees have been found over 150 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of 7
ft.; trunk straight, tapering gradually, normally continuous into the
crown, with wide-spreading, horizontal limbs, in young trees generally
arising in whorls of five, and with secondary branches in the same plane,
producing characteristic horizontal layers; head broadly conical, spray
delicate, bluish-green.

BARK — On young trunks and branches, smooth, greenish-brown,
becoming fissured into comparatively shallow, broad, flat-topped, longi-
tudinal ridges.

TWIGS — Slender, light brown smooth or slightly hairy, resinous.

LEAVES — In clusters of 5, without sheaths in winter, soft, bluish-
green, flexible, 3-5 inches long, slender, 3-sided. MICROSCOPIC
SECTION — showing a single fibre-vascular bundle, 1 or 2 peri-
pheral resin-ducts, a single layer of strengthening cells only beneath the
epidermis, stomata only on the two inner sides.

BUDS — Ovate to oblong, about 1 cm. long, sharp-pointed, bud-scales
long, pointed, yellowish-brown.

FRUIT — Cones, 4-10 inches long, stalked, drooping, cylindrical and
more or less curved. SCALES — thin, not thickened at apex and without
spines. Seeds winged.

COMPARISONS — The White Pine is the only Pine of New England
that has 5 needles in a cluster. The layered arrangement of its
secondary branches enables it to be recognized as far as it can be seen.
Young trees can be further distinguished from the Pitch or Red Pines
by the greater delicacy and bluer color of the leafage. Frequently the
terminal bud of the central leader is killed by an insect, the Pine
Weevil, thus interrupting the growth and causing one or more of the
young lateral branches to grow erect to take its place. Gnarled old
specimens which have many times in their lifetime suffered these
insect injuries may present a rather picturesque appearance but are of
little value for lumber. The tree photographed perhaps had its leader
killed when young but despite the three erect limbs which have taken
the place of the single leader it still shows the outline characteristic
of the species.

DISTRIBUTION — In fertile soils; moist woodlands or dry uplands;
often planted for ornament, wind-breaks and for reforestation. New-
foundland and Nova Scotia, through Quebec and Ontario, to Lake
Winnipeg; south along the mountains to Georgia, ascending to 2,500
feet in the Adirondacks and to 4,300 feet in North Carolina; west to
Minnesota and Iowa.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Common, from the vicinity of the sea coast
to altitudes of 2,500 feet, forming extensive forests.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional near the coast becoming frequent
northward and common in northeastern Connecticut.

WOOD — Light, not strong, straight-grained, easily worked, light
brown often slightly tinged with red, largely manufactured into lumber,
shingles and lathes, used in construction, for cabinet-making, the in-
terior finish of buildings, woodenware, matches and the masts of ves-
sels.

WHITE PINE

-

346 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PITCH PINE

Hard Pine, Yellow Pine.

Pinus rigida Mill.

HABIT — Generally a low tree 30-50 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 ft. occasionally 70-80 ft. in height with trunk diameter
of 2-4 ft.; trunk more or less tapering1, branches thick, gnarled, often
drooping, forming an open pyramidal or oblong head; foliage in coarse
rigid, yellowish-green tufts. Dead branches and old persistent cones
are frequent and the tree has generally a decidedly scraggly appearance.

BARK — On young trunks and branches rough, broken into reddish
brown scales, with age becoming deeply furrowed into broad flat-
topped ridges separating on the surface into rather loose dark reddish-
brown scales. Clusters of leaves and short branches are not infre-
quently formed directly from the old trunk (see in photograph above
the tape measure.)

TWIGS — Stout, light brown, not downy, roughened especially after the
fall of the leaves by the decurrent bases of scales subtending the leaf-
clusters.

LEAVES — In clusters of 3, with persistent sheaths, yellowish-
green, 2-5 inches long, stout, stiff, spreading, with pointed tips.
MICROSCOPIC SECTION — 3-sided, showing 2 fibro-vascular bundles,
resin-ducts located intermediate between bundles and periphery,
strengthening cells beneath the epidermis in patches several layers
thick, generally surrounding the resin-ducts and at one side of
the vascular bundles, stomata on all three sides.

BUDS — Cylindrical to ovate, pointed, resin-coated, scales reddish-
brown.

FRUIT — Cones l%-4 inches long, without stalks, ovate becoming more
or less spherical when opened, borne laterally, singly or in clusters
at about a right angle to the twig, often remaining on the branches
for ten or a dozen years and frequently found on trees only a few
feet high. SCALES — thickened at tip and with a stiff recurved prickle.

COMPARISONS — The Pitch Pine is the only native Pine in New
England that has three needles in a cluster. Its ragged appearance with
frequent dead branches, persistent cones, and yellowish-green stiff
foliage renders it easily distinguished from the White and Red Pines
without examination of the needles.

DISTRIBUTION — Most common in dry, sterile soils, occasional in
swamps. New Brunswick to Lake Ontario; south to Virginia and along
the mountains to northern Georgia; west to western New York, Ohio,
Kentucky, and Tennessee.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — mostly in the southwestern section near
the seacoast; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county; scarcely
more than a shrub near its northern limits; New Hampshire — most
common along the Merrimac valley to the White Mountains and up
the Connecticut valley to the mouth of the Passumpsic, reaching an
altitude of 1,000 feet above the sea level; Vermont — common in the
northern Champlain valley, less frequent in the Connecticut valley;
common in the other New England states, often forming large tracts
of woodland, sometimes exclusively occupying extensive areas.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare or local in Litchfield county, frequent else-
where.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable,
light brown or red, with thick yellow or often white sapwood; largely
used for fuel and in the manufacture of charcoal; occasionally sawed
into lumber.

PITCH PINE

348 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

JACK PINE

Northern Scrub Pine, Gray Pine, Spruce Pine.

Pinus Banksiana Lamb.

P. divaricata auth.

HABIT — Usually a low tree 15-30 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
of 6-8 inches, under favorable conditions becoming 50-60 ft. high with
a trunk diameter of 10-15 inches; with large spreading branches forming
an open symmetrical head resembling somewhat the Spruce in regular-
ity of outline or on exposed windy situations and in poor soil becoming
stunted with gnarled stem and irregular scraggly distorted head.

BARK — Dark reddish-brown with irregular rounded ridges roughened
with close scales.

TWIGS — Rather slender, reddish to purplish brown, not downy, rough-
ened by scales subtending leaf-clusters.

LEAVES — In clusters of 2, with short persistent sheaths, dark
yellowish-green, ^-1^ inches long, stout, stiff, generally curved and
twisted, flattened or concave on one side, rounded on the other, tip
pointed. MICROSCOPIC SECTION — showing 2 widely separated
fibro-vascular bundles, resin-ducts located intermediate between bundles
and periphery, a single layer of strengthening cells around the resin-
ducts and one or more layers beneath the epidermis.

BUDS — Ovate, short-pointed, coated more or less thickly with resin.

FRUIT — Cones 1-2 inches long, without stalks, conic-oblong usually
curved and pointing forward, appearing between or sometimes at the
whorls of lateral branches, more or less distorted, remaining closed
for several years, persisting on the tree often for a dozen years.
SCALES — in young cones with an incurved prickle, when mature
thickened at the apex without spines or prickles.

COMPARISONS — The short yellowish-green needles of the Jack Pine
will distinguish this species from other Pines. The longest needles some-
times approach in size short needles of the Scotch Pine, but those of
the Scotch Pine are of a bluish-green color and moreover their cones
point backward instead of forward as in the Jack Pine.

DISTRIBUTION — Sterile, sandy soil; lowlands, boggy plains, rocky
slopes. Nova Scotia, northwesterly to the Athabasca river, and north-
erly down the Mackenzie to the Arctic circle; west through northern
New York, northern Illinois, and Michigan to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — Traveller Mountain and Grand Lake;
Deal's Island on Washington county coast, Harrington, Orland, and
Cape Rosier; Schoodic peninsula in Gouldsboro, a forest 30 ft. high;
Flagstaff; east branch of Penobscot; the Forks; Lake Umbagog; New
Hampshire — around the shores of Lake Umbagog, on points extending
into the lake, rare; Welch mountains; Vermont — rare, but few trees
at each station; Monkton in Addison county; Fairfax, Franklin county;
Starkesboro.

IN CONNECTICUT — Not reported.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, clear pale brown or
rarely orange color with a thick nearly white sapwood; used for fuel
and occasionally for railroad ties and posts; occasionally manufactured
Into lumber.

JACK PINE

350 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED PINE

Norway Pine.

Pinus resinosa Ait.

HABIT — A tree 50-75 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of 2-3 ft., in
Maine, reaching a height of over 100 ft.; trunk erect, continuous into the
crown with stout spreading branches often dependent and ascending at
their tips, more distinctly whorled than in the Pitch Pine, in young trees
clothing the trunk to the ground, forming a broadly pyramidal head
becoming irregularly round-topped with age. Foliage in long flexible
dark green tufts.

BARK — Reddish-brown, with shallow flat ridges, separating off in
irregular thin flaky scales.

TWIGS — Stout, light reddish brown, not downy, roughened by decur-
rent scales subtending leaf clusters especially toward base of each year's
growth.

L.EAVES — In clusters of 2, with long persistent sheaths, dark
green, shining, 3-6 inches long, slender, soft, flexible, flattened on one
side, rounded on the other, with pointed tip. MICROSCOPIC SECTION
— showing 2 fibro-vascular bundles, peripheral resin-ducts, a
single layer of strengthening cells beneath the epidermis and around the
resin-ducts, stomata all around.

BUDS— Oblong to conical, pointed; scales reddish-brown.

FRUIT— Cones about 2 inches long, without stalks, ovate-conical,
when opened more or less spherical, making a right angle with the stem,
ripened cones remaining on the tree during winter. SCALES — thickened
at apex but without spines or prickers.

COMPARISONS — The Red Pine with two long needles in a cluster is
not to be confused with our native New England Pines. It resembles
however, the Austrian Pine, but may be distinguished from this species
by its more slender flexible needles (see under Austrian Pine).

DISTRIBUTION — In poor soils; sandy plains, dry woods. Newfound-
land and New Brunswick, throughout Quebec and Ontario, to the
southern end of Lake Winnipeg; south to Pennsylvania; west through
Michigan and Wisconsin to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common, plains, Brunswick, (Cum-
berland county); woods, Bristol (Lincoln county); from Amherst
(western part of Hancock county) and Clifton (southeastern part of
Penobscot county) northward just east of the Penobscot river the
predominant tree, generally on dry ridges and eskers, but in Green-
bush, and Passadunkeag growing abundantly on peat bogs with Black
Spruce: hillsides and lower mountains about Moosehead, scattered: New
Hampshire — ranges with the Pitch Pine as far north as the White
Mountains, but is less common, usually in groves of a few to several
hundred acres in extent; Vermont — less common than the White or
the Pitch Pine, but not rare; Massachusetts — still more local, in sta-
tions widely separated, single trees or small groups; Rhode Island — occa-
sional.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare or local; Granby, Salisbury.

WOOD — Light, hard, very close-grained, pale red. with thin yellow
often nearly white sapwood; largely used in the construction of bridges
and buildings, for piles, masts and spars. The bark is occasionally used
for tanning leather.

BED PINE

352 NEW ENGLAND TREKS IX WINTER.

AUSTRIAN PINE

Black Pine.

Pinus Laricio, var. austriaca Endl.

HABIT — A tall tree reaching 60-80 ft. in height; trunk erect contin-
uous into the crown, branches in young- trees regularly whorled, foliage
in rigid dark green tufts.

BARK — Grayish-brown, roughened with scaly ridges, reddish-brown
within.

TWIGS — Stout, yellowish-brown, not downy, roughened by decurrent
scales subtending leaf-clusters especially toward base of each year's
growth.

LEAVES — In clusters of 2, with relatively short persistent sheaths,
dark dullish green, 3-5 inches long, rigid, flattened on one side, rounded
on the other, sharp-pointed. MICROSCOPIC SECTION — showing
2 fibro-vascular bundles, resin-ducts located intermediate between
bundles and periphery, strengthening cells beneath the epidermis in
patches several layers thick also surrounding the resin-ducts and on
one side of the fibro-vascular bundles, stomata all around.

BUDS — Oblong-conical, pointed, sometimes covered with a white resin.

FRUIT — Cones 2%-3 inches long, without stalks, ovate-conical, becom-
ing broadly ovate when opened, making about a right angle with the
stem. SCALES — thickened at apex, generally with a short dull spine.

COMPARISONS — The Austrian Pine resembles most closely the Red
Pine among our New England species. The stiff character of its
sharp-pointed leaves in distinction to the soft flexible leaves of the
Red Pine may be observed by striking the open hand against a tuft
of the needles. The winter twigs of the Austrian Pine are yellowish-
brown, those of the Red Pine are bright red. The microscopic sections
of the leaves of the two species are very distinct.

DISTRIBUTION — A native of Europe but frequently cultivated in
this country as an ornamental tree and to some extent used in forest
planting.

WOOD — Light, soft, rich in turpentine and very durable. In Europe
the wood is used as a building timber and turpentine is obtained from
the tree.

:

AUSTRIAN PINE

354 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SCOTCH PINE

Scotch "Fir."
Pinus sylvestris L.

HABIT — A tree up to 70 ft. or occasionally 120 ft. in height; as
cultivated in this country in the open, often a low branching tree with
more or less pendant limbs and inclined trunk presenting a rather
straggling unkempt appearance; frequently of more erect habit, espe-
cially in company with other trees.

BARK — Grayish-brown, scaly, upper part of trunk and branches
characteristically smoothish in appearance by flaking off of the outer
bark in thin papery light-reddish layered scales.

TWIGS — Of medium thickness, dull grayish-yellow, not downy, rough-
ened by scales subtending leaf clusters.

LEAVES — In clusters of 2, persistent, sheaths becoming lacerated,
dull bluish-green l^-S1/^ inches long, stiff, generally twisted, flat or
concave on one side, rounded on the other, pointed. MICROSCOPIC
SECTION — showing 2 fibro-vascular bundles, peripheral resin-ducts,
strengthening cells around resin-ducts, at one side of the bundles and
beneath the epidermis, stomata all around.

BUDS — Oblong-conical, brown, often somewhat resinous-coated.

FRUIT — Cones l%-2% inches long, short-stalked, grayish or reddish
brown, conic-oblong, generally appearing with the whorls of lateral
branches, usually pointing backward. SCALES — in young cones with a
short projection which when mature may persist as a short weak incon-
spicuous point or is deciduous, apex of scale thickened with a more or
less prominent four-sided boss often recurved especially toward base
of cone.

COMPARISONS — The Scotch Pine often improperly called Scotch "Fir"
may be distinguished from the other Tines native or cultivated in New
England by the bald reddish appearance of the upper part of trunk
and branches, the short bluish-green leaves and the backward-pointing
cones.

DISTRIBUTION — A European tree cultivated abroad in extensive for-
ests for its timber. In this country more or less planted as an orna-
mental tree, and sparingly escaped from cultivation. In Connecticut
rare or local as an escape; New London, Lyme, Southington, Bridgeport.

WOOD — Light, soft, reddish-brown with thick light yellowish or red-
dish sapwood, easily split and durable, corresponding in importance
abroad to the White Pine in this country.

SCOTCH PINE

356 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

AMERICAN LARCH

Tamarack, Hackmatack, Black Larch, "Juniper."

Larix laricina (Du Roi) Koch.

L. americana Michx.

HABIT — A tree 30-70 ft. in height, with a trunk diameter of 1-3 ft.,
at high altitudes reduced to 1-2 ft. in height; trunk erect continuous
into the crown, branches irregular or indistinctly whorled, in young
age and when crowded and in swamps forming a narrow symmetrical
pyramidal head, in old age becoming broader and of irregular form.
The Larch is the only New England cone-bearing tree that sheds its
leaves in the fall; specimens in winter consequently are frequently
mistaken for dead trees.

BARK — On young trunks smooth, with age becoming roughened with
thin, close, reddish-brown, roundish scales.

TWIGS — Slender, smooth, pale orange colored to reddish-brown with
short lateral wart-like branches, with resinous taste.

LEAF-SCARS — Scattered on rapidly grown shoots, very numerous
and strongly decurrent, minute, triangular, with a single bundle-scar;
also on short wart-like branches, smaller and densely clustered.

BUDS — Scattered along last season's twigs, on older growth at the
ends of the short lateral branches, small, about 1 mm long, spherical,
reddish, shining.

FRUIT — Ovate, oblong cones, about Vz-% inch long on short, stout,
incurved stalks, persistent on trees throughout winter. SCALES — thin,
about a dozen or fewer in number.

COMPARISONS — The American Larch or Tamarack as it is more com-
monly called by woodsmen is hardly to be confused with any other
tree except the European Larch [Larix decidua Mill.; L. europaea DC.].
The European Larch is a species adapted to dryer situations than the
American form. It is readily distinguished by its stouter, yellower
twigs, larger cones, about 1 inch long, with numerous cone scales
(see lower twig in plate).

DISTRIBUTION — Low lands, shaded hillsides, borders of ponds; in
New England preferring cold swamps; sometimes far up mountain
slopes. Labrador. Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia, west to the Rocky
mountains; from the Rockies through British Columbia, northward along
the Yukon and Mackenzie systems, to the limit of tree growth beyond
the Arctic circle; south along the mountains to New Jersey and
Pennsylvania; west to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont — abundant,
filling swamps acres in extent, alone or associated with other trees,
mostly Black Spruce; growing depressed and scattered on Katahdin at
an altitude of 4,000 ft.; Massachusetts — rather common at least north-
ward; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Absent near the coast; rare in the eastern part
of the state; Union, Tolland; becoming occasional westward and fre-
quent in Litchfleld county.

WOOD — Very heavy, hard and strong, rather coarse-grained, very
durable in contact with soil, bright light red with thin nearly white
•apwood; largely used for the upper knees of small vessels, fence posts,
telegraph poles, railroad ties, in cabinet making and for interior finish
of buildings.

AMERICAN LARCH
EUROPEAN LARCH (lower twig only)

358 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WHITE SPRUCE

Cat, Skunk or Labrador Spruce.

Picea canadensis (Mill.) BSP.

P. alba Link.

HABIT — A tree 40-75 feet in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2 ft •
trunk straight, slowly tapering-, branches numerous, slightly ascending
or nearly horizontal, with numerous lateral, generally somewhat pendant
branchlets, spread in more or less well marked dense planes, forming a
broad-based pyramidal head; foliage bluish-green.

BARK — Grayish to pale reddish-brown; on young trunks and branches
smoothish or slightly roughened becoming in a relatively late stage
flaky with small closely appressed scales.

TWIGS — Light, yellowish-brown, smooth.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, on strongly projecting,
decurrent ridges of the bark. BUNDLE-SCARS— single.

LEAVES — Bluish-green, 4-angled, 10-25 mm. long, blunt or sharp-
pointed, straight or incurved, without proper leaf-stalks with a strong
rank odor when bruised which is responsible for some of the common
names.

BUDS — Ovate, blunt-pointed, light brown.

FRUIT — Oblong-cylindrical cones, 1^-2^ inches long, generally fall-
ing the first winter. SCALES — thin, flexible and elastic; margin rounded
or straight-topped, generally entire.

COMPARISONS — The White Spruce differs from our other native
Spruces, the Red and the Black, by its smooth twigs, less scaly bark,
rather longer and more nearly cylindrical cones and usually by the
rank odor of its leaves; from the Red Spruce further by its bluish-
green foliage. From the smooth-twigged Blue Spruce it is distinguished
by its smaller cones and less distinctly layered arrangement of branches.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, damp, but not wet woods; dry, sandy soils,
high, rocky slopes and exposed hilltops, often in scanty soil.
Newfoundland and Nova Scotia, through the provinces of Quebec and
Ontario to Manitoba and British Columbia, northward beyond all other
trees, within 20 miles of the Arctic sea; west through the northern
sections of the northern tier of states to the Rocky mountains. Some-
times cultivated as an ornamental tree.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — frequent in sandy soils, often more com-
mon than the Red Spruce, as far south as the shores of Casco bay; New
Hampshire — abundant around the shores of the Connecticut river, dis-
appearing southward at Fifteen-Mile falls; Vermont — restricted mainly
to the northern sections, more common in the northeast; Massachusetts —
occasional in the mountainous regions of Berkshire county; a few trees
in Hancock; as far south as Amherst, and Northampton, probably about
the southern limit of the species; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare. Waterford, a few trees in a pasture as an
escape from cultivation.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, straight-grained, light yellow, with
hardly distinguishable sapwood; manufactured into lumber in the
eastern provinces of Canada and used in construction for the interior
finish of buildings and for paper pulp.

WHITE SPRUCE

360 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED SPRUCE

Picea rubra (Du Roi) Dietr.
P. nigra, var. rubra Engelm. ; P. rubcns Sarg.

HABIT — A tree 40-75 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of 1-2%
ft.; trunk straight, slowly tapering; branches toward the middle of the
tree horizontal with upcurved tips, more or less strongly declined
toward the base forming a narrow conical head somewhat broader than
that of the Black Spruce; foliage dark yellowish-green.

BARK — Reddish-brown, flaky with thin scales.

TWIGS — Brown, more or less densely covered with short rusty to
black hairs.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, on strongly projecting
decurrent ridges of the bark. BUNDLE-SCARS — single.

LEAVES— Dark yellowish-green, 4-angled, 10-20 mm. long, blunt-
pointed, straight or curved, without proper leaf-stalks.

BUDS — Ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.

FRUIT — Ovate-oblong cones, !1/4-2 inches long, with short stalks not
at all or but slightly recurved, falling the first autumn or sometimes
remaining on the tree a year longer. SCALES — stiff, thin; margin
rounded, entire or slightly toothed.

COMPARISONS — The Red Spruce from its close resemblance to the
Black Spruce is considered by some authors as merely a variety of this
latter species (see Black Spruce under Comparisons). It differs from
the White and the Blue Spruce by its hairy twigs and yellowish-green
foliage and from the Norway Spruce by its shorter cones.

DISTRIBUTION — Cool, rich woods, well-drained valleys, slopes of
mountains not infrequently extending down to the borders of swamps.
Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia along the valley of the St.
Lawrence; south along the Alleghanies to Georgia, ascending to an alti-
tude of 4,500 feet in the Adirondacks, and 4,000-5,000 feet in West
Virginia; west through the northern tier of states to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — throughout; most common towards the
coast and in the extreme north, thus forming a belt around the
central area, where it is often quite wanting except on cool or elevated
slopes; New Hampshire — throughout; the most abundant conifer of upper
Coos, the White Mountain region where it climbs to the alpine area,
and the higher parts of the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed; Vermont
— throughout; the common Spruce of the Green mountains, often in
dense groves on rocky slopes with thin soil; Massachusetts — common in
the mountainous regions of Berkshire county and on uplands in the
northern sections, occasional southward; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare. Litchfleld, Canaan, Salisbury.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, pale, slightly tinged
with red, with paler sapwood generally about 2 inches thick; largely
manufactured into lumber in the northeastern states and used for the
flooring and construction of houses, for the sounding-boards of musical
instruments and in the manufacture of paper pulp.

RED SPRUCE

362 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLACK SPRUCE
Swamp, Bog, Water or Double Spruce.

Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP.
P. nigra Link ; P. brevi folia Peck.

HABIT — In New England usually a small slender tree 10-30 ft. in
height with a trunk diameter of 5-8 inches, much larger northward and
westward, reduced to a shrub 2-5 ft. in height at high altitudes; with
relatively short, generally scattered branches, horizontal or usually
declined and curving upward at the ends; in open-grown trees, basal
branches frequently resting on the ground, taking root and sending up
shoots; crown an irregular open narrow-based cone; foliage bluish-
green.

BARK — Grayish-brown, flaky, with thin scales.

TWIGS — Brown or yellowish-brown, more or less densely covered with
short rusty to black hairs.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked on strongly projecting
decurrent ridges of the bark. BUNDLE-SCARS — single.

LEAVES — Bluish-green, 4-angled, 5-15 mm. long, blunt-pointed,
straight or slightly incurved, without proper leaf-stalks.

BUDS — Ovate, pointed, reddish-brown.

FRUIT — Ovate cones, % to 1% inches long becoming nearly spherical
when open, on short strongly recurved stalks generally remaining on
the tree for many years. SCALES — stiff, thin; margin rounded, uneven,
ragged, toothed or rarely entire.

COMPARISONS — The Black Spruce closely resembles the Red" Spruce
from which it may be distinguished by its shorter, more nearly spherical
cones which generally remain for many years on the tree, by the more
ragged edging of the cone-scales, by the bluish-green color of its foliage
and by its habitat in swampy land. Extreme forms of the two species
are sufficiently distinct but they are often difficult to distinguish even
in the fruiting condition.

DISTRIBUTION — Swamps, sphagnum bogs, shores of rivers and ponds,
wet, rocky hillsides; not uncommon, especially northward, on dry up-
lands and mountain slopes. Labrador, Newfoundland, and Nova Scotia,
westward beyond the Rocky mountains, extending northward along the
tributaries of the Yukon in Alaska.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common throughout, covering extensive
areas almost to the exclusion of other trees in the central and northern
sections, occasional on the top of Katahdin (5,215 ft.); New Hampshire
and Vermont — common in sphagnum swamps of low and high altitudes;
the dwarf form, var. semiprostrata, occurs on the summit of Mt. Mans-
field; Massachusetts — frequent; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Swamps and sphagnum bogs. Rare or local over
most of the state but absent near the coast. Usually a small stunted
tree 5 to 15 ft. high but growing much larger in the cool swamps of
Litchfield county. In open bogs the trees often produce cones when
not more than 5 ft. high, and the cones persist on the tree for many
years.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, pale yellowish-white, with thin sap-
wood probably rarely used outside of Manitoba and Saskatchewan
except in the manufacture of paper pulp. Spruce gum is gathered from
this and the other New England spruces. Spruce beer is made by
boiling the branches of the Black and Red Spruces.

BLACK SPRUCE

364 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLUE SPRUCE
Colorado Blue Spruce, Silver Spruce.

Picea Menziesii Engelm.
P. Parry ana (Andre) Sarg. ; P. pungens Engelm.

HABIT — A tree reaching- in Colorado a height of 100 ft. and a trunk
diameter of 2-3 ft., much smaller in cultivation; branches rigid, horizon-
tal with short, stout, stiff, lateral branchlets arranged in horizontal
planes giving a layered effect to the tree, especially in the young-
stages; older trees becoming less regular with a thin, ragged, pyramidal
crown; foliage bluish-green to silvery-white or rarely dull green.

BARK — Grayish-brown, scaly becoming deeply ridged toward the base.
TWIGS — Bright yellowish to reddish-brown, smooth.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, on strongly projecting
decurrent ridges of the bark. BUNDLE-SCARS — single.

LEAVES — Bluish-green to silvery-white or rarely dull green, 4-angled,
25-30 mm. long on sterile branches, often not over half as long on
fruiting branches; stout, stiff, sharp-pointed, incurved, without proper
leaf-stalks, with a pungent somewhat disagreeable odor when bruised.

BUDS — Ovate, blunt-pointed, light brown.

FRUIT — Oblong-cylindrical cones 2y2 to 4 inches long, generally not
remaining on the tree after the second winter. SCALES — thin, distinctly
longer than broad with narrowed, flexible, ragged, blunt tips.

COMPARISONS — The Blue Spruce as cultivated as an ornamental tree
is strikingly distinct from other Spruces in its bluish-green or silvery
foliage and the horizontally layered arrangement of its branchlets. The
long stiff sharp-pointed needles and the narrowed elongated scales of the
large cones are further characteristic.

DISTRIBUTION — Along or near streams. Colorado and eastern Utah,
northward to the Wind River mountains of Wyoming. Often planted as
an ornamental tree in the eastern and northern states and also in
Europe, especially individuals with blue foliage.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, weak, pale brown, or often nearly
white with hardly distinguishable sapwood.

BLUE SPRUCE

366 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

NORWAY SPRUCE

Picea Abies (L.) Karst.
P. excelsa Link.

HABIT — A large rapidly growing tree, 50-100 ft. or more in height
with a trunk diameter up to 2 ft.; with spreading horizontal or ascending
branches and in mature trees generally with strongly drooping lateral
branchlets, forming a rather broad pyramidal head; foliage dark green.
The tree usually has a single erect trunk continuous into the crown
but although the tree photographed shows a double stem it is typical
in general outline.

BARK — Reddish-brown, on young trunks and branches smoothish with
very fine flaky scales becoming with age roughened with larger thicker
flaky scales.

TWIGS — Brown, smooth or hairy.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, on strongly projecting
decurrent ridges of the bark.

LEAVES — Dark green and usually shining, 4-angled, 15-25 mm. long,
sharp-pointed, without proper leaf-stalks.

BUDS — Ovate, pointed, light brown.

FRUIT — Cylindrical-oblong, pendant cones, 4-7 inches long, light
reddish-brown, falling after the first winter. SCALES — thin, stiff, gener-
ally broader than long, margin more or less irregular and finely toothed.

COMPARISONS — The large cones form the most distinctive character
of the Norway Spruce, and when present easily separate this species
from all others with which it might be confused. The pendant lateral
branches generally strikingly noticeable on the older trees together
with the vigor of growth furnish good habit characters of distinction.

DISTRIBUTION — A large tree of Europe especially abundant in Nor-
way: largely cultivated in this country as ornamental individual trees,
in hedges and for windbreaks.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, reddish to yellowish-white; used
for spars, oars and masts to small vessels.

NORWAY SPRUCE

368 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

DOUGLAS FIR
Red Fir, Douglas Spruce.

Pseudotsuga taxifolia (Lam.) Britton.
P. mucronata (Raf.) Sudw. ; P. Douglasii (Lindl.) Carr.

HABIT — A tree under favorable conditions in the west reaching a
height of 200 ft. or over and a trunk diameter up to 10 or 12 ft.;
branches horizontal with more or less pendulous branchlets forming a
pyramidal head. A number of varieties are in cultivation varying
somewhat in habit and color of foliage.

BARK — On young trunks dark gray, smooth, with few resin blisters,
soon becoming roughened, with reddish-brown scales and eventually
deeply ridged.

TWIGS — Reddish to yellowish-brown, more or less downy, becoming
with age smooth and dark grayish-brown. Photograph of twig is about
% natural size.

LEAVES — Scattered, sometimes appearing somewhat 2-ranked but
less distinctly so than leaves of the Balsam Fir, dark green above, pale
below with grayish lines of minute dots, flattened, generally blunt,
% inch or more long, slightly narrowed at base but not distinctly
stalked, arising at about a right angle to the twig and leaving in falling
a round scar slightly raised at the base, and slightly fragrant and aro-
matic when crushed. MICROSCOPIC SECTION — showing a single fibro-
vascular bundle, 2 resin-ducts next to the epidermis, strengthening cells
beneath the epidermis and generally around the resin-ducts, giant
thick walled irregularly lobed cells frequently appearing in cross-
sections of the leaf on either side of the bundle, stomata on the
under side.

BUDS — Comparatively large, narrowly ovate to conical, sharp pointed,
reddish- brown, 7-12 mm. long, loosely clustered at tips of twigs; bud-
scales not resinous-coated, often with reflexed tips.

FRUIT — A cone maturing in one season, pendant, stalked, 2-4 M$ inches
long. SCALES — persistent, rounded on edges with conspicuous pro-
truding bracts which are long-pointed and laterally winged like the
feathering on an arrow.

COMPARISONS — The Douglas Fir resembles the Balsam Fir but
may be readily distinguished by its large dark brown buds, free from
resin, by the slightly projecting leaf-scars and especially by the
cones with persistent scales and lobed bracts. Further a thin knife
section held toward the light and looked at with a hand-lens shows the
two resin-ducts on the edge of the leaf while those of the Balsam Fir
are located between the edge and the bundle.

DISTRIBUTION — Throughout -the Rocky mountain system south of
latitudes 55 degrees north to the Pacific coast, forming extensive for-
ests. Planted for ornament in the eastern states where, however, only
plants grown from seed obtained from the interior of the continent
are successful.

WOOD — Light red or yellow, with nearly white sapwood, very
variable in density, quality and in the thickness of the sapwood;
largely manufactured into lumber in British Columbia, western Wash-
ington and Oregon and used for all kinds of construction, fuel, railroad
ties and piles. The bark is sometimes used in tanning leather.

DOUGLAS FIR

370 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BALSAM FIR
Balsam, Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir.

Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.

HABIT — A medium sized tree, 25-60 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
of 1-2 ft., becoming a shrub toward the tops of high mountains;
branches usually arising in distinct whorls and throughout horizontal,
ascending or declining, or declining toward the base horizontal in the
middle and ascending toward the top of the tree forming a symmetrical
broad-based conical head. A rapidly growing comparatively short-lived
tree losing its lower branches at an early period.

BARK — Grayish-brown, smooth with raised blisters containing a
fragrant oily resin; in old trees becoming somewhat roughened with
small scales at base of trunk.

TWIGS — Grayish and more or less downy, becoming with age grayish-
brown and smooth, branchlets mostly opposite arising at a wide angle.
Photograph of twig is about V3 natural size.

LEAVES — Scattered, on young trees and sterile twigs generally
twisting so as to appear 2-ranked as in the Hemlock, on upper fruiting
branches and leading shoots generally covering the upper side of the
twigs; dark green and shining on upper side, pale below with grayish
lines of minute dots, flattened, generally blunt about % inch or more
long, slightly narrowed at base but not stalked, arising at about a
right angle to the twig, leaving after falling a flat, round scar,
fragrant, aromatic when crushed. MICROSCOPIC SECTION — showing 2
fibre-vascular bundles closely adjacent and appearing as one in a knife
section, 2 resin-ducts between the bundles and the epidemis with
stoma.ta chiefly on the under side.

BUDS — Small, broadly ovate to spherical, generally less than 5 mm.
long, closely grouped at tips of main twigs; bud-scales varnished and
glued together by resinous coating.

FRUIT — Erect cones ripening in the autumn of the first season.
SCALES — falling and leaving only the erect central axes to which they
were attached persistent through winter.

COMPARISONS — The Balsam Fir is distinguished from our native
New England evergreens by its smooth blistery bark and by its leaves
which are attached directly to the twig and leave a round, flat scar on
falling. From the Hemlock it is further distinguished by the absence
of leaf stalks and from the Spruce by the flattened apparently 2-ranked
leaves. See under Douglas Fir for Comparisons with this species.

DISTRIBUTION — Rich, damp, cool woods, deep swamps, mountain
slopes. Occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree. Labrador, New-
foundland, and Nova Scotia, northwest to the Great Bear Lake region;
south to Pennsylvania and along high mountains to Virginia; west to
Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — very generally distributed, ordinarily
associated with White Pine, Black Spruce, Red Spruce, and a few
deciduous trees, growing at an altitude of 4,500 feet upon Katahdin;
New Hampshire — common in upper Coos county and in the White
Mountains, where it climbs up to the alpine area; in the southern part
of the state, in the extensive swamps around the sources of the Con-
toocook and Miller's rivers it is the prevailing timber; Vermont —
common; not rare on mountain slopes and even summits; Massachusetts
— not uncommon on mountain slopes in the northwestern and central
portions of the state, ranging above the Red Spruces upon Graylock;
a few trees here and there in damp woods or cold swamps in the
southern and eastern sections, where it has probably been accidentally
introduced; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare. Cold swamps and woods. Middlebury,
Goshen, Cornwall, Salisbury. Also occurs as an escape from cultivation
at Woodstock, Andover and Farmington.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, perishable, pale brown,
streaked with yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood, occasionally
made into lumber, principally used for packing cases, used largely in
manufacture of wood pulp. From the blisters in the bark Canada
balsam is obtained which is used in medicine and as a medium for
mounting microscopic preparations. The fragrant leaves and small
twigs are used to stuff balsam or so-called "pine"-pillows.

BALSAM FIR

372 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HEMLOCK

Hemlock Spruce.

Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carr.

HABIT — A large tree 50-80 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
2-4 ft.; branches long, slender, horizontal or drooping at base, ascend-
ing above, forming a broad-based pyramidal head with fine feathery
spray giving a delicate airy appearance to the tree. The apex is plume-
like and generally bent to one side indicating, so woodsmen claim, the
direction of prevailing winds.

BARK — Reddish to grayish-brown, with shallow broad connecting
ridges somewhat scaly on the surface.

TWIGS — Slender, yellowish-brown, more or less downy, branchlets
generally not opposite and arising at less than a right angle. Photo-
graph of twig is about % natural size.

LEAVES — Scattered but generally twisting so as to appear 2-ranked,
dark, slightly yellowish-green above, pale green below with grayish
lines of minute dots on either side of midrib, flattened generally blunt
at the apex, about % inch long with a distinct short stalk, borne upon
a reddish-brown decurrent projection of the bark which is left as a
raised scar at the fall of the leaf. MICROSCOPIC SECTION — showing
a single fibre-vascular bundle and a large resin-duct filling the space
between the bundle and the epidermis.

BUDS — Small, about 2mm. long, ovate, reddish-brown, not resinous-
coated.

FRUIT — Small, stalked, pendant cones, ripening the first season, and
generally persistent through winter, about % inch long.

COMPARISONS — In its flattened, apparently 2-ranked leaves the
Hemlock resembles the Balsam Fir, but aside from the difference in
habit and bark, the leaves of the Hemlock are shorter, distinctly
stalked and leave projecting scars when they fall off. From the
Spruces it is distinguished by its distinctly flattened and stalked leaves
and flattened spray.

DISTRIBUTION — Cold soils, borders of swamps, deep woods, ravines,
mountain slopes, and also cultivated as an ornamental tree. Nova
Scotia, New Brunswick, through Quebec and Ontario; south to Delaware
and along the mountains to Georgia and Alabama, ascending to an
altitude of 2000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to Michigan and Minne-
sota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — abundant, generally distributed in the
southern and central portions, becoming rare northward, disappearing
entirely in most of Aroostook county and the northern Penobscot region;
New Hampshire — abundant, from the sea to a height of 2,000 feet in the
White Mountains, disappearing in upper Coos county; Vermont — common
especially in mountain forests; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — •
common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Usually frequent but rather local in its distribu-
tion.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, brittle, coarse-grained, difficult to
work, liable to wind-shake and splinter, not durable when exposed to
the air, light brown tinged with red, with thin somewhat darker
sapwood; largely manufactured into coarse lumber, employed for the
outside finish of buildings. The astringent inner bark furnishes the
largest part of the material used in the northeastern states and Canada
in tanning leather. Oil of Hemlock is distilled from the young
branches.

HEMLOCK

374 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

COAST WHITE CEDAR

White Cedar, Cedar.

Chamaecyparis thyoides (L.) BSP.
C. sphaeroidea Spach ; Cupressus thyoides L.

HABIT — A small tree, 20-50 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
1-2 ft., further south reaching 90 ft. in height and a trunk diameter of
4 ft.; trunk tall, erect, tapering gradually, branches short, slender, more
or less horizontal, with delicate feathery secondary branches and
branchlets loosely enveloping the narrow conical head and surmounted
by an airy, pliant, plume-like terminal shoot.

BARK — Grayish-brown, separating off in narrow shreddy strips, more
or less spirally twisted; on younger and sometimes also on older
trunks the bark separates off in broader reddish-brown strips, (see
photograph of young trunk).

TWIGS — Generally less than 1.5 mm. thick, slightly but not
prominently flattened, arranged in more or less fan-shaped clusters in
planes at various angles, the last season's growth bluish-green from the
complete covering of minute leaves, with death of leaves the second
season becoming reddish-brown, older growth slowly losing its leaves
and marked by scars of deciduous branchlets. Photograph of twig is
about % natural size.

LEAVES — Minute, scale-like, 1-2 mm. long, appressed and closely
overlapping, opposite in 4 ranks, but not giving a conspicuously 4-sided
appearance to the twigs, more or less keeled and with a raised glandular
dot at least on leaves of rapidly grown shoots, with spicy aromatic odor
when crushed.

FRUIT — Small, spherical cones, 5-8 mm. in diameter, inconspicuous in
winter, opening toward the center never toward the base, maturing
the first season and persistent through the winter. SCALES — thickened,
woody, shield-shaped, with a slight projection in middle, each perched
on a stalk connecting it with the center of the cone; seeds winged.

COMPARISONS— The Coast White Cedar resembles the Arbor Vitae
as indicated under this species but its twigs are only slightly flattened,
the clusters of twigs are less distinctly fan-shaped, the twigs and leaves
are smaller and the leaves are of a bluish rather than of a yellowish-
green. The cones are distinctive being spherical and with thickened
shield-shaped scales perched on stalks connecting them with the center.
Aside from the fruit characters which separate them, the Coast White
Cedar is distinguished from the Red Cedar by the more or less distinct
fan-shaped arrangement of its twigs, the absence of two kinds of leaves,
the more distinct glandular dot generally present on the leaf and by
the fact that the twigs are round or slightly compressed in section
and not distinctly 4-sided as are those of the Red Cedar.

DISTRIBUTION — In deep swamps and marshes, which it often fills
to the exclusion of other trees, mostly near the seacoast. Cape Breton
island and near Halifax, Nova Scotia, perhaps introduced in both;
southward, coast region to Florida and west to Mississippi.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — reported from the southern part of York
county; New Hampshire — limited to Rockingham county near the coast;
Vermont — no station known; Massachusetts — occasional in central and
eastern parts, very common in the southeast; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare in western and central districts; Danbury
and New Fairfield, becoming occasional or frequent eastward.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, slightly fragrant, light
brown, tinged with red, largely used in boat building, and cooperage
and for woodenware, shingles, the interior finish of houses, fence posts
and railroad ties.

COAST WHITE CEDAR

376 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

ARBOR VITAE

White Cedar, Cedar.

Thuja occidentalis L.

HABIT — Commonly 25-50 ft. in height with trunk diameter of 1-2
ft., in northern Maine occasionally reaching a height of 70 ft. and'
a trunk diameter of 3-5 ft.; trunk more or less lobed and buttressed
at base, often inclined and twisted, frequently dividing into two 01*3
more stout erect stems; branches short, horizontal, lower branches often
strongly declined, branchlets numerous, forming a dense, conical head?
clothed with foliage to near the base.

BARK — Ashy-gray to light reddish-brown, separating off in long,
narrow, flat, shreddy strips, often more or less spirally twisted.

TWIGS — Generally more than 2 mm. wide, decidedly flattened,
arranged in fan-shaped clusters, placed vertically or in planes ati
various angles, often mistaken for the true leaves which are minute
and completely cover the last season's growth, dark yellowish-green,;
paler on the underside, with the death of the leaves in the second season :
becoming pale cinnamon brown and later shining reddish-brown, round!
in section, swollen at place of attachment to main branch, and marked
by scars of deciduous branchlets. Photograph of twig is about % nat-
ural size.

LEAVES — Minute, 3-6 mm. long, scale-like, appressed and closely
overlapping, opposite in 4 ranks; on the flattened spray those in the!
side pairs keeled, those in the other pair flat, ovate, each with a single {
raised glandular spot especially conspicuous on leaves of leading
shoots; with a characteristic camphor-like aromatic odor when crushed, j

FRUIT — Small, oblong cones, about % inch long, pale reddish-brown,
opening to the base when mature, maturing the first season and persis-j
tent through the winter. SCALES — 6-12, thin, oblong, dry with margins]
mostly entire.

COMPARISONS — The Arbor Vitae is often called White Cedar and i
resembles the Coast White Cedar, which likewise is often known asj
White Cedar, in its bark, its habit of growth and its flattened f an- j
shaped spray. The twigs of the Arbor Vitae are much more flattened!
and larger and the clusters of twigs more decidedly fan-shaped; the]
leaves are also larger and of a yellowish-green color. The cones of!
the two species are decidedly different, those of the Arbor Vitae being]
oblong with thin scales opening to the base of the cone, those of the]
Coast White Cedar being spherical with thickened shield-shaped scales,]
perched on stalks attached to the center of the cone.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, swampy lands, rocky borders of rivers and '
ponds. Often cultivated as single ornamental trees and in hedges. ]
Southern Labrador to Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba; south along the j
mountains to North Carolina and East Tennessee; west to Minnesota. j

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — throughout the state; most abundant
In the central and northern portions, forming extensive areas known !
as "Cedar Swamps"; sometimes bordering a growth of Black Spruce 4
at a lower level; New Hampshire — mostly confined to the upper part j
of Coos county, disappearing at the White river narrows near Han- j
over; seen only in isolated localities south of the White Mountains; <
Vermont — common in swamps at levels below 1,000 ft.; Massachusetts — •
Berkshire county; occasional in the northern sections of the Connecti- j
cut river valley; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare; Canaan, on a limestone ridge and in a
nearby swamp, Salisbury, rocky hillsides and at another locality in a !
deep swamp; apparently native at these three localities. Escaped from
cultivation to fields and roadsides at Norwich, East Hartford, Killingly
and Windsor.

"WOOD — Light, soft, brittle, very coarse-grained, durable, fragrant, j
pale yellowish-brown, largely used in Canada and the northern states <
for fence posts, rails, railroad ties, spools and shingles.

ARBOR YITAE

378 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

COMMON JUNIPER

Dwarf Juniper.
Juniperus communis L.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 5-ln ft. high; in the type form with
generally several erect stems, bearing erect branches densely clothed
with foliage, forming a narrow or rather broad compact plume-like
erect growth (habit picture at the right); in the more common dwarf
variety; [Juniperus communis, var. depressa Pursh; J. nana of Britton's
Manual in part; J. communis, var. canadensis Loud.; J. communis, var.
alpina Gray's Manual ed. 6 in part] with low-lying branches, frequently
rooting below, radiating from the center and curving upwards to form
low, broad, round mats resembling gigantic birds' nests 1 to 3
ft. high and often 10 to 20 ft. in diameter (habit picture at the left).

BARK — Grayish-brown, breaking on the surface into thin papery
shreddy longitudinal layers, which lift at the ends and edges exposing
the reddish bark below.

TWIGS — Smooth, light yellow, turning to red, prominently 3-angled
the first two years by decurrent ridges from below the leaves. Photo-
graph of twig is about % natural size.

LEAVES — All alike in whorls of 3, separated by short internodes,
spreading from the twigs at a broad angle, 7-20 mm. long, awl-shaped,
stiff and sharp-pointed, free from glandular dots, compressed, the
upper side concave and conspicuously streaked with a broad white line,
the dark green under side appearing uppermost by the bending over
of the twigs and leaves; persistent for several seasons.

BUDS — Distinct, scaly.

FRUIT — About the size of a pea, fleshy, berry-like, dark blue, covered
with a bloom, sweetish with a resinous flavor, remaining on the plant
during winter, but as the species is dioecious, to be found only on a
part of the plants.

COMPARISONS — The Common Juniper is distinguished from its near
relative the Red Cedar by its lower habit of growth, by the fact that
its leaves are all alike and without glandular dots; in distinction
from the typically appressed leaves of the Red Cedar, the leaves of
the Common Juniper are spreading at a wide angle. They thus resemble
the juvenile type of leaves found on young specimens of the Red
Cedar and on rapid-growing twigs of older trees of the same species
but may be distinguished by being almost always in 3's, wider and
longer, more distinctly whitened above, with a greater separation
between the nodes and by the presence of distinct scaly buds. A number
of forms are described but not always recognized. The dwarf variety
(var. depressa) is described as having leaves 8-13 mm. long, and the
type as having leaves 12-21 mm. long but they are best distinguished
by their different habits of growth as shown in the photographs.

DISTRIBUTION — In poor rocky soil, pastures and waste open places.
Widely distributed through the colder regions and mountains of the
northern part of the U. S., in a broad band extending westward from
Newfoundland on the north and New Jersey and Pennsylvania on the
south. The dwarf form (var. depressa) occurs throughout New Eng-
land. The type is reported as less common and as occurring in
Massachusetts and southward.

IN CONNECTICUT — The type ts listed as rare and is reported only
from Norwich. It is not uncommon, however, about Storrs. The variety
depressa is frequent throughout this state.

WOOD — Hard, close-grained, very durable in contact with soil, light
brown, with pale sapwood. Tn northern Europe the fruit is extensively
used in giving its peculiar flavor to Holland gin.

COMMON JUNIPKU

380 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED CEDAR

Savin, Cedar, Red Juniper.

Juniperus virginiana L.

HABIT — A medium sized tree 25-40 ft. in height with trunk diameter
of 8-20 inches, much larger in the southern states; trunk more or less
ridged and buttressed at base, with slender branches horizontal below
erect above, forming in young trees a narrow, conical head, becoming
in old age wider, spreading, ovate, round-topped, or on bleak situations
especially near the sea shore more or less irregularly distorted.

BARK — Light reddish-brown separating off in long narrow shreddy
strips more or less fringed at the edges, frequently somewhat spirally
twisted.

TWIGS — Generally 4-sided in mature trees, green from covering of
minute leaves, not flattened nor arranged in fan-shaped clusters,
becoming reddish-brown after the fall of the leaves. Photograph of
twig is about % natural size.

LEAVES — Dark green or reddish-brown with aromatic odor when
crushed, persistent for several years, of two kinds: —

1. The form typical of the species; about 2 mm. or less long, scale-
like, opposite in pairs, forming 4 ranks, closely overlapping and
appressed, rounded, with or without an inconspicuous glandular dot on
the back, ovate, sharp or blunt-pointed. (See left hand twig.)

2. The juvenile form; occurring often exclusively on very young
trees and also frequently together with the typical form on older
trees; narrow, awl-shaped to needle-shaped, sharp-pointed without

f lands, spreading, scattered and not overlapping, opposite or in 3's,
-20 mm. long. (See right hand twig.)

BUDS — Inconspicuous.

FRUIT — About the size of a small pea, fleshy, berry-like, dark blue,
covered with a bloom, sweetish with a resinous flavor, containing gener-
ally 1-2 bony seeds. The fruit remains on the tree during winter but
the species is dioecious and consequently not all the trees bear fruit.

COMPARISONS — The Red Cedar resembles the Coast White Cedar but
it fails to show a flattened fan-shaped arrangement of its twigs, its
twigs further are generally 4-sided when bearing typical leaves and
on young trees and generally on some twigs of older trees leaves of
the juvenile type may be found. The berry-like fruit of the Red Cedar
when present is the most distinctive character separating this species
from the Coast White Cedar. The Common Juniper is not to be con-
fused with Red Cedar trees that have typical leaves. It resembles
somewhat the juvenile leaved form of the Red Cedar, however, but the
growth of the former is generally less upright, the leaves always in
3's and generally more whitened above and the buds are more
conspicuous.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry, rocky hills but not at great altitudes, borders
of lakes and streams, sterile plains, peaty swamps. Nova Scotia and
New Brunswick to Ontario; south to Florida; west to Dakota, Nebraska,
Kansas and Indian Territory.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — rare, though it extends northward to
the middle Kennebec valley, reduced almost to a shrub; New Hampshire
— most frequent in the southeast part of the state; sparingly in the
Connecticut valley, as far north as Haverhill; found also in Hart'b
location in the White Mountain region; Vermont — not abundant; occurs
here and there on hills at levels less than 1,000 feet; frequent in the
Champlain and lower Connecticut valleys; Massachusetts — west and
center occasional, eastward common; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Common.

"WOOD — Light, close-grained, brittle, not strong, dull red with thin
nearly white sapwood, very fragrant, easily worked; largely used for
posts, the sills of buildings, the interior finish of houses, the lining of
chests and closets as a protection of woolen garments against attacks
of moths, and for pails and other small articles of wooden-ware. A
decoction of the fruit and leaves is used medicinally and oil of Red
Cedar is distilled from the leaves and wood as a perfume.

RED CEDAR

382 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

GINKGO
Maidenhair Tree.

Ginkgo biloba L.
Salisburia adiantifolia Smith.

HABIT — A tree reaching a height of 60-80 ft., with generally a single
erect trunk (a double trunk in tree photographed) continuous into the
crown with straight, slender branches, making an angle of about 45
degrees with the trunk and regularly parallel except those below which
are more or less declined, forming in mature specimens a very regular
symmetrical broadly ovate to pyramidal head. There are several
horticultural varieties including one weeping form.

BARK — Ashy gray, on younger trunks and branches smooth, becoming
with age seamy and longitudinally roughened.

TWIGS — Rather stout, smooth, yellowish-brown, shining, a thin
grayish skin separating off in narrow shreds on older twigs; rapidly-
grown twigs of one year's growth, comparatively rare, with scattered
leaf-scars; stout lateral or terminal spurs with thickly crowded leaf-
scars common. PITH — pale yellowish, with ragged outline.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked or more than 2-ranked, semi-oval,
raised, upper margin generally fringed. STIPULE-SCARS — absent.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 2, often most distinct in recent leaf-scars on short
spurs.

BUDS — Light chestnut brown, short, conical, generally under 4 mm.
long, isolated lateral buds on rapidly grown shoots divergent, on short
spurs generally only terminal buds developed. BUD-SCALES — about 5
visible, broader than long, thickened and dotted toward the middle with
small reddish transparent lumps.

FRUIT — A stone-fruit with a sweet ill-smelling flesh. The tree is
dioecious, there being separate male and female individual trees. On
account of the disagreeable odor of the fruit the male trees are more
frequently planted. The two sexes are said to differ in their growth
forms, the male tree being more narrowly pyramidal while the female
forms a broad head.

COMPARISONS — The Ginkgo belongs to the Gymnosperms, an order
of plants which are mostly cone-bearing like the Pines and Spruces. It
has a peculiarity with the Larch in that it is not evergreen as are
most of its relatives but sheds its leaves in the fall. Like the Larch,
too, it has numerous stubby spurs with crowded leaf-scars. It differs
from the Larch in that its large leaf-scars are not strongly decurrent
and are relatively far apart on the rapidly grown shoots and further
have 2 bundle-scars.

DISTRIBUTION — A native of northern China, introduced into America
early in the century and generally successful in the eastern states as
far north as eastern Massachusetts and central Michigan and along
the St. Lawrence River in parts of Canada.

GlNKGO

384 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

YELLOW WILLOW

Golden Osier.

Salix alba, var. vitellina (L.) Koch.
S. vitellina Koch.

HABIT — A larg-e tree reaching CO-SO ft. in height with a trunk diam-
eter of 3-5 ft.; trunk short, rarely erect, generally inclining to one side,
dividing low down into a number of stout spreading limbs, forming an
irregular broad rounded head.

BARK — On young stems smooth, becoming with age dark gray and
deeply furrowed.

TWIGS — Rather slender, bright yellow, smooth and shining or dull
with more or less dense covering of fine silky hairs, bitter to taste.
LENTICELS — scattered, inconspicuous. PITH — more or less 5-pointed.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, narrow, raised, broadly
V-shaped, more or less swoolen at the bundle-scars. STIPULE-SCARS —
oblique, close to leaf-scars and often appearing connected with them.
BUNDLE-SCARS— 3.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds about 5 mm. long, oblong,
rounded at apex, smooth or more or less silky-downy, flattened and
appressed against twig. BUD-SCALES — a single bud-scale visible,
rounded on back, flattened toward the twig, forming a cap to silky-
hairy green leaves within.

FRUIT — A catkin of small capsules, containing numerous hairy seeds
ripening in spring. The willows are dioecious and the male trees of the
Yellow Willow are seldom planted in this country.

COMPARISONS — The species of Willows are closely related and have
hybridized abundantly. Their classification is based largely upon
differences in the pistils and stamens but since the Willows are
dioecious and therefore bear the male and female flowers upon separate
trees their determination even when in flower is often a matter of con-
siderable difficulty. The Yellow Willow here described, a yellow
twigged variety of the less common European White Willow [Salix
alba L.], is one of the most common tree Willows in New
England. The European Weeping Willow [Salix babylonica L.] was
formerly much planted for ornament especially in cemeteries and may be
distinguished by the drooping habit of its branches. The Black Willow
[Salix nigra Marsh.], a small-budded species is the one sizable native
Willow in New England. The Willows may be most readily separated
from the other trees by the single cap-like scale to the bud in con-
nection with the 3 bundle-scars in the narrow leaf-scar.

DISTRIBUTION — A European tree much planted in this country for
ornament. It has become naturalized throughout the populated regions
of New England, in moist places, near streams and ponds.

WOOD — Very light, soft, tough, light brown in color with thick nearly
white sapwood, easily worked and taking a beautiful polish; used in
this country for charcoal and for fuel.

YELLOW WILLOW

386 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SILVER POPLAR

White Poplar, Silver-leaf Poplar, Abele.
Populus alba L.

HABIT — A good sized tree 40-75 ft. high, with a trunk diameter of
2-4 ft.; branches wide-spreading, developing a large, irregular, open,
broad, round-topped head; spreading abundantly by means of root
suckers.

BARK — On young trunks and limbs smooth, characteristically light
greenish-gray or whitish, often with dark blotches; base of older
trunk at length deeply furrowed into firm dark ridges. The Silver
Poplar retains its smooth light colored bark longer than our other
members of the genus.

TWIGS — Slender or sometimes stout, greenish-gray, densely covered
with thick whitish-cottony wool which can be readily rubbed off and
often remains throughout the winter only toward the apex; where wool
is removed the surface is shiny; short spurs numerous with conspicuous
raised leaf-scars and with terminal buds only. LENTICELS — pale,
round, raised dots. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, semi-circular to in-
versely triangular; on short spurs narrower. STIPULE-SCARS — distinct.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, simple or compound.

BUDS — Small, ovate to conical, light chestnut brown; neither sticky
nor fragrant; shining or more or less covered especially toward base
with cottony wool; lateral buds 5-7 mm. long, terminal buds somewhat
larger, thicker. BUD-SCALES — margined with very minute hairs; the
first scale of lateral buds anterior. This first scale in front has a
scale directly above it, the edges of the two being essentially parallel;
likewise the first scale in back generally has a scale directly above, it
with similarly parallel edges. The first four scales therefore form two
ranks facing respectively front and back. This condition seems constant
for typical buds, but does not hold for abnormally small buds.

COMPARISONS — The Silver Poplar, acquires a roughened trunk later
than the other Poplars, retaining the smooth whitish-green appearance
of its bark as a distinctive character. Its generally delicate twigs,
greenish-gray when not covered with cottony wool which generally can
be found at least at the apex, furnish further characters that distinguish
this species from the other poplars. The two rows of scales with parallel
edges in. the lateral buds are found to a less striking degree in the
larger buds of the Small-toothed Aspen and the Large-tootheu
Aspen.

DISTRIBUTION — Widely distributed in the Old World. Introduced
from England by the early settlers and soon established in the colonial
towns on the western shore of Massachusetts Bay. Planted or sponta-
neous over a wide area. New Brunswick and Nova Scotia, occasional;
southward to Virginia.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Occasional throughout, local, sometimes com-
mon.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional, escaped from cultivation to roadsides
and waste places.

WOOD — Light, soft, weak, reddish-yellow with nearly white sapwood;
difficult to split and to ignite; used in Europe for rollers, packing
cases and flooring.

SILVER POPLAR

388 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SMALL-TOOTHED ASPEN

American or Quaking Aspen, Popple, Poplar, Aspen.
Populus tremuloides Michx.

HABIT — As generally found a small tree 35-40 ft. high though not
infrequently reaching 50-60 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of iy2
ft. or more; trunk tapering, continuous into top of tree; main branches
slender, scattered, often drooping at the ends forming an open, narrow,
round-topped head; spreading by means of root suckers.

BARK — On young trunks and branches thin, pale yellowish-brown,
orange-green or nearly white with dark blotches below the branches,
smooth with horizontal raised ridges (often encircling limbs); on older
trunks especially toward the base, thick, furrowed and nearly black.

TWIGS — Slender, round, bright reddish-brown, smooth, shining. Older
twigs grayish-brown, roughened by elevated leaf-scars and by swollen
bases of detached branchlets. LENTICELS — light reddish-orange, scat-
tered, oblong. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, inversely trian-
gular, covered with light colored corky layer, upper edge of scar more
or less depressed. STIPULE-SCARS — blackish, more or less conspicuous.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, simple or each compounded.

BUDS — Narrowly conical, sharp-pointed, generally appressed especi-
ally toward apex of twig or incurved, about 5-7 mm. long, shining,
slightly sticky but not fragrant; flower buds larger, ovate. BUD-
SCALES — 6 or 7 in number, smooth, reddish-brown, shining, scarious
along the margins; the first scale of lateral buds anterior (i.e. facing
outward), reaching about ^ of the way to the apex, often splitting at
the top.

COMPARISONS — In general habit and bark characters the Small-
toothed resembles the Large-toothed Aspen. It is readily distinguished
from the latter by its shining reddish-brown, often slightly sticky,
mostly appressed buds which are free from down. Those of the Large-
toothed Aspen are thicker, dull dusty-looking, more or less gray-downy,
and for the most part divergent. The bark of the Small-toothed Aspen
is generally somewhat lighter in color, often nearly white and generally
earlier and more deeply roughened at the base; the larger branches of
the Large-toothed Aspen have a tendency to grow out at a wider
angle with the trunk than those of the Small-toothed Aspen. The
buds resemble somewhat those of the Balsam Poplar but are much
smaller, only slightly sticky and not fragrant. It is separated from the
Carolina Poplar and Lombardy Poplar by its reddish twigs, those of the
latter two species being yellow; from the Silver Poplar by absence of
down on twigs.

DISTRIBUTION — In practically all soils and situations except in deep
swamps though more often in dry ground; one of the first trees to
take possession of clearings or burnt lands. Newfoundland, Labrador,
and Nova Scotia to the Hudson Bay region and Alaska; south to New
Jersey, along the mountains in Pennsylvania and Kentucky, ascending
3,000 feet in the Adirondacks; west to the slopes of the Rocky mountains,
along which it extends to Mexico and lower California.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Common, reaching in the White Mountain region,
an altitude of 3,000 ft.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD— Light brown, with nearly white sapwood of 25-30 layers of
annual growth, soft, weak and soon decaying; used in great quantities
for paper pulp and in the manufacture of excelsior.

SMALL- TOOTHED

390 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN

Popple, Poplar.
Populus grandidentata Michx.

HABIT — Generally a small tree 30-45 ft. in height with trunk diameter
of up to 1% ft., at times reaching much greater dimensions; resembling
the Small-toothed Aspen; spreading by means of root suckers.

BARK — Resembling that of Small-toothed Aspen though generally
with more yellow or buff color to young trunks and limbs. The older
trunks seem to be rather less deeply furrowed.

TWIGS — Stout, round, reddish-brown or somewhat yellowish-brown,
in early winter often more or less pale-downy in protected portions,
older twigs greenish-gray, otherwise resembling Small-toothed Aspen.

LEAF-SCARS — Resembling Small-toothed Aspen though the rather
larger stipule-scars are often indistinct or absent.

BUDS — Averaging larger than those of Small-toothed Aspen, ovate to
conical, pointed, generally divergent, dull, dusty-looking, due to fine,
close, pale wool, especially at margins of scales; flower buds larger
and thicker. BUD-SCALES — light chestnut brown with scarious mar-
gins; first scale of bud anterior.

COMPARISONS — The Large-toothed Aspen resembles the Small-
toothed Aspen with which it is frequently confused. For points of
distinction see under the latter species. The Lombardy and Carolina
Poplars are distinguished by their yellow twigs and smooth buds; the
Balsam Poplar by its shining fragrant resinous buds; the Silver Poplar
by its generally more delicate, greenish twigs which are cottony-
woolly at least toward the apex.

DISTRIBUTION — In rich or poor soils; woods, hillsides, borders of
streams. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, southern Quebec, and Ontario;
south to Pennsylvania and Delaware, along the mountains to Kentucky,
North Carolina, and Tennessee; west to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Common, occasional at altitudes of 2,000 feet or
more.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

"WOOD — Light brown, with thin nearly white sapwood of 20-30 layers
of annual growth, weak and soft, used in manufacture of paper,
excelsior, and to a small extent for woodenware.

LARGE-TOOTHED ASPEN

392 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BALSAM POPLAR

Balsam, Tacamahac, Balm of Gilead.
Populus balsamifera L.

HABIT — A medium sized tree, 30-75 ft. in height with trunk diameter
of 1-3 ft.; head -open, comparatively narrow, with spire-like tendency;
spreading by means of root suckers.

BARK — On young trunks and branches smooth, light brown tinged
with red, on older trunks dark gray tinged with red, broken into broad,
firm, rounded ridges.

TWIGS — Stout, round, bright reddish-brown, smooth, shining; older
twigs dark orange colored becoming gray tinged with yellowish-green,
roughened by thickened leaf-scars; short spurs numerous with terminal
but without lateral buds. LENTICELS — oblong, light reddish-orange,
scattered. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, 3-lobed, inversely
triangular, rather narrow for the group. STIPULE-SCARS — distinct.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, simple or compound.

BUDS — Large, dark red, resinous, sticky, fragrant especially if
crushed, narrowly ovate to conical long-pointed, 15-25 mm. long, terminal
larger and relatively wider than lateral buds. BUD-SCALES — thick,
smooth, oblong, pointed, red or green, saturated with fragrant amber-
colored resin which on the outside, where exposed to the air, forms a
dark reddish, shining varnish to the bud; the first scale of lateral
bud anterior.

COMPARISONS — The Balsam Poplar with its varieties is distinguished
from all other forms by the fragrance of its large resinous buds. Twigs
and buds resemble those of the Small-toothed Aspen in color but are
much larger and are distinctly fragrant especially if crushed. The
Balm of Gilead [Populus candicans Ait.] is considered a distinct species by
some and by others only a variety. It is extensively planted. It differs
from the typical Balsam Poplar in its more spreading branches forming
a broader and more open head but the twig characters are closely
similar. The photographs were all taken from this latter variety, the
descriptions from the type.

DISTRIBUTION — Alluvial soils; river banks, valleys, borders of
swamps, woods. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia; west to Manitoba;
northward to the coast of Alaska and along the Mackenzie River to
the Artie circle; west through northern New York, Michigan, Minnesota,
Dakota (Black Hills), Montana, beyond the Rockies to the Pacific
coast.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common; New Hampshire — Connecticut
river valley, generally near the river, becoming more plentiful north-
ward; Vermont — frequent; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — not re-
ported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Local. River banks, wet woods and roadsides,
usually as an escape from cultivation; Southington, Milford, Wilton,
Sherman, New Milford and Kent. Apparently native at Norfolk.

"WOOD — Light, soft and weak; light brown, with thick nearly white
sapwood; used for pails, boxes and paper pulp.

BALSAM POPLAR

394 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CAROLINA POPLAR

Cottonwood, Necklace Poplar.

Populus deltoides Marsh.
P. monilifera Ait. ; P. canadensis Moench.

HABIT — A large tree, the largest of the Poplars, 75-100 ft. in height
with a trunk diameter of 3-5 ft.; lower branches massive nearly horizon-
tal, those above arising at a sharper angle and forming altogether in old
trees a broad-spreading, rather open head, often as broad as high; in
younger individuals forming a more pyramidal head; of very rapid
growth hence much planted for quick effects. The form cultivated under
the name Carolina Poplar and considered by some distinct from the
Cottonwood, is of pyramidal habit of growth with erect tapering trunk
continuous to the top of the tree and producing branches in whorls at
the upper limit of each year's growth. The figures in the plate were all
taken from the more commonly cultivated form.

BARK — On young trunks and branches thin, smooth, light yellowish-
green. On older trunks thick, ashy-gray, deeply divided into long,
broad, flattish or eventually rounded ridges of characteristic appearance
in native-grown trees.

TWIGS — Stout, yellowish to greenish-yellow, smooth, round or marked
especially on vigorous trees with more or less prominent wings running
down from the two sides and bases of the leaf-scars. LENTICELS —
large, pale, elongated longitudinally.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, 3-lobed, inver-
sely triangular. STIPULE-SCARS — generally conspicuous, blackish.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, simple or compound.

BUDS — Conical, large, the lateral buds reaching 15 mm. and the
terminal buds reaching 20 mm. in length, frequently much smaller;
lateral buds, especially the larger flower buds, generally divergent and
often strongly recurved; terminal bud more or less distinctly 5-sided.
BUD-SCALES — smooth, light chestnut brown, shining; first scale of
lateral bud anterior; outer scales slightly resinous-sticky, inner scales
thickly coated with a light yellow sticky resin which is scarcely fra-
grant.

COMPARISONS— The Carolina Poplar is distinguished from pur
other Poplars except the Lombardy Poplar by its light yellow twigs.
The Lombardy has somewhat similar twigs but they are more slender,
the buds are generally much smaller and typically appressed. Appressed
buds do occur on the Carolina Poplar and divergent buds on the
Lombardy but they are more typical on each tree as indicated. The
distinct habit of the Lombardy Poplar is however a sufficient criterion
of this latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — In moist soil, river banks and basins, shores of lakes,
not uncommon in drier locations, often cultivated. Throughout Quebec
and Ontario to the base of the Rocky mountains; south to Florida; west
to the Rocky mountains.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — not reported; New Hampshire — restricted
to the immediate vicinity of the Connecticut river, disappearing near
the northern part of Westmoreland; Vermont — western sections, abun-
dant along the shores of the Hoosac river in Pownal and along Lake
Champlain; in the Connecticut valley as far north as Brattleboro;
Massachusetts — along the Connecticut and its tributaries; Rhode Island
— occasional.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent in the valleys of the Connecticut,
Farmington, and Housatonic rivers; rare or occasional elsewhere.

WOOD — Dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood, light and soft,
warping badly in drying and difficult to season, used for paper pulp
and in the manufacture of boxes.

CAROLINA POPLAR

396 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

LOMBARDY POPLAR

Populus nigra, var. italica Du Roi.
P. dilatata Ait. ; P. pyramidalis Rozier ; P. fastigiata Desf.

HABIT — A tall tree reaching over 100 ft. in height with a buttressed
taperirtg, continuous trunk, sometimes as much as 6-8 ft. in diameter
at base; branches numerous, arising low on the trunk, bending upward
at a sharp angle with numerous branchlets also sharply ascending to
form a very narrow spire-shaped tree of decidedly characteristic ap-
pearance; spreading by means of root suckers. It tends to retain its
leaves on the lower part of the tree. (See bark picture.)

BARK — On old trees gray to brown, deeply furrowed.

TWIGS — Resembling those of Carolina Poplar but slender, round and
appressed.

L.EAF-SCARS — Resembling those of Carolina Poplar but smaller.

BUDS — Resembling those of Carolina Poplar but for the most part
appressed, distinctly smaller, terminal buds seldom over 10 mm. long
and lateral buds generally under 8 mm. in length.

COMPARISONS — The Lombardy Poplar is readily distinguished from
all our other trees by its striking spire-shaped habit of growth. In
twig characters it resembles the Carolina Poplar but the twigs are
slender and the buds average smaller and are more characteristically
appressed.

DISTRIBUTION — A European tree much planted in this country for
ornament, escaping to a certain extent to roadsides and river banks.

WOOD — Light, soft, weak, close-grained, reddish-brown with thick
nearly white sapwood, used to a slight extent in the manufacture of
boxes and wooden ware

LOMBAKDY POPLAK

398 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BUTTERNUT

Oilnut, White Walnut.

Juglans cinerea L.

HABIT — A small to medium-sized tree 20-45 ft. in height, with
trunk diameter of 1-4 ft.; comparatively large for the height; soon
dividing into a few stout spreading branches with lower branches
somewhat drooping forming a symmetrical, broad, low, round-topped
head of inversely pyramidal outline.

BARK — On young trunks and branches smooth, light gray, on older
trunks deeply divided into long, rather broad, flat-topped, whitish ridges
separated by smoothish, broader fissures, which are likewise gray or
frequently become black in striking contrast to the whitish ridges; inner
bark becoming yellow on exposure to air, bitter.

TWIGS — Stout, reddish-buff to greenish-gray, downy or nearly smooth,
round or somewhat angled from lobes of leaf-scars, bitter to taste,
and coloring saliva yellow when chewed. LENTICELS — small, pale,
raised dots. PITH — somewhat 5-pointed, star-shaped, dark brown,
chambered, the narrow chambers a little wider than the intervening
diaphragms.

LEAF-SCARS — Large, conspicuous, 3-lobed, inversely triangular; mar-
gins elevated, upper margin generally convex seldom slightly notched,
surmounted by a raised, downy pad. BUNDLE-SCARS — dark, conspicu-
ous in 3 U-shaped clusters.

BUDS — Densely pale-downy; terminal buds large, conical-oblong, 10-
20 mm. long, longer than broad, flattened oblong to conical, obliquely
blunt-pointed; lateral buds smaller, ovate, rounded at apex, 1-3 super-
posed buds generally present above axillary bud, the uppermost the
largest, often far above the leaf-scar and more or less stalked or
developing into a twig the first season, especially on rapidly grown
shoots; staminate flower buds lateral, rather spherical, protruding the
undeveloped catkins like miniature scaly cones from the envelope of
short scales. BUD-SCALES — thick, outer scales of terminal bud lobed
at apex.

FRUIT — Elongated, 4-10 cm. long, husk thickly covered with sticky
hairs, not regularly splitting. NUT — light brown, elongated-ovate, 4-
ribbed, pointed, rough, deeply sculptured; within, 2-celled at base, 1-
celled above; seed sweet, edible, very oily, soon becoming rancid.

COMPARISONS — In twig characters the Butternut most nearly re-
sembles the Black Walnut but is easily distinguished from this species
(see Comparisons under Black Walnut). Its points of dissimilarity to
the Bitternut are given under this latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — Roadsides, rich woods, river valleys, fertile, moist
hillsides, high up on mountain slopes. New Brunswick, throughout
Quebec and eastern Ontario; south to Delaware, along the mountains
to Georgia and Alabama; west to Minnesota, Kansas, and Arkansas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine, common, often abundant; New Hamp-
shire— throughout the Connecticut valley, and along the Merrimac and
its tributaries, to the base of the White Mountains; Vermont — frequent;
Massachusetts — common in the eastern and central portions, frequent
westward; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, light brown, turning
darker with exposure, with thin, light-colored sapwood, composed of 5
or 6 layers of annual growth; largely employed in the interior finish
of houses and for furniture. The inner bark possesses mild cathartic
properties. Sugar is made from the sap and the green husks of the
fruit are used to dye cloth yellow or orange color.

BUTTERNUT

400 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLACK WALNUT
Juglans nigra L.

HABIT — A large tree, 50-75 ft. high with a trunk diameter of 2-5 ft.,
reaching- a height of 150 ft. and a trunk diameter of 6-8 ft. in the Ohio
valley; trunk straight, tapering, giving off stout branches, those below
often nearly horizontal or declined, those above arising at a sharper
angle, spreading, forming an open, symmetrical, round-topped head.

BARK — Thick, dark, rough, deeply furrowed into rounded ridges;
inner bark becoming yellow on exposure to air.

TWIGS — Stout, densely gray-downy to smooth and reddish-buff; bitter
to taste and coloring saliva yellow when chewed. LENTICELS — small,
pale, raised dots, rather inconspicuous. PITH — buff, paler than that
of Butternut, chambered, the open chambers several times wider than
the intervening diaphragms.

LEAP-SCARS — Large, conspicuous, elevated, 3-lobed inversely
triangular to heart-shaped, upper margin distinctly notched enclosing
the axillary bud; no downy pad above leaf-scar. BUNDLE-SCARS —
dark, conspicuous in 3 U-shaped clusters.

BUDS — Pale, silky-downy; terminal buds ovate, generally under 10
mm. long and scarcely longer than broad, slightly flattened, obliquely
blunt-pointed; lateral buds smaller, their outer scales opening at apex
during winter, frequently a single superposed accessory bud above
axillary bud. BUD-SCALES — thick, outer scales of terminal bud gener-
ally not evidently lobed.

FRUIT — Round-oval, 4-10 cm. in diameter, husk smooth not regularly
splitting. NUT — dark brown, round-oval, slightly flattened, sculptured
with interrupted, irregular, thick ridges; within 4-celled below the
middle, 2-celled above; seed sweet, edible, oily, soon becoming rancid.

COMPARISONS— The Black Walnut is most closely related to the
Butternut which it resembles in its chambered pith and the general
twig appearance. The Butternut, however, has terminal buds longer
than broad, downy pads above leaf-scars which are not notched as are
leaf-scars of the Black Walnut and it further has elongated rather
than spherical nuts. The pith is dark brown while that of Black
Walnut is pale buff and the chambers are not much wider than the
diaphragms. In habit it is a lower, more spreading tree than the
Black Walnut and the light gray color especially of the flat ridges of
the bark is further characteristic. The points of dissimilarity to the
Bitternut are mentioned under this latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — Rich woods, largely destroyed for its valuable tim-
ber and now scarce; occasionally cultivated as an ornamental tree in
the eastern United States. Massachusetts; south to Florida; west to
Minnesota, Kansas, Arkansas and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine, New Hampshire, and Vermont— not re-
ported native; Massachusetts- — rare east of the Connecticut rivert occa-
sional along the western part of the Connecticut valley to the New
York line; Rhode Island — doubtfully native, Apponaug, and elsewhere.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare. Roadsides and rocky hillsides, in most
localities derived from planted trees: Norwich, East Hartford, Newing-
ton, Southington, Seymour and Southbury, Trumbull and Easton.
Probably native at North Canaan.

\\oon — Heavy, hard, strong, rather coarse-grained, very durable,
rich dark brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 10-20 layers of
annual growth; largely used in cabinet-making, the interior finish of
houses, gun-stocks, and in boat and ship building.

BLACK WALNUT

402 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SHAG-BARK HICKORY

Shell-bark Hickory, Walnut.

Carya ovata (Mill.) K. Koch.
C. alba Nutt. : Hickoria ovata Britton.

HABIT — A large tree, the tallest of the Hickories 50-75 ft. high,
with trunk diameter of less than 2 ft.; in the forest producing a tall,
straight trunk often free from branches for 50 ft. or more, surmounted
by a narrow head of few limbs; in the open generally forking low
down or below the middle of the tree into stout ascending limbs
forming an irregular open narrow oblong or inversely conical round-
topped head.

BARK — On young trunks and limbs smooth, light gray, becoming
seamy; on old trunks shagging characteristically into long flat plates
which are free at the base or both ends.

TWIGS — Stout, somewhat downy or smooth and shining, reddish-
brown to light gray. LENTICELS — numerous, pale, conspicuous, longi-
tudinally elongated. PITH — obscurely 5-pointed, star-shaped.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous,
pale, slightly elevated. 3-lobed, heart-shaped to semi-circular. STIPULE-
SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — numerous, irregularly scattered or
arranged in 3 more or less definite circular groups.

BUDS — Large, terminal bud 10-20 mm. long, broadly ovate, rather
blunt-pointed. BUD-SCALES — the 3-4 outer scales dark brown, slightly
downy or nearly smooth, fine-hairy on margins, broadly triangular,
sharp-pointed, the outermost keeled and often with apex prolonged
into a long, rigid point, persistent through winter but cracking and
shagging off from the apex downward; inner scales yellowish-green,
often tinged with red, densely downy on outer surface, shining within.

FRUIT— Nearly spherical, 3-5 cm. long, depressed at apex; husk 5-8
mm. thick, with small pale lenticels, splitting to the base into four
pieces. NUT — whitish, variable in size and shape, generally oblong,
flattened, 4-ridged, rounded or pointed at base and apex; seed sweet.

COMPARISONS— The Shag-bark Hickory is distinguished from other
trees, by the distinct shagging of its bark. The bark especially of one
variety or the Pignut shags to a certain extent but not so extensively.
Fro'm the Pignut, however, it is distinguished by its larger buds, and
stouter twigs. From the Mockernut it is distinguished by its relatively
longer buds, the darker, comparatively smooth, outer scales of which
remain throughout the winter though shagging away more or less
completely from the tip toward the base.

DISTRIBUTION — In various soils and situations, fertile slopes, brook-
sides, rocky hills. Valley of the St. Lawrence; south to Delaware and
along the mountains to Florida; west to Minnesota, Kansas, Indian
Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine, along or near the coast as far north as
Harpswell; New Hampshire — common as far north as Lake Winnepesau-
kee; Vermont — occasional along the Connecticut to Windsor, rather
common in the Champlain valley and along the western slopes of the
Green mountains; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent or common.

WOOD — Heavy, very hard and strong, tough, close-grained, flexible,
light brown with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements, carriages, wagons, and for axe-
handles, baskets and fuel. The nut is the common hickory nut of
commerce.

SHAG-BARK HICKORY

404 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

MOCKERNUT
Big Bud Hickory, White-heart Hickory.

Carya alba (L.) K. Koch.
C. tomentosa Nutt. ; Hickoria alba Britton.

HABIT — A tall tree 50-70 ft. high with trunk diameter of 2-3 ft.;
lower branches more or less drooping-, those above ascending at a sharp
ang-le, forming a narrow oblong or broad round-topped head, trunk
somewhat swollen at base.

BARK — Light to dark gray, not shaggy, broken by irregular inter-
rupted fissures into shallow rounded and smooth-topped ridges which
are transversely cracked at intervals; the smoothness of the furrows
and of the rounded ridges together with the grayness of the bark is
quite characteristic, giving an appearance as if the roughness of the
bark had been sandpapered down or as if a thin veil had been drawn
over the trunk.

TWIGS — Very stout, generally more or less finely-downy, reddish-
brown to gray. LENTICELS — numerous, pale, conspicuous, longitudin-
ally elongated. PITH — obscurely 5-pointed, star-shaped.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, similar to those of
Shag-bark Hickory but rather tending to be more distinctly 3-lobed with
basal lobe elongated.

BUDS — Terminal buds pale, densely hairy, broadly ovate, blunt or
sharp-pointed, 10-20 mm. long, outermost scales falling in early autumn,
exposing the yellowish-gray silky inner scales, some of which fall
during the winter.

FRUIT — Spherical to obovate, 4-6 cm. long, more or less narrowed at
the ends; husk 3-4 mm. thick, splitting to middle or nearly to base.
NUT — brown, variable in size and shape, spherical to oblong, more or
less flattened and angled and generally pointed at both ends; shell very
thick; seed comparatively small, sweet.

COMPARISONS — T.he Mockermit, so named from the disappointingly
small kernel obtained from the relatively large nut, is distinguished
by its large, fat, pale, downy buds, which do not retain the outer
dark scales as do the narrower buds of the Shag-bark Hickory. The
peculiar smoothness of the ridges and furrows of the gray bark is also
a distinctive characteristic.

DISTRIBUTION — In various soils; woods, dry, rocky ridges, mountain
slopes. Niagara peninsula and westward; south to Florida, ascending
3,500 feet in Virginia; west to Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Indian
Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine and Vermont not reported; New Hamp-
shire— sparingly along the coast; Massachusetts — rather common east-
ward; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional or frequent.

"WOOD — Very heavy, hard, tough, strong, close-grained, flexible, rich
dark brown, with thick nearly white sapwood; used for the same
purpose as that of the Shag-bark Hickory.

MOCKERNUT

406 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PIGNUT
Pignut or Broom Hickory;

Carya glabra (Mill.) Spach.
C. porcina Nutt.; Hickoria glabra Britton.

HABIT — A good sized tree, 50-60 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
of 2-5 ft.; branches slender, more or less contorted, the lower ones
especially usually strongly pendulous, forming a narrow oblong head,
well shown in the tree photographed, or broader in other specimens.

BARK — Dark gray, fissured into irregular diamond-shaped areas
somewhat suggesting bark of White Ash, but narrow ridges flattened,
tough, tending to become detached at ends; sometimes somewhat shaggy
especially in one of the varieties mentioned below, which has a bark
approaching that of the Shag-bark Hickory.

TWIGS — Comparatively slender for the genus, smooth, reddish-
brown, to gray. LENTICELS — numerous, longitudinally elongated, more
or less conspicuous. PITH — obscurely 5-pointed, star-shaped.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, obscurely 3-lobed,
heart-shaped to semi-circular or oblong. BUNDLE-SCARS — numerous,
irregularly scattered or collected in 3 more or less definite groups.

BUDS — Reddish-brown to gray, small, terminal bud under 10 mm.
long, oval, blunt or sharp-pointed, becoming subglobose toward spring.
BUD-SCALES — outer scales dark, smooth or finely downy, generally
slightly yellow glandular-dotted, more or less keeled, and sometimes
long pointed, often falling before the end of winter and exposing the
pale-silky inner scales.

FRUIT — Pear-shaped to oblong to nearly spherical, 3-5 cm. long; very
variable in size and shape; husk under 2 mm. thick, hi some forms
splitting only at the apex and enclosing the nut after it has fallen
to the ground, in other forms splitting to the middle or to the base.
NUT — thick or rather thin shelled, generally not ridged nor sharp-
pointed; seed sweet or sometimes bitter.

COMPARISONS — The Pignut is a very variable species and there are
several varieties described, some of which have been recognized as
distinct species, as for instance Carya microcarpa Nutt., — the Small-
fruited Hickory — which is perhaps the most conspicuous. It has a
somewhat shaggy bark and a nearly spherical fruit with the husk
splitting to the base. The most distinctive feature of the whole spe-
cies is the small size of the buds, which before the outer dark scales
drop off resemble buds of the Shag-bark Hickory except for size, and
after these outer scales have been shed may be compared with minia-
ture Mockernut buds. Its bark is not smoothed off like that of the
Mockernut nor except in extreme cases shaggy like that of the Shag-
bark.

DISTRIBUTION — Woods, dry hills and uplands. Niagara peninsula
and along Lake Erie; south to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — frequent in the southern corner of
York county; New Hampshire — common toward the coast and along the
lower Merrimac valley; abundant on hills near the Connecticut river,
but only occasional above Bellows Falls; Vermont — Marsh Hill, Ferris-
burgh, W. Castleton and Pownal; Massachusetts — common eastward;
along the Connecticut river valley and some of the tributary valleys,
more common than the Shag-bark; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional or frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, very strong and tough, flexible, light or dark
brown, with thick, lighter colored or often nearly white sapwood; used
for the handles of tools and in the manufacture of wagons and agri-
cultural implements, and largely for fuel.

PIGNUT

408 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BITTERNUT
Swamp Hickory.

Carya cordiformis (Wang.) K. Koch.
C. amara Nutt. ; Hickoria minima (Marsh.) Britton.

HABIT — A tall tree 50-75 ft. in height, with a trunk diameter of
1-2^ ft.; trunk generally early developing several stout ascending
and somewhat diverging branches to form a broad spreading head
generally widest toward the top.

BARK — Thin, light gray, close, with shallow fissures and narrow
ridges rarely flaking off in small thin scales.

TWIGS — Slender, buff or gray or reddish, smooth or slightly downy
toward apex, generally yellow-glandular above. LENTICELS — more or
less distinct, pale, numerous, longitudinally elongated. PITH — infre-
quently star-shaped, brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, obscurely 3-lobed,
heart-shaped, inversely triangular, to elliptical, pale, raised, large,
prominent, the upper margin generally rounded, convex to sharp-
pointed, often 2-toothed at apex. BUNDLE-SCARS — prominent, irregu-
larly scattered or collected into 3 more or less regular groups or
sometimes apparently in single curved line.

BUDS — Slender, strikingly yellow with crowded glandular dots,
slightly hairy between the scales; terminal bud 5-15 mm. long, flattened,
obliquely blunt-pointed; lateral buds more or less 4-angled, the axillary
bud generally minute with one or more larger superposed buds above
it, often considerably separated from each other, the uppermost of the
series stalked or developing into a twig the first season. BUD-
SCALES — 4, valvate in pairs.

FRUIT — Nearly spherical to pear-shaped 2-3.5 cm. long, generally
4-winged from the apex to about the middle; husk about 1 mm.
thick, yellow glandular-dotted, tardily splitting to about the middle
into 4 valves. NUT — usually thin-shelled, sometimes broader than
long, smooth, short-pointed; seed deeply and irregularly roughened,
sweetish at first, becoming intensely bitter.

COMPARISONS — The Bitternut is not to be confused with any other
tree if due notice is taken of the narrow bright yellow, glandular-
dotted often superposed buds. The Butternut has superposed buds but
they are pale greenish-yellow and very downy, not bright yellow nor
glandular dotted and the pith though similarly brown is distinctly
chambered.

DISTRIBUTION — In varying soils and situations; wet woods, low,
damp fields, river valleys, along roadsides, occasional upon uplands
and hill slopes. From Montreal west to Georgian bay; south to Florida,
ascending 3,500 feet in Virginia; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas,
Indian Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — southward, rare; New Hampshire —
eastern limit in the Connecticut valley, where it ranges farther north
than any other of our Hickories, reaching Well's river; Vermont —
occasional west of the Green mountains and in the southern Connecti-
cut valley; Massachusetts — rather common, abundant in the vicinity
of Boston; Rhode Island — common. V

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional.

"WOOD — Heavy, very hard, strong, tough, close-grained, dark brown,
with thick light brown or often nearly white sap wood; largely used
for hoops and ox-yokes and for fuel.

BlTTERNUT

410 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HOP HORNBEAM

Ironwood, Leverwood, Deerwood.

Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch.

HABIT— A small tree 25-40 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
generally less than 1 ft.; branches long, slender, those below widely
spreading and often drooping but with branchlets tending upward
forming an irregular oblong or broadly ovate head often as broad as
tall with slender, stiff spray.

BARK — Thin, flaky, light grayish-brown broken into narrow flattish
pieces, loose at the ends.

TWIGS — Slender, 1-2 mm. in thickness, dark reddish-brown, often
zigzag, for the most part smooth and shining. LENTICELS — scattered,
pale.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, minute, 1.75 mm. or less in
diameter, flattened, elliptical, projecting. STIPULE-SCARS — triangular,
rather inconspicuous. BUNDLE-SCARS — generally 3, inconspicuous; if
scar is surface-sectioned, 5 bundle-scars are evident.

BUDS — Small, 3-7 mm. long, narrowly ovate, pointed, light reddish-
brown, smooth or somewhat finely downy, slightly gummy especially
within, generally strongly divergent; terminal bud absent. BUD-SCALES
— in 4 ranks, about 8 scales visible, increasing in size from below
upwards, longitudinally striate if viewed toward light.

FRTJIT — A small seed-like nutlet, enclosed in an inflated sac-like,
veiny bract, long-hairy at base; the fruits aggregated together in a
hop-like cluster about 7 cm. long, with stalks often hairy, generally
falling before winter. Young staminate catkins abundantly present,
cylindrical, usually in 3's, their scales bristle-pointed.

COMPARISONS — The Hop Hornbeam from its general appearance and
bark character is sometimes mistaken for a young Elm. The scales of
the bark, however, are narrower and more flaky, the leaf-scars are
smaller and the bundle-scars are not sunken, the bud-scales are in 4
ranks and the staminate flowers are borne in catkins which are gener-
ally present on the tree in winter. For differences between the Hop
Hornbeam and the American Hornbeam, see under latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — In rather open woods and along highlands. Nova
Scotia to Lake Superior, scattered throughout the whole country east of
the Mississippi, ranging through western Minnesota to Nebraska,
Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Common in all parts.
IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Strong, hard, tough, durable, light brown and tinged with
red or often nearly white, with thick pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of
annual growth, used for fence posts, levers, handles of tools, mallets and
other small articles.

HOP HORNBEAM

412 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

AMERICAN HORNBEAM
Hornbeam, Blue Beech, Ironwood, Water Beech.

Carpinus caroliniana Walt.

HABIT — A low tree or shrub 10-30 ft. high with a trunk diameter
generally under 1 ft.; with long, slender, tough, more or less zigzag
branches not easily broken, which are somewhat pendulous at ends
forming a bushy wide spreading, flat or round-topped head; the trunk
is frequently zigzag above giving appearance of being forked with
broad rounded crotches.

BARK — Smooth, thin, dark bluish-gray, close-fitting, sinewy-fluted
with smooth, rounded, longitudinal ridges. The smooth ridges of the
bark are very characteristic and may be compared to the appearance
of the wrist which becomes similarly ridged by the protrusion of the
sinews when the hand is clenched.

TWIGS — Slender, about 1 mm. thick or less toward apex, dark red,
and shining, smooth, or often somewhat hairy. LENTICELS — scattered,
pale, generally conspicuous.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, minute, flattened, elliptical,
projecting. STIPULE-SCARS — narrow, triangular, rather inconspicuous.
BUNDLE- SCARS — generally 3, inconspicuous, up to 5 visible when
surface-sectioned.

BUDS — Small, usually 2-4 mm. long, narrowly ovate to oblong, point-
ed, reddish-brown, more or less hairy especially the buds containing
staminate catkins which are larger and oval to obovate; leaf buds
more or less appressed or only slightly divergent, terminal bud absent.
BUD-SCALES — in 4 ranks about 8-12 scales visible, increasing in size
from below upward white-scarious and often downy on edges, fre-
quently with a woolly patch of down on tip; longitudinally striate when
viewed toward light.

FRUIT — A small ribbed seed-like nutlet enclosed by a veiny generally
3-lobed bract about 2.5 cm. long, which is saw-toothed on one side of
larger lobe and often has one of lower lobes lacking, usually falling
before winter. Staminate catkins entirely enclosed in the larger buds
therefore not visible during winter.

COMPARISONS — The American Hornbeam is often confused with the
Hop Hornbeam perhaps chiefly from their unfortunate similarity in
common names. The smooth, close, bluish-gray bark together with
the habitat in which it grows has given it the name of Water Beech.
The sinewy-fluting to the bark is unique among our trees and readily
distinguishes the American Hornbeam from the Hop Hornbeam, the
bark of which is flaky in narrow scales. Further the American Horn-
beam never shows any catkins in winter while they are generally
abundant on the Hop Hornbeam; the buds of the American Hornbeam
are smaller, and have whitish down on the edges; those of the Hop
Hornbeam are for the most part smooth and slightly gummy. The
Beech which the American Hornbeam resembles in its bark has much
larger and relatively longer buds.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, wet woods, and margins of swamps. Province
of Quebec to Georgian bay; south to Florida; west to Minnesota,
Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Rather common throughout, less frequent
towards the coast.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent or common.

"WOOD — Light brown with thick, nearly white sapwood, sometimes
used for levers, the handles of tools and other small articles.

AMERICAN HORNBEAM

414 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLACK BIRCH

Cherry Birch; Sweet Birch.

Betula lenta L.

HABIT — A medium to large sized tree 50-75 ft. high, with a trunk
diameter of 1-4 ft.; branches long and slender, in young specimens
upper branches ascending at sharp angle, lower branches horizontal
or drooping with delicate spray forming a narrow head; in older
trees becoming wide spreading, ovate in outline.

BARK — On young trunks and branches smooth, close, not peeling,
dark reddish-brown,- shining, with horizontally elongated pale lenticels
resembling the bark of the cultivated Cherry whence the common
name; in older trunks tardily broken into large thick irregular plates;
inner bark with distinct wintergreen taste.

TWIGS — Slender, light reddish-brown, smooth, shining, with strong
wintergreen flavor when chewed; short spur-like lateral shoots abund-
ant,, bearing two leaves each season, much roughened by leaf-scars of
numerous past seasons. LENTICELS — pale, raised dots, becoming
horizontally elongated with age. PITH — elliptical.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, semi-oval to depressed
inversely triangular to crescent-shaped, projecting. STIPULE-SCARS — •
present, narrow, inconspicuous. BUNDLE-SCARS — generally 3 and
inconspicuous.

BUDS — Medium, 5-10 mm. long, conical, sharp-pointed, reddish-brown,
divergent; terminal bud absent on long shoots; buds on short spurs
terminal. BUD-SCALES — downy on margins, overlapping with more than
2 ranks; in buds of long shoots 3 scales visible, two lateral of
equal size reaching half way up and a third with edges rolled around
the bud; scales of terminal buds on short spurs more numerous, about
7 visible.

FRUIT — An erect, stalkless, oval-oblong catkin, 2-4 cm. long, with
smooth scales about 4-6 mm. long, equally 3-lobed above the middle
and with seed-like winged nutlets about as broad as their wings.

COMPARISONS — The Black Birch differs from other Birches in its
close dark cherry-like bark. It is most closely related to the Yellow
Birch in the character of its fruit and the aromatic flavor of the young
bark. Besides the bark differences, however, the twigs of the Black
Birch have a more decided wintergreen flavor. It has in general a
somewhat less spreading habit of growth, the buds are divergent and
the catkins are downy.

DISTRIBUTION — Moist grounds; rich woods, old pastures, fertile
hill slopes, banks of rivers. Maine; south to Delaware, along the moun-
tains to Florida; west to Minnesota and Kansas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— frequent; New Hampshire— in the high-
lands of the southern section, and along the Connecticut river valley
to a short distance north of Windsor; Vermont — frequent in the
western part 'of the state, and in the southern Connecticut valley;
Massachusetts and Rhode Island — frequent throughout, especially in
the highlands, less often near the coast.

IN CONNECTICUT — Widely distributed, especially in the Connecticut
river valley, frequent or common.

WOOD — Heavy, very strong and hard, close-grained, dark brown
tinged with red, with thin light brown or yellow sapwood of 70-80
layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture of furniture
and for fuel, and occasionally in ship and boat building. Oil of winter-
green, used medicinally and as a flavor, is distilled from the wood, and
beer is abtained by fermenting the sugary sap.

BLACK BIRCH

416 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

YELLOW BIRCH

Silver or Gray Birch.

Betula lutea Michx. f.

HABIT — A large tree 60-90 ft. in height with trunk diameter of
2-4 ft., reaching its largest size in northern New England; in the open
branching low down with long slender wide spreading somewhat
pendulous branches forming a broadly ovate to hemispherical head.
Older trees than the one photographed generally show a broader outline
with the trunk less conspicuously continuous into the head.

BARK — On young trunks and branches close, bright, silvery-yellow-
ish gray, generally at length peeling into thin ribbon-like layers which
roll back and extend up the trunk in long lines of ragged fringe. There
is considerable variation in the amount of peeling of the outer bark. A
well marked condition of peeling is shown in the bark photographed;
the bark of the tree used for the habit showed scarcely any peeling. On
older trunks especially toward the base the silvery bark is entirely
shed and the bark below shows reddish-brown and becomes rough and
fissured into irregular plate-like scales.

TWIGS — Slender, light yellowish-brown, becoming darker, smooth or
somewhat hairy; with only slight wintergreen flavor when chewed;
short spur-like lateral branches abundant, similar to those of Black
Birch. LENTICELS — pale, raised dots, inconspicuous, becoming horizon-
tally elongated with age.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, similar to those of Black Birch.

BUDS — Similar to those of Black Birch, more or less appressed.
BUD-SCALES — more or less downy.

FRUIT — An erect, stalkless or short-stalked downy catkin, ovate to
oblong, 2-4 cm. long and about 2 mm. wide and relatively wider than
fruit of Black Birch; scales downy on the back and edges, 8-10 mm.
long, longer than broad, nearly equally 3-lobed to the middle; with
seed-like winged nutlets about as broad as their wings.

COMPARISONS — The Yellow Birch differs from the Black Birch as
indicated in Comparisons under the latter species. In the peeling of the
outer bark it resembles the Paper and the Red Birch. Its outer bark,
however, is a dingy yellow and not a chalky white as is that of the
exposed layers of the Paper Birch; moreover, in peeling the thin layers
tend to curl back to form longitudinal lines of ragged fringe. The
fringes of bark are larger and more ragged than in the Red Birch
but the color alone is sufficient to distinguish the two forms.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, rich woodlands, mountain slopes. Newfound-
land and Nova Scotia to Rainy river; south to the middle states, and
along the mountains to Tennessee and North Carolina; west to Minne-
sota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Abundant northward; common throughout, from
borders of lowland swamps to 1,000 feet above the sea level; more
common at considerable altitudes, where it often occurs in extensive
patches or belts.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional or frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, very strong, hard, close-grained, light brown tinged
with red, with thin nearly white sapwood; largely used in the manufac-
ture of furniture, button and tassel moulds, boxes, the hubs of wheel?
and for fuel.

YELLOW BIRCH

418 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED BIRCH

River Birch.

Betula nigra L.

HABIT — A medium sized tree, 30-50 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-1% ft., much larger southward; trunk often divided
relatively low down as shown in photographs into a few slightly
spreading limbs beset with numerous slender more or less pendulous
branchlets, forming a rather narrow oblong head, becoming irregular
and broader with age.

BARK — On young trunks and branches, thin, shining, light reddish-
brown, peeling freely into thin papery layers of various shades of
red and brown which curl back and remain for several years as
ragged fringes and show the light pinkish tints of the freshly exposed
inner layers; at base of older trunks, dark reddish-brown, deeply
furrowed and broken into thick irregular plate-like scales.

TWIGS — Slender, dark red, for the most part smooth. LENTICELS —
pale, becoming horizontally elongated.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked.

BUDS — Small, about 6 mm. long, shining, light chestnut brown,
smooth or more or less hairy, ovate, pointed, more or less appressed.

FRUIT — Ripening in late spring or summer, a stalked, downy, cylin-
drical, erect, catkin, 2-5 cm. long; scales downy, with 3 narrow
lobes; seed-like nutlet about as wide as the downy margined wings.

COMPARISONS — The Red Birch resembles the Yellow Birch in the
more or less persistent ragged fringes of papery layers into which the
outer bark peels. Its bark, however, is dark reddish to light cinnamon
color and is rather less ragged in peeling than that of the Yellow Birch
which, moreover, is of a dirty yellowish color. The Black Birch with
its dark bark and the white barked species cannot be confused with
the tree under discussion. This tree is rare and local in New England
and except as planted for ornament is found along river banks.

DISTRIBUTION — Along rivers, ponds, and woodlands inundated a
part of the year. Doubtfully and indefinitely reported from Canada;
south, east of the Alleghany mountains, to Florida; west, locally
through the northern tier of states to Minnesota and along the Gulf
states to Texas; western limits, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Territory, and
Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Not reported in Maine, Vermont, Rhode Island or
Connecticut; New Hampshire — found sparingly along streams in the
southern part of the state; abundant along the banks of Beaver Brook,
Pelham; Massachusetts — along the Merrimac river and its tributaries,
bordering swamps in Methuen and ponds in North Andover.

IN CONNECTICUT Not reported.

"WOOD — Light, rather hard, strong, close-grained, light brown with
pale sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; used in the manufacture
of furniture, wooden ware, wooden shoes and in turnery.

BED BIRCH

420 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

GRAY BIRCH
Old-field, White, Poverty, Small White or Poplar Birch.

Betula populifolia Marsh.

HABIT — A small short-lived tree, 20-35 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of generally less than 1 ft., commonly growing in clumps;
trunk slender, generally inclined to one side, continuous into top of tree,
with a fringe from top to bottom of short slender branches which grow
upward for a short distance but soon bend downward, with delicate
spray forming a narrow, open, pyramidal, pointed head.

BARK — Dull chalky-white, close, not peeling, with distinct dark
triangular patches below insertion of branches; inner bark reddish-
orange yellow; base of older trees nearly black and roughened by
irregular fissures; young trunks and branches bright reddish-brown.

TWIGS — Slender, bright reddish-brown or grayish, becoming with age
dull chalky-white, much roughened by warty resinous exudations.
LENTICELS — pale, raised dots becoming with age conspicuous and hori-
zontally elongated.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, with characters of the
genus.

BUDS — Small, about 5 mm. or generally less in length, smooth, some-
what resinous especially within, ovate, pointed, divergent. BUD-
SCALES — finely downy on margins, 3-4 visible.

FRUIT — An erect or pendant, slender-stalked, narrow-cylindrical cat-
kin, 1.5 to 3.5 cm. long; scales minute 2-4 mm. long, finely downy with
broad lateral recurved lobes, and narrow middle lobe suggesting the
silhouette of a soaring bird; seed-like nutlet, minute, narrower than
the wrings. Staminate catkin usually solitary.

COMPARISONS — The Gray Birch resembles the Paper Birch in having
a whitish outer bark. The bark however is a dingier gray and does
not peel into thin papery layers as does that of the Paper Birch. A
close inspection of its bark sometimes may show a certain breaking
away of the outer part in minute inconspicuous scales, but this is not
to be confused with a natural peeling. The bark, moreover, cannot be
separated into thin papery layers. The slender twigs are generally
conspicuously roughened with resinous dots while those of the twigs
of the Paper Birch are in general not so roughened except slightly
in certain varieties. The Gray Birch is less inclined to produce large
limbs and the numerous small branches are rather strongly pendant
after leaving the trunk. The species is short lived, never forming a
large tree, and is most frequently met with as a waste-land tree.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry, gravelly soils, occasional in swamps and fre-
quent along their borders, often springing up on burnt lands and usually
the first tree to take possession of abandoned or neglected fields; often
difficult to eradicate as it sprouts readily from the cut stump. Nova
Scotia to Lake Ontario; south, mostly in the coast region, to Delaware;
west to Lake Ontario.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — abundant; New Hampshire — abundant
eastward, as far north as Conway and along the Connecticut to West-
moreland; Vermont — common in the western and frequent in the south-
ern sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Common.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, close-grained, not durable, light
brown, with thick nearly white sapwood ; used in the manufacture of
spools, shoe pegs and wood pulp, for the hoops of barrels and largely
for fuel.

GRAY BIRCH

422 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PAPER BIRCH

Canoe or White Birch.

Betula alba, var. papyrifera (Marsh.) Spach.

B. papyrifera Marsh.

HABIT — A large tree, 50-75 ft. or occasionally more in height with
a trunk diameter of 1-3 ft.; developing when not crowded an open
irregular, rounded head, with numerous branches and erect branchlets.

BARK — Trunk and older branches chalky-white, peeling or easily
separated into thin paper-like layers of a delicate pinkish to yellowish
tinge where not exposed to the sun, with conspicuous, horizontally
elongated, raised lenticels; inner bark reddish-orange yellow. With age
the outer bark rolls back in ragged sheets and the trunk becomes more
or less black-streaked and blotched and the base rough and fissured
into large irregular thick scales. The bark of the Paper Birch is much
sought after by visitors in the woods for use as letter paper, small
picture frames and other souvenir articles. In consequence trees of
this species in the neighborhood of picnic grounds generally are
despoiled of their bark and even its close-barked relative the Gray
Birch is not immune from attacks of those who are ignorant of the
difference in bark characters between the two species.

TWIGS — Stouter than those of the Gray Birch; smooth or somewhat
hairy, reddish-brown. LENTICELS — pale, orange colored dots becoming
horizontally elongated. LEAF-SCARS — 2-ranked, resembling those of
the Gray Birch.

BUDS — About 5-10 mm. long, ovate, pointed, divergent. BUD-SCALES
— downy on margins.

FRUIT — A short-stalked, cylindrical, smooth catkin 2-5 cm. long;
scales 4-6 mm. long, with thick lateral lobes, hairy-margined; seed-
like nutlet, narrower than the wings; staminate catkins in 2's or usually
in 3's.

COMPARISONS — The Paper Birch, as known to woodsmen, is distin-
guished by its chalky-white bark peeling into thin papery layers. A
number of botanically more or less distinct separate varieties and
species have been recognized but Betula alba, var. papyrifera is the most
common. The peeling of its bark distinguishes it from the Gray Birch.
The exposed outer bark is more distinctly white and the dark triangular
patches noticeable at the insertion of branches in the Gray Birch are
often absent especially on older trunks or less distinct. The bark
does not typically form the ragged fringe characteristic of the Yellow
Birch and while it may not show the characteristic chalky-white where
it has peeled, the color is not a dingy yellow but some delicate shade,
generally of cinnamon.

DISTRIBUTION— Deep, rich woods, river banks, mountain slopes.
Canada, Atlantic to Pacific, northward to Labrador and Alaska to the
limit of deciduous trees; south to Pennsylvania and Illinois; west to the
Rocky mountains and Washington on the Pacific coast.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— abundant; New Hampshire— in all sec-
tions, most common on highlands up to the alpine area of the White
Mountains, above the range of the Yellow Birch; Vermont— common;
Massachusetts — common in the western and central sections, rare
towards the coast; Rhode Island — not reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare near the coast, Lyme, Huntington, becoming
occasional northward and frequent in Litchfield county.

"WOOD — Light, strong, hard, tough, very close-grained, light brown,
tinged with red, with thick nearly white sapwood; largely used for
spools, shoe-lasts, pegs and in turnery, the manufacture of wood pulp
and for fuel. The tough resinous durable bark impervious to water is
used by all the northern Indians in their canoes, and for baskets,
bags, drinking cups and other small articles, and often to cover their
wigwams in winter.

-

PAPER BIRCH

424 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH

European Paper Birch.

Betula alba L.

The European Birch of which our American Paper Birch is considered
a variety is closely related to this latter species. There are many
horticultural varieties. Aside from the weeping variety the forms most
frequently seen in cultivation are erect with fine drooping spray. The
bark is often slashed at the base of the trunk with deep "gusset"-like
furrows exposing the dark inner bark in sharp contrast to the whiteness
of the outer layers. The outer bark is separable into thin papery layers
but does not seem so inclined to peel spontaneously as our native Paper
Birch.

* *

EUROPEAN WHITE BIRCH

426 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SPECKLED ALDER

Hoary Alder, Alder.

Alnus incana (L.) Moench.

HABIT — A small tree, or more frequently a shrub 8-25 ft. high with
a trunk diameter generally under 5 inches; generally growing in
clumps of several stems.

BARK — Grayish-brown, smooth, with prominent whitish lenticels
somewhat elongated horizontally.

TWIGS — Rather slender, more or less zigzag, finely downy, grayish-
brown, becoming hoary white toward the tips especially of fruiting
twigs. LENTICELS — scattered, whitish, conspicuous. PITH — dark green,
3-cornered.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, or sometimes apparently more
than 2-ranked, conspicuous, inversely triangular, raised, light yellowish-
brown. STIPULE-SCARS— narrow, triangular. BUNDLE-SCARS— 3,
often compounded.

BUDS — Distinctly stalked, about 8 mm. long, reddish, more or less
whitened with fine down, slightly sticky within; terminal buds scarcely
larger than laterals. BUD-SCALES — 3 scales visible, closely stuck
together.

FRUIT — A woody cone-like catkin, 6-12 mm. long, remaining on the
plant during winter, often distorted by strap-shaped projections
caused by a fungus. Staminate catkins of the coming season pendant
at the ends of reflexed branchlets with the young fertile catkins
appearing lateral and pointing downward; seed-like nutlets, round,
flattened.

COMPARISONS — The Speckled Alder is distinguished from its most
common relative, the Smooth Alder [Alnus rugosa (Du Roi) Spreng.],
by position of the fertile catkins which in the Smooth Alder are erect
and seem to be terminal and in the Speckled Alder point downward and
seem to be lateral. These two common species occur throughout New
England but intermediate forms are found especially near their north-
ern limits. The European Black Alder [Alnus vulgaris Hill.] is some-
what planted for ornament in this country and is reported in several
localities as escaped from cultivation. In contrast to our native Alders
it has an erect, distinctly tree-like habit of growth and reaches in
Europe a height of 70 ft.

DISTRIBUTION — Swamps and borders of streams. Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan, south to Pennsylvania and Nebraska.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Throughout, more or less common especially
toward the north, local in sections toward the south.

IN CONNECTICUT — Local or occasional except in the southeastern
part of the state where it is rare.

WOOD — Soft, used as a source of gunpowder charcoal and said to be
further valuable because of its durability in water.

SPECKLED ALDER

428 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BEECH
American Beech.

Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.
F. ferruglnia Ait. ; F. americana Sweet ; F. atropunicea Sudw.

HABIT — A tall tree 50-75 ft. or more in height with a trunk diameter
of 1^-4 ft.; in the forest with a tall slender trunk free of branches for
more than half its length; in the open low-branched with numerous
long, slender, widely spreading or drooping branches, forming a sym-
metrical, broad, aense, roundea, oblong or obovate head; roots near the
surface, widely spreading and sending up shoots which often surround
the parent plant with a thicket of small trees.

BARK — Close, smooth, steel-gray; more or less dark mottled and
covered with lichens in the country; in or about cities where lichen
growth is prevented by injurious gases in the air, a clear, lighter bluish-
gray; from the ease with which it is carved, generally adorned with
initials and coventionalized outlines of the human heart.

TWIGS — Slender, somewhat zigzag, smooth, shining, reddish-brown,
becoming gray on older growth. Spray flattish from 2-ranked position
of the buds; slow-growing branchlets numerous, leafy at tips, elongat-
ing each season only a small fraction of an inch, and growing but
slightly in thickness; thus one of the twigs in photograph is 29
years old and had grown only 4^ inches in length and acquired a
thickness of less than 3 mm. during this time. LENTICELS — numerous,
conspicuous, orange to gray, elongated longitudinally. LEAVES — fre-
quently remaining on tree in winter, pale yellow, oval, sharp-pointed,
with prominent, straight veins, ending in teeth.

LEAF-SCARS— Small, raised, elliptical to semi-circular. STIPULE-
SCARS — narrow, distinct, nearly encircling twig. BUNDLE-SCARS —
inconspicuous, best seen by cutting surface section, 5 or more in double
row or scattered.

BUDS — Conspicuously long and very slender, 10-20 mm. long, about 5
times as long as wide, gradually tapering to sharp-pointed apex; ter-
minal bud present not conspicuously larger than laterals. BUD-SCALES
— numerous, 10-20 in 4 ranks, increasing in length from base to apex,
reddish-brown, their margins more or less finely hairy and often with
a woolly patch of down at tip, leaving a rather long and distinct set
of scale-scars marking each year's growth.

FRUIT — A stalked bur, densely downy and covered with soft spread-
ing and more or less recurved prickles, 4-valved, splitting to near the
base, remaining on the tree into winter, after the nut has fallen. NUT —
brown, shining, 1.0-1.5 cm. long, 3-sided pyramidal; seed sweet, edible.

COMPARISONS — The long narrow buds and the smooth, bluish-gray
bark of the Beech make it an easy tree to identify in the winter. The
pale persistent dead leaves in connection with the habit may frequently
be used to distinguish the tree from a distance, the Oaks being about
the only other trees that have a similar retention of their withered
leaves. The European Beech [Fayus sylvatica L.] with weeping and
purple-leaved varieties is frequently planted for ornament. It has a
darker bark than the American tree but quite closely resembles it.

DISTRIBUTION — Moist, rocky soil. Nova Scotia through Quebec and
Ontario; south to Florida; west to Wisconsin, Missouri, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— abundant; New Hampshire— throughout
the state; common on the Connecticut-Merrimac watershed, enters
largely into the composition of the hardwood forests of Coos county;
Vermont — abundant; Massachusetts — in western sections abundant,
common eastward; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional or frequent, rarely maturing perfect
fruit.

•WOOD — Hard, strong, tough, very close-grained, not durable, dif-
ficult to season, dark or often light red, with thin nearly white sap-
wood of 20-30 layers of annual growth; largely used in the manufacture
of chairs, shoe lasts, plane stocks, the handles of tools and for fuel.

BEECH

430 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CHESTNUT

Castanea dentata (Marsh.) Borkh.
C. sativa, var. americana Sarg. ; C. vesca, var. americana Michx.

HABIT — A large tree 60-80 ft. in height with trunk diameter of 5-6
ft. or larger; in the forest, trunk tall and slender, in the .open trunk
short and thick generally tapering rapidly from point of branching
into top of tree; lower branches horizontal or declining, often gnarled
and twisted, upper branches arising at a sharper angle, forming a low,
open, broad, spreading, rounded, ovate head often as broad as high.
Young branches tend to bend up from all sides and give an even-edged
outline to the tree as if the head had been trimmed like a round-
topped hedge. The Chestnut when cut sprouts readily from the stump
and in consequence in wood-lots Chestnut trees are most commonly to
be found in groups of 2-4 or even more surrounding the old stump from
which they originally sprouted. (See plate).

BARK — On young trunks and branches smooth, reddish-bronze, often
lining; with age broken T
more or less oblique ridges.

shining; with age broken by shallow fissures into long, broad, flat,
" liq

TWIGS — Stout, generally straight, greenish-yellow or reddish-brown,
smooth, round or somewhat angled from base and outer edges of leaf-
scars; somewhat swollen at nodes. LENTICELS — Numerous, conspicu-
ous, forming minute, raised, white dots. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

L.EAF-SCARS — Sometimes distinctly 2-ranked, generally more than
2-ranked, raised, semioval. STIPULE-SCARS — narrow, triangular, often
inconspicuous. BUNDLE-SCARS — scattered, inconspicuous, if leaf-scar
is surface-sectioned bundle-scars are found in two small lateral clus-
ters and a large more or less circular basal cluster.

BUDS — Small, ovate, light to dark chestnut brown, 4-6 mm. long,
often oblique to the leaf-scar; terminal bud generally absent, the end
of the twig being marked by a small scar and the bud at end of twig
being in the axil of the uppermost leaf-scar. BUD-SCALES — 2-3 only
visible, thin-margined.

FRUIT — A large, round bur, sharp-spiny without and hairy within,
opening by 4 valves. Photograph of bur reduced to about ^ natural
size. NUTS — generally 3 (1-5), dark brown, white-downy at apex,
ovate, flattened where in contact with other nuts; seed — sweet, edible.

COMPARISONS — From the appearance of gnarled old specimens
grown in the open, the Chestnut might be taken for one of the Oaks.
Its pith, further, is star-shaped but its buds are not clustered at ends
of the twigs as in Oaks and have only 2-3 scales visible. At times
the buds of the Chestnut have a 2-ranked arrangement and
in this condition the twigs alone might be confused with
those of the Linden (which see under Comparisons). Since
the tree begins bearing early and the characteristic burs remain on
the ground, the fruit is a valuable winter character. The bark in
middle-aged trees resembles somewhat that of the Red Oak. If the
bark is blazed the wood exposed does not show the short clear lines
representing medullary rays in tangential section seen in Oaks under
similar treatment.

DISTRIBUTION — In strong, well-drained soil; pastures, rocky woods,
and hillsides. Ontario, common; south to Delaware, along the moun-
tains to Alabama; west to Michigan, Indiana, and Tennessee.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — southern sections, probably not indi-
genous north of latitude 44° 20'; New Hampshire — Connecticut valley
near the river, as far north as Windsor, Vt.; most abundant in the Mer-
rimac valley south of Concord, but occasional a short distance north-
ward; Vermont — common in the southern sections, especially in the Con-
necticut valley; occasional as far north as Windsor, West Rutland,
Burlington; Massachusetts — rather common throughout the state, but
less frequent near the sea; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Common.

WOOD — Light, soft, not very strong, liable to check and warp in
drying, easily split, durable in contact with the soil, reddish-brown
with thin lighter colored sapwood of 3 or 4 layers of annual growth;
used largely in the manufacture of cheap furniture and in the interior
finish of houses, for railroad ties, piling, fence posts, and rails. The
nuts which are superior to those of the Old World Chestnut in flavor
and sweetness are gathered in great quantities in the forest and sold
In the cities.

CHESTNUT

432 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER

WHITE OAK

Quercus alba L.

HABIT — A large tree with average height of 50-75 ft. and trunk
diameter of 1-6 ft., somewhat various in habit, tending in the open
to show a broad outline, sometimes 2-3 times as broad as high, with
short trunk and lower limbs horizontal or declined, characteristically
gnarled and twisted.

BARK — Light gray or nearly white, whence its name; broken by
shallow fissures into long, irregular, thin scales which readily flake
off. On some trees ridges broken into short oblongs giving a rougher
appearance to bark. Bark up to 2 inches thick in older trees; inner
bark light. The bark is rich in tannin, is of medicinal value and is used
in tanning.

TWIGS — Of medium thickness, greenish-reddish to gray, smooth,
sometimes covered with a bloom. LENTICELS — forming conspicuous,
light-colored, minute, rounded, raised dots. LEAVES — frequently remain-
ing on tree throughout winter, oblong to obovate with generally 7
large blunt lobes. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Broadly ovate, blunt, about 3 mm. long (2-6 mm.), reddish-
brown, sometimes slightly hairy.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of first year singly or in pairs, sessile
or sometimes on slender stalks. NUT — ovoid to oblong, rounded at
apex, shiny, light chestnut brown, 1.5-2.5 cm. long, enclosed %-}4
of its length by deep saucer-shaped to hemispherical cup. Scales of
cup white-woolly, thick-knobby at base, with short, blunt tips
becoming thinner and flatter at rim of cup. Meat, sweet edible
sometimes roasted and used as substitute for coffee, or when boiled
said to be a good substitute for chestnuts.

COMPARISONS— The White Oak is the most common of the White
Oak group. Its light flaky bark resembles that of several other oaks.
It is readily distinguished from the Swamp White Oak by absence of
peeling of bark on young branches and by its larger and more
pointed buds; from the Post Oak by absence of greenish down on
twigs and by generally larger, narrower buds; from the Chinquapin Oak
by its blunt buds; from the Dwarf Chinquapin Oak by its larger stature,
larger twigs and buds.

DISTRIBUTION — On moist or dry ground and in various soils,
sometimes forming nearly pure forests. Quebec and Ontario; south to
the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Arkansas and
Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — southern sections; New Hampshire — most
abundant eastward; in the Connecticut valley confined to the hills in
the immediate vicinity of the river, extending up the tributary streams
a short distance and disappearing entirely before reaching the mouth
of the Passumpsic; Vermont — common west of the Green Mountains,
less so in the southern Connecticut valley; Massachusetts, Rhode Island
— common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Common throughout.

WOOD — Strong, very heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, durable, light
brown, with thin lighter colored sapwood; the most valuable of the
Oaks for timber, used in shipbuilding, for construction and in cooper-
age, the manufacture of carriages, agricultural implements, baskets, the
interior finish of houses, cabinet making, for railroad ties and fences,
and largely as fuel.

WHITE OAK

434 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

POST OAK
Box White Oak, Iron Oak.

Quercus stellata Wang.
Q. minor Sarg. ; Q. obtusiloba Michx.

HABIT — In New England a small tree with height in southern
section up to 60 ft., with trunk diameter of 3 ft.; at northern limit
a shrub 10-35 ft. high with trunk diameter of y2-l ft.; in the open
forming a broad dense, round-topped head with stout spreading
branches.

BARK — Flaky; similar to that of White Oak but rather darker,
rougher, corresponding more to type of White Oak bark with short
oblong ridges; ^-1 inch in thickness. Twigs when y2 inch to 1 inch
in diameter begin to acquire a flaky bark with loose, dark gray scales
lifting at sides and ends.

TWIGS — Stout, light orange, reddish-brown; the younger growth by
its light color, in striking contrast with darker, older growth which is
often almost black; young twigs covered, at least in part, with short,
dense orange-brown down, rough to the touch, often not easily noticed
without a hand-lens. Late in season down may become almost black
and disappear from the more exposed parts of twig. Bases of leaf-
scars projecting with a sudden curve from the twig. LENTICELS —
pale, minute. LEAVES — often persistent, oblong, obovate, thick with
generally 5 rounded lobes, the middle pair much the largest. PITH —
5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Broadly ovate, often as broad as long and hemispherical,
blunt, rarely acute, generally under 3 mm. long, sometimes up to 6 mm.
in length. BUD-SCALES — bright reddish-brown, sparingly downy.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of first year, single or in pairs or
clustered; sessile or short-stalked. NUT — ovate, to oblong 1.5-2 cm.
long, generally covered with pale down at apex. CUP — covering
%-% the nut, top-shaped or cup-shape.d, scales rather thin and flat,
only slightly knobby, pale, woolly. Meat sweet.

COMPARISONS— Readily distinguished from White Oak which it most
nearly resembles by rough, dirty orange-brown down which is to be
found more or less completely covering twigs. Buds are blunter,
shorter, generally more nearly hemispherical and of a brighter reddish
tinge.

DISTRIBUTION — Doubtfully from southern Ontario; south to Florida;
west to Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Mostly in sterile soil near the sea-coast;
Massachusetts — southern Cape Cod from Falmouth to Brewster, the most
northern station reported, occasional; the islands of Naushon, Martha's
Vineyard where it is rather common, and Nantucket where it is rare;
Rhode Island — along the shore of the northern arm of Wickford harbor.

IN CONNECTICUT — Local. Usually in rocky ground on and near the
coast; East Lyme and Old Lyme, Branford, New Haven, Orange and
Milford, and westward; extending inland as far as Hamden; on Mt.
Carmel and Huntington at 350 ft. elevation.

WOOD — Very heavy, hard, close-grained, durable in contact with
soil, difficult to season, light or dark brown, with thick lighter colored
sapwood; used for fuel, fencing, railroad ties and sometimes in the
manufacture of carriages, for cooperage and in construction.

POST OAK

436 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BUR OAK

Mossy-cup or Over-cup Oak.
Quercus macrocarpa Michx.

HABIT — Although one of our largest Oaks in the central states, in
New England of medium size only 40-60 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 1-3 ft.; in the open forming a broad, round top with thick
spreading limbs and numerous often drooping branchlets.

BARK — Flaky, resembling that of White Oak but rather darker and
with ridges rather firmer.

TWIGS — Stout, yellowish-brown, smooth or downy, twigs on some
trees after the first year developing corky ridges. LENTICELS — minute,
pale, raised dots, inconspicuous. LEAVES — which sometimes persist,
obovate-oblong, divided by deep indentations into 5-7 rounded lobes, the
terminal lobe the largest. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Conical to broadly ovate, sharp-pointed or blunt, 3-5 mm.
long, reddish-brown, covered with pale wool; lateral buds more or
less strongly appressed and flattened against the twig. Stipules often
persisting at tips of twigs, long, downy thread-like. BUD-SCALES —
relatively few to a bud.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of first year, very variable, sessile or
stalked, generally single. NUT — ovate to oval, 2-5 cm. long, apex
rounded or depressed, covered with pale down. CUP — thick hemis-
pherical to top-shaped enclosing from % to the entire nut; scales of
cup, pale, woolly, thickened at base with pointed tips, tips of upper
scales prolonged into a more or less distinct fringe.

COMPARISONS — The Bur Oak is sharply distinguished from our
other Oaks by a number of well-marked characters such as the presence
of corky ridges on the young branchlets, the copious fringe to the
large acorn, the appressed and downy buds. These characters however
are not always present in a given specimen; thus the corky ridges
may fail to appear throughout an entire tree; the acorns may be
reduced in size and in the distinctness of the fringe; and the lateral
buds may be more or less divergent.

DISTRIBUTION — Low rich bottom lands. Nova Scotia to Manitoba;
south to Pennsylvania and Tennessee; west to Montana, Nebraska,
Kansas, Indian Territory and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— known only in the valleys of the middle
Penobscot and the Kennebec; Vermont — lowlands, about Lake Cham-
plain, especially in Addison County, not common; Massachusetts — valley
of the Ware river, Stockbridge and towns south along the Housatonic
river; Rhode Island — no station reported.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rich bottom lands or swampy places; rare or
local and confined to the northwestern part of the state; reported
from Canaan and Salisbury.

WOOD — Similar to that of White Oak from which it is not generally
distinguished commercially, although superior in strength.

BUR OAK

438 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SWAMP WHITE OAK

Quercus bicolor Willd.
Q. platanoides Sudw.

HABIT — A medium sized tree, 40-60 ft. high, with trunk diameter
of 2-3 ft.; in the open with round-topped open head, sometimes broader
than high, upper limbs ascending, lower limbs rather small, horizon-
tal or declined even to the ground, with numerous tufted, small,
scraggly, lateral, pendant branchlets. The scraggly branchlets in
connection with the peeling of the bark give a very rough unkempt
appearance to the tree. Trunk erect, generally continuous, sometimes
forking above to give somewhat the aspect of an Elm in respect to
main limbs.

BARIC — Flaky, grayish-brown, divided by deep longitudinal fissures
into -rather long, flat ridges. Bark on small branchlets, dark reddish-
brown to black, peeling into long, persistent, stiff-papery layers,,
which curl back and expose the lighter bark beneath.

TWIGS — Mediumly stout to slender, yellowish-green to reddish-
brown, smooth (seldom slightly downy). Medullary rays generally absent
in branchlets even of 6 to 8 years growth. LENTICELS — pale, raised.
LEAVES — which may persist obovate-oblong, wedge-shaped at base,
wavy-margined to blunt-lobed, with 6-8 pairs of primary veins. PITH —
5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Broadly ovate to oval to spherical; blunt-pointed; small, 2-4-
mm. long. BUD-SCALES — brown, at times slightly hairy above middle.

FRUIT — Maturing in one year, single or in pairs or groups of 3,
generally with long stalks, 2.5 to 10 cm. long. NUT — light chestnut,.
ovate to oblong, 2-3 cm. long, apex covered with pale down, rounded
or pointed. CUP — thick, cup-shaped, about % enclosing nut; scale*
pale woolly, those at base more or less thickened, at rim of cup tips
of scales elongated, narrow, awn-pointed, often forming short fringe.
Meat sweet, edible.

COMPARISONS— The sycamore-like peeling of the bark from the-
young branchlets easily distinguishes this species from all other Oaks.
The bark somewhat resembles that of White Oak but is somewhat
darker and the ridges are longer.

DISTRIBUTION — Borders of swamps and streams. Quebec to Ontario
where it is known as the Blue Oak; south to Delaware along the-
mountains to northern Georgia; west to Minnesota, Iowa, East Kansas
and Arkansas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — York county; New Hampshire — Merrimae
valley as far as the mouth of the Souhegan, and probably throughout
Rockingham county; Vermont — low grounds about Lake Champlain;
Massachusetts — frequent in the western and central sections, common
eastward — Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Similar to that of White Oak, and used for same general
purposes; sapwood, thin, hardly distinguishable from heartwood.

SWAMP WHITE OAK

44:0 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CHINQUAPIN OAK

Chestnut Oak, Yellow Oak.

Quercus Muhlenbergii Engelm.

Q. acuminata Houba.

HABIT — Small to medium sized tree 30-40 ft. high with a trunk
diameter of 1-2 ft.; in basin of the Mississippi reaching an exception-
al height of 160 feet; trunk buttressed at base in older specimens,
branches comparatively small forming narrow, round-topped head.

BARK — Thin, flaky, broken into loose grayish or sometimes slightly
brownish scales.

TWIGS — Rather slender, light orange to reddish-brown, smooth.
LENTICELS — pale, inconspicuous. LEAVES — resembling those of
Chestnut with large incurved, glandular-tipped teeth or rarely with
wavy margin resembling the leaf of the Chestnut Oak. PITH —
5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS^-Narrowly ovate to conical, sharp-pointed, 3-5 mm. long. BUD-
SCALES — light chestnut brown, slightly hairy on edges, appearing
longitudinally striate if held toward light and viewed with a hand-
lens. Buds similar to those of Chestnut Oak but smaller.

FRUIT — Maturing the first season, sessile or short-stalked, singly or
in pairs. NUT — broadly ovate to oval, 1 -20 mm. long, narrowed and
rounded at pale downy apex, light chestnut brown. CUP — thin, rather
shallow cup-shaped enclosing about % or less of the nut; scales pale
brown, woolly, slightly knobby at base of cup, the brownish tips of the
scales sometimes forming a slight fringe at rim of cup. Meat sweet,
edible.

COMPARISONS — The Chinquapin Oak resembles the Chestnut Oak on
the one hand and the Dwarf Chinquapin Oak on the other. It is
distinguished from the former by its flaky, gray bark, and the smaller
size of buds and acorns; from the latter by its sharp-pointed buds and
larger size.

DISTRIBUTION — Rare and local in the Atlantic states, usually on
limestone soil, on dry hillsides, rocky ridges and rich bottoms. Ontario;
south to Delaware and District of Columbia, along the mountains to
northern Alabama; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas, Indian Terri-
tory and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Vermont — Gardner's Island, Lake- Champlain;
Ferrisburg.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare. Calcareous ridges in the northwestern
part of the state: Canaan, Salisbury, also along the Housatonic river
in Kent, New Milford and bordering tide water in Milford.

WOOD — Heavy, very hard, strong, close-grained, durable, with thin
light-colored sapwood, largely used in cooperage, for wheels, fencing
and railroad ties.

CHINQUAPIN OAK

442 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

DWARF CHINQUAPIN OAK

Scrub Chestnut Oak, Chinquapin Oak, Scrub Oak.

Quercus prinoides Willd.

HABIT — A low shrub generally 2-4 ft. high or occasionally reaching
15 ft. in height, forming broad clumps by prolific stolons.

BARK — Light brown, scaly; scaliness evident when trunk reaches a
diameter of l1/^ inches.

TWIGS — Slender; generally not over 2 mm. thick, orange to reddish-
brown; generally smooth; a variety, rufescens Render with yellowish
hairs on twigs. LENTICELS — pale, rather conspicuous. LEAVES —
oblanceolate to obovate-oblong, coarsely wavy-toothed. PITH — •
5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Spherical to ovate, rounded or slightly narrowed at apex,
about 3 mm. long. SCALES — chestnut brown, thin, scarious and slightly
hairy on edges; small collateral buds sometimes present on either side
of axillary bud.

FRUIT — Maturing the first season, produced in groat abundance, ses-
sile or short-stalked, singly or in pairs. NUT — oval, light chestnut
brown and shiny, apex blunt-pointed and covered with pale down, 15
to 25 mm. long. CUP — thin, deep cup-shaped, covering */£ or more
of nut; scales pale woolly, more or less knobby, thickened at base
of cup, thinner toward rim. Meat sweet.

COMPARISONS— In habit the Dwarf Chinquapin Oak most nearly
resembles the Bear Oak but is smaller when of the same age; has flaky
bark, after reaching a trunk diameter of iy2 inches or more, while the
bark of the Bear Oak is close, for the most part smooth, even on old
specimens not flaky though developing small close scales. It further
belongs to the White Oak group (see page 338) and since both these
two Scrub Oaks produce fruit in great abundance acorns are generally
accessible and easily distinguished. The Bear Oak generally has redder,
sharp-pointed buds while those of the Dwarf • Chinquapin Oak are
blunt with edges of scales ashy with fine wool or mealy scurfiness.
Moreover, except in variety rufescens, twigs of the Dwarf Chinquapin
Oak are smooth. The Chestnut Oak and the Chinquapin Oak are
distinguished by their larger and sharp-pointed buds. The buds of
the Swamp White Oak are somewhat similar to those of the Dwarf
Chinquapin Oak but the larger size of the tree and peeling of the bark
on branchlets of the Swamp White Oak are distinctive. Further west
apparently the species inter-grades into the Chinquapin Oak.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry woods, rocky slopes and hillside pastures, some-
times in open sandy soil. From Maine south to North Carolina, west
to Kansas, Nebraska and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — More or less common throughout.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional or frequent.

"WOOD — From small size of plant, of no economic value except as fuel.

DWARF CHINQUAPIN OAK

444 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CHESTNUT OAK
Rock Chestnut Oak, Rock Oak.

Quercus Prinus L.

HABIT — A medium sized or small tree, 25-50 ft. high with a trunk
diameter of 1-2% ft.; further south much larger reaching 100 ft. in
height; trunk tall, straight, continuous, or divided rather low down into
large spreading limbs, forming broad open head, sometimes broader
than high.

BARK — Brown to black, deeply fissured into long, more or less con-
tinuous, thick, rough ridges which are somewhat flattened on surface or
on older trees more characteristically rounded or sharp-edged, a section
through one of the ridges forming thus an inverted letter "V" with its
apex somewhat rounded or in younger specimens flattened; bark of
young trees and of smaller branches smooth.

TWIGS — Stout, light orange to reddish-brown, smooth with some-
what bitter taste. LENTICELS — pale, generally inconspicuous. LEAVES
— oblong, lanceolate to obovate, wavy-margined with 10-16 pairs of
primary veins. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Narrowly ovate-conical, sharp-pointed, 4-10 mm. long. BUD-
SCALES — light chestnut brown, slightly hairy toward apex and on
margins, appearing longitudinally striate if viewed toward light with a
hand-lens. Margins of scales tend to lose their brown color and to
become light or dark gray.

FRUIT — Maturing the first season, short-stalked, singly or in pairs.
NUT — shiny, light chestnut brown, oval to ovate to nearly cylindrical,
variable in size and relative thickness; 20-35 mm. long; from three
times to less than twice as long as broad. CUP — thin, deep, top-
shaped to hemispherical, covering % or less of nut; scales reddish-
brown, woolly, more or less knobby especially toward base of cup. Meat
sweet.

COMPARISONS — The Chestnut Oak is readily distinguished from
the other members of the White Oak group by the fact that its bark
is not flaky. Its firm, round-ridged bark is definitely characteristic
when typically developed. The buds resemble somewhat those of the
Red Oak, but are somewhat lighter in color with edges of scales
bleached, are much narrower and for the most part conical, with the
widest part at or very near the base, whereas the buds of the Red Oak,
when typically developed, are much fatter, with the widest part about
a third of the distance from the base. The bark of the Red Oak,
moreover, has flat ridges.

DISTRIBUTION — Woods, rocky ridges and hillsides. Along the Cana-
dian shore of Lake Erie; south to Delaware and along the mountains
to Georgia, extending nearly to the summit of Mt. Pisgah in North
Carolina; west to Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — Saco river and Mt. Agamenticus, near
the southern coast; New Hampshire — belts or patches in the
eastern part of the state and along the southern border, Hinsdale,
Winchester, Brookline, Manchester, Hudson; Vermont — western part of
the state throughout, not common; abundant at Smoke mountain at
an altitude of 1,300 feet, and along the western flank of the Green
mountains, at least in Addison county; Massachusetts — eastern sections,
Sterling, Lancaster, Russell, Middleboro, rare in Medford and Sudbury,
frequent on the Blue hills; Rhode Island — locally common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional near the coast; frequent or common
elsewhere.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, rather tough, close grained, durable in
contact with the soil, largely used for fencing, railroad ties, ranking
next to the White Oak for this purpose, and for fuel. The bark is
rich in tannin and is consumed in large quantities in tanning leather.

CHESTNUT OAK

446 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED OAK

Quercus rubra L.

HABIT — The largest of our New England oaks, 50-85 ft. high, reach-
ing an exceptional height of 150 ft.; with trunk diameter of 2-6 ft.;
trunk branching rather higher up than in the White Oak, often continu-
ous into the top of the tree with ascending branches forming a rather
narrow, round-topped head or spreading more widely as shown in the
specimen photographed becoming even broader than high. The limbs
in the main are not so horizontal or declined nor so crooked as in the
White Oak and the tree in consequence offers a less gnarled aspect.

BARK — On young trees and upper parts of older trees smooth, gray-
brown; on trunks of mature trees and on their thicker limbs up to 4 cm.
thick, tardily broken by shallow furrows into dark brown, rather
regular, elongated, firm, coarse, flat-topped ridges. The flat ridges
which are characteristic of the species are often in older trees roughened
up toward the base of the trunk so that the distinctive character of
the bark must be sought higher up on the trunk or on the larger
limbs. Inner bark, light reddish, not bitter.

TWIGS — Mediumly stout to slender, reddish to greenish-brown.
LENTICELS — pale, often inconspicuous. LEAVES — obovate to oblong,
with bristle-pointed lobes, often difficult to distinguish from those of
Black Oak. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Oval to ovate, 4-8 mm. long, with widest part typically
*/4 to % above base suggesting appearance of a short stalk to the bud;
sharp pointed with more or less distinct development of rusty hairs at
the extreme apex, otherwise smooth or sometimes slightly pale-woolly
on upper half. BUD-SCALES — numerous, light chestnut brown seen
to be longitudinally striate with darker lines when viewed toward
light with a hand-lens, margins slightly hairy.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of second season, singly or in pairs,
sessile or on a short, thick stalk. NUT — ovate to cylindrical with broad
base and narrowed, rounded apex, dark chestnut brown, large, 2-3 cm.
long. CUP — flat, shallow, thick, saucer-shaped (rarely somewhat
top-shaped), rim somewhat constricted, enclosing about % of the nut,
2. -3. 5 cm. across. Scales thin, reddish-brown, shining, not at all or
but slightly hairy, closely overlapping. Meat pale yellow, slightly
bitter. Immature acorns generally divergent or but slightly appressed,
with basal scales reaching about half way up, giving appearance of 3
rows of scales.

COMPARISONS — If the acorns are obtainable the Red Oak is not
to be confused with any of our other species, the large flat cup being
distinctive. The flat flutings of the bark and the fat, basally con-
stricted, sharp-pointed buds are further characteristic. See Black
Oak for comparison with Red and Black and Scarlet Oak, and Chestnut
Oak for comparison with latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — Woods, widely adapted to various conditions of soil
and situation except distinctly wet lands, ranges further north than
our other Oaks and is most planted of the American Oaks in Europe.
Nova Scotia and New Brunswick to divide west of Lake Superior; south
to Tennessee, Virginia, and along mountain ranges to Georgia; reported
from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common, at least south of the central
portions; New Hampshire — extending into Coos County, far north of the
White Mountains; Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island — common;
probably in most parts of New England the most common of the genus;
found higher up the slopes of mountains than the White Oak.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent throughout.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, light reddish-brown, with
thin lighter colored sapwood; used in construction, for the interior
finish of houses, and in furniture. Timber of this species as also of
Black and Scarlet Oak is relatively poor but is more used than for-
merly on account of scarcity of better.

BED OAK

448 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PIN OAK
Swamp Oak, Water Oak.

Quercus palustris Muench.

HABIT — A medium sized tree 40-50 ft. high with trunk diameter of 1-2
ft., reaching a maximum height of over 100 ft. in the lower Ohio
basin; trunk tall, straight, continuous up through the pyramidal head;
limbs numerous, slender; lower limbs short, drooping, upper limbs longer
horizontal or ascending, generally studded with short lateral shoots
which give rise to the common name. The habit of this tree is very
characteristic and is well shown in the two specimens in the illustra-
tion. In older trees the head is more open and irregular.

BARK — Of young trunks and limbs, smooth, shiny, light brown; on
older trunks darker, furrowed with close, narrow, firm, low ridges.

TWIGS — Slender, reddish-brown to orange, shining. LENTICELS — pale,
scattered, inconspicuous. LEAVES — small, obovate or oblong; lobes
bristle-tipped, separated by deep-rounded sinuses, resembling leaves of
Scarlet Oak but smaller. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Conical to ovate, generally sharp-pointed, small, 2-4 mm. long.
BUD-SCALES — light chestnut brown, sometimes slightly hairy on the
thin margins.

FRUIT — Maturing the second season, abundant, sessile or short-
stalked, solitary or in pairs or clusters. NUT — light brown, often striate,
nearly hemispherical, 10-15 mm. long, wider than long, and generally
wider than the cup. CUP — thin, saucer-shaped, 10-15 mm. across, enclos-
ing only the base of the nut; scales thin, slightly downy, closely over-
lapping. Meat pale yellow, slightly bitter.

COMPARISONS — When young the Pin Oak is one of the most easily
recognized of any of our trees in, winter from its general habit of
growth. Its continuous trunk, fringed with slender branches and its
comparatively smooth bark roughened only slightly by narrow, low
ridges are alone distinctive. Further characteristics are the small
sharp-pointed buds and the small acorns with saucer-shaped cup.

DISTRIBUTION — Borders of swamps and river bottoms in deep moist
rich soil. Ontario; south to the valley of the lower Potomac in
Virginia; west to Minnesota, east Kansas, Missouri, Arkansas, and
Indian Territory.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Massachusetts — Amherst; Springfield, south to
Connecticut, rare; Rhode Island — southern portions, bordering the great
Kingston swamp and on the margin of the Pawcatuck River.

IN CONNECTICUT — Common in the Connecticut river valley and near
the coast in southwestern Connecticut; occasional or local elsewhere.

•WOOD — Heavy, hard, coarse-grained, but liable to warp and check in
drying; light brown, with thin rather darker colored sapwood; some-
times used in construction and for shingles and clapboards.

PIN OAK

450 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SCARLET OAK

Quercus coccinea Muench.

HABIT — A tree of medium size, 30-50 ft. high with trunk diameter of
1-3 ft., larger further south; trunk tends to be continuous into the
crown, narrowed and giving off ascending branches above and
horizontal, often terminally declined branches below; limbs long and
comparatively slender for an Oak, forming a rather narrow, open head.

BARK — Of young trunks and limbs smooth, light brown, on older
trunks and limbs up to 2.5 cm. thick, divided by shallow furrows into
irregular ridges which in general are neither so regularly flat-topped
as the ridges of the Red Oak nor so roughly broken up as those of the
Black Oak. The bark therefore may be considered as intermediate in
character between these two species. Inner bark, reddish not bitter.

TWIGS — Mediumly stout to slender, light red to orange red. LENTI-
CELS — numerous, minute, pale, inconspicuous. LEAVES — broadly
oval or obovate, with bristle-tipped lobes separated by deep rounded
sinuses. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Broadly oval to ovate, narrowed above to a typically rather
blunt apex, widest at or slightly below middle, dark reddish-brown, 4-8
mm. long, pale woolly above middle, lower half mostly free from wool.
BUD-SCALES — numerous, free from distinct longitudinal striations.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of second season, sessile or short-stalked,
singly or in pairs. NUT — oval to oblong, variable in shape, 1 to 2.5
cm. long, light reddish-brown, occasionally striate. CUP — thin, top-
shaped or cup-shaped, constricted at base, enclosing % to % of nut.
Scales, light reddish-brown, thin, closely overlapping, slightly downy,
tips of scales at rim typically appressed against the nut — not spread-
ing. Meat pale yellow, slightly bitter. Immature acorns appressed,
rather smooth and shiny, light brown, main basal scales generally
reaching less than halfway up giving appearance of 2 rows of scales.

COMPARISONS — The size and shape of the acorn cup as well as the
greater woolliness of the upper part of the buds distinguish this species
from the Red Oak. From the Black Oak it is distinguished by the
appressed scales of acorn cup, by the fatter buds which are less woolly,
and that only above the middle, and by the pale inner bark. See also
under Black Oak.

DISTRIBUTION — Most common on dry, sandy soil. Ontario; south to
the middle states and along the mountains to North Carolina and Ten-
nessee; reported from Florida; west to Minnesota, Nebraska and Mis-
souri.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— valley of the Androscoggin, southward;
New Hampshire and Vermont — not authoritatively reported by recent
observers; Massachusetts — more common in the eastern than western
sections, sometimes covering considerable areas; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent throughout.

•WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, coarse-grained, light or reddish-brown,
with thick darker colored sapwood, less valuable than wood of Red Oak
but used for the same purposes.

SCARLET OAK

452 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLACK OAK
Yellow-barked Oak, Quercitron, Yellow Oak.

Quercus velutina Lam.
Q. coccinea, var. tinctoria A.DC.; Q. tinctoria Bartr.

HABIT — One of our largest oaks 50-75 ft. high with a trunk diameter
of 2-4 ft., reaching its greatest development in Ohio basin with a
maximum height of 150 ft.; somewhat similar in general habit to the
Scarlet Oak; limbs generally somewhat stouter; head may be wide
spreading or narrowed oblong.

BARK — Dark gray to blackish often lighter near the seashore, up to
4 cm. thick, very rough, broken by deep furrows into thick ridges which
are further divided by cross fissures giving an appearance of irregular
block-like strips. The bark is roughened especially at the base of
trunk even in quite young trees. The young bark in beginning to
fissure for a time may have flattened ridges resembling those of Red
Oak but they are soon transversely roughened. Inner bark orange-
yellow, intensely bitter; this with the buds forms the most distinctive
character.

TWIGS — Stout, reddish-brown or reddish, mottled with gray; tasting
bitter if chewed and coloring saliva yellowish. LENTICELS — scattered,
generally large, conspicuous. LEAVES — obovate to oblong with broad
bristle-pointed lobes sometimes indistinguishable from those of Scarlet
Oak. Large, thin-walled, spherical insect galls formed on leaves seem
to be most common on the Black Oak. PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Ovate to conical, large, 6-12 mm. long, narrowed above to a
rather sharp point, generally 5-sided, strongly angled, covered except
basal row of scales with dense, pale yellowish-gray to dirty-white wool.
BUD-SCALES — numerous, not distinctly longitudinally striate.

FRUIT — Maturing in autumn of second year, singly or in pairs, sessile
or short-stalked, deep cup-shaped to top-shaped. NUT — ovate-oblong,
variable in shape, 1.2 cm. long, light reddish-brown, frequently
coated with soft down, often striate. CUP — thin, deeply cup to top-
shaped, more or less constricted at base; scales of cup thin, light
reddish-brown, finely woolly, closely overlapping at base loosely
overlapping above with free tips horizontally wrinkled and forming a
loose more or less spreading fringe-like border to cup. Meat yellower
and more bitter than that of the Scarlet Oak. Immature acorns appressed
or recurved toward twig, slightly woolly; main scales extending nearly
to the top giving the appearance of a single row of scales.

COMPARISONS— The three most common trees of the Black Oak group
(the Red, the Black and the Scarlet) are readily distinguished by their
bud characters. Those of the Black Oak are densely pale woolly over
whole surface, those of Scarlet Oak are less densely pale woolly, and
the woolliness is confined to upper half. They are more nearly oval
than those of the Black Oak, the widest part being toward the middle.
The Red Oak buds are generally free from pale woolliness
though having often rusty hairs at extreme apex; in dis-
tinction from the Scarlet Oak the widest part is nearer
the base. The yellow bitter inner bark and the yellow discol-
oration of the saliva when the twigs are chewed distinguish the Black
Oak from the other two. The Red Oak has flat-topped ridges, these in
the Black Oak are broken into rough blocks, while the bark of the
Scarlet Oak is intermediate between the two types. The acorns of
the Red Oak are large with large shallow saucer-shaped cups, those
of the Red and Black are smaller, and have deeper cups. The cup
scales of the Black Oak form a loose fringe at the rim and are wrinkled,
those of the Scarlet are closely over-lapping and form no fringe. The
acorn characters are distinctive for the Red Oak but are not so good
quite in separating the Black and Scarlet Oaks from each other,
although when typically developed, the acorns of the two trees can be
readily distinguished. The bark characters can be used when typically
developed in separating the Red from the Black Oak but are not as
decisive as bud or inner bark characters.

DISTRIBUTION — In poor soils; on dry gravelly plains and ridges.
Southern and western Ontario; south to the Gulf states; west to Min-
nesota. Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — York county; New Hampshire — valley of
the lower Merrimac and eastward, absent on the highlands, reappearing
within three or four miles of the Connecticut, ceasing at North Charles-
town; Vermont — western and southwestern sections; Massachusetts-
abundant eastward; Rhode Island — frequent.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional or frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong though not tough, coarse-grained and
liable to check in drying, bright brown tinged with red, with thin lighter
colored sapwood; of little value except as fuel. The bark abounds in
tannic acid and is largely used in tanning, as a yellow dye and an
astringent in medicine.

BLACK OAK

454 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BEAR OAK

Black Scrub Oak.

Quercus ilicifolia Wang.

Q. nana Sarg. ; Q. pumila Sudw.

HABIT — Usually a shrub 3-10 ft. high, though frequently becoming
tree-like and reaching a maximum height of 25 ft. with a trunk
diameter of % to 1 ft.; trunk short; branches stiff, contorted, slender,
spreading and forming a wide flat or round-topped head.

BARK — Thin, dark brown, smooth, except for small, close, thin scales
on older trunks, never however breaking into large, flaky scales.

TWIGS — Slender, yellowish-green to reddish-brown, covered with
greenish-yellowish to reddish down which often disappears from expos-
ed parts of the twig during the winter but which can generally be found
in protected parts at the tips, bases or between the ridges of the season's
shoots. LENTICELS — minute, pale, inconspicuous on shoots of season.
Leaves often breaking off above place of attachment leaving base of leaf-
stalk projecting throughout winter (see illustration). LEAVES — small,
obovate, nearly entire or with 3-7 bristle-tipped lobes, downy beneath.
PITH — 5-pointed, star-shaped.

BUDS — Ovate to conical, sharp or blunt pointed, small, generally not
over 3 mm. long. BUD-SCALES — dark chestnut brown, generally
minutely hairy on the margins.

FRUIT— Maturing in second season, produced in great abundance,
clustered along the stem, generally in pairs or rarely singly, sessile
or generally short stalked. NUT — varying in shape, ovate to spheri-
cal, 10-15 mm. long, light brown, shining, generally more or less
longitudinally striate. CUP — top-shaped to rather deeply saucer-
shaped, more or less constricted at base, thick, enclosing about ^ the
nut; scales of cup reddish-brown, slightly downy, thin, closely over-
lapping with free tips of upper scales forming a fringe-like border
to cup.

COMPARISONS — The Dwarf Chinquapin Oak is the only one likely
to be confused with the Bear Oak. The points of difference between
the two species may be found in Comparisons under Dwarf Chinquapin
Oak.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry sandy or rocky sterile ground. Maine; south
to Ohio and the mountain regions of North Carolina and Kentucky;
west to the Alleghany mountains.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — frequent in eastern and southern sec-
tions and upon Mount Desert Island; New Hampshire — as far north as
Conway, more common near the lower Connecticut; Vermont — in the
eastern and southern sections as far north as Bellows Falls; Massachu-
setts and Rhode Island — abundant, forming in favorable situations, dense
thickets, sometimes covering several acres.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare in northwestern part of the state, local,
frequent or common elsewhere.

WOOD — Too scant to be of any economic value.

BEAK OAK

456 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SLIPPERY ELM
Red Elm, Moose Elm.

Ulmus fulva Michx.
17. pubescens Walt.

HABIT — A small to medium-sized tree, 40-60 ft. in height with a
trunk diameter of 1-2^ ft.; forming a broad open rather flat-topped
head, resembling the White Elm but with less drooping branches.

BARK — Grayish-brown, more or less deeply furrowed, internally
reddish-brown without conspicuously whitish layers (see bark section
in plate); inner bark next the wood, whitish, strongly mucilaginous,
giving the name Slippery Elm.

TWIGS — Light, grayish, hairy, roughened by numerous raised
lenticels, strongly and characteristically mucilaginous if chewed.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, with generally 3 sunken bundle-
scars, resembling those of the White Elm.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds about 6 mm. long, dark
brown, covered especially at their tips with long rusty hairs; flower
buds more or less spherical. BUD-SCALES — in 2 ranks of a nearly
uniform color.

FRUIT — A flat round entire-winged fruit without hairy fringe, ripen-
ing in spring.

COMPARISONS — The Slippery Elm is easily distinguished from the
common White Elm and the rarer Cork Elm by its rough gray twigs,
its dark buds covered with long rusty hairs, and by the strongly
mucilaginous character of the inner bark of the trunk and even, though
to a somewhat less extent, of the twigs, and further from the White
Elm by the absence of distinct white layers in the outer bark.

DISTRIBUTION — Rich, low grounds; low, rocky woods and hillsides.
Valley of the St. Lawrence, apparently not abundant; south to Florida;
west to 'North Dakota and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — District of Maine, rare; Waterborough,
(York county); New Hampshire — valley of the Connecticut, usually
disappearing within ten miles of the river; ranges as far north as the
mouth of the Passumpsic; Vermont — frequent; Massachusetts — rare in
the eastern sections, frequent westward; Rhode Island — infrequent.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare to frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, very coarse-grained, durable, easy to
split, dark brown or red, with thin lighter colored sap wood; largely
used for fence posts, railroad ties, the sills of buildings, the hubs of
wheels and in agricultural implements. The thick fragrant mucil-
aginous inner bark is used in medicine as a demulcent and is some-
what nutritious.

SLIPPERY ELM

458 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

ENGLISH ELM

Ulmus campestris L.
U. glabra Mill.

HABIT — A large tree reaching 100 ft. in height; trunk erect, gen-
erally continuous well into the crown, with branches given off at a
broad angle and continued horizontally or inclined upward, not drooping
at the ends in the graceful curves characteristic of the American White
Elm, producing rather an Oak-like appearance with an oblong round-
topped head.

BARK — Dark, with ridges broken transversely into firm oblong blocks.

TWIGS — Similar to the White Elm but generally a darker reddish-
brown, usually smooth or somewhat downy.

LEAF-SCARS — Similar to the White Elm, bundle-scars frequently
more than 3.

BUDS — Similar to the White Elm but of a dark smoky brown color
or almost black, smooth or more or less hairy.

FRUIT — A flat, ovate, smooth, entire-winged fruit, ripening in spring.

COMPARISONS — The erect Oak-like habit, the firm blocked ridges of
the bark, and the smoky smoothish buds will serve to distinguish
the English Elm from its American cousins. There are a number of
varieties of the English Elm differing in habit of growth, one form
having corky ridges. We have described the most familiar type.

DISTRIBUTION — The English Elm is not confined to England but
like the English sparrow occurs through Europe. It is not native to
America but was considerably planted formerly in the eastern sections
especially in Boston and vicinity, where some fine old specimens are to
be found. The trees in the plate were taken from Boston Common, the
two in the foreground at the right and the one in the background at
the left being English Elms while the smaller one, indistinctly out-
lined in the foreground at the left is an American White Elm. They
have all been rather severely pruned on account of insect depredations.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, fine-grained, durable in water, not liable to
crack when exposed to sun or weather; used in Europe for ships' blocks
and other wooden parts of rigging, for the keels of ships, for pumps
and water pipes, piles and other construction under water and for the
hubs of wheels.

ENGLISH ELM

460 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WHITE ELM

American or Water Elm.

Ulmus americana L.

HABIT— A large tree 50-110 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
1-8 ft.; trunk more or less widely buttressed dividing high up into
a number of large limbs which grow upward and bend gradually and
gracefully outward dividing repeatedly to form a broad round or
flat-topped inversely conical head with drooping branchlets. In respect
to its general outline various types of the Elm have been distinguished
as the "Vase Form" shown in the photograph; the "Umbrella Form"
with trunk undivided to near the top with abruptly spreading branches
forming a broad shallow arch; the "Plume Form" with a one-sided
development of drooping branches from a tall trunk; the "Oak Form"
with more tortuous and less arching limbs forming a wide rounded
head; the "Feathered Form," a modification of any of the other types
with the trunk fringed with short branches.

BARK — Dark gray divided by irregular longitudinal fissures into
broad flat-topped ridges, rather firm though sometimes in very old
trees coming off in flakes; the bark is internally stratified by thick
conspicuously whitish layers alternating with layers of a dark brown
(see plate for section of a ridge of bark).

TWIGS — Slender, smooth or slightly or sometimes densely downy,
light reddish-brown, often tinged with yellow, very slightly mucilagin-
ous if chewed. LENTICELS — pale, scattered, more or less inconspicuous.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, semi-circular, raised, small but
conspicuous because of contrast in color between the light corky surface
of the scar and the darker brown of the twig. STIPULE-SCARS —
narrow, minute, sometimes indistinct. BUNDLE-SCARS — relatively large,
conspicuous, typically 3 in number though often more by compound-
ing of single scars, generally sunken in depressions of the leaf-scar.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds small, often placed at one
side of leaf-scar, ovate-conical, pointed, about 4 mm. long, slightly
flattened and more or less appressed against the twig, light reddish-
brown, smooth and shining or slightly pale-downy; flower buds stouter,
obovate, appearing as if stalked. BUD-SCALES — about 6-9 to a leaf-
bud in 2 ranks increasing in size from without inward, generally
with darker and. more or less hairy-edged margins.

FRUIT — A flat, oval, terminally deeply notched, winged fruit, hairy-
fringed on edges, ripening in spring and scarcely to be found in winter.

COMPARISONS — The White Elm differs from the Slippery Elm in the
whitish layers of the bark, the absence of rusty hairs on the buds
and the brownish color of its relatively smooth twigs. From the Cork
Elm it may be separated by its habit of growth and by the absence
of corky ridges on the twigs. The graceful drooping habit of growth
of its branches and the light reddish brown of its buds are sufficient
to distinguish the American from the English Elm.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, moist ground; thrives especially on rich inter-
vales. Frequently planted as a street and shade tree. From Cape Breton
to Saskatchewan, as far north as 54° 30'; south to Florida; west to
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common, most abundant in central and
southern portions; New Hampshire — common from the southern base of
the White Mountains to the sea; in the remaining New England states —
very common, attaining its highest development in the rich alluvium
of the Connecticut river valley.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, tough, difficult to split, coarse-grained,
light brown, with thick somewhat lighter colored sapwood, largely
used for the hubs of wheels, saddle-trees, in flooring and cooperage,
and in boat and ship building.

WHITE ELM

462 NEW EXGLAXD TREES IN WINTER.

CORK ELM

Rock Elm, Hickory Elm, Northern Cork Elm.

Ulmus racemosa Thomas.

U. Thomasi Sarg.

HABIT — A large tree 50-75 ft. in height, with a trunk diameter of
2-3 ft., in southern Michigan, reaching 100 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 5 ft.; trunk slender, erect, generally continuous into the
crown, developing numerous slender rigid branches arising at a wide
angle, those below generally strongly drooping near the point of origin,
forming a narrow, oblong, round-topped head having somewhat the
aspect of a Hickory with short twiggy, generally corky-ridged branches
in the interior of the tree. A young tree showing corky-ridged
branchlets and an old tree showing a more characteristic habit, though
with rather long trunk for the open, are shown in the plate.

BARK — On young trunks more deeply furrowed than in the White
Elm, becoming with age flat-ridged, resembling the latter species.

TWIGS — More or less downy, resembling twigs of White Elm but
generally developing several irregular thick corky ridges not inter-
rupted at the nodes.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, resembling these of White Elm
but with bundle-scars generally more than 3 (4-6).

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds similar to those of White
Elm but longer (about 5 mm. long) narrower, sharp-pointed, scarcely
flattened, generally downy. BUD-SCALES — with darker and hairy-edged
margins.

PRI!IT — A flat, oval, downy, shallow-notched, winged fruit, with
hairy-fringed margins ripening in spring.

COMPARISONS— Tn Hickory-like habit the Cork Elm differs from
all our other Elms. The corky ridges on the twigs, moreover, occur
on no other native New England Elm. The Winged Elm [Ulmus alata
Michx.], a native of the south, is rarely cultivated in southern New
England but is not hardy north. It has two opposite thin corky ridges
which are abruptly interrupted at the nodes. A variety 9f the English
Elm has several corky ridges to the twig which are interrupted at
the nodes. The Cork Elm differs further from the White and especially
from the Slippery Elm in its narrower buds.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry, gravelly soils, rich soils, river banks. Quebec
through Ontario: south to Tennessee; west to Minnesota, Iowa,
Nebraska, and Missouri. Occasionally planted as an ornamental shade
tree.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — not reported; New Hampshire — rare and
extremely local; Meriden and one or two other places; Vermont — rare,
Bennington. Pownal. Knowlton. Highgate; comparatively abundant in
Champlain valley and westward; Massachusetts — rare; Rhode Island —
not reported native.

IN CONNECTICUT— Not reported native.

\VOOD — Heavy, hard, very strong and tough, close-grained and dif-
ficult to split, light clear brown, often tinged with red with thick,
lighter colored sapwood; largely used in the manufacture of many
agricultural implements, for the framework of chairs, hubs of wheels.
railroad ties, the sills of buildings and other purposes demanding
toughness, solidity and flexibility.

CORK ELM

464 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HACKBERRY

Sugar Berry, Nettle Tree, False Elm, Hoop Ash.
Celtis occidentalis L.

HABIT — A small to medium sized tree 20-45 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter up to 2 ft., reaching over 100 ft. in height further south;
rather variable in habit, generally forming a flattish to round-topped
wide-spreading, oblong head with somewhat the aspect of an Elm;
branches numerous, horizontal or slightly drooping, more or less zigzag;
spray slender; berry-like fruit generally persistent throughout the
winter.

BARK — Grayish-brown, on trunk and older limbs roughened with
narrow projecting ridges which are sometimes reduced to warts or are
almost entirely lacking.

TWIGS — Slender, somewhat zigzag, brownish, more or less shining,
more or less downy; wood of twigs light greenish yellow when
moistened. LENTICELS — scattered, raised and more or less elongated
longitudinally. PITH — white, finely chambered.

LEAP SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, semi-oval, placed at right
angles to the twig on a projecting cushion. STIPULE-SCARS — present,
elongated, inconspicuous. BUNDLE- SCARS — appearing as a single con-
fluent scar, evidently 3 in surface section.

BUDS — Small, 6 mm. or generally under in length, downy, chestnut
brown, ovate, sharp-pointed, flattened, appressed; terminal bud absent.
Buds frequently transformed into insect galls (swellings on twig
photographed). BUD-SCALES — 3-4 visible, closely overlapping in two
ranks increasing in size from without inward, longitudinally striate if
viewed toward light, generally dark margined.

FRL'IT — A small, purplish, more or less spherical stone-fruit on long,
slender stems. 7-10 mm. in diameter, often remaining on tree throughout
winter. Flesh edible, sweet as is also the seed inside the stone.

COMPARISONS — The Hackberry is often taken for an Elm. The warts
or narrow ridges on its bark, however, and its chambered pith readily
distinguish it from the Elm if the berry-like fruit which is generally
present fails to be found. The twigs are so frequently disfigured by
insect galls that their presence might almost be given as a distinguishing
character.

DISTRIBUTION — In divers situations and soils; woods, river banks,
near salt marshes. Province of Quebec to Lake of the Woods, occa-
sional; south to the Gulf states; west to Minnesota and Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — not reported; New Hampshire — sparingly
along the Connecticut valley, as far as Wells river; Vermont — along
Lake Champlain, not common; Norwich and Windsor on the Connecti-
cut; Massachusetts — occasional throughout the state; Rhode Island —
common.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional to frequent, especially in river valleys
and along the coast.

WOOD — Heavy, rather soft, not strong, coarse-grained, clear light
yellow, with thick lighter colored sapwood; largely used for fencing
and in the manufacture of cheap furniture.

HACKBERRY

466 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED MULBERRY

Moms rubra L.

HABIT — A small tree 15-25 ft. in height with trunk diameter of 8-15
inches, of larger size in the Ohio and Mississippi basins; trunk short,
dividing- into a number of stout spreading limbs developing a compact,
broad, rounded head with numerous small branches in aspect resembling
an apple tree, somewhat less scraggly than the White Mulberry. (The
tree photographed had been considerably trimmed).

BARK — Dark brown, divided into irregular longitudinal plates which
tend to lift at the ends and flake off, sometimes however not con-
spicuously flaky.

TWIGS — Slender though rather stouter than those of the White Mul-
berry; somewhat zigzag, reddish to greenish-brown, with rather
sweetish taste, cut twig showing milky juice. LENTICELS — small,
scattered, inconspicuous.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, raised, nearly circular, slightly
hollowed in the center. STIPULE-SCARS — narrow. BUNDLE-SCARS —
raised but generally less distinctly so than in the White Mulberry,
forming a closed ring or irregularly scattered in the center.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds ovate, pointed, about 6 mm.
long, stout but longer than broad, not at all or but slightly flattened,
divergent, shining, greenish to chestnut brown. BUD-SCALES — 2-
ranked, with thin distinctly darker margins, 4-8 scales visible.

FRUIT — Red, not to be found in- winter.

COMPARISONS— The Red is most readily separated from the White
Mulberry by its darker twigs, its larger shining, greenish to chestnut
brown buds with dark-margined bud-scales.

DISTRIBUTION — Banks of rivers, rich woods. Canadian shore of
Lake Erie; south to Florida; west to Michigan, South Dakota, and
Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — A rare tree; Maine — doubtfully reported; New
Hampshire — Pemigewasset valley, White Mountains; Vermont — northern
extremity of Lake Champlain, banks of the Connecticut, Pownal, North
Pownal; Massachusetts — rare; Rhode Island — no station reported.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare or occasional; Bristol, Plainville, North
Quilford, East Rock and Norwich.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, rather tough, coarse-grained, very
durable, light orange color with thick lighter colored sapwood, used
largely for fencing, in cooperage and in ship and boat building.

BED MULBERRY

4G8 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WHITE MULBERRY

Silkworm Mulberry.
Moms alba L.

HABIT — A small tree with a maximum height of 30-40 ft. and with a
trunk diameter of less than 3 ft.; branching low with wide spreading
limbs forming a low rounded head resembling an apple tree somewhat
in habit, but with a characteristic scraggly twigginess to the branch-
lets.

BARK — Deeply furrowed into long more or less wavy light yellowish
brown ridges.

TWIGS — Slender, yellowish-green to brownish-gray, for the most part
smooth, round, more or less shining, generally zigzag, swollen at the
nodes, short branches numerous, often arising at right angles to ranks
of previous years and producing a characteristic scraggly complex of
branchlets. Twigs slightly sweetish if chewed; bark exuding a white
milk if cut on warm days or after being brought into a warm room.
LENTICELS — scattered, similar in color to the twigs and hence incon-
spicuous. PITH — light, rounded in cross-section.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, in 2 ranks, small, projecting, oval to de-
pressed circular. STIPULE-SCARS — narrow, inconspicuous. BUNDLE-
SCARS — conspicuous, 3-10 projecting above leaf-scar; irregularly
scattered. If leaf-scar is surface-sectioned leaf traces are reduced
to 3 in number.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds small, about 3 mm. long,
bright reddish-brown, roundish, generally about as broad as long, sharp
or blunt pointed, somewhat flattened against twigs, often set oblique
to the leaf-scar, 1 to 2 small collateral accessory buds sometimes
present. BUD-SCALES — in 2 ranks, about 5 scales visible, increasing
in size from below upward, margins somewhat finely hairy.

FRUIT — A white, juicy, multiple fruit not to be found in winter.

COMPARISONS — The projecting bundle-scars are characteristic of
the Mulberries; for points of distinction from the Red Mulberry see
under this species.

DISTRIBUTION — Probably a native of China where its leaves have
from time immemorial furnished food for silkworms, introduced into
the United States and Canada from Ontario to Florida and naturalized
more or less throughout New England appearing by roadsides or along
fences and in waste places, being spread by birds which are very
fond of its fruit.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional; early in last century extensively
planted to furnish food for silkworms and many large trees remain
about farm houses.

WOOD — Moderately hard, close-grained, light yellowish-brown.

WHITE MULBERRY

470 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CUCUMBER TREE
Mountain Magnolia.
Magnolia acuminata L.

HABIT — When fully developed a tall tree up to 90 ft. in height with
a trunk diameter of 3-4 ft. with comparatively slender branches widely
spreading at the base, ascending above, forming a broadly conical head;
when young having somewhat the aspect of a Pear Tree.

BARK — Grayish-brown ridged and flaky.

TWIGS — Slender, brown, shining, smooth or at times slightly downy,
aromatic. LENTICELS — scattered, inconspicuous, orange colored. PITH
— white.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, crescent to U-shaped,
elevated. STIPULE-SCARS — distinct, arising from upper margins of
leaf-scar and encircling twig. BUNDLE-SCARS — large, few to numer-
ous, scattered in an imperfectly double row, more or less raised.

BUDS — Thickly covered with pale silky hairs; lateral buds blunt,
nearly surrounded by leaf-scars, about % the size of terminal bud;
terminal bud oblong, blunt, 10-20 mm. long. BUD-SCALES — valvate and
adhering in pairs, with rudimentary leaf-scar and decurrent ridge at
side of bud.

FRUIT — An ovate to oblong cone, often curved, generally under 6 cm.
long; in the young condition supposedly resembling a cucumber; seed
flattish about 1 cm. in diameter.

COMPARISONS — The Cucumber Tree belongs to the same genus as
the Umbrella Tree but differs from it in its smaller, blunt, downy buds,
its narrow leaf-scars and its scaly ridged bark; from the Large-leaved
Magnolia by the smaller size of its buds, its narrow leaf-scars and its
scaly ridged bark; from the Sweet Bay by its larger size, the color
of its twigs and the character of its bark. The Chinese Magnolia
[Magnolia conspicua Salisb.] is often cultivated and has downy buds
resembling those of the Cucumber Tree. The buds, however, are
stouter, the bark is smooth and the species is more shrubby than tree-
like.

DISTRIBUTION — Not native to New England; the hardiest of the
Magnolias and extensively planted as an ornamental shade tree. It
grows wild from western New York to southern Illinois and southward
along the Appalachian mountains to southern Alabama.

WOOD — Light, soft, not strong, close-grained and durable, light
yellow-brown, with thin lighter colored often nearly white sapwood of
usually 25-30 layers of annual growth; occasionally manufactured into
lumber used for flooring and cabinet making.

CUCUMBER TREE

472 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

UMBRELLA TREE
Elkwood.

Magnolia tripetala L.
M. Umbrella Lam.

HABIT — A small tree with a maximum height of about 40 ft. and a
trunk diameter of 1^ ft., in New England generally much smaller;
trunk erect or inclined with wide-spreading branches which generally
bend up at their tips forming a wide spreading irregular open head;
at times with several stems springing from near the base of the trunk,
forming a bushy growth around the main stem.

BARK — Light gray, smooth, marked with small excrescences, fre-
quently wrinkled and lumpy at the scars of branches.

TWIGS — Stout, reddish to greenish-brown, shining, swollen at the
base of each year's growth, aromatic. LENTICELS — conspicuous, scat-
tered pale dots. PITH — white, with minute pink dots.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous,
oval, slightly raised, mainly clustered at swellings along the twig.
STIPULE-SCARS — distinct, arising from the side of leaf-scar and en-
circling twig. BUNDLE-SCARS — numerous, irregularly scattered, often
slightly raised.

BUDS — Lateral buds at best small, conical, divergent, frequently
undeveloped or showing as mere bulges of the bark; terminal buds
large up to 5 cm. long, conical, with curved pointed apex, purple,
with a bloom, with minute pale dots, smooth with patch of rusty hairs
at base of leaf-ridge. BUD-SCALES — valvate and adhering in pairs
corresponding to stipules, each pair enclosing in succession an erect
folded downy leaf, the stalk of which is united with the next inner pair
of scales; the leaf connected with the outer pair of scales falls off
before maturing, leaving a rudimentary scar on the bud with a decur-
rent ridge corresponding to its leaf-stalk.

FRUIT — Ovate to oblong cone, 6-10 cm. long, made up of numerous
follicles which split open in the fall and let out the red flattish seeds
which are about 1 cm. in diameter.

COMPARISONS — For comparisons with the Tulip Tree see this species.
The Umbrella Tree differs from the Cucumber Tree, the Large-leaved
Magnolia and the Chinese Magnolia by its smooth buds and from the
Sweet Bay by the size and color of its twigs and buds.

DISTRIBUTION — Not native to New England but extensively culti-
vated as an ornamental tree. It grows wild in the Appalachian
mountain region from the valley of the Susquehanna river, Pennsyl-
vania to southern Alabama.

\VOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, light brown, with
creamy white sapwood of 35-40 layers of annual growth.

UMBRELLA TBEE

471 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

TULIP TREE

Whitewood, Yellow Poplar.

Liriodendron Tulipifera L.

HABIT — A good sized tree 50-70 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
of 2-3 ft., in the Ohio basin reaching an exceptional height of nearly
200 ft.; trunk tall, straight, continuous into the crown and giving
off comparatively short, horizontal, declined or slightly ascending
branches with upcurved tips, forming in young trees a pyramidal and in
older trees an oblong head. Light yellow fruiting cones or at least
their axes conspicuous at ends of twigs.

BARK — Somewhat resembling bark of White Ash but ridges are
longer and the furrows are shallower and more rounded and less inclined
to form diamond-shaped patches; inner bark bitter; young bark ashy-
gray and smooth, becoming dark with light colored seams.

TWIGS — Slender to somewhat stout, reddish-brown, smooth and shin-
Ing with more or less evident bloom, with an agreeable aromatic
smell when broken but with an intensely bitter taste, not mucilaginous;
on vigorous shoots often branching the first season. LENTICELS — con-
spicuous pale dots. PITH — white with rather inconspicuous transverse
woody partitions through the ground-mass.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous,
elevated, circular or slightly flattened at the top. STIPULE-SCARS —
conspicuous, arising from top of leaf-scar, encircling twig. BUNDLE-
SCARS — small, numerous, scattered like perforations in a sieve.

BUDS — Dark reddish-brown, covered with a bloom, white-dotted,
blunt, flattish; lateral buds small, on vigorous twigs superposed acces-
sory buds sometimes present which may be stalked or develop into
branches the first season; terminal buds large 5-20 mm. long, oblong,
blunt. BUD-SCALES — spoon-shaped, smooth, valvate in pairs corre-
sponding to stipules, each pair enclosing in succession a long-stalked,
smooth, reflexed and folded leaf with its 2 scale-like stipules; leaf-
stalk attached only at its base, hence scar of rudimentary leaf when
present located at base of bud.

FRUIT — A light brown cone made up of winged seed-like portions,
20-40 mm. long which remain aggregated together into the winter but
which are gradually dropped leaving the persistent terminal axis.

COMPARISONS— The Magnolias to which the Tulip Tree is botani-
cally related have likewise aromatic twigs with circular stipule-scars.
Their leaf-scars, however, are not circular; their buds are pointed or
hairy and the scar of the rudimentary leaf is considerably above base
of bud. The light brown fruiting cones from which the winged seed-
like bodies have partially fallen are generally to be found on the Tulip
Tree and are distinctive for this species.

DISTRIBUTION — Prefers a rich, loamy, moist soil. Is sometimes
planted as an ornamental tree. From New England south to the Gulf
states; west to Wisconsin; occasional in the eastern sections of Missouri
and Arkansas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Vermont— valley of the Hoosac River in the-
southwestern corner of the state; Massachusetts — frequent in the Con-
necticut river valley and westward; reported as far east as Douglas,
southeastern corner of Worcester county; Rhode Island — frequent.

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional, local or frequent.

"WOOD — Light, soft, brittle not strong, easily worked, light yellow or
brown, with thin creamy white sapwood; largely manufactured into
lumber generally, under the name of "Whitewood"; used in construction,
the interior finish of houses, boat building and for shingles, brooms and1
woodenware. The intensely acrid bitter inner bark, especially of the-
root, is used domestically as a tonic and stimulant and hydrochlorate-
of tuliplferine, an alkaloid, separated from the bark, possesses the
property of stimulating the heart.

TULIP TREE

476 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SASSAFRAS

Sassafras variifolium (Salisb.) Kuntze.
S. officinale Nees & Eberm. ; /S. Sassafras Karst.

HABIT — A small tree at times reaching 40-50 ft. in height, with
a trunk diameter of 2-4 ft.; at the north smaller and often shrubby;
in the southern states reaching a height of 100 ft.; branches numerous,
stout, more or less contorted, often distinctly in yearly whorls, horizontal
or forming a broad angle with the trunk, subdividing to produce a
bushy spray and forming a fiat-topped or slightly rounded oblong
head. Limbs brittle and frequently lost through ice storms or other
injuries, giving the tree a battered appearance as shown in photograph.
The tree sprouts abundantly from the roots often surrounding itself
with a thicket of saplings (see those at right in picture).

BARK — Reddish-brown, deeply furrowed even in comparatively young
trees into broad flat ridges with narrow horizontal cracks running part
way around the trunk and dividing the ridges into short blocks.

TWIGS — Slender to stout, bright yellowish-green, often reddish where
exposed to light, smooth and sljining or somewhat downy; internodes
very unequal; rapidly grown shoots freely branching the first season,
the branches exceeding the main axis; twigs spicy-aromatic to both
smell and taste, mucilaginous if chewed. LENTICELS — scattered, very
Inconspicuous.

I^EAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, raised, semi-
elliptical, with elevated margins. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-
SCARS — single, forming horizontal line.

BUDS — Green, more or less tinged with red toward tip; lateral buds
small, divergent; terminal buds large. 5-10 mm. long, ovate, pointed;
flower buds terminal. BUD-SCALES — with thickened veins; generally
3, narrower, thicker, shorter scales surrounding terminal bud.

COMPARISONS — Its bright green aromatic mucilaginous twigs which
form branches the first season surpassing the main axis, its single
bundle-scar and the transverse cracking of the ridges of the bark
render the Sassafras one of the most interesting of our native trees in
winter. It is scarcely to be confused with any other form.

DISTRIBUTION — In various soils and situations; sandy or rich woods,
along the borders of peaty swamps, thickets and fence-rows. Provinces
of Quebec and Ontario; south to Florida; west to Michigan, Iowa,
Kansas, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — this tree grows not beyond Black Point
iScarboro, Cumberland county) eastward; (Josselyn's New England
Rarities, 1G72); not reported again by botanists for more than two
hundred years; rediscovered at Wells in 1895 and North Berwick in
1896; New Hampshire — lower Merrimac valley, eastward to the coast
and along the Connecticut valley to Bellows Falls; Vermont — occasional
south of the center; Pownal; Hartland and Brattleboro; Vernon; Massa-
chusetts— common especially in the eastern sections; Rhode Island —
common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Soft, weak, brittle, coarse-grained, very durable in the soil,
aromatic, dull orange-brown, with thin light yellow sapwood of 7-8
layers of annual growth; largely used for fence-posts and rails and in
the construction of light boats, ox-yokes, and in cooperage. The roots
and especially their bark are a mild aromatic stimulant, and oil of
sassafras used to perfume soaps, flavor candy, etc. and as an ingredient
in liniment is distilled from them.

SASSAFRAS

478 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WITCH HAZEL

Hamamelis virginiana L.

HABIT — A large shrub or small tree occasionally 25-30 ft. in height
with a trunk diameter of 10-14 inches, with short trunk, spreading
crooked branches with conspicuous persistent fruiting capsules, form-
Ing a broad open head.

BARK — Light brown, more or less mottled, generally smooth or
minutely scaly.

TWIGS — Rather slender, light orange brown, smooth and shining, or
downy especially toward apex, more or less zigzag. LENTICELS — few,
scattered, whitish dots.

LiEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, inversely triangular.
STIPULE-SCARS — distinct, narrow, oblong, somewhat separate from
leaf-scar. BUNDLE-SCARS — whitish in conspicuous contrast to dark
browa surface of leaf-scar, generally 3 and separate or these may be
compounded or more or less confluent.

BUDS — Stalked, flattish, slightly curved, densely downy with short
fine light to dark olive brown hairs; terminal bud larger than laterals,
5-12 mm. long. BUD-SCALES — an outer pair of relatively thin scales
corresponding to stipules and often represented by only a scar accom-
panying the outermost thick downy laterally folded undeveloped leaf,
which with smaller leaves within serves the function of bud-scales. The
bud is therefore essentially naked.

FRUIT — Produced in abundance, a downy 2-chambered capsule about
15 mm. long, surrounded by the persistent calyx, discharging in autumn
4 shining, brown, oblong seeds and remaining widely gaping on the
tree throughout winter (see lower part of twig picture). The plant
produces flowers in the autumn at the same time with the ripening of
the fruit, and the remains of the flowers, showing the 4 downy sepals
with their enclosing bracts, are to be found in clusters on the recent
twigs (upper part of twig picture).

COMPARISONS — In habitat and in its stalked buds the Witch Hazel
resembles the Alders. The buds of the latter however are essentially
smooth or at most fine-downy, not hairy and their fruit is a woody
cone not a capsule.

DISTRIBUTION — In moist or wet often rocky places. Nova Scotia to
Ontario and Minnesota; south to Florida and Texas; west to eastern
Nebraska.

: IN NEW ENGLAND — Common throughout.

"WOOD — Heavy, hard, very close-grained, light brown tinged with red,
with thick nearly white sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth. The
bark is slightly astringent and though not known to have essential
properties is largely used in the form of fluid extracts and decoctions
as a popular application for spraihs;aad bruises, Pond's Extract being
made by distilling the bark in dilute alcohol. Probably equally
efficacious is the use of the twigs as divining rods to locate water and
minerals.

WITCH HAZEL

480 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SWEET GUM

Bilsted, Rei Gum, Alligator-wood, Liquids mbar.
Liquidambar Styraciflua L.

HABIT — A tree 40-60 ft. in height with a trunk diameter up to 2 ft
reaching- 150 ft. in height and a trunk diameter of 3-5 ft. in the Missis-
sippi and Ohio valleys; branches slender, regular and spreading form-
ing a very symmetrical tree, when young (right hand tree in plate)
narrowly oblong-conical, with age (left hand tree in plate) becoming
broader and rounded ovate, generally showing persistent stalked
spherical fruits.

BARK — Grayish brown, deeply furrowed into broad more or less
flaky ridges.

TAVIGS — Mediumly stout to slender, light to dark reddish to yellowish-
brown, rounded or often somewhat angled, smooth and shiny or seldom
slightly hairy; generally developing the second season 3-4 parallel
corky ridges on the upper side of horizontal branchlets and on all
sides of vertical branchlets (lower twig figure). LENTICELS — scat-
tered, dark. PITH — wide, 5-pointed, star-shaped.

LEAF-SCABS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, broadly crescent-shaped
to inversely triangular, raised. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-
SCAMS — 3. each a circular white ring with dark center conspicuous
against the dark surface of leaf-scar.

BUDS — Ovate to conical, pointed, shiny, reddish-brown, more or less
fragrant when crushed, lateral buds divergent, on rapidly grown shoots
sometimes stalked or developing into branches the first season and
then frequently with a pair of collateral accessory buds at a node;
terminal bud exceeding the laterals, 5-10 mm. long. BUD-SCALES —
ovate, fine-downy on the margins, rounded on the back, generally with
a short abrupt point at the apex.

FRUIT — A long stalked spherical spiny aggregate of ovaries, 2-4 cm.
In diameter, hanging on the tree through the winter; the mature seeds
falling in autumn leaving many minute abortive seeds in the ovaries.

COMPARISONS — The corky ridges on the twigs of the Sweet Gum are
striking distinctive characters which are found also in the Cork Elm
and the Bur Oak. The Elm, however, has 2-ranked leaf-scars and
the buds of the Oak are bunched at the twig ends; neither are shiny
reddish-brown between the ridges. The corky ridges may be but
sparingly developed upon some trees and may even fail entirely. The
spiny fruits which persist through winter form the best single dis-
tinctive character.

DISTRIBUTION — Low, wet soils, swamps, moist woods, somewhat
cultivated as an ornamental tree. Connecticut; south to Florida; west
to Missouri and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Growing native only in Connecticut.

IN CONNECTICUT — South Norwalk and occasional or frequent west-
ward near the shores of the Sound.

"WOOD — Heavy, hard, straight, close-grained, not strong, bright brown
tinged with red, with ihin almost white sapwood of 60-70 layers of
annual growth, inclined to warp and shrink badly; used for the outside
finish of houses, in cabinet making, for street pavement, wooden dishes
and fruit boxes. The resinous exudation from the stems (liquidambar)
which is more marked in trees grown in the south, is used in the
preparation of chewing gum.

SWEET GUM

482 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SYCAMORE

Buttonwood, Buttonball, Plane Tree.
Platanus occidentalis L.

HABIT — A large tree 50-100 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
3-8 ft., in the bottom lands of the lower Ohio and Mississippi valleys
reaching occasionally a height of 170 ft. with a trunk diameter of
10-11 ft., the largest tree of the New England forest; with an erect
or often declined trunk very gradually tapering and continuous into
the top (see habit picture) or branched near the base into two or
three secondary trunks (see bark picture) forming an open, irregular
or rounded wide-spreading head; branchlets scraggly, often in tufts
with dead twigs not infrequent. (See low cross-branch in bark picture).

BARK — Dark brown, at the base of older trunks shallowly furrowed
into broad ridges which are broken into small oblong thick plate-like
scales; higher up on the trunk peeling off in large thin plates, exposing
conspicuous areas of the whitish, yellowish or greenish inner bark.

TWIGS— Slender, rather shiny, smooth, yellowish-brown, generally
zigzag, swollen at the nodes, rounded or with decurrent ridges from
the bundle-scars; medulary rays conspicuous in sectioned twig.
LENTICELS— pale, minute. PITH— thick.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, generally 2-ranked, sometimes appearing
more ranked; narrow, projecting, nearly surrounding the bud, more or
less swollen at the bundle-scars. STIPULE-SCARS — encircling twig.
BUNDLE-SCARS — conspicuous, dark, generally raised, 5-10 or more in
single curved line.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds large, conical, 5-10 mm.
long, blunt-pointed, smooth, shiny, dark reddish-brown, divergent.
BUD-SCALES — a single scale visible, forming a cap to the bud, second
scale green, gummy, innermost scale covered with long rusty hairs.

FRUIT — Spherical heads 2.5-4 cm. in diameter, on long stalks mostly
solitary or seldom in 2's composed of small hairy 1-seeded nutlets.
The heads hang on the tree till spring.

COMPARISONS — The native Sycamore [Platanus occidentalism is closely
related to the Oriental Sycamore [Platanus orientalis L.] which is
extensively planted as an ornamental tree. It bears its fruiting heads
singly or rarely in 2's, while the Oriental Sycamore has its fruiting
heads in clusters of 2-4. The whitewashed appearance of the upper
limbs, the single cap-like scale of its bud, which is nearly surrounded
by the leaf-scar, present characters which prevent the Sycamores from
being confused with any other trees.

DISTRIBUTION — Near streams, river bottoms, and low, damp woods;
sometimes in dryer places. Ontario; south to Florida; west to Min-
nesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— apparently restricted to York county;
New Hampshire — Merrimac valley towards the coast; along the Con-
necticut as far as Walpole; Vermont — scattering along the river shores,
quite abundant along the Hoosac in Pownal; Massachusetts — occa-
sional; Rhode Island — rather common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Reddish-brown with light somewhat yellowish sapwood,
heavy, tough, hard, not very strong, coarse-grained, difficult to split and
work; is used in manufacture of tobacco boxes, crates, butchers' blocks,
ox-yokes and when cut quartering is used for inside finishing of
buildings and for furniture.

SYCAMORE

484 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PEAR

Pyrus communis L.

HABIT — A tree sometimes 75 ft. in height with a trunk diameter of
2 ft. or more; trunk erect, more or less continuous into the head, with
ascending branches and numerous stubby branchlets forming an upright
pyramidal head.

DARK — Grayish-brown, on young trunks and branches smooth becom-
ing with age longitudinally fissured into flat-topped ridges which are
further broken by transverse fissures into oblong scales.

TAVIGS — Stout, smooth or but slightly downy, yellowish-green or
sometimes with tinge of brown, without characteristic taste; short
sharp-pointed branches not infrequently present; stubby, branched
slow-growing fruit spurs abundant, with prominent fruit scars. LEN-
TICELS — scattered, pale, more or less conspicuous.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, narrow, crescent-
shaped, raised. STIPULE-SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-SCARS— 3, often
indistinct.

DUDS — Conical, sharp-pointed, smooth or but slightly hairy; terminal
bud about 8 mm. or less in length, lateral buds smaller, generally
divergent and not flattened or at times on vigorous shoots both flattened
and appressed. BUD-SCALES — ovate, generally with conspicuous grayish
skin on surface, generally 4 or more visible scales to lateral buds, more
to terminal bud.

FRUIT — A large fleshy pome.

COMPARISONS — The Pear Tree may be distinguished from the Apple
by its erect habit of growth. The twig characters vary somewhat
among the different varieties but in general the twigs of the Pear
differ from those of the Apple in being smooth, generally of a yellow-
ish-green color, devoid of a licorice-like taste and in having pointed,
mostly divergent buds the scales of which are more or less covered
with a grayish skin.

DISTRIDUTION— A native of the Old World cultivated in this country
for its fruit and escaped from cultivation in waste places.

WOOD — Hard, close-grained, reddish-brown; used for drawing instru-
ments, for tools, in imitation of ebony and by the wood engraver.

PEAR

486 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

APPLE

Pyrus Malus L.
Mains Mains (L.) Britton.

HABIT — A tree reaching 30-50 ft. in height and a trunk diameter of
2-3 ft.; trunk short with wide spreading limbs forming a broad round-
topped head of familiar and very characteristic habit.

BARK — Grayish-brown, scaling off in thin, brittle, flaky plates.

TWIGS — Stout, pale-woolly, at least toward the apex, mostly reddish-
brown, rarely yellowish, shining where free from wool, with character-
istically slightly bitter and licorice-like taste when chewed; short,
stubby, contorted fruit-spurs abundantly present. LENTICELS — scat-
tered, pale, more or less conspicuous. PITH — white.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, narrow, crescent-
shaped, raised. STIPULE-SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-SCARS— 3, often
indistinct.

BUDS — Ovate, blunt, bright reddish-brown, more or less densely
covered with pale wool; terminal bud 8 mm. or less long, lateral buds
smaller, often triangular, flattened and appressed against twig. BUD-
SCALES — ovate, about 3 scales visible to lateral bud, more to terminal
bud.

FRUIT — A large fleshy pome.

COMPARISONS — The Apple Tree resembles the Pear but is readily
distinguished from this species by its low spreading habit of growth.
The numerous varieties differ somewhat in the twig characters, some
with twigs and buds nearly smooth, others with yellowish rather than
reddish-brown twigs. The licorice-like taste of the twigs seems to be
a constant character for the Apple. Among its distinguishing characters
which in the main hold good, may be mentioned the pale wool on the
twigs and buds, the flat appressed lateral buds and the reddish-brown
color of the twigs.

DISTRIBUTION— A native of the Old World, cultivated in this
country for its fruit and frequently escaped from cultivation in waste
places when it assumes a bushier habit of growth with smaller twigs
frequently beset with short sharp-pointed thorn-like branches.

WOOD — Hard, tough, close-grained, reddish-brown, used for tool
handles, shoe makers' lasts, by the cabinet maker and esteemed as
a fuel in open grate fires.

APPLE

488 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

AMERICAN MOUNTAIN ASH

Rowan or Service Tree.

Pyrus americana (Marsh.) DC.

Sorbus americana Marsh.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 15-20 ft. high or In northern New
England reaching- a height of 25-30 ft. with a trunk diameter of 12-15
Inches; with slender spreading branches forming a rather narrow
round-topped head.

BARK — Grayish-brown, smooth or on older trees somewhat roughish.

TAVIGS — Stout, smooth, reddish to grayish-brown. LENTICELS — con-
spicuous, large, pale, oblong, remotely scattered. PITH — broad, slightly
reddish-brown.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, crescent to
broadly U or V-shaped, raised on a projection darker than the twig.
STIPULE-SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-SCARS— regularly 5, often raised,
arranged in a single curved line.

BUDS — Terminal buds large, about 13 mm. long, ovate to broadly
conical with a curved pointed apex, dark purplish-red, gummy and
smooth or with few hairs on the surface, densely woolly within; lateral
buds smaller, flattened and appressed. BUD-SCALES — 2-3 visible to
terminal bud; 1-2 to lateral bud.

FRUIT — Berry-like, bright red, strongly acid, round, about the size
of a pea. in flat-topped clusters persistent through the winter.

COMPARISONS — A larger fruited form, the Western Mountain Ash
(.Pyrus sitcliensis (Roem.) Piper], is considered by some a distinct
species but by others only a variety of the type described. It is more
northerly ana westerly in its distribution. The European Mountain
Ash [Pyrus Aucuparia (L.) Ehrh.] with many horticultural forms is
more frequently cultivated than the American species and has escaped
from cultivation in some places. It may be distinguished by the white
hairy down present especially on the upper half of the terminal bud
and by the larger fruits (about 10 mm. broad) arranged in a rather
round-topped cluster. The habit, bark, fruit and lower twig photo-
graphs are of the European species.

DISTRIBUTION — River banks, cool woods, swamps, and mountains.
Newfoundland to Manitoba; south, in cold swamps and along the moun-
tains to North Carolina; west to Michigan and Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common; New Hampshire — common
along the watersheds of the Connecticut and Merrimac rivers and on
the slopes of the White Mountains; Vermont — abundant far up the
slopes of the Green mountains; Massachusetts — Graylock, Wachusett,
Watatic. and other mountainous -regions; rare eastward; Rhode Island —
occasional in the northern sections.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare or local. Swamps and about ponds or some-
times on dry ledges or in rocky woods; Stafford, Durham and Meriden,
Granby, Winchester, Norfolk, Canaan, Salisbury, Kent.

The variety (Pyrus sitchensis) the Western Mountain Ash, has the fol-
lowing distribution — Mountain slopes, cool woods, along the shores of
rivers and ponds, often associated with Pyrus americana, but climbing
higher up the mountains. Prom Labrador and Nova Scotia west to the
Rocky mountains, then northward along the mountain ranges to Alaska.
In New England, confined to Maine, New Hampshire and Vermont.

WOOD— Close-grained, light, soft and weak, pale brown with light-
er colored sapwood of 15-20 layers of annual growth; of little economic
value. The very astringent bark and berries are employed medicinally.

MOUNTAIN ASH

490 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

QUINCE

Cydonia vulgaris Pers.
Pyrus Cydonia L.

HABIT — A low bushy straggling rounded shrub or small tree rarely
exceeding 15 ft. in height with crooked distorted branches.

BARK — Dark gray, finely streaked, becoming with age more or less
roughened with large flaky scales.

TWIGS — Slender, dark reddish-brown, often with tinge of green; in
protected places and especially toward the tip of the twig generally
more or less densely covered with pale wool, bright-shining where
smooth; mostly tasteless. LENTICELS — small, numerous, becoming con-
spicuous brownish dots on older growth. PITH — narrow, greenish.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, crescent-shaped
to inversely triangular, raised on a somewhat shrivelled projection
slightly darker than the twig and containing at its outer edges the
roundish, rather inconspicuous stipule-scars at either side of the leaf-
scar. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds minute, about 3 mm. or
often less in length, ovate, blunt, flattened and appressed against
twig; smoothish or somewhat hairy at base, with dense pale-rusty hairs
within showing through at apex. BUD-SCALES — not easily distin-
guished, about 2 visible, reddish-brown to light reddish, breaking away
at the tip.

FRUIT — A large, firm, fleshy, downy pome.

COMPARISONS — The twigs and buds of the Quince resemble some-
what those of the Apple but the twigs are much more slender and
the buds show a distinctive tuft of rusty hairs. The bushy habit of
growth further will distinguish the Quince from the other cultivated
fruit trees.

DISTRIBUTION — A tree native of Europe, cultivated for the fruit and
escaped to a slight extent in some localities.

"WOOD — The wood is of no commercial importance. The fruit is
valued for preserving. The raw fruit and mucilaginous seed are used
In domestic medicinal practice.

QUINCE

492 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SHAD BUSH

Service Berry, Shadblow, Juneberry.
Amelanchier canadensis (L.) Medic.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 10-25 ft. In height with a trunk
diameter of 6-10 inches, sometimes reaching a height of 40 ft. with a
trunk diameter of 1^ ft.; of variable habit, at times a shrub with many
stems in a clump (see plate, picture at right) or again a symmetrical
tree with a single trunk with many small limbs and fine branchlets
forming an oblong or rather widespreading round-topped head (see
plate.)

BARK — Essentially smooth, grayish-brown, older trunks with narrow
longitudinal fissures separating off shallow flat ridges which are some-
what scaly at base of trunk; younger trunks and branches smooth, often
characteristically streaked with darker longitudinal lines (see plate).

TWIGS — Slender, grayish, olive-green to reddish-brown often covered
with a gray skin, generally smooth, with slight taste of bitter almonds.
LENTICELS — scattered or numerous, pale, minute dots. PITH —
greenish with irregular edges.

L.EAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked or at times appearing more than
2-ranked, a raised very narrow flattened V-shaped line swollen at the
bundle-scars, often with short somewhat decurrent ridges at outer
edges. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, rather large.

BUDS — Terminal buds present, long, narrow, 7-12 mm. long and 3-4
times as long as broad, narrowly ovate to conical, sharp-pointed, green-
ish-yellowish more or less tinged with reddish-purple, smooth or with
white silky hairs at apex and edges of scales, mostly appressed; lateral
buds on rapidly grown shoots normal, on slowly grown spurs, undevel-
oped or rudimentary; generally a small lateral bud just below terminal
bud. BUD-SCALES — increasing from below upward, the two lowest
about % length of the bud more or less keeled and 3-nerved. dark,
margined and with a single short dark spiny tip, lower scales often 3-
tipped, edges from slightly downy on outermost scales to densely silky-
hairy on inner scales; on terminal buds about 5 scales visible, more or
less imperfectly 2-ranked; lateral buds on vigorous shoots often with
pair of extra lateral scales basally united giving short-stalked appear-
ance to bud.

FRUIT — Berry-like, sometimes if Infected by a rust fungus remaining
dried on the tree through the winter.

COMPARISONS — The long narrow buds of the Shad Bush bear a super-
ficial resemblance to those of the Beech. The Beech buds, however, are
divergent, narrower, with 10-20 scales regularly arranged in four
rows and have stipule-scars nearly encircling the twig. The Shad
Bush is subject to the attacks of a^ fungus \_Dimerosporium Collinsii]
which blackens the leaves and causes a profuse branching at the
point of infection. The "witches' brooms" thus formed with the
persistent blackened leaves often enables the tree to be recognized at
a distance.

DISTRIBUTION — Dry, open woods, hillsides. Newfoundland and Nova
Scotia to Lake Superior; south to the Gulf of Mexico; west to Minne-
sota, Kansas, and Louisiana.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Throughout.
IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, exceedingly hard, strong, close-grained, dark brown
often tinged with red, with thick lighter colored sapwood of 40-f>0
layers of annual growth; occasionally used for the handles of tools and
other small implements; under the name of "Lancewood" it is used in
the manufacture of fish rods.

SHAD BUSH

494 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

THE HAWTHORNS

Thorns, Haws, Thorn Apples, White Thorns.
Crataegus L.

NOTE — The Hawthorns form one of the most complexing genera
among flowering plants. Some 600 species have been described and
Sargent in his Manual gives descriptions of 132 tree-like forms for
North America. The distinctions used are based largely upon flower and
fruit characters. They are at best often difficult of application and
entirely unavailable in the winter. It seems, therefore, most advisable
to give a description which will hold good for the whole group rather
than a detailed account of any single species. The twig photographed
was taken from the Cockspur Thorn [Crataegus Crus-galli L..]; the habit
photograph from an undetermined specimen belonging to the
Pruinosa group growing in a deserted pasture.

HABIT — Generally low wide spreading trees or shrubs.
BARK — Generally dark, scaly.

TWIGS — Rigid, round in section, more or less zigzag, rarely unarmed,
generally armed with axillary thorns which are almost always un-
branched — not infrequently branched when arising from the trunk and
larger branches — generally similar in color to branches from which they
grow; thorns generally absent from many of the nodes. LENTICELS —
oblong, generally pale.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, narrow, cres-
cent-shaped, slightly raised. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-
SCARS — 3.

BUDS — Small, spherical or nearly so; terminal bud generally present,
scarcely larger than lateral buds; a lateral accessory bud on each side
of the axillary thorn, frequently only one of the two developed. BUD-
SCALES- -numerous, overlapping, thick, rounded, blunt, bright chestnut
brown, shining.

FRUIT — Berry-like, botanically a small drupe-like pome with 1-5
nutlets.

COMPARISONS — The Hawthorns may be distinguished from other
genera by the unbranched axillary thorns usually present on their
twigs and by the bright, shining, chestnut brown, generally spherical
buds. The thorns of the Honey Locust are branched and situated some
distance above the axillary buds. The Osage Orange [Madura pomifera
(Raf.) Schneider], sometimes grown in hedges, has unbranched thorns
generally present at all the nodes, decreasing regularly toward the
tip of the greenish-gray twig, with buds lateral to the thorns and a
single more or less ring-shaped bundle-scar to the broad leaf-scar.

DISTRIBUTION — The Hawthorns are most abundant in eastern North
America occurring here from Newfoundland to the mountains of north-
ern Mexico. A few species occur in the Rocky mountains and Pacific
coast regions and in China, Japan, Siberia, central and southern Asia
and in Europe.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, tough, close-grained, reddish-brown, with thick
lighter colored usually pale sapwood; useful for the handles of tools,
mallets and other small articles.

HAWTHORN

496 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WILD BLACK CHERRY
Rum, Cabinet or Black Cherry.

Primus serotina Ehrh.
Padus serotina (Ehrh.) Agardh.

HABIT — A medium sized tree 30-50 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
from 8 or 10 inches to 2 feet, becoming much larger in the
middle and southern states; branches spreading often more or less
zigzag forming an irregular oblong head.

BARK — On young trunks and branches smooth reddish-brown with
conspicuous oblong whitish horizontal lenticels, easily peeled off in thin
dark papery layers exposing the bright green bark below, becoming
with age very much roughened by irregular, close, dark, scaly plates
with upturned edges.

TWIGS — Rather slender, smooth, reddish-brown, more or less covered
with a grayish skin easily rubbed off; crushed twigs with odor and taste
of bitter almonds. LENTICELS — numerous, pale, minute, rounded dots,
becoming horizontally elongated and more conspicuous on later growth.
PITH — of recent growth, generally whitish.

LEAF-SCARS— Alternate, more than 2-ranked, small, semi-oval to
inversely triangular, raised. STIPULE-SCARS — inconspicuous or appa-
rently absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, often inconspicuous.

BUDS — Medium sized, ovate, blunt to sharp-pointed, about 4 mm.
long, smooth, bright reddish-brown, divergent or sometimes somewhat
flattened and appressed; terminal bud slightly larger than lateral buds.
BUD-SCALES — about 4 visible, broadly ovate, more or less rounded
and keeled on the back, of nearly uniform color or with darker edges,
sometimes partially covered with a grayish skin, similar to that usual on
the twigs.

FRUIT — A drupe about the size of a pea, ripening in summer in
drooping elongated clusters.

COMPARISONS — The Wild Black Cherry in its young growth
resembles the Choke Cherry but grows to be a good sized tree and
develops a very rough scaly bark. Further the lenticels tend to be
whitish and elongate horizontally with age, the buds are smaller and
redder and their scales are not white-margined. From the cultivated
Sweet and Sour Cherries the Black Cherry is distinguished by absence
of fruiting spurs, by smaller buds and by the character of its bark.

DISTRIBUTION — In all sorts of soils and exposures; open places and
rich woods. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior; south to Florida; west to
North Dakota, Kansas, and Texas, extending through Mexico, along the
Pacific coast of Central America to Peru.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — not reported north of Oldtown (Penob-
ecot county); frequent throughout the other New England states.

WOOD — Light, strong, rather hard, close straight-grained, with a
satiny surface, light brown or red, with thin yellow sapwood of 10-12
layers of annual growth; largely used in cabinet-making and the
interior finish of houses. The bark, especially that of the branches and
roots, yields hydrocyanic acid used in medicine as a tonic and sedative.
The ripe fruit is used to flavor alcoholic liquors whence one of the
common names.

WILD BLACK CHEERY

498 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CHOKE CHERRY

Prunus virginiana L.
Padus virginiana (L. ) Roemer.

HABIT — Generally a tall shrub or a small tree rarely reaching 20-30
ft. in height with a trunk diameter of 6-8 inches.

BARK — Dull grayish-brown, smoothish but slightly roughened with
raised buff-orange rounded dots formed by the enlarged lenticels, not
becoming rough-scaly with age; on young trunks . and branches easily
peeled off in thin, dark papery layers exposing the bright green bark
below.

TWIGS — Slender to rather stout, averaging stouter than those of the
Wild Black Cherry, smooth, reddish to grayish-brown, without grayish
skin easily rubbod off, crushed twigs with a rank odor and taste in
addition to that of bitter almonds. LENTICELS — numerous, rather con-
spicuous, buff-orange dots, slightly elongated longitudinally the first
year and not becoming distinctly elongated horizontally on later
growth. PITH — of recent growth white.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, elliptical, raised.
STIPULE-SCARS — inconspicuous or absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, fre-
quently sunken.

BUDS — Rather large, narrow, ovate to conical, about 6 mm. or more
long, smooth, pale brown, sharp-pointed, generally divergent with more
or less strongly curved apex; terminal bud frequently slightly smaller
than lateral buds. BUD-SCALES — a half dozen or more scales visible,
broadly ovate, more or less rounded and keeled on the back, with thin
grayish margins.

FRUIT — A drupe about the size of a pea, ripening in summer in droop-
ing elongated clusters.

COMPARISONS — The Choke Cherry may be distinguished from the
Wild Black Cherry with which it is frequently confused by its smaller
size, smoothish bark even in old age, its buff colored lenticels which
do not elongate horizontally, the rank odor of its twigs and by its
larger and paler buds with whitish-margined bud-scales. From the
cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries the Choke Cherry is distinguished
by the absence of short fruit spurs and by its gray-margined bud-scales.
The lower twig in the plate is infected by a fungus disease — Black Knot
(Plowrightia morbcsaj which occurs also upon the Wild Black and Wild
Red Cherries and upon our cultivated Cherries and also upon the Plums.

DISTRIBUTION — In varying soils; along river banks, on dry plains, in
woods, common along walls and often in thickets. From Newfoundland
across the continent, as far north on the Mackenzie river as 62 degrees;
south to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Common throughout; at an altitude of 4,500 feet
upon Mt. Katahdin.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare near the coast in the southeastern part of
the state but frequent or common elsewhere.

WOOD — Hard, close-grained, weak, light brown; of insufficient size
to be of value commercially.

CHOKE CHERRY

500 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WILD RED CHERRY

Bird, Fire, Pin or Pigeon Cherry.

Primus pennsylvanica L. f.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree -generally under 30 ft. in height with
trunk diameter of 8-10 inches; trunk erect generally continuous into
crown with slender branches arising at a rather sharp angle, forming a
rather narrow oblong open head. The trees growing in the open about
Storrs have in general a narrower outline than the tree photographed.

BARK — Reddish-brown, for the most part smooth, often slightly-
peeling in transverse strips especially toward the base of the trunk
and in old trees somewhat roughened; inner bark on young branches
bright green. LENTICELS — conspicuous, horizontally elongated, lens-
shaped, orange colored and powdery on the surface.

TWIGS — Slender, generally less than 2 mm. thick, often less than
1.5 mm. thick, smooth, bright red and shining, more or less covered with
a gray skin easily rubbed off; bitter aromatic. LENTICELS — scattered,
pale to bright orange colored, becoming slightly elongated horizontally
and more conspicuous on older growth. PITH — brown, narrow.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, semi-oval, raised.
STIPULE-SCARS — back of leaf-scars, generally indistinct or absent.
BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, the central larger one often alone distinct.

BUDS — Minute, generally under 3 mm. long, blunt-pointed, ovater
reddish-brown, smooth, often partially covered with a grayish skin,
divergent, on rapidly grown shoots characteristically clustered at the
tips as well as scattered, with the terminal bud present but generally-
smaller than those in the cluster around it; also clustered buds at ends
of short fruiting spurs; collateral accessory buds sometimes present.
BUD-SCALES — ovate, often notched and short-pointed, not readily dis-
tinguished as separate scales with the naked eye.

FRUIT — A drupe about the size of a pea, ripening in summer in short
clusters or with stalks arising from a common point on the stem.

COMPARISONS — The appearance of the bark and the taste of the
twigs shows the Wild Red Cherry to belong to the Cherry group. It
differs from the other Cherries in its very slender twigs and small buds
which are constantly clustered at the tips even of rapidly grown shoots.
The Wild Black Cherry when tree-like is further distinguished by its
scaly bark. The powdery bright reddish-orange lenticels on young-
and even old trunks form a striking character but a similar color
may occur in the lenticels of the other Cherries especially if the outer
surface is rubbed off.

DISTRIBUTION — Roadsides, clearings, burnt lands, hill slopes, occa-
sional in rather low grounds. From Labrador to the Rocky mountains,,
through British Columbia to the Coast Range; south to North Carolina;
west to Minnesota and Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Throughout; very common in the northern
portions, as high up as 4,500 ft. upon Katahdin, less common southward
and near the seacoast.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional. Found in various soils and situations^
but especially in rocky woods and clearings.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, light brown, with thin yellow sap-
wood of little commercial importance.

WILD BED CHERRY

502 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SWEET CHERRY

Mazzard Cherry, European Bird Cherry.
Prunus avium L.

HABIT — A good sized tree reaching 50-75 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 ft.; trunk erect continuous into the crown with slender
ascending branches forming a narrow pyramidal head; with age becom-
ing broad-spreading.

BARK — Characteristically reddish-brown with horizontally elongated
buff colored lenticels, tardily peeling off in transverse strips which
curl back and expose the lighter bark below which on very old trunks
may be roughened by scaly ridges; on young branches bark easily
peeled off in a thin dark papery layer exposing the bright green bark
below.

TWIGS — Stout, bright reddish-brown, smooth and shining, more or
less covered with a grayish skin easily rubbed off; crushed twigs with
bitter taste. In addition to long rapidly grown shoots, stubby slowly
grown fruit spurs with terminally clustered buds are abundant. LEN-
TICELS— rather numerous, pale, becoming horizontally elongated.
PITH— brown.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, rather broad, semi-
oval to inversely triangular, raised. STIPULE-SCARS — slightly behind
leaf-scars, oblique, often indistinct or absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3.

BUDS — Clustered at ends of fruiting spurs or scattered on rapidly
grown shoots; terminal bud scarcely larger than lateral buds;
lateral buds divergent, stout, ovate, pointed, constricted at base, about
7 mm. long, reddish-brown, smooth, often partially covered with a
grayish skin. BUD-SCALES — broadly ovate, with edges often lighter
colored and more or less frayed and ragged.

FRUIT — A drupe with edible flesh, generally sweet though in some
varieties tart, with hard stone or pit enclosing the seed, ripening in
summer, with stalks generally several in a cluster arising from a
common point on the stem.

COMPARISONS — The two types of cultivated cherries, the Sweet and
the Sour are to be distinguished chiefly by habit of growth and relative
size of twigs and buds, the Sweet Cherry having a pyramidal outline
generally with a central leader and with relatively stout twigs and
larger buds. These differences are well shown in the plates. (See
Comparisons under Sour Cherry).

DISTRIBUTION — A native of Europe, in this country cultivated for
Its fruit in several improved varieties such as the Black Tartarian,
May Duke, Windsor, Napoleon, etc. and in some places escaped from
cultivation.

"WOOD — Strong, rather soft, close-grained, yellowish-red, taking a
fine polish; largely used in Europe for fine furniture, inside finishing
and for musical and other instruments.

SWEET CHERRY

504 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SOUR CHERRY

Pie or Morello Cherry.

Primus Cerasus L.

HABIT — A small tree 20-30 ft. or less in height with a trunk diameter
of 10 or 12 inches; with stout spreading branches and more or less
drooping branehlets forming a broad, low, rounded head.

BARK — Similar to that of the Sweet Cherry, but the outer smooth
bark sooner peeling back and exposing the roughened inner bark.

TWIGS — Slender, otherwise resembling twigs of Sweet Cherry.
IiEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of the Sweet Cherry.

BUDS — Similar to those of the Sweet Cherry but smaller and appa-
rently more frequently clustered toward the ends of long shoots.
Compare the twig photographs of the two species.

FRUIT — Similar to that of Sweet Cherry but flesh tart.

COMPARISONS — The Sour Cherry differs from the Sweet Cherry in its
spreading habit of growth, its more slender twigs and smaller buds.
Compare plates of the two species. From the native Wild Black and
Choke Cherries the cultivated Sweet and Sour Cherries are distinguished
by the short fruit spurs; from the Wild Red Cherry by their stouter
twigs and buds and absence of a bud cluster at the tip of long shoots.

DISTRIBUTION — A native of Europe, in this country cultivated for its
fruit in several improved varieties such as the Amarelles, Early Rich-
mond, Montmorency, etc. and the Morellos, Louis Philippe, etc. and in
some places escaped from cultivation.

WOOD — Similar in appearance and uses to that of the Sweet Cherry
from which it is not distinguished by wood workers.

SOUR CHERRY

506 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CANADA PLUM
Red, Horse or Wild Plum.

Prunus nigra Ait.
P. americana, var. nigra Waugh.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 20-25 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 5-8 inches; with contorted branches and more or less zigzag
branchlets forming a low spreading head. It tends to sucker freely
forming low thickets.

BARK — On young trunks and branches dark brown with prominent
raised lenticels which are horizontally slightly elongated; at first
smooth but soon splitting and curling back in thick grayish-brown
layered plates exposing the rough scaly bark below.

TWIGS — Slender, .smooth, reddish-brown, often more or less covered
with a grayish skin, bitter aromatic, lateral spiny spurs generally
present. LENTICELS — scattered, large and rather conspicuous pale
dots.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, broadly crescent-
shaped. STIPULE-SCARS — indistinct or absent. BUNDLE-SCARS —
3, often inconspicuous.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds about 4-8 mm. long, conical,
narrow-pointed, grayish-brown; collateral buds sometimes present.
BUD-SCALES — triangular, pale and thin on the margins, generally hairy
at the apex.

FRUIT — A smooth-skinned drupe with smooth stone.

COMPARISONS — The Plums are distinguished from the other members
of the genus Prunus by the absence of a terminal bud. The Canada
Plum so far as one can judge from the material investigated Is
distinguishable by its larger buds from the American Plum, of which
it is considered by some only as a variety.

DISTRIBUTION — Native along streams and in thickets, often spon-
taneous around dwellings and along fences. From Newfoundland
through the valley of the St. Lawrence to Lake Manitoba; rare south
of New England; west to Wisconsin. Has given rise to some valuable
fruit-bearing varieties in cultivation.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — abundant in the northern sections and
common throughout; New Hampshire and Vermont — frequent, especially
in the northern sections; Massachusetts — occasional; Rhode Island — not
reported.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare. Norfolk, a few trees about an abandoned
garden; Oxford.

WOOD— Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, rich bright reddish-
brown with thin lighter colored sapwood.

CANADA PLUM

508 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

CULTIVATED PLUMS

NOTE — The Cultivated Plums are either improved forms of originally
wild species or have been derived by hybridization from a number of
such forms. The types most cultivated in the United States are the
American (derived from Prunus americana), the European (derived
from Prunus domestica) and the Japanese (derived from Prunus
triflora). Although the varieties of a given type differ considerably so
that without further study it does not seem desirable to try to offer
a detailed winter classification of the cultivated plums, still the general
characteristics of the unmixed types are recognizable in winter.
Certain varieties, the Gold, the Lombard and the Red June have been
chosen for the photographs to illustrate respectively the American, the
European and the Japanese types.

THE AMERICAN PLUM. VARIETY— GOLD

Prunus americana Marsh.
Illustrations on page 509.

The American cultivated type of Plum has very slender grayish-
brown twigs and branches which have a decidedly drooping habit of
growth. The bark is brown; on young trunks and branches smooth,
shining, with prominent, light-colored, horizontally elongated lenticels
(see upper part of bark picture). The habit photograph was taken
from a specimen of the native form, grown in the Arnold Aboretum.
The American Plum, as growing wild, closely resembles the Canada
Plum and by some this latter species is considered merely a variety
of the former. The material examined shows smaller twigs than the
Canada Plum with buds generally under 4 mm. long. The most northern
station has been reported to be along the slopes of Graylock, Mass.
In Connecticut it is reported as rare in the southern district, becoming
occasional northward.

THE EUROPEAN PLUM. VARIETY— LOMBARD

Prunus domestica L.
Illustrations on page 510.

The European Plum has a lighter bark than the other two types
without conspicuous horizontal lenticels, with stout, upright, long
shoots and an upright habit of growth.

THE JAPANESE PLUM. VARIETY— RED JUNE.

Prunus triflora Roxbg.
Illustrations on page 511.

The Japanese Plum has a .very dark deeply ridged bark without
conspicuous lenticels. The long shoots are rather slender and bright
colored and stout fruit spurs are numerous.

AMERICAN PLUM

EUROPEAN PLUM

JAPANESE PLUM

512 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

PEACH

Prunus Persica (L.) Stokes.
Amygdalus Persica L.

HABIT — A small tree generally under 20 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of about 6 inches; trunk low with spreading limbs and ascend-
ing branchlets forming a low broad rounded head.

BARK — Dark reddish-brown, smooth, with prominent horizontally
elongated lenticels, becoming roughened and scaly at base.

TWIGS — Of medium thickness, smooth and very shiny, greenish to
bright reddish-purple, often green below and red above toward the light,
becoming redder as spring approaches; on rapidly grown shoots branches
sometimes produced the same season; crushed twigs with odor and taste
of bitter almonds. LENTICELS — very numerous and very minute pale
dots, in reality stomata, best seen with hand-lens and on reddish
portions of twigs, only part of them elongating with age. PITH — rather
wide, often somewhat 5-pointed, whitish or tinged with brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, elliptical to semi-
oval, strongly raised, often more or less decurrent. STIPULE-SCARS —
behind and above leaf-scars or raised on persistent bases of stipules,
often indistinct and readily confused with broken bud-scales; often
a small raised leaf-scar above and on either side of the main leaf-scar
in connection with the collateral buds when these are present. BUNDLE-
SCARS — 3, often inconspicuous.

BUDS — Ovate, rounded at apex or blunt-pointed, generally under 5
mm. long, densely pale-woolly at least toward apex and within, more
or less appressed, 1 or 2 collateral buds often present at a node —
these generally stout flower buds in sharp contrast to the narrower
leaf bud between (in the group of three buds on twig in plate all are
flower buds); terminal bud present often with one or more lateral
buds adjacent. BUD-SCALES — reddish-brown, often with ragged edges
and generally indistinct and covered with grayish wool.

FRUIT — A large downy drupe with an irregularly pitted stone.

COMPARISONS — The dense woolliness of its stout buds and the very
numerous and extremely minute pale dots on its highly colored arid
polished twigs readily distinguish the Peach from its near relatives.

DISTRIBUTION— A native of Asia, cultivated in this country for its
fruit, naturalized throughout the greater portion of the southern
states and spontaneous in waste places and on road-sides in the
northern states.

WOOD — Rather soft, close-grained and light brown. The seeds
develop considerable hydrocyanic acid and are used in the manufacture
of a substitute for oil of bitter almonds.

PEACH

514 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

Coffee Nut, Coffee Bean, Nicker Tree, Mahogany.

Gymnocladus dioica (L.) Koch.

G. canadensis Lam.

HABIT — A medium sized tree 30-60 ft. in height, trunk generally soon
dividing into 3 or 4 slightly spreading limbs or less frequently with a
continuous trunk, forming a narrow obovate head with thick branchlets
devoid of spray; the large stout pods often remaining on tree through-
out the winter.

BARK — Dark brown, characteristically roughened with thin tortuous
recurved scale-like ridges which are distinct even upon comparatively
young branches.

TWIGS — Very stout, more or less contorted, blunt, Drown or slightly
greenish, generally white-crusted, smooth or often velvety-downy.
LENTICELS — rather numerous, large, generally more conspicuous on
second year's growth. PITH — wide, salmon-pink to brown.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, pale, raised,
broadly heart-shaped. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS —
large, raised, generally 3-5.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds small, bronze, silky pubes-
cent, partially sunken, scarcely projecting beyond the surface of the
twig, surrounded by an incurved downy rim of the bark; axillary bud
in the depression at top of leaf-scar, one or sometimes 2 superposed
buds present. BUD-SCALES — sometimes 2 lateral scales visible.

FRUIT — A reddish-brown, large, broad, flat, oblong, abruptly pointed
pod, 4-10 inches long by l%-2 inches wide, frequently remaining
unopened on tree during winter, generally somewhat larger than shown
in the photograph. Seed, dark brown, flattish.

COMPARISONS — A superficial glance at the habit of the Kentucky
Coffee Tree might lead one to mistake its stout branchlets for those of
the Ailanthus. Its curious narrow ridged bark, however, should at
once prevent any confusion between the two trees. The silky bronze
superposed buds partially sunken in downy dimples of the bark in
connection with the stout twigs and salmon-colored pith are sufficient
characters to distinguish this tree from all other forms.

DISTRIBUTION — Not native in New England but frequently cultivated
as an ornamental tree; grows wild in rich deep soil from central New
York and southern Minnesota southward to Tennessee and the Indian
Territory.

WOOD — Heavy, though not hard, strong, coarse-grained, very durable
In contact with soil, rich light brown tinged with red, with thin lighter
colored sapwood of 5-6 layers of annual growth; it takes a fine polish
and is occasionally used in cabinet-making and for fence-posts, rails
and in construction. Its seeds were formerly used as a substitute for
coffee.

KENTUCKY COFFEE TREE

516 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HONEY LOCUST

Three-thorned Acacia, Honey Shucks, Sweet Locust, Thorn

Tree.

Gleditsia triacanthus L. (Sometimes called Gleditschia.)

HABIT — A medium sized tree 40-60 ft. in height with a trunk diameter
of 1-3 ft.; trunk commonly short dividing into a number of slightly
spreading limbs, with somewhat drooping lateral branches, forming
a broad rounded obovate or flat-topped head. Seen against the sky
the smaller branches appear zigzag with characteristic swellings at
the nodes often surmounted with thorns and rudimentary branchlets
developed from the extra buds. (See branches at side of trunk in
bark picture).

BARK — Grayish-brown darkening with age, on young trunks and
branches smooth, on older trunks more or less roughened into broad
ridges with firm persistent recurved edges. Some trunks have bark
practically smooth except for a few deep fissures; some trunks are
thickly fringed with dense masses of long branched spines, while others
are free from them.

TWIGS — Slender, shining, smooth, reddish to greenish-brown, often
light mottled or streaked, zigzag with enlarged nodes; a large branched
thorn with pale reddish-brown pith, discontinuous with that of the
stem, generally present above node. LENTICELS — minute, scattered,
becoming conspicuous brown raised dots on older growth. PITH —
thick, whitish.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, generally more than 2-ranked, V-shaped
with upper margins and apex generally swollen. STIPULE-SCARS
— absent or inconspicuous. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3, rather inconspicuous.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, the lateral buds small, generally about
5 more or less distinct at a node, separated one above the other,
decreasing in size from above downward, the uppermost a superposed
smooth scaly bud breaking through the bark, the next also scaly
covered by or breaking through the leaf-scar, the lower buds without
scales, covered by bark and seen as minute green dots in a longitudinal
section of twig; buds often continue to be produced at the nodes for
several years especially when the twigs are trimmed as in hedges and
give rise to a bunch of more or less rudimentary branches.

FRUIT — A long, flat, reddish-brown, more or less twisted, indehiscent
pod 10 to 18 inches long, containing numerous flat oval seeds about
10 mm. long. The photograph of the fruit is reduced to about % nat-
ural size.

COMPARISONS — The Honey Locust is at once distinguished from the
various other thorny species such as the Hawthorn and Common Locust
by its large branched thorns situated above the leaf-scar. When the
thorns are absent as is sometimes the case the vertical row of separated
smooth buds, the upper scaly and superposed, the lower hidden by the
bark, are sufficient points of distinction.

DISTRIBUTION — In its native habitat growing in a variety of soils;
rich woods, mountain sides, sterile plains. Southern Ontario; spreading
by seed southward; indigenous along the western slopes of the Al-
leghanies in Pennsylvania; south to Georgia and Alabama; west from
western New York through southern Ontario and Michigan to Nebraska,
Kansas, Indian Territory, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Not native, but frequently planted as an orna-
mental tree or for hedges and escaped from cultivation; Maine — young
trees in the southern sections said to have been produced from self-
sown seed; New Hampshire and Vermont — introduced; Massachusetts —
occasional; Rhode Island — introduced and fully at home. Probably
sparingly naturalized in many other places in New England.

IN CONNECTICUT— Rare, occasional or local.

WOOD — Hard, strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact with
soils, red or bright red-brown, with thin, pale sapwood of 10-12 layers
of annual growth; largely used for fence posts and rails, for the hubs
of wheels and in construction.

HONEY LOCUST

518 NEW ENGLAND TEEES IN WINTER.

REDBUD

Judas Tree.

Cercis canadensis L.

HABIT — A small tree up to 40 ft. in height though generally smaller,
developing an upright or a low, broad, irregular head.

BARK — Reddish-brown to almost black, somewhat ridged and scaly.

TWIGS — Slender, dark reddish-brown, smooth, more or less zigzag.
LENTICELS — very numerous, minute. PITH — especially of older growth,
generally with reddish longitudinal streaks.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, small, slightly raised, inversely
triangular, with short, decurrent, spreading, more or less evident ridge
from outer edges. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3,
large.

BUDS— Terminal bud absent, lateral buds small, 3 mm. long, or
generally much smaller, blunt, dark purplish-red, somewhat flattened
and appressed, one or more superposed buds often present the upper-
most the largest; flower buds conspicuously present on older wood
often at the base of a branch (see plate) or even on the trunk itself.
BUD-SCALES — overlapping, somewhat hairy on the edges, about 2
visible to a leaf bud, several to a flower bud.

FRUIT — A flat pod about 3 inches long, with small compressed
seeds.

COMPARISONS — The stout purplish flower buds below the insertion
of the branches on the old wood will serve to identify this small tree.
The reddish streaks in the older pith seem to be a constant character
so far as investigated and if so will be a useful mark of distinction.

DISTRIBUTION — Not native to New England but frequently planted
as an ornamental tree. It grows native along the borders of streams
and rich bottom land from Ontario to New Jersey south to Florida and
west to Minnesota and Arkansas.

"WOOD — Heavy, hard, not strong, close-grained, rich dark brown
tinged with red, with thin lighter colored sapwood of 8-10 layers of
annual growth; of little commercial importance.

EEDBUD

520 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

YELLOW WOOD

Virgilia, Gopher Wood.
Cladrastis lutea (Mx. f.) Koch.

HABIT — A small tree under 50 ft. in height with trunk diameter of
1-2 ft.; trunk generally dividing low down into several slightly
spreading limbs with numerous slender more or less zigzag branches,
the lower often strongly declined, forming a broad rounded head.

BARK — Thin, gray to light brown, in general smooth, resembling
bark of the Beech with slight protuberances or ridges and horizontal
wrinkles.

TWIGS — Rather slender, more or less zigzag, brittle, smooth bright
reddish-brown, covered often by a grayish skin, odor and taste resembl-
ing that of a raw dried pea or bean. LENTICELS — pale, scattered,
generally conspicuous. PITH — wide, white, round in section.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked, or more than 2-ranked, raised,
pale yellow, forming a V-shaped collar of almost uniform diameter
nearly encircling the bud. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS—
typically 5 (4-9) generally regularly spaced and raised or at times
some of the five indistinct or lacking."

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds naked, superposed, 3-4,
the uppermost the largest and generally alone developing, flattened,
closely packed together to form a pointed bud-like hairy cone generally
under 5 mm. long, nearly surrounded by the leaf-scar. BUD-SCALES —
absent, their place taken by the densely hairy immature leaves.

FRUIT — A smooth flat margined pod 5-10 cm. long, containing a few
small oblong compressed seeds.

COMPARISONS — The Yellow Wood is well characterized by its
beech-like bark, its slender twigs, and its superposed hairy buds closely
clustered into a bud-like cone and practically surrounded by the leaf-
scar and is therefore scarcely to be confused with any other tree.

DISTRIBUTION — In rich soil, limestone ridges and often along
mountain streams, rare and local. Western North Carolina, Kentucky,
Tennessee, Alabama, Missouri; often cultivated in New England as an
ornamental tree.

WOOD — Heavy, very hard, strong and close-grained, with a smooth,
satiny surface, bright clear yellow changing to light brown on ex-
posure, with thin nearly white sapwood; used for fuel, occasionally for
gun stocks and yielding a clear yellow dye.

YELLOW WOOD

522 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

COMMON LOCUST

Black, Yellow or White Locust, Locust, Acacia.
Robinia Pseudo-Acacia L.

HABIT — Generally a small tree 20-35 ft. or occasionally 50-75 ft. in
height with a trunk diameter of eight inches to 2*£ ft.; trunk erect or
in-lined, frequently dividing- into a number of ascending limbs with
slender scraggly branches forming a narrow oblong open head; often
spreading by underground stems and forming thickets of small trees.
A rapidly growing tree but short lived and subject to the attacks of
borers.

BARK — Rough even on young trunks, dark reddish to yellowish-
brown, becoming deeply furrowed into rounded ridges, not flaky.

TWIGS — Rather slender, brittle, often zigzag, light reddish to green-
ish-brown, smooth or nearly so. more or less angled with decurrent
ridges from base and outer angles of leaf-soars, generally spiny with
paired stipular prickles at nodes. LENTICELS — pale, scattered. PITH —
wide, more or less angled.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, generally large and
conspicuous, inversely triangular to pentagonal, raised, covering the
buds. STIPULES — in the form of prickles, sometimes poorly developed
or entirely lacking. BUNDLE- SCARS— 3.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds minute, rusty-downy, 3-4
superposed, generally close together, enclosed in a rusty-downy cavity
below the leaf-scar which cracks between the bundle-scars at the
development of a branch usually from the uppermost bud exposing the
long rusty hairs attached to under side of the three persistent lobes
of the leaf-scar; on rapidly grown shoots, the uppermost bud often
develops into a branch the first season, which may be rudimentary and
deciduous, leaving a small scar above leaf-scar.

FRUIT — A dark brown, flat pod, 5-10 cm. long, containing 4-8 small
brown mottled flatish seeds, persistent on the tree throughout the
winter.

COMPARISONS — The paired prickles at the nodes form the most
striking character of the Common Locust but since they are absent on
some twigs and entirely lacking on certain varieties, the hidden closely-
packed downy buds must be taken as the chief distinguishing features.
They separate the Common Locust from the Honey Locust when the
characteristic branched thorns are not present on the latter species. The
Clammy Locust [Robinia viscosa Vent.] is a small southern tree fre-
quently cultivated and established at many points throughout New
England. It has the general characters of the Common Locust but
the stipular prickles are less well developed and its twigs are covered
with a sticky glandular coating. The Bristly Locust [Robinia hispida
L.] is a mere shrub with twigs beset with bristly hairs but without
stipular prickles. The Prickly Ash or Toothache Tree [Zanthoxvlon
americanum L.], a shrub occurring throughout New England, resembles
the Locust in its stipular prickles (lower twig in plate). It is readily
distinguished from the Locusts, however, by the red downy exposed
clustered buds, the presence of a terminal bud and the pungent flavor
of its twigs.

DISTRIBUTION — In its native habitat growing upon mountain slopes,
along the borders of forests, in rich soils. Naturalized from Nova
Scotia to Ontario. Native from southern Pennsylvania along the
mountains to Georgia; west to Iowa and southward. Formerly much
planted as an ornamental and timber tree; more cultivated in Europe
than any other American tree.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — thoroughly at home, forming wooded
banks along streams; New Hampshire — abundant enough to be reckoned
among the valuable timber trees; Vermont — escaped from cultivation in
many places; Massachusetts. Rhode Island — common in patches and
thickets and along the roadsides and fences.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent as an escape from cultivation.

WOOD — Heavy, exceedingly hard and strong, close-grained, very
durable in contact with the soil, brown or rarely light green, with
pale yellow sapwood of two or three layers of annual growth; exten-
sively used in shipbuilding for all sorts of posts, in construction ana
turnery; preferred for tree nails and valued as fuel.

COMMON LOCUST
PRICKLY ASH (lower twig only)

524: NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

AILANTHUS

Tree of Heaven, Chinese Sumach.
Ailanthus glandulosa Desf.

HABIT — A small to good sized tree 50-75 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 ft.; forming a wide flat-topped head with stout branch-
lets devoid of spray; freely sprouting from the roots; the female trees
which are more frequently planted than the male often retaining the
clusters of winged fruit throughout the winter.

BARK — Grayish, slightly roughened with fine light colored longitu-
dinal streaks in striking contrast to the darker background.

TWIGS — Stout, yellowish to reddish-brown covered with very short
fine velvety down, or smooth, rather rank-smelling when crushed, older
twigs often shedding the down in the form of a thin skin and exposing
very fine light longitudinal striations below. LENTICELS — scattered,
pale, somewhat longitudinally elongated becoming on older growth con-
spicuous more or less diamond-shaped cracks. PITH — wide, chocolate
brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, large, conspicuous,
heart-shaped. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — conspicuous,
often compound or curved, generally under a dozen in number, forming
a curved line.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds relatively small generally
under 4 mm. long, half-spherical, reddish-brown, downy. BUD-SCALES
— thick, the 2 opposite lateral scales generally alone showing.

FRUIT — About 4 cm. long, winged, spirally twisted, the seed in the
center, borne in conspicuous clusters which frequently remain on tree
during winter. The species is dioecious, there being male trees bear-
ing only staminate flowers and hence producing no fruit and female
trees bearing only pistillate flowers and producing fruit. Owing to
the vile smelling character of the staminate flowers, the male trees are
now seldom planted.

COMPARISONS — The Ailanthus in its stout twigs resembles somewhat
the Kentucky Coffee Tree but its buds are solitary and not sunken, its
pith is brown rather than salmon-colored and its bark is not ridged as
is the bark of the Kentucky Coffee Tree. From the stout-twigged
Black Walnut and Butternut it is distinguished by its solitary buds
and continuous pith; from the Staghorn and Smooth Sumachs by its
broad leaf-scars.

DISTRIBUTION — A native of China sparsely and locally naturalized
In southern Ontario, New England and southward; a very rapid grower,
thriving under the most unfavorable conditions of city existence.

WOOD — Light brownish-yellow, with lighter sapwood, soft, weak,
rather open-grained; in Europe used in the manufacture of woodenware
and charcoal, little used in this country.

AlLANTHUS

526 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTKH.

STAGHORN SUMACH

Rhus typhina L.

R. hirta (L.) Sudw.

(Lefthand twig- and lower habit picture in plate)

HABIT — A shrub or small tree rarely over 25 ft. in height with a
trunk diameter less than a foot; making a straggling growth with
forked branching forming a flat head with conspicuous red fruit clusters
generally present and stout velvety branchlets; sprouting abundantly
from the roots and thus forming broad thickets.

BARK — Thin, dark brown, smooth or in older trees more or less
rough-scaly.

TWIGS — Stout, conspicuously covered with long- velvety olive brown
to almost black hairs, whence the common name from resemblance to
a stag's antlers in the "velvet"; the tips often killed back several
inches by the frost; cut twig exuding a copious white milky juice.
LENTICELS — conspicuous except as covered by the hairs, orange
colored, becoming laterally enlarged rough dots on older growth. PITH
— wide, yellowish-brown.

LEAP-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, deeply V-shaped,
almost encircling the bud. STIPULE-SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-SCARS
— scattered or frequently arranged in 3 groups, generally not con-
spicuous.

BUDS — Terminal buds absent, lateral buds conical, densely coated
with long rusty hairs.

FRUIT — In rather compact, erect, cone-like clusters; individual fruits,
drupes about 4 mm. in diameter coated with acid-tasting red hairs and
enclosing a small bony-covered seed. The conspicuous red fruiting
clusters are persistent throughout the winter but, since the species
tends to be dioecious, are not borne by all trees.

COMPARISONS — A somewhat smaller form, the Smooth Sumach
{Rhus glabra L.]. closely resembles the Staghorn Sumach in habit, twig
and fruit characters but the twigs are smooth (except the fruit stalks
which may be downy) and generally are covered with a bloom. (See
twig on right and upper habit picture in plate.) The Dwarf Sumach,
{Rhus copallina L.], is generally smaller in New England than the
other Sumachs. It has red fruit clusters like the Smooth and the
Staghorn Sumachs but is distinguished from these two forms by the
watery instead of white milky juice, by the leaf-scars which do not
surround the bud and by the turpentine flavor to the young twigs. For
comparison with the Poison Sumach see latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — In widely varying soils and localities, river banks,
rocky slopes to an altitude of 2,000 ft., cellar holes and waste places
generally, often forming copses. Prom Nova Scotia to Lake Huron;
south to Georgia; west to Minnesota and Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Common throughout.

WOOD — Light, brittle, soft, coarse-grained, orange-colored, streaked
with green, with thick nearly white sapwood. Pipes for drawing the
sap of the Sugar Maple are made from the young shoots. The bark
especially of the roots is rich in tannin.

STAGHORN AND SMOOTH SUMACH

528 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

POISON SUMACH

Poison Dogwood, Poison Elder, Swamp Sumach.

Rhus Vernix L.

R. venenata DC.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 5-20 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter reaching 8-10 inches; trunk generally forking near the ground
producing an open, rounded, bushy head.

BARK — Thin, light gray, smooth or slightly roughened with more or
less conspicuous horizontally elongated lenticels.

TWIGS — Stout, brown to orange brown, older growth light gray,
smooth, with watery resinous juice turning black on exposure. LEN-
TICELS— numerous, minute, raised dots. PITH — yellowish-brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, comparatively large,
conspicuous, inversely triangular, raised, upper margin straight,
slightly depressed or elevated, pointed and projecting. STIPULE-SCARS
• — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — conspicuous, irregularly scattered in a
closed ring or a single curved line.

BUDS — Terminal buds present, small but larger than laterals; short-
conical, 3-20 mm. long, purplish. BUD-SCALES — finely downy on the
back and margins.

FRUIT — A globular, slightly compressed, striate drupe about 5 mm.
In diameter, very shiny, ivory white or yellowish-white, generally per-
sistent through the winter in long pendant clusters. The species is
dioecious, however, and therefore some trees do not fruit.

COMPARISONS — From the other Sumachs the Poison Sumach is dis-
tinguished by the presence of a terminal bud, its broad leaf-scars not
encircling the bud, with conspicuous generally scattered bundle-scars.
The loose clusters of white fruit are distinctive when present. The
Poison Sumach is almost entirely confined to swamps or wet places
while the other Sumachs grow for the most part in dryer situations.
The Poison Sumach resembles its climbing relative the Poison Ivy [Rhus
Toxicodendron L.] in that all parts of the plant at all times of the year
contain an oil poisonous to the touch, only more actively so. Some
individuals are more and others less susceptible. A preventive
against the poison is thoroughly to wash as soon as possible in strong
alcohol or strong soap suds the parts of the body that have come in
contact with the plant.

DISTRIBUTION — Low grounds and swamps; occasional on the moist
slopes of hills. Infrequent in Ontario; south to northern Florida; west
to Minnesota and Louisiana.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — local and apparently restricted to the
southwestern sections; as far north as Chesterville, Franklin county;
Vermont — infrequent; common throughout the other New England
states, especially near the seacoast.

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional in most districts, becoming frequent
near the coast.

"WOOD — Light, soft, coarse-grained, light yellow, streaked with
brown, with lighter colored sapwood. The juice can be used as a
black lustrous durable varnish.

POISON- SUMACH

530 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HOLLY

American Holly, White Holly.
Ilex opaca Ait.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree rarely reaching 30 ft. in height, with
a trunk diameter of 15-18 inches; larger south and west; with slender
horizontal drooping or slightly ascending branches forming a compact
conical head with spiny evergreen leaves.

BARK — Light gray, smooth becoming somewhat roughened with age.

TWIGS — Rather slender, grayish to yellowish brown, smooth or more
or less downy. LENTICELS — inconspicuous.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, more than 2-ranked, semi-oval. BUNDLE-
SCARS — solitary.

LEAVES — Thick, evergreen, elliptical to obovate, spiny-tipped and
with few spiny teeth or rarely entire, dull yellowish-green above, pale
and yellower beneath; midrib prominent beneath, with short, stout,
slightly fine-downy leaf-stalks, grooved above. STIPULES — minute, awl-
shaped, persistent.

BUDS — Short, blunt, roundish, more or less downy, terminal bud
pointed.

FRUIT — Persistent through the winter, about the size of a pea, dull
red or rarely yellow, berry-like, with four ribbed nutlets. Some trees
bear only sterile flowers and therefore never produce fruit.

COMPARISONS — The American Holly closely resembles the cultivated
European Holly [Hex Aquifoliwn L.] but the leaves of this latter
species are described as glossier, of a deeper green color, more wavy-
margined with whitish translucent edges, and the berries as of a
deeper red color.

DISTRIBUTION — Generally found in somewhat sheltered situations in
sandy loam or in low, moist soil in the vicinity of water. Massachusetts,
southward to Florida; westward to Missouri and the bottom-lands of
eastern Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — reported on the authority of Gray's
Manual, sixth edition, in various botanical works but no station is
known; New Hampshire and Vermont — no station reported; Massachu-
setts— occasional from Quincy southward upon the mainland and the
island of Naushon; rare in the peat swamps of Nantucket; Rhode Island
— common in South Kingston and Little Compton and sparingly found
upon Prudence and Conanicut islands in Narragansett Bay.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare; roadsides and thickets; escaped from cul-
tivation or possibly native.

"WOOD — Light, tough, not strong, close-grained, nearly white when
first cut, turning brown with age and exposure, with thick rather light-
er colored sapwood, valued and much used in cabinet making, in the
interior finish of houses and in turnery; the branches are much used in
Christmas decorations.

HOLLY

532 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

STRIPED MAPLE

Moosewood, Whistlewood.

Acer pennsylvanicum L.

HABIT — A shrub or small tree 15-30 ft. high with a short trunk 5-10
inches in diameter and slender straight branches, forming in northern
New England a large part of the underbrush and a favorite food of
moose and deer whence the name of Moosewood.

BARK — Rather thin, reddish-brown or dark green, conspicuously-
streaked longitudinally with narrow white lines, at length dark gray,
often transversely warty.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth, red or green; year's growth marked by two
circles formed by scars of the two outer pairs of bud-scales. LENTI-
CELS — inconspicuous. PITH — brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite; wide, broadly V-shaped; their adjacent edges
nearly meeting and forming a pair of short stubby teeth separated by
a more or less well developed decurrent ridge. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3,
generally more or less compounded forming often 5 to 7 separate
bundle-scars.

BUDS — Distinctly stalked, 6-10 mm. long exclusive of the rather long-
stalk, tapering to a blunt tip, red, shining, more or less 4-sided; terminal
bud larger than appressed lateral buds. BUD-SCALES — the thick, red,
single, outer pair only visible, enclosing an inner pair of thick pale-
hairy scales, within which are enclosed one or more pairs of thin green
scales.

FRUIT — In long drooping terminal racemes with thin widely spread-
Ing wings; 2-2.5 cm. long, seed-like portion rather long with a pit-lik*
depression on one side; the elongated racemes from which the fruit
has fallen often remaining on tree throughout winter.

COMPARISONS — Easily distinguishable at all times from all other
Maples by the striking white streaks in the young bark which appear
often as early as the second year (see photograph of twig) and persist
even on comparatively old trunks. The large stalked buds are also-
characteristic. The brown pith of the twig and the one-sided pitting
of the seed-like portion of the fruit are characters which distinguish
the Bush Maples (i.e. the Mountain and the Striped) from our other spe-
cies of the genus. Forms of the genus Viburnum, which are for the most
part shrubs, resemble somewhat the Bush Maples but, aside from
having drupe-like fruits, may generally be easily distinguished by
bud characters: — some having naked, others scurfy buds, some with
the first pair of scales shorter than the bud and some with the second
pair of scales smooth.

DISTRIBUTION — Cool, rocky or sandy woods, usually in the shad*
of other trees. Nova Scotia to Lake Superior; south on shaded moun-
tain slopes and in deep ravines to Georgia; west to Minnesota.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — abundant, especially northward in th&
forests; New Hampshire and Vermont — common in highland woods;
Massachusetts — common in the western and central sections, rar&
towards the coast; Rhode Island — frequent northward.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rocky woods in rich soil; occasional in th*
north western part of the state, becoming rare eastward and south-
ward, reaching Ashford, East Haddam, Huntington and Redding.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, light brown with thick lighter
colored sapwood of 30-40 layers of annual growth.

STRIPED MAPLE

534 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

Acer spicatum Lam.

HABIT — Shrub or small bushy tree up to 25 ft. in height with a
trunk diameter of 6-8 inches; trunk short, straight, with slender upright
branches.

BARK — Very thin, reddish-brown to dingy-gray, smooth or slightly
furrowed.

TWIGS — Slender, bright red to purple on upper side where exposed
to the light, yellowish to greenish on shaded under side, color per-
sisting for several years; covered especially toward tip with short
appressed grayish hairs, which may persist in scant amount for several
years toward upper part of each year's growth. Year's growth marked
by 2-3 circles formed by scars of bud-scales. LENTICELS — few,
inconspicuous. PITH — brown.

LEAP-SCARS — Opposite, narrow, V-shaped, margined by a lighter
colored and more or less raised rim, nearly meeting. BUNDLE-SCARS —
3, undivided.

BUDS — Stalked, small, slender, pointed; generally under 6 mm. in
length including stalk, red or greenish, covered, especially the terminal
buds, with short appressed grayish hairs; terminal bud larger than
appressed lateral buds. BUD-SCALES — thick, 2-3 pairs, one or at most
2 pairs visible, the second pair hairy.

FRUIT — In drooping racemes with wide more or less spreading wing-a
about 2 cm. or less long, seed-like portion short, with pit-like depres-
sion on one side.

COMPARISONS— Resembles the Striped Maple (which see) in habit,
distribution, color of twigs and few scales to the stalked buds. It
differs from the Striped Maple in absence of white streaks on young
bark and by pale down on twigs and especially on the smaller buds.

DISTRIBUTION — Moist rocky hillsides usually in the shade of other
trees. From Nova Scotia and Newfoundland to Saskatchewan, along
mountain ranges to Georgia.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common, especially northward in the
forests; New Hampshire and Vermont — common; Massachusetts — rather
common in western and central sections, occasional eastward; Rhode
Island — occasional northward.

IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional in the northern part of the state,
becoming rare southward, reaching East Haddam, Guilford at Bluff
Head, Meriden and Redding.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, light brown tinged with red, with
thick lighter colored sapwood.

MOUNTAIN MAPLE

536 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SUGAR MAPLE
Rock Maple, Hard Maple.

Acer saccharum Marsh.
A. saccharinum Wang., not L. ; A. barbatum Michx.

HABIT — A large tree 50-90 ft. in height, with trunk diameter of 2-5
ft.; trunk more or less continuous, in the open developing at 8-10 ft.
from the ground stout, erect branches which form in young trees a
broad or narrow egg-shaped head, becoming frequently a broad, round-
topped head when older. Leaves sometimes persistent into winter
especially on lower branches of young trees.

BARK — On young trunks and limbs dark gray, with tinge of buff,
close and firm, smooth or slightly fissured, becoming deeply furrowed
into long, thick, irregular plates which often curve back along one
edge, giving ploughed appearance to the trunk. Some trees are to be
found with yellowish-gray, more or less flaky bark. (See upper bark
picture).

TWIGS — Slender, shining, reddish-brown to buff tinged with orange,
smooth. LENTICELS — numerous, pale, conspicuous. PITH — white.

LEAP-SCARS — Opposite, narrow V-shaped; outer margins of a pair
nearly meeting; often pale downiness within leaf-scar. BUNDLE-
SCARS — 3, sometimes compound.

BUDS — Conical to ovate, sharp-pointed, reddish-brown, rather downy
especially toward tip; terminal bud 4-6 mm. long, about twice as long
as appressed lateral buds. BUD-SCALES — overlapping, 4-8 pairs visible,
their margins finely hairy.

FRUIT — 3-5 cm. long, in short terminal clusters, wings broad, paral-
lel or slightly spreading.

COMPARISONS — The Sugar Maple is readily distinguished from other
maples by its narrow, conical, sharp-pointed, brown buds and by the
large number of scales to the bud. The fruit clusters of the Sugar
Maple are from terminal buds, those of the Red and the Silver Maple
are from lateral buds. The fruiting of the Sugar Maple in consequence
causes a noticeable forking of the twigs while it does not interrupt
the growth in the Red and the Silver Maple. Further, fruit stalks
and sometimes even the fruits themselves are persistent into winter
on the Sugar Maple and are not persistent on the Red and the Silver.
The Black Maple [Acer saccharum, var. nigrum (Michx. f.) Britton] is
found in the northern part of New England but is too closely related
to the Sugar Maple to be considered a distinct species. It has darker
buds and bark than the type form.

DISTRIBUTION — Rich woods and rocky slopes, frequently planted by
roadsides. Nova Scotia and Newfoundland; westward to Lake of the
Woods; south to the Gulf States; west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas
and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Abundant, distributed throughout the woods,
often forming in the northern portions extensive upland forests; attain-
ing great size in the mountainous portions of New Hampshire and
Vermont, and in the Connecticut river valley; less frequent toward the
seacoast.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent or common in northern districts, be-
coming rare near the coast, except as an escape from cultivation.

WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough, with a fine satiny
surface susceptible of receiving a good polish, light brown tinged with
red, with thin sap wood of 30-40 layers of annual growth; largely used
for the interior finish of buildings, especially for floors, in the manu-
facture of furniture and in turnery, in shipbuilding, shoe-lasts and pegs
and largely as fuel. Accidental forms with the grain curled and
contorted, known as Curly Maple and Bird's Eye Maple, are common
and highly prized in cabinet making. Maple sugar is principally made
from the sap of this tree.

SUGAB MAPLE

538 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SILVER MAPLE

White, River, or Soft Maple.

Acer saccharinum L.

A. dasycarpum Ehrh.

HABIT — A good sized tree 50-60 ft. high with trunk diameter of
2-5 ft.; dividing near the ground into several slightly spreading limbs
which branch further up, forming a very wide, broad-topped head.
Lateral branchlets strongly tend to grow downward and then curve
sharply upward at their tips.

BARK — Smooth, gray, with reddish tinge on young trunks and
branches; on older trunks reddish-brown more or less furrowed; the
surface separating into long thin flakes which become free at the ends
and flake off exposing the redder inner layers.

TWIGS — Similar to those of Red Maple but with a distinct rank odor
when freshly cut or broken.

LEAF-SCARS — Similar to those of Red Maple.

BUDS — Similar to those of the Red Maple but generally somewhat
larger, the flower buds more densely clustered with a larger number of
buds in a cluster.

FRUIT — Large, 4-7 cm. long, wings spreading, in lateral clusters,
ripening in early spring and therefore difficult to find in winter.

COMPARISONS — The Silver Maple closely resembles the Red Maple i
twig characters but can be readily distinguished from the latter b
the rank odor of the fresh twigs when broken. The flakiness of the
bark of the Silver Maple is also distinctive. The bending down of the
branchlets with a sharp upward curve at their tips while much more
marked in the Silver Maple occurs to a certain extent in the Red and
therefore cannot be depended upon alone as a distinctive character. If
the flower buds be dissected out and examined with a hand-lens the
immature flowers of the Silver Maple will be found to be surrounded by
a cup-like calyx which in the Red Maple is made up of separate
divisions. See under Red Maple for Comparisons with other species.

DISTRIBUTION — Along river banks and In moist deep-soiled woods,
not typically in swamps; often planted for ornament under the name
of White Maple. Infrequent from New Brunswick to Ottawa, abundant
from Ottawa throughout Ontario; south to the Gulf states; west to
Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Indian Territory; attaining its
maximum size in the basins of the Ohio and its tributaries; rare
towards the seacoast throughout the whole range.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Occasional throughout; most common and best
developed upon the banks of rivers and lakes at low altitudes.

IN CONNECTICUT — Frequent Inland along the larger streams, rare
elsewhere.

"WOOD — Hard, strong, close-grained, easily worked, rather brittle, pale
brown with thick sapwood of 40-50 layers of annual growth; now some-
times used for flooring and in the manufacture of furniture. Sugar is
occasionally made from the sap.

;

SILVER MAPLE

540 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED MAPLE

Swamp, Soft or White Maple.
Acer rubrum L.

HABIT — A medium sized tree, 40-50 ft. high, occasionally in swamps
reaching 75 ft. in height, with trunk diameter of 2-4 ft; branching low
down and forming an oblong, rather compact head, frequently largest at
the top but sometimes broad at the base. Branches slender
as well as branchlets, the latter showing slight tendency to turn up at
their tips; upper branches appearing decidedly gray and often resembling
those of the Beech if viewed with the light.

BARK — Smooth, light gray on young trunks and branches; on older
trunks very dark gray, roughened into long ridges, sometimes some-
what shaggy and separating in long plates. (See right hand bark
photograph).

TWIGS — Rather slender, bright or dark red, shining; odorless when
cut. LENTICELS — numerous, conspicuous. PITH — pinkish toward upper
part at least of each year's growth beyond the second.

LEAP-SCARS — Broad, U to V-shaped, adjacent edges not meeting.
BUNDLE-SCARS— 3.

BUDS — Red, blunt-pointed, broadly oval-ovate to spherical in flower
buds, generally under 5 mm. long, short-stalked; flower buds numerous,
stout, collateral (one on either side of smaller axillary bud). BUD-
SCALES — 4 pairs or generally fewer visible with pale hairs on margins,
outer pair of scales not over half covering the bud.

FRUIT — Small, generally under 3 cm. long, wings spreading, in lateral
clusters, ripening in spring and therefore difficult to find in winter.

COMPARISONS— The Red Maple closely resembles the Silver Maple
in the winter condition. See Silver Maple under Comparisons for
differences. The Red and the Silver Maple are distinguishable from our
other Maples except the Box Elder by presence of collateral buds, and
the numerous clusters of these flower buds give a characteristic beaded
appearance to the twigs against the sky; from the Striped and Mountain
Maples by the larger number of scales exposed in the bud; from the
Striped and the Norway and Sycamore Maples by much smaller buds;
from the Mountain Maple and the Box Elder by their smooth outer bud-
scales; from the Sugar Maple by their red twigs and by their red, blunt
buds with few scales. See under Sugar Maple.

DISTRIBUTION — Borders of streams, In low lands, wet woods and
swamps or sometimes in dry ground, of rapid growth and a favorite
for park planting but usually not adapted to city streets. Nova Scotia
to the Lake of the Woods; south to southern Florida; west to Dakota,
Nebraska and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Common throughout from the sea to an altitude
of 3,000 ft. on Katahdin.

IN CONNECTICUT— Common.

WOOD — Very heavy, close-grained, not strong, light brown often
slightly tinged with red, with thick, rather lighter colored sapwood;
used in large quantities in the manufacture of chairs and other furni-
ture, in turnery, for wooden-ware and gun-stocks.

RED MAPLE

542 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

I

NORWAY MAPLE

Acer platanoides L.

HABIT — A medlumly large tree reaching in Europe 100 ft. in height,
with round spreading head.

BARK — Dark, broken into firm, close, narrow ridges which .run
together and enclose small diamond-shaped spaces, somewhat resembling
bark of White Ash but the ridges and diamond-shaped spaces are finer.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth, shining, brown to greenish or yellowish-
brown, branchlets of two or more years growth and even vigorous
season's shoots plainly streaked with fine, irregular, longitudinal cracks
in bark.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, narrow V-shaped, half encircling the twig,
the adjacent edges of opposite leaf-scars meeting and continued upward
into a short tooth. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3.

BTJDS — Completely red or yellowish-green toward the base, sometimes
whole bud strongly tinged with yellowish-green; terminal bud larger
than lateral buds, 5-8 mm. long, more than % as broad as long,
oval to ovate; generally with a pair of comparatively large lateral buds
below terminal bud; lateral buds small, appressed. BUD-SCALES — thick,
more or less keeled, margin very finely hairy; scales to terminal bud
generally 5 pairs — 2, or at most 3 pairs only showing smooth but
enclosing 2 pairs which are thickly covered with dark rusty-brown
hairs; in small buds sometimes 4 pairs smooth and 1 pair hairy.

FRUIT — Generally over 5 cm. long, seed-like portion flattish, with
wings diverging in a straight line.

COMPARISONS — The Norway Maple is easily distinguished from the
Sycamore Maple by the redness of its buds, the brown hairiness of the
inner scales, the ridging of the bark and the divergence of the wings
of the fruit; from the native Maples by the large buds and the character-
istically ridged bark.

DISTRIBUTION — A European form extensively cultivated as a shade
tree being more tolerant of unfavorable city conditions than most
other forms. Its low head, however, is a disadvantage for city street
planting.

•WOOD — Moderately heavy, hard, close-grained, white or yellowish-
white, fairly durable under cover but of short duration in the open; used
in Europe by joiners, for finer wheelwrights' work, for carving, for
mathematical instruments and for various other purposes.

NORWAY MAPLE

544 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

SYCAMORE MAPLE

Acer Pseudo-Platanus L.

HABIT — A rather large tree of vigorous growth, reaching in Europe
120 ft. in height, with large spreading head.

BARK — Dark reddish-brown, flaking off in squarish or short oblong
scales.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth, shining, yellowish-greenish to brown.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, shallow, V-shaped; adjacent edges of opposite
leaf-scars not meeting. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3 elongated lengthwise with
the leaf-scar or compound.

BUDS — Green, sometimes slightly reddish, terminal bud larger than
lateral buds, 7-12 mm. long, broadly oval to ovate to nearly spherical,
much more than *& as wide as long; lateral buds divergent. BUD-
SCALES — more or less keeled, with dark brown edging, dark pointed
apex and finely hairy margin; scales to terminal bud, 6-7 pairs, 3 pairs
at least generally visible, the outer scales smooth, the 2 inner scales
thickly covered with silvery white hairs.

FRUIT — Generally less than 5 cm. long, seed-like portion nearly
spherical, wings making about a right angle resembling fruit of the
Sugar Maple.

COMPARISONS — Distinguished from the Norway Maple by the green
buds, having outer scales with dark margins and white-hairy inner
scales and by the flaky bark; from the native Maples by the larger
buds and the peculiar bark.

DISTRIBUTION— A European form, cultivated in the United States
as a shade tree but less extensively than the Norway Maple.

WOOD — Similar in character to that of the Norway Maple and used
for the same purposes.

SYCAMORE MAPLE

546 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BOX ELDER

Ash-leaved Maple.

Acer Negundo L.
Negundo aceroides Moench Negundo Negundo Karst

HABIT — A medium sized tree 40-50 ft. high with a trunk diameter
of 1-2 ft.; dividing low down, sometimes only a few feet from the ground
into a number of stout spreading branches, forming a wide head.

BARK — Pale gray or light brown, broken by rather shallow furrows
into narrow, firm, close, irregular flat-topped ridges which are further
cracked horizontally; bark of young trunks and branches smooth, with
raised buff lenticels, which are horizontally more or less elongated.

TWIGS — Stout, reddish-purple or green, smooth, polished or often with
a whitish bloom which readily rubs off. LENTICELS — conspicuous,
forming somewhat longitudinally elongated, scattered, raised buff dots.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, narrow V-shaped, margined by a lighter
colored outer rim, half encircling the twig, the adjacent edges of
opposite leaf-scars meeting and prolonged upward into a conspicuous
narrow tooth, the inner margin often hairy. BUNDLE-SCARS — large,
3 in number, generally undivided.

BUDS — Short-stalked, red, more or less white-woolly, the terminal
buds 6 mm. or less long, rather longer than the appressed lateral buds.
BUD-SCALES — outer pair less densely woolly than inner pairs, grown
together at base, entirely enclosing the bud or slightly gaping and
exposing next inner pair; outer scales of lateral buds often distended
by formation in their axils of stout collateral buds.

FRUIT — 3.5-5 cm. long in drooping racemes, wings spreading at a
sharp angle, seed-like portion long, flattish; fruit stalks remaining on
tree throughout winter. The Box Elder is strictly dioecious, therefore
fruit is not borne by all individuals.

COMPARISONS — The stout brightly colored red or green twigs and
branchlets often covered with a bloom the first year and the downy
buds with generally collateral buds present on some of the twigs, as
well as the narrow tooth formed at the junction of adjacent deeply
V-shaped leaf-scars render the Box Elder easily distinguishable in
the winter condition.

DISTRIBUTION — Banks of streams, lakes and borders of swamps; a
rapid grower and often planted as a shade tree, thrives best in moist
soil but is tolerant of dry situations. Infrequent from eastern Ontario
to Lake of the Woods; abundant from Manitoba westward to the Rocky
mountains south of 55 degrees north latitude; south to Florida; west to
the Rocky and Wahsatch mountains, reaching its greatest size in the
river bottoms of the Ohio and its tributaries.

IN NEW ENGLAND— Maine— along the St. John and its tributaries,
especially in the French villages, the commonest roadside tree, brought
in from the wild state according to the people there; thoroughly estab-
lished young trees, originating from planted specimens, in various parts
of the state; New Hampshire — occasional along the Connecticut, abun-
dant at Walpole; extending northward as far as South Charlestown;
Vermont — shores of the Winooski river and of Lake Champlain.

IN CONNECTICUT — Rare or local; apparently native along the Housa-
tonic river from Oxford to . Salisbury; escaped from cultivation at
Putnam, Groton, Southington, Wethersfleld and Norwalk.

WOOD — Light, soft, close-grained, not strong, creamy white with
thick hardly distinguishable sapwood; occasionally manufactured into
cheap furniture and sometimes used for the interior finish of houses,
for wooden ware, cooperage and paper pulp. Small quantities of
maple sugar are occasionally made from this tree.

Box ELDER

548 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HORSE-CHESTNUT

Aesculus Hippocastanum L.

HABIT — A g-ood sized tree reaching- 70 ft. in height with a trunk
diameter of 2-3 ft.; sometimes with trunk continuous into top of tree
but more frequently dividing- soon into a number of large slightly
spreading limbs forming an oblong or broadly conical head, in old age
with drooping lower branches with upturned tips; spray stiff and coarse
with conspicuous terminal buds.

BARK — Dull brown becoming shallowly fissured into irregular plate-
like scales somewhat resembling bark of Apple Tree.

TWIGS — Stout, reddish-yellowish to grayish-brown, smooth or slightly
fine-downy. SCALE-SCARS — marking annual growth, distinct. LEN-
TICELS — large, conspicuous, scattered. PITH — wide.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, large, inversely triangular. STIPULE-
SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — 3-9, generally 7, large, conspicuous,
in a single curved line.

BUDS — Large, dark reddish-brown, varnished with sticky gum;
terminal buds often flower buds, larger than laterals, 1.5 to 3 cm.
long; when a flower bud, a terminal scar is left and the twig forks from
growth of bud pair below. BUD-SCALES — opposite in 4 rows, about
5 pairs visible in terminal bud, thick with thin margins, the lower
pairs more or less keeled and often with abrupt sharp points.

FRUIT — A weak-spined bur, containing the large seeds marked with
a large conspicuous scar; not remaining on the tree during winter.

COMPARISONS—Two western trees with buds free from resinous
coating i. e. the Fetid or Ohio Buckeye [Aesculus glabra Willd.] and the
Sweet Buckeye [Aesculus octandra Marsh.] are sometimes planted in
New England. They belong with the Horse-chestnut to the genus
Aesculus which Is readily distinguished from other New England genera
by the large size of the twigs, buds, opposite leaf-scars and bundle-
scars.

DISTRIBUTION — A native of southern Asia much planted as an
ornamental shade tree in this country and in Europe and naturalized
in many places.

WOOD — Light, soft, very close-grained, whitish, slightly tinged with
yellow; in Europe used by carvers and turners.

HORSE-CHESTNUT

550 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

LINDEN

Basswood, Lime Whitewood, Beetree.
Tilia amcricana L.

HABIT— A large tree 50-75 ft., to 100 ft. in height in the upper
valley of the Connecticut river, with a trunk diameter of 2-4 ft.; with
a straight trunk generally continuous into the top, beset with numerous
slender branches, those at the base often strongly drooping, forming a
narrow pyramidal head as shown in habit picture or more commonly
becoming broadly ovate or round-topped and oblong. [Habit picture
is taken from the European Linden, which resembles the American spe-
cies in habit.]

BARK — Dark gray, firm but easily cut, in young stems smooth
(upper part of smaller trunk in photograph), becoming fissured into long
rather narrow flat-topped ridges, divided by characteristically trans-
verse cracks into short blocks (lower bark picture), becoming with age
deeply furrowed with broader more rounded ridges (older trunk).

TWIGS — Rather slender, smooth, shining, bright red or greenish
or covered with a gray skin; generally zizag, somewhat mucilaginous;
fibres in inner bark long, tough, appearing as blunt conical masses in
cross-section of older twig, and in surface sections of the bark as
whitish wavy lines enclosing lens-shaped darker masses which show
externally as wrinkled depressions of the bark. LENTICELS —
scattered, dark, oblong.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, 2-ranked; large, elevated, semi-oval to
elliptical. STIPULE-SCARS — narrow, often showing bundle-scars.
BUNDLE-SCARS — few to many, scattered or in a ring or forming a
single curved line, showing as 3 in deep surface section.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent; lateral buds large to medium, ovate, 3-10
mm. long, somewhat flattened, often lopsided, divergent, dark red or
sometimes green, smooth or slightly downy at apex. BUD-SCALES —
rarely more than 2-3 visible, thick, rounded at the back, not 2-ranked
nor in pairs.

FRUIT — About the size of a pea, woody, spherical, singly or in clus-
ters of several with a common stalk attached midway to a leafy bract,
sometimes remaining on the tree into the winter.

COMPARISONS — The American Linden, more commonly known among
lumbermen as Basswood differs but slightly in winter or summer condi-
tion from the European species [Tilia vulgaris Hayne] which is much
cultivated as a street tree. Another Basswood [Tilia Michauxii Nutt.J
has been reported in New England only from Connecticut, but
is rare in this state. The Lindens are sometimes confused with the
Elms but aside from the different habit of growth the Linden has
larger, bright colored buds with 2-3 scales only showing, while the Elms
have many scales visible and their bundle-scars are depressed.

DISTRIBUTION — In rich woods and loamy soils and often cultivated.
Southern Canada from New Brunswick to Lake Winnipeg; south
along the mountains to Georgia; west to Kansas, Nebraska and ..exas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Throughout, frequent from the sea coast to
altitudes of 1,000 ft., rare from 1,000 to 2,000 ft.
IN CONNECTICUT — Occasional.

WOOD— Soft, straight-grained, light brown faintly tinged with red.
with thick hardly distinguishable sapwood of 55-65 layers of annual
growth, employed in the manufacture of paper-pulp; under the .name
of Whitewood largely used for woodenware, cheap furniture, 1
panels of carriages, and for inner soles of shoes. The tough inner bark
furnishes fibres for mats, cordage, etc.

LINDEN

552 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Boxwood, Dogwood, Flowering Cornel.

Cornus florida L.

HABIT — A small tree 15-30 ft. in height, with a trunk diameter of
6-10 inches; developing- a low spreading bushy head with slender up-
right or spreading branches and divergent sinuously curved branch-
lets turning upward near the end and bearing on their upper sides
clusters of fruiting twigs terminated by large conspicuous erect
flower buds.

BARK — Dark brown to blackish, ridged and broken into small 4-sided
or rounded plate-like scales, resembling alligator leather in appear-
ance.

TWIGS — Slender, bright red or yellowish-green, smooth or generally
appearing more or less mealy from minute closely appressed gray
hairs; with bitter taste. LENTICELS — inconspicuous. PITH — gritty,
granular.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, on twigs of the season raised on bases of
leaf-stalks with deep V-shaped notch between, on older growth
practically encircling twig. STIPULE-SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-
SCARS — 3, in leaf-scars of the season often confluent and first seen in
section through persistent base of leaf-stalk.

BUDS — Lateral buds minute, covered by persistent bases of leaf-
stalks; terminal leaf-buds flattened-conical, red, generally downy at
least at apex, covered by a single pair of opposite pointed scales
rounded at back and joined below for % their length; flowering
buds very abundant, terminal, large, spherical to inverted flat turnip-
shaped, 4-8 mm. broad, covered by two opposite pairs of bud-scales,
the first 2-3 pairs of leaves below the flower buds generally reduced to
narrow-pointed scales.

FRUIT — Scarlet, oblong, about 1.5 cm. long, fleshy, with a grooved
stone, clustered, ripening in October and generally not remaining on the
tree during winter.

COMPARISONS — The Flowering Dogwood differs from its relative the
Alternate-leaved Dogwood [Cornus alternifolia L.] by its opposite leaf-
scars, from the Bush Maples, — the Striped and the Mountain — which it
somewhat resembles in twig characters, by its alligator bark, the
presence of but a single pair of scales to terminal leaf-bud, by the
persistent bases of leaf-stalks covering the lateral buds and by the
abundant large flower buds.

DISTRIBUTION — Woodlands, rocky hillsides, moist, gravelly ridges,
frequently cultivated as an ornamental tree. Provinces of Quebec and
Ontario; south to Florida; west to Minnesota and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — Fayette Ridge, Kennebec county; New
Hampshire — along the Atlantic coast, and very near the Connecticut
river, rarely farther north than its junction with the West river;
Vermont — southern and southwestern sections, rare; Massachusetts —
occasional throughout the state, common in the Connecticut river
valley, frequent eastward; Rhode Island — common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional, local or frequent.

"WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, brown sometimes chang-
ing to shades of green and red, with lighter colored sapwood of 30-40
layers of annual growth; largely used in turnery, for the bearings of
machinery, the hubs of small wheels, barrel hoops, the handles of
tools and occasionally for engravers' blocks.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

55-4 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

TUPELO

Pepperidge, Sour or Black Gum.

Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.

N. multiflora Wang.

HABIT — A tree 20-50 ft. in height with trunk diameter of 1-2 ft.
or in the forest 60-80 ft. high, reaching greater dimensions further
south; generally easily recognized from the manner of branching alone,
though extremely variable in outline. The trunk is erect, generally
continuous well into the top, lower branches developed low down on
trunk, horizontal or declined often to the ground, upper branches
horizontal or slightly ascending, with numerous lateral branches and
stubby branchlets forming horizontal layers. The branches are slender
and exceedingly numerous, more so than in any other of our trees. The
head may be short, cylindrical and flat-topped, or low and broader than
tall, (see plate lower habit picture) or more commonly as when crowded
in the forest, narrow, pyramidal or conical (see plate upper habit
picture) or inversely conical and broad and flat at top.

BARK — On young tree, grayish, flaky, on older trunks darker with
deeper furrows and ridges broken into somewhat regular hexagonal
blocks.

TWIGS — Slender, smooth or nearly so, grayish to light reddish-brown,
producing numerous short slow growing spurs crowded with leaf-scars
on the sides of more rapidly grown shoots. LENTICELS — scattered,
inconspicuous. PITH — with thin transverse woody partitions through
the ground-mass, best seen with aid of a hand-lens.

LEAF-SCARS — Alternate, generally more tha,n 2-ranked, distinct,
broadly crescent-shaped. STIPULE-SCARS — absent. BUNDLE-SCARS —
conspicuous, 3* simple or slightly compound but in 3 distinct groups,
generally depressed, whitish in contrast to reddish-brown of leaf-scar.

BUDS — Ovate, dark reddish-brown, smooth or slightly downy at tip,
the lateral buds generally blunt-pointed, divergent, on vigorous shoots
slightly raised on a cushion of the bark, sometimes on vigorous shoois
developing a superposed accessory bud larger than the axillary one;
terminal bud slightly larger than laterals, about 5 mm. long, generally
sharper pointed, with slightly curved apex. BUD-SCALES — 3-4 visible,
broadly ovate, rounded, terminally somewhat keeled and pointed.

FRUIT — A small bluish drupe ripening in autumn.

COMPARISONS — Although the outline of the crown differs widely,
the numerous slender horizontally layered branches generally render
the Tupelo distinguishable at a distance. Its 3 conspicuous bundle-
scars in connection with the woody partitions in the pith will prevent
its being confused with any other tree.

DISTRIBUTION — In rich, moist soil, in swamps and on the borders
of rivers and ponds. Ontario; south to Florida; west to Michigan,
Missouri, and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — Waterville on the Kennebec, the most
northern station yet reported; New Hampshire — most common in the
Merrimac valley, seldom seen north of the White Mountains; Vermont —
occasional; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — rather common.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

WOOD — Heavy, soft, strong, fine-grained, very tough, difficult to split,
not durable, light yellow or nearly white, with thick lighter colored
sapwood of 80-100 layers of annual growth; used for the hubs of wheels,
rollers in glass factories, ox-yokes, wharf piles and sometimes for the
soles of shoes.

TUPELO

536 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

WHITE ASH

Fraxinus americana L.

HABIT — In the forests a large tree with straight, tall trunk, free
from branches to near the narrow crown, 50-75 ft. in height with trunk
diameter of 2-3 ft., reaching over 100 ft. in height in the Ohio basin; in
the open a broader tree with ovate, round-topped or pyramidal to oblong
outline, the trunk at times continuous into the crown but generally
dividing comparatively low down into a number of slightly spreading
limbs with slender spreading branches, the lower more or less drooping
and recurved. The coarse twigs are formed at a broad angle approach-
ing a right angle with the branch and this cross-shaped branching
seen against the sky is an easy means of identification.

BARK — Grayish-brown, characteristically furrowed with narrow, flat-
topped, firm, irregular, longitudinal ridges which are transversely
broken, more or less confluent and enclosing diamond-shaped hollows;
old trunks becoming smoother by scaling off of the ridges.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth and shining, grayish or greenish-brown often
with a slight bloom, very brittle, flattened at nodes at right angles to
leaf-scars. LENTICELS — large, pale, scattered dots.

LEAP-SCARS — Opposite, large, conspicuous, raised, crescent-shaped to
nearly semi-circular but always notched at the top. STIPULE-SCARS —
absent. BUNDLE-SCARS — numerous, minute, in a curved line, often
indistinct, sometimes more or less confluent.

BUDS — Stout, semi-spherical to broadly ovate, scurfy, and more or
less slightly downy, rusty to dark brown to sometimes almost black;
on rapidly growing shoots, superposed buds often present; terminal
bud larger than the laterals, about 5 mm. or less long, blunt, generally
decidedly broader than long. A pair of lateral buds generally present at
end of twig nearly on level with terminal bud, their leaf-scars causing
terminal swelling of twig. BUD-SCALES — generally broadly ovate, oppo-
site in pairs, 2-3 pairs visible, those of terminal bud with sharp, abrupt,
sometimes deciduous points.

FRUIT — Winged, 2-5 cm. long, the seed-bearing portion round in
section, marginless below with much longer wing dilating from near
the tip, hanging on the tree in clusters into the winter. The Ash
is dioecious and consequently only the female trees ever bear fruit.
Since further these do not bear every season, the fruit does not form
a very usable winter character for any of the Ashes. The staminate
flowers on the male trees are frequently infected by mites and persist
through the winter in blackish distorted clusters.

COMPARISONS— The White Ash is hardly to be confused with the
few other genera of trees that have opposite leaf-scars. It is dis-
tinguished from the other Ashes figured here in that its leaf-scar is
generally narrow and deeply concave, further from the Black Ash by its
rough ridged bark and generally rusty and blunter bud-scales and from
the Red Ash by its smooth, generally shiny twigs.

DISTRIBUTION — Rich or moist woods, fields and pastures near
streams. Newfoundland and Nova Scotia to Ontario; south to Florida;
west to Minnesota, Nebraska, Kansas and Texas.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — very common, often forming large
forest areas; in the other New England states, widely distributed, but
seldom occurring in large masses.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent.

•WOOD — Heavy, hard, strong, close-grained, tough and brown with
thick lighter colored sapwood; used in large quantity in the manu-
facture of agricultural implements for the handles of tools, in carriage
building, for oars and furniture, and in the interior finish of buildings;
the most valuable of the American species as a timber tree.

WHITE ASH

558 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

RED ASH

Brown, or River Ash.

Fraxinus pennsylvanica Marsh.

F. pubescens Lam. ; F. Darlingtonii Britton.

HABIT — A medium to large-sized tree, 30-70 ft. in height with a
trunk diameter of 1-3 ft.; in general appearance resembling the White
Ash.

BARK — Similar to that of White Ash but with somewhat shallower
furrows.

TWIGS — More slender than those of White Ash, densely velvety-
downy in typical condition but often without down especially in the
Green Ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica, var. lanceolata (Bork.) Sarg.].

LEAF-SCARS — Semicircular, upper margin rarely somewhat de-
pressed.

BUDS — Dark rusty brown smaller and narrower than those of the
White Ash, about 2 pairs of scales visible to terminal bud.

FRUIT — Seed-bearing portion round in section, marginless below with
wing extending down its sides.

COMPARISONS — The Red Ash is not distinguished by most people
from the White Ash which it closely resembles. The" downiness of its
twigs which is considered its chief specific character is not constant.
The shape of its leaf-scar, in general semi-circular with upper margin
not concave, is perhaps its best distinguishing character. Further its
terminal buds are narrower, showing fewer scales and the twigs are
more slender. The smooth-twigged Green Ash [Fraxinus pennsylvanica,
var. lanceolata (Bork.) Sarg.] is considered by the best authorities only
a variety of the Red. The Black Ash is best separated by its char-
acteristic scaly bark and generally black buds.

The European Ash [Fraxinus excelsior L.] is frequently cultivated. It
has a bark resembling that of the White Ash and has a pair of lateral
buds nearly on level with terminal buds; but its leaf-scars are semi-
circular and its buds jet black.

DISTRIBUTION — River banks, swampy lowlands, margins of streams
and ponds. New Brunswick to Manitoba; south to Florida and Alabama;
west to Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, and Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — infrequent; New Hampshire — occasional,
extending as far north as Boscawen in the Merrimac valley; Vermont-
common along Lake Champlain and its tributaries; occasional in other
sections; Massachusetts and Rhode Island — sparingly scattered through-
out.

IN CONNECTICUT— Frequent. ^;f**

WOOD— Heavy, hard, rather strong, brittle, coarse-grained, light
brown with thick lighter brown sapwood streaked with yellow; some-
times confounded commercially with the more valuable wood of the
White Ash.

RED ASH

560 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

BLACK ASH

Hoop, Swamp, Basket or Brown Ash.

Fraxinus nigra Marsh.

F. sambucifolia Lam.

HABIT— A tall tree 60-80 ft. in height with trunk diameter of 1-2 ft.,
larger further south; in swamps in company with other trees with tall
slender trunk of nearly uniform diameter to point of branching sup-
porting a narrow head; in the open, where it is seldom found, said to
have a habit similar to that of the White Ash.

BARK — Ash-gray, slightly tinged with buff, without deep ridges,
forming thin scales smoothish on the outside and edges, easily rubbed
off and exposing a surface rather soft to the touch suggesting some-
what the feel of asbestos or talcum powder; trunk frequently with
knobby excrescences.

TWIGS — Very stout, similar to those of White Ash but lighter gray
and not shiny.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite, large, conspicuous, circular to semi-circular;
the upper margin not concave, often extending upward as a thin flap
partially hiding the bud; otherwise resembling the White Ash.

BUDS — Resembling those of White Ash but generally decidedly black
though occasionally rusty, terminal bud ovate, pointed, as long as or
longer than broad, more or less flattened at right angles to outer pair of
scales, last pair of lateral buds generally at some distance from the
end giving terminal bud a stalked appearance. BUD-SCALES — of
terminal bud broadly keeled and narrower than in White Ash, generally
only 1-2 pairs visible.

FRTJIT — With broad wing, distinctly notched at apex, surrounding
the flattened seed-bearing portion.

COMPARISONS — The Black Ash is easily distinguished from the
White by its soft, scaly bark, the even or raised upper margin of its
leaf-scars, its narrower and generally black buds, and the stalked ap-
pearance of its terminal bud. When growing in the swamps beside the
White Ash its twigs can be seen to be much stouter and fewer than
those of the latter species.

DISTRIBUTION — Wet woods, river bottoms, and swamps. Anticostl
through Ontario; south to Delaware and Virginia; west to Arkansas and
Missouri.

IN NEW ENGLAND — Maine — common; New Hampshire — south of the
White Mountains; Vermont — common; Massachusetts — more common in
central and western sections; Rhode Island — infrequent.

IN CONNECTICUT— Occasional.

WOOD — Heavy, rather soft, not strong, tough, coarse-grained, durable,
easily separable into thin layers, dark brown with thin light brown
often nearly white sapwood; largely used for the interior finish of
houses and cabinet-making, and for fences, barrel hoops and in the
manufacture of baskets.

BLACK ASH

562 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

HARDY CATALPA
Cigar Tree, Indian Bean, Western Catalpa.

Catalpa speciosa Warder.

HABIT — A tall tree reaching- 100 ft. in height and 4 ft. in trunk
diamenter in the Ohio basin, of smaller dimensions in New England
with slender branches, forming a comparatively narrow round-topped
head.

BARK — Reddish to grayish brown, with longitudinal scaly ridges.

TWIGS — Stout, smooth or slig-htly short-downy, reddish to yellowish-
brown, the tips of twigs generally winter killed. LENTICELS — -
conspicuous, rather large and numerous. PITH — white, wide, occasion-
ally chambered at the nodes.

LEAF-SCARS — Opposite or more frequently 3 at a node, large
and conspicuous, round to elliptical, with depressed center. STIPULE-
SCARS— absent. BUNDLE-SCARS— conspicuous, often raised, forming a
closed ring1.

BUDS — Terminal bud absent, lateral buds small, semi-spherical,
generally under 2 mm. high. BUD-SCALES — brown, loosely overlapping,
about 5 or 6 visible.

FRUIT — A long cylindrical capsule, 8-20 inches in length, with nu-
merous flattened, winged, white-hairy, fringed seeds, persistent on
the tree through winter. The photograph of the capsule is reduced to
about % natural size.

COMPARISONS — The 3 large circular leaf-scars at a node with
complete ring of bundle-scars renders the Catalpa twig easily recog-
nizable. The long cigar-like fruits that hang on the tree supply a
distinctive habit character. A very closely related southern and less
hardy species the Common Catalpa [Catalpa bignonioides Walt.] was
formerly more planted than the Hardy Catalpa. It is a smaller tree
with a rather more spreading habit but is most readily distinguished
from the western species at the time of flowering.

DISTRIBUTION — Not native in New England but planted as an orna-
mental shade tree and for timber. It grows native along borders of
streams and ponds and rich often inundated bottom-land; southern
Indiana, Illinois, and Missouri south into Kentucky, Tennessee and
Arkansas.

\VOOD — Light, soft, not strong, coarse-grained, very durable in contact
with the soil, light brown with thin nearly white sapwood of 1 or i
layers of annual growth; largely used for railroad ties, fence posts
and rails and occasionally for furniture and the interior finish of
houses.

i

f ,f J .!«

HARDY CATALPA

564 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

GLOSSARY.

Accessory buds. Buds at or near the nodes but not in the axil Of two
kinds, collateral and superposed.

Acorn. The complete fruit of an Oak consisting of a nut partially enclosed
by an involucrate cup.

Alternate. Scattered along- the stem ; said of leaves and scales in distinction
from opposite.

Apex. The top, as the tip of the bud.

Appressed. Lying close against the twig, as the buds of the Shad Bush
(p.493).

Awl-shaped. Small and tapering to a slender point.

Axil. The angle formed at the upper side of the attachment of the leaf
to the stem.

Axillary. In an axil. An axillary bud is the first bud above the leaf or
leaf-scar.

Bark. The outer covering of the trunk or branch. Unless otherwise speci-
fied, the heading "Bark" in the descriptions refers to the bark of the
trunk.

Berry. A fruit fleshy throughout.

Bloom. The powdery waxy substance easily rubbed off, as the bloom on
the twigs of the Box Elder (p.547).

Bract. A more or less modified leaf.
Branch. A secondary division of a trunk.
Branchlet. A small branch.

Bud. An undeveloped branch or fruit cluster with or without a protective
covering of scales.

Bud-scales. Reduced leaves covering a bud.

Bundle-scars. Scars of the fibro-vascular bundles which ran up through the
leaf-stalk and connected with the veins of the leaf, seen as dots in the
leaf-scar (fig.4).

Bur. A spiny fruit, as the bur of the Chestnut (p. 431).

Buttressed. Said of the trunk when enlarged at the base as frequently is
the case In the White Elm (p.461).

Calyx. The outer portion of a flower consisting of a circle of modified
leaves usually green in color.

Capsule. A dry fruit which splits at maturity to let out the seeds.

Catkin. A unisexual, elongated, compact cluster of flowers with scaly
bracts usually falling away in one piece, as in the Alders (p.427).
Birches (p.415-425), etc.

Cell. One of the chambers of the ovary. One of the microscopic structural
elements out of which plant tissues are built up.

Chambered. Said of the pith when interrupted by hollow spaces, as in the
Butternut (fig.6).

Collateral buds. Accessory buds at the side of the axillary bud as in the
Red Maple (fig.7).

Cone. A fruit such as of the Pines with woody closely overlapping scales.

Confluent. Said of bundle-scars, when the separate scars are so close to-
gether that they appear to form a single scar.

STORES AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 565

Conical. Cone-shaped, largest at the base and tapering to the apex.

Crown. The upper mass of branches.

Cup-shaped. Shaped like a cup ; deeper than saucer-shaped.

Deciduous. Falling- away ; said of trees that drop their leaves before winter.

Decurrent. Said of ridges that run down from the leaf -scar.

Deliquescent. Said of a tree with broad spreading habit as the Apple
(p.487).

Dioecious. Said of plants such as the Willows and Poplars that have separ-
ate male and female individuals.

Divergent. Said of buds that point away from the twig as in the Carolina
Poplar (fig.5).

Downy. Covered with fine hairs.

Drupe. A stone-fruit as in the Cherries with the seed enclosed in a stone
or pit which is surrounded by a fleshy portion.

Egg-shaped. Shaped like an egg with the broadest part below the middle.

Elliptical. Oblong with regularly rounded ends.

Entire. Margin without indentations.

Epidermis. The outermost layer of cells.

Escape. A plant originally cultivated but now growing like a wild plant.

Evergreen. With green leaves in winter, as the Pines and Holly.

Excurrent. Said of a tree of erect habit of growth, such as the Spruce
(p.359) or Poplar (p.395).

Fan-shaped. Shaped like an expanded fan.

Fibro -vascular bundles. The strands containing the elements for the trans-
portation of fluids through the plant. They ultimately connect with the
veins of the leaves.

Flaky (bark). With loose scales easily rubbed off.

Flower bud. A bud containing an undeveloped flower or flower cluster.

Fluted. With rounded ridges. ']

Fruit. The part of a plant containing the seeds.

Gland. A small protuberance, as on the leaves of the Arbor Vitae (p.377).

Habit. The general appearance of the tree as seen at a distance.

Habitat. The place where the tree naturally grows, such as swamps, sandy
plains, etc.

Hairy. With long hairs.

Head. The upper portion of a tree.

Heartwood. The dead central portion of the trunk.

Hoary. Grayish-white with a fine close down.

Hybrid. A cross between two species or varieties.

Internode. The portion of the stem between two nodes.

Inversely triangular. Inverted triangular with the apex below.

Involucre. The bracts surrounding the flower cluster.

Juvenile. Youthful, said of the leaves formed in the early stages of devel-
opment.

566 NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Keeled. With a central ridge like the keel of a boat.
Key. A winged fruit.

Lanceolate. Lance-shaped ; similar to ovate but narrower with outline
tapering gradually to the apex.

Lateral bud. A bud produced on the side of a twig.
Leaf bud. A bud containing undeveloped leaves but not flowers.
Leaf -scar. The scar left by the fall of the leaf (fig.4).
Leaf-stalk. The stem of a leaf.

Lenticels. Corky spots on the surface which admit air to the interior of the
twig.

Limbs. The larger branches.

Linear. Long and narrow, several times as long as broad with parallel
edges, as the leaves of the Pines.

Lobed. With rounded indentations running % to % the way from the margin
inward.

Longitudinal. Lengthwise.

Medullary rays. Rays of tissue extending from the pith toward the bark,
best seen in cross section.

Midrib. The central vein of a leaf.
Naked bud. A bud without bud-scales.
Needle. A narrow leaf as in the Pines.

Node. The place on the twig at which one or more leaves were produced
(fig.4).

Nut. A large hard fruit as in the Hickory, Oak and Chestnut.

Nutlet. A. small nut.

Oblanceolate. Inverted lanceolate.

Oblong. Two or three times longer than broad with about uniform diameter.

Obovate. Inverted ovate.

Opposite (leaves and leaf-scars). With two leaves or leaf-scars opposed
at a node.

Oval. Broadly elliptical.

Ovary. The part of the pistil producing the seeds.

Ovate. Egg-shaped, with the broadest part below the middle.

Persistent. Remaining on the tree.

Pistil. The seed-bearing portion of the flower.

Pith. The softer central portion of a twig.

Pod. A dry fruit which splits open at maturity.

Pome. A fruit like the Apple or Pear.

Pungent. Sharp to the taste.

Pyramidal. Shaped like a pyramid with broadest portion at the base.

Raceme. A simple cluster of stalked flowers arranged along an elongated
axis.

Resin-duct. A tube for the conduction of resin seen in the leaves of the
Pines.

Sapwood. The young living wood outside the heartwood.

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION". 567

Saucer-shaped. Shaped like a saucer, shallower than cup-shaped.

Scale. A small modified leaf seen in buds and cones. One of the flakes
into which the outer bark often divides.

Scurfy. Covered with small bran-like scales.
Sepal. One of the divisions of the calyx.
Sessile. Without a stalk.

Shrub. A low woody growth, smaller than a tree and generally branching
near the base.

Smooth. Not rough nor hairy.

Spray. The aggregate of smaller branches and branchlets.

Spur. A short, slowly-grown branchlet.

Stamens. The pollen-bearing portions of a flower.

Staminate. Having stamens ; said of trees bearing only male flowers.

Sterile. Not producing seed.

Stipular. Similar in form or position to stipules.

Stipules. Two small leaf-like bodies located at the base of the leaf-stalk
in some species.

Stipule-scar. The scar left by the fall of a stipule (fig.5).

Stomata. Breathing pores in leaves.

Stone-fruit. A fruit like that of the Cherry. The same as drupe.

Strengthening cells. Thick walled cells present in the leaves, of some of the
Pines.

Striate. Longitudinally streaked.
Submerged. Covered, as by the bark.
Sucker. A shoot arising from below ground.

Superposed buds. Accessory buds above the auxiliary bud, as in the Butter-
nut (fig.6).

Surface-sectioned. Cut parallel to and near the surface.

Teeth. — Small projections along the margin.

Terminal bud. The bud formed at the tip of a twig.

Thorn. A stiff woody sharp-pointed projection.

Top-shaped. Shaped like a top with the broadest part above.

Tree. A woody plant, larger than a shrub, from which it cannot always be
distinguished. Usually defined as a woody growth, unbranched near the
base and reaching a height of at least fifteen feet.

Triangular. Shaped like a triangle with the base below.
Trunk. The main stem of a tree.

Twig. A young shoot. Unless otherwise specified, used in the descriptions
to denote the growth of the past season only.

Valvate. Said of buds in which the scales meet without overlapping.
Whorl. A cluster of three or more leaves or leaf-scars at a single node.
Wing. A thin flat appendage.
Woolly. Covered with tangled or matted hairs resembling wool.

568

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

INDEX

Where the species receives its most extended description,
the page number appears in boldface type. Where the species
is otherwise mentioned, the page number is printed in ordinary
type. Synonyms of both common and scientific names are
printed in italics and their page numbers in ordinary type.

Abele 386

Abies balsamea 370

Acacia 622

Three-thorned 516

Acer 342

barbatum 536

dasycarpum 538

Key to Species 342

Negundo 546

pennsylvanicum 532

platanoides 542

Pseudo-Platanus 544

rubrum 540

saccharinum 536

saccharinum 538

saccharum 536

var. nigrum 53b

spicatum 534

Aesculus:

glabra 548

Hippocastanum 548

octandra 548

Ailanthus 514, 524

glandulosa 524

Alder 426, 478

European Black 426

Hoary 426

Smooth 426

Speckled 426

Alligator-wood 480

Alternate-leaved Dogwood ...552

Amelanchier canadensls 492

Alnus :

incana 426

rugosa 426

vulgaris 426

American Aspen 388

Beech 428

Elm 460

Holly 530

Hornbeam ...318, 325, 410, 412

Larch 356

Mountain Ash 488

Plum 506, 508

var. Gold 508

Amygdalus Persica 512

Apple 316

321, 466, 468, 484, 486, 490, 548

Apple, Thorn 494

Arbor, Vitae 376

Ash 325, 327, 328, 343, 556

American Mountain 488

Basket 560

Black 322, 556, 558, 560

Brown 558, 560

European 558

European Mountain 488

Green 558

Hoop 464, 560

Key to Species 343

Mountain 488

Prickly 522

Red 558

River 55*

Swamp 560

Western Mountain 488

White 319, 322, 327

328, 406, 474, 542, 556, 558, 560

Ash-leaved Maple 546

Aspen 388

American 388

Large-toothed 386, 388, 390

Quaking 388

Small-toothed

324, 386, 388, 390, 392

Austrian Pine 352

Balm of Gilead 392

Fir 370

Balsam 370, 392

Fir 368, 370, 372

Poplar 388, 390, 392

Basket Ash 560

Basswood 550

Bay :

Swamp 341

Sweet 341, 470, 472

Bean, Indian 562

Bear Oak 442, 454

Beaver Tree 341

Beech 318

321, 412, 428, 492, 520, 540

American 428

Blue 412

European 428

Water 412

Beetree 550

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

569

Betula 337

alba 424

var. papyrifera 422

Key to Species 337

lenta 414

lutea 416

nigra 418

papyrifera 422

populifolia 420

Big Bud Hickory 404

Bilsted i 480

Birch 318, 319, 322, 337

Black 317, 318, 321, 414, 416, 418

Canoe 422

Cherry 414

European Paper 424

European White 424

Gray 416

Gray 420, 422

Key to Species 337

Old Field .' 420

Paper ...318, 416, 420, 422, 424

Poplar 420

Poverty 420

Red 416, 418

River 418

Silver 416

Small White 420

Sweet 414

White 420, 422

Yellow ..318, 414, 416, 418, 422

Bird Cherry 500

Bird's Eye Maple 536

Bitternut 398, 400, 408

Black Ash 322, 556, 558, 560

Birch 317, 318, 321, 414, 416, 418

Cherry 496

Gum 554

Knot 498

Larch 356

Locust 522

Maple 536

Oak 318, 446, 450, 452

Oak Group 319, 325, 338, 452

Pine 352

Scrub Oak 454

Spruce 350

356, 358, 360, 362, 370, 376

Walnut 398, 400, 524

Willow 384

Blue Beech 412

Oak 438

Spruce 358, 360, 364

Bog Spruce 362

Box Elder 540, 546

Box White Oak 434

Boxwood 552

Bristly Locust ..522

Broom Hickory 406

Brown Ash 558, 560

Buckeye :

Fetid 548

Ohio 548

Sweet 548

Bur Oak 436, 480

Bush Maple 532, 552

Butternut 322

323, 324, 398, 400, 408, 524

Buttonball 482

Buttonwood 482

Cabinet Cherry 496

Canada Plum 506, 508

Canoe Birch 422

Carolina Popular 321

323, 324, 388, 390, 394, 396

Carpinus caroliniana 412

Cary a 336

alba 402

alba 404

amara 408

cordiformis 408

glabra 406

Key to Species 336

microcarpa 406

ovata 402

porcina 406

tomentosa 404

Castanea :

dentata 430

sativa, var. americana 430

vesca, var. americana 430

Cat Spruce .358

Catalpa 309, 562

bignonioides 562

Common 562

Hardy 562

speciosa 562

Western 562

Cedar 374, 376, 380

Coast White 326, 374, 376, 380

Red 374, 378, 38O

White 374, 376

Celtis occidentalis 464

Cercis canadensis 518

Chamaecyparis :

sphaeroidea 374

thyoides 374

Cherry 318, 319, 321, 341, 414

Amarelles 504

Birch 414

Bird 500

Black 496

Black Tartarian 502

Cabinet 496

Choke 496, 498, 504

Early Richmond 504

570

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Cherry (Continued)

European Bird 502

Fire 500

Key to Species 341

Louis Philippe 504

May Duke 502

Mazzard 502

Montmorency 504

Morello 504

Napoleon 502

Pie 504

Pin 500

Pigeon 500

Rum 496

Sour ....316, 496, 498, 502, 504
Sweet 316, 317, 496, 498 502, 504
Wild Black 496, 498, 500, 504

Wild Red 498, 500, 504

Windsor 502

Chestnut

309, 319, 322, 328, 430, 440

Oak 440

Oak 440, 442, 444, 446

Chinese Magnolia 470, 472

Sumach 524

Chinquapin Oak 432, 440, 442

Chinquapin Oak 442

Choke Cherry 496, 498, 504

Cigar Tree 562

Cladrastis lutea 520

Clammy Locust 522

Coast White Cedar

326, 374, 376, 380

Cockspur Thorn 494

Coffee Bean 514

Nut 514

Coffee Tree, Kentucky 322, 514, 524

Colorado Blue Spruce 364

Common Catalpa 562

Juniper 378, 380

Locust 324, 516, 522

Cork Elm 456, 460, 462, 480

Cornel, Flowering 552

Cornus :

alternif olia 552

florida 552

Cottonwood 394

Crataegus 494

Crus-galli 494

pruinosa 494

Cucumber Tree 470, 472

Large-leaved 340

Cultivated Plums 508

Cupressus, thyoides 374

Curly Maple 536

Cydonia vulgraris 490

Deerwood 410

Dimerosporium Collinsii 492

Dogwood 552

Alternate-leaved 552

Flowering 552

Poison 528

Double Spruce 362

Douglas Fir 368, 370

Spruce 368

Downy Poplar 336

Dwarf Chinquapin Oak

432, 440, 442, 454

Juniper 378

Sumach . . .. 526

Elder:

Box 546

Poison 528

Elkwood 472

Elm 322, 340, 438, 464, 550

American 460

Cork 456, 460, 462, 480

English 316, 458, 460, 462

False 464

Hickory 462

Key to Species 340

Moose 456

Northern Cork 462

Red 456

Rock 462

Slippery . 456, 460, 462

Water 460

White ...316, 456, 458, 460, 462

Winged 462

English Elm ..316, 458, 460, 462

European Ash 558

Beech 428

Bird Cherry 502

Black Alder 426

Holly 530

Larch 356

Linden 550

Mountain Ash 488

Paper Birch 424

Plum 508

var. Lombard 508

Weeping Willow 3,84

White Birch 424

White Willow 3S4

Evergreens 316, 321, 329

Fagus :

americana 428

atropunicea 428

ferruginia 428

grandif olia 428

sylvatica 428

False Elm 464

Fetid Buckeye 548

Fir 370

Balm of Gilead 370

Balsam 368, 370, 372

Douglas 368, 370

Red . 368

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

571

Fir (Continued)

Scotch 354

Fire Cherry 500

Flowering Cornel 552

Dogwood 552

Fraxinus 343

americana 328, 556

Darlingtonii 558

excelsior 558

Key to Species 343

nigra 560

pennsylvanica > 558

var. lanceolata 558

pubescens 558

sambucifolia 560

Ginkg-o 382

biloba 382

Gleditschia 516

Gleditsia triacanthus 516

Golden Osier 384

Gopher Wood 520

Gray Birch 420, 422

Birch 416

Pine 348

Green Ash 558

Gum:

Black 554

Red 480

Sour 554

Sweet 480

Gymnocladus :

canadensis 514

dioica 514

Hackberry 322, 464

Hackmatack 356

Hamamelis virginiana 478

Hard Maple 536

Pine 346

Hardy Catalpa 562

Haw 494

Hawthorn 494, 516

Hazel, Witch 478

Hemlock 370, 372

Spruce 372

Hickoria :

alba 404

glabra 406

minima 408

ovata 402

Hickory 336, 462

Big Bud 404

Broom 406

Elm 462

Key to Species 336

Pignut 406

Shag-bark ...319, 402, 404, 406

Shell-bark 402

Small-fruited . .406

Hickory (Continued)

Swamp 408

White-heart 404

Hoary Alder 426

Holly 530

American 530

European 530

White 530

Honey Locust ..309, 494, 516, 522

Shucks ...516

Hoop Ash 464, 560

Hop Hornbeam 325, 410, 412

Hornbeam 412

American 318, 325, 410, 412

Hop 325, 410, 412

Horse Plum 506

Horse-chestnut

319, 320, 321, 322, 548

Ilex :

Aquif olium 530

opaca 530

Indian Bean 562

Iron Oak 434

Ironwood 410, 412

Ivy, Poison 528

Jack Pine 326, 348

Japanese Plum 508

var. Red June 508

Judas Tree 518

Juglans :

cinerea 398

nigra 400

Juneberry 492

Juniper 356

Common 378, 380

Dwarf 378

Red 380

Juniperus :

communis 378

var. alpina 378

var. canadensis 378

var. depressa 378

nana 378

virginiana 380

Kentucky Coffee Tree 322, 514, 524
Key to Genera and Species ...329

Labrador Spruce 358

Lancewood 492

Larch 335, 382

American 356

Black 356

European 356

Key to Species 335

Large-leaved Magnolia

340, 470, 472

Cucumber Tree 340

Umbrella Tree 340

Large-toothed Aspen 386, 388, 390

Larix 335

americana ... . .356

572

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Larix (Continued)

decidua 356

europaea 356

Key to Species 335

laricina 356

Laurel Magnolia 341

Leverwood 410

Lime 550

Linden 430, 550

European 550

Liquidambar 480

Styraciflua 480

Liriodendron Tulipifera 474

Locust 522

Black 522

Bristly 522

Clammy 522

Common 324, 516, 522

Honey 309, 494, 516, 522

Sweet 516

White 522

Yellow 522

Lombardy Poplar 388, 390, 394, 396

Madura pomifera 494

Magnolia 340, 474

acuminata 470

Chinese 470, 472

conspicua 470

glauca 341

Key to Species 340

Laurel 341

Large-leaved 340, 470, 472

macrophylla 340

Mountain 470

tripetala 472

Umbrella 472

virginiana 341

Mahogany 514

Maidenhair Tree 382

Malus Malus 486

Maple 342

Ash-leaved 546

Bird's Eye 536

Black 536

Bush 532, 552

Curly 536

Hard 536

Key to Species 342

Mountain 532, 534, 540, 552

Norway 540, 542, 544

Red 323, 324, 325, 536, 538, 540

River 538

Rock 536

Silver ...325, 536, 538, 540

Soft 538 540

Striped 532, 534, 540, 552

Sugar 526, 536, 540, 544

Swamp 540

Sycamore 540, 542, 544

Maple (Continued)

White 538, 540

M azzard Cherry 502

Mockernut 402, 404, 406

Moose Elm 458

Moosewood 532

Morello Cherry 504

Morus 340

alba 4«8

Key to Species 340

rubra 466

Mossy-cup Oak 436

Mountain Ash 488

Magnolia 470

Maple 532, 534, 540, 552

Mulberry 322, 324, 325, 340, 468

Key to Species 340

Red ..466, 468

Silkworm 468

White 466, 468

Necklace Poplar 394

Negundo :

aceroides 546

Negundo 546

Nettle Tree 464

Nicker Tree 514

Northern Cork Elm 462

Northern Scrub Pine 348

Norway Maple 540, 542, 544

Pine 350

Spruce 360, 306

Nyssa :

multiflora 554

sylvatica 554

Oak ...318, 322, 325, 337, 428, 430

Bear 442, 4,~,4

Black 318, 446, 450, 432

Black Scrub 454

Blue 438

Box White 434

Bur 436, 480

Chestnut 440

Chestnut 440, 442, 444, 446

Chinquapin 442

Chinquapin 432, 440, 442

Dwarf Chinquapin

432, 440, 442, 454

Iron 434

Key to Species 338

Mossy-cup 436

Over-cup 436

Pin 448

Post 432, 434

Red 430, 444, 446, 450, 452

Rock 444

Rock Chestnut 444

Scarlet 446, 448, 450, 452

Scrub 442

Scrub Chestnut 442

Swamp 448

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

573

Oak (Continued)

Sw.amp White 316, 432, 438, 442

White 319

432, 434, 436, 438, 444, 446

Yellow 440, 452

Yellow-larked 452

Ohio Buckeye 548

Oilnut 398

Old-field Birch 420

Oriental Sycamore 482

Osage Orange 494

Osier

Golden 384

Ostrya virginiana 410

Over-cup Oak 436

Padus:

serotina 496

virginiana 498

Paper Birch 318, 416, 420, 422, 424

Peach 341, 512

Pear 316, 321, 322, 470, 484, 486

Pepperidge 554

Picea 335

Abies 366

alba 358

brevifolia 362

canadensis 358

excelsa 366

Key to Species 335

mariana 362

var. semiprostrata 362

Menziessii 364

nigra 362

var. rubra 360

Parryana 364

pungens 364

rubens 360

rubra 360

Pie Cherry 504

Pigeon Cherry 500

Pignut 402, 406

Hickory 406

Pin Cherry 500

Oak 448

Pine 326, 335, 382

Austrian 350, 352

Black 352

Gray 348

Hard 346

Jack 326, 348

Key to Species 335

Northern Scrub 348

Norway 350

Pitch 344, 346, 350

Red 344, 346, 350, 352

Scotch 348, 354

Soft 344

Spruce 348

Weymouth 344

Pine (Continued)

White... 344, 346, 350, 354, 370
Yellow 346

Pinus 335

Banksiana 348

divaricata 348

Key to Species 335

Laricio, var. austriaca . . . .352

resinosa 350

rigida ...346

Strobus 344

sylvestris 354

Pitch Pine 344, 346, 350

Plane Tree 482

Platanus :

occidentalis 482

orientalis 482

Plowrightia morbosa 498

Plum 341, 498

American 506, 508

var. Gold 508

Canada 506, 508

Cultivated 508

European 508

var. Lombard 508

Horse 506

Japanese 508

var. Red June 508

Key to Species 341

Red 506

Wild 506

Poison Dogwood 528

Elder 528

Ivy 528

Sumach 318, 526, 528

Poplar 316, 322, 825, 336, 388, 390

Balsam 388, 390, 392

Birch 420

Carolina -

321, 323, 324, 388, 390, 394, 396

Downy Poplar 336

Key to Species 336

Lombardy 388, 390, 394, 396

Necklace 394

Silver 386, 388, 390

Silver-leaf 386

White 386

Yellow 474

Popple 388, 390

Populus 336

alba 386

balsamif era 392

canadensis 394

candlcans 392

deltoides 394

dilatata 396

fastigiata 396

grandidentata 390

heterophylla 336

Key to Species 336

574

NEW ENGLAND TREES IN WINTER.

Populus (Continued)

monilifera 394

nigra, var. italica 396

pyramidalis 396

tremuloides 388

Post Oak . 432, 434

Poverty Birch 420

Primus 318, 341, 506

americana 508

var. nigra 506

avium 502

Cerasus 504

domestica 508

Key to Species 341

nigra 506

pennsylvanica 500

Persica 512

serotina 496

triflora 508

virginiana 498

Pseudotsuga :

Douglasii 368

mucronata 368

taxifolia 368

Pyrus :

americana 488

Aucuparia 488

communis 484

Cydonia 490

Malus 486

sitchensis 488

Quaking Aspen 388

Quercitron 452

Quercus 337

acuminata 440

alba 432

bicolor 438

coccinea 450

var. tinctoria 452

ilicifolia 454

Key to Species 338

macrocarpa 436

minor 434

Muhlenbergii 440

nana '. 454

obtusiloba 434

palustris 448

platanoides 438

prinoides 442

var. ruf escens 442

Prinus 444

pumila 454

rubra 446

stellata 434

tinctoria 452

velutina 452

Quince 490

Red Ash 558

Birch 416, 418

Red Cedar 374, 378, 380

Elm 456

Fir 368

Gum 480

Juniper 380

Maple 323, 324, 325, 536, 538, 540

Mulberry 466, 468

Oak 430, 444, 446, 450, 452

Pine 344, 346, 350, 352

Plum 506

Spruce 358, 360, 362, 370

Redbud 518

Rhus 341

copallina 526

glabra 526

hirta 526

Key to Species 341

Toxicodendron 528

typhina 526

venenata 528

Vernix 528

River Ash 558

Birch 418

Maple 538

Robinia :

hispida 522

Pseudo- Acacia 522

viscosa 522

Rock Chestnut Oak 444

Elm 462

Maple 536

Oak 444

Rowan Tree 488

Rum Cherry 496

Salisburia adiantifolia 382

Salix :

alba 384

var. vitellina 384

babylonica 384

nigra * 384

vitellina 384

Sassafras 318, 476

offlcinale 476

Sassafras 476

variifolium 476

Savin 380

Scarlet Oak 446, 448, 450, 452

Scotch Fir 354

Pine 348, 354

Scrub Oak . t 442

Chestnut Oak 442

Service Berry 492

Tree 488

Shad Bush 492

Shadblow 492

Shag-Bark Hickory

319. 402, 404, 406

Shell-bark Hickory 402

Silkworm Mulberry 468

STORKS AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATION.

575

Silver Birch 416

Maple 320, 536, 538, 540

Poplar 386, 388, 390

Spruce 364

Silver-leaf Poplar 386

Skunk Spruce 358

Slippery Elm 456, 460, 462

Small White Birch 420

Small-fruited Hickory 406

Small-toothed Aspen

324, 386, 388, 390, 392

Smooth Alder 426

Sumach 524, 526

Soft Maple 538, 540

Pine 344

Sorbus americana 488

Sour Cherry 316, 496, 498, 502, 504

Gum 554

Speckled Alder 426

Spruce 335, 348, 370, 372, 382

Black 350

356, 358, 360, 362, 370, 376

Blue 358, 360, 364

Bog 362

Cat 358

Colorado Blue 364

Double 362

Douglas 368

Hemlock 372

Key to Species 335

Labrador 358

Norway 360, 366

ne 348

358, 360, 362, 370

,,:xnlver 364

Skunk 358

Swamp 362

Water 362

White 358, 360

Staghorn Sumach 524, 526

Striped Maple ..532, 534, 540, 552

Sugar Berry 464

Maple 526, 536, 540, 544

Sumach 341,526, 528

Chinese 524

Dwarf 526

Key to Species 341

Poison 318, 526, 528

Smooth 524, 526

Staghorn 524, 526

Swamp 528

Swamp Ash 560

Bay 341

Hickory 408

Maple 540

Oak 448

Spruce 362

^'""-^h 528

White Oak ..316, 432, 438, 442

Sweet Bay 341, 470, 472

Birch .414

Buckeye 548

Cherry 316, 317, 496, 498, 502, 504

Gum 480

Locust 516

Sycamore 319, 322, 482

Maple 540, 542, 544

Oriental 482

Tacamahac 392

Tamarack 356

Thorn 494

Apple 494

Cockspur 494

Tree 516

White .494

Three-thorned Acacia 516

Thuja occidentalis 376

Tilia americana 550

Michauxii '... 550

vulgaris 550

Toothache Tree 522

Tree of Heaven 524

Tsuga canadensis 372

Tulip Tree 472, 474

Tupelo 313, 316, 322, 554

Ulmus 340

alata 462

americana 460

campestris 458

fulva 456

glabra 458

Key to Species 340

pubescent 456

racemosa 462

Thomasi 462

Umbrella Tree 470, 472

Large-leaved 340

Viburnum 532

Virgilia 520

Walnut 402

Black 398, 400, 524

White 398

Water Beech 412

Elm 460

Oak 448

Spruce 362

Western Catalpa 562

Mountain Ash 488

Weymouth Pine 344

Whistlewood 532

White Ash 319, 322, 327

328, 406, 474, 542, 556, 558, 560

Birch 420, 422

Cedar 374, 376

Elm 316, 456, 458, 460, 462

Holly 530

Locust 522

Maple 538, 540

576

XEW ENGLAND TREES IX WIXTKU.

White (Continued.)

Mulberry 466, 468

Oak 319

432, 434, 436, 438, 444, 446
Oak Group 319, 338, 432, 442, 444

Pine 344, 346, 350, 354, 370

Poplar 386

Spruce 3H8, 360

Thorn 494

Walnut '. 398

White-heart Hickory 404

Whitewood 474, 550

Wild Black Cherry

486, 498, 500, 504

Plum 506

Red Cherry 498, 500, 504

Willow . ..384

Willow < <

Black

European Weeping
European White

Yellow

Wing-ed Elm . . .
Witch Hazel . ....
Witches' Brooms"
Yellow Birch HI

Locust /. . .

Oak ±m

Pine « .Jj

Poplar ,. M

Willow I

Wood ,-J .

Yellow-barked Oak
Zanthoxylon am

HS.I

'ublications of the Station

AXLABLE FOR FREE DISTRIBUTION

publications of the Storrs Agricultural Experi-
?' available for distribution, and as long as the
be sent free to residents of Connecticut who desire

rfon of the Amount of Protein Required in the
ation for Dairy Cows.

mbert Type of Soft Cheese in the United States,
ailed "Germicidal Property" of Milk.
tig Experiments.
iery Problems.
ing Notes, 1904-1905.

of Milk Affected by Common Dairy Practices.
ity of Digestion of Foods a Factor in Feeding,
pple Leaf -Miner.

ions for Making, the Camembert Type of Cheese,
ng Machines.

ive Studies with Covered Milk Pails,
leiioi Emulsion for the San Jose Scale.

ry and Home-Made Miscible Oils for the Con-
^^^ the San Jose Scale.
Rfert Cheese Problems in United States.- "
mi Lactis Acidi and Its Sources.
Sowing in New England. Parts I. and II.
G&owing in New England. Part III.
»t of Feeding Heifers,
iviit Weather Review.
;r Making on The Farm.
e Growing in New England (Part IV.)
ass, a Preservative for Eggs.
White Diarrhea of Young Chicks. (Second
•t.)
England Trees in Winter.

REPORTS.

of-the Storrs Agricultural Experiment Station for
I. '95, (Part III.), '96 (Part II.), '98, '99, 1900,

! 1908-09, are available for free distribution,
requests to the Director of Storrs Agricultural Ex-
Conn.

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